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Who is the sender of this memorandum?

jpyv0228

jpyv0228_p0, jpyv0228_p1, jpyv0228_p2

Jan Steen

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Claud Fleet DATE: 11/22/76 FROM: Jan Steen SUBJECT: Xylitol I called to the Sugar Association in Washington, D.C. for Jack 0'Connell. He is on vacation. Talked to a lady who said there had been experiments with adding phosphate to sugar to lower cavity counts and said she would send out material on that and other infomation on xylitol tomorrow. Sarah Setton FDA - now banned sachain (sp) but have sugar substitute. made from grapefurit rind - nud more info Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 Div of PR fack O' Connell (Rnand cland Sugar assoc. Hap anyone considered auplicating W ashing ton P.C. can its qualities its bt qualities in sugar ? don't need absolute just has it been considered addphosphate to sugar X - clip ant possibles 1511 K St, N.W. D.C. 20005 202-628-0189 - Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 The Billings Gazette 8.29.76 4B New sugarless gum may be cavity fighter (C) Chicago Daily News 50 dental students chewed five sticks of xylitol-sweetened gum CHICAGO - Executives of daily while 50 other students the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co. aren't chewed sugar-sweetened gum: Xylitol Sparks Interest planning to bite off more than At the end of a year, research- they can chew with a so-called ers said, the sugar group had an Reports that the natural sweetener miracle sweetener for gum average increase of three cavi- xylitol may be an effective anti-carie that's supposed to prevent den- ties, while the xylitol group agent have sparked food industry in- tal cavities. showed an average decrease of terest in the product. Current Food Even so, the Chicago-based one cavity. and Drug Administration regulations company has introduced chew- ing gum in West Germany Xylitol, a so-called sugar al- permit the use of the sweetener in sweetened by the chemical xyli- cohol, is found in small special dietary foods. However, if amounts in many fruits and veg- xylitol is to be promoted as an anti- tol (pronounced zy-lit-tall). A Wrigley spokesman said etables. But the Finnish Sugar carie or non-carie agent, FDA ap- that if sales of the new prem- Co., which is producing it com- proval would depend on additional ium-priced gum called Orbit go mercially, is using birch trees as testing requiring several more years well in Germany, consideration raw material. For that reason, of work. 11 would be given to selling it in the Finns have dubbed it "birch this country. sugar." !'We've tried a. number of other sugar substitutes in the past that were supposed to con- tribute to dental health, but none of them ever-worked out," said the spokesman, "so we're not rushing with this one." The use of xylitol to sweeten gum and candy has been pi- oneered in Finland for the last three years. Finnish dentists at the University of Turku say their tests show the chemical not only will prevent tooth de- cay but will even "heal" incipi- ent (very small cavities. In one test at. the university, Source:https://wvww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228

Who is the receiver ?

jpyv0228

jpyv0228_p0, jpyv0228_p1, jpyv0228_p2

Claud Fleet

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Claud Fleet DATE: 11/22/76 FROM: Jan Steen SUBJECT: Xylitol I called to the Sugar Association in Washington, D.C. for Jack 0'Connell. He is on vacation. Talked to a lady who said there had been experiments with adding phosphate to sugar to lower cavity counts and said she would send out material on that and other infomation on xylitol tomorrow. Sarah Setton FDA - now banned sachain (sp) but have sugar substitute. made from grapefurit rind - nud more info Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 Div of PR fack O' Connell (Rnand cland Sugar assoc. Hap anyone considered auplicating W ashing ton P.C. can its qualities its bt qualities in sugar ? don't need absolute just has it been considered addphosphate to sugar X - clip ant possibles 1511 K St, N.W. D.C. 20005 202-628-0189 - Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 The Billings Gazette 8.29.76 4B New sugarless gum may be cavity fighter (C) Chicago Daily News 50 dental students chewed five sticks of xylitol-sweetened gum CHICAGO - Executives of daily while 50 other students the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co. aren't chewed sugar-sweetened gum: Xylitol Sparks Interest planning to bite off more than At the end of a year, research- they can chew with a so-called ers said, the sugar group had an Reports that the natural sweetener miracle sweetener for gum average increase of three cavi- xylitol may be an effective anti-carie that's supposed to prevent den- ties, while the xylitol group agent have sparked food industry in- tal cavities. showed an average decrease of terest in the product. Current Food Even so, the Chicago-based one cavity. and Drug Administration regulations company has introduced chew- ing gum in West Germany Xylitol, a so-called sugar al- permit the use of the sweetener in sweetened by the chemical xyli- cohol, is found in small special dietary foods. However, if amounts in many fruits and veg- xylitol is to be promoted as an anti- tol (pronounced zy-lit-tall). A Wrigley spokesman said etables. But the Finnish Sugar carie or non-carie agent, FDA ap- that if sales of the new prem- Co., which is producing it com- proval would depend on additional ium-priced gum called Orbit go mercially, is using birch trees as testing requiring several more years well in Germany, consideration raw material. For that reason, of work. 11 would be given to selling it in the Finns have dubbed it "birch this country. sugar." !'We've tried a. number of other sugar substitutes in the past that were supposed to con- tribute to dental health, but none of them ever-worked out," said the spokesman, "so we're not rushing with this one." The use of xylitol to sweeten gum and candy has been pi- oneered in Finland for the last three years. Finnish dentists at the University of Turku say their tests show the chemical not only will prevent tooth de- cay but will even "heal" incipi- ent (very small cavities. In one test at. the university, Source:https://wvww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228

What is the subject of this memorandum?

jpyv0228

jpyv0228_p0, jpyv0228_p1, jpyv0228_p2

Xylitol

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Claud Fleet DATE: 11/22/76 FROM: Jan Steen SUBJECT: Xylitol I called to the Sugar Association in Washington, D.C. for Jack 0'Connell. He is on vacation. Talked to a lady who said there had been experiments with adding phosphate to sugar to lower cavity counts and said she would send out material on that and other infomation on xylitol tomorrow. Sarah Setton FDA - now banned sachain (sp) but have sugar substitute. made from grapefurit rind - nud more info Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 Div of PR fack O' Connell (Rnand cland Sugar assoc. Hap anyone considered auplicating W ashing ton P.C. can its qualities its bt qualities in sugar ? don't need absolute just has it been considered addphosphate to sugar X - clip ant possibles 1511 K St, N.W. D.C. 20005 202-628-0189 - Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 The Billings Gazette 8.29.76 4B New sugarless gum may be cavity fighter (C) Chicago Daily News 50 dental students chewed five sticks of xylitol-sweetened gum CHICAGO - Executives of daily while 50 other students the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co. aren't chewed sugar-sweetened gum: Xylitol Sparks Interest planning to bite off more than At the end of a year, research- they can chew with a so-called ers said, the sugar group had an Reports that the natural sweetener miracle sweetener for gum average increase of three cavi- xylitol may be an effective anti-carie that's supposed to prevent den- ties, while the xylitol group agent have sparked food industry in- tal cavities. showed an average decrease of terest in the product. Current Food Even so, the Chicago-based one cavity. and Drug Administration regulations company has introduced chew- ing gum in West Germany Xylitol, a so-called sugar al- permit the use of the sweetener in sweetened by the chemical xyli- cohol, is found in small special dietary foods. However, if amounts in many fruits and veg- xylitol is to be promoted as an anti- tol (pronounced zy-lit-tall). A Wrigley spokesman said etables. But the Finnish Sugar carie or non-carie agent, FDA ap- that if sales of the new prem- Co., which is producing it com- proval would depend on additional ium-priced gum called Orbit go mercially, is using birch trees as testing requiring several more years well in Germany, consideration raw material. For that reason, of work. 11 would be given to selling it in the Finns have dubbed it "birch this country. sugar." !'We've tried a. number of other sugar substitutes in the past that were supposed to con- tribute to dental health, but none of them ever-worked out," said the spokesman, "so we're not rushing with this one." The use of xylitol to sweeten gum and candy has been pi- oneered in Finland for the last three years. Finnish dentists at the University of Turku say their tests show the chemical not only will prevent tooth de- cay but will even "heal" incipi- ent (very small cavities. In one test at. the university, Source:https://wvww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228

which company markets vivitar in the U.S.A?

srlh0227

srlh0227_p0, srlh0227_p1

pander&best,Inc., Pander&Best, Inc.

SS is or is 21 not tho of ing lav the ner ome en- ore ber- ifee AP gns of Bergland, surplus wheat in 1948: nts- Old programs and fresh stockpiles? ant- that lent A New Deal mly rely ffee For Farmers :fee to 6 E xcept for coffee, shopping for food r of these days is almost a pleasure. Beef bro- prices across the country are 20 cents a war pound lower than they were a year ago, bia pork is down 32 cents a pound and such -all staples as sugar and flour have not been so low for years. Consumer food prices rage rose only about 3 per cent in 1976, or only Wally McNamee-Newsweek ally. about half as much as prices in general- For Bergland wants to reverse some of lion a sharp improvement from two years ago the free-market policies of Earl Butz that, stic when soaring food prices helped push for a while, proved so profitable to farm- ver, inflation to double-digit levels. And the ers. The fears of the farmers are neatly ini- outlook for this year is equally encourag- summed up in the theme adopted by the ex- ing. "I have no reason to think that retail American Farm Bureau Federation for nd). prices will increase more than 3 or 4 its annual meeting this week in Honolu- $2.4 per cent," says Agriculture Department lu: "Keeping Farmers Free in Century -up economist J. Dawson Ahalt. Three." 1 in But what's good for the consumer is Juggling: Balancing the interests of are turning into a major problem for the farmers and consumers is hardly a new lese nation's 3.3 million farmers. Farm prices problem. Beginning in the late 1930s, the ex- fell 4 per cent in 1976 and little, if any, U.S. struggled intermittently with enor- ar, improvement is seen this year as bumper mous surpluses. Farmers were even paid I of crops here and abroad hang over the not to produce. At the peak of this "soil gri- market. Not surprisingly, U.S. farmers bank' program, the U.S. was paying near- are beginning to complain loudly. And ly $3.5 billion a year to keep 50 million y a this puts peanut-farmer Jimmy Carter acres of crop land idle. Still the farmers de- and grain-farmer Bob S. Bergland, the overproduced, and the government was out designated Agriculture Secretary, in a forced to buy crops and store them in it in ticklish position. They are pledged to government bins. At one point, storage are prop up sinking farm prices, but they costs alone ran nearly $1 million a day. nent must do so in a way that won't set off Then, starting in 1973, Agriculture the another big jump in retail food prices. Secretary Butz turned farm policy com- its of "The interests of consumers and farmers pletely around. Fallow acreage was put ubts can come into conflict pretty easily,' back into production. The government's ime says Norman R. Urquhart, an agricultural huge grain reserves were sold off, and cof- economist at Citibank. Butz even sold all the storage bins. For a But But even as consumer groups worry while, it appeared that Butz had all the ach that they may be burt by Bergland's answers. The annual wheat harvest went pay attempts to buttress farm prices, the from 1.5 billion bushels to 2.15 billion, farmers themselves are just as uneasy. the yearly corn crop soared from Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/srlh0227 BUSINESS billion bushels to 6.1 billion-and all of 33 OSBMM it miraculously found a market. But Butz's crities, including Bob Bergland, say he was merely lucky. Huge export demand during most of his tenure more Rx than drained off excess U.S. supplies, VIVITAR 75-205 they say, and actually caused domestic CLOSE FOCUSING ZOOM LENS prices to rise sharply. Now, export de- Cures photographer's itch. Been mand has subsided and U.S. farm sur- pluses are becoming a problem again- though now the surpluses are being The new Vivitar 75-205mm zoom lens 20 stored by the farmers instead of the gov= 60 for 35mm SLR cameras will cure your ernment. The current wheat surplus, for example, is 1 billion bushels, or nearly itch for a lens that frames your picture half a year's production. precisely the way you want it. You'll have 75 Double Reverse: To keep those sur- pluses from depressing farm prices still 131 focal lengths plus 1:4 reproduction further, the Carter Administration and capabilities at close focus. The all new Congress are about to reverse farm poli- optical design will give you sharp, tight cy again. Bergland makes no bones about his disdain for Butz's free-market poli- portraits and crisp, long shots. Get the cies. "We've got to make plans,' he says. cure at your Vivitar dealer for a very reason- "I want no part of a boom-and-bust phi- able amount of scratch. losophy. It makes no sense for prices to zoom out of sight one year and fall Marketed in the U.S.A. by Ponder&Best, Inc. through the basement the next.' Corporate Offices: 1630 Stewart Street, Bergland is said to be leaning toward Santa Monica. CA 90406. In Canada: two key changes. First, he might re- Precision Cameras of Canada, Ltd., Quebec. establish a U.S. grain reserve-though not on the scale of the pre-Butz days. The Vivitar. reserves would be used to iron out the 16 peaks and valleys of grain prices-crops would be added to storage when prices R are low, sold off when they are high- Ponder & Best, Inc., 1976 and to help provide a backstop against famine in other nations... In addition, he is expected to increase the subsidies available to farmers under the so-called price-support loan pro- gram, which allows the farmer to use his College dollars need crop as collateral for borrowing from the government. Currently, for example, a time to grow. farmer can borrow $2.25 for each bushel of wheat he puts up as collateral. If the market price of wheat stays at its present level of about $2.60, the farmer can even- tually sell his crop, pay off the loan and pocket the difference. But if the market price of wheat falls below the loan level of $2.25, he turns the wheat over to the government, which cancels his obliga- Take stock in America. tion to repay the loan. Bergland is likely to propose that the support levels of key With higher paying us. Savings Bonds grain crops be raised, in effect raising the guaranteed price that farmers can get for those crops. Doubts: While this program is designed to protect farmers from overproduction, Helps Shrink Swelling Of many farmers are wary. President Allan Grant of the American Farm Bureau, Hemorrhoidal Tissues Due To pleads against legislation that "would return farmers to the old and discredited Inflammation. Relieves Pain And Itch program of controls and dependency on government payments for a large share of their income.' Grant fears that the gov- Gives prompt temporary relief in many cases from ernment's reserves would work more for the benefit of the ever-more-militant hemorrhoidal pain and burning itch in such tissues. consumer than for farmers. "The fact that grain reserves are known to exist has an There's an exclusive medication which while it gently relieved such pain, it actually helps shrink painful swelling also helped reduce swelling of these immediate tendency to disrupt and de- of hemorrhoidal tissues caused by in- tissues. press farm markets, he savs. flammation. And in many cases it gives The medication used in the tests was Despite the farmers' fears---and some prompt relief for hours from rectal Preparation HR. No prescription is misgivings among Carter's economic ad- itching and pain in such tissues. needed for Preparation H. In ointment visers that higher price supports will Tests by doctors on patients showed or suppository form. price American agriculture out of world 68 Newsweek, January 17. 1977 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/srlh0227

When is the memorandum dated?

jpyv0228

jpyv0228_p0, jpyv0228_p1, jpyv0228_p2

11/22/76

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Claud Fleet DATE: 11/22/76 FROM: Jan Steen SUBJECT: Xylitol I called to the Sugar Association in Washington, D.C. for Jack 0'Connell. He is on vacation. Talked to a lady who said there had been experiments with adding phosphate to sugar to lower cavity counts and said she would send out material on that and other infomation on xylitol tomorrow. Sarah Setton FDA - now banned sachain (sp) but have sugar substitute. made from grapefurit rind - nud more info Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 Div of PR fack O' Connell (Rnand cland Sugar assoc. Hap anyone considered auplicating W ashing ton P.C. can its qualities its bt qualities in sugar ? don't need absolute just has it been considered addphosphate to sugar X - clip ant possibles 1511 K St, N.W. D.C. 20005 202-628-0189 - Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 The Billings Gazette 8.29.76 4B New sugarless gum may be cavity fighter (C) Chicago Daily News 50 dental students chewed five sticks of xylitol-sweetened gum CHICAGO - Executives of daily while 50 other students the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co. aren't chewed sugar-sweetened gum: Xylitol Sparks Interest planning to bite off more than At the end of a year, research- they can chew with a so-called ers said, the sugar group had an Reports that the natural sweetener miracle sweetener for gum average increase of three cavi- xylitol may be an effective anti-carie that's supposed to prevent den- ties, while the xylitol group agent have sparked food industry in- tal cavities. showed an average decrease of terest in the product. Current Food Even so, the Chicago-based one cavity. and Drug Administration regulations company has introduced chew- ing gum in West Germany Xylitol, a so-called sugar al- permit the use of the sweetener in sweetened by the chemical xyli- cohol, is found in small special dietary foods. However, if amounts in many fruits and veg- xylitol is to be promoted as an anti- tol (pronounced zy-lit-tall). A Wrigley spokesman said etables. But the Finnish Sugar carie or non-carie agent, FDA ap- that if sales of the new prem- Co., which is producing it com- proval would depend on additional ium-priced gum called Orbit go mercially, is using birch trees as testing requiring several more years well in Germany, consideration raw material. For that reason, of work. 11 would be given to selling it in the Finns have dubbed it "birch this country. sugar." !'We've tried a. number of other sugar substitutes in the past that were supposed to con- tribute to dental health, but none of them ever-worked out," said the spokesman, "so we're not rushing with this one." The use of xylitol to sweeten gum and candy has been pi- oneered in Finland for the last three years. Finnish dentists at the University of Turku say their tests show the chemical not only will prevent tooth de- cay but will even "heal" incipi- ent (very small cavities. In one test at. the university, Source:https://wvww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228

Who is the Vice President and General Manager of The Florida Sugar News?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

J. Nelson Fairbanks, J. NELSON FAIRBANKS

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

what is the tag line under the title of 'take stock in america' which is at the mid of page in a box?

srlh0227

srlh0227_p0, srlh0227_p1

With higher paying U.S. Savings Bonds.

SS is or is 21 not tho of ing lav the ner ome en- ore ber- ifee AP gns of Bergland, surplus wheat in 1948: nts- Old programs and fresh stockpiles? ant- that lent A New Deal mly rely ffee For Farmers :fee to 6 E xcept for coffee, shopping for food r of these days is almost a pleasure. Beef bro- prices across the country are 20 cents a war pound lower than they were a year ago, bia pork is down 32 cents a pound and such -all staples as sugar and flour have not been so low for years. Consumer food prices rage rose only about 3 per cent in 1976, or only Wally McNamee-Newsweek ally. about half as much as prices in general- For Bergland wants to reverse some of lion a sharp improvement from two years ago the free-market policies of Earl Butz that, stic when soaring food prices helped push for a while, proved so profitable to farm- ver, inflation to double-digit levels. And the ers. The fears of the farmers are neatly ini- outlook for this year is equally encourag- summed up in the theme adopted by the ex- ing. "I have no reason to think that retail American Farm Bureau Federation for nd). prices will increase more than 3 or 4 its annual meeting this week in Honolu- $2.4 per cent," says Agriculture Department lu: "Keeping Farmers Free in Century -up economist J. Dawson Ahalt. Three." 1 in But what's good for the consumer is Juggling: Balancing the interests of are turning into a major problem for the farmers and consumers is hardly a new lese nation's 3.3 million farmers. Farm prices problem. Beginning in the late 1930s, the ex- fell 4 per cent in 1976 and little, if any, U.S. struggled intermittently with enor- ar, improvement is seen this year as bumper mous surpluses. Farmers were even paid I of crops here and abroad hang over the not to produce. At the peak of this "soil gri- market. Not surprisingly, U.S. farmers bank' program, the U.S. was paying near- are beginning to complain loudly. And ly $3.5 billion a year to keep 50 million y a this puts peanut-farmer Jimmy Carter acres of crop land idle. Still the farmers de- and grain-farmer Bob S. Bergland, the overproduced, and the government was out designated Agriculture Secretary, in a forced to buy crops and store them in it in ticklish position. They are pledged to government bins. At one point, storage are prop up sinking farm prices, but they costs alone ran nearly $1 million a day. nent must do so in a way that won't set off Then, starting in 1973, Agriculture the another big jump in retail food prices. Secretary Butz turned farm policy com- its of "The interests of consumers and farmers pletely around. Fallow acreage was put ubts can come into conflict pretty easily,' back into production. The government's ime says Norman R. Urquhart, an agricultural huge grain reserves were sold off, and cof- economist at Citibank. Butz even sold all the storage bins. For a But But even as consumer groups worry while, it appeared that Butz had all the ach that they may be burt by Bergland's answers. The annual wheat harvest went pay attempts to buttress farm prices, the from 1.5 billion bushels to 2.15 billion, farmers themselves are just as uneasy. the yearly corn crop soared from Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/srlh0227 BUSINESS billion bushels to 6.1 billion-and all of 33 OSBMM it miraculously found a market. But Butz's crities, including Bob Bergland, say he was merely lucky. Huge export demand during most of his tenure more Rx than drained off excess U.S. supplies, VIVITAR 75-205 they say, and actually caused domestic CLOSE FOCUSING ZOOM LENS prices to rise sharply. Now, export de- Cures photographer's itch. Been mand has subsided and U.S. farm sur- pluses are becoming a problem again- though now the surpluses are being The new Vivitar 75-205mm zoom lens 20 stored by the farmers instead of the gov= 60 for 35mm SLR cameras will cure your ernment. The current wheat surplus, for example, is 1 billion bushels, or nearly itch for a lens that frames your picture half a year's production. precisely the way you want it. You'll have 75 Double Reverse: To keep those sur- pluses from depressing farm prices still 131 focal lengths plus 1:4 reproduction further, the Carter Administration and capabilities at close focus. The all new Congress are about to reverse farm poli- optical design will give you sharp, tight cy again. Bergland makes no bones about his disdain for Butz's free-market poli- portraits and crisp, long shots. Get the cies. "We've got to make plans,' he says. cure at your Vivitar dealer for a very reason- "I want no part of a boom-and-bust phi- able amount of scratch. losophy. It makes no sense for prices to zoom out of sight one year and fall Marketed in the U.S.A. by Ponder&Best, Inc. through the basement the next.' Corporate Offices: 1630 Stewart Street, Bergland is said to be leaning toward Santa Monica. CA 90406. In Canada: two key changes. First, he might re- Precision Cameras of Canada, Ltd., Quebec. establish a U.S. grain reserve-though not on the scale of the pre-Butz days. The Vivitar. reserves would be used to iron out the 16 peaks and valleys of grain prices-crops would be added to storage when prices R are low, sold off when they are high- Ponder & Best, Inc., 1976 and to help provide a backstop against famine in other nations... In addition, he is expected to increase the subsidies available to farmers under the so-called price-support loan pro- gram, which allows the farmer to use his College dollars need crop as collateral for borrowing from the government. Currently, for example, a time to grow. farmer can borrow $2.25 for each bushel of wheat he puts up as collateral. If the market price of wheat stays at its present level of about $2.60, the farmer can even- tually sell his crop, pay off the loan and pocket the difference. But if the market price of wheat falls below the loan level of $2.25, he turns the wheat over to the government, which cancels his obliga- Take stock in America. tion to repay the loan. Bergland is likely to propose that the support levels of key With higher paying us. Savings Bonds grain crops be raised, in effect raising the guaranteed price that farmers can get for those crops. Doubts: While this program is designed to protect farmers from overproduction, Helps Shrink Swelling Of many farmers are wary. President Allan Grant of the American Farm Bureau, Hemorrhoidal Tissues Due To pleads against legislation that "would return farmers to the old and discredited Inflammation. Relieves Pain And Itch program of controls and dependency on government payments for a large share of their income.' Grant fears that the gov- Gives prompt temporary relief in many cases from ernment's reserves would work more for the benefit of the ever-more-militant hemorrhoidal pain and burning itch in such tissues. consumer than for farmers. "The fact that grain reserves are known to exist has an There's an exclusive medication which while it gently relieved such pain, it actually helps shrink painful swelling also helped reduce swelling of these immediate tendency to disrupt and de- of hemorrhoidal tissues caused by in- tissues. press farm markets, he savs. flammation. And in many cases it gives The medication used in the tests was Despite the farmers' fears---and some prompt relief for hours from rectal Preparation HR. No prescription is misgivings among Carter's economic ad- itching and pain in such tissues. needed for Preparation H. In ointment visers that higher price supports will Tests by doctors on patients showed or suppository form. price American agriculture out of world 68 Newsweek, January 17. 1977 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/srlh0227

What is the designation of Keith Cowan?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

Managing Editor

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

How much percentage drop in domestic sugarbeet production is expected this year?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

17%

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

How much percentage decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

4.2%

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

which date has been chosen for the sixth annual Henry country farm city tour?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

Saturday, November 19, 1977

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

Who prepared the controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" ?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

When did the cutting of green sugarcane for planting of Florida's sugar industry began?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

(august 29), August 29, a week later this year (August 29)

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

who is agricultural extension agent offers coastal city dwellers an opportunity to visit hendry county ?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

Ray Burgess

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

Who is the sender of this letter?

jqyv0228

jqyv0228_p0, jqyv0228_p1, jqyv0228_p2, jqyv0228_p3, jqyv0228_p4, jqyv0228_p5, jqyv0228_p6, jqyv0228_p7, jqyv0228_p8, jqyv0228_p9, jqyv0228_p10, jqyv0228_p11, jqyv0228_p12, jqyv0228_p13

"J. R. OConnell", Director Public Relations

Zile The Sugar Association, Inc. 1511 K Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20005 may 1 9 1978 May 15,1978 TO: PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE MEMBERS NOT PRESENT AT THE MAY 10 MEETING Gentlemen: The enclosed items were circulated at our May 10th PCC meeting. They are sent for your information and files. Hope to see you at our next PCC meeting. Each member company will receive 100 free copies of "Sugar: Fact and Fiction." Cordially, J. R. O'Connell Jack Director Public Relations JRO:drb Enclosures Telephone: Area Code (202) 628-0189 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 THE SUGAR ASSOCIATION, INC. 1511 K Street, N.W., Suite 1017. Washington, D.C. 20005 M E M o R A N D U M TO: J. W. TATEM, JR. DATE: May 4, 1978 SUBJECT: FDA Consumer Meeting, May 3, 1978 SUGAR LABELING PROPOSAL The agenda included discussion of the future status of sugar and fat labeling. Bonnie Liebman, CSPI, argued that citizens have been "actively demanding* sugar labeling. She proceeded to out- line the points in CSPIYs April 11 letter to Commissioner Kennedy (attached) requesting labeling of sugar and fat content in terms of the percentage of total calories. The sugar and fat dis- closure should be prominently displayed (big print, front of package) and include some graphic display such as a pie graph. Although CSPI's proposal emphasizes the sugar labeling issue, Liebman noted that she now considers fat to be the "greatest threat to public health.' Commissioner Kennedy noted that FDA sees the need to provide information on the amount of sugar in foods but stated again he would prefer to await the results of the legislative style hearings on all labeling issues that will take place this fall. What is needed is a comprehensive design, he said, not a "baroque" label providing piecemeal solutions to individual problems. Dr. Howard Roberts, FDA, noted there were some problems with the percentaga of total calories approach and asked if CSPI would object to simply citing the total number of calories from sugar with the total number of calories in the product. That seemed reasonable, replied-Liebman, but a pie graph would still be needed to show the portion of calories contributed by sugar or fat. Roberts also noted that FDA's legal authority to require this kind of labeling is "tenuous." However, several bills are pending in the House of Representatives that would expand FDA's authority in this area. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 J. W. Tatem, Jr. May 4, 1978 Page Two Dr. Allan Forbes, PDA, stressed the importance of consumer re- search in determining the "right way" to proceed with labeling. Research was cited showing that consumers understood the grams/ serving format better than the percentage format of disclosure. Dr. Roberts expressed his own preference for a teaspoons/serving approach. LABELING HEARINGS FDA is obviously feeling a lot of pressure to "do something" about disclosing the sugar content of foods. If appropriations for the FTC hearings on advertising are cut off, this pressure will likely increase. The planned legislative hearings on labeling will probably become the forum for discussing the issues involving sugar and health. The hearings are scheduled as follows: Aug. 22-23 Wichita Sept. 18-19 Little Rock Sept. 27-28 Washington, D. C. Oct. 12-13 San Francisco Oct. 25-26 Boston Seven topic areas have been designated. These are: 1. Ingredient Labeling 2. Nutrition labeling and related dietary information 3. Open dating 4. Total food label 5. Safe and suitable ingredients 6. Imitation and substitute foods 7. Food fortification Three officers will preside at each hearing, representing FDA, FTC and USDA. This information will be published shortly in the Federal Register. FDA is billing these, hearings as an opportunity for the agency to receive the consumers' viewpoint. Accordingly they plan a public relations effort to get consumers out to the hearings. Kennedy even suggesting making day-care facilities available for small children. Ellen Williams, FDA's Association Commissioner for Policy Coordination, noted that time for industry presentations would be linited. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 J. W. Tatem, Jr. May 4, 1978 Page Three From this meeting, it seems likely that some form of sugar dis- closure will eventually be mandated. The format and style of this disclosure are the areas most open to discussion with FDA officials. Sarah Setton Librarian ss:kcp Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 THE ATLANTA CONSTITUTION, Thur., April 20, 1978 How Sweet It Is Some Foods May Contain More Sweeteners Than You Think By Tina McElroy Constitution Staff Writer life," the most fundamental of foods. Around 325 B.C., sugar cane, cultivated In nature, green plants convert in India, became a tropical source of sucrose. Think of some of the pet names energy from the sun into simple After the time of Columbus, when sugar cane we use for our lovers, children and sugars by combining carbon dioxide was brought to the Caribbean, the use of friends- "sweetheart," "honey," and water, and then make complex sugar became a bit more widespread. "sugar pie," "sweetie." All of them sugars from the simple ones. In the Middle Ages, it is reported, the are sweet words associated with love sweetener was so highly priced that it took an and affection. But from the looks of Sugar is a source of energy and average person's weekly salary to buy a publicity given to sugar in foods calories in the diet. For over 50 pound. lately - from presweetened cereals years, U.S. Department of Com- In fact, it was not until the Napoleonic to tomato ketchup to processed merce figures show, sugar-has pro- Wars, in the early 1800s, and the development cheese - it might soon be an insult vided about 20 percent of the calo- of the sugar beet that the world gained a to call someone "sugar." ries in the American diet. temperate-zone source of sugar. Sugar in the diet has left a bad In 1972, the estimate for worldwide taste in the mouths of such diverse When most of us refer to sugar, groups as celebrities, health food we mean sucrose, a nearly pure car- sugar production was 74 million metric tons. advocates and nutritionists, while bohydrate - table sugar, beet sugar In the United States, 10 million tons is mar- or cane sugar. But we consume other keted every year. manufacturers who use sugar as an What concerns most sugar-conscious con- ingredient in their foods have taken forms of sugar, too: Fructose, a a defensive attitude on the subject. natural sugar found in fruit; glucose, sumers today is the amount of sugar found in In short, another battle along the the only natural carbohydrate also our diets. Food processors are using more in found in the body's general circula- their products, food experts say, and many consumer front is shaping up. The tion; dextrosé, also called glucose; parents believe that kids are eating more Federal Trade Commission has pro- posed regulating sugar and snack and levulose (found in honey), known sweets. In the good old days, it is commonly food commercials on children's TV as fructose. These sugars are mono- said, we did not consume nearly as much shows, and the Senate's Select Com- saccharides - the simplest struc- sugar as we do today. mittee on GRAS (generally recog- tural units of carbohydrates. The studies show an interesting picture. Annual consumption of sugar is computed by nized as safe) Substances has leveled When two monosaccharides are the U.S. Department of Agriculture by the its gaze on the topic of sugar in the joined, a disaccharide is formed. The amount of "disappearance" of sugar each diet. Also, an "Evaluation of the most common disaccharide is su- year. The disappearance figures include con- Health Aspects of Sucrose as a Food crose, made of one molecule of glu- sumption and waste. Ingredient" has been prepared for cose and one molecule of fructose. In 1925, the per capita disappearance the Food and Drug Administration The suffix "ose" indicates a sype of rate was 100 pounds. By 1975, the rate was Why all this interest in sugar? sugar. 102 pounds for each American. So, over 50 Ronald M. Deutsch, author and lec- years, the amount of sugar disappearance has turer on nutrition, says it's due in The first sweetner, mentioned in varied little (not counting the drop to 87 part to an increased interest in records more than 6,000 years ago, pounds per capita during World War II). health, diet and weight reduction was honey (which contains fructose These figures include sugar used in home or among most Americans. and glucose). It was not widely used, restaurant cooking, sugar added by the con- In other words, it is not, as some since it was available only to the sumer and sugar used in processed foods. suspect, only those so-called "health privileged. Yet a shift has been noted in the way food nuts" who are on the attack sugar is used. In 1910, 25 percent went fer against sugar; it is also the woman industrial use and the remainder went for who prepares meals for the family; household use. Sixty-one years later, in 1971, parents who have to pay for visits to the industrial sugar-use figure was 72 per- the dentist, and consumers who ques- cent, with the percentage of corn sweeteners tions the price and safety of added added. The rest was for household use. sugar. "The point here is, the discretionary use And this interest is reflected in the of sugars by the consumer at the present bookstore. The shelves are full of time is very limited," writes Sidney M. Can- books on sugar - "Complete Junk tor, a speaker at the 1975 National Academy Food Book, "The Brand Name of Sciences forum on "Sweeteners: Issues and Sugar Guide," "The Nuts Among the Uncertainties." Eerries." Also, the March issue of From the figures, we know we are get- Consumer Reports magazine fea- ting more sugar in the processed foods we eat tured a cover story en sugar. than our parents and grandparents did 50 Although some would argue the years ago, because more is used in industry point, sugar is a nutrient. It is a di- and we are eating more processed food. gestible carbohydrate, and all digest- ible carbohydrates are nutrients. Simple sugar is the "basic food of MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 -2- THE ATCANTIC CONSTITUTION Apr. 20, 1978 - Continued But just how much? When stated in per- Sugar is added to processed foods, says centages of the total weight of a product, the Roger Coleman of the National Food Proces- figure can be astounding. sors Association in Washington, which pri- In the sugar report prepared for the FDA marily represents canners in the country, by the Life Sciences Research Office, a listing "principally for taste purposes." of the weighted mean percent level of added "Some products are not acceptable to the sucrose in foods gives an idea of how much consumer without the addition of some we are getting in our processed foods: sugar," he says, citing canned pears and fruit Cheese cocktail as two examples. 24.56 percent. Joel Williams of Savannah Foods, which Processed vegetables, juices 13.25 percent. produces Dixie Crystals sugar products and some processed foods for institutional use, Fats and oils 3.43 percent. agrees that sugar is added to food products "to improve the palatability of food being Condiments, relishes sold, to enhance flavor of foods-canned 26.82 percent. vegetables, for instance. Tastant coffee and tea 12.60 percent. "They've howled about sugar, but it makes food palatable," he says. "The result is Frozen dairy desserts, mixes 9.31 percent. that (consumers) eat food that's good for them." Soups and soup mixes Laurie Beacham, advisor to the president 20 percent. of the food processors organization, remem- Pasta and rice dishes bers his mother adding a little sugar to 1.43 percent. vegetables for taste, and his wife does, too. He wonders how many housewives "who con- Baked goods, breads 11.42 percent. sider themselves good cooks add a little sugar. Breakfast cereals in cooking." But he disagrees with the FDA 26.71 percent. report on percentages of sugar in canned Imitation dairy products 16.24 percent. vegetables. Not all processors use sugar in canning Processed fruit, juices, drinks 12.58 percent. vegetables, Beacham says, and those who do only use a small amount - 1 or 1¹/² percent sugar. Consumers Report magazine did some A spot check at a grocery store shows testing of its own for its article on sugar. Its that sugar (either sucrose, dextrose, corn analysis included not only a determination of syrup or "natural sweeteners") is used in can- the proportion of sucrose contained in a prod- ned vegetables such as Green Giant white uct but also "all varieties of sugar, including corn, Libby's peas and carrots, Del Monte those in corn syrup, honey, fruit, and vegeta- sweet peas and Chef Boy-ar-dee spaghetti bles." Here are some of the findings: sauce with meat. Coffee-Mate non-dairy creamer 65.4 percent. Processors are required to list ingredi- ents in descending order of ingredient Libby's canned peaches 17.9 percent. amounts, but percentages and specific amounts of each ingredient are not listed. Heinz tomato ketchup 28.9 percent. Beacham says he does not think consumers are that interested in the percentage of in- Wishbone Russian salad dressing 30.2 per- gredients and that listing amounts would cent. "add something to the price" of the product. Coleman (of the food processors' group) Ritz crackers 11.8 percent. adds that most companies that can fruits, for instance, offer a variety of packing methods. Cool Whip non-dairy whipped topping 21.0 There is fruit packed in heavy syrup, in percent. medium syrup, in natural juices, in water and a dietetic type. Hershey's milk chocolate bar 51.4 percent. "We'll provide whatever the consumer Shake 'n Bake seasoned coating mix 17.4 per- wants," the processors' spokesman says. "We cent. don't list the amount of sugar used, but you can tell" by the way the product is packed Hambuger Helper 23.0 percent. how much sugar is used. Skippy creamy peanut butter 9.2 percent. MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 -3- - THE ATLANTIC CONSTITUTTON Apr. 20, 1978 - Continued D D 8 0 a 0 R 6CH,OH H OH 0 5 3 2 D H H 0 H OH H your 4 1 OH H H OH 3 2 H 5 OH H 6 0 H OH H2COH Staff Artwork-Trevor Irvin # Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 1910 Sugar Taking Its Lumps Is It Harmless Or A Real Villain? Experts Leave Us Confused recommending a reduction in the amount of fat, cholesterol, The second of two articles sugar and salt in the diet and an increase in complex car- By Tina McElroy bohydrate intake, Constitution Staff Writer So the nutritionists; physicians and other authorities argue on, choosing up sides and clashing in a sort of nutri- Mary Poppins told us "a spoonful of tional Sugar Bowl, with the public waiting on the sidelines to sugar makes the medicine go down in see which way the sugar cookie crumbles. the most delightful way." But maybe she Ronald Deutsch, author and lecturer on the subject of hadn't done much reading on the health nutrition, says of sugar, "There is no toxic effect in moderate aspects of sugar in the diet. Truth is, amounts of sugar.' many people have turned sour on sugar. And in the 1975 report "Evaluation of the Health Aspects In recent years, for instance, sugar of Sucrose as a Food Ingredient," prepared for the Food and has been identified as a primary suspect Drug Administration, the findings state: in a variety of health problems - "Other than the contribution made to dental caries, there obesity, diabetes, heart disease and den- is no clear evidence in the available information on sucrose tal caries. It has also become the target that demonstrates a hazard to the public when used at the of many nutritionists who dismiss it as a levels that are now current and in the manner now prac- "junk food," worthless and possibly ticed.' harmful. In short, sugar has been taking In most studies and reports conducted on the health as- its lumps lately, pects of sugar in the diet, the words "highly unlikely," "no clear evidence," "unknown" and "undetermined" occur again Physicians, scientists and nutritio- and again. nists have churned out books on the sub- And a look at the major maladies commonly associated ject, a U.S. Senate committee has delved with the intake of sugar reflects the same uncertainty. into the topic, and dentists have drilled Since many people associate sugar with diabetes, they into sugar to study its cariogenic effect. assume that sugar is the cause of the disease. Yet the cause They-and scores of others-are of diabetes is unknown. Experts report there is no evidence asking just how much sugar we're eating that excessive consumption of sugar causes diabetes. The and what is its effect upon health. Opin- 1975 FDA report on health and sugar said that studies had ions, even expert opinions, vary. Some found "no plausible evidence that sucrose, except as a non- say there's not a grain of granulated specific source of excessive calories, is related to the dis- truth in the attack against sugar; others ease." contend that it is Dixie-Crystal clear to The same paucity of conclusive evidence shrouds the all but the benighted that America's claim linking sugar intake with cardiovascular disease. A sweet tooth is causing the decay of soci- 1972 study by J. Yudkin found a correlation between deaths ety. due to cardiovascular disease and sucrose consumption, but a joint report by the Royal College of Physicians of London The truth lies buried in the nation's and the British Cardiac Society concluded that "there is no sugar bowls. firm evidence linking sugar intake and coronary heart dis- In the body, sugar is digested by ease." breaking down complicated sugar (su- Another dimension of the sugar controversy is what nu- crose) to simple sugar (glucose and trionist Dr. Sara Hunt of Georgia State University calls "the fructose), because simple sugar is the popularity of hypoglycemia." Hypoglycemia is a low level of only form that can be absorbed through blood sugar. It is often accompanied by shakiness, trembling, the intestinal walls into the bloodstream. anxiety, fast heartbeat, headaches, hunger sensations, feel- From the blood, the substances go to the ings of weakness, and occasionally, seizures and coma. liver, where the fructose is metabolized Ironically, the condition is aggravated rather than into glucose. The only sugar that the relieved by the ingestion of concentrated sweets, body can use is glucose, which is turned into fat. As a food ingredient, sucrose has been categorized as "generally recog- nized as safe" (GRAS). in the Code of Federal Regulations. But the Senate Se- lect Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs published a report last year MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 Apr. 21, 1978 - Cont inued Symptoms Likened To Anxiety is worse for your teeth than sitting down and eating five But more people think they have the disease than actu- candy bars right laway." ally do, Dr. Hunt says. Many of the symptoms of Since .1 percent of sugar will begin the process as soon hypoglycemia are the same as those of anxiety reaction. as 1 percent will, it only takes a tiny amount to start the Hypoglycemia has to be definitely diagnosed by a physician acid-producing process-about 20 minutes, he explains. for proper treatment. Therefore, every time you take a bite of the candy bar, the Obesity is another health problem (one third of all action to produce acid begins. If you eat all five candy bars American adults are overweight) linked to sugar consump- at once, the action takes place only once. tion. Since diet and control of weight are elements in the The time of day that you eat sugar, Dr. Moss says, is treatment of obesity, as well as diabetes, hypertension and also important in the consideration of sugar and cavities. heart disease, sugar has been associated negatively with "It's difficult for a modern-day parent to design a meal these and other health problems. that doesn't contain sugar," he says, citing the sugar in ket- Sugar consumption, however, is not the cause of obesity. cup, jam, fresh fruit. "It's just not very practical. Fat is the result of an excessive intake of calories - from "You have to say that at least three times a day (at any type of food - and/or of inactivity. If you consume more calories in starches, alcohol or fat, protein or sugar mealtimes), you're going to have teeth in contact with sugar. You have to write off those three times. What you have to than you expend, then you gain weight. The source of the ex- cess calories is irrelevant. Physicians often advise the obese concern yourself about is between meal snacks." to limit the. consumption of concentrated sweets because During a meal, Dr. Moss explains, the other foods-and that's where the most calories lurk. drink you consume with sugar-containing foods help to wash Imbalance In Nutrients the sucrose off your teeth. Therefore, the sugar is not as damaging to teeth as eating a sugar-containing snack food Actually, fat is not where it's at when the experts zero in alone. But when you eat cereal or cookies between meals, en sugar. They focus instead on sugar's effect on nutrition, with nothing else, there is nothing to keep the sugar from whether it causes an inbalance in the nutrients we get in our clinging to teeth and producing acid. If you eat four snacks diet. during the day, then you are "challenging" your teeth seven Most nutritionists will tell you that the desired diétary times a. .day (including the three times with meals), he says- goal is to eat well-balanced meals that provide the nutrients our bodies need to function. And if sugar, a tablespoon of Although sugar is not the only thing that causes cavities, which provides only 11.9 grams of carbohydrates and a trace it is a good idea to guard against the harm sugar can do to of calcium, along with 46 calories, comprises too large a part teeth. Dentists suggest restricting between-meal snacks, of our diet, little room will be left for other foods that pro- brushing or rinsing mouth after eating, and avoiding sticky vide nutrients. At present, 10 to 20 percent of the calories we foods. consume come from sugar. And although Dr. Moss points out that there "is no way "What we're concerned about is the dilution of the yet to measure definitely the cariogenic element of a food,' American diet, and we should look at sugar as a diluter," he does offer some alternatives to the normal sweet snack says nutrition author Deutsch. "We (Americans) are really foods that most people eat. interested in the way things taste. And most of the things we like are fats and sweets. But what we should ask is, 'First, Popcorn (without salt, since salt may negatively affect have I got the nutrients I need? Then, sure, it's okay to have people with predisposition to high-blood pressure) your lollipop. But first be sure you get the foods in your diet Plain yogurt. Skim milk. that provide needed nutrition." Nutritionist Dr. Sara Hunt of Georgia State University Carrots. Cold meats. agrees. And she suggests the use of nutritional density - put simply, evaluation of food according to the amount of nutri- Hard boiled eggs. Unsalted nuts. ents it offers compared to the number of calories it provides. Chocolate- drinks (unsweetened types you make your The Dental Villain self). Dried meats. "If you were to choose a balanced, varied diet and leave off the concentrated sweets, there wouldn't be a problem Sugarless gum- with sugar," Dr. Hunt says. The one area in which most people agree that sugar is the villain is in dental health. But even here, the correlation is not as simple as "sugar causes cavities." Dental- caries occur when three factors are present: An infectious organism, a susceptible target and an conducive environment to the growth of the infectious-agent Bacteria on the teeth take a sugar-containing food and convert it to acid that makes holes in surface of the teeth - cavities. Al- though sucrose (table sugar) is the the biggest culprit, other sugars (fructose and glucose) have been found to be almost as cariogenic. Dr. Stephen Moss, professor and chairman of the Depart- ment of Dentistry for Children at the New York University College of Dentistry and an authority on the cause of caries, says there is a problem in the public's mind, with the associa- tion of sugar and cavities. "It's not the amount of sugar you eat, it's the frequency that sugar is eaten," he says. It Takes Only Tiny Amount Dr. Moss gave this example: if you have a candy bar, and you take bites of it throughout the day until it's gone, it MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 - 3 - THE ATLANTIC CONSTITUTION Apr. 21, 1978 - Continued Obesity, diabetes, heart disease and dental caries-sugar may be a scapegoat in these ills, but it looks as though we're in for a wait to learn the answers. a 0 Staff Artwork-Trevor Irvin # Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228` WHAT'S HAPPENING? A Monthly Summary of Field Activities of the Sugar Association Food/Nutrition Consulting Dietitians May 1, 1978 Media During April, I covered part of the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic states. First stop was Toronto, Canada. In January, I appeared on "Canada AM" which covers most of Canada. In early February, the producer for "Toronto Today" CFTO-TV called to inquire if I would cover the sugar controversy in more depth for their viewers. "Toronto Today" appears for 30 minutes following "Canada AM.' I was booked for media in New York State the first week in April, so agreed to do the program at that time. Canadian broadcasting is viewed extensively across the northern United States near the border. Pat Murray interviewed me live for 15 minutes. We discussed overweight, which is also a problem in Canada, and fad diets. The booklet, "Eye It Before You Diet, " was offered. Next stop was Buffalo where I appeared on WKBW-TV "Dialing For Dollars," with Dave Thomas and Angela McCarthy. Dave had done his homework and asked some perceptive questions about sugar's role in obesity. The booklet was offered and within two weeks we received over 300 requests. After my segment on the show the horticulturist from the Cooperative Extension Service demonstrated planting raspberry bushes in the garden. He and Dave Thomas sampled some home made bread with raspberry jam and peanut butter. Dave commented, "There' sugar in the bread, the jam is almost pure sugar and the peanut butter has some too sure tastes good though! I also did two radio tapes. One was 15 minutes on WBEN Radio with Charlie Warren. We talked about cereals, snacks and the difference between corn sweeteners and table sugar. The second show was 20 minutes on WBFO Radio at the State University of New York at Buffalo. College students are often some of the loudest critics of sugar so I try to cover as many university stations as possible. Interviewer Mark Chodorow went over the March Consumer Reports article, "Too Much Sugar" in its entirety. In Rochester, Margaret Graham-Smith, featured me as her guest on "Noon At Ten, WHEC-TV for 10 minutes on the cereal and snack controversy. She was unbiased about sugar. Dan Michen, WROC Radio, and I were on a live call-in program for one hour. His listening audience asked some very intelligent questions including, "How can a consumer tell how much sugar he eats when fresh products aren't labeled and labeling for processed foods isn't compulsory for all food products?" There were many comments about the Consumer Reports article. One dietitian described how her four children had been trained from toddler age to brush their teeth after eating anything. They had good teeth as adults. Her point was that parents could help prevent tooth decay if they made the effort. I also appeared on the University of Rochester station, WRUR-FM for 15 minutes to discuss the cereal controversy and the Consumer Reports article. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 In Syracuse, two scheduled TV appearances were cancelled at the last minute because of illness in one case and being pre-empted by a local politician in the second. Cynthia Bell, WMHR Radio, did four, eight minute tapes on cereals, obesity, tooth decay and snack foods for a broadcast series on sugar's role in health. Bob Richblum and I did a live one-hour call-in on the University of Syracuse, WAER Radio program, "Coffee Break. It was a heated session in spots with comments like, "Anyone paid for by The Sugar Association can't possibly tell the truth, so why bother to try" "the food processors and sugar refiners are turning us all into addicts by deliberately sticking sugar in everything we eat!" In Albany, it was more of the same. David Allen, WAST-TV is very anti- sugar. On the air, he started in about how sugar contains no vitamins and minerals and causes tooth decay and obesity. He was so worked up he wouldn't let me say a word so I stated in a louder voice than his, "If you don't stop being belligerent we can't carry on an intelligent two-way conversation.' Dead silence followed so I presented my side about sugar's contribution to palatability and what part it played in the area of tooth decay. Total air time was 10 minutes. The TV crew thought we were going to come to blows. David's co-host, Betty George, 200 plus pounds of lady said, "Honey, that was a marvelous bout!' After that session I appeared with Boom Boom Brannigan, WABY Radio for 80 minutes on a call-in show. We covered the Consumer Reports article and Sugar in the Diet of Man. The call-ir questions covered sugar in health and food. Overall the listeners were not anti-sugar. Boom Boom is a real character but probably attracts more advertising than his competitors with his folksy interview style. Back home in New York City I was listening to my favorite music station, WTFM Radio when what do I hear but dentist, Paul Bar ger and Doctor Robert C. Atkins, criticizing sugar on Nell Bassett's program, "Community Reports. She tapes guests for an hour or two, then breaks up the interview into five or six separate segments. These are played at different times of the day for a week. She had the two gentlemen on for a week. The second week she featured me with the dentist criticizing what I had to say. I wasn't given the opportunity for rebuttal to his comments. Nell's selection of material from my tape could have been better. I was amused the dentist was irate that someone had been allowed to contradict him. If listeners tuned in to all the segments they could better evaluate what was said. Just hearing one out of context may or may not have been informative. It depended on the listener's background. A cross section of people mentioned to me they heard the program -- the mail clerks at Grand Central Post Office, my apartment building personnel, George Hammond, Chairman of Carl Byoir. The second week in April, I covered Boston environs, Hartford and New Haven. In Boston, I worked with Freddie Seymour on a half-hour radio tape she syndicates to a number of Boston stations. We covered "Sugar In The Diet of Man. I did two one-hour radio interviews at universities -- one for WBRS, Brandeis and the other for WBCN Radio at Boston College. The Consumer Reports article was discussed in depth. Jean Colbert, WINF Radio, Hartford, did a half hour tape with me on her popular program, "World Today. We talked about sugar in recipes as well as in health. Barbara Loucks, WELI Radio, New Haven, and I taped 10, three-minute interview segments on the sugar controversy. She plays them continually during the day for 12 weeks. Topics included raw sugar, tooth decay, snack foods, palatability of food and overweight. Mike Warren featured me for 10 minutes on WTNH-TV's "12 O'Clock Live" program. He wanted to know how much conscience the food industry and sugar refiners had when they put sugar in everything. He also said he bet there wasn't 29% sugar in catsup made back in 1900. I didn't know so looked it up when I returned to the office. One recipe I found not only had sugar, but also to pint of alcohol in the ingredient list. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 The third week in April was spent in the pouring rain traveling through West Virginia. First city was Lexington, Kentucky, where I appeared on WLEX-TV with Sue Wylie. She said we were sugar junkies, then discussed the Consumer Reports article for 10 minutes. WBLG Radio did an excellent 30 minute, in-depth interview on the suggested questions. WVLK Radio taped me for 13 hours on the same questions which was broken down to a 15 minute program for public affairs and 10 thirty-second news fillers. Roger Evans, WGNT Radio, Huntington, West Virginia, had me as his guest on a call-in program from 9 a.m. until 1 p.m. The majority of the questions concerned obesity. Joanne Jaeger, WSAV-TV, Charleston, taped a 10 minute program on the cereal controversy and snack foods. Linda Wild, WTAP-TV, Parkersburg, West Virginia, taped 15 minutes on WTAP-TV discussing "Sugar Blues" and the Consumer Reports article. In Morgantown, I appeared with Melanie Walters on a 20 minute call-in discussing sugar's role in obesity and tooth decay. WCLG Radio did a 40 minute tape covering the suggested questions plus the Consumer Reports article. Pittsburgh was the last stop where I was a guest on the popular "AM Pittsburgh" with Dr. Adabi, M.D. and Ph.D. in nutrition at the University of Pittsburgh. We discussed the cereal controversy and the various sweeteners used in food processing. Dr. Adabi said there was no proof that sugar was dangerous to our health. He felt we were polluted with too much sugar (all types including sugar already present in food) which contributed to obesity. We should only eat that amount that makes foods in the Basic Four diet palatable. There is no need for desserts and all the snacks we consume. He also said no one had really established a percentage of sugar in the diet that could be considered "correct. "Who can prove 15% total sugar intake is OK?" This segment of the program had call-in questions relative to diabetes, the nutritional value of honey versus sugar. Martha Pehl traveled through a portion of the south. She appeared on WHBQ-TV in Memphis, Tenn. for 13 minutes and discussed hypoglycemia. WWEE Radio had her as a call-in guest for one hour. The questions covered saccharin, hypoglycemia, cereals and health foods. Chattanooga was the next city visited where Martha appeared on WRCB-TV for 6 minutes talking about weight control. She taped a 45 minute radio show for WDEF Radio on weight control. In Knoxville her first appearance was on WBIR-TV for 15 minutes discussing pre-sweetened cereals. WEZK Radio taped a 10 minute program on fad diets. Martha was particularly pleased with her response from the Food and Nutrition Specialist for the Cooperative Extension Service, Kayla Carruth at the University of Tennessee. Copies of all of our latest printed material will be sent to extension agents throughout the state. Virginia followed Tennessee. Martha did 8 minutes on WVEC-TV talking about the sugar controversy and 12 minutes on WAVY-TV, same topic, both in Portsmouth. She also taped a half hour program on the suggested questions for WXRI Radio. A 10 minute radio call-in on WRVA based on the suggested questions and a 10 minute taped interview on WEET Radio were completed in Richmond. Judi Davis traveled to Wichita Falls, Texas to appear on KFDX-TV. She discussed overweight. Also KWFT Radio did a 15 minute live show on the suggested questions and cereal controversy. In Sherman, Texas, Judi appeared on KXII-TV for 6 minutes and 15 minutes on their sister radio station. Mary Jane-Danielson, had a 15 minute program on KATU-TV, Portland, covering the cereal controversy. In addition to media, the field staff have been conducting group meetings as well as contacting editors and Extension Service personnel. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 In summary, the attitude of consumers and interviewers has changed much since the Consumer Reports article. People seem to feel they have been duped because sugar appears on the label of so many food products industry is conspiring to make them sugar addicts. Those under 35 years of age are more anti-sugar than older people. Some commentators are catching on to the fact consumers really have no way to accurately determine their total daily sugar intake (all sugars, in fresh as well as processed food) . There are no labels on fresh produce. In 1977, we ate 17% of our meals away from home. Restaurant menus don't show the breakdown of the food. Nutritional labeling isn't compulsory on all processed foods. The idea that there is no way to determine sugar con- sumption is very frustrating to people and they react more negatively to sugar than they might otherwise. Dorothy Buckner Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228

What is the designation of J. R. O' Connell?

jqyv0228

jqyv0228_p0, jqyv0228_p1, jqyv0228_p2, jqyv0228_p3, jqyv0228_p4, jqyv0228_p5, jqyv0228_p6, jqyv0228_p7, jqyv0228_p8, jqyv0228_p9, jqyv0228_p10, jqyv0228_p11, jqyv0228_p12, jqyv0228_p13

Director Public Relations

Zile The Sugar Association, Inc. 1511 K Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20005 may 1 9 1978 May 15,1978 TO: PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE MEMBERS NOT PRESENT AT THE MAY 10 MEETING Gentlemen: The enclosed items were circulated at our May 10th PCC meeting. They are sent for your information and files. Hope to see you at our next PCC meeting. Each member company will receive 100 free copies of "Sugar: Fact and Fiction." Cordially, J. R. O'Connell Jack Director Public Relations JRO:drb Enclosures Telephone: Area Code (202) 628-0189 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 THE SUGAR ASSOCIATION, INC. 1511 K Street, N.W., Suite 1017. Washington, D.C. 20005 M E M o R A N D U M TO: J. W. TATEM, JR. DATE: May 4, 1978 SUBJECT: FDA Consumer Meeting, May 3, 1978 SUGAR LABELING PROPOSAL The agenda included discussion of the future status of sugar and fat labeling. Bonnie Liebman, CSPI, argued that citizens have been "actively demanding* sugar labeling. She proceeded to out- line the points in CSPIYs April 11 letter to Commissioner Kennedy (attached) requesting labeling of sugar and fat content in terms of the percentage of total calories. The sugar and fat dis- closure should be prominently displayed (big print, front of package) and include some graphic display such as a pie graph. Although CSPI's proposal emphasizes the sugar labeling issue, Liebman noted that she now considers fat to be the "greatest threat to public health.' Commissioner Kennedy noted that FDA sees the need to provide information on the amount of sugar in foods but stated again he would prefer to await the results of the legislative style hearings on all labeling issues that will take place this fall. What is needed is a comprehensive design, he said, not a "baroque" label providing piecemeal solutions to individual problems. Dr. Howard Roberts, FDA, noted there were some problems with the percentaga of total calories approach and asked if CSPI would object to simply citing the total number of calories from sugar with the total number of calories in the product. That seemed reasonable, replied-Liebman, but a pie graph would still be needed to show the portion of calories contributed by sugar or fat. Roberts also noted that FDA's legal authority to require this kind of labeling is "tenuous." However, several bills are pending in the House of Representatives that would expand FDA's authority in this area. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 J. W. Tatem, Jr. May 4, 1978 Page Two Dr. Allan Forbes, PDA, stressed the importance of consumer re- search in determining the "right way" to proceed with labeling. Research was cited showing that consumers understood the grams/ serving format better than the percentage format of disclosure. Dr. Roberts expressed his own preference for a teaspoons/serving approach. LABELING HEARINGS FDA is obviously feeling a lot of pressure to "do something" about disclosing the sugar content of foods. If appropriations for the FTC hearings on advertising are cut off, this pressure will likely increase. The planned legislative hearings on labeling will probably become the forum for discussing the issues involving sugar and health. The hearings are scheduled as follows: Aug. 22-23 Wichita Sept. 18-19 Little Rock Sept. 27-28 Washington, D. C. Oct. 12-13 San Francisco Oct. 25-26 Boston Seven topic areas have been designated. These are: 1. Ingredient Labeling 2. Nutrition labeling and related dietary information 3. Open dating 4. Total food label 5. Safe and suitable ingredients 6. Imitation and substitute foods 7. Food fortification Three officers will preside at each hearing, representing FDA, FTC and USDA. This information will be published shortly in the Federal Register. FDA is billing these, hearings as an opportunity for the agency to receive the consumers' viewpoint. Accordingly they plan a public relations effort to get consumers out to the hearings. Kennedy even suggesting making day-care facilities available for small children. Ellen Williams, FDA's Association Commissioner for Policy Coordination, noted that time for industry presentations would be linited. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 J. W. Tatem, Jr. May 4, 1978 Page Three From this meeting, it seems likely that some form of sugar dis- closure will eventually be mandated. The format and style of this disclosure are the areas most open to discussion with FDA officials. Sarah Setton Librarian ss:kcp Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 THE ATLANTA CONSTITUTION, Thur., April 20, 1978 How Sweet It Is Some Foods May Contain More Sweeteners Than You Think By Tina McElroy Constitution Staff Writer life," the most fundamental of foods. Around 325 B.C., sugar cane, cultivated In nature, green plants convert in India, became a tropical source of sucrose. Think of some of the pet names energy from the sun into simple After the time of Columbus, when sugar cane we use for our lovers, children and sugars by combining carbon dioxide was brought to the Caribbean, the use of friends- "sweetheart," "honey," and water, and then make complex sugar became a bit more widespread. "sugar pie," "sweetie." All of them sugars from the simple ones. In the Middle Ages, it is reported, the are sweet words associated with love sweetener was so highly priced that it took an and affection. But from the looks of Sugar is a source of energy and average person's weekly salary to buy a publicity given to sugar in foods calories in the diet. For over 50 pound. lately - from presweetened cereals years, U.S. Department of Com- In fact, it was not until the Napoleonic to tomato ketchup to processed merce figures show, sugar-has pro- Wars, in the early 1800s, and the development cheese - it might soon be an insult vided about 20 percent of the calo- of the sugar beet that the world gained a to call someone "sugar." ries in the American diet. temperate-zone source of sugar. Sugar in the diet has left a bad In 1972, the estimate for worldwide taste in the mouths of such diverse When most of us refer to sugar, groups as celebrities, health food we mean sucrose, a nearly pure car- sugar production was 74 million metric tons. advocates and nutritionists, while bohydrate - table sugar, beet sugar In the United States, 10 million tons is mar- or cane sugar. But we consume other keted every year. manufacturers who use sugar as an What concerns most sugar-conscious con- ingredient in their foods have taken forms of sugar, too: Fructose, a a defensive attitude on the subject. natural sugar found in fruit; glucose, sumers today is the amount of sugar found in In short, another battle along the the only natural carbohydrate also our diets. Food processors are using more in found in the body's general circula- their products, food experts say, and many consumer front is shaping up. The tion; dextrosé, also called glucose; parents believe that kids are eating more Federal Trade Commission has pro- posed regulating sugar and snack and levulose (found in honey), known sweets. In the good old days, it is commonly food commercials on children's TV as fructose. These sugars are mono- said, we did not consume nearly as much shows, and the Senate's Select Com- saccharides - the simplest struc- sugar as we do today. mittee on GRAS (generally recog- tural units of carbohydrates. The studies show an interesting picture. Annual consumption of sugar is computed by nized as safe) Substances has leveled When two monosaccharides are the U.S. Department of Agriculture by the its gaze on the topic of sugar in the joined, a disaccharide is formed. The amount of "disappearance" of sugar each diet. Also, an "Evaluation of the most common disaccharide is su- year. The disappearance figures include con- Health Aspects of Sucrose as a Food crose, made of one molecule of glu- sumption and waste. Ingredient" has been prepared for cose and one molecule of fructose. In 1925, the per capita disappearance the Food and Drug Administration The suffix "ose" indicates a sype of rate was 100 pounds. By 1975, the rate was Why all this interest in sugar? sugar. 102 pounds for each American. So, over 50 Ronald M. Deutsch, author and lec- years, the amount of sugar disappearance has turer on nutrition, says it's due in The first sweetner, mentioned in varied little (not counting the drop to 87 part to an increased interest in records more than 6,000 years ago, pounds per capita during World War II). health, diet and weight reduction was honey (which contains fructose These figures include sugar used in home or among most Americans. and glucose). It was not widely used, restaurant cooking, sugar added by the con- In other words, it is not, as some since it was available only to the sumer and sugar used in processed foods. suspect, only those so-called "health privileged. Yet a shift has been noted in the way food nuts" who are on the attack sugar is used. In 1910, 25 percent went fer against sugar; it is also the woman industrial use and the remainder went for who prepares meals for the family; household use. Sixty-one years later, in 1971, parents who have to pay for visits to the industrial sugar-use figure was 72 per- the dentist, and consumers who ques- cent, with the percentage of corn sweeteners tions the price and safety of added added. The rest was for household use. sugar. "The point here is, the discretionary use And this interest is reflected in the of sugars by the consumer at the present bookstore. The shelves are full of time is very limited," writes Sidney M. Can- books on sugar - "Complete Junk tor, a speaker at the 1975 National Academy Food Book, "The Brand Name of Sciences forum on "Sweeteners: Issues and Sugar Guide," "The Nuts Among the Uncertainties." Eerries." Also, the March issue of From the figures, we know we are get- Consumer Reports magazine fea- ting more sugar in the processed foods we eat tured a cover story en sugar. than our parents and grandparents did 50 Although some would argue the years ago, because more is used in industry point, sugar is a nutrient. It is a di- and we are eating more processed food. gestible carbohydrate, and all digest- ible carbohydrates are nutrients. Simple sugar is the "basic food of MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 -2- THE ATCANTIC CONSTITUTION Apr. 20, 1978 - Continued But just how much? When stated in per- Sugar is added to processed foods, says centages of the total weight of a product, the Roger Coleman of the National Food Proces- figure can be astounding. sors Association in Washington, which pri- In the sugar report prepared for the FDA marily represents canners in the country, by the Life Sciences Research Office, a listing "principally for taste purposes." of the weighted mean percent level of added "Some products are not acceptable to the sucrose in foods gives an idea of how much consumer without the addition of some we are getting in our processed foods: sugar," he says, citing canned pears and fruit Cheese cocktail as two examples. 24.56 percent. Joel Williams of Savannah Foods, which Processed vegetables, juices 13.25 percent. produces Dixie Crystals sugar products and some processed foods for institutional use, Fats and oils 3.43 percent. agrees that sugar is added to food products "to improve the palatability of food being Condiments, relishes sold, to enhance flavor of foods-canned 26.82 percent. vegetables, for instance. Tastant coffee and tea 12.60 percent. "They've howled about sugar, but it makes food palatable," he says. "The result is Frozen dairy desserts, mixes 9.31 percent. that (consumers) eat food that's good for them." Soups and soup mixes Laurie Beacham, advisor to the president 20 percent. of the food processors organization, remem- Pasta and rice dishes bers his mother adding a little sugar to 1.43 percent. vegetables for taste, and his wife does, too. He wonders how many housewives "who con- Baked goods, breads 11.42 percent. sider themselves good cooks add a little sugar. Breakfast cereals in cooking." But he disagrees with the FDA 26.71 percent. report on percentages of sugar in canned Imitation dairy products 16.24 percent. vegetables. Not all processors use sugar in canning Processed fruit, juices, drinks 12.58 percent. vegetables, Beacham says, and those who do only use a small amount - 1 or 1¹/² percent sugar. Consumers Report magazine did some A spot check at a grocery store shows testing of its own for its article on sugar. Its that sugar (either sucrose, dextrose, corn analysis included not only a determination of syrup or "natural sweeteners") is used in can- the proportion of sucrose contained in a prod- ned vegetables such as Green Giant white uct but also "all varieties of sugar, including corn, Libby's peas and carrots, Del Monte those in corn syrup, honey, fruit, and vegeta- sweet peas and Chef Boy-ar-dee spaghetti bles." Here are some of the findings: sauce with meat. Coffee-Mate non-dairy creamer 65.4 percent. Processors are required to list ingredi- ents in descending order of ingredient Libby's canned peaches 17.9 percent. amounts, but percentages and specific amounts of each ingredient are not listed. Heinz tomato ketchup 28.9 percent. Beacham says he does not think consumers are that interested in the percentage of in- Wishbone Russian salad dressing 30.2 per- gredients and that listing amounts would cent. "add something to the price" of the product. Coleman (of the food processors' group) Ritz crackers 11.8 percent. adds that most companies that can fruits, for instance, offer a variety of packing methods. Cool Whip non-dairy whipped topping 21.0 There is fruit packed in heavy syrup, in percent. medium syrup, in natural juices, in water and a dietetic type. Hershey's milk chocolate bar 51.4 percent. "We'll provide whatever the consumer Shake 'n Bake seasoned coating mix 17.4 per- wants," the processors' spokesman says. "We cent. don't list the amount of sugar used, but you can tell" by the way the product is packed Hambuger Helper 23.0 percent. how much sugar is used. Skippy creamy peanut butter 9.2 percent. MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 -3- - THE ATLANTIC CONSTITUTTON Apr. 20, 1978 - Continued D D 8 0 a 0 R 6CH,OH H OH 0 5 3 2 D H H 0 H OH H your 4 1 OH H H OH 3 2 H 5 OH H 6 0 H OH H2COH Staff Artwork-Trevor Irvin # Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 1910 Sugar Taking Its Lumps Is It Harmless Or A Real Villain? Experts Leave Us Confused recommending a reduction in the amount of fat, cholesterol, The second of two articles sugar and salt in the diet and an increase in complex car- By Tina McElroy bohydrate intake, Constitution Staff Writer So the nutritionists; physicians and other authorities argue on, choosing up sides and clashing in a sort of nutri- Mary Poppins told us "a spoonful of tional Sugar Bowl, with the public waiting on the sidelines to sugar makes the medicine go down in see which way the sugar cookie crumbles. the most delightful way." But maybe she Ronald Deutsch, author and lecturer on the subject of hadn't done much reading on the health nutrition, says of sugar, "There is no toxic effect in moderate aspects of sugar in the diet. Truth is, amounts of sugar.' many people have turned sour on sugar. And in the 1975 report "Evaluation of the Health Aspects In recent years, for instance, sugar of Sucrose as a Food Ingredient," prepared for the Food and has been identified as a primary suspect Drug Administration, the findings state: in a variety of health problems - "Other than the contribution made to dental caries, there obesity, diabetes, heart disease and den- is no clear evidence in the available information on sucrose tal caries. It has also become the target that demonstrates a hazard to the public when used at the of many nutritionists who dismiss it as a levels that are now current and in the manner now prac- "junk food," worthless and possibly ticed.' harmful. In short, sugar has been taking In most studies and reports conducted on the health as- its lumps lately, pects of sugar in the diet, the words "highly unlikely," "no clear evidence," "unknown" and "undetermined" occur again Physicians, scientists and nutritio- and again. nists have churned out books on the sub- And a look at the major maladies commonly associated ject, a U.S. Senate committee has delved with the intake of sugar reflects the same uncertainty. into the topic, and dentists have drilled Since many people associate sugar with diabetes, they into sugar to study its cariogenic effect. assume that sugar is the cause of the disease. Yet the cause They-and scores of others-are of diabetes is unknown. Experts report there is no evidence asking just how much sugar we're eating that excessive consumption of sugar causes diabetes. The and what is its effect upon health. Opin- 1975 FDA report on health and sugar said that studies had ions, even expert opinions, vary. Some found "no plausible evidence that sucrose, except as a non- say there's not a grain of granulated specific source of excessive calories, is related to the dis- truth in the attack against sugar; others ease." contend that it is Dixie-Crystal clear to The same paucity of conclusive evidence shrouds the all but the benighted that America's claim linking sugar intake with cardiovascular disease. A sweet tooth is causing the decay of soci- 1972 study by J. Yudkin found a correlation between deaths ety. due to cardiovascular disease and sucrose consumption, but a joint report by the Royal College of Physicians of London The truth lies buried in the nation's and the British Cardiac Society concluded that "there is no sugar bowls. firm evidence linking sugar intake and coronary heart dis- In the body, sugar is digested by ease." breaking down complicated sugar (su- Another dimension of the sugar controversy is what nu- crose) to simple sugar (glucose and trionist Dr. Sara Hunt of Georgia State University calls "the fructose), because simple sugar is the popularity of hypoglycemia." Hypoglycemia is a low level of only form that can be absorbed through blood sugar. It is often accompanied by shakiness, trembling, the intestinal walls into the bloodstream. anxiety, fast heartbeat, headaches, hunger sensations, feel- From the blood, the substances go to the ings of weakness, and occasionally, seizures and coma. liver, where the fructose is metabolized Ironically, the condition is aggravated rather than into glucose. The only sugar that the relieved by the ingestion of concentrated sweets, body can use is glucose, which is turned into fat. As a food ingredient, sucrose has been categorized as "generally recog- nized as safe" (GRAS). in the Code of Federal Regulations. But the Senate Se- lect Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs published a report last year MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 Apr. 21, 1978 - Cont inued Symptoms Likened To Anxiety is worse for your teeth than sitting down and eating five But more people think they have the disease than actu- candy bars right laway." ally do, Dr. Hunt says. Many of the symptoms of Since .1 percent of sugar will begin the process as soon hypoglycemia are the same as those of anxiety reaction. as 1 percent will, it only takes a tiny amount to start the Hypoglycemia has to be definitely diagnosed by a physician acid-producing process-about 20 minutes, he explains. for proper treatment. Therefore, every time you take a bite of the candy bar, the Obesity is another health problem (one third of all action to produce acid begins. If you eat all five candy bars American adults are overweight) linked to sugar consump- at once, the action takes place only once. tion. Since diet and control of weight are elements in the The time of day that you eat sugar, Dr. Moss says, is treatment of obesity, as well as diabetes, hypertension and also important in the consideration of sugar and cavities. heart disease, sugar has been associated negatively with "It's difficult for a modern-day parent to design a meal these and other health problems. that doesn't contain sugar," he says, citing the sugar in ket- Sugar consumption, however, is not the cause of obesity. cup, jam, fresh fruit. "It's just not very practical. Fat is the result of an excessive intake of calories - from "You have to say that at least three times a day (at any type of food - and/or of inactivity. If you consume more calories in starches, alcohol or fat, protein or sugar mealtimes), you're going to have teeth in contact with sugar. You have to write off those three times. What you have to than you expend, then you gain weight. The source of the ex- cess calories is irrelevant. Physicians often advise the obese concern yourself about is between meal snacks." to limit the. consumption of concentrated sweets because During a meal, Dr. Moss explains, the other foods-and that's where the most calories lurk. drink you consume with sugar-containing foods help to wash Imbalance In Nutrients the sucrose off your teeth. Therefore, the sugar is not as damaging to teeth as eating a sugar-containing snack food Actually, fat is not where it's at when the experts zero in alone. But when you eat cereal or cookies between meals, en sugar. They focus instead on sugar's effect on nutrition, with nothing else, there is nothing to keep the sugar from whether it causes an inbalance in the nutrients we get in our clinging to teeth and producing acid. If you eat four snacks diet. during the day, then you are "challenging" your teeth seven Most nutritionists will tell you that the desired diétary times a. .day (including the three times with meals), he says- goal is to eat well-balanced meals that provide the nutrients our bodies need to function. And if sugar, a tablespoon of Although sugar is not the only thing that causes cavities, which provides only 11.9 grams of carbohydrates and a trace it is a good idea to guard against the harm sugar can do to of calcium, along with 46 calories, comprises too large a part teeth. Dentists suggest restricting between-meal snacks, of our diet, little room will be left for other foods that pro- brushing or rinsing mouth after eating, and avoiding sticky vide nutrients. At present, 10 to 20 percent of the calories we foods. consume come from sugar. And although Dr. Moss points out that there "is no way "What we're concerned about is the dilution of the yet to measure definitely the cariogenic element of a food,' American diet, and we should look at sugar as a diluter," he does offer some alternatives to the normal sweet snack says nutrition author Deutsch. "We (Americans) are really foods that most people eat. interested in the way things taste. And most of the things we like are fats and sweets. But what we should ask is, 'First, Popcorn (without salt, since salt may negatively affect have I got the nutrients I need? Then, sure, it's okay to have people with predisposition to high-blood pressure) your lollipop. But first be sure you get the foods in your diet Plain yogurt. Skim milk. that provide needed nutrition." Nutritionist Dr. Sara Hunt of Georgia State University Carrots. Cold meats. agrees. And she suggests the use of nutritional density - put simply, evaluation of food according to the amount of nutri- Hard boiled eggs. Unsalted nuts. ents it offers compared to the number of calories it provides. Chocolate- drinks (unsweetened types you make your The Dental Villain self). Dried meats. "If you were to choose a balanced, varied diet and leave off the concentrated sweets, there wouldn't be a problem Sugarless gum- with sugar," Dr. Hunt says. The one area in which most people agree that sugar is the villain is in dental health. But even here, the correlation is not as simple as "sugar causes cavities." Dental- caries occur when three factors are present: An infectious organism, a susceptible target and an conducive environment to the growth of the infectious-agent Bacteria on the teeth take a sugar-containing food and convert it to acid that makes holes in surface of the teeth - cavities. Al- though sucrose (table sugar) is the the biggest culprit, other sugars (fructose and glucose) have been found to be almost as cariogenic. Dr. Stephen Moss, professor and chairman of the Depart- ment of Dentistry for Children at the New York University College of Dentistry and an authority on the cause of caries, says there is a problem in the public's mind, with the associa- tion of sugar and cavities. "It's not the amount of sugar you eat, it's the frequency that sugar is eaten," he says. It Takes Only Tiny Amount Dr. Moss gave this example: if you have a candy bar, and you take bites of it throughout the day until it's gone, it MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 - 3 - THE ATLANTIC CONSTITUTION Apr. 21, 1978 - Continued Obesity, diabetes, heart disease and dental caries-sugar may be a scapegoat in these ills, but it looks as though we're in for a wait to learn the answers. a 0 Staff Artwork-Trevor Irvin # Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228` WHAT'S HAPPENING? A Monthly Summary of Field Activities of the Sugar Association Food/Nutrition Consulting Dietitians May 1, 1978 Media During April, I covered part of the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic states. First stop was Toronto, Canada. In January, I appeared on "Canada AM" which covers most of Canada. In early February, the producer for "Toronto Today" CFTO-TV called to inquire if I would cover the sugar controversy in more depth for their viewers. "Toronto Today" appears for 30 minutes following "Canada AM.' I was booked for media in New York State the first week in April, so agreed to do the program at that time. Canadian broadcasting is viewed extensively across the northern United States near the border. Pat Murray interviewed me live for 15 minutes. We discussed overweight, which is also a problem in Canada, and fad diets. The booklet, "Eye It Before You Diet, " was offered. Next stop was Buffalo where I appeared on WKBW-TV "Dialing For Dollars," with Dave Thomas and Angela McCarthy. Dave had done his homework and asked some perceptive questions about sugar's role in obesity. The booklet was offered and within two weeks we received over 300 requests. After my segment on the show the horticulturist from the Cooperative Extension Service demonstrated planting raspberry bushes in the garden. He and Dave Thomas sampled some home made bread with raspberry jam and peanut butter. Dave commented, "There' sugar in the bread, the jam is almost pure sugar and the peanut butter has some too sure tastes good though! I also did two radio tapes. One was 15 minutes on WBEN Radio with Charlie Warren. We talked about cereals, snacks and the difference between corn sweeteners and table sugar. The second show was 20 minutes on WBFO Radio at the State University of New York at Buffalo. College students are often some of the loudest critics of sugar so I try to cover as many university stations as possible. Interviewer Mark Chodorow went over the March Consumer Reports article, "Too Much Sugar" in its entirety. In Rochester, Margaret Graham-Smith, featured me as her guest on "Noon At Ten, WHEC-TV for 10 minutes on the cereal and snack controversy. She was unbiased about sugar. Dan Michen, WROC Radio, and I were on a live call-in program for one hour. His listening audience asked some very intelligent questions including, "How can a consumer tell how much sugar he eats when fresh products aren't labeled and labeling for processed foods isn't compulsory for all food products?" There were many comments about the Consumer Reports article. One dietitian described how her four children had been trained from toddler age to brush their teeth after eating anything. They had good teeth as adults. Her point was that parents could help prevent tooth decay if they made the effort. I also appeared on the University of Rochester station, WRUR-FM for 15 minutes to discuss the cereal controversy and the Consumer Reports article. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 In Syracuse, two scheduled TV appearances were cancelled at the last minute because of illness in one case and being pre-empted by a local politician in the second. Cynthia Bell, WMHR Radio, did four, eight minute tapes on cereals, obesity, tooth decay and snack foods for a broadcast series on sugar's role in health. Bob Richblum and I did a live one-hour call-in on the University of Syracuse, WAER Radio program, "Coffee Break. It was a heated session in spots with comments like, "Anyone paid for by The Sugar Association can't possibly tell the truth, so why bother to try" "the food processors and sugar refiners are turning us all into addicts by deliberately sticking sugar in everything we eat!" In Albany, it was more of the same. David Allen, WAST-TV is very anti- sugar. On the air, he started in about how sugar contains no vitamins and minerals and causes tooth decay and obesity. He was so worked up he wouldn't let me say a word so I stated in a louder voice than his, "If you don't stop being belligerent we can't carry on an intelligent two-way conversation.' Dead silence followed so I presented my side about sugar's contribution to palatability and what part it played in the area of tooth decay. Total air time was 10 minutes. The TV crew thought we were going to come to blows. David's co-host, Betty George, 200 plus pounds of lady said, "Honey, that was a marvelous bout!' After that session I appeared with Boom Boom Brannigan, WABY Radio for 80 minutes on a call-in show. We covered the Consumer Reports article and Sugar in the Diet of Man. The call-ir questions covered sugar in health and food. Overall the listeners were not anti-sugar. Boom Boom is a real character but probably attracts more advertising than his competitors with his folksy interview style. Back home in New York City I was listening to my favorite music station, WTFM Radio when what do I hear but dentist, Paul Bar ger and Doctor Robert C. Atkins, criticizing sugar on Nell Bassett's program, "Community Reports. She tapes guests for an hour or two, then breaks up the interview into five or six separate segments. These are played at different times of the day for a week. She had the two gentlemen on for a week. The second week she featured me with the dentist criticizing what I had to say. I wasn't given the opportunity for rebuttal to his comments. Nell's selection of material from my tape could have been better. I was amused the dentist was irate that someone had been allowed to contradict him. If listeners tuned in to all the segments they could better evaluate what was said. Just hearing one out of context may or may not have been informative. It depended on the listener's background. A cross section of people mentioned to me they heard the program -- the mail clerks at Grand Central Post Office, my apartment building personnel, George Hammond, Chairman of Carl Byoir. The second week in April, I covered Boston environs, Hartford and New Haven. In Boston, I worked with Freddie Seymour on a half-hour radio tape she syndicates to a number of Boston stations. We covered "Sugar In The Diet of Man. I did two one-hour radio interviews at universities -- one for WBRS, Brandeis and the other for WBCN Radio at Boston College. The Consumer Reports article was discussed in depth. Jean Colbert, WINF Radio, Hartford, did a half hour tape with me on her popular program, "World Today. We talked about sugar in recipes as well as in health. Barbara Loucks, WELI Radio, New Haven, and I taped 10, three-minute interview segments on the sugar controversy. She plays them continually during the day for 12 weeks. Topics included raw sugar, tooth decay, snack foods, palatability of food and overweight. Mike Warren featured me for 10 minutes on WTNH-TV's "12 O'Clock Live" program. He wanted to know how much conscience the food industry and sugar refiners had when they put sugar in everything. He also said he bet there wasn't 29% sugar in catsup made back in 1900. I didn't know so looked it up when I returned to the office. One recipe I found not only had sugar, but also to pint of alcohol in the ingredient list. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 The third week in April was spent in the pouring rain traveling through West Virginia. First city was Lexington, Kentucky, where I appeared on WLEX-TV with Sue Wylie. She said we were sugar junkies, then discussed the Consumer Reports article for 10 minutes. WBLG Radio did an excellent 30 minute, in-depth interview on the suggested questions. WVLK Radio taped me for 13 hours on the same questions which was broken down to a 15 minute program for public affairs and 10 thirty-second news fillers. Roger Evans, WGNT Radio, Huntington, West Virginia, had me as his guest on a call-in program from 9 a.m. until 1 p.m. The majority of the questions concerned obesity. Joanne Jaeger, WSAV-TV, Charleston, taped a 10 minute program on the cereal controversy and snack foods. Linda Wild, WTAP-TV, Parkersburg, West Virginia, taped 15 minutes on WTAP-TV discussing "Sugar Blues" and the Consumer Reports article. In Morgantown, I appeared with Melanie Walters on a 20 minute call-in discussing sugar's role in obesity and tooth decay. WCLG Radio did a 40 minute tape covering the suggested questions plus the Consumer Reports article. Pittsburgh was the last stop where I was a guest on the popular "AM Pittsburgh" with Dr. Adabi, M.D. and Ph.D. in nutrition at the University of Pittsburgh. We discussed the cereal controversy and the various sweeteners used in food processing. Dr. Adabi said there was no proof that sugar was dangerous to our health. He felt we were polluted with too much sugar (all types including sugar already present in food) which contributed to obesity. We should only eat that amount that makes foods in the Basic Four diet palatable. There is no need for desserts and all the snacks we consume. He also said no one had really established a percentage of sugar in the diet that could be considered "correct. "Who can prove 15% total sugar intake is OK?" This segment of the program had call-in questions relative to diabetes, the nutritional value of honey versus sugar. Martha Pehl traveled through a portion of the south. She appeared on WHBQ-TV in Memphis, Tenn. for 13 minutes and discussed hypoglycemia. WWEE Radio had her as a call-in guest for one hour. The questions covered saccharin, hypoglycemia, cereals and health foods. Chattanooga was the next city visited where Martha appeared on WRCB-TV for 6 minutes talking about weight control. She taped a 45 minute radio show for WDEF Radio on weight control. In Knoxville her first appearance was on WBIR-TV for 15 minutes discussing pre-sweetened cereals. WEZK Radio taped a 10 minute program on fad diets. Martha was particularly pleased with her response from the Food and Nutrition Specialist for the Cooperative Extension Service, Kayla Carruth at the University of Tennessee. Copies of all of our latest printed material will be sent to extension agents throughout the state. Virginia followed Tennessee. Martha did 8 minutes on WVEC-TV talking about the sugar controversy and 12 minutes on WAVY-TV, same topic, both in Portsmouth. She also taped a half hour program on the suggested questions for WXRI Radio. A 10 minute radio call-in on WRVA based on the suggested questions and a 10 minute taped interview on WEET Radio were completed in Richmond. Judi Davis traveled to Wichita Falls, Texas to appear on KFDX-TV. She discussed overweight. Also KWFT Radio did a 15 minute live show on the suggested questions and cereal controversy. In Sherman, Texas, Judi appeared on KXII-TV for 6 minutes and 15 minutes on their sister radio station. Mary Jane-Danielson, had a 15 minute program on KATU-TV, Portland, covering the cereal controversy. In addition to media, the field staff have been conducting group meetings as well as contacting editors and Extension Service personnel. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 In summary, the attitude of consumers and interviewers has changed much since the Consumer Reports article. People seem to feel they have been duped because sugar appears on the label of so many food products industry is conspiring to make them sugar addicts. Those under 35 years of age are more anti-sugar than older people. Some commentators are catching on to the fact consumers really have no way to accurately determine their total daily sugar intake (all sugars, in fresh as well as processed food) . There are no labels on fresh produce. In 1977, we ate 17% of our meals away from home. Restaurant menus don't show the breakdown of the food. Nutritional labeling isn't compulsory on all processed foods. The idea that there is no way to determine sugar con- sumption is very frustrating to people and they react more negatively to sugar than they might otherwise. Dorothy Buckner Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228

Which news paper is this?

pmhk0226

pmhk0226_p0

THE DENVER POST, the denver post

THE DENVER POST Thurs., Nov. 15, 1973 51 $75 Million Due On '73 Beet Crop By JACK PHINNEY record and amounts to $17.15 a ton. It will Denver Post Business Writer go to about 4,000 growers in Colorado, Great Western Sugar Co. next week will Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming and Mon- make an initial 1973 crop payment of $75.2 tana. million for sugar beets in five states. In addition, $9.6 million in Sugar Act The company said the payment is a payments, derived from a federal tax on the sugar industry, will go to growers in the five states. This will bring the total to $84.8 million, or $19.33 a ton. The payments are for beets delivered before Nov. 5. Company payment for beets delivered after that will be made in mid-December. This year, because of ex- cellent harvest weather, 98 per cent of the crop was delivered before Nov. 5. The initial payment this year is $2.80 a ton greater than that of a year ago. Raw sugar prices currently are more than 20 per cent higher than they were a year ago. Growers will receive additional pay- ments for the 1973 crop in April and Oc- tober 1974, but these probably won't total more than 5 per cent of the initial payment. The 1973 beet crop in the five states was slightly below average in sugar content because of a poor growing season in some areas. In eastern Colorado and Western Kansas, for example, sugar content was down because adverse spring weather delayed plantings. But in other areas-the Lovell, Wyo., area for one-sugar content was up, and the initial 1973 crop payment to growers there will be more than the three-payment total they received for their 1972 crop. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/pmhk0226

How many free copies of "Sugar: Fact and Fiction. " will each member company receive?

jqyv0228

jqyv0228_p0, jqyv0228_p1, jqyv0228_p2, jqyv0228_p3, jqyv0228_p4, jqyv0228_p5, jqyv0228_p6, jqyv0228_p7, jqyv0228_p8, jqyv0228_p9, jqyv0228_p10, jqyv0228_p11, jqyv0228_p12, jqyv0228_p13

100, 100 free copies

Zile The Sugar Association, Inc. 1511 K Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20005 may 1 9 1978 May 15,1978 TO: PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE MEMBERS NOT PRESENT AT THE MAY 10 MEETING Gentlemen: The enclosed items were circulated at our May 10th PCC meeting. They are sent for your information and files. Hope to see you at our next PCC meeting. Each member company will receive 100 free copies of "Sugar: Fact and Fiction." Cordially, J. R. O'Connell Jack Director Public Relations JRO:drb Enclosures Telephone: Area Code (202) 628-0189 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 THE SUGAR ASSOCIATION, INC. 1511 K Street, N.W., Suite 1017. Washington, D.C. 20005 M E M o R A N D U M TO: J. W. TATEM, JR. DATE: May 4, 1978 SUBJECT: FDA Consumer Meeting, May 3, 1978 SUGAR LABELING PROPOSAL The agenda included discussion of the future status of sugar and fat labeling. Bonnie Liebman, CSPI, argued that citizens have been "actively demanding* sugar labeling. She proceeded to out- line the points in CSPIYs April 11 letter to Commissioner Kennedy (attached) requesting labeling of sugar and fat content in terms of the percentage of total calories. The sugar and fat dis- closure should be prominently displayed (big print, front of package) and include some graphic display such as a pie graph. Although CSPI's proposal emphasizes the sugar labeling issue, Liebman noted that she now considers fat to be the "greatest threat to public health.' Commissioner Kennedy noted that FDA sees the need to provide information on the amount of sugar in foods but stated again he would prefer to await the results of the legislative style hearings on all labeling issues that will take place this fall. What is needed is a comprehensive design, he said, not a "baroque" label providing piecemeal solutions to individual problems. Dr. Howard Roberts, FDA, noted there were some problems with the percentaga of total calories approach and asked if CSPI would object to simply citing the total number of calories from sugar with the total number of calories in the product. That seemed reasonable, replied-Liebman, but a pie graph would still be needed to show the portion of calories contributed by sugar or fat. Roberts also noted that FDA's legal authority to require this kind of labeling is "tenuous." However, several bills are pending in the House of Representatives that would expand FDA's authority in this area. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 J. W. Tatem, Jr. May 4, 1978 Page Two Dr. Allan Forbes, PDA, stressed the importance of consumer re- search in determining the "right way" to proceed with labeling. Research was cited showing that consumers understood the grams/ serving format better than the percentage format of disclosure. Dr. Roberts expressed his own preference for a teaspoons/serving approach. LABELING HEARINGS FDA is obviously feeling a lot of pressure to "do something" about disclosing the sugar content of foods. If appropriations for the FTC hearings on advertising are cut off, this pressure will likely increase. The planned legislative hearings on labeling will probably become the forum for discussing the issues involving sugar and health. The hearings are scheduled as follows: Aug. 22-23 Wichita Sept. 18-19 Little Rock Sept. 27-28 Washington, D. C. Oct. 12-13 San Francisco Oct. 25-26 Boston Seven topic areas have been designated. These are: 1. Ingredient Labeling 2. Nutrition labeling and related dietary information 3. Open dating 4. Total food label 5. Safe and suitable ingredients 6. Imitation and substitute foods 7. Food fortification Three officers will preside at each hearing, representing FDA, FTC and USDA. This information will be published shortly in the Federal Register. FDA is billing these, hearings as an opportunity for the agency to receive the consumers' viewpoint. Accordingly they plan a public relations effort to get consumers out to the hearings. Kennedy even suggesting making day-care facilities available for small children. Ellen Williams, FDA's Association Commissioner for Policy Coordination, noted that time for industry presentations would be linited. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 J. W. Tatem, Jr. May 4, 1978 Page Three From this meeting, it seems likely that some form of sugar dis- closure will eventually be mandated. The format and style of this disclosure are the areas most open to discussion with FDA officials. Sarah Setton Librarian ss:kcp Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 THE ATLANTA CONSTITUTION, Thur., April 20, 1978 How Sweet It Is Some Foods May Contain More Sweeteners Than You Think By Tina McElroy Constitution Staff Writer life," the most fundamental of foods. Around 325 B.C., sugar cane, cultivated In nature, green plants convert in India, became a tropical source of sucrose. Think of some of the pet names energy from the sun into simple After the time of Columbus, when sugar cane we use for our lovers, children and sugars by combining carbon dioxide was brought to the Caribbean, the use of friends- "sweetheart," "honey," and water, and then make complex sugar became a bit more widespread. "sugar pie," "sweetie." All of them sugars from the simple ones. In the Middle Ages, it is reported, the are sweet words associated with love sweetener was so highly priced that it took an and affection. But from the looks of Sugar is a source of energy and average person's weekly salary to buy a publicity given to sugar in foods calories in the diet. For over 50 pound. lately - from presweetened cereals years, U.S. Department of Com- In fact, it was not until the Napoleonic to tomato ketchup to processed merce figures show, sugar-has pro- Wars, in the early 1800s, and the development cheese - it might soon be an insult vided about 20 percent of the calo- of the sugar beet that the world gained a to call someone "sugar." ries in the American diet. temperate-zone source of sugar. Sugar in the diet has left a bad In 1972, the estimate for worldwide taste in the mouths of such diverse When most of us refer to sugar, groups as celebrities, health food we mean sucrose, a nearly pure car- sugar production was 74 million metric tons. advocates and nutritionists, while bohydrate - table sugar, beet sugar In the United States, 10 million tons is mar- or cane sugar. But we consume other keted every year. manufacturers who use sugar as an What concerns most sugar-conscious con- ingredient in their foods have taken forms of sugar, too: Fructose, a a defensive attitude on the subject. natural sugar found in fruit; glucose, sumers today is the amount of sugar found in In short, another battle along the the only natural carbohydrate also our diets. Food processors are using more in found in the body's general circula- their products, food experts say, and many consumer front is shaping up. The tion; dextrosé, also called glucose; parents believe that kids are eating more Federal Trade Commission has pro- posed regulating sugar and snack and levulose (found in honey), known sweets. In the good old days, it is commonly food commercials on children's TV as fructose. These sugars are mono- said, we did not consume nearly as much shows, and the Senate's Select Com- saccharides - the simplest struc- sugar as we do today. mittee on GRAS (generally recog- tural units of carbohydrates. The studies show an interesting picture. Annual consumption of sugar is computed by nized as safe) Substances has leveled When two monosaccharides are the U.S. Department of Agriculture by the its gaze on the topic of sugar in the joined, a disaccharide is formed. The amount of "disappearance" of sugar each diet. Also, an "Evaluation of the most common disaccharide is su- year. The disappearance figures include con- Health Aspects of Sucrose as a Food crose, made of one molecule of glu- sumption and waste. Ingredient" has been prepared for cose and one molecule of fructose. In 1925, the per capita disappearance the Food and Drug Administration The suffix "ose" indicates a sype of rate was 100 pounds. By 1975, the rate was Why all this interest in sugar? sugar. 102 pounds for each American. So, over 50 Ronald M. Deutsch, author and lec- years, the amount of sugar disappearance has turer on nutrition, says it's due in The first sweetner, mentioned in varied little (not counting the drop to 87 part to an increased interest in records more than 6,000 years ago, pounds per capita during World War II). health, diet and weight reduction was honey (which contains fructose These figures include sugar used in home or among most Americans. and glucose). It was not widely used, restaurant cooking, sugar added by the con- In other words, it is not, as some since it was available only to the sumer and sugar used in processed foods. suspect, only those so-called "health privileged. Yet a shift has been noted in the way food nuts" who are on the attack sugar is used. In 1910, 25 percent went fer against sugar; it is also the woman industrial use and the remainder went for who prepares meals for the family; household use. Sixty-one years later, in 1971, parents who have to pay for visits to the industrial sugar-use figure was 72 per- the dentist, and consumers who ques- cent, with the percentage of corn sweeteners tions the price and safety of added added. The rest was for household use. sugar. "The point here is, the discretionary use And this interest is reflected in the of sugars by the consumer at the present bookstore. The shelves are full of time is very limited," writes Sidney M. Can- books on sugar - "Complete Junk tor, a speaker at the 1975 National Academy Food Book, "The Brand Name of Sciences forum on "Sweeteners: Issues and Sugar Guide," "The Nuts Among the Uncertainties." Eerries." Also, the March issue of From the figures, we know we are get- Consumer Reports magazine fea- ting more sugar in the processed foods we eat tured a cover story en sugar. than our parents and grandparents did 50 Although some would argue the years ago, because more is used in industry point, sugar is a nutrient. It is a di- and we are eating more processed food. gestible carbohydrate, and all digest- ible carbohydrates are nutrients. Simple sugar is the "basic food of MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 -2- THE ATCANTIC CONSTITUTION Apr. 20, 1978 - Continued But just how much? When stated in per- Sugar is added to processed foods, says centages of the total weight of a product, the Roger Coleman of the National Food Proces- figure can be astounding. sors Association in Washington, which pri- In the sugar report prepared for the FDA marily represents canners in the country, by the Life Sciences Research Office, a listing "principally for taste purposes." of the weighted mean percent level of added "Some products are not acceptable to the sucrose in foods gives an idea of how much consumer without the addition of some we are getting in our processed foods: sugar," he says, citing canned pears and fruit Cheese cocktail as two examples. 24.56 percent. Joel Williams of Savannah Foods, which Processed vegetables, juices 13.25 percent. produces Dixie Crystals sugar products and some processed foods for institutional use, Fats and oils 3.43 percent. agrees that sugar is added to food products "to improve the palatability of food being Condiments, relishes sold, to enhance flavor of foods-canned 26.82 percent. vegetables, for instance. Tastant coffee and tea 12.60 percent. "They've howled about sugar, but it makes food palatable," he says. "The result is Frozen dairy desserts, mixes 9.31 percent. that (consumers) eat food that's good for them." Soups and soup mixes Laurie Beacham, advisor to the president 20 percent. of the food processors organization, remem- Pasta and rice dishes bers his mother adding a little sugar to 1.43 percent. vegetables for taste, and his wife does, too. He wonders how many housewives "who con- Baked goods, breads 11.42 percent. sider themselves good cooks add a little sugar. Breakfast cereals in cooking." But he disagrees with the FDA 26.71 percent. report on percentages of sugar in canned Imitation dairy products 16.24 percent. vegetables. Not all processors use sugar in canning Processed fruit, juices, drinks 12.58 percent. vegetables, Beacham says, and those who do only use a small amount - 1 or 1¹/² percent sugar. Consumers Report magazine did some A spot check at a grocery store shows testing of its own for its article on sugar. Its that sugar (either sucrose, dextrose, corn analysis included not only a determination of syrup or "natural sweeteners") is used in can- the proportion of sucrose contained in a prod- ned vegetables such as Green Giant white uct but also "all varieties of sugar, including corn, Libby's peas and carrots, Del Monte those in corn syrup, honey, fruit, and vegeta- sweet peas and Chef Boy-ar-dee spaghetti bles." Here are some of the findings: sauce with meat. Coffee-Mate non-dairy creamer 65.4 percent. Processors are required to list ingredi- ents in descending order of ingredient Libby's canned peaches 17.9 percent. amounts, but percentages and specific amounts of each ingredient are not listed. Heinz tomato ketchup 28.9 percent. Beacham says he does not think consumers are that interested in the percentage of in- Wishbone Russian salad dressing 30.2 per- gredients and that listing amounts would cent. "add something to the price" of the product. Coleman (of the food processors' group) Ritz crackers 11.8 percent. adds that most companies that can fruits, for instance, offer a variety of packing methods. Cool Whip non-dairy whipped topping 21.0 There is fruit packed in heavy syrup, in percent. medium syrup, in natural juices, in water and a dietetic type. Hershey's milk chocolate bar 51.4 percent. "We'll provide whatever the consumer Shake 'n Bake seasoned coating mix 17.4 per- wants," the processors' spokesman says. "We cent. don't list the amount of sugar used, but you can tell" by the way the product is packed Hambuger Helper 23.0 percent. how much sugar is used. Skippy creamy peanut butter 9.2 percent. MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 -3- - THE ATLANTIC CONSTITUTTON Apr. 20, 1978 - Continued D D 8 0 a 0 R 6CH,OH H OH 0 5 3 2 D H H 0 H OH H your 4 1 OH H H OH 3 2 H 5 OH H 6 0 H OH H2COH Staff Artwork-Trevor Irvin # Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 1910 Sugar Taking Its Lumps Is It Harmless Or A Real Villain? Experts Leave Us Confused recommending a reduction in the amount of fat, cholesterol, The second of two articles sugar and salt in the diet and an increase in complex car- By Tina McElroy bohydrate intake, Constitution Staff Writer So the nutritionists; physicians and other authorities argue on, choosing up sides and clashing in a sort of nutri- Mary Poppins told us "a spoonful of tional Sugar Bowl, with the public waiting on the sidelines to sugar makes the medicine go down in see which way the sugar cookie crumbles. the most delightful way." But maybe she Ronald Deutsch, author and lecturer on the subject of hadn't done much reading on the health nutrition, says of sugar, "There is no toxic effect in moderate aspects of sugar in the diet. Truth is, amounts of sugar.' many people have turned sour on sugar. And in the 1975 report "Evaluation of the Health Aspects In recent years, for instance, sugar of Sucrose as a Food Ingredient," prepared for the Food and has been identified as a primary suspect Drug Administration, the findings state: in a variety of health problems - "Other than the contribution made to dental caries, there obesity, diabetes, heart disease and den- is no clear evidence in the available information on sucrose tal caries. It has also become the target that demonstrates a hazard to the public when used at the of many nutritionists who dismiss it as a levels that are now current and in the manner now prac- "junk food," worthless and possibly ticed.' harmful. In short, sugar has been taking In most studies and reports conducted on the health as- its lumps lately, pects of sugar in the diet, the words "highly unlikely," "no clear evidence," "unknown" and "undetermined" occur again Physicians, scientists and nutritio- and again. nists have churned out books on the sub- And a look at the major maladies commonly associated ject, a U.S. Senate committee has delved with the intake of sugar reflects the same uncertainty. into the topic, and dentists have drilled Since many people associate sugar with diabetes, they into sugar to study its cariogenic effect. assume that sugar is the cause of the disease. Yet the cause They-and scores of others-are of diabetes is unknown. Experts report there is no evidence asking just how much sugar we're eating that excessive consumption of sugar causes diabetes. The and what is its effect upon health. Opin- 1975 FDA report on health and sugar said that studies had ions, even expert opinions, vary. Some found "no plausible evidence that sucrose, except as a non- say there's not a grain of granulated specific source of excessive calories, is related to the dis- truth in the attack against sugar; others ease." contend that it is Dixie-Crystal clear to The same paucity of conclusive evidence shrouds the all but the benighted that America's claim linking sugar intake with cardiovascular disease. A sweet tooth is causing the decay of soci- 1972 study by J. Yudkin found a correlation between deaths ety. due to cardiovascular disease and sucrose consumption, but a joint report by the Royal College of Physicians of London The truth lies buried in the nation's and the British Cardiac Society concluded that "there is no sugar bowls. firm evidence linking sugar intake and coronary heart dis- In the body, sugar is digested by ease." breaking down complicated sugar (su- Another dimension of the sugar controversy is what nu- crose) to simple sugar (glucose and trionist Dr. Sara Hunt of Georgia State University calls "the fructose), because simple sugar is the popularity of hypoglycemia." Hypoglycemia is a low level of only form that can be absorbed through blood sugar. It is often accompanied by shakiness, trembling, the intestinal walls into the bloodstream. anxiety, fast heartbeat, headaches, hunger sensations, feel- From the blood, the substances go to the ings of weakness, and occasionally, seizures and coma. liver, where the fructose is metabolized Ironically, the condition is aggravated rather than into glucose. The only sugar that the relieved by the ingestion of concentrated sweets, body can use is glucose, which is turned into fat. As a food ingredient, sucrose has been categorized as "generally recog- nized as safe" (GRAS). in the Code of Federal Regulations. But the Senate Se- lect Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs published a report last year MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 Apr. 21, 1978 - Cont inued Symptoms Likened To Anxiety is worse for your teeth than sitting down and eating five But more people think they have the disease than actu- candy bars right laway." ally do, Dr. Hunt says. Many of the symptoms of Since .1 percent of sugar will begin the process as soon hypoglycemia are the same as those of anxiety reaction. as 1 percent will, it only takes a tiny amount to start the Hypoglycemia has to be definitely diagnosed by a physician acid-producing process-about 20 minutes, he explains. for proper treatment. Therefore, every time you take a bite of the candy bar, the Obesity is another health problem (one third of all action to produce acid begins. If you eat all five candy bars American adults are overweight) linked to sugar consump- at once, the action takes place only once. tion. Since diet and control of weight are elements in the The time of day that you eat sugar, Dr. Moss says, is treatment of obesity, as well as diabetes, hypertension and also important in the consideration of sugar and cavities. heart disease, sugar has been associated negatively with "It's difficult for a modern-day parent to design a meal these and other health problems. that doesn't contain sugar," he says, citing the sugar in ket- Sugar consumption, however, is not the cause of obesity. cup, jam, fresh fruit. "It's just not very practical. Fat is the result of an excessive intake of calories - from "You have to say that at least three times a day (at any type of food - and/or of inactivity. If you consume more calories in starches, alcohol or fat, protein or sugar mealtimes), you're going to have teeth in contact with sugar. You have to write off those three times. What you have to than you expend, then you gain weight. The source of the ex- cess calories is irrelevant. Physicians often advise the obese concern yourself about is between meal snacks." to limit the. consumption of concentrated sweets because During a meal, Dr. Moss explains, the other foods-and that's where the most calories lurk. drink you consume with sugar-containing foods help to wash Imbalance In Nutrients the sucrose off your teeth. Therefore, the sugar is not as damaging to teeth as eating a sugar-containing snack food Actually, fat is not where it's at when the experts zero in alone. But when you eat cereal or cookies between meals, en sugar. They focus instead on sugar's effect on nutrition, with nothing else, there is nothing to keep the sugar from whether it causes an inbalance in the nutrients we get in our clinging to teeth and producing acid. If you eat four snacks diet. during the day, then you are "challenging" your teeth seven Most nutritionists will tell you that the desired diétary times a. .day (including the three times with meals), he says- goal is to eat well-balanced meals that provide the nutrients our bodies need to function. And if sugar, a tablespoon of Although sugar is not the only thing that causes cavities, which provides only 11.9 grams of carbohydrates and a trace it is a good idea to guard against the harm sugar can do to of calcium, along with 46 calories, comprises too large a part teeth. Dentists suggest restricting between-meal snacks, of our diet, little room will be left for other foods that pro- brushing or rinsing mouth after eating, and avoiding sticky vide nutrients. At present, 10 to 20 percent of the calories we foods. consume come from sugar. And although Dr. Moss points out that there "is no way "What we're concerned about is the dilution of the yet to measure definitely the cariogenic element of a food,' American diet, and we should look at sugar as a diluter," he does offer some alternatives to the normal sweet snack says nutrition author Deutsch. "We (Americans) are really foods that most people eat. interested in the way things taste. And most of the things we like are fats and sweets. But what we should ask is, 'First, Popcorn (without salt, since salt may negatively affect have I got the nutrients I need? Then, sure, it's okay to have people with predisposition to high-blood pressure) your lollipop. But first be sure you get the foods in your diet Plain yogurt. Skim milk. that provide needed nutrition." Nutritionist Dr. Sara Hunt of Georgia State University Carrots. Cold meats. agrees. And she suggests the use of nutritional density - put simply, evaluation of food according to the amount of nutri- Hard boiled eggs. Unsalted nuts. ents it offers compared to the number of calories it provides. Chocolate- drinks (unsweetened types you make your The Dental Villain self). Dried meats. "If you were to choose a balanced, varied diet and leave off the concentrated sweets, there wouldn't be a problem Sugarless gum- with sugar," Dr. Hunt says. The one area in which most people agree that sugar is the villain is in dental health. But even here, the correlation is not as simple as "sugar causes cavities." Dental- caries occur when three factors are present: An infectious organism, a susceptible target and an conducive environment to the growth of the infectious-agent Bacteria on the teeth take a sugar-containing food and convert it to acid that makes holes in surface of the teeth - cavities. Al- though sucrose (table sugar) is the the biggest culprit, other sugars (fructose and glucose) have been found to be almost as cariogenic. Dr. Stephen Moss, professor and chairman of the Depart- ment of Dentistry for Children at the New York University College of Dentistry and an authority on the cause of caries, says there is a problem in the public's mind, with the associa- tion of sugar and cavities. "It's not the amount of sugar you eat, it's the frequency that sugar is eaten," he says. It Takes Only Tiny Amount Dr. Moss gave this example: if you have a candy bar, and you take bites of it throughout the day until it's gone, it MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 - 3 - THE ATLANTIC CONSTITUTION Apr. 21, 1978 - Continued Obesity, diabetes, heart disease and dental caries-sugar may be a scapegoat in these ills, but it looks as though we're in for a wait to learn the answers. a 0 Staff Artwork-Trevor Irvin # Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228` WHAT'S HAPPENING? A Monthly Summary of Field Activities of the Sugar Association Food/Nutrition Consulting Dietitians May 1, 1978 Media During April, I covered part of the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic states. First stop was Toronto, Canada. In January, I appeared on "Canada AM" which covers most of Canada. In early February, the producer for "Toronto Today" CFTO-TV called to inquire if I would cover the sugar controversy in more depth for their viewers. "Toronto Today" appears for 30 minutes following "Canada AM.' I was booked for media in New York State the first week in April, so agreed to do the program at that time. Canadian broadcasting is viewed extensively across the northern United States near the border. Pat Murray interviewed me live for 15 minutes. We discussed overweight, which is also a problem in Canada, and fad diets. The booklet, "Eye It Before You Diet, " was offered. Next stop was Buffalo where I appeared on WKBW-TV "Dialing For Dollars," with Dave Thomas and Angela McCarthy. Dave had done his homework and asked some perceptive questions about sugar's role in obesity. The booklet was offered and within two weeks we received over 300 requests. After my segment on the show the horticulturist from the Cooperative Extension Service demonstrated planting raspberry bushes in the garden. He and Dave Thomas sampled some home made bread with raspberry jam and peanut butter. Dave commented, "There' sugar in the bread, the jam is almost pure sugar and the peanut butter has some too sure tastes good though! I also did two radio tapes. One was 15 minutes on WBEN Radio with Charlie Warren. We talked about cereals, snacks and the difference between corn sweeteners and table sugar. The second show was 20 minutes on WBFO Radio at the State University of New York at Buffalo. College students are often some of the loudest critics of sugar so I try to cover as many university stations as possible. Interviewer Mark Chodorow went over the March Consumer Reports article, "Too Much Sugar" in its entirety. In Rochester, Margaret Graham-Smith, featured me as her guest on "Noon At Ten, WHEC-TV for 10 minutes on the cereal and snack controversy. She was unbiased about sugar. Dan Michen, WROC Radio, and I were on a live call-in program for one hour. His listening audience asked some very intelligent questions including, "How can a consumer tell how much sugar he eats when fresh products aren't labeled and labeling for processed foods isn't compulsory for all food products?" There were many comments about the Consumer Reports article. One dietitian described how her four children had been trained from toddler age to brush their teeth after eating anything. They had good teeth as adults. Her point was that parents could help prevent tooth decay if they made the effort. I also appeared on the University of Rochester station, WRUR-FM for 15 minutes to discuss the cereal controversy and the Consumer Reports article. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 In Syracuse, two scheduled TV appearances were cancelled at the last minute because of illness in one case and being pre-empted by a local politician in the second. Cynthia Bell, WMHR Radio, did four, eight minute tapes on cereals, obesity, tooth decay and snack foods for a broadcast series on sugar's role in health. Bob Richblum and I did a live one-hour call-in on the University of Syracuse, WAER Radio program, "Coffee Break. It was a heated session in spots with comments like, "Anyone paid for by The Sugar Association can't possibly tell the truth, so why bother to try" "the food processors and sugar refiners are turning us all into addicts by deliberately sticking sugar in everything we eat!" In Albany, it was more of the same. David Allen, WAST-TV is very anti- sugar. On the air, he started in about how sugar contains no vitamins and minerals and causes tooth decay and obesity. He was so worked up he wouldn't let me say a word so I stated in a louder voice than his, "If you don't stop being belligerent we can't carry on an intelligent two-way conversation.' Dead silence followed so I presented my side about sugar's contribution to palatability and what part it played in the area of tooth decay. Total air time was 10 minutes. The TV crew thought we were going to come to blows. David's co-host, Betty George, 200 plus pounds of lady said, "Honey, that was a marvelous bout!' After that session I appeared with Boom Boom Brannigan, WABY Radio for 80 minutes on a call-in show. We covered the Consumer Reports article and Sugar in the Diet of Man. The call-ir questions covered sugar in health and food. Overall the listeners were not anti-sugar. Boom Boom is a real character but probably attracts more advertising than his competitors with his folksy interview style. Back home in New York City I was listening to my favorite music station, WTFM Radio when what do I hear but dentist, Paul Bar ger and Doctor Robert C. Atkins, criticizing sugar on Nell Bassett's program, "Community Reports. She tapes guests for an hour or two, then breaks up the interview into five or six separate segments. These are played at different times of the day for a week. She had the two gentlemen on for a week. The second week she featured me with the dentist criticizing what I had to say. I wasn't given the opportunity for rebuttal to his comments. Nell's selection of material from my tape could have been better. I was amused the dentist was irate that someone had been allowed to contradict him. If listeners tuned in to all the segments they could better evaluate what was said. Just hearing one out of context may or may not have been informative. It depended on the listener's background. A cross section of people mentioned to me they heard the program -- the mail clerks at Grand Central Post Office, my apartment building personnel, George Hammond, Chairman of Carl Byoir. The second week in April, I covered Boston environs, Hartford and New Haven. In Boston, I worked with Freddie Seymour on a half-hour radio tape she syndicates to a number of Boston stations. We covered "Sugar In The Diet of Man. I did two one-hour radio interviews at universities -- one for WBRS, Brandeis and the other for WBCN Radio at Boston College. The Consumer Reports article was discussed in depth. Jean Colbert, WINF Radio, Hartford, did a half hour tape with me on her popular program, "World Today. We talked about sugar in recipes as well as in health. Barbara Loucks, WELI Radio, New Haven, and I taped 10, three-minute interview segments on the sugar controversy. She plays them continually during the day for 12 weeks. Topics included raw sugar, tooth decay, snack foods, palatability of food and overweight. Mike Warren featured me for 10 minutes on WTNH-TV's "12 O'Clock Live" program. He wanted to know how much conscience the food industry and sugar refiners had when they put sugar in everything. He also said he bet there wasn't 29% sugar in catsup made back in 1900. I didn't know so looked it up when I returned to the office. One recipe I found not only had sugar, but also to pint of alcohol in the ingredient list. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 The third week in April was spent in the pouring rain traveling through West Virginia. First city was Lexington, Kentucky, where I appeared on WLEX-TV with Sue Wylie. She said we were sugar junkies, then discussed the Consumer Reports article for 10 minutes. WBLG Radio did an excellent 30 minute, in-depth interview on the suggested questions. WVLK Radio taped me for 13 hours on the same questions which was broken down to a 15 minute program for public affairs and 10 thirty-second news fillers. Roger Evans, WGNT Radio, Huntington, West Virginia, had me as his guest on a call-in program from 9 a.m. until 1 p.m. The majority of the questions concerned obesity. Joanne Jaeger, WSAV-TV, Charleston, taped a 10 minute program on the cereal controversy and snack foods. Linda Wild, WTAP-TV, Parkersburg, West Virginia, taped 15 minutes on WTAP-TV discussing "Sugar Blues" and the Consumer Reports article. In Morgantown, I appeared with Melanie Walters on a 20 minute call-in discussing sugar's role in obesity and tooth decay. WCLG Radio did a 40 minute tape covering the suggested questions plus the Consumer Reports article. Pittsburgh was the last stop where I was a guest on the popular "AM Pittsburgh" with Dr. Adabi, M.D. and Ph.D. in nutrition at the University of Pittsburgh. We discussed the cereal controversy and the various sweeteners used in food processing. Dr. Adabi said there was no proof that sugar was dangerous to our health. He felt we were polluted with too much sugar (all types including sugar already present in food) which contributed to obesity. We should only eat that amount that makes foods in the Basic Four diet palatable. There is no need for desserts and all the snacks we consume. He also said no one had really established a percentage of sugar in the diet that could be considered "correct. "Who can prove 15% total sugar intake is OK?" This segment of the program had call-in questions relative to diabetes, the nutritional value of honey versus sugar. Martha Pehl traveled through a portion of the south. She appeared on WHBQ-TV in Memphis, Tenn. for 13 minutes and discussed hypoglycemia. WWEE Radio had her as a call-in guest for one hour. The questions covered saccharin, hypoglycemia, cereals and health foods. Chattanooga was the next city visited where Martha appeared on WRCB-TV for 6 minutes talking about weight control. She taped a 45 minute radio show for WDEF Radio on weight control. In Knoxville her first appearance was on WBIR-TV for 15 minutes discussing pre-sweetened cereals. WEZK Radio taped a 10 minute program on fad diets. Martha was particularly pleased with her response from the Food and Nutrition Specialist for the Cooperative Extension Service, Kayla Carruth at the University of Tennessee. Copies of all of our latest printed material will be sent to extension agents throughout the state. Virginia followed Tennessee. Martha did 8 minutes on WVEC-TV talking about the sugar controversy and 12 minutes on WAVY-TV, same topic, both in Portsmouth. She also taped a half hour program on the suggested questions for WXRI Radio. A 10 minute radio call-in on WRVA based on the suggested questions and a 10 minute taped interview on WEET Radio were completed in Richmond. Judi Davis traveled to Wichita Falls, Texas to appear on KFDX-TV. She discussed overweight. Also KWFT Radio did a 15 minute live show on the suggested questions and cereal controversy. In Sherman, Texas, Judi appeared on KXII-TV for 6 minutes and 15 minutes on their sister radio station. Mary Jane-Danielson, had a 15 minute program on KATU-TV, Portland, covering the cereal controversy. In addition to media, the field staff have been conducting group meetings as well as contacting editors and Extension Service personnel. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 In summary, the attitude of consumers and interviewers has changed much since the Consumer Reports article. People seem to feel they have been duped because sugar appears on the label of so many food products industry is conspiring to make them sugar addicts. Those under 35 years of age are more anti-sugar than older people. Some commentators are catching on to the fact consumers really have no way to accurately determine their total daily sugar intake (all sugars, in fresh as well as processed food) . There are no labels on fresh produce. In 1977, we ate 17% of our meals away from home. Restaurant menus don't show the breakdown of the food. Nutritional labeling isn't compulsory on all processed foods. The idea that there is no way to determine sugar con- sumption is very frustrating to people and they react more negatively to sugar than they might otherwise. Dorothy Buckner Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228

what is the contact address for participation in tour or making a donation to help defray expenses?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 983-7322

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

To whom the letter is being addressed to ?

jqyv0228

jqyv0228_p0, jqyv0228_p1, jqyv0228_p2, jqyv0228_p3, jqyv0228_p4, jqyv0228_p5, jqyv0228_p6, jqyv0228_p7, jqyv0228_p8, jqyv0228_p9, jqyv0228_p10, jqyv0228_p11, jqyv0228_p12, jqyv0228_p13

Public Communications Committee Members Not Present at the May 10 Meeting, Public Communications Committee Members Not present at the MAY 10 Meeting

Zile The Sugar Association, Inc. 1511 K Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20005 may 1 9 1978 May 15,1978 TO: PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE MEMBERS NOT PRESENT AT THE MAY 10 MEETING Gentlemen: The enclosed items were circulated at our May 10th PCC meeting. They are sent for your information and files. Hope to see you at our next PCC meeting. Each member company will receive 100 free copies of "Sugar: Fact and Fiction." Cordially, J. R. O'Connell Jack Director Public Relations JRO:drb Enclosures Telephone: Area Code (202) 628-0189 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 THE SUGAR ASSOCIATION, INC. 1511 K Street, N.W., Suite 1017. Washington, D.C. 20005 M E M o R A N D U M TO: J. W. TATEM, JR. DATE: May 4, 1978 SUBJECT: FDA Consumer Meeting, May 3, 1978 SUGAR LABELING PROPOSAL The agenda included discussion of the future status of sugar and fat labeling. Bonnie Liebman, CSPI, argued that citizens have been "actively demanding* sugar labeling. She proceeded to out- line the points in CSPIYs April 11 letter to Commissioner Kennedy (attached) requesting labeling of sugar and fat content in terms of the percentage of total calories. The sugar and fat dis- closure should be prominently displayed (big print, front of package) and include some graphic display such as a pie graph. Although CSPI's proposal emphasizes the sugar labeling issue, Liebman noted that she now considers fat to be the "greatest threat to public health.' Commissioner Kennedy noted that FDA sees the need to provide information on the amount of sugar in foods but stated again he would prefer to await the results of the legislative style hearings on all labeling issues that will take place this fall. What is needed is a comprehensive design, he said, not a "baroque" label providing piecemeal solutions to individual problems. Dr. Howard Roberts, FDA, noted there were some problems with the percentaga of total calories approach and asked if CSPI would object to simply citing the total number of calories from sugar with the total number of calories in the product. That seemed reasonable, replied-Liebman, but a pie graph would still be needed to show the portion of calories contributed by sugar or fat. Roberts also noted that FDA's legal authority to require this kind of labeling is "tenuous." However, several bills are pending in the House of Representatives that would expand FDA's authority in this area. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 J. W. Tatem, Jr. May 4, 1978 Page Two Dr. Allan Forbes, PDA, stressed the importance of consumer re- search in determining the "right way" to proceed with labeling. Research was cited showing that consumers understood the grams/ serving format better than the percentage format of disclosure. Dr. Roberts expressed his own preference for a teaspoons/serving approach. LABELING HEARINGS FDA is obviously feeling a lot of pressure to "do something" about disclosing the sugar content of foods. If appropriations for the FTC hearings on advertising are cut off, this pressure will likely increase. The planned legislative hearings on labeling will probably become the forum for discussing the issues involving sugar and health. The hearings are scheduled as follows: Aug. 22-23 Wichita Sept. 18-19 Little Rock Sept. 27-28 Washington, D. C. Oct. 12-13 San Francisco Oct. 25-26 Boston Seven topic areas have been designated. These are: 1. Ingredient Labeling 2. Nutrition labeling and related dietary information 3. Open dating 4. Total food label 5. Safe and suitable ingredients 6. Imitation and substitute foods 7. Food fortification Three officers will preside at each hearing, representing FDA, FTC and USDA. This information will be published shortly in the Federal Register. FDA is billing these, hearings as an opportunity for the agency to receive the consumers' viewpoint. Accordingly they plan a public relations effort to get consumers out to the hearings. Kennedy even suggesting making day-care facilities available for small children. Ellen Williams, FDA's Association Commissioner for Policy Coordination, noted that time for industry presentations would be linited. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 J. W. Tatem, Jr. May 4, 1978 Page Three From this meeting, it seems likely that some form of sugar dis- closure will eventually be mandated. The format and style of this disclosure are the areas most open to discussion with FDA officials. Sarah Setton Librarian ss:kcp Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 THE ATLANTA CONSTITUTION, Thur., April 20, 1978 How Sweet It Is Some Foods May Contain More Sweeteners Than You Think By Tina McElroy Constitution Staff Writer life," the most fundamental of foods. Around 325 B.C., sugar cane, cultivated In nature, green plants convert in India, became a tropical source of sucrose. Think of some of the pet names energy from the sun into simple After the time of Columbus, when sugar cane we use for our lovers, children and sugars by combining carbon dioxide was brought to the Caribbean, the use of friends- "sweetheart," "honey," and water, and then make complex sugar became a bit more widespread. "sugar pie," "sweetie." All of them sugars from the simple ones. In the Middle Ages, it is reported, the are sweet words associated with love sweetener was so highly priced that it took an and affection. But from the looks of Sugar is a source of energy and average person's weekly salary to buy a publicity given to sugar in foods calories in the diet. For over 50 pound. lately - from presweetened cereals years, U.S. Department of Com- In fact, it was not until the Napoleonic to tomato ketchup to processed merce figures show, sugar-has pro- Wars, in the early 1800s, and the development cheese - it might soon be an insult vided about 20 percent of the calo- of the sugar beet that the world gained a to call someone "sugar." ries in the American diet. temperate-zone source of sugar. Sugar in the diet has left a bad In 1972, the estimate for worldwide taste in the mouths of such diverse When most of us refer to sugar, groups as celebrities, health food we mean sucrose, a nearly pure car- sugar production was 74 million metric tons. advocates and nutritionists, while bohydrate - table sugar, beet sugar In the United States, 10 million tons is mar- or cane sugar. But we consume other keted every year. manufacturers who use sugar as an What concerns most sugar-conscious con- ingredient in their foods have taken forms of sugar, too: Fructose, a a defensive attitude on the subject. natural sugar found in fruit; glucose, sumers today is the amount of sugar found in In short, another battle along the the only natural carbohydrate also our diets. Food processors are using more in found in the body's general circula- their products, food experts say, and many consumer front is shaping up. The tion; dextrosé, also called glucose; parents believe that kids are eating more Federal Trade Commission has pro- posed regulating sugar and snack and levulose (found in honey), known sweets. In the good old days, it is commonly food commercials on children's TV as fructose. These sugars are mono- said, we did not consume nearly as much shows, and the Senate's Select Com- saccharides - the simplest struc- sugar as we do today. mittee on GRAS (generally recog- tural units of carbohydrates. The studies show an interesting picture. Annual consumption of sugar is computed by nized as safe) Substances has leveled When two monosaccharides are the U.S. Department of Agriculture by the its gaze on the topic of sugar in the joined, a disaccharide is formed. The amount of "disappearance" of sugar each diet. Also, an "Evaluation of the most common disaccharide is su- year. The disappearance figures include con- Health Aspects of Sucrose as a Food crose, made of one molecule of glu- sumption and waste. Ingredient" has been prepared for cose and one molecule of fructose. In 1925, the per capita disappearance the Food and Drug Administration The suffix "ose" indicates a sype of rate was 100 pounds. By 1975, the rate was Why all this interest in sugar? sugar. 102 pounds for each American. So, over 50 Ronald M. Deutsch, author and lec- years, the amount of sugar disappearance has turer on nutrition, says it's due in The first sweetner, mentioned in varied little (not counting the drop to 87 part to an increased interest in records more than 6,000 years ago, pounds per capita during World War II). health, diet and weight reduction was honey (which contains fructose These figures include sugar used in home or among most Americans. and glucose). It was not widely used, restaurant cooking, sugar added by the con- In other words, it is not, as some since it was available only to the sumer and sugar used in processed foods. suspect, only those so-called "health privileged. Yet a shift has been noted in the way food nuts" who are on the attack sugar is used. In 1910, 25 percent went fer against sugar; it is also the woman industrial use and the remainder went for who prepares meals for the family; household use. Sixty-one years later, in 1971, parents who have to pay for visits to the industrial sugar-use figure was 72 per- the dentist, and consumers who ques- cent, with the percentage of corn sweeteners tions the price and safety of added added. The rest was for household use. sugar. "The point here is, the discretionary use And this interest is reflected in the of sugars by the consumer at the present bookstore. The shelves are full of time is very limited," writes Sidney M. Can- books on sugar - "Complete Junk tor, a speaker at the 1975 National Academy Food Book, "The Brand Name of Sciences forum on "Sweeteners: Issues and Sugar Guide," "The Nuts Among the Uncertainties." Eerries." Also, the March issue of From the figures, we know we are get- Consumer Reports magazine fea- ting more sugar in the processed foods we eat tured a cover story en sugar. than our parents and grandparents did 50 Although some would argue the years ago, because more is used in industry point, sugar is a nutrient. It is a di- and we are eating more processed food. gestible carbohydrate, and all digest- ible carbohydrates are nutrients. Simple sugar is the "basic food of MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 -2- THE ATCANTIC CONSTITUTION Apr. 20, 1978 - Continued But just how much? When stated in per- Sugar is added to processed foods, says centages of the total weight of a product, the Roger Coleman of the National Food Proces- figure can be astounding. sors Association in Washington, which pri- In the sugar report prepared for the FDA marily represents canners in the country, by the Life Sciences Research Office, a listing "principally for taste purposes." of the weighted mean percent level of added "Some products are not acceptable to the sucrose in foods gives an idea of how much consumer without the addition of some we are getting in our processed foods: sugar," he says, citing canned pears and fruit Cheese cocktail as two examples. 24.56 percent. Joel Williams of Savannah Foods, which Processed vegetables, juices 13.25 percent. produces Dixie Crystals sugar products and some processed foods for institutional use, Fats and oils 3.43 percent. agrees that sugar is added to food products "to improve the palatability of food being Condiments, relishes sold, to enhance flavor of foods-canned 26.82 percent. vegetables, for instance. Tastant coffee and tea 12.60 percent. "They've howled about sugar, but it makes food palatable," he says. "The result is Frozen dairy desserts, mixes 9.31 percent. that (consumers) eat food that's good for them." Soups and soup mixes Laurie Beacham, advisor to the president 20 percent. of the food processors organization, remem- Pasta and rice dishes bers his mother adding a little sugar to 1.43 percent. vegetables for taste, and his wife does, too. He wonders how many housewives "who con- Baked goods, breads 11.42 percent. sider themselves good cooks add a little sugar. Breakfast cereals in cooking." But he disagrees with the FDA 26.71 percent. report on percentages of sugar in canned Imitation dairy products 16.24 percent. vegetables. Not all processors use sugar in canning Processed fruit, juices, drinks 12.58 percent. vegetables, Beacham says, and those who do only use a small amount - 1 or 1¹/² percent sugar. Consumers Report magazine did some A spot check at a grocery store shows testing of its own for its article on sugar. Its that sugar (either sucrose, dextrose, corn analysis included not only a determination of syrup or "natural sweeteners") is used in can- the proportion of sucrose contained in a prod- ned vegetables such as Green Giant white uct but also "all varieties of sugar, including corn, Libby's peas and carrots, Del Monte those in corn syrup, honey, fruit, and vegeta- sweet peas and Chef Boy-ar-dee spaghetti bles." Here are some of the findings: sauce with meat. Coffee-Mate non-dairy creamer 65.4 percent. Processors are required to list ingredi- ents in descending order of ingredient Libby's canned peaches 17.9 percent. amounts, but percentages and specific amounts of each ingredient are not listed. Heinz tomato ketchup 28.9 percent. Beacham says he does not think consumers are that interested in the percentage of in- Wishbone Russian salad dressing 30.2 per- gredients and that listing amounts would cent. "add something to the price" of the product. Coleman (of the food processors' group) Ritz crackers 11.8 percent. adds that most companies that can fruits, for instance, offer a variety of packing methods. Cool Whip non-dairy whipped topping 21.0 There is fruit packed in heavy syrup, in percent. medium syrup, in natural juices, in water and a dietetic type. Hershey's milk chocolate bar 51.4 percent. "We'll provide whatever the consumer Shake 'n Bake seasoned coating mix 17.4 per- wants," the processors' spokesman says. "We cent. don't list the amount of sugar used, but you can tell" by the way the product is packed Hambuger Helper 23.0 percent. how much sugar is used. Skippy creamy peanut butter 9.2 percent. MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 -3- - THE ATLANTIC CONSTITUTTON Apr. 20, 1978 - Continued D D 8 0 a 0 R 6CH,OH H OH 0 5 3 2 D H H 0 H OH H your 4 1 OH H H OH 3 2 H 5 OH H 6 0 H OH H2COH Staff Artwork-Trevor Irvin # Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 1910 Sugar Taking Its Lumps Is It Harmless Or A Real Villain? Experts Leave Us Confused recommending a reduction in the amount of fat, cholesterol, The second of two articles sugar and salt in the diet and an increase in complex car- By Tina McElroy bohydrate intake, Constitution Staff Writer So the nutritionists; physicians and other authorities argue on, choosing up sides and clashing in a sort of nutri- Mary Poppins told us "a spoonful of tional Sugar Bowl, with the public waiting on the sidelines to sugar makes the medicine go down in see which way the sugar cookie crumbles. the most delightful way." But maybe she Ronald Deutsch, author and lecturer on the subject of hadn't done much reading on the health nutrition, says of sugar, "There is no toxic effect in moderate aspects of sugar in the diet. Truth is, amounts of sugar.' many people have turned sour on sugar. And in the 1975 report "Evaluation of the Health Aspects In recent years, for instance, sugar of Sucrose as a Food Ingredient," prepared for the Food and has been identified as a primary suspect Drug Administration, the findings state: in a variety of health problems - "Other than the contribution made to dental caries, there obesity, diabetes, heart disease and den- is no clear evidence in the available information on sucrose tal caries. It has also become the target that demonstrates a hazard to the public when used at the of many nutritionists who dismiss it as a levels that are now current and in the manner now prac- "junk food," worthless and possibly ticed.' harmful. In short, sugar has been taking In most studies and reports conducted on the health as- its lumps lately, pects of sugar in the diet, the words "highly unlikely," "no clear evidence," "unknown" and "undetermined" occur again Physicians, scientists and nutritio- and again. nists have churned out books on the sub- And a look at the major maladies commonly associated ject, a U.S. Senate committee has delved with the intake of sugar reflects the same uncertainty. into the topic, and dentists have drilled Since many people associate sugar with diabetes, they into sugar to study its cariogenic effect. assume that sugar is the cause of the disease. Yet the cause They-and scores of others-are of diabetes is unknown. Experts report there is no evidence asking just how much sugar we're eating that excessive consumption of sugar causes diabetes. The and what is its effect upon health. Opin- 1975 FDA report on health and sugar said that studies had ions, even expert opinions, vary. Some found "no plausible evidence that sucrose, except as a non- say there's not a grain of granulated specific source of excessive calories, is related to the dis- truth in the attack against sugar; others ease." contend that it is Dixie-Crystal clear to The same paucity of conclusive evidence shrouds the all but the benighted that America's claim linking sugar intake with cardiovascular disease. A sweet tooth is causing the decay of soci- 1972 study by J. Yudkin found a correlation between deaths ety. due to cardiovascular disease and sucrose consumption, but a joint report by the Royal College of Physicians of London The truth lies buried in the nation's and the British Cardiac Society concluded that "there is no sugar bowls. firm evidence linking sugar intake and coronary heart dis- In the body, sugar is digested by ease." breaking down complicated sugar (su- Another dimension of the sugar controversy is what nu- crose) to simple sugar (glucose and trionist Dr. Sara Hunt of Georgia State University calls "the fructose), because simple sugar is the popularity of hypoglycemia." Hypoglycemia is a low level of only form that can be absorbed through blood sugar. It is often accompanied by shakiness, trembling, the intestinal walls into the bloodstream. anxiety, fast heartbeat, headaches, hunger sensations, feel- From the blood, the substances go to the ings of weakness, and occasionally, seizures and coma. liver, where the fructose is metabolized Ironically, the condition is aggravated rather than into glucose. The only sugar that the relieved by the ingestion of concentrated sweets, body can use is glucose, which is turned into fat. As a food ingredient, sucrose has been categorized as "generally recog- nized as safe" (GRAS). in the Code of Federal Regulations. But the Senate Se- lect Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs published a report last year MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 Apr. 21, 1978 - Cont inued Symptoms Likened To Anxiety is worse for your teeth than sitting down and eating five But more people think they have the disease than actu- candy bars right laway." ally do, Dr. Hunt says. Many of the symptoms of Since .1 percent of sugar will begin the process as soon hypoglycemia are the same as those of anxiety reaction. as 1 percent will, it only takes a tiny amount to start the Hypoglycemia has to be definitely diagnosed by a physician acid-producing process-about 20 minutes, he explains. for proper treatment. Therefore, every time you take a bite of the candy bar, the Obesity is another health problem (one third of all action to produce acid begins. If you eat all five candy bars American adults are overweight) linked to sugar consump- at once, the action takes place only once. tion. Since diet and control of weight are elements in the The time of day that you eat sugar, Dr. Moss says, is treatment of obesity, as well as diabetes, hypertension and also important in the consideration of sugar and cavities. heart disease, sugar has been associated negatively with "It's difficult for a modern-day parent to design a meal these and other health problems. that doesn't contain sugar," he says, citing the sugar in ket- Sugar consumption, however, is not the cause of obesity. cup, jam, fresh fruit. "It's just not very practical. Fat is the result of an excessive intake of calories - from "You have to say that at least three times a day (at any type of food - and/or of inactivity. If you consume more calories in starches, alcohol or fat, protein or sugar mealtimes), you're going to have teeth in contact with sugar. You have to write off those three times. What you have to than you expend, then you gain weight. The source of the ex- cess calories is irrelevant. Physicians often advise the obese concern yourself about is between meal snacks." to limit the. consumption of concentrated sweets because During a meal, Dr. Moss explains, the other foods-and that's where the most calories lurk. drink you consume with sugar-containing foods help to wash Imbalance In Nutrients the sucrose off your teeth. Therefore, the sugar is not as damaging to teeth as eating a sugar-containing snack food Actually, fat is not where it's at when the experts zero in alone. But when you eat cereal or cookies between meals, en sugar. They focus instead on sugar's effect on nutrition, with nothing else, there is nothing to keep the sugar from whether it causes an inbalance in the nutrients we get in our clinging to teeth and producing acid. If you eat four snacks diet. during the day, then you are "challenging" your teeth seven Most nutritionists will tell you that the desired diétary times a. .day (including the three times with meals), he says- goal is to eat well-balanced meals that provide the nutrients our bodies need to function. And if sugar, a tablespoon of Although sugar is not the only thing that causes cavities, which provides only 11.9 grams of carbohydrates and a trace it is a good idea to guard against the harm sugar can do to of calcium, along with 46 calories, comprises too large a part teeth. Dentists suggest restricting between-meal snacks, of our diet, little room will be left for other foods that pro- brushing or rinsing mouth after eating, and avoiding sticky vide nutrients. At present, 10 to 20 percent of the calories we foods. consume come from sugar. And although Dr. Moss points out that there "is no way "What we're concerned about is the dilution of the yet to measure definitely the cariogenic element of a food,' American diet, and we should look at sugar as a diluter," he does offer some alternatives to the normal sweet snack says nutrition author Deutsch. "We (Americans) are really foods that most people eat. interested in the way things taste. And most of the things we like are fats and sweets. But what we should ask is, 'First, Popcorn (without salt, since salt may negatively affect have I got the nutrients I need? Then, sure, it's okay to have people with predisposition to high-blood pressure) your lollipop. But first be sure you get the foods in your diet Plain yogurt. Skim milk. that provide needed nutrition." Nutritionist Dr. Sara Hunt of Georgia State University Carrots. Cold meats. agrees. And she suggests the use of nutritional density - put simply, evaluation of food according to the amount of nutri- Hard boiled eggs. Unsalted nuts. ents it offers compared to the number of calories it provides. Chocolate- drinks (unsweetened types you make your The Dental Villain self). Dried meats. "If you were to choose a balanced, varied diet and leave off the concentrated sweets, there wouldn't be a problem Sugarless gum- with sugar," Dr. Hunt says. The one area in which most people agree that sugar is the villain is in dental health. But even here, the correlation is not as simple as "sugar causes cavities." Dental- caries occur when three factors are present: An infectious organism, a susceptible target and an conducive environment to the growth of the infectious-agent Bacteria on the teeth take a sugar-containing food and convert it to acid that makes holes in surface of the teeth - cavities. Al- though sucrose (table sugar) is the the biggest culprit, other sugars (fructose and glucose) have been found to be almost as cariogenic. Dr. Stephen Moss, professor and chairman of the Depart- ment of Dentistry for Children at the New York University College of Dentistry and an authority on the cause of caries, says there is a problem in the public's mind, with the associa- tion of sugar and cavities. "It's not the amount of sugar you eat, it's the frequency that sugar is eaten," he says. It Takes Only Tiny Amount Dr. Moss gave this example: if you have a candy bar, and you take bites of it throughout the day until it's gone, it MORE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 - 3 - THE ATLANTIC CONSTITUTION Apr. 21, 1978 - Continued Obesity, diabetes, heart disease and dental caries-sugar may be a scapegoat in these ills, but it looks as though we're in for a wait to learn the answers. a 0 Staff Artwork-Trevor Irvin # Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228` WHAT'S HAPPENING? A Monthly Summary of Field Activities of the Sugar Association Food/Nutrition Consulting Dietitians May 1, 1978 Media During April, I covered part of the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic states. First stop was Toronto, Canada. In January, I appeared on "Canada AM" which covers most of Canada. In early February, the producer for "Toronto Today" CFTO-TV called to inquire if I would cover the sugar controversy in more depth for their viewers. "Toronto Today" appears for 30 minutes following "Canada AM.' I was booked for media in New York State the first week in April, so agreed to do the program at that time. Canadian broadcasting is viewed extensively across the northern United States near the border. Pat Murray interviewed me live for 15 minutes. We discussed overweight, which is also a problem in Canada, and fad diets. The booklet, "Eye It Before You Diet, " was offered. Next stop was Buffalo where I appeared on WKBW-TV "Dialing For Dollars," with Dave Thomas and Angela McCarthy. Dave had done his homework and asked some perceptive questions about sugar's role in obesity. The booklet was offered and within two weeks we received over 300 requests. After my segment on the show the horticulturist from the Cooperative Extension Service demonstrated planting raspberry bushes in the garden. He and Dave Thomas sampled some home made bread with raspberry jam and peanut butter. Dave commented, "There' sugar in the bread, the jam is almost pure sugar and the peanut butter has some too sure tastes good though! I also did two radio tapes. One was 15 minutes on WBEN Radio with Charlie Warren. We talked about cereals, snacks and the difference between corn sweeteners and table sugar. The second show was 20 minutes on WBFO Radio at the State University of New York at Buffalo. College students are often some of the loudest critics of sugar so I try to cover as many university stations as possible. Interviewer Mark Chodorow went over the March Consumer Reports article, "Too Much Sugar" in its entirety. In Rochester, Margaret Graham-Smith, featured me as her guest on "Noon At Ten, WHEC-TV for 10 minutes on the cereal and snack controversy. She was unbiased about sugar. Dan Michen, WROC Radio, and I were on a live call-in program for one hour. His listening audience asked some very intelligent questions including, "How can a consumer tell how much sugar he eats when fresh products aren't labeled and labeling for processed foods isn't compulsory for all food products?" There were many comments about the Consumer Reports article. One dietitian described how her four children had been trained from toddler age to brush their teeth after eating anything. They had good teeth as adults. Her point was that parents could help prevent tooth decay if they made the effort. I also appeared on the University of Rochester station, WRUR-FM for 15 minutes to discuss the cereal controversy and the Consumer Reports article. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 In Syracuse, two scheduled TV appearances were cancelled at the last minute because of illness in one case and being pre-empted by a local politician in the second. Cynthia Bell, WMHR Radio, did four, eight minute tapes on cereals, obesity, tooth decay and snack foods for a broadcast series on sugar's role in health. Bob Richblum and I did a live one-hour call-in on the University of Syracuse, WAER Radio program, "Coffee Break. It was a heated session in spots with comments like, "Anyone paid for by The Sugar Association can't possibly tell the truth, so why bother to try" "the food processors and sugar refiners are turning us all into addicts by deliberately sticking sugar in everything we eat!" In Albany, it was more of the same. David Allen, WAST-TV is very anti- sugar. On the air, he started in about how sugar contains no vitamins and minerals and causes tooth decay and obesity. He was so worked up he wouldn't let me say a word so I stated in a louder voice than his, "If you don't stop being belligerent we can't carry on an intelligent two-way conversation.' Dead silence followed so I presented my side about sugar's contribution to palatability and what part it played in the area of tooth decay. Total air time was 10 minutes. The TV crew thought we were going to come to blows. David's co-host, Betty George, 200 plus pounds of lady said, "Honey, that was a marvelous bout!' After that session I appeared with Boom Boom Brannigan, WABY Radio for 80 minutes on a call-in show. We covered the Consumer Reports article and Sugar in the Diet of Man. The call-ir questions covered sugar in health and food. Overall the listeners were not anti-sugar. Boom Boom is a real character but probably attracts more advertising than his competitors with his folksy interview style. Back home in New York City I was listening to my favorite music station, WTFM Radio when what do I hear but dentist, Paul Bar ger and Doctor Robert C. Atkins, criticizing sugar on Nell Bassett's program, "Community Reports. She tapes guests for an hour or two, then breaks up the interview into five or six separate segments. These are played at different times of the day for a week. She had the two gentlemen on for a week. The second week she featured me with the dentist criticizing what I had to say. I wasn't given the opportunity for rebuttal to his comments. Nell's selection of material from my tape could have been better. I was amused the dentist was irate that someone had been allowed to contradict him. If listeners tuned in to all the segments they could better evaluate what was said. Just hearing one out of context may or may not have been informative. It depended on the listener's background. A cross section of people mentioned to me they heard the program -- the mail clerks at Grand Central Post Office, my apartment building personnel, George Hammond, Chairman of Carl Byoir. The second week in April, I covered Boston environs, Hartford and New Haven. In Boston, I worked with Freddie Seymour on a half-hour radio tape she syndicates to a number of Boston stations. We covered "Sugar In The Diet of Man. I did two one-hour radio interviews at universities -- one for WBRS, Brandeis and the other for WBCN Radio at Boston College. The Consumer Reports article was discussed in depth. Jean Colbert, WINF Radio, Hartford, did a half hour tape with me on her popular program, "World Today. We talked about sugar in recipes as well as in health. Barbara Loucks, WELI Radio, New Haven, and I taped 10, three-minute interview segments on the sugar controversy. She plays them continually during the day for 12 weeks. Topics included raw sugar, tooth decay, snack foods, palatability of food and overweight. Mike Warren featured me for 10 minutes on WTNH-TV's "12 O'Clock Live" program. He wanted to know how much conscience the food industry and sugar refiners had when they put sugar in everything. He also said he bet there wasn't 29% sugar in catsup made back in 1900. I didn't know so looked it up when I returned to the office. One recipe I found not only had sugar, but also to pint of alcohol in the ingredient list. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 The third week in April was spent in the pouring rain traveling through West Virginia. First city was Lexington, Kentucky, where I appeared on WLEX-TV with Sue Wylie. She said we were sugar junkies, then discussed the Consumer Reports article for 10 minutes. WBLG Radio did an excellent 30 minute, in-depth interview on the suggested questions. WVLK Radio taped me for 13 hours on the same questions which was broken down to a 15 minute program for public affairs and 10 thirty-second news fillers. Roger Evans, WGNT Radio, Huntington, West Virginia, had me as his guest on a call-in program from 9 a.m. until 1 p.m. The majority of the questions concerned obesity. Joanne Jaeger, WSAV-TV, Charleston, taped a 10 minute program on the cereal controversy and snack foods. Linda Wild, WTAP-TV, Parkersburg, West Virginia, taped 15 minutes on WTAP-TV discussing "Sugar Blues" and the Consumer Reports article. In Morgantown, I appeared with Melanie Walters on a 20 minute call-in discussing sugar's role in obesity and tooth decay. WCLG Radio did a 40 minute tape covering the suggested questions plus the Consumer Reports article. Pittsburgh was the last stop where I was a guest on the popular "AM Pittsburgh" with Dr. Adabi, M.D. and Ph.D. in nutrition at the University of Pittsburgh. We discussed the cereal controversy and the various sweeteners used in food processing. Dr. Adabi said there was no proof that sugar was dangerous to our health. He felt we were polluted with too much sugar (all types including sugar already present in food) which contributed to obesity. We should only eat that amount that makes foods in the Basic Four diet palatable. There is no need for desserts and all the snacks we consume. He also said no one had really established a percentage of sugar in the diet that could be considered "correct. "Who can prove 15% total sugar intake is OK?" This segment of the program had call-in questions relative to diabetes, the nutritional value of honey versus sugar. Martha Pehl traveled through a portion of the south. She appeared on WHBQ-TV in Memphis, Tenn. for 13 minutes and discussed hypoglycemia. WWEE Radio had her as a call-in guest for one hour. The questions covered saccharin, hypoglycemia, cereals and health foods. Chattanooga was the next city visited where Martha appeared on WRCB-TV for 6 minutes talking about weight control. She taped a 45 minute radio show for WDEF Radio on weight control. In Knoxville her first appearance was on WBIR-TV for 15 minutes discussing pre-sweetened cereals. WEZK Radio taped a 10 minute program on fad diets. Martha was particularly pleased with her response from the Food and Nutrition Specialist for the Cooperative Extension Service, Kayla Carruth at the University of Tennessee. Copies of all of our latest printed material will be sent to extension agents throughout the state. Virginia followed Tennessee. Martha did 8 minutes on WVEC-TV talking about the sugar controversy and 12 minutes on WAVY-TV, same topic, both in Portsmouth. She also taped a half hour program on the suggested questions for WXRI Radio. A 10 minute radio call-in on WRVA based on the suggested questions and a 10 minute taped interview on WEET Radio were completed in Richmond. Judi Davis traveled to Wichita Falls, Texas to appear on KFDX-TV. She discussed overweight. Also KWFT Radio did a 15 minute live show on the suggested questions and cereal controversy. In Sherman, Texas, Judi appeared on KXII-TV for 6 minutes and 15 minutes on their sister radio station. Mary Jane-Danielson, had a 15 minute program on KATU-TV, Portland, covering the cereal controversy. In addition to media, the field staff have been conducting group meetings as well as contacting editors and Extension Service personnel. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228 In summary, the attitude of consumers and interviewers has changed much since the Consumer Reports article. People seem to feel they have been duped because sugar appears on the label of so many food products industry is conspiring to make them sugar addicts. Those under 35 years of age are more anti-sugar than older people. Some commentators are catching on to the fact consumers really have no way to accurately determine their total daily sugar intake (all sugars, in fresh as well as processed food) . There are no labels on fresh produce. In 1977, we ate 17% of our meals away from home. Restaurant menus don't show the breakdown of the food. Nutritional labeling isn't compulsory on all processed foods. The idea that there is no way to determine sugar con- sumption is very frustrating to people and they react more negatively to sugar than they might otherwise. Dorothy Buckner Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jqyv0228

In which city does the person who fllled the form reside?

ppnh0227

ppnh0227_p0, ppnh0227_p1, ppnh0227_p2, ppnh0227_p3, ppnh0227_p4, ppnh0227_p5, ppnh0227_p6, ppnh0227_p7, ppnh0227_p8, ppnh0227_p9

Minneapolis

FREE OFFER 12-8-70 FULL COLOR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you from G W Sugar. Mail coupon today! MRS HELEN MARUSKA (NAME . PLEASE PRINT) 115 SOUTH FOREST AVE (ADDRESS) PALATINE ILLINGIS 60067 (CITY) (STATE) (ZIP CODE) Mail to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 FREE OFFER FULL COLOR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you from G W Sugar. Mail coupon today! mrs. Julia (NAME PLEASE Stevens PRINT) . 1227 - 5th avenue SE (ADDRESS) Cedar (CITY) Rapids bowa (STATE) 52403 (ZIP CODE) Mail to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 Box 5308 Denver, Colorado 80217 Source: Ittps:llwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ppnh0227_ FREE OFFER FULL COLOR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you from G W Sugar. Mail coupon today! Mrs a J (NAME Schauer . PLEASE PRINT) 3010- - games (ADDRESS) are no. minneapolis (CITY) minn (STATE) 55411 (ZIP CODE) Mail to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 Box 5308 Denver, Colorado 80217 ucst FREE OFFER FULL COLOR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you froi G W Sugar. Mail coupon today! Rachel E mc Daniel (NAME . PLEASE PRINT) R R I attica (ADDRESS) 1 tans 67009 (CITY) (STATE) (ZIP CODE) Mail to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 Box 5308 Denver, Colorado 80217 Source: https:lwww.industrydocuments.ucsf edu/docs/nonh0227 FREE OFF FULL COLOR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you from G W Sugar. Mail coupon today! WM STORMA (NAME . PLEASE PRINT) 11527 garfaed (ADDRESS) are WAUWATOSA wis 53226 (CITY) (STATE) (ZIP CODE) Mail to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 Box 5308 Denver, Colorado 80217 Source: https://wwvw.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ppnh0227 FREE OFFER FULL COLOR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you from G W Sugar. Mail coupon today! FLORENCE 0208A0 CZEKAJ (NAME . PLEASE PRINT) 2720 N MEADI (ADDRESS) CHICAGO 101 60639 (CITY) (STATE) (ZIP CODE) Mail to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 Sou Box 5308 Colorado 80217nts.ucsf.edu/docs/ppnh0227 FREE OFFER to FULL COLQR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you from G W Sugar: Mail coupon today! 02.1 HELEA C2ADD A. (NAME - PLEASE PRINT) 2841 Wrst DUNBAR LACE (ADDRESS) MILWAUNIEE Wissers A 53208 (CITY) (STATE) (ZIP CODE) Mail to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 Box 5308 Denver, Colorado 80217 Source: Thttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ppnh0227 FREE OFFER FULL COLOR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you from G W Sugar. Mail coupon today! Mrs - H Jokestead (NAME . PLEASE PRINT) 3026 Lyndale (ADDRESS) Ave North Minneapolis Minneso (STATE) TE 55411 (ZIP (CITY) CODE) Mall to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 Box 5308 Denver, Colorado 80217 Source: ppnh0227 FREE OFFER FULL COLOR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you from G W Sugar. Mail coupon today! h. WILLMS (NAME . PLEASE PRINT) 2541 So, 13 th st. (ADDRESS) Mihwautee WIS 53215 (CITY) (STATE) (ZIP CODE) Mail to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 Pax 5308 Denver, Colorado 80217 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ppnh0227 alas FREE OFFER FULL COLOR RECIPE SET. A "Good Wishes" offer for you from Racey Mrs newbirk G W Sugar. Mail coupon today! Margent (NAME . PLEASE PRINT) 315 -4th LIVE (ADDRESS) Baraboo Wisconsin52913 (CITY) (STATE) (ZIP CODE) Mail to: Great Western Sugar Company Sales Department Room 514 Box 5308 Denver, Colorado 80217 B NET WT. 5 sk POUNDS Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ppnh0227

What does TLC stands for?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

temporary labor camps

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

what is the domestic Raw sugar price at new york spot on sept.30,1977?

llyv0228

llyv0228_p0, llyv0228_p1, llyv0228_p2, llyv0228_p3, llyv0228_p4

$ 9.60

July/September, 1977 Tily Antuna Appointed By Askew Irvine Takes Aim Jose M. Antuna, Executive Vice President and General Reed Irvine, the chairman of "Accuracy in Media," in Manager of Seminole Sugar Corporation, has been appointed testimony before the Communications Subcommittee of the by Governor Reubin Askew to the newly formed Commission House of Representatives asked for hearings on a bill designed on the Spanish Speaking Populace of Florida. One of 15 peo- to promote fairness and balance in programs aired on public ple selected for the board, others include teachers, lawyers, television. community activists and businessmen. The purpose of the Commission is to inform the legislature and governor of the "A Day Without Sunshine" and another farm labor pro- concerns of the Spanish speaking people in Florida. Antuna gram called "El Corrido" were cited as examples of a lack of was sworn in by Judge Don Adams in his Seminole Sugar objectivity and balance. Irvine says, "This legislation is office in mid-August and will serve a two-year term. needed to get public broadcasting back on the track that Con- gress intended it to follow, i.e., providing programs on con- Antuna lives in Pahokee with his wife, Carmen, and has troversial issues that are more objective and more balanced." two children. Bergland Wants Talks U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland says he wants to assemble farmers, industry and consumer leaders to discuss the possibility of a long-range national sugar policy. "At 13.5 cents a pound, we'll have a policy that will hold our domestic industry at its current (production) level. But it wouldn't be able to expand," Bergland said. He predicted that if prices remain at the proposed 13.5 cent floor, there would be a steady reduction in output of domestic beet sugar and some drop in Louisiana sugarcane acreage. "After we get out of the current sugar crisis, what I'd like is a meeting with leaders in sugarcane and beets and the fructose industry and consumers to figure out what kind of a future policy we ought to have," Bergland said. Left to right, John Moyle, Jose M. Antuna and Judge Don Adams. U.S.S.C. Wins Safety Award United States Sugar Corporation is the recipient of the Florida Division - ASSCT 1976-77 sugar industry safety award. The Eleventh Annual Florida Sugarcane Safety Confer- 8th Annual Meeting ence, jointly sponsored by the Florida Sugan Cane League and the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation, Division of Labor of the Florida Department of Commerce, was held The Eight Annual Meeting of the Florida Division of the October 5 at the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists will be help This year's guest speaker, Mr. J. Baxter Swing, is the Chief Friday, October 14, 1977, in the 4th Floor Meeting Room at of the Bureau of Workmen's Compensation. the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative of Florida. The award, accepted by Nick Smith, safety director for the A reception and banquet will be held that night for mem- corporation, is given each year to the company with the low- bers and guests in Palm Beach at the Holiday Inn. Those est accident frequency/severity index over the past harvest wishing to attend should contact Mr. Ed Rice. season. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Domestic Cane and Beet Output Dietary Goals Attacked To Be Down The controversial report entitled "Dietary Goals for the United States" prepared by the Senate Select Committee on A 17% drop in domestic sugarbeet production and a 4.2% Nutrition and Human Needs continues to be the object of decrease in sugarcane output is expected this year. The United States Department of Agriculture estimates 1977 attack. The American Medical Association is the latest group sugerbeet production to be 24.4 million tons and domestic to condemn the report because there is no proof that diet is sugarcane output is estimated at 27.6 million tons. Actual related to disease, and changing Americans' eating habits may sugar output from cane and beets will be influenced by the lead to economic dislocation. Other groups who have attacked weather during the harvest season. the recommendations made by the Committee in the report Here in Florida, the effects of last winter's freeze on sugar- cane is expected to be evidenced by lower production. These are cattle producers, because the goals recommended reducing effects can be expected to be felt until the affected sugarcane the consumption of meat and increasing the consumption of is replanted. fish and poultry; the Sugar Association, the National Can- The cutting of green sugarcane for planting for Florida's ners Association, egg producers, the National Dairy Council sugar industry began a week late this year (August 29) but is and the Community Nutrition Institute. now progressing normally. Florida Sugar News P.O. Box 1148, Clewiston, Florida 33440 Phone (813) 983-9151 SUGAR Cutting green cane for planting. Tham - BUCAR CAND country The FLORIDA SUGAR NEWS is distributed without charge to members of the Florida Sugar Cane League, and others. Material herein may be reprinted with credit and notification. J. NELSON FAIRBANKS Vice President and General Manager DON WALSH Editor-Director of Public Relations KEITH COWAN Planting (or dropping) seed cane. Managing Editor Geneva Conference OFFICERS Arthur Kirstein, III President Attempts to institute a new international sugar agreement S. N. Knight, Sr. 1st Vice President to stabilize sugar prices are being made in Geneva. Convened Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. 2nd Vice President by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on September 12, the three-week meeting is a follow-up to a Billy Rogers 3rd Vice President session held in the spring of '77 which ended in deadlock. Horace D. Godfrey 4th Vice President U.S. officials have called for the creation of a reserve of 3 J. Nelson Fairbanks 5th Vice President million tons and are relatively optimistic that an agreement and General Manager will be reached on stocks and quotas, says the UPI. "Such stocks," says conference chairman Ernest Jones-Perry, H. T. Vaughn, Jr. Secretary-Treasurer "should be financed by both exporting and importing mem- Atwood Dunwody Asst. Secretary-Treasurer bers of the organization with fees of up to half a cent a pound to establish a sugar stabilization fund. DIRECTORS Jose Antuna S. N. Knight, Sr. Robert D. Apelgren C. D. Lewis John B. Boy A. R. Mayo Unemployed Alvaro Carta Billy Rogers Atwood Dunwody George H. Salley The Department of Labor has ruled that 550 former em- Alfonso Fanjul, Sr. O. H. Sheppard ployees of the Great Western Sugar Company can apply for Alfonso Fanjul, Jr. Fritz Stein government compensation, but another 900 would not be eligi- Lewis Friend Roy Vandegrift, Jr. ble for unemployment benefits. The Department ruled that Walter J. Kautz H. T. Vaughn, Jr. workers who lost their jobs at Great Western Sugar plants in Arthur Kirstein, III George H. Wedgworth the Colorado towns of Brighton, Johnstown and Longmont John A. Yaun lost their jobs because of increased sugar imports and are eligible for trade adjustment assistance. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 Horace Godfrey Reports cluded in the farm bill, they stated, "The Department cur- rently has authority under existing law to carry out the price support program required by this amendment to the Agricul- Farm Bill Goes to President tural Act of 1949. It is the recommendation of the Conferees that the Secretary of Agriculture implement the program Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Sen- called for by the House amendment as soon as possible - ate have approved the omnibus Farm Bill as modified in Con- even before the Act is signed into law. The Conferees intend that the implementation of the loan and purchase program ference which contains, among other things, a special sugar not be delayed even if there should be a delay in the estab- price support program. The bill now goes to President Carter, lishment of minimum wage rates for agricultural employees and agriculturalists expect his signature. engaged in the production of sugar because of any public hearings that may be held thereon. It is the Conferees' intent, The Conference farm bill provides "that the price of the however, that the loan and purchase and wage rate provisions 1977 and 1978 crops of sugar beets and sugar cane be sup- of section 902 be implemented without any delay upon the ported through loans and purchases at a level not more than bill becoming effective." 65 percent of parity nor less than 52.5 percent of parity, but Senator Long has been working with the Executive Office not less than 13.5 cents per pound raw sugar equivalent. The to insure the immediate implementation of the loan program. Secretary would be authorized to suspend operations of the Basically the position of the mainland cane sugar industry provision at such time as he determines there is an Interna- has been that they desire to get the returns for their sugar tional Suar Agreement in effect which would maintain a U.S. from the market place and not through payment subsidies. raw sugar price of at least 13.5 cents per pound. The provision Proper implementation of the loan program, with accompany- would not affect whatever the Secretary's existing authority ing action required by Section 22 of the Agricultural Adjust- may be under any other provision of this Act, or of existing ment Act, would raise the market price above the loan level, and loans would be unnecessary. The government instead of law, to establish a price support program for that portion of paying out money would collect additional money for the the 1977 crop of sugar cane and sugar beets marketed prior to United States Treasury. It is hoped by the time you read this the implementation of such loans or purchases. It also author- that the program will be announced and in effect. izes and directs the Secretary to establish minimum wage rates for agricultural employees engaged in the production of sugar." Other provisions of the Farm Bill provide that the wheat and corn loan rates for 1977 will be changed to $2.25 for New Unemloyment Compensation Law wheat and $2.00 for corn. Target prices will be changed to $2.90 and $2.00 respectively. The 1978 target prices and mini- Effective January 1 mum loan rates were established as follows: Commodity Target Price Loan Florida's new Unemployment Compensation Law will go $3.05 if 1.8 billion bushel into effect January 1, 1978. The new law will have little effect Wheat bu upon workers who have been covered under the federal Spe- harvest or less $2.35 cial Unemployment Assistance paid from general revenues. 3.00 if more than 1.8 Now, however, covered farm employers will be taxed for this billion bushel harvest benefit. Corn bu 2.10 2.00 (Supports on other feed grains are based on their nutri- Any farmer with 10 or more employees for 20 or more tional and cost of production relationship with corn.) weeks during the year or, who has a payroll of $20,000 in any Cotton lb. .52 (minimum) (projected) .51 calendar quarter during the current or preceding year must Rice cwt 8.45 (projected) 6.31 submit a wage report and pay tax each quarter. Newly cov- Soybeans bu - Discretionary ered employers will be taxed 2.7 percent (state) and .7 per- - 420.00 cent (federal) on the first $6,000 of payroll earnings. After Peanuts ton two years he will be taxed according to his experience rating, which can be expected to be the maximum of 4.5 percent (plus .7 percent). Farmers will be notified if a claim for benefits has been Revised Sugar Payments Program Announced filed and may contest it, if appropriate, in order to protect their experience rating. Farm workers are ineligible if they Secretary of Agriculture Bergland announced on Septem- voluntarily quit, are discharged for misconduct, fail to apply ber 15th the institution of a payments program to support the for or accept suitable work, or, if they are on strike. Even if 1977 crops of sugarbeets and sugarcane. In making the an- an employer expects to reach the maximum rate, he should nouncement, he stated, "The price support payments program contest ineligible claims in order to guard against an increase has been modified to meet legal objections to the payments in the tax rate by the legislature. system we originally proposed. I have determined that the support prices will be $22.84 per ton of average quality sugar- beets and $17.48 per ton of average quality sugarcane. Pay- ments will be made on the processed products (refined beet sugar and raw cane sugar) marketed from the 1977 crop from today forward until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or to the date of actual implementation of the price support loan Fructose Ban? or purchase program which would be mandated by the pend- ing 1977 farm bill." Fructose, or fruit sugar, often used as a substitute for saccharin caused bladder cancer in rats, states Dr. W. P. Since such announcement the Secretary, in an informal McKinley, head of Canada's Health Protection Branch, citing discussion with news reporters indicated that the entire 1977 a recent Canadian study. In a letter to the head of the Cana- crop may be handled through the payments procedure. This dian Soft Drink Association, McKinley wrote that the Cana- would be a violation of law and would ignore the intent of dian government is considering restricting the use of fructose. Congress. When Congress approved the sugar amendment in- in special dietary foods. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 3. Employers of 11 or more employees must maintain an up-to-date log of all recordable occupational injuries FARM AND CITY and illnesses. These employers must also compile an- nual summaries of injuries and illnesses. They must be completed, on appropriate forms, within one month after the close of the calendar year, posted February 1 to March 1 and retained for 5 years. 4. Keep grounds around temporary labor camps (TLC) clean and free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, gar- bage or other refuse. 5. TLC shelters must be constructed so that they provide protection from the elements. 6. Check exterior openings in TLC for effective screening with 16 mesh material. Also all screen doors must be PARTNERS IN ECONOMIC PROGRESS equipped with self-closing devices. 7. Heating, cooking and water heating equipment in TLC must be installed according to state and local ordi- nances, codes and regulations. A camp used during cold Farm-City Tour Scheduled weather must be provided with adequate heating equip- ment. 8. Toilet rooms must be used only for that purpose and Saturday, November 19, 1977, is the date that has been must be adequately ventilated and outside openings chosen for the Sixth Annual Hendry County Farm-City Tour. screened. Where toilet rooms are shared (i.e. multi- This tour, coordinated by Hendry County agricultural exten- family shelters and barracks) separate rooms must be sion agent Ray Burgess, offers coastal city dwellers an oppor- provided for each sex. The rooms must be marked "for tunity to visit Hendry County and become acquainted first- men" and "for women" in English and in the native hand with agriculture and rural life. language of the persons occupying the camp. The toilet rooms must be kept in a sanitary condition and cleaned Anyone interested in participating in the tour or making at least daily. a donation to help defray expenses incurred should contact Mr. Ray Burgess, P.O. Box 68, LaBelle, Florida 33935, (813) 9. Toilet rooms must be lighted by a safe type of lighting 983-7322. at all hours of the day and night. 10. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious cleanable containers for garbage must be provided. At least one of these must be provided for each family and located within 100 feet of each shelter. It shall be mounted on wooden, metal or concrete stands. Farm Safety Update 11. Make sure adequate first aid facilities, approved by a health authority, are maintained and made available in each labor camp. These facilities shall be placed in charge of someone trained to administer first aid and The Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural shall be available for use at all times. Engineering Department, after reviewing OSHA inspections in Florida, has published a list of recommendations for Flor- ida farmers. Although not meant to be comprehensive, here is a list of suggested actions for employers to take to improve their work- place. These suggestions resulted from noting some of the most frequently cited sections or for which particularly large fines were assessed. 1. Post posters (in appropriate language). informing em- ployees of the obligations and protection provided by Domestic Raw Sugar Price the law. The poster may not be altered, defaced or cov- ered by other material. It should be posted at the loca- tion to which employees report each day. New York Spot, Sept. 30, 1977 $ 9.60 2. If a citation is received, a copy of it must be posted at Average, Calendar Year 1976 13.32 or near the place where the alleged violation is to have occurred. The citation must be left up until the hazard Average, Jan. 1, 1977 to Sept. 30, 1977 11.08 is corrected or for 3 working days - which ever is longer. First Class Mail FLORIDA SUGAR CANE U.S. POSTAGE LEAGUE, INC. PAID 13c Permit #24 P.O. Box 1148 Clewiston, Florida 33440 Mr. Claud D. Fleet, Jr. Great Western United Corp. 716 Metro Bank Building Denver, Co. 80202 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228 LATE NEWS AT PRESS TIME USDA Announces Final Regulations for Sugar Payments Program: Secretary Bergland recently outlined the final provisions of the 1977 crop sugar price payments program, which was effective on September 15. In making the announcement, the Department stressed that the payment program is an interim measure to remain in effect only until the provisions of the loan or purchase program (de la Garza amendment) provided for in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, can be effective in keeping prices at the support level. Secretary Bergland said he had directed the Department's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, to give "highest priority" to finalizing regulations under the new farm bill and putting them into effect. Key provisions of the interim program are: 1977 crop is defined for Louisiana as the harvest period, October 1977 through January 1978, for Florida and Texas, October 1977 chrough May 1978. The support to producers will be made available by means of payments by the Commodity Credit Corpor- ation (CCC-ASCS) to processors on the quantity of raw sugar marketed from the 1977 crop during the period beginning September 16, 1977, until all 1977 crop sugar has been marketed or until another price support program for the 1977 crop supercedes the payment program. In order for the processor to be eligible for payments, he must certify that producers will be paid not less than $15.90 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 12.69% sucrose in normal juice of 78.13% purity), in Louisiana; $18.37 per net ton of sugar cane of average quality (sugar cane containing 14.01% sucrose in normal juice) in Florida and other specified rates in Texas, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. The price may be adjusted for sugar cane of non-average quality on a method agreed upon by the producer and processor. The regulations do not prohibit further ad justments due to normal and traditional customs or practices agreed upon between the producer and processor, with respect to the marketing of sugar cane. The rate of payment for the marketing period will be the amount by which the national average market price received by processors in that period is less than 132/ per pound. National average market price means the price of sugar, raw value, computed by dividing gross proceeds on a raw sugar equivalent basis received by all processors by the quantity of sugar, raw value, marketed by all processors during the marketing period. The regulations covering the payment program were filed with the Federal Register on October 4, and scheduled for printing on October 7. We are reliably informed that ASCS officials are working on regulations and other data for the implementation for the loan or purchase program. It would be difficult to make such a program effective in less than 60 days. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/llyv0228

What is the dosage of Temik used for SI Method at Planting time?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

15 Lb/A, 15, 15

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What is the dosage of Dyfonate used for PI Method at Planting time?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

15, 15 Lb/A

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

Data of which trial is given in the table?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What are the two best insecticides used in the test?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

Dyfonate and Temik

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What is the damage rating observed for 15 Lb/A dose of Temik for PI method ?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

1.80

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

Which is the date mentioned in the memorandum?

ssvx0227

ssvx0227_p0, ssvx0227_p1, ssvx0227_p2, ssvx0227_p3, ssvx0227_p4, ssvx0227_p5, ssvx0227_p6, ssvx0227_p7, ssvx0227_p8, ssvx0227_p9, ssvx0227_p10, ssvx0227_p11, ssvx0227_p12, ssvx0227_p13

7/6/71

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Blake McFeely DATE: 7/6/71 FROM: Barb MacDonald SUBJECT: Overview - Labor 1971 Blake: Per your request the following is a brief description of labor as it is characterized in recent literature. The following information is presented in the briefiest form possible and may be a bit unclear. If so please call and I will elaborate for you. The subject captions are intended to relate the current union opinion or status in each area. The conclusions attempt to set forth the re- lationship between the current hard-line bargaining which dominates the labor scene, and the subjects covered on labor related articles over the past year. I have an extensive bibliography with notations as to the best and most pertinent articles should you wish to see it. NATIONAL POLITICS: Unions are striving to obtain the voting support of the young (between 18 and 21) and the minority voters, as well as the blue collar, middle aged. Union leadership is at- tempting to control the selection of the Democratic party pre- sidential candidate in an effort to unseat Nixon and nti-labor Congressmen in the 1972 election. UNION POLITICS: Union leadership is generally old, between 55 and 60 years of age, and clings tightly to the status quo and the ideals of unionism as they appeared in the 1930's. No new blood of equal competence appears egar to take on the general cause of unionism as it exists currently. MEMBERSHIP: Membership is declining, +especially in the areas of aero- space, auto, and agricultural equipment manufacturing. In several unions unemployed members are not required to pay dues, although they are still included in the membership rolls. Loss of dues from such members has caused serious financial problems resulting in a cutback of national union staff. Rank and file determination to remain segregated for as long as possible has lead to a very low percentage of minority members, and a very slow admission rate. The average union member is a suburbanite, property holder, and tax payer interested in air pollution and tax relief, not the old line concerns with right to work laws and broadening the picket privileges. Alienation of the worker from his job and the union cuases has resulted in little more than self concern on the part Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx022 INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: DATE: FROM: SUBJECT: of the average member. New members for the national organizations are indicated in the recent unionization of the professionals and public workers. UNION PHILOSOPHY: The younger rank and file members of the unions are concerned with a larger paycheck in the hand, at the expense of long term benefits if necessary. Annual wage increases are assumed to be a right not a benefit, and cost-of-living clauses are deemed a necessity. Fear of unemployment is rare even in the face of a right job market. Similarily, even in periods of recession the economic hardship is absent from striks, thus a strike vote becomes a vote for a vacation from work as well as an incentive for management to meet demands. CONCLUSIONS - Motivation for hard-line bargaining: 1) The paradox of insecure aged leadership without replacements forces leaders to push hard bargains on management for fear of loss of allegiance from the rank and file, and loss of status and power. 2) Competition between unions is fierce, each trying to out bargain the other. 3) Support for union views in the national political scene is more likely to be obtained if leaders are successful in gaining unprecedented increases. 4) New members are also felt to judge the union by its abil- ity to bring management to ever increasing settlements. 5) Plagued by inflation the rank and file is demanding a cost of living escalator which leaders are pushing. 6) Declining profits lead to hard-line positions on the part of management adding: emphasis to the strike claims of unions. 1971 Settlement Expectations: Contracts negotiated in 1970 equaled an increase of 9.1%; up 8.2% from 1969, and 6.5% from 1968. 1971 is expected to follow this trend. United Mine Workers are demanding a 46% increase in the day to day pay plus a doubling of the pension benefits. Federal Mediation & Consultation Service predicts worker pay demands to reach 10-15%. Steelworkers are gunning other industries to match the National Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage increases of $.75 per hour over three years, plus a "novel cost-of-living exscalator" that will add at least $.25 regardless of the pace of inflation. Association of General Con- tractors demand is expected to hit 15-20%. Longshoremen expect 20% increase plus doubling of the pension benefits over a two year contract. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 wit he 2/9 /35 may waq 2/19 - 32/1 - pushfar annual your of 98%- Cremind that (neurs gave frailanions 135% increase fast ys hi joblessness f soft economy nt alterry hard bargaine drives - - leak players by caplax are prodr negatitions consumer prices up 15.1% since May '68 dealing profits hardline employer = Altrong strike laughing Jacy internal pressure from money Eurgery young U looms as crucial test for several union chiefs militants ar political drivals Unity minicks Tory Bayle saes 2 denas cocil ine 1) cruice in day pay by the 50 2) cloubly cemp's pease plan conle then Medicats service prodicted worker demands N py leane ines s 10-15% hopes 71 centlement can hold 8-10% Pize (combark me 90 - an ine 191% up. from 82% in '69; 6.5% aeer 7 gains= fem = are 8.3% Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 consumer prices up 1367 from Aug 2668 "must demands. ) crestorate Cate his excalator o) "very substantial wags will 2) pens plan improvents steekworker qunny after industries to match nail Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage inc > s 75.4 an he over 3 yrs, plus novel" carter ling escalator clause that will add at last 25% cregardless C - pau s infection Dess Gerk Contractors - we voluntary stabilizts plan civil hit 15-20 25% Langsharoner expect(20% plus cloubly - person bene < 2 ye contrast under presure for bigger pay sleeks even at loss r lengthern bines Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 perspective - whets seeks young old, minority rotes political-attenth - control demo 77 candidate membership -closed, anti minority; dropps -boso capital organization - decentralized competetive Leadership cold, who deplarents lack n incent fiberal leader philos - change from cap bene to wight pictate K hi pay cheeks, for nines -no fear of unmmployment economic hardship absent from strikes annual wage increase assumed as right leadership concern ' up pro feety its power f states, therefore pushes busi to avoid by call "a stateman". alienates C ranks fill $ promot self interest - increase > demands new membership inved" in public worker; professional are to 406 insecurity in areas where none exist previously -i.I. college proff. cance - movives or hand line languin - - parador of ensarce all badese up replacents - competition among union faction - never treno s you reffie Ligger pay stenpine s long ferson burs - burgain So athact new member and the (minepung villers in order Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 to control america r pro-otation cansid 7s andi Mixon - inflation reason for accelry exeaster + right to annual increase , fact aisconare over back pose Pack s inconverince, inglact vacation C strike, am abes strike tak a leve 10 itself. Source: :https://www.industrydocuments:ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 aerospoce, acto & agri equipmt layaffe Essay dues Bw Oct3170 young Leadership ~ available unions & barge hr prie yall labor organizer out C - picture BW Deers 70 1966 - MI net lose p 400,000 MH jobs deed to growth s your operations of multinate companies Mar21.70 Landrumphiffin - have befor - 1959 lists accience bare convits from holdy unon aff for at last 5 yrs follows, conviets ak completer s 0 restence nation'n Widick B. author p falor leavy triught failurestanding 3/22/71 "new working class". ,) less concerned about her job a) less will to put cip care dirty uncomfortable worky condited 81 ese will decemet unvery packed functions on mort has 4) Cer culs - conflakor Yo rules arbe amenable to higher authority Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 2 drive to weaker the nat'l Laure Relat's Act clays propas Sept'69 will hampu growth ? activity of Pabar organization labor members current suburbanites, property holder, Kars bayers, interest in air pollution tax creley not ald -line repealog right to work faces, broads spicket facus June 3, 69 way % - attempt do cene confidence & votes s wide ag" blue collar worker for credect c protabar Congressmen - outside party channels BP the most are dence - Aliena s be-mid worker your C demo party 10 - 21/35 send Deats up for grabs held fy protebor - indicates c lovery financial supp for 1972 prs labor candidy Meaning 's Labor Day message "urge -reffile again al they cam at -barqbine table 0 we girlstat policy -anithat labor believe will prone the the is the only recause against Airon's economic Reput. Achilles hell come Nor - co-ording bagaine of the future - unites unions or employers across juris/indast Pines x createarce either Ride - all issues on w bargain at once not accord time Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 z And foundation rept. 0 labor- Mitebell Arisideft. work force projections for 10's higher proports promon between 18 younger better equcated urbax b kgan & di minority component Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1969-February 1970 1221 February 1970 TRADE unions-Continued Dodge rebellion. Ramp Mag 7:12 N 30 '68 Fomented conflict; black community and Review Benefit funds organized labor. L. L. Brown. Nation 208: + Je 9 '69 A. When a pension fund runs out: actuarial 179-81 F goof on rall unlon funds. Bans W p 128 Justice in the building trades; Pittsburgh 0 25 '69 churchmen proposals. America 121:256 o 4'69 rages and bene- Communist activities Minority power through unions. B. J. W1- J. E. Talbot, jr. Reds climbing into unions' beds. il Nations dick. Nation 209:206-8 S 8 '69 Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Narrow victory for blacks; Philadelphia plan. relations. See il Time 95:49-50 Ja 5 '70 view Dues, fees, etc. Philadelphia plan in trouble. U S News 67: label? question Dues collection by court action. U S News 66: 71-2 o 6 '69 My 17 '69 66 Ap 7 '69 Pittsburgh blacks try negotiating. il Bsns W etive bargaining p32-3 S 6 '69 id V. J. Sheffer. Elections Plague on both your houses! black militants .6-26 My '69 Leadership fight looms among miners; elec- vs industry and organized labor. il Bsns imployment bene- tion contest between Joseph Yablonski and W My 24 '69 og f il Mo Labor Showdown on Negro jobs in the building W. A. Boyle for UMW presidency. Bsng trades il U. S News 67:95-7 S 29 '69 W D 122 Je 7 '69 on. B. V. Toth. Shades of John L; presidential battle in the Shultz job plan for blacks hits snags; Phila- UMW. il Newsweek 74:83-4+ D 15 '69 delphía plan. Bsns W p 109 N 15 '69 a, acquisitive. R. Some reflections on organized labor and the 7+ o '69 new militants. P. Henle. bibliog Mo Labor Ethical aspects agreements ex- R 92:20-5 J1 '69 title varies) See See Labor ethics Trade unions grapple with race prejudice. review B. L. Masse. America 120:701 Je 21 '69 lendar for 1969: History UAW rebuffs black extremists; League of nd W. M. Davis. Labor historian views changes in the trade revolutionary black workers. America 120: union movement. P. Taft. Mo Labor R 92: 346 Mr 29 69 nts in manufac- 8-11 S *69 What unions are, and are not doing for J. Kinyon. Mo Labor leader tells it like it was; D. J. blacks; Pittsburgh. il Time 94:88+ S 26 '69 McDonald's account of U.S. union move- are jammed by ment. Bans W p44 Ag 23 '69 Officiais W p63 D 27 '69 Insurance plans Arbitrating the discharge and discipline of ertime and record union officials. W. El. Baer. bibliog Mo La- industry costs. il See Insurance, Industrial bor R 92:39-45 S '69 International aspects In the wake of John L. Lewis. J. Hill. Com- monweal 90:430-1 J1 11 '69 Labor and foreign policy. R. Radosh. Nation Labor' Kirkland moves higher. America lations 209:208-11 S 8 '69 120:639 My 31 '69 N 96:266 S 27 '69 See also - New challenges to union leadership J. :525 International confederation of free trade T. Conway. Mo Labor R 92:56 Ap '69 unions Nixon aides go to labor's summit. il Bans 08 International labor organization W D38-9 Ap 19 '69 unt, Trade Pay padding an issue in mine vote. U S Jurisdictional disputes News 67:102 D 15 '69 AFL-CIO's internal disputes plan. D. L. Cole. Union chief with growing stature. U S News Mo Labor R 92:12-15 S '69 66:19 F 24 '69 - trade journals. IAM wins and fights on: jurisdictiona battle Walter Reuther's gamble; contesting Meany's F 66 begin freelancing: at McDonnell Douglas. Bsns W p90 Ja 18 status quo. J. Hill. Commonweal 90:261-3 My 16 '69 layton. il Writers '69 West coast dockers move toward peace: PMA- Training ILWU wars over packing containers at Teamsters open a labor school to process cal) West coast ports. Bsns W p 142 o 11 '69 their local talent: IBT labor institute. il as Bsns W p61 S 27 '69 c. il Life 67:57-8+ Law See Labor laws and legislation-United Organizing activities imous makers. J. States See Trade unions-Membership drives 50-2+ D '69 Membership l' 23:35 Mr '69 Now a rank-and-file revolt to worry unions Political activities and employers. il U S News 66:93-4 Mr 17 Alienated rank and file. A. Bilik. Nation Libe :30 My 69 '69 T 23:42 S '69 209:527-30 N 17 '69 Trade union growth in a changing economy. langing T 23:34 J1 Cause and the cure; the right to work: L. Troy. bibliog il Mo Labor R 92:3-7 S '69 address, January 31. 1969. P. Fannin. Vital evival of old prod- Typical union member: a profile. U S News Speeches 35:293-5 Mr 1 '69 66:67 Ap 7 '69 N 10 '69 Getting out the vote, Bans W p44 Ag 23 Union disciplinary power upheld; Supreme '69 court decision. U S News 66:85-6 Ap 14 '69 Lahor and politics. J. D. Greenstone. Nation Unions build muscle with new membership marks and trade 209:212-15 S 8 '69 unionism in the 1970s. il Esns W p 130+ D Lahor chafes at Nixon pace. Bsns W p34 6 '69 My 24 '69 Why unionization? excerpts from address. Nixon-Meany: an odd couple. J. Hill. Com- S. Kinville. Parks & Rec 4:28-30 Mr *69 monweal 90:537+ S 5 '69 See also Polities J. Leonard. il Esquire 71:10+ My '69 Trade unions-Negro membership Pro-Wallace workers start to stir. Bans W relations. Bsns W p 124+ o 25 '69 Membership drives Students and workers. P. Booth. Ramp Mag High noon in the hospital; union organiz- 8:19-20 S '69 Mahoning Valley ing campaign for Pittsburgh hospital work- Union lobbying machine. W. Wingo, il Na- Bixler. il Am Ed ers. R. W. Gibbons. Commonweal 91:406-7 tions Bsns 57:52-4+ Ap '69 (to be cont) Ja 9 '70 Unwitting help for the new left. B. L. Masse. TUD builds up its war chest. Bsns W p66 O 4 America 120:210 F 22 '69 '69 agninst Cogar Wrath of grapes: unions want to organize Will unions lose their political grip? Il Nations aff to prevent use all hired farm libor. G. Logsdon. Farm Rsns 57:21-7 Ja '69 ormation. il News- J 93:33-L F '69 Public relations than a patent. V. 0-12+ N '69 Negro membership Prospects and problems. J. Seldin. Nation Backlash builds on black demands il Bsns 209:200-2 S 8 '69 una W p31-2 S 27 '69 ee Trade unions- Black battlecround; Pitteburgh. il Time 94: Union 78 S 5 *69 See also Black Monday and white Friday. il News- Alliance for labor action opagandist: agent week 74:105-7 o 6 '69 unds into overseas Black Mondays are good for us: building- Canada New Repub 160: trades unions. Fortune 80:86 O '69 Canada's unions: no restraint. Bsns W p 126 Black workers in white unions. W. B. Gould. O 25 '69 issues of Monthly Nation 209:203-6 S 8 *69 Confrontation in Pittsburgh: drive to crack Canada's workers. J. Deedy. Commonweal bullding trades unions. C. C. Robb. il Na- 91:34 o 10 '69 tion 209:272-4 S 22'69 Canadian unions selze initiative: drive for Cracking the crafts; Pittaburgh demonstra- ware parity with U.S. workers. Bsns W tions 11 Newsweek 74:34-5 S 8 '69 p 85-1- Ja 18 '69 of free trade unions Crusade against the eraft unions. A. Poinsett. Canadian workers dig in their heels. il Bans il Ebony 25:33-6+ D '69 W p30 Ag 23 '69 Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 1222 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March February 1970 READERS' GUID TRADE unions-Canada--Contintired TRADE waste Year of troubles looms in Canada. il Esns See also TRAFFIC regulat W p72+ Ja 10 '70 Pollution Our crazy, mi See also il Pop Mech 1 Strikes-Canada TRADE waste disposal See also Under the rug; problems of toxic waste dis- Computers- Europe, Western posal in deep injection wells. D. M. Evans Helicopters in t and A. Bradford. bibligg il Environ 11:3- Traffle violation Labor outlook. Bans W p73 N 22 '69 13+ O 69 Union pact against U.S. auto invasion. U S TRAFFIC safety TRADE winds News 67:79 D 22 69 See also Climate and history; excerpts from Discon- Roads-Safety ( France Unuity in Greek civilization. P. Carpenter. Traffic violatio il Horizon 11:48-57 Spr '69 Another French crisis; Rendezvous of March TRAFFIC signals and wage demands. America 120:324 Mr 22 TRADEMARKS. See Trade marks and trade names 69 TRADES. See Occupations Charleston to Franc at the barricades; battle over wage new traffic demands. Bsns W p33 Mr 15 '69 TRADES union congress 84:35 Ap '69 Unions take on British Wildcats. Bsns W Interconnected Germany (Federal Republic) p 134 Je 28 '69 Los Angeles. Youth labor movement; in Deutscher ge- TRADESCANTIA. See Spiderworts New York cit werkschaftsbund. H. Muladore. Nation 209: TRADING. See Barter control, T. 1 105-6 N '69 TRADING stamps Signal system 1 Great Britain Czar of Gold bond stamps: turning to real Riverside Ci British unions win big victory. U S News estate. il Bsns W p 104+ Aur 23 69 148+ o 66:64 Je 30 '69 Soni stamps. Newsweek 73:70 Mr 31 '69 Industrial relations reform in Great Britain. Soul stamps; Black & Brown trading stamp TRAFFIC signs co. il Time 94:74 J1 11 '69 Signs you '11 se N. Robertson and K. L Sams. bibliog l' Mo Labor R 92:35-- Ja C9 Trading stamps vs. cut prices. Consumer Bul Holosigns. E. 52:15 O 69 80-2+ Ag '69 Labor y labor. Time 01:35-6 19 66 Reds climibing into unkons* beds. 11 Nations See also Speed signs ch: Sperry and Hutchinson company Village, a ci Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Bumpass il LA See also TRADITION Symbols for 8 Strikes -Great Britain Father and the fathers. M. M. Shideler. Chr devices. A: Trades union congress Cent 86:1061-4 Ag 13 '69 47:48-51 Ag " Threats to the modern family. A. Mandel- To see If they Italy brum. il Sci Digest 65:57-60 Mr '69 Am City 84:1: Extremists set the pace in Italy. Bans W TRADITIONAL music. See Music Trailblazer led p54++ S 13 '69 TRADITIONS in music. See Music tonio, Tex. J Italy's biz unions settle for victory. il Bana My 69 W p 18-13 D 27 69 TRAFFIC. See Road Traffic What's wrong Italy's unions hit management harder. il TRAFFIC, Airtine. See Airlines--Traffle Toth. Am Ho Bsns W p74+ Mr 1 '69 TRAFFIC accidents TRAFFIC violati Report from_ Rome: drive for radical social Challenge to the churches; National safety Pull over, Bud change. W. Wynn. 11 Fortune 81:61+ Ja council and slaughter on highways. Amer- Cambridge. I 70 ica 120:320 Mr 22 '69 J1 '69 Latin America Fallacy of the untrained driver. G. Driessen. TRAGEDY Unions urgea to increase skilled labor in Ed Digest 35:43-5.0 '69 Tragedy and D Latin America. G. Plaza. Américas 21:44 Frenzy of the freeways; excerpts from Take Review '69 an alternate route. P. Pierce. il Read Digest Commonwed Scandinavia 94:205-6+ Ap '69 roth How the Scandinavians do it. il Time 94: Highway as & killer. 11 Life 66:24D-35 My 30 102 D 5 '69 69 TRAGIC theme. TRAHAN, Mariar Turkey In defense of the automobile. L Levine. 11 Motor T 21:48-51 Ap '69 (eds) Adult br Factions of the Turkish labor movement dif- Pictures without words. il Read Digest 95:135- Library J I rer over political role. B. H. Millen. bib- 41 Jl 69 2126-30. 2512- liog Mc Labor R 92:31-5 Je '69 Piaying at safety. A. H. Sypher. Nations My 15. Je 15 Bsns 67:27-8 Je '69 TRAHEY, Jane United States Proof: sufety does pay; slow moving vehicle These drinks a Collective bargaining, by M. S. Rukeyser. emblems on farm machinery traveling pub- 200 D'69 Review lic roads Suc Farm 67:94 Mr '69 Those deadly one-car crashes. il Changing T TRAIL bikes. See Nat R 21:291 Mr 25 '69. W. F. Ricken- backer 23:31- Ag '69 TRAIL riders of 1 Developments in industrial relations. See Traffic safety's mystery man; the pedestrian. Tarzan of the issues of Monthly labor review B. Ford. Sci Digest 66:64-8 : D '69 34-5+ Ap '69 Employee rights and union democracy; ex- What to do after an accident. D. Green. il TRAILER brakes. cerpt from Individual employee rights and Mech Illus 65:61-3+ Ag '69 See also TRAILER camp union democracy. B. Aaron. Mo Labor R 92: 50-2 Mr 69 Automobile driving camps Drinking and traffic accidents TRAILERS GE bind tightens. Bsns W p48 S 6 '69 Insurance, Automobile Soe also Labor in a year of expansion. B. V. Toth. Traffic violations Automobile trat 204000 Mo Labor R 92:11-19 Ja 69 Labor movement today: symposium. Na- Cases TRAILS tion 209:199-224- S 8 '69 Across the Bitt. Labor 1970: angry, aggressive, acquisitive. R. In case of crash, who is at fault? E. D. by snownobi Armstrong. il Fortune 80:94-7-+ o '69 Fales, jr. Read Digest 94:124-6 Mr '69 130:114-17+ 1 Next decade for Tabor: Tace lifting and some See also Along the Sou new wrinkles. il Nations Esns 57:44-6 N '69 Kennedy, E. M.-Accident, July 1969 the hiking, t Prospects for white-coller unionism: excerpt TRAFFIC control, Airway. See Air traffic set 143:44-6 ( from address, September 1968. HI. M. Douty control Finger Lakes 1 bibliog f il Mo Labor R 92:31-4 Ja '69 TRAFFIC engineering Over the weeh SDS finds invasion of industry tougher than First TOPICS project eases a. bottleneck; trail buitt il colleze campuses TT S News 66:84-6 le 23 '69 Traffic operations program to increase ca- Sampling the Strangling picket line; labor's double stan- pacity and safety; Dover, N.H. il Am City 143:24-L N '69 dard: address, October 30, 1969. J. L. Jones. 81:16 My '69 South Carolina Vital Speeches 36:136-9 D 15 69 Race for (automobile) space; adaptation of Truluck. il Tr. Trying to earu enough; new wage-and-bene- address, April 17, 1969. E. Corning, 2d. Bul Touch and aee: fit settlements. il, Time 94:72 3111 '69 Atom Sci 25:15-16 D '69 arboretum W Untouchable conglomerate; labor-union mo- Urban transportation tomorrow. J. A. Volpe. il Parks & R nopolies. D. Lawrence. U S News 66:108 Ap il Am City 84:59-62 N '69 Trails across A 14 '69 When traffic jams stall the Nation: forecast G. Nelson. il : Word from the unions: a tough line for '70. for the 1970s. il Bsns W P 186-7+ D 6'69 Wildlife along News 67:75-8 O 13 '69 TRAFFIC lights. See Traffic signals H. Harrison. See also TRAFFIC markings See also Police unions All-weather pavement marker developed. il Strikes- United States Appalachian trs Am City 84:134 Mr 69 United States-Labor policy National parks Fast-dry traffic lines Texas-style. il Am City also names of unions, e.g. United mine Greson Trail 84:108 D 'C9 Santa Fe Trail workers of America Plastic lines save lives. il Am City 84:138 Je '69 TRAIN. Russell E Vietnam (Republic) Man with the Taped lines keep airport traffic moving; F 7 66 Freedom force in Vietnam; CVT. America Washington national airport. C. R. Melugin. 120:721 Je 28 '69 jr. il Am City 84:146 F '69 TRAIN robberle. saults Source: https:/lwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.eduldocs/ssvx227 Business school 753-1964 3551 753-2410 Ann $5,000 claim trends. Reft Tayt.,P. - 92:8-11 5.69 like it was; DD McDwalds AFPL/CP internal disputes plan DL. Cole allet p-ys union mevien't Buswhip HAG 23.69 Mohander 92:12-15 56 Agena a rank fire DU Am Lahar a 20 cent. Maxin 210:441 Ap 13. '70 DU Naxion 210:428-804 13. 70 K.DU - - BUSWR p56 Mar 21,70 K.DU - Labormount invert slart moor AH Reshia HarraBas Rev 88: 108-18 9.20 Union prospects proyer for w 40's hib. M.Lab Res 93:36-9 Mar 70 Change atti P. U.S. tabar unions -world Crade are has Rex 93:51-4 My'70 Integrate drive fails overcome it Buslop Labork am community D.C.Bok Bush p10 Cp 11.170 DU Troubled times for unions? U.S. Dens lag 80-100g 17'70 19170 DU Ally cenions fear mmlth nationals Buswk 94-5 Dec) Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Unions aim for u been collar rote Busw p48 A.5.70 Union power - new inflats Burek Frantune 83:649 two 171 Demank for union lervices t exercill Labar Rel wsq 24: 180- 90 Jaill Prepary for year of Hanny tapor Claeks seea immorable objects. , 3/19-323 AFL/C10 chapter map dough ceronomic Eg. structery for it 2/9 -15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Ryfali Rosi Funn - Virginia Ven Surg - - Didi Pancake - - Saundra Smith - Marge Braward - Kay Collins Laboricearly bid far 1972 rates - Busw p25 Mr6'71 Labar's new style Widick Nation 212: 358-60 Mr 22, 21 BPI Gap bet anios Leaders ment wider7. Adal 165: 37 Oct 6, '69 Lib - Getting farau - dalk Yough Busww pk Feb 21,70 RiG Trade union prospect - COMT decade Pettour Gabor have Pe 21.131-58 Mar. 90 slumptus union coffers Buswak to 18 70 p.29 for conscious uniontem -shadow or extentance 921 607-12 5.100 - Cabar starts 1 mind its 17-18 0.31'70 *- renious Las Gaughe S 170. 10. Why labor can't finais younger leaders Lib Bus Wh p78 03:90 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227

Which Corporation is mentioned on the letterhead?

ssvx0227

ssvx0227_p0, ssvx0227_p1, ssvx0227_p2, ssvx0227_p3, ssvx0227_p4, ssvx0227_p5, ssvx0227_p6, ssvx0227_p7, ssvx0227_p8, ssvx0227_p9, ssvx0227_p10, ssvx0227_p11, ssvx0227_p12, ssvx0227_p13

greatwestern united corporation, GreatWestern United, GreatWestern United Corporation

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Blake McFeely DATE: 7/6/71 FROM: Barb MacDonald SUBJECT: Overview - Labor 1971 Blake: Per your request the following is a brief description of labor as it is characterized in recent literature. The following information is presented in the briefiest form possible and may be a bit unclear. If so please call and I will elaborate for you. The subject captions are intended to relate the current union opinion or status in each area. The conclusions attempt to set forth the re- lationship between the current hard-line bargaining which dominates the labor scene, and the subjects covered on labor related articles over the past year. I have an extensive bibliography with notations as to the best and most pertinent articles should you wish to see it. NATIONAL POLITICS: Unions are striving to obtain the voting support of the young (between 18 and 21) and the minority voters, as well as the blue collar, middle aged. Union leadership is at- tempting to control the selection of the Democratic party pre- sidential candidate in an effort to unseat Nixon and nti-labor Congressmen in the 1972 election. UNION POLITICS: Union leadership is generally old, between 55 and 60 years of age, and clings tightly to the status quo and the ideals of unionism as they appeared in the 1930's. No new blood of equal competence appears egar to take on the general cause of unionism as it exists currently. MEMBERSHIP: Membership is declining, +especially in the areas of aero- space, auto, and agricultural equipment manufacturing. In several unions unemployed members are not required to pay dues, although they are still included in the membership rolls. Loss of dues from such members has caused serious financial problems resulting in a cutback of national union staff. Rank and file determination to remain segregated for as long as possible has lead to a very low percentage of minority members, and a very slow admission rate. The average union member is a suburbanite, property holder, and tax payer interested in air pollution and tax relief, not the old line concerns with right to work laws and broadening the picket privileges. Alienation of the worker from his job and the union cuases has resulted in little more than self concern on the part Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx022 INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: DATE: FROM: SUBJECT: of the average member. New members for the national organizations are indicated in the recent unionization of the professionals and public workers. UNION PHILOSOPHY: The younger rank and file members of the unions are concerned with a larger paycheck in the hand, at the expense of long term benefits if necessary. Annual wage increases are assumed to be a right not a benefit, and cost-of-living clauses are deemed a necessity. Fear of unemployment is rare even in the face of a right job market. Similarily, even in periods of recession the economic hardship is absent from striks, thus a strike vote becomes a vote for a vacation from work as well as an incentive for management to meet demands. CONCLUSIONS - Motivation for hard-line bargaining: 1) The paradox of insecure aged leadership without replacements forces leaders to push hard bargains on management for fear of loss of allegiance from the rank and file, and loss of status and power. 2) Competition between unions is fierce, each trying to out bargain the other. 3) Support for union views in the national political scene is more likely to be obtained if leaders are successful in gaining unprecedented increases. 4) New members are also felt to judge the union by its abil- ity to bring management to ever increasing settlements. 5) Plagued by inflation the rank and file is demanding a cost of living escalator which leaders are pushing. 6) Declining profits lead to hard-line positions on the part of management adding: emphasis to the strike claims of unions. 1971 Settlement Expectations: Contracts negotiated in 1970 equaled an increase of 9.1%; up 8.2% from 1969, and 6.5% from 1968. 1971 is expected to follow this trend. United Mine Workers are demanding a 46% increase in the day to day pay plus a doubling of the pension benefits. Federal Mediation & Consultation Service predicts worker pay demands to reach 10-15%. Steelworkers are gunning other industries to match the National Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage increases of $.75 per hour over three years, plus a "novel cost-of-living exscalator" that will add at least $.25 regardless of the pace of inflation. Association of General Con- tractors demand is expected to hit 15-20%. Longshoremen expect 20% increase plus doubling of the pension benefits over a two year contract. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 wit he 2/9 /35 may waq 2/19 - 32/1 - pushfar annual your of 98%- Cremind that (neurs gave frailanions 135% increase fast ys hi joblessness f soft economy nt alterry hard bargaine drives - - leak players by caplax are prodr negatitions consumer prices up 15.1% since May '68 dealing profits hardline employer = Altrong strike laughing Jacy internal pressure from money Eurgery young U looms as crucial test for several union chiefs militants ar political drivals Unity minicks Tory Bayle saes 2 denas cocil ine 1) cruice in day pay by the 50 2) cloubly cemp's pease plan conle then Medicats service prodicted worker demands N py leane ines s 10-15% hopes 71 centlement can hold 8-10% Pize (combark me 90 - an ine 191% up. from 82% in '69; 6.5% aeer 7 gains= fem = are 8.3% Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 consumer prices up 1367 from Aug 2668 "must demands. ) crestorate Cate his excalator o) "very substantial wags will 2) pens plan improvents steekworker qunny after industries to match nail Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage inc > s 75.4 an he over 3 yrs, plus novel" carter ling escalator clause that will add at last 25% cregardless C - pau s infection Dess Gerk Contractors - we voluntary stabilizts plan civil hit 15-20 25% Langsharoner expect(20% plus cloubly - person bene < 2 ye contrast under presure for bigger pay sleeks even at loss r lengthern bines Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 perspective - whets seeks young old, minority rotes political-attenth - control demo 77 candidate membership -closed, anti minority; dropps -boso capital organization - decentralized competetive Leadership cold, who deplarents lack n incent fiberal leader philos - change from cap bene to wight pictate K hi pay cheeks, for nines -no fear of unmmployment economic hardship absent from strikes annual wage increase assumed as right leadership concern ' up pro feety its power f states, therefore pushes busi to avoid by call "a stateman". alienates C ranks fill $ promot self interest - increase > demands new membership inved" in public worker; professional are to 406 insecurity in areas where none exist previously -i.I. college proff. cance - movives or hand line languin - - parador of ensarce all badese up replacents - competition among union faction - never treno s you reffie Ligger pay stenpine s long ferson burs - burgain So athact new member and the (minepung villers in order Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 to control america r pro-otation cansid 7s andi Mixon - inflation reason for accelry exeaster + right to annual increase , fact aisconare over back pose Pack s inconverince, inglact vacation C strike, am abes strike tak a leve 10 itself. Source: :https://www.industrydocuments:ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 aerospoce, acto & agri equipmt layaffe Essay dues Bw Oct3170 young Leadership ~ available unions & barge hr prie yall labor organizer out C - picture BW Deers 70 1966 - MI net lose p 400,000 MH jobs deed to growth s your operations of multinate companies Mar21.70 Landrumphiffin - have befor - 1959 lists accience bare convits from holdy unon aff for at last 5 yrs follows, conviets ak completer s 0 restence nation'n Widick B. author p falor leavy triught failurestanding 3/22/71 "new working class". ,) less concerned about her job a) less will to put cip care dirty uncomfortable worky condited 81 ese will decemet unvery packed functions on mort has 4) Cer culs - conflakor Yo rules arbe amenable to higher authority Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 2 drive to weaker the nat'l Laure Relat's Act clays propas Sept'69 will hampu growth ? activity of Pabar organization labor members current suburbanites, property holder, Kars bayers, interest in air pollution tax creley not ald -line repealog right to work faces, broads spicket facus June 3, 69 way % - attempt do cene confidence & votes s wide ag" blue collar worker for credect c protabar Congressmen - outside party channels BP the most are dence - Aliena s be-mid worker your C demo party 10 - 21/35 send Deats up for grabs held fy protebor - indicates c lovery financial supp for 1972 prs labor candidy Meaning 's Labor Day message "urge -reffile again al they cam at -barqbine table 0 we girlstat policy -anithat labor believe will prone the the is the only recause against Airon's economic Reput. Achilles hell come Nor - co-ording bagaine of the future - unites unions or employers across juris/indast Pines x createarce either Ride - all issues on w bargain at once not accord time Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 z And foundation rept. 0 labor- Mitebell Arisideft. work force projections for 10's higher proports promon between 18 younger better equcated urbax b kgan & di minority component Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1969-February 1970 1221 February 1970 TRADE unions-Continued Dodge rebellion. Ramp Mag 7:12 N 30 '68 Fomented conflict; black community and Review Benefit funds organized labor. L. L. Brown. Nation 208: + Je 9 '69 A. When a pension fund runs out: actuarial 179-81 F goof on rall unlon funds. Bans W p 128 Justice in the building trades; Pittsburgh 0 25 '69 churchmen proposals. America 121:256 o 4'69 rages and bene- Communist activities Minority power through unions. B. J. W1- J. E. Talbot, jr. Reds climbing into unions' beds. il Nations dick. Nation 209:206-8 S 8 '69 Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Narrow victory for blacks; Philadelphia plan. relations. See il Time 95:49-50 Ja 5 '70 view Dues, fees, etc. Philadelphia plan in trouble. U S News 67: label? question Dues collection by court action. U S News 66: 71-2 o 6 '69 My 17 '69 66 Ap 7 '69 Pittsburgh blacks try negotiating. il Bsns W etive bargaining p32-3 S 6 '69 id V. J. Sheffer. Elections Plague on both your houses! black militants .6-26 My '69 Leadership fight looms among miners; elec- vs industry and organized labor. il Bsns imployment bene- tion contest between Joseph Yablonski and W My 24 '69 og f il Mo Labor Showdown on Negro jobs in the building W. A. Boyle for UMW presidency. Bsng trades il U. S News 67:95-7 S 29 '69 W D 122 Je 7 '69 on. B. V. Toth. Shades of John L; presidential battle in the Shultz job plan for blacks hits snags; Phila- UMW. il Newsweek 74:83-4+ D 15 '69 delphía plan. Bsns W p 109 N 15 '69 a, acquisitive. R. Some reflections on organized labor and the 7+ o '69 new militants. P. Henle. bibliog Mo Labor Ethical aspects agreements ex- R 92:20-5 J1 '69 title varies) See See Labor ethics Trade unions grapple with race prejudice. review B. L. Masse. America 120:701 Je 21 '69 lendar for 1969: History UAW rebuffs black extremists; League of nd W. M. Davis. Labor historian views changes in the trade revolutionary black workers. America 120: union movement. P. Taft. Mo Labor R 92: 346 Mr 29 69 nts in manufac- 8-11 S *69 What unions are, and are not doing for J. Kinyon. Mo Labor leader tells it like it was; D. J. blacks; Pittsburgh. il Time 94:88+ S 26 '69 McDonald's account of U.S. union move- are jammed by ment. Bans W p44 Ag 23 '69 Officiais W p63 D 27 '69 Insurance plans Arbitrating the discharge and discipline of ertime and record union officials. W. El. Baer. bibliog Mo La- industry costs. il See Insurance, Industrial bor R 92:39-45 S '69 International aspects In the wake of John L. Lewis. J. Hill. Com- monweal 90:430-1 J1 11 '69 Labor and foreign policy. R. Radosh. Nation Labor' Kirkland moves higher. America lations 209:208-11 S 8 '69 120:639 My 31 '69 N 96:266 S 27 '69 See also - New challenges to union leadership J. :525 International confederation of free trade T. Conway. Mo Labor R 92:56 Ap '69 unions Nixon aides go to labor's summit. il Bans 08 International labor organization W D38-9 Ap 19 '69 unt, Trade Pay padding an issue in mine vote. U S Jurisdictional disputes News 67:102 D 15 '69 AFL-CIO's internal disputes plan. D. L. Cole. Union chief with growing stature. U S News Mo Labor R 92:12-15 S '69 66:19 F 24 '69 - trade journals. IAM wins and fights on: jurisdictiona battle Walter Reuther's gamble; contesting Meany's F 66 begin freelancing: at McDonnell Douglas. Bsns W p90 Ja 18 status quo. J. Hill. Commonweal 90:261-3 My 16 '69 layton. il Writers '69 West coast dockers move toward peace: PMA- Training ILWU wars over packing containers at Teamsters open a labor school to process cal) West coast ports. Bsns W p 142 o 11 '69 their local talent: IBT labor institute. il as Bsns W p61 S 27 '69 c. il Life 67:57-8+ Law See Labor laws and legislation-United Organizing activities imous makers. J. States See Trade unions-Membership drives 50-2+ D '69 Membership l' 23:35 Mr '69 Now a rank-and-file revolt to worry unions Political activities and employers. il U S News 66:93-4 Mr 17 Alienated rank and file. A. Bilik. Nation Libe :30 My 69 '69 T 23:42 S '69 209:527-30 N 17 '69 Trade union growth in a changing economy. langing T 23:34 J1 Cause and the cure; the right to work: L. Troy. bibliog il Mo Labor R 92:3-7 S '69 address, January 31. 1969. P. Fannin. Vital evival of old prod- Typical union member: a profile. U S News Speeches 35:293-5 Mr 1 '69 66:67 Ap 7 '69 N 10 '69 Getting out the vote, Bans W p44 Ag 23 Union disciplinary power upheld; Supreme '69 court decision. U S News 66:85-6 Ap 14 '69 Lahor and politics. J. D. Greenstone. Nation Unions build muscle with new membership marks and trade 209:212-15 S 8 '69 unionism in the 1970s. il Esns W p 130+ D Lahor chafes at Nixon pace. Bsns W p34 6 '69 My 24 '69 Why unionization? excerpts from address. Nixon-Meany: an odd couple. J. Hill. Com- S. Kinville. Parks & Rec 4:28-30 Mr *69 monweal 90:537+ S 5 '69 See also Polities J. Leonard. il Esquire 71:10+ My '69 Trade unions-Negro membership Pro-Wallace workers start to stir. Bans W relations. Bsns W p 124+ o 25 '69 Membership drives Students and workers. P. Booth. Ramp Mag High noon in the hospital; union organiz- 8:19-20 S '69 Mahoning Valley ing campaign for Pittsburgh hospital work- Union lobbying machine. W. Wingo, il Na- Bixler. il Am Ed ers. R. W. Gibbons. Commonweal 91:406-7 tions Bsns 57:52-4+ Ap '69 (to be cont) Ja 9 '70 Unwitting help for the new left. B. L. Masse. TUD builds up its war chest. Bsns W p66 O 4 America 120:210 F 22 '69 '69 agninst Cogar Wrath of grapes: unions want to organize Will unions lose their political grip? Il Nations aff to prevent use all hired farm libor. G. Logsdon. Farm Rsns 57:21-7 Ja '69 ormation. il News- J 93:33-L F '69 Public relations than a patent. V. 0-12+ N '69 Negro membership Prospects and problems. J. Seldin. Nation Backlash builds on black demands il Bsns 209:200-2 S 8 '69 una W p31-2 S 27 '69 ee Trade unions- Black battlecround; Pitteburgh. il Time 94: Union 78 S 5 *69 See also Black Monday and white Friday. il News- Alliance for labor action opagandist: agent week 74:105-7 o 6 '69 unds into overseas Black Mondays are good for us: building- Canada New Repub 160: trades unions. Fortune 80:86 O '69 Canada's unions: no restraint. Bsns W p 126 Black workers in white unions. W. B. Gould. O 25 '69 issues of Monthly Nation 209:203-6 S 8 *69 Confrontation in Pittsburgh: drive to crack Canada's workers. J. Deedy. Commonweal bullding trades unions. C. C. Robb. il Na- 91:34 o 10 '69 tion 209:272-4 S 22'69 Canadian unions selze initiative: drive for Cracking the crafts; Pittaburgh demonstra- ware parity with U.S. workers. Bsns W tions 11 Newsweek 74:34-5 S 8 '69 p 85-1- Ja 18 '69 of free trade unions Crusade against the eraft unions. A. Poinsett. Canadian workers dig in their heels. il Bans il Ebony 25:33-6+ D '69 W p30 Ag 23 '69 Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 1222 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March February 1970 READERS' GUID TRADE unions-Canada--Contintired TRADE waste Year of troubles looms in Canada. il Esns See also TRAFFIC regulat W p72+ Ja 10 '70 Pollution Our crazy, mi See also il Pop Mech 1 Strikes-Canada TRADE waste disposal See also Under the rug; problems of toxic waste dis- Computers- Europe, Western posal in deep injection wells. D. M. Evans Helicopters in t and A. Bradford. bibligg il Environ 11:3- Traffle violation Labor outlook. Bans W p73 N 22 '69 13+ O 69 Union pact against U.S. auto invasion. U S TRAFFIC safety TRADE winds News 67:79 D 22 69 See also Climate and history; excerpts from Discon- Roads-Safety ( France Unuity in Greek civilization. P. Carpenter. Traffic violatio il Horizon 11:48-57 Spr '69 Another French crisis; Rendezvous of March TRAFFIC signals and wage demands. America 120:324 Mr 22 TRADEMARKS. See Trade marks and trade names 69 TRADES. See Occupations Charleston to Franc at the barricades; battle over wage new traffic demands. Bsns W p33 Mr 15 '69 TRADES union congress 84:35 Ap '69 Unions take on British Wildcats. Bsns W Interconnected Germany (Federal Republic) p 134 Je 28 '69 Los Angeles. Youth labor movement; in Deutscher ge- TRADESCANTIA. See Spiderworts New York cit werkschaftsbund. H. Muladore. Nation 209: TRADING. See Barter control, T. 1 105-6 N '69 TRADING stamps Signal system 1 Great Britain Czar of Gold bond stamps: turning to real Riverside Ci British unions win big victory. U S News estate. il Bsns W p 104+ Aur 23 69 148+ o 66:64 Je 30 '69 Soni stamps. Newsweek 73:70 Mr 31 '69 Industrial relations reform in Great Britain. Soul stamps; Black & Brown trading stamp TRAFFIC signs co. il Time 94:74 J1 11 '69 Signs you '11 se N. Robertson and K. L Sams. bibliog l' Mo Labor R 92:35-- Ja C9 Trading stamps vs. cut prices. Consumer Bul Holosigns. E. 52:15 O 69 80-2+ Ag '69 Labor y labor. Time 01:35-6 19 66 Reds climibing into unkons* beds. 11 Nations See also Speed signs ch: Sperry and Hutchinson company Village, a ci Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Bumpass il LA See also TRADITION Symbols for 8 Strikes -Great Britain Father and the fathers. M. M. Shideler. Chr devices. A: Trades union congress Cent 86:1061-4 Ag 13 '69 47:48-51 Ag " Threats to the modern family. A. Mandel- To see If they Italy brum. il Sci Digest 65:57-60 Mr '69 Am City 84:1: Extremists set the pace in Italy. Bans W TRADITIONAL music. See Music Trailblazer led p54++ S 13 '69 TRADITIONS in music. See Music tonio, Tex. J Italy's biz unions settle for victory. il Bana My 69 W p 18-13 D 27 69 TRAFFIC. See Road Traffic What's wrong Italy's unions hit management harder. il TRAFFIC, Airtine. See Airlines--Traffle Toth. Am Ho Bsns W p74+ Mr 1 '69 TRAFFIC accidents TRAFFIC violati Report from_ Rome: drive for radical social Challenge to the churches; National safety Pull over, Bud change. W. Wynn. 11 Fortune 81:61+ Ja council and slaughter on highways. Amer- Cambridge. I 70 ica 120:320 Mr 22 '69 J1 '69 Latin America Fallacy of the untrained driver. G. Driessen. TRAGEDY Unions urgea to increase skilled labor in Ed Digest 35:43-5.0 '69 Tragedy and D Latin America. G. Plaza. Américas 21:44 Frenzy of the freeways; excerpts from Take Review '69 an alternate route. P. Pierce. il Read Digest Commonwed Scandinavia 94:205-6+ Ap '69 roth How the Scandinavians do it. il Time 94: Highway as & killer. 11 Life 66:24D-35 My 30 102 D 5 '69 69 TRAGIC theme. TRAHAN, Mariar Turkey In defense of the automobile. L Levine. 11 Motor T 21:48-51 Ap '69 (eds) Adult br Factions of the Turkish labor movement dif- Pictures without words. il Read Digest 95:135- Library J I rer over political role. B. H. Millen. bib- 41 Jl 69 2126-30. 2512- liog Mc Labor R 92:31-5 Je '69 Piaying at safety. A. H. Sypher. Nations My 15. Je 15 Bsns 67:27-8 Je '69 TRAHEY, Jane United States Proof: sufety does pay; slow moving vehicle These drinks a Collective bargaining, by M. S. Rukeyser. emblems on farm machinery traveling pub- 200 D'69 Review lic roads Suc Farm 67:94 Mr '69 Those deadly one-car crashes. il Changing T TRAIL bikes. See Nat R 21:291 Mr 25 '69. W. F. Ricken- backer 23:31- Ag '69 TRAIL riders of 1 Developments in industrial relations. See Traffic safety's mystery man; the pedestrian. Tarzan of the issues of Monthly labor review B. Ford. Sci Digest 66:64-8 : D '69 34-5+ Ap '69 Employee rights and union democracy; ex- What to do after an accident. D. Green. il TRAILER brakes. cerpt from Individual employee rights and Mech Illus 65:61-3+ Ag '69 See also TRAILER camp union democracy. B. Aaron. Mo Labor R 92: 50-2 Mr 69 Automobile driving camps Drinking and traffic accidents TRAILERS GE bind tightens. Bsns W p48 S 6 '69 Insurance, Automobile Soe also Labor in a year of expansion. B. V. Toth. Traffic violations Automobile trat 204000 Mo Labor R 92:11-19 Ja 69 Labor movement today: symposium. Na- Cases TRAILS tion 209:199-224- S 8 '69 Across the Bitt. Labor 1970: angry, aggressive, acquisitive. R. In case of crash, who is at fault? E. D. by snownobi Armstrong. il Fortune 80:94-7-+ o '69 Fales, jr. Read Digest 94:124-6 Mr '69 130:114-17+ 1 Next decade for Tabor: Tace lifting and some See also Along the Sou new wrinkles. il Nations Esns 57:44-6 N '69 Kennedy, E. M.-Accident, July 1969 the hiking, t Prospects for white-coller unionism: excerpt TRAFFIC control, Airway. See Air traffic set 143:44-6 ( from address, September 1968. HI. M. Douty control Finger Lakes 1 bibliog f il Mo Labor R 92:31-4 Ja '69 TRAFFIC engineering Over the weeh SDS finds invasion of industry tougher than First TOPICS project eases a. bottleneck; trail buitt il colleze campuses TT S News 66:84-6 le 23 '69 Traffic operations program to increase ca- Sampling the Strangling picket line; labor's double stan- pacity and safety; Dover, N.H. il Am City 143:24-L N '69 dard: address, October 30, 1969. J. L. Jones. 81:16 My '69 South Carolina Vital Speeches 36:136-9 D 15 69 Race for (automobile) space; adaptation of Truluck. il Tr. Trying to earu enough; new wage-and-bene- address, April 17, 1969. E. Corning, 2d. Bul Touch and aee: fit settlements. il, Time 94:72 3111 '69 Atom Sci 25:15-16 D '69 arboretum W Untouchable conglomerate; labor-union mo- Urban transportation tomorrow. J. A. Volpe. il Parks & R nopolies. D. Lawrence. U S News 66:108 Ap il Am City 84:59-62 N '69 Trails across A 14 '69 When traffic jams stall the Nation: forecast G. Nelson. il : Word from the unions: a tough line for '70. for the 1970s. il Bsns W P 186-7+ D 6'69 Wildlife along News 67:75-8 O 13 '69 TRAFFIC lights. See Traffic signals H. Harrison. See also TRAFFIC markings See also Police unions All-weather pavement marker developed. il Strikes- United States Appalachian trs Am City 84:134 Mr 69 United States-Labor policy National parks Fast-dry traffic lines Texas-style. il Am City also names of unions, e.g. United mine Greson Trail 84:108 D 'C9 Santa Fe Trail workers of America Plastic lines save lives. il Am City 84:138 Je '69 TRAIN. Russell E Vietnam (Republic) Man with the Taped lines keep airport traffic moving; F 7 66 Freedom force in Vietnam; CVT. America Washington national airport. C. R. Melugin. 120:721 Je 28 '69 jr. il Am City 84:146 F '69 TRAIN robberle. saults Source: https:/lwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.eduldocs/ssvx227 Business school 753-1964 3551 753-2410 Ann $5,000 claim trends. Reft Tayt.,P. - 92:8-11 5.69 like it was; DD McDwalds AFPL/CP internal disputes plan DL. Cole allet p-ys union mevien't Buswhip HAG 23.69 Mohander 92:12-15 56 Agena a rank fire DU Am Lahar a 20 cent. Maxin 210:441 Ap 13. '70 DU Naxion 210:428-804 13. 70 K.DU - - BUSWR p56 Mar 21,70 K.DU - Labormount invert slart moor AH Reshia HarraBas Rev 88: 108-18 9.20 Union prospects proyer for w 40's hib. M.Lab Res 93:36-9 Mar 70 Change atti P. U.S. tabar unions -world Crade are has Rex 93:51-4 My'70 Integrate drive fails overcome it Buslop Labork am community D.C.Bok Bush p10 Cp 11.170 DU Troubled times for unions? U.S. Dens lag 80-100g 17'70 19170 DU Ally cenions fear mmlth nationals Buswk 94-5 Dec) Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Unions aim for u been collar rote Busw p48 A.5.70 Union power - new inflats Burek Frantune 83:649 two 171 Demank for union lervices t exercill Labar Rel wsq 24: 180- 90 Jaill Prepary for year of Hanny tapor Claeks seea immorable objects. , 3/19-323 AFL/C10 chapter map dough ceronomic Eg. structery for it 2/9 -15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Ryfali Rosi Funn - Virginia Ven Surg - - Didi Pancake - - Saundra Smith - Marge Braward - Kay Collins Laboricearly bid far 1972 rates - Busw p25 Mr6'71 Labar's new style Widick Nation 212: 358-60 Mr 22, 21 BPI Gap bet anios Leaders ment wider7. Adal 165: 37 Oct 6, '69 Lib - Getting farau - dalk Yough Busww pk Feb 21,70 RiG Trade union prospect - COMT decade Pettour Gabor have Pe 21.131-58 Mar. 90 slumptus union coffers Buswak to 18 70 p.29 for conscious uniontem -shadow or extentance 921 607-12 5.100 - Cabar starts 1 mind its 17-18 0.31'70 *- renious Las Gaughe S 170. 10. Why labor can't finais younger leaders Lib Bus Wh p78 03:90 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227

What is the subject mentioned in the memorandum?

ssvx0227

ssvx0227_p0, ssvx0227_p1, ssvx0227_p2, ssvx0227_p3, ssvx0227_p4, ssvx0227_p5, ssvx0227_p6, ssvx0227_p7, ssvx0227_p8, ssvx0227_p9, ssvx0227_p10, ssvx0227_p11, ssvx0227_p12, ssvx0227_p13

Overview - Labor 1971, overview - labor 1971

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Blake McFeely DATE: 7/6/71 FROM: Barb MacDonald SUBJECT: Overview - Labor 1971 Blake: Per your request the following is a brief description of labor as it is characterized in recent literature. The following information is presented in the briefiest form possible and may be a bit unclear. If so please call and I will elaborate for you. The subject captions are intended to relate the current union opinion or status in each area. The conclusions attempt to set forth the re- lationship between the current hard-line bargaining which dominates the labor scene, and the subjects covered on labor related articles over the past year. I have an extensive bibliography with notations as to the best and most pertinent articles should you wish to see it. NATIONAL POLITICS: Unions are striving to obtain the voting support of the young (between 18 and 21) and the minority voters, as well as the blue collar, middle aged. Union leadership is at- tempting to control the selection of the Democratic party pre- sidential candidate in an effort to unseat Nixon and nti-labor Congressmen in the 1972 election. UNION POLITICS: Union leadership is generally old, between 55 and 60 years of age, and clings tightly to the status quo and the ideals of unionism as they appeared in the 1930's. No new blood of equal competence appears egar to take on the general cause of unionism as it exists currently. MEMBERSHIP: Membership is declining, +especially in the areas of aero- space, auto, and agricultural equipment manufacturing. In several unions unemployed members are not required to pay dues, although they are still included in the membership rolls. Loss of dues from such members has caused serious financial problems resulting in a cutback of national union staff. Rank and file determination to remain segregated for as long as possible has lead to a very low percentage of minority members, and a very slow admission rate. The average union member is a suburbanite, property holder, and tax payer interested in air pollution and tax relief, not the old line concerns with right to work laws and broadening the picket privileges. Alienation of the worker from his job and the union cuases has resulted in little more than self concern on the part Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx022 INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: DATE: FROM: SUBJECT: of the average member. New members for the national organizations are indicated in the recent unionization of the professionals and public workers. UNION PHILOSOPHY: The younger rank and file members of the unions are concerned with a larger paycheck in the hand, at the expense of long term benefits if necessary. Annual wage increases are assumed to be a right not a benefit, and cost-of-living clauses are deemed a necessity. Fear of unemployment is rare even in the face of a right job market. Similarily, even in periods of recession the economic hardship is absent from striks, thus a strike vote becomes a vote for a vacation from work as well as an incentive for management to meet demands. CONCLUSIONS - Motivation for hard-line bargaining: 1) The paradox of insecure aged leadership without replacements forces leaders to push hard bargains on management for fear of loss of allegiance from the rank and file, and loss of status and power. 2) Competition between unions is fierce, each trying to out bargain the other. 3) Support for union views in the national political scene is more likely to be obtained if leaders are successful in gaining unprecedented increases. 4) New members are also felt to judge the union by its abil- ity to bring management to ever increasing settlements. 5) Plagued by inflation the rank and file is demanding a cost of living escalator which leaders are pushing. 6) Declining profits lead to hard-line positions on the part of management adding: emphasis to the strike claims of unions. 1971 Settlement Expectations: Contracts negotiated in 1970 equaled an increase of 9.1%; up 8.2% from 1969, and 6.5% from 1968. 1971 is expected to follow this trend. United Mine Workers are demanding a 46% increase in the day to day pay plus a doubling of the pension benefits. Federal Mediation & Consultation Service predicts worker pay demands to reach 10-15%. Steelworkers are gunning other industries to match the National Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage increases of $.75 per hour over three years, plus a "novel cost-of-living exscalator" that will add at least $.25 regardless of the pace of inflation. Association of General Con- tractors demand is expected to hit 15-20%. Longshoremen expect 20% increase plus doubling of the pension benefits over a two year contract. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 wit he 2/9 /35 may waq 2/19 - 32/1 - pushfar annual your of 98%- Cremind that (neurs gave frailanions 135% increase fast ys hi joblessness f soft economy nt alterry hard bargaine drives - - leak players by caplax are prodr negatitions consumer prices up 15.1% since May '68 dealing profits hardline employer = Altrong strike laughing Jacy internal pressure from money Eurgery young U looms as crucial test for several union chiefs militants ar political drivals Unity minicks Tory Bayle saes 2 denas cocil ine 1) cruice in day pay by the 50 2) cloubly cemp's pease plan conle then Medicats service prodicted worker demands N py leane ines s 10-15% hopes 71 centlement can hold 8-10% Pize (combark me 90 - an ine 191% up. from 82% in '69; 6.5% aeer 7 gains= fem = are 8.3% Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 consumer prices up 1367 from Aug 2668 "must demands. ) crestorate Cate his excalator o) "very substantial wags will 2) pens plan improvents steekworker qunny after industries to match nail Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage inc > s 75.4 an he over 3 yrs, plus novel" carter ling escalator clause that will add at last 25% cregardless C - pau s infection Dess Gerk Contractors - we voluntary stabilizts plan civil hit 15-20 25% Langsharoner expect(20% plus cloubly - person bene < 2 ye contrast under presure for bigger pay sleeks even at loss r lengthern bines Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 perspective - whets seeks young old, minority rotes political-attenth - control demo 77 candidate membership -closed, anti minority; dropps -boso capital organization - decentralized competetive Leadership cold, who deplarents lack n incent fiberal leader philos - change from cap bene to wight pictate K hi pay cheeks, for nines -no fear of unmmployment economic hardship absent from strikes annual wage increase assumed as right leadership concern ' up pro feety its power f states, therefore pushes busi to avoid by call "a stateman". alienates C ranks fill $ promot self interest - increase > demands new membership inved" in public worker; professional are to 406 insecurity in areas where none exist previously -i.I. college proff. cance - movives or hand line languin - - parador of ensarce all badese up replacents - competition among union faction - never treno s you reffie Ligger pay stenpine s long ferson burs - burgain So athact new member and the (minepung villers in order Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 to control america r pro-otation cansid 7s andi Mixon - inflation reason for accelry exeaster + right to annual increase , fact aisconare over back pose Pack s inconverince, inglact vacation C strike, am abes strike tak a leve 10 itself. Source: :https://www.industrydocuments:ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 aerospoce, acto & agri equipmt layaffe Essay dues Bw Oct3170 young Leadership ~ available unions & barge hr prie yall labor organizer out C - picture BW Deers 70 1966 - MI net lose p 400,000 MH jobs deed to growth s your operations of multinate companies Mar21.70 Landrumphiffin - have befor - 1959 lists accience bare convits from holdy unon aff for at last 5 yrs follows, conviets ak completer s 0 restence nation'n Widick B. author p falor leavy triught failurestanding 3/22/71 "new working class". ,) less concerned about her job a) less will to put cip care dirty uncomfortable worky condited 81 ese will decemet unvery packed functions on mort has 4) Cer culs - conflakor Yo rules arbe amenable to higher authority Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 2 drive to weaker the nat'l Laure Relat's Act clays propas Sept'69 will hampu growth ? activity of Pabar organization labor members current suburbanites, property holder, Kars bayers, interest in air pollution tax creley not ald -line repealog right to work faces, broads spicket facus June 3, 69 way % - attempt do cene confidence & votes s wide ag" blue collar worker for credect c protabar Congressmen - outside party channels BP the most are dence - Aliena s be-mid worker your C demo party 10 - 21/35 send Deats up for grabs held fy protebor - indicates c lovery financial supp for 1972 prs labor candidy Meaning 's Labor Day message "urge -reffile again al they cam at -barqbine table 0 we girlstat policy -anithat labor believe will prone the the is the only recause against Airon's economic Reput. Achilles hell come Nor - co-ording bagaine of the future - unites unions or employers across juris/indast Pines x createarce either Ride - all issues on w bargain at once not accord time Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 z And foundation rept. 0 labor- Mitebell Arisideft. work force projections for 10's higher proports promon between 18 younger better equcated urbax b kgan & di minority component Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1969-February 1970 1221 February 1970 TRADE unions-Continued Dodge rebellion. Ramp Mag 7:12 N 30 '68 Fomented conflict; black community and Review Benefit funds organized labor. L. L. Brown. Nation 208: + Je 9 '69 A. When a pension fund runs out: actuarial 179-81 F goof on rall unlon funds. Bans W p 128 Justice in the building trades; Pittsburgh 0 25 '69 churchmen proposals. America 121:256 o 4'69 rages and bene- Communist activities Minority power through unions. B. J. W1- J. E. Talbot, jr. Reds climbing into unions' beds. il Nations dick. Nation 209:206-8 S 8 '69 Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Narrow victory for blacks; Philadelphia plan. relations. See il Time 95:49-50 Ja 5 '70 view Dues, fees, etc. Philadelphia plan in trouble. U S News 67: label? question Dues collection by court action. U S News 66: 71-2 o 6 '69 My 17 '69 66 Ap 7 '69 Pittsburgh blacks try negotiating. il Bsns W etive bargaining p32-3 S 6 '69 id V. J. Sheffer. Elections Plague on both your houses! black militants .6-26 My '69 Leadership fight looms among miners; elec- vs industry and organized labor. il Bsns imployment bene- tion contest between Joseph Yablonski and W My 24 '69 og f il Mo Labor Showdown on Negro jobs in the building W. A. Boyle for UMW presidency. Bsng trades il U. S News 67:95-7 S 29 '69 W D 122 Je 7 '69 on. B. V. Toth. Shades of John L; presidential battle in the Shultz job plan for blacks hits snags; Phila- UMW. il Newsweek 74:83-4+ D 15 '69 delphía plan. Bsns W p 109 N 15 '69 a, acquisitive. R. Some reflections on organized labor and the 7+ o '69 new militants. P. Henle. bibliog Mo Labor Ethical aspects agreements ex- R 92:20-5 J1 '69 title varies) See See Labor ethics Trade unions grapple with race prejudice. review B. L. Masse. America 120:701 Je 21 '69 lendar for 1969: History UAW rebuffs black extremists; League of nd W. M. Davis. Labor historian views changes in the trade revolutionary black workers. America 120: union movement. P. Taft. Mo Labor R 92: 346 Mr 29 69 nts in manufac- 8-11 S *69 What unions are, and are not doing for J. Kinyon. Mo Labor leader tells it like it was; D. J. blacks; Pittsburgh. il Time 94:88+ S 26 '69 McDonald's account of U.S. union move- are jammed by ment. Bans W p44 Ag 23 '69 Officiais W p63 D 27 '69 Insurance plans Arbitrating the discharge and discipline of ertime and record union officials. W. El. Baer. bibliog Mo La- industry costs. il See Insurance, Industrial bor R 92:39-45 S '69 International aspects In the wake of John L. Lewis. J. Hill. Com- monweal 90:430-1 J1 11 '69 Labor and foreign policy. R. Radosh. Nation Labor' Kirkland moves higher. America lations 209:208-11 S 8 '69 120:639 My 31 '69 N 96:266 S 27 '69 See also - New challenges to union leadership J. :525 International confederation of free trade T. Conway. Mo Labor R 92:56 Ap '69 unions Nixon aides go to labor's summit. il Bans 08 International labor organization W D38-9 Ap 19 '69 unt, Trade Pay padding an issue in mine vote. U S Jurisdictional disputes News 67:102 D 15 '69 AFL-CIO's internal disputes plan. D. L. Cole. Union chief with growing stature. U S News Mo Labor R 92:12-15 S '69 66:19 F 24 '69 - trade journals. IAM wins and fights on: jurisdictiona battle Walter Reuther's gamble; contesting Meany's F 66 begin freelancing: at McDonnell Douglas. Bsns W p90 Ja 18 status quo. J. Hill. Commonweal 90:261-3 My 16 '69 layton. il Writers '69 West coast dockers move toward peace: PMA- Training ILWU wars over packing containers at Teamsters open a labor school to process cal) West coast ports. Bsns W p 142 o 11 '69 their local talent: IBT labor institute. il as Bsns W p61 S 27 '69 c. il Life 67:57-8+ Law See Labor laws and legislation-United Organizing activities imous makers. J. States See Trade unions-Membership drives 50-2+ D '69 Membership l' 23:35 Mr '69 Now a rank-and-file revolt to worry unions Political activities and employers. il U S News 66:93-4 Mr 17 Alienated rank and file. A. Bilik. Nation Libe :30 My 69 '69 T 23:42 S '69 209:527-30 N 17 '69 Trade union growth in a changing economy. langing T 23:34 J1 Cause and the cure; the right to work: L. Troy. bibliog il Mo Labor R 92:3-7 S '69 address, January 31. 1969. P. Fannin. Vital evival of old prod- Typical union member: a profile. U S News Speeches 35:293-5 Mr 1 '69 66:67 Ap 7 '69 N 10 '69 Getting out the vote, Bans W p44 Ag 23 Union disciplinary power upheld; Supreme '69 court decision. U S News 66:85-6 Ap 14 '69 Lahor and politics. J. D. Greenstone. Nation Unions build muscle with new membership marks and trade 209:212-15 S 8 '69 unionism in the 1970s. il Esns W p 130+ D Lahor chafes at Nixon pace. Bsns W p34 6 '69 My 24 '69 Why unionization? excerpts from address. Nixon-Meany: an odd couple. J. Hill. Com- S. Kinville. Parks & Rec 4:28-30 Mr *69 monweal 90:537+ S 5 '69 See also Polities J. Leonard. il Esquire 71:10+ My '69 Trade unions-Negro membership Pro-Wallace workers start to stir. Bans W relations. Bsns W p 124+ o 25 '69 Membership drives Students and workers. P. Booth. Ramp Mag High noon in the hospital; union organiz- 8:19-20 S '69 Mahoning Valley ing campaign for Pittsburgh hospital work- Union lobbying machine. W. Wingo, il Na- Bixler. il Am Ed ers. R. W. Gibbons. Commonweal 91:406-7 tions Bsns 57:52-4+ Ap '69 (to be cont) Ja 9 '70 Unwitting help for the new left. B. L. Masse. TUD builds up its war chest. Bsns W p66 O 4 America 120:210 F 22 '69 '69 agninst Cogar Wrath of grapes: unions want to organize Will unions lose their political grip? Il Nations aff to prevent use all hired farm libor. G. Logsdon. Farm Rsns 57:21-7 Ja '69 ormation. il News- J 93:33-L F '69 Public relations than a patent. V. 0-12+ N '69 Negro membership Prospects and problems. J. Seldin. Nation Backlash builds on black demands il Bsns 209:200-2 S 8 '69 una W p31-2 S 27 '69 ee Trade unions- Black battlecround; Pitteburgh. il Time 94: Union 78 S 5 *69 See also Black Monday and white Friday. il News- Alliance for labor action opagandist: agent week 74:105-7 o 6 '69 unds into overseas Black Mondays are good for us: building- Canada New Repub 160: trades unions. Fortune 80:86 O '69 Canada's unions: no restraint. Bsns W p 126 Black workers in white unions. W. B. Gould. O 25 '69 issues of Monthly Nation 209:203-6 S 8 *69 Confrontation in Pittsburgh: drive to crack Canada's workers. J. Deedy. Commonweal bullding trades unions. C. C. Robb. il Na- 91:34 o 10 '69 tion 209:272-4 S 22'69 Canadian unions selze initiative: drive for Cracking the crafts; Pittaburgh demonstra- ware parity with U.S. workers. Bsns W tions 11 Newsweek 74:34-5 S 8 '69 p 85-1- Ja 18 '69 of free trade unions Crusade against the eraft unions. A. Poinsett. Canadian workers dig in their heels. il Bans il Ebony 25:33-6+ D '69 W p30 Ag 23 '69 Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 1222 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March February 1970 READERS' GUID TRADE unions-Canada--Contintired TRADE waste Year of troubles looms in Canada. il Esns See also TRAFFIC regulat W p72+ Ja 10 '70 Pollution Our crazy, mi See also il Pop Mech 1 Strikes-Canada TRADE waste disposal See also Under the rug; problems of toxic waste dis- Computers- Europe, Western posal in deep injection wells. D. M. Evans Helicopters in t and A. Bradford. bibligg il Environ 11:3- Traffle violation Labor outlook. Bans W p73 N 22 '69 13+ O 69 Union pact against U.S. auto invasion. U S TRAFFIC safety TRADE winds News 67:79 D 22 69 See also Climate and history; excerpts from Discon- Roads-Safety ( France Unuity in Greek civilization. P. Carpenter. Traffic violatio il Horizon 11:48-57 Spr '69 Another French crisis; Rendezvous of March TRAFFIC signals and wage demands. America 120:324 Mr 22 TRADEMARKS. See Trade marks and trade names 69 TRADES. See Occupations Charleston to Franc at the barricades; battle over wage new traffic demands. Bsns W p33 Mr 15 '69 TRADES union congress 84:35 Ap '69 Unions take on British Wildcats. Bsns W Interconnected Germany (Federal Republic) p 134 Je 28 '69 Los Angeles. Youth labor movement; in Deutscher ge- TRADESCANTIA. See Spiderworts New York cit werkschaftsbund. H. Muladore. Nation 209: TRADING. See Barter control, T. 1 105-6 N '69 TRADING stamps Signal system 1 Great Britain Czar of Gold bond stamps: turning to real Riverside Ci British unions win big victory. U S News estate. il Bsns W p 104+ Aur 23 69 148+ o 66:64 Je 30 '69 Soni stamps. Newsweek 73:70 Mr 31 '69 Industrial relations reform in Great Britain. Soul stamps; Black & Brown trading stamp TRAFFIC signs co. il Time 94:74 J1 11 '69 Signs you '11 se N. Robertson and K. L Sams. bibliog l' Mo Labor R 92:35-- Ja C9 Trading stamps vs. cut prices. Consumer Bul Holosigns. E. 52:15 O 69 80-2+ Ag '69 Labor y labor. Time 01:35-6 19 66 Reds climibing into unkons* beds. 11 Nations See also Speed signs ch: Sperry and Hutchinson company Village, a ci Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Bumpass il LA See also TRADITION Symbols for 8 Strikes -Great Britain Father and the fathers. M. M. Shideler. Chr devices. A: Trades union congress Cent 86:1061-4 Ag 13 '69 47:48-51 Ag " Threats to the modern family. A. Mandel- To see If they Italy brum. il Sci Digest 65:57-60 Mr '69 Am City 84:1: Extremists set the pace in Italy. Bans W TRADITIONAL music. See Music Trailblazer led p54++ S 13 '69 TRADITIONS in music. See Music tonio, Tex. J Italy's biz unions settle for victory. il Bana My 69 W p 18-13 D 27 69 TRAFFIC. See Road Traffic What's wrong Italy's unions hit management harder. il TRAFFIC, Airtine. See Airlines--Traffle Toth. Am Ho Bsns W p74+ Mr 1 '69 TRAFFIC accidents TRAFFIC violati Report from_ Rome: drive for radical social Challenge to the churches; National safety Pull over, Bud change. W. Wynn. 11 Fortune 81:61+ Ja council and slaughter on highways. Amer- Cambridge. I 70 ica 120:320 Mr 22 '69 J1 '69 Latin America Fallacy of the untrained driver. G. Driessen. TRAGEDY Unions urgea to increase skilled labor in Ed Digest 35:43-5.0 '69 Tragedy and D Latin America. G. Plaza. Américas 21:44 Frenzy of the freeways; excerpts from Take Review '69 an alternate route. P. Pierce. il Read Digest Commonwed Scandinavia 94:205-6+ Ap '69 roth How the Scandinavians do it. il Time 94: Highway as & killer. 11 Life 66:24D-35 My 30 102 D 5 '69 69 TRAGIC theme. TRAHAN, Mariar Turkey In defense of the automobile. L Levine. 11 Motor T 21:48-51 Ap '69 (eds) Adult br Factions of the Turkish labor movement dif- Pictures without words. il Read Digest 95:135- Library J I rer over political role. B. H. Millen. bib- 41 Jl 69 2126-30. 2512- liog Mc Labor R 92:31-5 Je '69 Piaying at safety. A. H. Sypher. Nations My 15. Je 15 Bsns 67:27-8 Je '69 TRAHEY, Jane United States Proof: sufety does pay; slow moving vehicle These drinks a Collective bargaining, by M. S. Rukeyser. emblems on farm machinery traveling pub- 200 D'69 Review lic roads Suc Farm 67:94 Mr '69 Those deadly one-car crashes. il Changing T TRAIL bikes. See Nat R 21:291 Mr 25 '69. W. F. Ricken- backer 23:31- Ag '69 TRAIL riders of 1 Developments in industrial relations. See Traffic safety's mystery man; the pedestrian. Tarzan of the issues of Monthly labor review B. Ford. Sci Digest 66:64-8 : D '69 34-5+ Ap '69 Employee rights and union democracy; ex- What to do after an accident. D. Green. il TRAILER brakes. cerpt from Individual employee rights and Mech Illus 65:61-3+ Ag '69 See also TRAILER camp union democracy. B. Aaron. Mo Labor R 92: 50-2 Mr 69 Automobile driving camps Drinking and traffic accidents TRAILERS GE bind tightens. Bsns W p48 S 6 '69 Insurance, Automobile Soe also Labor in a year of expansion. B. V. Toth. Traffic violations Automobile trat 204000 Mo Labor R 92:11-19 Ja 69 Labor movement today: symposium. Na- Cases TRAILS tion 209:199-224- S 8 '69 Across the Bitt. Labor 1970: angry, aggressive, acquisitive. R. In case of crash, who is at fault? E. D. by snownobi Armstrong. il Fortune 80:94-7-+ o '69 Fales, jr. Read Digest 94:124-6 Mr '69 130:114-17+ 1 Next decade for Tabor: Tace lifting and some See also Along the Sou new wrinkles. il Nations Esns 57:44-6 N '69 Kennedy, E. M.-Accident, July 1969 the hiking, t Prospects for white-coller unionism: excerpt TRAFFIC control, Airway. See Air traffic set 143:44-6 ( from address, September 1968. HI. M. Douty control Finger Lakes 1 bibliog f il Mo Labor R 92:31-4 Ja '69 TRAFFIC engineering Over the weeh SDS finds invasion of industry tougher than First TOPICS project eases a. bottleneck; trail buitt il colleze campuses TT S News 66:84-6 le 23 '69 Traffic operations program to increase ca- Sampling the Strangling picket line; labor's double stan- pacity and safety; Dover, N.H. il Am City 143:24-L N '69 dard: address, October 30, 1969. J. L. Jones. 81:16 My '69 South Carolina Vital Speeches 36:136-9 D 15 69 Race for (automobile) space; adaptation of Truluck. il Tr. Trying to earu enough; new wage-and-bene- address, April 17, 1969. E. Corning, 2d. Bul Touch and aee: fit settlements. il, Time 94:72 3111 '69 Atom Sci 25:15-16 D '69 arboretum W Untouchable conglomerate; labor-union mo- Urban transportation tomorrow. J. A. Volpe. il Parks & R nopolies. D. Lawrence. U S News 66:108 Ap il Am City 84:59-62 N '69 Trails across A 14 '69 When traffic jams stall the Nation: forecast G. Nelson. il : Word from the unions: a tough line for '70. for the 1970s. il Bsns W P 186-7+ D 6'69 Wildlife along News 67:75-8 O 13 '69 TRAFFIC lights. See Traffic signals H. Harrison. See also TRAFFIC markings See also Police unions All-weather pavement marker developed. il Strikes- United States Appalachian trs Am City 84:134 Mr 69 United States-Labor policy National parks Fast-dry traffic lines Texas-style. il Am City also names of unions, e.g. United mine Greson Trail 84:108 D 'C9 Santa Fe Trail workers of America Plastic lines save lives. il Am City 84:138 Je '69 TRAIN. Russell E Vietnam (Republic) Man with the Taped lines keep airport traffic moving; F 7 66 Freedom force in Vietnam; CVT. America Washington national airport. C. R. Melugin. 120:721 Je 28 '69 jr. il Am City 84:146 F '69 TRAIN robberle. saults Source: https:/lwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.eduldocs/ssvx227 Business school 753-1964 3551 753-2410 Ann $5,000 claim trends. Reft Tayt.,P. - 92:8-11 5.69 like it was; DD McDwalds AFPL/CP internal disputes plan DL. Cole allet p-ys union mevien't Buswhip HAG 23.69 Mohander 92:12-15 56 Agena a rank fire DU Am Lahar a 20 cent. Maxin 210:441 Ap 13. '70 DU Naxion 210:428-804 13. 70 K.DU - - BUSWR p56 Mar 21,70 K.DU - Labormount invert slart moor AH Reshia HarraBas Rev 88: 108-18 9.20 Union prospects proyer for w 40's hib. M.Lab Res 93:36-9 Mar 70 Change atti P. U.S. tabar unions -world Crade are has Rex 93:51-4 My'70 Integrate drive fails overcome it Buslop Labork am community D.C.Bok Bush p10 Cp 11.170 DU Troubled times for unions? U.S. Dens lag 80-100g 17'70 19170 DU Ally cenions fear mmlth nationals Buswk 94-5 Dec) Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Unions aim for u been collar rote Busw p48 A.5.70 Union power - new inflats Burek Frantune 83:649 two 171 Demank for union lervices t exercill Labar Rel wsq 24: 180- 90 Jaill Prepary for year of Hanny tapor Claeks seea immorable objects. , 3/19-323 AFL/C10 chapter map dough ceronomic Eg. structery for it 2/9 -15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Ryfali Rosi Funn - Virginia Ven Surg - - Didi Pancake - - Saundra Smith - Marge Braward - Kay Collins Laboricearly bid far 1972 rates - Busw p25 Mr6'71 Labar's new style Widick Nation 212: 358-60 Mr 22, 21 BPI Gap bet anios Leaders ment wider7. Adal 165: 37 Oct 6, '69 Lib - Getting farau - dalk Yough Busww pk Feb 21,70 RiG Trade union prospect - COMT decade Pettour Gabor have Pe 21.131-58 Mar. 90 slumptus union coffers Buswak to 18 70 p.29 for conscious uniontem -shadow or extentance 921 607-12 5.100 - Cabar starts 1 mind its 17-18 0.31'70 *- renious Las Gaughe S 170. 10. Why labor can't finais younger leaders Lib Bus Wh p78 03:90 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227

To whom is the memorandum addressed to ?

ssvx0227

ssvx0227_p0, ssvx0227_p1, ssvx0227_p2, ssvx0227_p3, ssvx0227_p4, ssvx0227_p5, ssvx0227_p6, ssvx0227_p7, ssvx0227_p8, ssvx0227_p9, ssvx0227_p10, ssvx0227_p11, ssvx0227_p12, ssvx0227_p13

Blake McFeely, Blake, Blake Mcfeely

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Blake McFeely DATE: 7/6/71 FROM: Barb MacDonald SUBJECT: Overview - Labor 1971 Blake: Per your request the following is a brief description of labor as it is characterized in recent literature. The following information is presented in the briefiest form possible and may be a bit unclear. If so please call and I will elaborate for you. The subject captions are intended to relate the current union opinion or status in each area. The conclusions attempt to set forth the re- lationship between the current hard-line bargaining which dominates the labor scene, and the subjects covered on labor related articles over the past year. I have an extensive bibliography with notations as to the best and most pertinent articles should you wish to see it. NATIONAL POLITICS: Unions are striving to obtain the voting support of the young (between 18 and 21) and the minority voters, as well as the blue collar, middle aged. Union leadership is at- tempting to control the selection of the Democratic party pre- sidential candidate in an effort to unseat Nixon and nti-labor Congressmen in the 1972 election. UNION POLITICS: Union leadership is generally old, between 55 and 60 years of age, and clings tightly to the status quo and the ideals of unionism as they appeared in the 1930's. No new blood of equal competence appears egar to take on the general cause of unionism as it exists currently. MEMBERSHIP: Membership is declining, +especially in the areas of aero- space, auto, and agricultural equipment manufacturing. In several unions unemployed members are not required to pay dues, although they are still included in the membership rolls. Loss of dues from such members has caused serious financial problems resulting in a cutback of national union staff. Rank and file determination to remain segregated for as long as possible has lead to a very low percentage of minority members, and a very slow admission rate. The average union member is a suburbanite, property holder, and tax payer interested in air pollution and tax relief, not the old line concerns with right to work laws and broadening the picket privileges. Alienation of the worker from his job and the union cuases has resulted in little more than self concern on the part Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx022 INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: DATE: FROM: SUBJECT: of the average member. New members for the national organizations are indicated in the recent unionization of the professionals and public workers. UNION PHILOSOPHY: The younger rank and file members of the unions are concerned with a larger paycheck in the hand, at the expense of long term benefits if necessary. Annual wage increases are assumed to be a right not a benefit, and cost-of-living clauses are deemed a necessity. Fear of unemployment is rare even in the face of a right job market. Similarily, even in periods of recession the economic hardship is absent from striks, thus a strike vote becomes a vote for a vacation from work as well as an incentive for management to meet demands. CONCLUSIONS - Motivation for hard-line bargaining: 1) The paradox of insecure aged leadership without replacements forces leaders to push hard bargains on management for fear of loss of allegiance from the rank and file, and loss of status and power. 2) Competition between unions is fierce, each trying to out bargain the other. 3) Support for union views in the national political scene is more likely to be obtained if leaders are successful in gaining unprecedented increases. 4) New members are also felt to judge the union by its abil- ity to bring management to ever increasing settlements. 5) Plagued by inflation the rank and file is demanding a cost of living escalator which leaders are pushing. 6) Declining profits lead to hard-line positions on the part of management adding: emphasis to the strike claims of unions. 1971 Settlement Expectations: Contracts negotiated in 1970 equaled an increase of 9.1%; up 8.2% from 1969, and 6.5% from 1968. 1971 is expected to follow this trend. United Mine Workers are demanding a 46% increase in the day to day pay plus a doubling of the pension benefits. Federal Mediation & Consultation Service predicts worker pay demands to reach 10-15%. Steelworkers are gunning other industries to match the National Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage increases of $.75 per hour over three years, plus a "novel cost-of-living exscalator" that will add at least $.25 regardless of the pace of inflation. Association of General Con- tractors demand is expected to hit 15-20%. Longshoremen expect 20% increase plus doubling of the pension benefits over a two year contract. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 wit he 2/9 /35 may waq 2/19 - 32/1 - pushfar annual your of 98%- Cremind that (neurs gave frailanions 135% increase fast ys hi joblessness f soft economy nt alterry hard bargaine drives - - leak players by caplax are prodr negatitions consumer prices up 15.1% since May '68 dealing profits hardline employer = Altrong strike laughing Jacy internal pressure from money Eurgery young U looms as crucial test for several union chiefs militants ar political drivals Unity minicks Tory Bayle saes 2 denas cocil ine 1) cruice in day pay by the 50 2) cloubly cemp's pease plan conle then Medicats service prodicted worker demands N py leane ines s 10-15% hopes 71 centlement can hold 8-10% Pize (combark me 90 - an ine 191% up. from 82% in '69; 6.5% aeer 7 gains= fem = are 8.3% Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 consumer prices up 1367 from Aug 2668 "must demands. ) crestorate Cate his excalator o) "very substantial wags will 2) pens plan improvents steekworker qunny after industries to match nail Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage inc > s 75.4 an he over 3 yrs, plus novel" carter ling escalator clause that will add at last 25% cregardless C - pau s infection Dess Gerk Contractors - we voluntary stabilizts plan civil hit 15-20 25% Langsharoner expect(20% plus cloubly - person bene < 2 ye contrast under presure for bigger pay sleeks even at loss r lengthern bines Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 perspective - whets seeks young old, minority rotes political-attenth - control demo 77 candidate membership -closed, anti minority; dropps -boso capital organization - decentralized competetive Leadership cold, who deplarents lack n incent fiberal leader philos - change from cap bene to wight pictate K hi pay cheeks, for nines -no fear of unmmployment economic hardship absent from strikes annual wage increase assumed as right leadership concern ' up pro feety its power f states, therefore pushes busi to avoid by call "a stateman". alienates C ranks fill $ promot self interest - increase > demands new membership inved" in public worker; professional are to 406 insecurity in areas where none exist previously -i.I. college proff. cance - movives or hand line languin - - parador of ensarce all badese up replacents - competition among union faction - never treno s you reffie Ligger pay stenpine s long ferson burs - burgain So athact new member and the (minepung villers in order Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 to control america r pro-otation cansid 7s andi Mixon - inflation reason for accelry exeaster + right to annual increase , fact aisconare over back pose Pack s inconverince, inglact vacation C strike, am abes strike tak a leve 10 itself. Source: :https://www.industrydocuments:ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 aerospoce, acto & agri equipmt layaffe Essay dues Bw Oct3170 young Leadership ~ available unions & barge hr prie yall labor organizer out C - picture BW Deers 70 1966 - MI net lose p 400,000 MH jobs deed to growth s your operations of multinate companies Mar21.70 Landrumphiffin - have befor - 1959 lists accience bare convits from holdy unon aff for at last 5 yrs follows, conviets ak completer s 0 restence nation'n Widick B. author p falor leavy triught failurestanding 3/22/71 "new working class". ,) less concerned about her job a) less will to put cip care dirty uncomfortable worky condited 81 ese will decemet unvery packed functions on mort has 4) Cer culs - conflakor Yo rules arbe amenable to higher authority Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 2 drive to weaker the nat'l Laure Relat's Act clays propas Sept'69 will hampu growth ? activity of Pabar organization labor members current suburbanites, property holder, Kars bayers, interest in air pollution tax creley not ald -line repealog right to work faces, broads spicket facus June 3, 69 way % - attempt do cene confidence & votes s wide ag" blue collar worker for credect c protabar Congressmen - outside party channels BP the most are dence - Aliena s be-mid worker your C demo party 10 - 21/35 send Deats up for grabs held fy protebor - indicates c lovery financial supp for 1972 prs labor candidy Meaning 's Labor Day message "urge -reffile again al they cam at -barqbine table 0 we girlstat policy -anithat labor believe will prone the the is the only recause against Airon's economic Reput. Achilles hell come Nor - co-ording bagaine of the future - unites unions or employers across juris/indast Pines x createarce either Ride - all issues on w bargain at once not accord time Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 z And foundation rept. 0 labor- Mitebell Arisideft. work force projections for 10's higher proports promon between 18 younger better equcated urbax b kgan & di minority component Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1969-February 1970 1221 February 1970 TRADE unions-Continued Dodge rebellion. Ramp Mag 7:12 N 30 '68 Fomented conflict; black community and Review Benefit funds organized labor. L. L. Brown. Nation 208: + Je 9 '69 A. When a pension fund runs out: actuarial 179-81 F goof on rall unlon funds. Bans W p 128 Justice in the building trades; Pittsburgh 0 25 '69 churchmen proposals. America 121:256 o 4'69 rages and bene- Communist activities Minority power through unions. B. J. W1- J. E. Talbot, jr. Reds climbing into unions' beds. il Nations dick. Nation 209:206-8 S 8 '69 Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Narrow victory for blacks; Philadelphia plan. relations. See il Time 95:49-50 Ja 5 '70 view Dues, fees, etc. Philadelphia plan in trouble. U S News 67: label? question Dues collection by court action. U S News 66: 71-2 o 6 '69 My 17 '69 66 Ap 7 '69 Pittsburgh blacks try negotiating. il Bsns W etive bargaining p32-3 S 6 '69 id V. J. Sheffer. Elections Plague on both your houses! black militants .6-26 My '69 Leadership fight looms among miners; elec- vs industry and organized labor. il Bsns imployment bene- tion contest between Joseph Yablonski and W My 24 '69 og f il Mo Labor Showdown on Negro jobs in the building W. A. Boyle for UMW presidency. Bsng trades il U. S News 67:95-7 S 29 '69 W D 122 Je 7 '69 on. B. V. Toth. Shades of John L; presidential battle in the Shultz job plan for blacks hits snags; Phila- UMW. il Newsweek 74:83-4+ D 15 '69 delphía plan. Bsns W p 109 N 15 '69 a, acquisitive. R. Some reflections on organized labor and the 7+ o '69 new militants. P. Henle. bibliog Mo Labor Ethical aspects agreements ex- R 92:20-5 J1 '69 title varies) See See Labor ethics Trade unions grapple with race prejudice. review B. L. Masse. America 120:701 Je 21 '69 lendar for 1969: History UAW rebuffs black extremists; League of nd W. M. Davis. Labor historian views changes in the trade revolutionary black workers. America 120: union movement. P. Taft. Mo Labor R 92: 346 Mr 29 69 nts in manufac- 8-11 S *69 What unions are, and are not doing for J. Kinyon. Mo Labor leader tells it like it was; D. J. blacks; Pittsburgh. il Time 94:88+ S 26 '69 McDonald's account of U.S. union move- are jammed by ment. Bans W p44 Ag 23 '69 Officiais W p63 D 27 '69 Insurance plans Arbitrating the discharge and discipline of ertime and record union officials. W. El. Baer. bibliog Mo La- industry costs. il See Insurance, Industrial bor R 92:39-45 S '69 International aspects In the wake of John L. Lewis. J. Hill. Com- monweal 90:430-1 J1 11 '69 Labor and foreign policy. R. Radosh. Nation Labor' Kirkland moves higher. America lations 209:208-11 S 8 '69 120:639 My 31 '69 N 96:266 S 27 '69 See also - New challenges to union leadership J. :525 International confederation of free trade T. Conway. Mo Labor R 92:56 Ap '69 unions Nixon aides go to labor's summit. il Bans 08 International labor organization W D38-9 Ap 19 '69 unt, Trade Pay padding an issue in mine vote. U S Jurisdictional disputes News 67:102 D 15 '69 AFL-CIO's internal disputes plan. D. L. Cole. Union chief with growing stature. U S News Mo Labor R 92:12-15 S '69 66:19 F 24 '69 - trade journals. IAM wins and fights on: jurisdictiona battle Walter Reuther's gamble; contesting Meany's F 66 begin freelancing: at McDonnell Douglas. Bsns W p90 Ja 18 status quo. J. Hill. Commonweal 90:261-3 My 16 '69 layton. il Writers '69 West coast dockers move toward peace: PMA- Training ILWU wars over packing containers at Teamsters open a labor school to process cal) West coast ports. Bsns W p 142 o 11 '69 their local talent: IBT labor institute. il as Bsns W p61 S 27 '69 c. il Life 67:57-8+ Law See Labor laws and legislation-United Organizing activities imous makers. J. States See Trade unions-Membership drives 50-2+ D '69 Membership l' 23:35 Mr '69 Now a rank-and-file revolt to worry unions Political activities and employers. il U S News 66:93-4 Mr 17 Alienated rank and file. A. Bilik. Nation Libe :30 My 69 '69 T 23:42 S '69 209:527-30 N 17 '69 Trade union growth in a changing economy. langing T 23:34 J1 Cause and the cure; the right to work: L. Troy. bibliog il Mo Labor R 92:3-7 S '69 address, January 31. 1969. P. Fannin. Vital evival of old prod- Typical union member: a profile. U S News Speeches 35:293-5 Mr 1 '69 66:67 Ap 7 '69 N 10 '69 Getting out the vote, Bans W p44 Ag 23 Union disciplinary power upheld; Supreme '69 court decision. U S News 66:85-6 Ap 14 '69 Lahor and politics. J. D. Greenstone. Nation Unions build muscle with new membership marks and trade 209:212-15 S 8 '69 unionism in the 1970s. il Esns W p 130+ D Lahor chafes at Nixon pace. Bsns W p34 6 '69 My 24 '69 Why unionization? excerpts from address. Nixon-Meany: an odd couple. J. Hill. Com- S. Kinville. Parks & Rec 4:28-30 Mr *69 monweal 90:537+ S 5 '69 See also Polities J. Leonard. il Esquire 71:10+ My '69 Trade unions-Negro membership Pro-Wallace workers start to stir. Bans W relations. Bsns W p 124+ o 25 '69 Membership drives Students and workers. P. Booth. Ramp Mag High noon in the hospital; union organiz- 8:19-20 S '69 Mahoning Valley ing campaign for Pittsburgh hospital work- Union lobbying machine. W. Wingo, il Na- Bixler. il Am Ed ers. R. W. Gibbons. Commonweal 91:406-7 tions Bsns 57:52-4+ Ap '69 (to be cont) Ja 9 '70 Unwitting help for the new left. B. L. Masse. TUD builds up its war chest. Bsns W p66 O 4 America 120:210 F 22 '69 '69 agninst Cogar Wrath of grapes: unions want to organize Will unions lose their political grip? Il Nations aff to prevent use all hired farm libor. G. Logsdon. Farm Rsns 57:21-7 Ja '69 ormation. il News- J 93:33-L F '69 Public relations than a patent. V. 0-12+ N '69 Negro membership Prospects and problems. J. Seldin. Nation Backlash builds on black demands il Bsns 209:200-2 S 8 '69 una W p31-2 S 27 '69 ee Trade unions- Black battlecround; Pitteburgh. il Time 94: Union 78 S 5 *69 See also Black Monday and white Friday. il News- Alliance for labor action opagandist: agent week 74:105-7 o 6 '69 unds into overseas Black Mondays are good for us: building- Canada New Repub 160: trades unions. Fortune 80:86 O '69 Canada's unions: no restraint. Bsns W p 126 Black workers in white unions. W. B. Gould. O 25 '69 issues of Monthly Nation 209:203-6 S 8 *69 Confrontation in Pittsburgh: drive to crack Canada's workers. J. Deedy. Commonweal bullding trades unions. C. C. Robb. il Na- 91:34 o 10 '69 tion 209:272-4 S 22'69 Canadian unions selze initiative: drive for Cracking the crafts; Pittaburgh demonstra- ware parity with U.S. workers. Bsns W tions 11 Newsweek 74:34-5 S 8 '69 p 85-1- Ja 18 '69 of free trade unions Crusade against the eraft unions. A. Poinsett. Canadian workers dig in their heels. il Bans il Ebony 25:33-6+ D '69 W p30 Ag 23 '69 Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 1222 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March February 1970 READERS' GUID TRADE unions-Canada--Contintired TRADE waste Year of troubles looms in Canada. il Esns See also TRAFFIC regulat W p72+ Ja 10 '70 Pollution Our crazy, mi See also il Pop Mech 1 Strikes-Canada TRADE waste disposal See also Under the rug; problems of toxic waste dis- Computers- Europe, Western posal in deep injection wells. D. M. Evans Helicopters in t and A. Bradford. bibligg il Environ 11:3- Traffle violation Labor outlook. Bans W p73 N 22 '69 13+ O 69 Union pact against U.S. auto invasion. U S TRAFFIC safety TRADE winds News 67:79 D 22 69 See also Climate and history; excerpts from Discon- Roads-Safety ( France Unuity in Greek civilization. P. Carpenter. Traffic violatio il Horizon 11:48-57 Spr '69 Another French crisis; Rendezvous of March TRAFFIC signals and wage demands. America 120:324 Mr 22 TRADEMARKS. See Trade marks and trade names 69 TRADES. See Occupations Charleston to Franc at the barricades; battle over wage new traffic demands. Bsns W p33 Mr 15 '69 TRADES union congress 84:35 Ap '69 Unions take on British Wildcats. Bsns W Interconnected Germany (Federal Republic) p 134 Je 28 '69 Los Angeles. Youth labor movement; in Deutscher ge- TRADESCANTIA. See Spiderworts New York cit werkschaftsbund. H. Muladore. Nation 209: TRADING. See Barter control, T. 1 105-6 N '69 TRADING stamps Signal system 1 Great Britain Czar of Gold bond stamps: turning to real Riverside Ci British unions win big victory. U S News estate. il Bsns W p 104+ Aur 23 69 148+ o 66:64 Je 30 '69 Soni stamps. Newsweek 73:70 Mr 31 '69 Industrial relations reform in Great Britain. Soul stamps; Black & Brown trading stamp TRAFFIC signs co. il Time 94:74 J1 11 '69 Signs you '11 se N. Robertson and K. L Sams. bibliog l' Mo Labor R 92:35-- Ja C9 Trading stamps vs. cut prices. Consumer Bul Holosigns. E. 52:15 O 69 80-2+ Ag '69 Labor y labor. Time 01:35-6 19 66 Reds climibing into unkons* beds. 11 Nations See also Speed signs ch: Sperry and Hutchinson company Village, a ci Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Bumpass il LA See also TRADITION Symbols for 8 Strikes -Great Britain Father and the fathers. M. M. Shideler. Chr devices. A: Trades union congress Cent 86:1061-4 Ag 13 '69 47:48-51 Ag " Threats to the modern family. A. Mandel- To see If they Italy brum. il Sci Digest 65:57-60 Mr '69 Am City 84:1: Extremists set the pace in Italy. Bans W TRADITIONAL music. See Music Trailblazer led p54++ S 13 '69 TRADITIONS in music. See Music tonio, Tex. J Italy's biz unions settle for victory. il Bana My 69 W p 18-13 D 27 69 TRAFFIC. See Road Traffic What's wrong Italy's unions hit management harder. il TRAFFIC, Airtine. See Airlines--Traffle Toth. Am Ho Bsns W p74+ Mr 1 '69 TRAFFIC accidents TRAFFIC violati Report from_ Rome: drive for radical social Challenge to the churches; National safety Pull over, Bud change. W. Wynn. 11 Fortune 81:61+ Ja council and slaughter on highways. Amer- Cambridge. I 70 ica 120:320 Mr 22 '69 J1 '69 Latin America Fallacy of the untrained driver. G. Driessen. TRAGEDY Unions urgea to increase skilled labor in Ed Digest 35:43-5.0 '69 Tragedy and D Latin America. G. Plaza. Américas 21:44 Frenzy of the freeways; excerpts from Take Review '69 an alternate route. P. Pierce. il Read Digest Commonwed Scandinavia 94:205-6+ Ap '69 roth How the Scandinavians do it. il Time 94: Highway as & killer. 11 Life 66:24D-35 My 30 102 D 5 '69 69 TRAGIC theme. TRAHAN, Mariar Turkey In defense of the automobile. L Levine. 11 Motor T 21:48-51 Ap '69 (eds) Adult br Factions of the Turkish labor movement dif- Pictures without words. il Read Digest 95:135- Library J I rer over political role. B. H. Millen. bib- 41 Jl 69 2126-30. 2512- liog Mc Labor R 92:31-5 Je '69 Piaying at safety. A. H. Sypher. Nations My 15. Je 15 Bsns 67:27-8 Je '69 TRAHEY, Jane United States Proof: sufety does pay; slow moving vehicle These drinks a Collective bargaining, by M. S. Rukeyser. emblems on farm machinery traveling pub- 200 D'69 Review lic roads Suc Farm 67:94 Mr '69 Those deadly one-car crashes. il Changing T TRAIL bikes. See Nat R 21:291 Mr 25 '69. W. F. Ricken- backer 23:31- Ag '69 TRAIL riders of 1 Developments in industrial relations. See Traffic safety's mystery man; the pedestrian. Tarzan of the issues of Monthly labor review B. Ford. Sci Digest 66:64-8 : D '69 34-5+ Ap '69 Employee rights and union democracy; ex- What to do after an accident. D. Green. il TRAILER brakes. cerpt from Individual employee rights and Mech Illus 65:61-3+ Ag '69 See also TRAILER camp union democracy. B. Aaron. Mo Labor R 92: 50-2 Mr 69 Automobile driving camps Drinking and traffic accidents TRAILERS GE bind tightens. Bsns W p48 S 6 '69 Insurance, Automobile Soe also Labor in a year of expansion. B. V. Toth. Traffic violations Automobile trat 204000 Mo Labor R 92:11-19 Ja 69 Labor movement today: symposium. Na- Cases TRAILS tion 209:199-224- S 8 '69 Across the Bitt. Labor 1970: angry, aggressive, acquisitive. R. In case of crash, who is at fault? E. D. by snownobi Armstrong. il Fortune 80:94-7-+ o '69 Fales, jr. Read Digest 94:124-6 Mr '69 130:114-17+ 1 Next decade for Tabor: Tace lifting and some See also Along the Sou new wrinkles. il Nations Esns 57:44-6 N '69 Kennedy, E. M.-Accident, July 1969 the hiking, t Prospects for white-coller unionism: excerpt TRAFFIC control, Airway. See Air traffic set 143:44-6 ( from address, September 1968. HI. M. Douty control Finger Lakes 1 bibliog f il Mo Labor R 92:31-4 Ja '69 TRAFFIC engineering Over the weeh SDS finds invasion of industry tougher than First TOPICS project eases a. bottleneck; trail buitt il colleze campuses TT S News 66:84-6 le 23 '69 Traffic operations program to increase ca- Sampling the Strangling picket line; labor's double stan- pacity and safety; Dover, N.H. il Am City 143:24-L N '69 dard: address, October 30, 1969. J. L. Jones. 81:16 My '69 South Carolina Vital Speeches 36:136-9 D 15 69 Race for (automobile) space; adaptation of Truluck. il Tr. Trying to earu enough; new wage-and-bene- address, April 17, 1969. E. Corning, 2d. Bul Touch and aee: fit settlements. il, Time 94:72 3111 '69 Atom Sci 25:15-16 D '69 arboretum W Untouchable conglomerate; labor-union mo- Urban transportation tomorrow. J. A. Volpe. il Parks & R nopolies. D. Lawrence. U S News 66:108 Ap il Am City 84:59-62 N '69 Trails across A 14 '69 When traffic jams stall the Nation: forecast G. Nelson. il : Word from the unions: a tough line for '70. for the 1970s. il Bsns W P 186-7+ D 6'69 Wildlife along News 67:75-8 O 13 '69 TRAFFIC lights. See Traffic signals H. Harrison. See also TRAFFIC markings See also Police unions All-weather pavement marker developed. il Strikes- United States Appalachian trs Am City 84:134 Mr 69 United States-Labor policy National parks Fast-dry traffic lines Texas-style. il Am City also names of unions, e.g. United mine Greson Trail 84:108 D 'C9 Santa Fe Trail workers of America Plastic lines save lives. il Am City 84:138 Je '69 TRAIN. Russell E Vietnam (Republic) Man with the Taped lines keep airport traffic moving; F 7 66 Freedom force in Vietnam; CVT. America Washington national airport. C. R. Melugin. 120:721 Je 28 '69 jr. il Am City 84:146 F '69 TRAIN robberle. saults Source: https:/lwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.eduldocs/ssvx227 Business school 753-1964 3551 753-2410 Ann $5,000 claim trends. Reft Tayt.,P. - 92:8-11 5.69 like it was; DD McDwalds AFPL/CP internal disputes plan DL. Cole allet p-ys union mevien't Buswhip HAG 23.69 Mohander 92:12-15 56 Agena a rank fire DU Am Lahar a 20 cent. Maxin 210:441 Ap 13. '70 DU Naxion 210:428-804 13. 70 K.DU - - BUSWR p56 Mar 21,70 K.DU - Labormount invert slart moor AH Reshia HarraBas Rev 88: 108-18 9.20 Union prospects proyer for w 40's hib. M.Lab Res 93:36-9 Mar 70 Change atti P. U.S. tabar unions -world Crade are has Rex 93:51-4 My'70 Integrate drive fails overcome it Buslop Labork am community D.C.Bok Bush p10 Cp 11.170 DU Troubled times for unions? U.S. Dens lag 80-100g 17'70 19170 DU Ally cenions fear mmlth nationals Buswk 94-5 Dec) Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Unions aim for u been collar rote Busw p48 A.5.70 Union power - new inflats Burek Frantune 83:649 two 171 Demank for union lervices t exercill Labar Rel wsq 24: 180- 90 Jaill Prepary for year of Hanny tapor Claeks seea immorable objects. , 3/19-323 AFL/C10 chapter map dough ceronomic Eg. structery for it 2/9 -15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Ryfali Rosi Funn - Virginia Ven Surg - - Didi Pancake - - Saundra Smith - Marge Braward - Kay Collins Laboricearly bid far 1972 rates - Busw p25 Mr6'71 Labar's new style Widick Nation 212: 358-60 Mr 22, 21 BPI Gap bet anios Leaders ment wider7. Adal 165: 37 Oct 6, '69 Lib - Getting farau - dalk Yough Busww pk Feb 21,70 RiG Trade union prospect - COMT decade Pettour Gabor have Pe 21.131-58 Mar. 90 slumptus union coffers Buswak to 18 70 p.29 for conscious uniontem -shadow or extentance 921 607-12 5.100 - Cabar starts 1 mind its 17-18 0.31'70 *- renious Las Gaughe S 170. 10. Why labor can't finais younger leaders Lib Bus Wh p78 03:90 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227

Who attempts to control the election of the Democratic party presidential candidate?

ssvx0227

ssvx0227_p0, ssvx0227_p1, ssvx0227_p2, ssvx0227_p3, ssvx0227_p4, ssvx0227_p5, ssvx0227_p6, ssvx0227_p7, ssvx0227_p8, ssvx0227_p9, ssvx0227_p10, ssvx0227_p11, ssvx0227_p12, ssvx0227_p13

union leadership, Union leadership

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Blake McFeely DATE: 7/6/71 FROM: Barb MacDonald SUBJECT: Overview - Labor 1971 Blake: Per your request the following is a brief description of labor as it is characterized in recent literature. The following information is presented in the briefiest form possible and may be a bit unclear. If so please call and I will elaborate for you. The subject captions are intended to relate the current union opinion or status in each area. The conclusions attempt to set forth the re- lationship between the current hard-line bargaining which dominates the labor scene, and the subjects covered on labor related articles over the past year. I have an extensive bibliography with notations as to the best and most pertinent articles should you wish to see it. NATIONAL POLITICS: Unions are striving to obtain the voting support of the young (between 18 and 21) and the minority voters, as well as the blue collar, middle aged. Union leadership is at- tempting to control the selection of the Democratic party pre- sidential candidate in an effort to unseat Nixon and nti-labor Congressmen in the 1972 election. UNION POLITICS: Union leadership is generally old, between 55 and 60 years of age, and clings tightly to the status quo and the ideals of unionism as they appeared in the 1930's. No new blood of equal competence appears egar to take on the general cause of unionism as it exists currently. MEMBERSHIP: Membership is declining, +especially in the areas of aero- space, auto, and agricultural equipment manufacturing. In several unions unemployed members are not required to pay dues, although they are still included in the membership rolls. Loss of dues from such members has caused serious financial problems resulting in a cutback of national union staff. Rank and file determination to remain segregated for as long as possible has lead to a very low percentage of minority members, and a very slow admission rate. The average union member is a suburbanite, property holder, and tax payer interested in air pollution and tax relief, not the old line concerns with right to work laws and broadening the picket privileges. Alienation of the worker from his job and the union cuases has resulted in little more than self concern on the part Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx022 INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: DATE: FROM: SUBJECT: of the average member. New members for the national organizations are indicated in the recent unionization of the professionals and public workers. UNION PHILOSOPHY: The younger rank and file members of the unions are concerned with a larger paycheck in the hand, at the expense of long term benefits if necessary. Annual wage increases are assumed to be a right not a benefit, and cost-of-living clauses are deemed a necessity. Fear of unemployment is rare even in the face of a right job market. Similarily, even in periods of recession the economic hardship is absent from striks, thus a strike vote becomes a vote for a vacation from work as well as an incentive for management to meet demands. CONCLUSIONS - Motivation for hard-line bargaining: 1) The paradox of insecure aged leadership without replacements forces leaders to push hard bargains on management for fear of loss of allegiance from the rank and file, and loss of status and power. 2) Competition between unions is fierce, each trying to out bargain the other. 3) Support for union views in the national political scene is more likely to be obtained if leaders are successful in gaining unprecedented increases. 4) New members are also felt to judge the union by its abil- ity to bring management to ever increasing settlements. 5) Plagued by inflation the rank and file is demanding a cost of living escalator which leaders are pushing. 6) Declining profits lead to hard-line positions on the part of management adding: emphasis to the strike claims of unions. 1971 Settlement Expectations: Contracts negotiated in 1970 equaled an increase of 9.1%; up 8.2% from 1969, and 6.5% from 1968. 1971 is expected to follow this trend. United Mine Workers are demanding a 46% increase in the day to day pay plus a doubling of the pension benefits. Federal Mediation & Consultation Service predicts worker pay demands to reach 10-15%. Steelworkers are gunning other industries to match the National Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage increases of $.75 per hour over three years, plus a "novel cost-of-living exscalator" that will add at least $.25 regardless of the pace of inflation. Association of General Con- tractors demand is expected to hit 15-20%. Longshoremen expect 20% increase plus doubling of the pension benefits over a two year contract. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 wit he 2/9 /35 may waq 2/19 - 32/1 - pushfar annual your of 98%- Cremind that (neurs gave frailanions 135% increase fast ys hi joblessness f soft economy nt alterry hard bargaine drives - - leak players by caplax are prodr negatitions consumer prices up 15.1% since May '68 dealing profits hardline employer = Altrong strike laughing Jacy internal pressure from money Eurgery young U looms as crucial test for several union chiefs militants ar political drivals Unity minicks Tory Bayle saes 2 denas cocil ine 1) cruice in day pay by the 50 2) cloubly cemp's pease plan conle then Medicats service prodicted worker demands N py leane ines s 10-15% hopes 71 centlement can hold 8-10% Pize (combark me 90 - an ine 191% up. from 82% in '69; 6.5% aeer 7 gains= fem = are 8.3% Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 consumer prices up 1367 from Aug 2668 "must demands. ) crestorate Cate his excalator o) "very substantial wags will 2) pens plan improvents steekworker qunny after industries to match nail Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage inc > s 75.4 an he over 3 yrs, plus novel" carter ling escalator clause that will add at last 25% cregardless C - pau s infection Dess Gerk Contractors - we voluntary stabilizts plan civil hit 15-20 25% Langsharoner expect(20% plus cloubly - person bene < 2 ye contrast under presure for bigger pay sleeks even at loss r lengthern bines Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 perspective - whets seeks young old, minority rotes political-attenth - control demo 77 candidate membership -closed, anti minority; dropps -boso capital organization - decentralized competetive Leadership cold, who deplarents lack n incent fiberal leader philos - change from cap bene to wight pictate K hi pay cheeks, for nines -no fear of unmmployment economic hardship absent from strikes annual wage increase assumed as right leadership concern ' up pro feety its power f states, therefore pushes busi to avoid by call "a stateman". alienates C ranks fill $ promot self interest - increase > demands new membership inved" in public worker; professional are to 406 insecurity in areas where none exist previously -i.I. college proff. cance - movives or hand line languin - - parador of ensarce all badese up replacents - competition among union faction - never treno s you reffie Ligger pay stenpine s long ferson burs - burgain So athact new member and the (minepung villers in order Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 to control america r pro-otation cansid 7s andi Mixon - inflation reason for accelry exeaster + right to annual increase , fact aisconare over back pose Pack s inconverince, inglact vacation C strike, am abes strike tak a leve 10 itself. Source: :https://www.industrydocuments:ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 aerospoce, acto & agri equipmt layaffe Essay dues Bw Oct3170 young Leadership ~ available unions & barge hr prie yall labor organizer out C - picture BW Deers 70 1966 - MI net lose p 400,000 MH jobs deed to growth s your operations of multinate companies Mar21.70 Landrumphiffin - have befor - 1959 lists accience bare convits from holdy unon aff for at last 5 yrs follows, conviets ak completer s 0 restence nation'n Widick B. author p falor leavy triught failurestanding 3/22/71 "new working class". ,) less concerned about her job a) less will to put cip care dirty uncomfortable worky condited 81 ese will decemet unvery packed functions on mort has 4) Cer culs - conflakor Yo rules arbe amenable to higher authority Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 2 drive to weaker the nat'l Laure Relat's Act clays propas Sept'69 will hampu growth ? activity of Pabar organization labor members current suburbanites, property holder, Kars bayers, interest in air pollution tax creley not ald -line repealog right to work faces, broads spicket facus June 3, 69 way % - attempt do cene confidence & votes s wide ag" blue collar worker for credect c protabar Congressmen - outside party channels BP the most are dence - Aliena s be-mid worker your C demo party 10 - 21/35 send Deats up for grabs held fy protebor - indicates c lovery financial supp for 1972 prs labor candidy Meaning 's Labor Day message "urge -reffile again al they cam at -barqbine table 0 we girlstat policy -anithat labor believe will prone the the is the only recause against Airon's economic Reput. Achilles hell come Nor - co-ording bagaine of the future - unites unions or employers across juris/indast Pines x createarce either Ride - all issues on w bargain at once not accord time Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 z And foundation rept. 0 labor- Mitebell Arisideft. work force projections for 10's higher proports promon between 18 younger better equcated urbax b kgan & di minority component Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1969-February 1970 1221 February 1970 TRADE unions-Continued Dodge rebellion. Ramp Mag 7:12 N 30 '68 Fomented conflict; black community and Review Benefit funds organized labor. L. L. Brown. Nation 208: + Je 9 '69 A. When a pension fund runs out: actuarial 179-81 F goof on rall unlon funds. Bans W p 128 Justice in the building trades; Pittsburgh 0 25 '69 churchmen proposals. America 121:256 o 4'69 rages and bene- Communist activities Minority power through unions. B. J. W1- J. E. Talbot, jr. Reds climbing into unions' beds. il Nations dick. Nation 209:206-8 S 8 '69 Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Narrow victory for blacks; Philadelphia plan. relations. See il Time 95:49-50 Ja 5 '70 view Dues, fees, etc. Philadelphia plan in trouble. U S News 67: label? question Dues collection by court action. U S News 66: 71-2 o 6 '69 My 17 '69 66 Ap 7 '69 Pittsburgh blacks try negotiating. il Bsns W etive bargaining p32-3 S 6 '69 id V. J. Sheffer. Elections Plague on both your houses! black militants .6-26 My '69 Leadership fight looms among miners; elec- vs industry and organized labor. il Bsns imployment bene- tion contest between Joseph Yablonski and W My 24 '69 og f il Mo Labor Showdown on Negro jobs in the building W. A. Boyle for UMW presidency. Bsng trades il U. S News 67:95-7 S 29 '69 W D 122 Je 7 '69 on. B. V. Toth. Shades of John L; presidential battle in the Shultz job plan for blacks hits snags; Phila- UMW. il Newsweek 74:83-4+ D 15 '69 delphía plan. Bsns W p 109 N 15 '69 a, acquisitive. R. Some reflections on organized labor and the 7+ o '69 new militants. P. Henle. bibliog Mo Labor Ethical aspects agreements ex- R 92:20-5 J1 '69 title varies) See See Labor ethics Trade unions grapple with race prejudice. review B. L. Masse. America 120:701 Je 21 '69 lendar for 1969: History UAW rebuffs black extremists; League of nd W. M. Davis. Labor historian views changes in the trade revolutionary black workers. America 120: union movement. P. Taft. Mo Labor R 92: 346 Mr 29 69 nts in manufac- 8-11 S *69 What unions are, and are not doing for J. Kinyon. Mo Labor leader tells it like it was; D. J. blacks; Pittsburgh. il Time 94:88+ S 26 '69 McDonald's account of U.S. union move- are jammed by ment. Bans W p44 Ag 23 '69 Officiais W p63 D 27 '69 Insurance plans Arbitrating the discharge and discipline of ertime and record union officials. W. El. Baer. bibliog Mo La- industry costs. il See Insurance, Industrial bor R 92:39-45 S '69 International aspects In the wake of John L. Lewis. J. Hill. Com- monweal 90:430-1 J1 11 '69 Labor and foreign policy. R. Radosh. Nation Labor' Kirkland moves higher. America lations 209:208-11 S 8 '69 120:639 My 31 '69 N 96:266 S 27 '69 See also - New challenges to union leadership J. :525 International confederation of free trade T. Conway. Mo Labor R 92:56 Ap '69 unions Nixon aides go to labor's summit. il Bans 08 International labor organization W D38-9 Ap 19 '69 unt, Trade Pay padding an issue in mine vote. U S Jurisdictional disputes News 67:102 D 15 '69 AFL-CIO's internal disputes plan. D. L. Cole. Union chief with growing stature. U S News Mo Labor R 92:12-15 S '69 66:19 F 24 '69 - trade journals. IAM wins and fights on: jurisdictiona battle Walter Reuther's gamble; contesting Meany's F 66 begin freelancing: at McDonnell Douglas. Bsns W p90 Ja 18 status quo. J. Hill. Commonweal 90:261-3 My 16 '69 layton. il Writers '69 West coast dockers move toward peace: PMA- Training ILWU wars over packing containers at Teamsters open a labor school to process cal) West coast ports. Bsns W p 142 o 11 '69 their local talent: IBT labor institute. il as Bsns W p61 S 27 '69 c. il Life 67:57-8+ Law See Labor laws and legislation-United Organizing activities imous makers. J. States See Trade unions-Membership drives 50-2+ D '69 Membership l' 23:35 Mr '69 Now a rank-and-file revolt to worry unions Political activities and employers. il U S News 66:93-4 Mr 17 Alienated rank and file. A. Bilik. Nation Libe :30 My 69 '69 T 23:42 S '69 209:527-30 N 17 '69 Trade union growth in a changing economy. langing T 23:34 J1 Cause and the cure; the right to work: L. Troy. bibliog il Mo Labor R 92:3-7 S '69 address, January 31. 1969. P. Fannin. Vital evival of old prod- Typical union member: a profile. U S News Speeches 35:293-5 Mr 1 '69 66:67 Ap 7 '69 N 10 '69 Getting out the vote, Bans W p44 Ag 23 Union disciplinary power upheld; Supreme '69 court decision. U S News 66:85-6 Ap 14 '69 Lahor and politics. J. D. Greenstone. Nation Unions build muscle with new membership marks and trade 209:212-15 S 8 '69 unionism in the 1970s. il Esns W p 130+ D Lahor chafes at Nixon pace. Bsns W p34 6 '69 My 24 '69 Why unionization? excerpts from address. Nixon-Meany: an odd couple. J. Hill. Com- S. Kinville. Parks & Rec 4:28-30 Mr *69 monweal 90:537+ S 5 '69 See also Polities J. Leonard. il Esquire 71:10+ My '69 Trade unions-Negro membership Pro-Wallace workers start to stir. Bans W relations. Bsns W p 124+ o 25 '69 Membership drives Students and workers. P. Booth. Ramp Mag High noon in the hospital; union organiz- 8:19-20 S '69 Mahoning Valley ing campaign for Pittsburgh hospital work- Union lobbying machine. W. Wingo, il Na- Bixler. il Am Ed ers. R. W. Gibbons. Commonweal 91:406-7 tions Bsns 57:52-4+ Ap '69 (to be cont) Ja 9 '70 Unwitting help for the new left. B. L. Masse. TUD builds up its war chest. Bsns W p66 O 4 America 120:210 F 22 '69 '69 agninst Cogar Wrath of grapes: unions want to organize Will unions lose their political grip? Il Nations aff to prevent use all hired farm libor. G. Logsdon. Farm Rsns 57:21-7 Ja '69 ormation. il News- J 93:33-L F '69 Public relations than a patent. V. 0-12+ N '69 Negro membership Prospects and problems. J. Seldin. Nation Backlash builds on black demands il Bsns 209:200-2 S 8 '69 una W p31-2 S 27 '69 ee Trade unions- Black battlecround; Pitteburgh. il Time 94: Union 78 S 5 *69 See also Black Monday and white Friday. il News- Alliance for labor action opagandist: agent week 74:105-7 o 6 '69 unds into overseas Black Mondays are good for us: building- Canada New Repub 160: trades unions. Fortune 80:86 O '69 Canada's unions: no restraint. Bsns W p 126 Black workers in white unions. W. B. Gould. O 25 '69 issues of Monthly Nation 209:203-6 S 8 *69 Confrontation in Pittsburgh: drive to crack Canada's workers. J. Deedy. Commonweal bullding trades unions. C. C. Robb. il Na- 91:34 o 10 '69 tion 209:272-4 S 22'69 Canadian unions selze initiative: drive for Cracking the crafts; Pittaburgh demonstra- ware parity with U.S. workers. Bsns W tions 11 Newsweek 74:34-5 S 8 '69 p 85-1- Ja 18 '69 of free trade unions Crusade against the eraft unions. A. Poinsett. Canadian workers dig in their heels. il Bans il Ebony 25:33-6+ D '69 W p30 Ag 23 '69 Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 1222 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March February 1970 READERS' GUID TRADE unions-Canada--Contintired TRADE waste Year of troubles looms in Canada. il Esns See also TRAFFIC regulat W p72+ Ja 10 '70 Pollution Our crazy, mi See also il Pop Mech 1 Strikes-Canada TRADE waste disposal See also Under the rug; problems of toxic waste dis- Computers- Europe, Western posal in deep injection wells. D. M. Evans Helicopters in t and A. Bradford. bibligg il Environ 11:3- Traffle violation Labor outlook. Bans W p73 N 22 '69 13+ O 69 Union pact against U.S. auto invasion. U S TRAFFIC safety TRADE winds News 67:79 D 22 69 See also Climate and history; excerpts from Discon- Roads-Safety ( France Unuity in Greek civilization. P. Carpenter. Traffic violatio il Horizon 11:48-57 Spr '69 Another French crisis; Rendezvous of March TRAFFIC signals and wage demands. America 120:324 Mr 22 TRADEMARKS. See Trade marks and trade names 69 TRADES. See Occupations Charleston to Franc at the barricades; battle over wage new traffic demands. Bsns W p33 Mr 15 '69 TRADES union congress 84:35 Ap '69 Unions take on British Wildcats. Bsns W Interconnected Germany (Federal Republic) p 134 Je 28 '69 Los Angeles. Youth labor movement; in Deutscher ge- TRADESCANTIA. See Spiderworts New York cit werkschaftsbund. H. Muladore. Nation 209: TRADING. See Barter control, T. 1 105-6 N '69 TRADING stamps Signal system 1 Great Britain Czar of Gold bond stamps: turning to real Riverside Ci British unions win big victory. U S News estate. il Bsns W p 104+ Aur 23 69 148+ o 66:64 Je 30 '69 Soni stamps. Newsweek 73:70 Mr 31 '69 Industrial relations reform in Great Britain. Soul stamps; Black & Brown trading stamp TRAFFIC signs co. il Time 94:74 J1 11 '69 Signs you '11 se N. Robertson and K. L Sams. bibliog l' Mo Labor R 92:35-- Ja C9 Trading stamps vs. cut prices. Consumer Bul Holosigns. E. 52:15 O 69 80-2+ Ag '69 Labor y labor. Time 01:35-6 19 66 Reds climibing into unkons* beds. 11 Nations See also Speed signs ch: Sperry and Hutchinson company Village, a ci Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Bumpass il LA See also TRADITION Symbols for 8 Strikes -Great Britain Father and the fathers. M. M. Shideler. Chr devices. A: Trades union congress Cent 86:1061-4 Ag 13 '69 47:48-51 Ag " Threats to the modern family. A. Mandel- To see If they Italy brum. il Sci Digest 65:57-60 Mr '69 Am City 84:1: Extremists set the pace in Italy. Bans W TRADITIONAL music. See Music Trailblazer led p54++ S 13 '69 TRADITIONS in music. See Music tonio, Tex. J Italy's biz unions settle for victory. il Bana My 69 W p 18-13 D 27 69 TRAFFIC. See Road Traffic What's wrong Italy's unions hit management harder. il TRAFFIC, Airtine. See Airlines--Traffle Toth. Am Ho Bsns W p74+ Mr 1 '69 TRAFFIC accidents TRAFFIC violati Report from_ Rome: drive for radical social Challenge to the churches; National safety Pull over, Bud change. W. Wynn. 11 Fortune 81:61+ Ja council and slaughter on highways. Amer- Cambridge. I 70 ica 120:320 Mr 22 '69 J1 '69 Latin America Fallacy of the untrained driver. G. Driessen. TRAGEDY Unions urgea to increase skilled labor in Ed Digest 35:43-5.0 '69 Tragedy and D Latin America. G. Plaza. Américas 21:44 Frenzy of the freeways; excerpts from Take Review '69 an alternate route. P. Pierce. il Read Digest Commonwed Scandinavia 94:205-6+ Ap '69 roth How the Scandinavians do it. il Time 94: Highway as & killer. 11 Life 66:24D-35 My 30 102 D 5 '69 69 TRAGIC theme. TRAHAN, Mariar Turkey In defense of the automobile. L Levine. 11 Motor T 21:48-51 Ap '69 (eds) Adult br Factions of the Turkish labor movement dif- Pictures without words. il Read Digest 95:135- Library J I rer over political role. B. H. Millen. bib- 41 Jl 69 2126-30. 2512- liog Mc Labor R 92:31-5 Je '69 Piaying at safety. A. H. Sypher. Nations My 15. Je 15 Bsns 67:27-8 Je '69 TRAHEY, Jane United States Proof: sufety does pay; slow moving vehicle These drinks a Collective bargaining, by M. S. Rukeyser. emblems on farm machinery traveling pub- 200 D'69 Review lic roads Suc Farm 67:94 Mr '69 Those deadly one-car crashes. il Changing T TRAIL bikes. See Nat R 21:291 Mr 25 '69. W. F. Ricken- backer 23:31- Ag '69 TRAIL riders of 1 Developments in industrial relations. See Traffic safety's mystery man; the pedestrian. Tarzan of the issues of Monthly labor review B. Ford. Sci Digest 66:64-8 : D '69 34-5+ Ap '69 Employee rights and union democracy; ex- What to do after an accident. D. Green. il TRAILER brakes. cerpt from Individual employee rights and Mech Illus 65:61-3+ Ag '69 See also TRAILER camp union democracy. B. Aaron. Mo Labor R 92: 50-2 Mr 69 Automobile driving camps Drinking and traffic accidents TRAILERS GE bind tightens. Bsns W p48 S 6 '69 Insurance, Automobile Soe also Labor in a year of expansion. B. V. Toth. Traffic violations Automobile trat 204000 Mo Labor R 92:11-19 Ja 69 Labor movement today: symposium. Na- Cases TRAILS tion 209:199-224- S 8 '69 Across the Bitt. Labor 1970: angry, aggressive, acquisitive. R. In case of crash, who is at fault? E. D. by snownobi Armstrong. il Fortune 80:94-7-+ o '69 Fales, jr. Read Digest 94:124-6 Mr '69 130:114-17+ 1 Next decade for Tabor: Tace lifting and some See also Along the Sou new wrinkles. il Nations Esns 57:44-6 N '69 Kennedy, E. M.-Accident, July 1969 the hiking, t Prospects for white-coller unionism: excerpt TRAFFIC control, Airway. See Air traffic set 143:44-6 ( from address, September 1968. HI. M. Douty control Finger Lakes 1 bibliog f il Mo Labor R 92:31-4 Ja '69 TRAFFIC engineering Over the weeh SDS finds invasion of industry tougher than First TOPICS project eases a. bottleneck; trail buitt il colleze campuses TT S News 66:84-6 le 23 '69 Traffic operations program to increase ca- Sampling the Strangling picket line; labor's double stan- pacity and safety; Dover, N.H. il Am City 143:24-L N '69 dard: address, October 30, 1969. J. L. Jones. 81:16 My '69 South Carolina Vital Speeches 36:136-9 D 15 69 Race for (automobile) space; adaptation of Truluck. il Tr. Trying to earu enough; new wage-and-bene- address, April 17, 1969. E. Corning, 2d. Bul Touch and aee: fit settlements. il, Time 94:72 3111 '69 Atom Sci 25:15-16 D '69 arboretum W Untouchable conglomerate; labor-union mo- Urban transportation tomorrow. J. A. Volpe. il Parks & R nopolies. D. Lawrence. U S News 66:108 Ap il Am City 84:59-62 N '69 Trails across A 14 '69 When traffic jams stall the Nation: forecast G. Nelson. il : Word from the unions: a tough line for '70. for the 1970s. il Bsns W P 186-7+ D 6'69 Wildlife along News 67:75-8 O 13 '69 TRAFFIC lights. See Traffic signals H. Harrison. See also TRAFFIC markings See also Police unions All-weather pavement marker developed. il Strikes- United States Appalachian trs Am City 84:134 Mr 69 United States-Labor policy National parks Fast-dry traffic lines Texas-style. il Am City also names of unions, e.g. United mine Greson Trail 84:108 D 'C9 Santa Fe Trail workers of America Plastic lines save lives. il Am City 84:138 Je '69 TRAIN. Russell E Vietnam (Republic) Man with the Taped lines keep airport traffic moving; F 7 66 Freedom force in Vietnam; CVT. America Washington national airport. C. R. Melugin. 120:721 Je 28 '69 jr. il Am City 84:146 F '69 TRAIN robberle. saults Source: https:/lwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.eduldocs/ssvx227 Business school 753-1964 3551 753-2410 Ann $5,000 claim trends. Reft Tayt.,P. - 92:8-11 5.69 like it was; DD McDwalds AFPL/CP internal disputes plan DL. Cole allet p-ys union mevien't Buswhip HAG 23.69 Mohander 92:12-15 56 Agena a rank fire DU Am Lahar a 20 cent. Maxin 210:441 Ap 13. '70 DU Naxion 210:428-804 13. 70 K.DU - - BUSWR p56 Mar 21,70 K.DU - Labormount invert slart moor AH Reshia HarraBas Rev 88: 108-18 9.20 Union prospects proyer for w 40's hib. M.Lab Res 93:36-9 Mar 70 Change atti P. U.S. tabar unions -world Crade are has Rex 93:51-4 My'70 Integrate drive fails overcome it Buslop Labork am community D.C.Bok Bush p10 Cp 11.170 DU Troubled times for unions? U.S. Dens lag 80-100g 17'70 19170 DU Ally cenions fear mmlth nationals Buswk 94-5 Dec) Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Unions aim for u been collar rote Busw p48 A.5.70 Union power - new inflats Burek Frantune 83:649 two 171 Demank for union lervices t exercill Labar Rel wsq 24: 180- 90 Jaill Prepary for year of Hanny tapor Claeks seea immorable objects. , 3/19-323 AFL/C10 chapter map dough ceronomic Eg. structery for it 2/9 -15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Ryfali Rosi Funn - Virginia Ven Surg - - Didi Pancake - - Saundra Smith - Marge Braward - Kay Collins Laboricearly bid far 1972 rates - Busw p25 Mr6'71 Labar's new style Widick Nation 212: 358-60 Mr 22, 21 BPI Gap bet anios Leaders ment wider7. Adal 165: 37 Oct 6, '69 Lib - Getting farau - dalk Yough Busww pk Feb 21,70 RiG Trade union prospect - COMT decade Pettour Gabor have Pe 21.131-58 Mar. 90 slumptus union coffers Buswak to 18 70 p.29 for conscious uniontem -shadow or extentance 921 607-12 5.100 - Cabar starts 1 mind its 17-18 0.31'70 *- renious Las Gaughe S 170. 10. Why labor can't finais younger leaders Lib Bus Wh p78 03:90 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227

To whom is this letter addressed to?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

ISRF Members

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

What is the age limit of Union leadership?

ssvx0227

ssvx0227_p0, ssvx0227_p1, ssvx0227_p2, ssvx0227_p3, ssvx0227_p4, ssvx0227_p5, ssvx0227_p6, ssvx0227_p7, ssvx0227_p8, ssvx0227_p9, ssvx0227_p10, ssvx0227_p11, ssvx0227_p12, ssvx0227_p13

between 55 and 60 years of age, between 55 and 60

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Blake McFeely DATE: 7/6/71 FROM: Barb MacDonald SUBJECT: Overview - Labor 1971 Blake: Per your request the following is a brief description of labor as it is characterized in recent literature. The following information is presented in the briefiest form possible and may be a bit unclear. If so please call and I will elaborate for you. The subject captions are intended to relate the current union opinion or status in each area. The conclusions attempt to set forth the re- lationship between the current hard-line bargaining which dominates the labor scene, and the subjects covered on labor related articles over the past year. I have an extensive bibliography with notations as to the best and most pertinent articles should you wish to see it. NATIONAL POLITICS: Unions are striving to obtain the voting support of the young (between 18 and 21) and the minority voters, as well as the blue collar, middle aged. Union leadership is at- tempting to control the selection of the Democratic party pre- sidential candidate in an effort to unseat Nixon and nti-labor Congressmen in the 1972 election. UNION POLITICS: Union leadership is generally old, between 55 and 60 years of age, and clings tightly to the status quo and the ideals of unionism as they appeared in the 1930's. No new blood of equal competence appears egar to take on the general cause of unionism as it exists currently. MEMBERSHIP: Membership is declining, +especially in the areas of aero- space, auto, and agricultural equipment manufacturing. In several unions unemployed members are not required to pay dues, although they are still included in the membership rolls. Loss of dues from such members has caused serious financial problems resulting in a cutback of national union staff. Rank and file determination to remain segregated for as long as possible has lead to a very low percentage of minority members, and a very slow admission rate. The average union member is a suburbanite, property holder, and tax payer interested in air pollution and tax relief, not the old line concerns with right to work laws and broadening the picket privileges. Alienation of the worker from his job and the union cuases has resulted in little more than self concern on the part Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx022 INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: DATE: FROM: SUBJECT: of the average member. New members for the national organizations are indicated in the recent unionization of the professionals and public workers. UNION PHILOSOPHY: The younger rank and file members of the unions are concerned with a larger paycheck in the hand, at the expense of long term benefits if necessary. Annual wage increases are assumed to be a right not a benefit, and cost-of-living clauses are deemed a necessity. Fear of unemployment is rare even in the face of a right job market. Similarily, even in periods of recession the economic hardship is absent from striks, thus a strike vote becomes a vote for a vacation from work as well as an incentive for management to meet demands. CONCLUSIONS - Motivation for hard-line bargaining: 1) The paradox of insecure aged leadership without replacements forces leaders to push hard bargains on management for fear of loss of allegiance from the rank and file, and loss of status and power. 2) Competition between unions is fierce, each trying to out bargain the other. 3) Support for union views in the national political scene is more likely to be obtained if leaders are successful in gaining unprecedented increases. 4) New members are also felt to judge the union by its abil- ity to bring management to ever increasing settlements. 5) Plagued by inflation the rank and file is demanding a cost of living escalator which leaders are pushing. 6) Declining profits lead to hard-line positions on the part of management adding: emphasis to the strike claims of unions. 1971 Settlement Expectations: Contracts negotiated in 1970 equaled an increase of 9.1%; up 8.2% from 1969, and 6.5% from 1968. 1971 is expected to follow this trend. United Mine Workers are demanding a 46% increase in the day to day pay plus a doubling of the pension benefits. Federal Mediation & Consultation Service predicts worker pay demands to reach 10-15%. Steelworkers are gunning other industries to match the National Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage increases of $.75 per hour over three years, plus a "novel cost-of-living exscalator" that will add at least $.25 regardless of the pace of inflation. Association of General Con- tractors demand is expected to hit 15-20%. Longshoremen expect 20% increase plus doubling of the pension benefits over a two year contract. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 wit he 2/9 /35 may waq 2/19 - 32/1 - pushfar annual your of 98%- Cremind that (neurs gave frailanions 135% increase fast ys hi joblessness f soft economy nt alterry hard bargaine drives - - leak players by caplax are prodr negatitions consumer prices up 15.1% since May '68 dealing profits hardline employer = Altrong strike laughing Jacy internal pressure from money Eurgery young U looms as crucial test for several union chiefs militants ar political drivals Unity minicks Tory Bayle saes 2 denas cocil ine 1) cruice in day pay by the 50 2) cloubly cemp's pease plan conle then Medicats service prodicted worker demands N py leane ines s 10-15% hopes 71 centlement can hold 8-10% Pize (combark me 90 - an ine 191% up. from 82% in '69; 6.5% aeer 7 gains= fem = are 8.3% Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 consumer prices up 1367 from Aug 2668 "must demands. ) crestorate Cate his excalator o) "very substantial wags will 2) pens plan improvents steekworker qunny after industries to match nail Can settlement (2/13/71) of wage inc > s 75.4 an he over 3 yrs, plus novel" carter ling escalator clause that will add at last 25% cregardless C - pau s infection Dess Gerk Contractors - we voluntary stabilizts plan civil hit 15-20 25% Langsharoner expect(20% plus cloubly - person bene < 2 ye contrast under presure for bigger pay sleeks even at loss r lengthern bines Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 perspective - whets seeks young old, minority rotes political-attenth - control demo 77 candidate membership -closed, anti minority; dropps -boso capital organization - decentralized competetive Leadership cold, who deplarents lack n incent fiberal leader philos - change from cap bene to wight pictate K hi pay cheeks, for nines -no fear of unmmployment economic hardship absent from strikes annual wage increase assumed as right leadership concern ' up pro feety its power f states, therefore pushes busi to avoid by call "a stateman". alienates C ranks fill $ promot self interest - increase > demands new membership inved" in public worker; professional are to 406 insecurity in areas where none exist previously -i.I. college proff. cance - movives or hand line languin - - parador of ensarce all badese up replacents - competition among union faction - never treno s you reffie Ligger pay stenpine s long ferson burs - burgain So athact new member and the (minepung villers in order Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 to control america r pro-otation cansid 7s andi Mixon - inflation reason for accelry exeaster + right to annual increase , fact aisconare over back pose Pack s inconverince, inglact vacation C strike, am abes strike tak a leve 10 itself. Source: :https://www.industrydocuments:ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 aerospoce, acto & agri equipmt layaffe Essay dues Bw Oct3170 young Leadership ~ available unions & barge hr prie yall labor organizer out C - picture BW Deers 70 1966 - MI net lose p 400,000 MH jobs deed to growth s your operations of multinate companies Mar21.70 Landrumphiffin - have befor - 1959 lists accience bare convits from holdy unon aff for at last 5 yrs follows, conviets ak completer s 0 restence nation'n Widick B. author p falor leavy triught failurestanding 3/22/71 "new working class". ,) less concerned about her job a) less will to put cip care dirty uncomfortable worky condited 81 ese will decemet unvery packed functions on mort has 4) Cer culs - conflakor Yo rules arbe amenable to higher authority Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 2 drive to weaker the nat'l Laure Relat's Act clays propas Sept'69 will hampu growth ? activity of Pabar organization labor members current suburbanites, property holder, Kars bayers, interest in air pollution tax creley not ald -line repealog right to work faces, broads spicket facus June 3, 69 way % - attempt do cene confidence & votes s wide ag" blue collar worker for credect c protabar Congressmen - outside party channels BP the most are dence - Aliena s be-mid worker your C demo party 10 - 21/35 send Deats up for grabs held fy protebor - indicates c lovery financial supp for 1972 prs labor candidy Meaning 's Labor Day message "urge -reffile again al they cam at -barqbine table 0 we girlstat policy -anithat labor believe will prone the the is the only recause against Airon's economic Reput. Achilles hell come Nor - co-ording bagaine of the future - unites unions or employers across juris/indast Pines x createarce either Ride - all issues on w bargain at once not accord time Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 z And foundation rept. 0 labor- Mitebell Arisideft. work force projections for 10's higher proports promon between 18 younger better equcated urbax b kgan & di minority component Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March 1969-February 1970 1221 February 1970 TRADE unions-Continued Dodge rebellion. Ramp Mag 7:12 N 30 '68 Fomented conflict; black community and Review Benefit funds organized labor. L. L. Brown. Nation 208: + Je 9 '69 A. When a pension fund runs out: actuarial 179-81 F goof on rall unlon funds. Bans W p 128 Justice in the building trades; Pittsburgh 0 25 '69 churchmen proposals. America 121:256 o 4'69 rages and bene- Communist activities Minority power through unions. B. J. W1- J. E. Talbot, jr. Reds climbing into unions' beds. il Nations dick. Nation 209:206-8 S 8 '69 Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Narrow victory for blacks; Philadelphia plan. relations. See il Time 95:49-50 Ja 5 '70 view Dues, fees, etc. Philadelphia plan in trouble. U S News 67: label? question Dues collection by court action. U S News 66: 71-2 o 6 '69 My 17 '69 66 Ap 7 '69 Pittsburgh blacks try negotiating. il Bsns W etive bargaining p32-3 S 6 '69 id V. J. Sheffer. Elections Plague on both your houses! black militants .6-26 My '69 Leadership fight looms among miners; elec- vs industry and organized labor. il Bsns imployment bene- tion contest between Joseph Yablonski and W My 24 '69 og f il Mo Labor Showdown on Negro jobs in the building W. A. Boyle for UMW presidency. Bsng trades il U. S News 67:95-7 S 29 '69 W D 122 Je 7 '69 on. B. V. Toth. Shades of John L; presidential battle in the Shultz job plan for blacks hits snags; Phila- UMW. il Newsweek 74:83-4+ D 15 '69 delphía plan. Bsns W p 109 N 15 '69 a, acquisitive. R. Some reflections on organized labor and the 7+ o '69 new militants. P. Henle. bibliog Mo Labor Ethical aspects agreements ex- R 92:20-5 J1 '69 title varies) See See Labor ethics Trade unions grapple with race prejudice. review B. L. Masse. America 120:701 Je 21 '69 lendar for 1969: History UAW rebuffs black extremists; League of nd W. M. Davis. Labor historian views changes in the trade revolutionary black workers. America 120: union movement. P. Taft. Mo Labor R 92: 346 Mr 29 69 nts in manufac- 8-11 S *69 What unions are, and are not doing for J. Kinyon. Mo Labor leader tells it like it was; D. J. blacks; Pittsburgh. il Time 94:88+ S 26 '69 McDonald's account of U.S. union move- are jammed by ment. Bans W p44 Ag 23 '69 Officiais W p63 D 27 '69 Insurance plans Arbitrating the discharge and discipline of ertime and record union officials. W. El. Baer. bibliog Mo La- industry costs. il See Insurance, Industrial bor R 92:39-45 S '69 International aspects In the wake of John L. Lewis. J. Hill. Com- monweal 90:430-1 J1 11 '69 Labor and foreign policy. R. Radosh. Nation Labor' Kirkland moves higher. America lations 209:208-11 S 8 '69 120:639 My 31 '69 N 96:266 S 27 '69 See also - New challenges to union leadership J. :525 International confederation of free trade T. Conway. Mo Labor R 92:56 Ap '69 unions Nixon aides go to labor's summit. il Bans 08 International labor organization W D38-9 Ap 19 '69 unt, Trade Pay padding an issue in mine vote. U S Jurisdictional disputes News 67:102 D 15 '69 AFL-CIO's internal disputes plan. D. L. Cole. Union chief with growing stature. U S News Mo Labor R 92:12-15 S '69 66:19 F 24 '69 - trade journals. IAM wins and fights on: jurisdictiona battle Walter Reuther's gamble; contesting Meany's F 66 begin freelancing: at McDonnell Douglas. Bsns W p90 Ja 18 status quo. J. Hill. Commonweal 90:261-3 My 16 '69 layton. il Writers '69 West coast dockers move toward peace: PMA- Training ILWU wars over packing containers at Teamsters open a labor school to process cal) West coast ports. Bsns W p 142 o 11 '69 their local talent: IBT labor institute. il as Bsns W p61 S 27 '69 c. il Life 67:57-8+ Law See Labor laws and legislation-United Organizing activities imous makers. J. States See Trade unions-Membership drives 50-2+ D '69 Membership l' 23:35 Mr '69 Now a rank-and-file revolt to worry unions Political activities and employers. il U S News 66:93-4 Mr 17 Alienated rank and file. A. Bilik. Nation Libe :30 My 69 '69 T 23:42 S '69 209:527-30 N 17 '69 Trade union growth in a changing economy. langing T 23:34 J1 Cause and the cure; the right to work: L. Troy. bibliog il Mo Labor R 92:3-7 S '69 address, January 31. 1969. P. Fannin. Vital evival of old prod- Typical union member: a profile. U S News Speeches 35:293-5 Mr 1 '69 66:67 Ap 7 '69 N 10 '69 Getting out the vote, Bans W p44 Ag 23 Union disciplinary power upheld; Supreme '69 court decision. U S News 66:85-6 Ap 14 '69 Lahor and politics. J. D. Greenstone. Nation Unions build muscle with new membership marks and trade 209:212-15 S 8 '69 unionism in the 1970s. il Esns W p 130+ D Lahor chafes at Nixon pace. Bsns W p34 6 '69 My 24 '69 Why unionization? excerpts from address. Nixon-Meany: an odd couple. J. Hill. Com- S. Kinville. Parks & Rec 4:28-30 Mr *69 monweal 90:537+ S 5 '69 See also Polities J. Leonard. il Esquire 71:10+ My '69 Trade unions-Negro membership Pro-Wallace workers start to stir. Bans W relations. Bsns W p 124+ o 25 '69 Membership drives Students and workers. P. Booth. Ramp Mag High noon in the hospital; union organiz- 8:19-20 S '69 Mahoning Valley ing campaign for Pittsburgh hospital work- Union lobbying machine. W. Wingo, il Na- Bixler. il Am Ed ers. R. W. Gibbons. Commonweal 91:406-7 tions Bsns 57:52-4+ Ap '69 (to be cont) Ja 9 '70 Unwitting help for the new left. B. L. Masse. TUD builds up its war chest. Bsns W p66 O 4 America 120:210 F 22 '69 '69 agninst Cogar Wrath of grapes: unions want to organize Will unions lose their political grip? Il Nations aff to prevent use all hired farm libor. G. Logsdon. Farm Rsns 57:21-7 Ja '69 ormation. il News- J 93:33-L F '69 Public relations than a patent. V. 0-12+ N '69 Negro membership Prospects and problems. J. Seldin. Nation Backlash builds on black demands il Bsns 209:200-2 S 8 '69 una W p31-2 S 27 '69 ee Trade unions- Black battlecround; Pitteburgh. il Time 94: Union 78 S 5 *69 See also Black Monday and white Friday. il News- Alliance for labor action opagandist: agent week 74:105-7 o 6 '69 unds into overseas Black Mondays are good for us: building- Canada New Repub 160: trades unions. Fortune 80:86 O '69 Canada's unions: no restraint. Bsns W p 126 Black workers in white unions. W. B. Gould. O 25 '69 issues of Monthly Nation 209:203-6 S 8 *69 Confrontation in Pittsburgh: drive to crack Canada's workers. J. Deedy. Commonweal bullding trades unions. C. C. Robb. il Na- 91:34 o 10 '69 tion 209:272-4 S 22'69 Canadian unions selze initiative: drive for Cracking the crafts; Pittaburgh demonstra- ware parity with U.S. workers. Bsns W tions 11 Newsweek 74:34-5 S 8 '69 p 85-1- Ja 18 '69 of free trade unions Crusade against the eraft unions. A. Poinsett. Canadian workers dig in their heels. il Bans il Ebony 25:33-6+ D '69 W p30 Ag 23 '69 Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 1222 READERS' GUIDE TO PERIODICAL LITERATURE March February 1970 READERS' GUID TRADE unions-Canada--Contintired TRADE waste Year of troubles looms in Canada. il Esns See also TRAFFIC regulat W p72+ Ja 10 '70 Pollution Our crazy, mi See also il Pop Mech 1 Strikes-Canada TRADE waste disposal See also Under the rug; problems of toxic waste dis- Computers- Europe, Western posal in deep injection wells. D. M. Evans Helicopters in t and A. Bradford. bibligg il Environ 11:3- Traffle violation Labor outlook. Bans W p73 N 22 '69 13+ O 69 Union pact against U.S. auto invasion. U S TRAFFIC safety TRADE winds News 67:79 D 22 69 See also Climate and history; excerpts from Discon- Roads-Safety ( France Unuity in Greek civilization. P. Carpenter. Traffic violatio il Horizon 11:48-57 Spr '69 Another French crisis; Rendezvous of March TRAFFIC signals and wage demands. America 120:324 Mr 22 TRADEMARKS. See Trade marks and trade names 69 TRADES. See Occupations Charleston to Franc at the barricades; battle over wage new traffic demands. Bsns W p33 Mr 15 '69 TRADES union congress 84:35 Ap '69 Unions take on British Wildcats. Bsns W Interconnected Germany (Federal Republic) p 134 Je 28 '69 Los Angeles. Youth labor movement; in Deutscher ge- TRADESCANTIA. See Spiderworts New York cit werkschaftsbund. H. Muladore. Nation 209: TRADING. See Barter control, T. 1 105-6 N '69 TRADING stamps Signal system 1 Great Britain Czar of Gold bond stamps: turning to real Riverside Ci British unions win big victory. U S News estate. il Bsns W p 104+ Aur 23 69 148+ o 66:64 Je 30 '69 Soni stamps. Newsweek 73:70 Mr 31 '69 Industrial relations reform in Great Britain. Soul stamps; Black & Brown trading stamp TRAFFIC signs co. il Time 94:74 J1 11 '69 Signs you '11 se N. Robertson and K. L Sams. bibliog l' Mo Labor R 92:35-- Ja C9 Trading stamps vs. cut prices. Consumer Bul Holosigns. E. 52:15 O 69 80-2+ Ag '69 Labor y labor. Time 01:35-6 19 66 Reds climibing into unkons* beds. 11 Nations See also Speed signs ch: Sperry and Hutchinson company Village, a ci Bsns 57:74-7 Je '69 Bumpass il LA See also TRADITION Symbols for 8 Strikes -Great Britain Father and the fathers. M. M. Shideler. Chr devices. A: Trades union congress Cent 86:1061-4 Ag 13 '69 47:48-51 Ag " Threats to the modern family. A. Mandel- To see If they Italy brum. il Sci Digest 65:57-60 Mr '69 Am City 84:1: Extremists set the pace in Italy. Bans W TRADITIONAL music. See Music Trailblazer led p54++ S 13 '69 TRADITIONS in music. See Music tonio, Tex. J Italy's biz unions settle for victory. il Bana My 69 W p 18-13 D 27 69 TRAFFIC. See Road Traffic What's wrong Italy's unions hit management harder. il TRAFFIC, Airtine. See Airlines--Traffle Toth. Am Ho Bsns W p74+ Mr 1 '69 TRAFFIC accidents TRAFFIC violati Report from_ Rome: drive for radical social Challenge to the churches; National safety Pull over, Bud change. W. Wynn. 11 Fortune 81:61+ Ja council and slaughter on highways. Amer- Cambridge. I 70 ica 120:320 Mr 22 '69 J1 '69 Latin America Fallacy of the untrained driver. G. Driessen. TRAGEDY Unions urgea to increase skilled labor in Ed Digest 35:43-5.0 '69 Tragedy and D Latin America. G. Plaza. Américas 21:44 Frenzy of the freeways; excerpts from Take Review '69 an alternate route. P. Pierce. il Read Digest Commonwed Scandinavia 94:205-6+ Ap '69 roth How the Scandinavians do it. il Time 94: Highway as & killer. 11 Life 66:24D-35 My 30 102 D 5 '69 69 TRAGIC theme. TRAHAN, Mariar Turkey In defense of the automobile. L Levine. 11 Motor T 21:48-51 Ap '69 (eds) Adult br Factions of the Turkish labor movement dif- Pictures without words. il Read Digest 95:135- Library J I rer over political role. B. H. Millen. bib- 41 Jl 69 2126-30. 2512- liog Mc Labor R 92:31-5 Je '69 Piaying at safety. A. H. Sypher. Nations My 15. Je 15 Bsns 67:27-8 Je '69 TRAHEY, Jane United States Proof: sufety does pay; slow moving vehicle These drinks a Collective bargaining, by M. S. Rukeyser. emblems on farm machinery traveling pub- 200 D'69 Review lic roads Suc Farm 67:94 Mr '69 Those deadly one-car crashes. il Changing T TRAIL bikes. See Nat R 21:291 Mr 25 '69. W. F. Ricken- backer 23:31- Ag '69 TRAIL riders of 1 Developments in industrial relations. See Traffic safety's mystery man; the pedestrian. Tarzan of the issues of Monthly labor review B. Ford. Sci Digest 66:64-8 : D '69 34-5+ Ap '69 Employee rights and union democracy; ex- What to do after an accident. D. Green. il TRAILER brakes. cerpt from Individual employee rights and Mech Illus 65:61-3+ Ag '69 See also TRAILER camp union democracy. B. Aaron. Mo Labor R 92: 50-2 Mr 69 Automobile driving camps Drinking and traffic accidents TRAILERS GE bind tightens. Bsns W p48 S 6 '69 Insurance, Automobile Soe also Labor in a year of expansion. B. V. Toth. Traffic violations Automobile trat 204000 Mo Labor R 92:11-19 Ja 69 Labor movement today: symposium. Na- Cases TRAILS tion 209:199-224- S 8 '69 Across the Bitt. Labor 1970: angry, aggressive, acquisitive. R. In case of crash, who is at fault? E. D. by snownobi Armstrong. il Fortune 80:94-7-+ o '69 Fales, jr. Read Digest 94:124-6 Mr '69 130:114-17+ 1 Next decade for Tabor: Tace lifting and some See also Along the Sou new wrinkles. il Nations Esns 57:44-6 N '69 Kennedy, E. M.-Accident, July 1969 the hiking, t Prospects for white-coller unionism: excerpt TRAFFIC control, Airway. See Air traffic set 143:44-6 ( from address, September 1968. HI. M. Douty control Finger Lakes 1 bibliog f il Mo Labor R 92:31-4 Ja '69 TRAFFIC engineering Over the weeh SDS finds invasion of industry tougher than First TOPICS project eases a. bottleneck; trail buitt il colleze campuses TT S News 66:84-6 le 23 '69 Traffic operations program to increase ca- Sampling the Strangling picket line; labor's double stan- pacity and safety; Dover, N.H. il Am City 143:24-L N '69 dard: address, October 30, 1969. J. L. Jones. 81:16 My '69 South Carolina Vital Speeches 36:136-9 D 15 69 Race for (automobile) space; adaptation of Truluck. il Tr. Trying to earu enough; new wage-and-bene- address, April 17, 1969. E. Corning, 2d. Bul Touch and aee: fit settlements. il, Time 94:72 3111 '69 Atom Sci 25:15-16 D '69 arboretum W Untouchable conglomerate; labor-union mo- Urban transportation tomorrow. J. A. Volpe. il Parks & R nopolies. D. Lawrence. U S News 66:108 Ap il Am City 84:59-62 N '69 Trails across A 14 '69 When traffic jams stall the Nation: forecast G. Nelson. il : Word from the unions: a tough line for '70. for the 1970s. il Bsns W P 186-7+ D 6'69 Wildlife along News 67:75-8 O 13 '69 TRAFFIC lights. See Traffic signals H. Harrison. See also TRAFFIC markings See also Police unions All-weather pavement marker developed. il Strikes- United States Appalachian trs Am City 84:134 Mr 69 United States-Labor policy National parks Fast-dry traffic lines Texas-style. il Am City also names of unions, e.g. United mine Greson Trail 84:108 D 'C9 Santa Fe Trail workers of America Plastic lines save lives. il Am City 84:138 Je '69 TRAIN. Russell E Vietnam (Republic) Man with the Taped lines keep airport traffic moving; F 7 66 Freedom force in Vietnam; CVT. America Washington national airport. C. R. Melugin. 120:721 Je 28 '69 jr. il Am City 84:146 F '69 TRAIN robberle. saults Source: https:/lwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.eduldocs/ssvx227 Business school 753-1964 3551 753-2410 Ann $5,000 claim trends. Reft Tayt.,P. - 92:8-11 5.69 like it was; DD McDwalds AFPL/CP internal disputes plan DL. Cole allet p-ys union mevien't Buswhip HAG 23.69 Mohander 92:12-15 56 Agena a rank fire DU Am Lahar a 20 cent. Maxin 210:441 Ap 13. '70 DU Naxion 210:428-804 13. 70 K.DU - - BUSWR p56 Mar 21,70 K.DU - Labormount invert slart moor AH Reshia HarraBas Rev 88: 108-18 9.20 Union prospects proyer for w 40's hib. M.Lab Res 93:36-9 Mar 70 Change atti P. U.S. tabar unions -world Crade are has Rex 93:51-4 My'70 Integrate drive fails overcome it Buslop Labork am community D.C.Bok Bush p10 Cp 11.170 DU Troubled times for unions? U.S. Dens lag 80-100g 17'70 19170 DU Ally cenions fear mmlth nationals Buswk 94-5 Dec) Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Unions aim for u been collar rote Busw p48 A.5.70 Union power - new inflats Burek Frantune 83:649 two 171 Demank for union lervices t exercill Labar Rel wsq 24: 180- 90 Jaill Prepary for year of Hanny tapor Claeks seea immorable objects. , 3/19-323 AFL/C10 chapter map dough ceronomic Eg. structery for it 2/9 -15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227 Ryfali Rosi Funn - Virginia Ven Surg - - Didi Pancake - - Saundra Smith - Marge Braward - Kay Collins Laboricearly bid far 1972 rates - Busw p25 Mr6'71 Labar's new style Widick Nation 212: 358-60 Mr 22, 21 BPI Gap bet anios Leaders ment wider7. Adal 165: 37 Oct 6, '69 Lib - Getting farau - dalk Yough Busww pk Feb 21,70 RiG Trade union prospect - COMT decade Pettour Gabor have Pe 21.131-58 Mar. 90 slumptus union coffers Buswak to 18 70 p.29 for conscious uniontem -shadow or extentance 921 607-12 5.100 - Cabar starts 1 mind its 17-18 0.31'70 *- renious Las Gaughe S 170. 10. Why labor can't finais younger leaders Lib Bus Wh p78 03:90 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ssvx0227

What is this letter about?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

Recent Literature on Dental caries, recent literature on dental caries

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

what is the substitution of sucrose in candy

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

lycasin

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

What is the date mentioned at the top?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

October 8, 1976, october 8, 1976

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

which treatment is needed for the 400 ppm/kg seed ?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

EDTA

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

Which hydrogenated strach hrdrolyzate has been used as substitute for sucrose in candy?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

Lycasin

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

What is the total for Nortron?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

86

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

what is the age group of children affected by dental caries?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

three to six year old

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

When was the start-up of the continuous process at Billings, Montana factory?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

october 31, 1974

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

in which year, Raymond mill is installed?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

1976

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

Who is doing research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

Dr. Y. Mok Yun

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What is written below the logo?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

dental caries

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

In summer of 1975 which factories were changed to continuous cooler process?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

loveland, Colorado and Gering, nebraska factories

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

What is the final emergence (%) value for EDTA treatment where ppm/kg seed is 400?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

81

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

Which experiment ( experiment number) is shown in Table 1.?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

267, Experiment 267

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

What is the name written by hand below the content of the memo?

jpyv0228

jpyv0228_p0, jpyv0228_p1, jpyv0228_p2

Sarah Setton

INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM Great Western United Corporation TO: Claud Fleet DATE: 11/22/76 FROM: Jan Steen SUBJECT: Xylitol I called to the Sugar Association in Washington, D.C. for Jack 0'Connell. He is on vacation. Talked to a lady who said there had been experiments with adding phosphate to sugar to lower cavity counts and said she would send out material on that and other infomation on xylitol tomorrow. Sarah Setton FDA - now banned sachain (sp) but have sugar substitute. made from grapefurit rind - nud more info Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 Div of PR fack O' Connell (Rnand cland Sugar assoc. Hap anyone considered auplicating W ashing ton P.C. can its qualities its bt qualities in sugar ? don't need absolute just has it been considered addphosphate to sugar X - clip ant possibles 1511 K St, N.W. D.C. 20005 202-628-0189 - Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228 The Billings Gazette 8.29.76 4B New sugarless gum may be cavity fighter (C) Chicago Daily News 50 dental students chewed five sticks of xylitol-sweetened gum CHICAGO - Executives of daily while 50 other students the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co. aren't chewed sugar-sweetened gum: Xylitol Sparks Interest planning to bite off more than At the end of a year, research- they can chew with a so-called ers said, the sugar group had an Reports that the natural sweetener miracle sweetener for gum average increase of three cavi- xylitol may be an effective anti-carie that's supposed to prevent den- ties, while the xylitol group agent have sparked food industry in- tal cavities. showed an average decrease of terest in the product. Current Food Even so, the Chicago-based one cavity. and Drug Administration regulations company has introduced chew- ing gum in West Germany Xylitol, a so-called sugar al- permit the use of the sweetener in sweetened by the chemical xyli- cohol, is found in small special dietary foods. However, if amounts in many fruits and veg- xylitol is to be promoted as an anti- tol (pronounced zy-lit-tall). A Wrigley spokesman said etables. But the Finnish Sugar carie or non-carie agent, FDA ap- that if sales of the new prem- Co., which is producing it com- proval would depend on additional ium-priced gum called Orbit go mercially, is using birch trees as testing requiring several more years well in Germany, consideration raw material. For that reason, of work. 11 would be given to selling it in the Finns have dubbed it "birch this country. sugar." !'We've tried a. number of other sugar substitutes in the past that were supposed to con- tribute to dental health, but none of them ever-worked out," said the spokesman, "so we're not rushing with this one." The use of xylitol to sweeten gum and candy has been pi- oneered in Finland for the last three years. Finnish dentists at the University of Turku say their tests show the chemical not only will prevent tooth de- cay but will even "heal" incipi- ent (very small cavities. In one test at. the university, Source:https://wvww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/jpyv0228

at Gering for 74 how many tons/day of 50 pol ?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

101

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

Under what conditions the spring application of fumigants are very effective?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

under good soil and weather conditions.

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What is the yield(Tons/A) value with use of Dyfonate at preplant time by PI method?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

15.5

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What is the rate of fumigant application?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

15 to 20 gallons per acre, 15 to 20 gallons

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

At Gering How was work tonnage improvement in molasses ?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

almost phenomenal., almost phenomenal

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

How much is the penetration release for fumigant application?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

12 to 14 inches deep, approximately 12 to 14 inches deep

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What is the yield(Tons/A)value with use of Temik at preplant time by RK method?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

16.4

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What is the Root Damage Rating for Diazinon by Side Injection method at postemergence time?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

2.88

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

where is the location of ASSBT meeting?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

Phoenix, Arizona

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

how many children took part in the study?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

225, 225 children took part in the study

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

In which soil condition are fumigants less effective?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

wet or heavy clay soils, on wet or heavy clay soils

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

Which chemical was particularly effective when Side Injected?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

Temik

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

who is the process development group leader?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

John S. Angelos, John s. Angelos

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

where is the location of great western sugar company?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

loveland, Colorado

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

how many children were observed for one year?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

173 children were observed for one year, 173

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

Mention two methods which were more effective than power incorporation.

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

Russ-Ken and side injection methods

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

how many children were observed for two years?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

113, 113 for two years

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

Where is the soil samples sent for nematode analysis?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

GW Grower Service Centers or the Agricultural Research Centre at Longmont;

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What does BCD stands for?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

Behind Cultivator disks, BCD = Behind Cultivator Disks

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

Which system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been partial?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

A coupon system

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

Which is the new compound that was very effective even at low application rates?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

Dow-3855

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

what is the title of this presentation by john S.Angelos?

qxbx0227

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the great western continuous saccharate process, The great western continuous saccharate process

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

What does the Table I show?

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hhnk0226_p0, hhnk0226_p1, hhnk0226_p2, hhnk0226_p3, hhnk0226_p4, hhnk0226_p5, hhnk0226_p6, hhnk0226_p7

Type A Commercial Varieties, Colorado-Nebraska, Type A Commercial Varieties, Colorado-Nebraska(In % of GW761-60R), Type A Commercial Varieties, Colorado-Nebraska (In % of GW761-60R)

all about new m m mm A Special Section of Through the Leaves mono-hy Spring 1971 BRAND monogerm hybrid JUGARBEET seeD Presented by the Great Western Sugar Company Denver, Colorado 80217 00 DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG Sour https://ww. industrydod ments.ucs edu/docs/hr K0226 Sugarbeets are the only agronomic crop which has ment of a highly productive leaf-spot resistant variety was evolved and developed during the recorded history of man. impossible. Scientific studies conducted by the Station, By the time the main sugarbeet industry was developed in however, indicated that there was absolutely no adverse the United States, European plant breeders had developed correlation of leaf spot resistance and productivity. sugarbeet varieties which allowed efficient and economical The leaf-spot resistance breeding program continued sugar extraction. through the 1940's and culminated in the late forties and This very rapid evolvement of sugarbeets was greatly early fifties by the introduction of some very highly pro- enhanced by the development of the polariscope which ductive sugarbeet varieties which had enough cercospora could be used to determine the percentage of sugar in a resistance so that the epidemics of leaf-spot were no longer solution. By the early 1900's, sugarbeets, about as we know a factor in production in Colorado and Nebraska. them today, were in existence. From the time the GW Ag- Breeding was also done for the production of varieties ricultural Experiment Station was founded in 1910 by Asa adapted to conditions where cercospora and curly top re- C. Maxson, sugarbeet breeding occupied a portion of the sistance were required. Bolting resistant varieties for the efforts of the Station. northern area were also produced. Sugarbeet seed for the infant U. S. industry was supplied In 1951, shortly after the introduction of these cerco- for the most part by European firms until after World War spora resistant varieties, new facilities were built at Long- II. Some small quantities of domestic seed were grown in mont to house the Great Western Research Center group the U. S. during World War I and in the 1930's; during of scientists. and since World War II, the whole U. S. industry has sup- The next landmark in Great Western breeding history plied its own seed. was the introduction of the monogerm character into the In the early 1900's, efforts for the development of su- leaf-spot resistant varieties. Although Great Western plant garbeet varieties in the U. S. were made, first, for adapta- breeders and other plant breeders had searched for a su- tion of the European varieties to U. S. conditions and, sec- garbeet plant which had monogerm seed, beginning before ondly, toward development of the domestic sugarbeet seed 1910, none of the findings bred true for the character. industry so that the industry would not have to be depend- It was after World War II when two Russian scientists ent on European sources. Further, European firms fail- -Dr. and Mrs. V. F. Savitsky-came to America, that the ed to supply varieties with the disease resistance required in monogerm character was found in domestic sugarbeet vari- America. eties. These monogerm beets did indeed breed true, and it The pedigrees of some Great Western varieties trace was possible to use them in breeding programs. Through back to plantings made in 1910. The efforts in sugarbeet the use of the backcross technique, the monogerm gene breeding or selection in the early years led to the develop- was introduced into GW varieties; beginning in 1960, after ment of several adapted varieties which were highly pro- only ten years of work, highly productive monogerm varie- ductive but lacked leaf-spot resistance. ties were available for Great Western growers. Beginning in 1937, when Dr. H. E. Brewbaker joined During this period of the development of leaf-spot resist- Great Western, a concerted effort was made to develop va- ant and monogerm varieties, corn breeders had demon- rieties which had production as well as cercospora resist- strated the great success which could be obtained through ance to counter the periodic attacks of leaf-spot in the Col- the hybridization of inbred lines. All through the years, be- orado-Nebraska growing district. ginning in the 1930's, a few inbreds were being developed Upon initiation of this rather ambitious project, Euro- by sugarbeet breeders in the U. S., but sugarbeet breeders pean plant breeders, as well as a considerable number of were at a loss as to how they might eventually be used. American scientists, assured Dr. Brewbaker that develop- The discovery by Dr. F. V. Owen, a U. S. Department Beet Seed Summit- By Dr. R. K. Oldemeyer Director of Agricultural Research Great Western Research Center Dr. R.K. Oldemeyer 2 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 of Agriculture scientist, of a character called cytoplasmic hybrid. Plants from those lines which prove to have high male-sterility which allowed the production of races of su- combining ability with the red beet are increased for fur- garbeets which were 100 percent male-sterile, cleared the ther study. The selection at this stage is generally at the in- way for the production of hybrid sugarbeets. tensity of five to seven per hundred lines tested. The plant breeders at Great Western, beginning in 1950, Following selection from a top cross test, the inbred is started the initiation of inbred lines on an extensive scale. further tested by crossing it with other inbreds. Thinning During one year in the late 1950's, Great Western had of the specific hybrid trials is particularly tedious inasmuch about 10,000 inbred lines under consideration in the pro- as the red hypocotyl or stem marker gene is used for iden- gram, ones which they had developed themselves. At no tifying hybrids. time during the 1950's and 1960's did the number of The next major test is the male-sterile test in which inbred lines with which they were working drop below inbreds are hybridized with one another, utilizing cyto- 6000. plasmic male-sterility. By this time, sufficient seed of the Lines have been developed from widely varying sources various inbred lines has been obtained, and the ones se- because it is known that hybrid vigor is best expressed in lected as being highly productive are increased toward the hybrids between material from different sources. Great eventual commercial production of hybrids. Western chose as its source material open-pollinated varie- The criteria for selection in all hybrid trials are yield of ties which were adapted to the Great Western areas plus beets, sugar content and processing quality, measured by a recognized varieties from all over the world. coefficient called "percent purity." Laboratory facilities are The large problem confronting a plant breeder when so available at Great Western for determining thin juice pu- many inbred lines are available from which to select the rity, which is a juice purity comparable to the juice purity eight or ten or twelve lines which may eventually be the obtained in the factories. parents of hybrids is the problem of sorting and making The process involves purification of the juice with lime, certain that the best ones are selected. The initial screening the subsequent acidification and filtering and the eventual of inbred lines takes place in the inbred nursery which is determination of the percent sugar on total dry substance. planted to seed from self pollination. In includes selection This coefficient is particularly important inasmuch as it is for agronomic type as to the shape of the crown, freedom a direct measure of the factory extraction which can be ex- from sprangles, and root shape. Quite often, the inbred pected from a particular variety or line. Hybrids are also lines are tested for disease resistance even though the dis- tested for their storageability, disease resistance and bolting ease resistance of the source material is known. resistance. The costly and time consuming part of the screening During and following male-sterile hybrid testing, the program is determining the ability of an inbred to produce seed of selected lines is multiplied in the Oregon seed pro- superior hybrids. After an inbred line has reached a certain duction area. Hybrids are also made on small acreages in degree of uniformity and stability, generally after the third Oregon. These small scale or, as we call them, semi-com- selfed generation, it is placed in a top cross test. mercial hybrids are made with the same seed lots as will go To get seed for the top cross test, the sugarbeets are in- into the production of commercial hybrids, and the per- terplanted with a particular red leaved, red-rooted beet formance of semi-commercial varieties should in every way which allows expression of this dominant characteristic in be comparable to the performance of commercial hybrids. its hybrid. The seed harvested from the sugarbeet lines, Following production testing of the semi-commercial hy- when planted in the field, produces hybrid plants which brids, commercial plantings of the best performing ones can be identified by their red leaves. are made in the seed fields of Arizona and Oregon. Testing The initial decision as to the performance of an inbred of the commercial varieties continues as a control on the in hybrid combinations is the performance of this red beet quality of the seed. Landmarks on the way to Mono-Hy 3 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 All the A x B seed, which is monogerm when harvested Figure 1. Double Cross Hybrid Seed Production in the commercial field, will be hybrid and can be easily A X B C X D separated from the multigerm pollinator seed by using thickness grading with the cylindercal slotted screen. The Male Sterile "O" Type Self Self production of hybrid seed is a rather simple process after Monogerm Monogerm Incompatible Incompatible the inbred lines have been selected. Multigerm Multigerm During the past five or six years, Great Western has in- troduced hybrid seed which is called top cross hybrid seed. CxD Hybrid vigor has been partially exploited during the period A x B X C, D in which the complicated testing of lines has taken place Y for the production of four-way hybrids. Essentially, these (A x B) x (C x D) top cross hybrids are hybrids between the monogerm (A x B) x C (A x B) x D open-pollinated variety that was being grown and some of the better inbred lines. Hybrid Seed The year 1971 is a landmark in the plant breeding ef- forts of The Great Western Sugar Company inasmuch as a sizeable quantity of new sugarbeet brands called Mono-Hy Figure 1 diagrams the method of producing a commer- will be distributed to growers. Mono-Hy varieties are pure cial hybrid variety of sugarbeets. This is called a four-way varieties which have shown superiority in trials and will be hybrid or a double-cross hybrid which is comparable to issued separately rather than being placed in blends. They that used in hybrid corn production. As can be seen from are the product of 20 to 30 years of sugarbeet breeding the diagram, four inbred lines are required for the produc- work by The Great Western Sugar Company and only the tion of the four-way hybrids. Lines A and B are monogerm, beginning of better things to come. Our trials indicate that "O" type, with line A being the male-sterile equivalent. Mono-Hy A1, C1 and D1 are superior varieties and are The hybrid between these two is male-sterile and serves perhaps even adapted over wider areas than Great West- as a seed parent in the commercial hybrid; the hybrid be- ern. tween lines C and D is produced by planting the two lines Great Western hybrid varieties will eventually be availa- in alternate rows. The hybrid between C and D, which is ble to people other than growers of Great Western, and it multigerm, is mixed with the monogerm, A x B parent to is hoped that the fruits of this work can be shared with su- constitute the stock seed for commercial production. garbeet growers throughout the world. Mono-Hy Proves Out In Field Performance By Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Senior Plant Breeder Great Western Research Center Hybrids that have proven to be superior in brid blend on the same locations and years. All variety tests will be available to growers in lim- data are recorded in percent of GW761-60R ited quantities in most Great Western areas in which is genetically similar to the most recent 1971. The purpose of this article is to provide A-type open-pollinated varieties grown in GW performance data on the new GW Mono-Hy areas. The hybrid blend is made up each year varieties. by mixing several new hybrids together; the The hybrid GW Mono-Hy A1 is adapted to relatively small amount of remnant seed from areas in Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas where the previous blend is also added. Consequently, the type A hybrid blends are suitable. In vari- improvement in the blend has been, and will ety strip trials and in the USDA leaf spot nurs- continue to be, gradual. In contrast, GW Mono- ery at Fort Collins in 1970, it was superior in Hy A1 is a single variety, and it will have the leaf spot resistance to most other A-type hy- same genetic composition from year to year. brids. In Ohio variety tests in 1968, it was Variation in its performance in trials was more susceptible to leaf spot than the highly caused by differences in location and effects of resistant E-type varieties included in the test. changes in weather conditions from year to A summary of the performance of GW year or small experimental error which occurs Mono-Hy A1 at Longmont, Fort Morgan and in all experiments to some degree. The mean Gering in 1968, 1969 and 1970 is shown in performance of a variety over several years Table I. In the table, the Mono-Hy variety is and locations is much more reliable than per- compared with the performance of the GW hy- formance at any single location and year. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 Table I compares the varieties in root yield, sucrose content, thin juice apparent purity and Table I Type A Commercial Varieties, Colorado-Nebraska recoverable sugar per acre (assuming immedi- (In % of GW761-60R) ate processing of the beets). Thin juice appar- Root Yield per Acre ent purity shows what the purity of the factory Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean juice will be after it is purified as much as pos- GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 113.4 136.9 121.1 128.8 sible prior to evaporation and sugar crystalliza- 1969 123.8 135.1 133.2 130.7 tion. It is important to have a high purity for 1970 113.9 120.3 113.1 115.8 efficient and profitable sugar extraction. Even GW Hybrid Blend 1968 101.0 102,9 103.5 102.5 small differences in purity affect processing 1969 113.4 110.6 108.7 110.9 considerably. 1970 110.2 107.0 110.4 109.2 Recoverable sugar per acre calculations are based on the percentage of the gross sugar that Sucrose Content (%) can be extracted in a factory (assuming no pile Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean storage) which, in turn, is determined by pu- GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 103.3 101.6 100.1 101.7 rity and sugar percentages. Recoverable sugar 1969 105.1 98.7 98.4 100.7 1970 102.7 101.1 100.6 101.5 per acre is not necessarily a measure of the eco- nomic value of beets. Varieties having high GW Hybrid Blend 1968 98.8 99.4 99.9 99.4 root yields may have high recoverable sugar 1969 99.9 98.0 99.8 99.2 1970 100.6 100.8 101.7 101.0 per acre even when sucrose and purity percen- tages are low. From such varieties, the process- Thin Juice Apparent Purity (%) ing costs per unit of sugar would be high. Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean The data in Table I clearly show that GW GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 100.7 100.3 99.1 100.0 Mono-Hy A1 is superior to the type A hybrid 1969 100.0 98.5 99.3 99.3 blend in root yield and recoverable sugar per 1970 100.6 99.7 98.4 99.6 acre. The varieties are very similar in sucrose GW Hybrid Blend 1968 99.7 100.0 99.6 99.8 and purity percentages with possibly GW 1969 99.9 100.0 100.2 100.0 Mono-Hy A1 having the edge in sucrose con- 1970 100.0 100.6 99.3 100.0 tent and the blend being slightly higher in pu- Recoverable Sugar per Acre rity. As expected, the blend has improved in performance since 1968 and should continue to Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean improve. GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 119.0 139.5 119.5 126.0 1969 129.4 129.1 128.8 129.1 In Table II, GW Mono-Hy A1 test results 1970 117.4 121.1 110.4 116.3 at Ogallala, Nebraska are summarized, along GW Hybrid Blend 1968 99.7 102.2 102.7 101.5 with four semi-commercial hybrids that have 1969 113.6 108.0 108.8 110.1 strong resistance to Cercospora leaf-spot. The 1970 111.2 108.7 111.4 110.4 area often has considerable leaf-spot, but in 1970, there was not enough to affect yields or sucrose percentages. The data are again pre- sented in percent of the performance of GW761-60R. The general condition of the test was quite good, as was indicated by relatively Table II Central Nebraska Variety Test, Ogallala, 1970 low statistical measures of error variance. The (Results in % of GW761-60R) data show GW Mono-Hy A1 to be an excellent Root Sucrose Thin Juice Recoverable variety for the Ogallala area under the test Acc. No. Yield Content App. Purity Sugar conditions in 1970. The semi-commercial hy- GW Mono-Hy A1 116.4 105.7 102.9 132.5 brids 69MSH141 and 69MSH144 were about 69MSH113 99.4 97.0 101.3 99.6 equal to GW Mono-Hy A1 in performance, 69MSH116 103.1 101.0 99.9 102.9 and they have good leaf spot resistance. Semi- 69MSH141 115.8 105.0 103.4 132.8 commercial hybrids are produced by the same 69MSH144 115.0 108.3 102.8 133.4 method as commercial hybrids except on a smaller scale, and commercial productions of them should perform in the same way. The va- rieties 69MSH113 and 69MSH116 are E-type varieties which have strong leaf-spot resistance but are less productive than most A-type varie- ties when leaf-spot is not severe. As the more resistant A-type varieties become available, the area where E-type varieties are needed will be reduced and eventually eliminated in Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 GW Mono-Hy A1 was also tested at Good- land, Kansas in 1970 where it performed about Table III GW Mono-Hy A1 Performance in the Type A Semi- the same as in Colorado and Nebraska (Table Commercial Variety Test, Goodland, Kansas, 1970 III). It was included in a semi-commercial test (In % of GW761-60R) that is not as extensive as the general variety Root Sucrose Thin Juice Recoverable Sugar tests, but the results indicate the variety is Yield Content Apparent Purity per Acre adapted to Kansas as well as Colorado and Ne- 116.7 98.7 100.8 116.7 braska. In Table IV, the new GW Mono-Hy varie- ties C1 and D1 are compared with the 1970 D-type blend. Results in the table are recorded in percent of A436, a multigerm variety origi- Table IV Types C and D Varieties nating in Europe that has been used as a check Montana and Wyoming Results, 1970 for several years. The GW varieties will be (In % of A436) available to growers in their areas of adapta- Root Yield per Acre tion on a limited basis. Variety Billings Lovell Mean GW Mono-Hy C1 96.4 120.4 108.6 GW Mono-Hy D1 96.5 115.1 105.8 The variety GW Mono-Hy C1 is a moder- GW Hybrid Blend 93.0 96.3 94.7 ately curly-top resistant variety with strong bolting resistance and is adapted to the areas in Sucrose Content (%) Wyoming that are subject to curly top. Results Variety Billings Lovell Mean in Table IV indicate it is a well balanced vari- GW Mono-Hy C1 120.1 106.7 113.4 ety that will produce improved root yield, GW Mono-Hy D1 114.4 105.1 109,8 sugar content and purity. Curly top resistance GW Hybrid Blend 103.9 100.1 102.0 in the variety should be adequate for the area except in extreme cases where it is unlikely Thin Juice Apparent Purity (%) that any variety could be productive. Variety Billings Lovell Mean The variety GW Mono-Hy D1 performed GW Mono-Hy C1 102.7 99.9 101.3 well in Montana and Wyoming in 1970 and is GW Mono-Hy D1 101.6 100.5 101.1 GW Hybrid Blend 101.3 99.9 100.6 an improvement over the D-type blend grown in the area. In comparing it to the blend, it will Recoverable Sucrose per Acre be somewhat better in root yield and signifi- Variety Billings Lovell Mean cantly better in sugar content and purity. In GW Mono-Hy C1 123.4 129.3 126.4 tests conducted in 1969 and 1970, it had a GW Mono-Hy D1 115.0 122.4 118.7 lower bolting percentage than the component GW Hybrid Blend 99.6 96.2 97.9 varieties making up the hybrid blend. mono-hy satifaction guarantee m During the 1971 crop year, if you are not entirely satisfied with MONO-HY brand monogerm hybrid sugarbeet seed, The Great Western Sugar Company will refund to you the difference in price between the MONO-HY brand and its regular GW brand of monogerm hybrid sugarbeet seed. NOTICE: This guarantee is made available only to growers who have sugarbeet contracts with the Great mono-hy Western Sugar Company. BRAND monogerm hybrid The Great Western Sugar Company JUGARBEET seeD P.O. Box 5308 T.A./Denver, Colorado 80217/(303) 893-4600 DIY goo ojay 000 DON Dia Day DOE 000 DOG 900 900 00% 00% 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 the seed development program usually extends into the area of advice and counsel in commercial seed produc- tion. The point of his departure in ac- tual handling of material is when he hands what is usually called "stock", "foundation" or "breeders" seed to the commercial seed production firm. As a general rule, this quantity is so small that an increase must first be accom- What's Different plished. In our operations this may be ac- complished in three geographical loca- In These New Ones? tions, by over-winter planting in the Willamette Valley in Oregon, by transplanting of stored roots in the By R. R. Wood area adjacent to our Longmont, Colo- General Manager rado, research headquarters, or, by Beet Seed Operations transplanting roots in a number of mountain valleys in the vicinity of tage of a 5 to 10% increase. Certainly Glenwood Springs, Colo. The latter With the discovery and develop- location allows a maximum of isola- ment of cytoplasmic male sterility in a good stop-gap while the many years necessary for production and testing tion for production of some of our sugar beets by F. V. Owen, it became possible to produce hybrid sugar beets of hundreds of thousands of inbreds inbred lines that are highly self-sterile on a commercial scale. and hybrid combinations were being and hence are highly susceptible to Trials the past several years give a endured. contamination by any stray pollen. There is no intent here to indulge in Usually the first crosses of inbreds, clear indication that beet growers can be assured of greater productivity by genetic details and principles, except where multi-parent hybrids are the the use of new hybrid varieties being to say that the methods used to bring objective, is conducted in Oregon prepared for introduction after many about the developments described where a highly favorable climate for here very closely parallel the classical the purpose is to be found. Commer- years of intensive inbreeding and test- cial size increases from the above ing of large numbers of possible com- and well proven methods associated binations. with the development of hybrid corn crosses are then made in Oregon and (called maize in most areas outside Arizona areas. It is at this point that A grower may well inquire "what is we have two methods available to us different in these new ones-I have North America.) The advantage of cytoplasmic male for production of the final hybrid been using seed labeled "hybrid" for several years and it has given good sterility in producing sugar beet hy- monogerm product: brids is that it constitutes a positive 1. Multi-germ pollinators may be production-nov you are talking of even better production. Just what is control of pollination. The initial pro- mixed in proper proportion with the the story?" ductions of hybrid corn required a sterile type monogerm and planted by A bit of history at this point may hand operation to de-tassel; a costly usual patterns. 2. Monogerm pollina- serve to answer this very pertinent item in production. Now a similar ste- question. At the outset of the breed- rility factor is used in corn hybrid er's capability of producing hybrids, production and in many other crops. certain decisions must be made as to The genetic sterility factor for pollina- the avenues to be followed: tion control can be a mixed blessing 1. Should the breeding be done at -witness the tremendous corn crop the normal chromosome (diploid) losses in 1970 from a fungus attack level or at the increased chromosome called "Southern blight". In this case, (polyploid) level? susceptibility to the disease is carried 2. Should mixed sterile populations along with the sterility factor in the be used or closely bred populations re- female parent. sulting from a tedious inbreeding It may be of interest to the beet process be the objective? grower to follow the course of pro- Since the inbreeding program of- duction of a variety of sugar beet fered, ultimately, a more satisfactory from breeder's seed to the commercial end product, it was adopted as a basic seed processing facility. The practices method. However, certain quick im- used in processing and preparation of provements seemed possible by use of beet seed to be issued to the grower mixed sterile populations, hence this will not be considered here. The re- method was used to take quick advan- sponsibility of the plant breeders in R. R. Wood 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 tors are planted in alternate strips tional practices followed in introduc- curly top areas, and Type D for with the sterile Monogerm typed and ing new varieties. With good reason, Northern areas of Montana and Wyo- destroyed after pollination has been in the past new variety numbers have ming not susceptible to any particular accomplished. been blended with current inventory; disease problems. Numbers to fit the Sugarbeet seed is produced under so, the step-up in productivity was other areas of our company's opera- contract between the grower and the gradual over a period of years. tion will be available as soon as seed processor in the same concept as Now, the new "Mono-Hy" varieties proper hybrid combinations can be a beet grower produces beets for a will be distributed under variety desig- worked out and tested. Indications are sugar processor. It is an attractive nation. This allows growers the oppor- that both B & E types will be available crop for growers, from a returns view- tunity to become familiar with varietal soon. point, but requires special equipment characteristics, and at a future time- Since we cannot, at the outset, sup- and know-how for certain phases of when a choice of acceptable varieties ply an entire crop of Mono-Hy varie- the operation. Proper cultural prac- is available to him-he should be able ties, the standard hybrid blend, includ- tices, weed and insect control, are to know the one or ones which best ing the yearly improvement, will be very essential to succeed in beet seed suit his farm and kind of farming. available and make up the predomi- growing. It also allows both grower and pro- nant quantities available for distribu- The two production areas-Arizona cessor the opportunity of taking im- tion. This pattern of introduction of a and Oregon-differ markedly in cli- mediate advantage of increased prod- new variety is very similar to that mate and require careful considera- uctivity by variety, to the limit of used for introduction of Monogerm tion of commercial varieties to be pro- available seed supplies. It should be seed-the last major break-through in duced at either place. Lower tempera- obvious from the discussion of seed sugar beet breeding in several decades. tures in Oregon, for example. This production methods at the first of this Processing and sizing will be as in means that varieties requiring more article, that a 100% supply for all the past, eliminating any necessity of dormancy for vernalization (initiation growers the first or even the second plate changes in present seeding of seed stalk production) can be year is an impossible task. For 1971, equipment. Everything possible is grown there but would fail in Ari- at least, supplies will be rationed and being done to assure the highest possi- zona. all growers given the opportunity to ble germination in each lot processed. One other side of the problem, share. In the processing scheme, if an odd lot however, is that the wet and cool Ore- For 1971, only three Mono-Hy falls below standard it is withheld and gon climate tends to foster certain types will be available. These are re-run to bring it up to an acceptable fungus diseases on susceptible strains, Type A for leafspot areas, Type C for level. and may limit the growing of certain parental types in that area. Fortun- ately, up to the present time only a Grower Trials-Final Step few of the long-term inbred lines have The final step in our beet seed plant each variety in a strip through shown such susceptibility and it is a breeding and evaluation is grower his field in such a way that it can be diminishing problem in first cross and strip trials. This has been alluded to in harvested for yield and sucrose con- subsequent generations. other articles of this issue. Some of tent. The foregoing rather limited discus- the objectives and procedures need "to Usually this is in 6-row strips or sion of beet seed production problems be clarified for our readers. multiples of that width. The strips are in general leads to the crux of this ar- First, it is one thing to conduct planted in succession and grown with ticle-the production and distribution well-controlled, replicated variety the growers normal cultural practices. of our new Monogerm hybrids being trials. These provide the reliable sta- At harvest time beets from either full introduced for the first time in 1971 tistical handle for the plant breeder strips or a measured footage are spe- under our new "Mono-Hy" label. and others concerned with variety de- These represent the answer to "what cially identified and delivered to the velopment. But what is the result is different in these hybrids". Essen- when these are placed in growers' receiving station in the normal way. tially, these new varieties represent hands and a crop produced under ac- Additional sugar samples are taken combinations of inbred lines, closely tual farm conditions? This is where and thus yield and sugar performance bred over many years for certain de- the strip trial enters the picture. of each variety can be calculated. sirable characters and put into proper Small commercial productions of The list of grower-cooperators in combination after many years of test- the hybrids are produced for testing. the entire GW area for 1971 is some- ing. These usually are one to two thousand what lengthy and cannot be given en- These are now "coming to the sur- pounds in size. The candidate varieties tirely here. Certainly all contribute face" and exhibiting remarkable pro- are processed and sized to fit standard significantly to the progress in sugar- duction capabilities-both in repli- size drill plates. Ten-pound lots of as beet breeding. All growers involved in cated variety trials and in "strip" trials many as a half-dozen varieties are this effort in 1970 have previously on grower fields. This latter phase of sent to each factory district. Upon oc- had our appreciation expressed to testing will be considered separately. casion more than one set may be sup- them for their interest and efforts. I Our distribution of "Mono-Hy" va- plied. Factory agriculturists select a want to repeat here this writer's rieties will be changed from the tradi- cooperating grower who agrees to thanks for their participation. 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226

What does the Table II show?

hhnk0226

hhnk0226_p0, hhnk0226_p1, hhnk0226_p2, hhnk0226_p3, hhnk0226_p4, hhnk0226_p5, hhnk0226_p6, hhnk0226_p7

Central Nebraska Variety Test, Ogallala, 1970, Central Nebraska Variety Test, Ogallala, 1970 (Results in % of GW761-60R)

all about new m m mm A Special Section of Through the Leaves mono-hy Spring 1971 BRAND monogerm hybrid JUGARBEET seeD Presented by the Great Western Sugar Company Denver, Colorado 80217 00 DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG Sour https://ww. industrydod ments.ucs edu/docs/hr K0226 Sugarbeets are the only agronomic crop which has ment of a highly productive leaf-spot resistant variety was evolved and developed during the recorded history of man. impossible. Scientific studies conducted by the Station, By the time the main sugarbeet industry was developed in however, indicated that there was absolutely no adverse the United States, European plant breeders had developed correlation of leaf spot resistance and productivity. sugarbeet varieties which allowed efficient and economical The leaf-spot resistance breeding program continued sugar extraction. through the 1940's and culminated in the late forties and This very rapid evolvement of sugarbeets was greatly early fifties by the introduction of some very highly pro- enhanced by the development of the polariscope which ductive sugarbeet varieties which had enough cercospora could be used to determine the percentage of sugar in a resistance so that the epidemics of leaf-spot were no longer solution. By the early 1900's, sugarbeets, about as we know a factor in production in Colorado and Nebraska. them today, were in existence. From the time the GW Ag- Breeding was also done for the production of varieties ricultural Experiment Station was founded in 1910 by Asa adapted to conditions where cercospora and curly top re- C. Maxson, sugarbeet breeding occupied a portion of the sistance were required. Bolting resistant varieties for the efforts of the Station. northern area were also produced. Sugarbeet seed for the infant U. S. industry was supplied In 1951, shortly after the introduction of these cerco- for the most part by European firms until after World War spora resistant varieties, new facilities were built at Long- II. Some small quantities of domestic seed were grown in mont to house the Great Western Research Center group the U. S. during World War I and in the 1930's; during of scientists. and since World War II, the whole U. S. industry has sup- The next landmark in Great Western breeding history plied its own seed. was the introduction of the monogerm character into the In the early 1900's, efforts for the development of su- leaf-spot resistant varieties. Although Great Western plant garbeet varieties in the U. S. were made, first, for adapta- breeders and other plant breeders had searched for a su- tion of the European varieties to U. S. conditions and, sec- garbeet plant which had monogerm seed, beginning before ondly, toward development of the domestic sugarbeet seed 1910, none of the findings bred true for the character. industry so that the industry would not have to be depend- It was after World War II when two Russian scientists ent on European sources. Further, European firms fail- -Dr. and Mrs. V. F. Savitsky-came to America, that the ed to supply varieties with the disease resistance required in monogerm character was found in domestic sugarbeet vari- America. eties. These monogerm beets did indeed breed true, and it The pedigrees of some Great Western varieties trace was possible to use them in breeding programs. Through back to plantings made in 1910. The efforts in sugarbeet the use of the backcross technique, the monogerm gene breeding or selection in the early years led to the develop- was introduced into GW varieties; beginning in 1960, after ment of several adapted varieties which were highly pro- only ten years of work, highly productive monogerm varie- ductive but lacked leaf-spot resistance. ties were available for Great Western growers. Beginning in 1937, when Dr. H. E. Brewbaker joined During this period of the development of leaf-spot resist- Great Western, a concerted effort was made to develop va- ant and monogerm varieties, corn breeders had demon- rieties which had production as well as cercospora resist- strated the great success which could be obtained through ance to counter the periodic attacks of leaf-spot in the Col- the hybridization of inbred lines. All through the years, be- orado-Nebraska growing district. ginning in the 1930's, a few inbreds were being developed Upon initiation of this rather ambitious project, Euro- by sugarbeet breeders in the U. S., but sugarbeet breeders pean plant breeders, as well as a considerable number of were at a loss as to how they might eventually be used. American scientists, assured Dr. Brewbaker that develop- The discovery by Dr. F. V. Owen, a U. S. Department Beet Seed Summit- By Dr. R. K. Oldemeyer Director of Agricultural Research Great Western Research Center Dr. R.K. Oldemeyer 2 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 of Agriculture scientist, of a character called cytoplasmic hybrid. Plants from those lines which prove to have high male-sterility which allowed the production of races of su- combining ability with the red beet are increased for fur- garbeets which were 100 percent male-sterile, cleared the ther study. The selection at this stage is generally at the in- way for the production of hybrid sugarbeets. tensity of five to seven per hundred lines tested. The plant breeders at Great Western, beginning in 1950, Following selection from a top cross test, the inbred is started the initiation of inbred lines on an extensive scale. further tested by crossing it with other inbreds. Thinning During one year in the late 1950's, Great Western had of the specific hybrid trials is particularly tedious inasmuch about 10,000 inbred lines under consideration in the pro- as the red hypocotyl or stem marker gene is used for iden- gram, ones which they had developed themselves. At no tifying hybrids. time during the 1950's and 1960's did the number of The next major test is the male-sterile test in which inbred lines with which they were working drop below inbreds are hybridized with one another, utilizing cyto- 6000. plasmic male-sterility. By this time, sufficient seed of the Lines have been developed from widely varying sources various inbred lines has been obtained, and the ones se- because it is known that hybrid vigor is best expressed in lected as being highly productive are increased toward the hybrids between material from different sources. Great eventual commercial production of hybrids. Western chose as its source material open-pollinated varie- The criteria for selection in all hybrid trials are yield of ties which were adapted to the Great Western areas plus beets, sugar content and processing quality, measured by a recognized varieties from all over the world. coefficient called "percent purity." Laboratory facilities are The large problem confronting a plant breeder when so available at Great Western for determining thin juice pu- many inbred lines are available from which to select the rity, which is a juice purity comparable to the juice purity eight or ten or twelve lines which may eventually be the obtained in the factories. parents of hybrids is the problem of sorting and making The process involves purification of the juice with lime, certain that the best ones are selected. The initial screening the subsequent acidification and filtering and the eventual of inbred lines takes place in the inbred nursery which is determination of the percent sugar on total dry substance. planted to seed from self pollination. In includes selection This coefficient is particularly important inasmuch as it is for agronomic type as to the shape of the crown, freedom a direct measure of the factory extraction which can be ex- from sprangles, and root shape. Quite often, the inbred pected from a particular variety or line. Hybrids are also lines are tested for disease resistance even though the dis- tested for their storageability, disease resistance and bolting ease resistance of the source material is known. resistance. The costly and time consuming part of the screening During and following male-sterile hybrid testing, the program is determining the ability of an inbred to produce seed of selected lines is multiplied in the Oregon seed pro- superior hybrids. After an inbred line has reached a certain duction area. Hybrids are also made on small acreages in degree of uniformity and stability, generally after the third Oregon. These small scale or, as we call them, semi-com- selfed generation, it is placed in a top cross test. mercial hybrids are made with the same seed lots as will go To get seed for the top cross test, the sugarbeets are in- into the production of commercial hybrids, and the per- terplanted with a particular red leaved, red-rooted beet formance of semi-commercial varieties should in every way which allows expression of this dominant characteristic in be comparable to the performance of commercial hybrids. its hybrid. The seed harvested from the sugarbeet lines, Following production testing of the semi-commercial hy- when planted in the field, produces hybrid plants which brids, commercial plantings of the best performing ones can be identified by their red leaves. are made in the seed fields of Arizona and Oregon. Testing The initial decision as to the performance of an inbred of the commercial varieties continues as a control on the in hybrid combinations is the performance of this red beet quality of the seed. Landmarks on the way to Mono-Hy 3 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 All the A x B seed, which is monogerm when harvested Figure 1. Double Cross Hybrid Seed Production in the commercial field, will be hybrid and can be easily A X B C X D separated from the multigerm pollinator seed by using thickness grading with the cylindercal slotted screen. The Male Sterile "O" Type Self Self production of hybrid seed is a rather simple process after Monogerm Monogerm Incompatible Incompatible the inbred lines have been selected. Multigerm Multigerm During the past five or six years, Great Western has in- troduced hybrid seed which is called top cross hybrid seed. CxD Hybrid vigor has been partially exploited during the period A x B X C, D in which the complicated testing of lines has taken place Y for the production of four-way hybrids. Essentially, these (A x B) x (C x D) top cross hybrids are hybrids between the monogerm (A x B) x C (A x B) x D open-pollinated variety that was being grown and some of the better inbred lines. Hybrid Seed The year 1971 is a landmark in the plant breeding ef- forts of The Great Western Sugar Company inasmuch as a sizeable quantity of new sugarbeet brands called Mono-Hy Figure 1 diagrams the method of producing a commer- will be distributed to growers. Mono-Hy varieties are pure cial hybrid variety of sugarbeets. This is called a four-way varieties which have shown superiority in trials and will be hybrid or a double-cross hybrid which is comparable to issued separately rather than being placed in blends. They that used in hybrid corn production. As can be seen from are the product of 20 to 30 years of sugarbeet breeding the diagram, four inbred lines are required for the produc- work by The Great Western Sugar Company and only the tion of the four-way hybrids. Lines A and B are monogerm, beginning of better things to come. Our trials indicate that "O" type, with line A being the male-sterile equivalent. Mono-Hy A1, C1 and D1 are superior varieties and are The hybrid between these two is male-sterile and serves perhaps even adapted over wider areas than Great West- as a seed parent in the commercial hybrid; the hybrid be- ern. tween lines C and D is produced by planting the two lines Great Western hybrid varieties will eventually be availa- in alternate rows. The hybrid between C and D, which is ble to people other than growers of Great Western, and it multigerm, is mixed with the monogerm, A x B parent to is hoped that the fruits of this work can be shared with su- constitute the stock seed for commercial production. garbeet growers throughout the world. Mono-Hy Proves Out In Field Performance By Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Senior Plant Breeder Great Western Research Center Hybrids that have proven to be superior in brid blend on the same locations and years. All variety tests will be available to growers in lim- data are recorded in percent of GW761-60R ited quantities in most Great Western areas in which is genetically similar to the most recent 1971. The purpose of this article is to provide A-type open-pollinated varieties grown in GW performance data on the new GW Mono-Hy areas. The hybrid blend is made up each year varieties. by mixing several new hybrids together; the The hybrid GW Mono-Hy A1 is adapted to relatively small amount of remnant seed from areas in Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas where the previous blend is also added. Consequently, the type A hybrid blends are suitable. In vari- improvement in the blend has been, and will ety strip trials and in the USDA leaf spot nurs- continue to be, gradual. In contrast, GW Mono- ery at Fort Collins in 1970, it was superior in Hy A1 is a single variety, and it will have the leaf spot resistance to most other A-type hy- same genetic composition from year to year. brids. In Ohio variety tests in 1968, it was Variation in its performance in trials was more susceptible to leaf spot than the highly caused by differences in location and effects of resistant E-type varieties included in the test. changes in weather conditions from year to A summary of the performance of GW year or small experimental error which occurs Mono-Hy A1 at Longmont, Fort Morgan and in all experiments to some degree. The mean Gering in 1968, 1969 and 1970 is shown in performance of a variety over several years Table I. In the table, the Mono-Hy variety is and locations is much more reliable than per- compared with the performance of the GW hy- formance at any single location and year. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 Table I compares the varieties in root yield, sucrose content, thin juice apparent purity and Table I Type A Commercial Varieties, Colorado-Nebraska recoverable sugar per acre (assuming immedi- (In % of GW761-60R) ate processing of the beets). Thin juice appar- Root Yield per Acre ent purity shows what the purity of the factory Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean juice will be after it is purified as much as pos- GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 113.4 136.9 121.1 128.8 sible prior to evaporation and sugar crystalliza- 1969 123.8 135.1 133.2 130.7 tion. It is important to have a high purity for 1970 113.9 120.3 113.1 115.8 efficient and profitable sugar extraction. Even GW Hybrid Blend 1968 101.0 102,9 103.5 102.5 small differences in purity affect processing 1969 113.4 110.6 108.7 110.9 considerably. 1970 110.2 107.0 110.4 109.2 Recoverable sugar per acre calculations are based on the percentage of the gross sugar that Sucrose Content (%) can be extracted in a factory (assuming no pile Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean storage) which, in turn, is determined by pu- GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 103.3 101.6 100.1 101.7 rity and sugar percentages. Recoverable sugar 1969 105.1 98.7 98.4 100.7 1970 102.7 101.1 100.6 101.5 per acre is not necessarily a measure of the eco- nomic value of beets. Varieties having high GW Hybrid Blend 1968 98.8 99.4 99.9 99.4 root yields may have high recoverable sugar 1969 99.9 98.0 99.8 99.2 1970 100.6 100.8 101.7 101.0 per acre even when sucrose and purity percen- tages are low. From such varieties, the process- Thin Juice Apparent Purity (%) ing costs per unit of sugar would be high. Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean The data in Table I clearly show that GW GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 100.7 100.3 99.1 100.0 Mono-Hy A1 is superior to the type A hybrid 1969 100.0 98.5 99.3 99.3 blend in root yield and recoverable sugar per 1970 100.6 99.7 98.4 99.6 acre. The varieties are very similar in sucrose GW Hybrid Blend 1968 99.7 100.0 99.6 99.8 and purity percentages with possibly GW 1969 99.9 100.0 100.2 100.0 Mono-Hy A1 having the edge in sucrose con- 1970 100.0 100.6 99.3 100.0 tent and the blend being slightly higher in pu- Recoverable Sugar per Acre rity. As expected, the blend has improved in performance since 1968 and should continue to Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean improve. GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 119.0 139.5 119.5 126.0 1969 129.4 129.1 128.8 129.1 In Table II, GW Mono-Hy A1 test results 1970 117.4 121.1 110.4 116.3 at Ogallala, Nebraska are summarized, along GW Hybrid Blend 1968 99.7 102.2 102.7 101.5 with four semi-commercial hybrids that have 1969 113.6 108.0 108.8 110.1 strong resistance to Cercospora leaf-spot. The 1970 111.2 108.7 111.4 110.4 area often has considerable leaf-spot, but in 1970, there was not enough to affect yields or sucrose percentages. The data are again pre- sented in percent of the performance of GW761-60R. The general condition of the test was quite good, as was indicated by relatively Table II Central Nebraska Variety Test, Ogallala, 1970 low statistical measures of error variance. The (Results in % of GW761-60R) data show GW Mono-Hy A1 to be an excellent Root Sucrose Thin Juice Recoverable variety for the Ogallala area under the test Acc. No. Yield Content App. Purity Sugar conditions in 1970. The semi-commercial hy- GW Mono-Hy A1 116.4 105.7 102.9 132.5 brids 69MSH141 and 69MSH144 were about 69MSH113 99.4 97.0 101.3 99.6 equal to GW Mono-Hy A1 in performance, 69MSH116 103.1 101.0 99.9 102.9 and they have good leaf spot resistance. Semi- 69MSH141 115.8 105.0 103.4 132.8 commercial hybrids are produced by the same 69MSH144 115.0 108.3 102.8 133.4 method as commercial hybrids except on a smaller scale, and commercial productions of them should perform in the same way. The va- rieties 69MSH113 and 69MSH116 are E-type varieties which have strong leaf-spot resistance but are less productive than most A-type varie- ties when leaf-spot is not severe. As the more resistant A-type varieties become available, the area where E-type varieties are needed will be reduced and eventually eliminated in Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 GW Mono-Hy A1 was also tested at Good- land, Kansas in 1970 where it performed about Table III GW Mono-Hy A1 Performance in the Type A Semi- the same as in Colorado and Nebraska (Table Commercial Variety Test, Goodland, Kansas, 1970 III). It was included in a semi-commercial test (In % of GW761-60R) that is not as extensive as the general variety Root Sucrose Thin Juice Recoverable Sugar tests, but the results indicate the variety is Yield Content Apparent Purity per Acre adapted to Kansas as well as Colorado and Ne- 116.7 98.7 100.8 116.7 braska. In Table IV, the new GW Mono-Hy varie- ties C1 and D1 are compared with the 1970 D-type blend. Results in the table are recorded in percent of A436, a multigerm variety origi- Table IV Types C and D Varieties nating in Europe that has been used as a check Montana and Wyoming Results, 1970 for several years. The GW varieties will be (In % of A436) available to growers in their areas of adapta- Root Yield per Acre tion on a limited basis. Variety Billings Lovell Mean GW Mono-Hy C1 96.4 120.4 108.6 GW Mono-Hy D1 96.5 115.1 105.8 The variety GW Mono-Hy C1 is a moder- GW Hybrid Blend 93.0 96.3 94.7 ately curly-top resistant variety with strong bolting resistance and is adapted to the areas in Sucrose Content (%) Wyoming that are subject to curly top. Results Variety Billings Lovell Mean in Table IV indicate it is a well balanced vari- GW Mono-Hy C1 120.1 106.7 113.4 ety that will produce improved root yield, GW Mono-Hy D1 114.4 105.1 109,8 sugar content and purity. Curly top resistance GW Hybrid Blend 103.9 100.1 102.0 in the variety should be adequate for the area except in extreme cases where it is unlikely Thin Juice Apparent Purity (%) that any variety could be productive. Variety Billings Lovell Mean The variety GW Mono-Hy D1 performed GW Mono-Hy C1 102.7 99.9 101.3 well in Montana and Wyoming in 1970 and is GW Mono-Hy D1 101.6 100.5 101.1 GW Hybrid Blend 101.3 99.9 100.6 an improvement over the D-type blend grown in the area. In comparing it to the blend, it will Recoverable Sucrose per Acre be somewhat better in root yield and signifi- Variety Billings Lovell Mean cantly better in sugar content and purity. In GW Mono-Hy C1 123.4 129.3 126.4 tests conducted in 1969 and 1970, it had a GW Mono-Hy D1 115.0 122.4 118.7 lower bolting percentage than the component GW Hybrid Blend 99.6 96.2 97.9 varieties making up the hybrid blend. mono-hy satifaction guarantee m During the 1971 crop year, if you are not entirely satisfied with MONO-HY brand monogerm hybrid sugarbeet seed, The Great Western Sugar Company will refund to you the difference in price between the MONO-HY brand and its regular GW brand of monogerm hybrid sugarbeet seed. NOTICE: This guarantee is made available only to growers who have sugarbeet contracts with the Great mono-hy Western Sugar Company. BRAND monogerm hybrid The Great Western Sugar Company JUGARBEET seeD P.O. Box 5308 T.A./Denver, Colorado 80217/(303) 893-4600 DIY goo ojay 000 DON Dia Day DOE 000 DOG 900 900 00% 00% 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 the seed development program usually extends into the area of advice and counsel in commercial seed produc- tion. The point of his departure in ac- tual handling of material is when he hands what is usually called "stock", "foundation" or "breeders" seed to the commercial seed production firm. As a general rule, this quantity is so small that an increase must first be accom- What's Different plished. In our operations this may be ac- complished in three geographical loca- In These New Ones? tions, by over-winter planting in the Willamette Valley in Oregon, by transplanting of stored roots in the By R. R. Wood area adjacent to our Longmont, Colo- General Manager rado, research headquarters, or, by Beet Seed Operations transplanting roots in a number of mountain valleys in the vicinity of tage of a 5 to 10% increase. Certainly Glenwood Springs, Colo. The latter With the discovery and develop- location allows a maximum of isola- ment of cytoplasmic male sterility in a good stop-gap while the many years necessary for production and testing tion for production of some of our sugar beets by F. V. Owen, it became possible to produce hybrid sugar beets of hundreds of thousands of inbreds inbred lines that are highly self-sterile on a commercial scale. and hybrid combinations were being and hence are highly susceptible to Trials the past several years give a endured. contamination by any stray pollen. There is no intent here to indulge in Usually the first crosses of inbreds, clear indication that beet growers can be assured of greater productivity by genetic details and principles, except where multi-parent hybrids are the the use of new hybrid varieties being to say that the methods used to bring objective, is conducted in Oregon prepared for introduction after many about the developments described where a highly favorable climate for here very closely parallel the classical the purpose is to be found. Commer- years of intensive inbreeding and test- cial size increases from the above ing of large numbers of possible com- and well proven methods associated binations. with the development of hybrid corn crosses are then made in Oregon and (called maize in most areas outside Arizona areas. It is at this point that A grower may well inquire "what is we have two methods available to us different in these new ones-I have North America.) The advantage of cytoplasmic male for production of the final hybrid been using seed labeled "hybrid" for several years and it has given good sterility in producing sugar beet hy- monogerm product: brids is that it constitutes a positive 1. Multi-germ pollinators may be production-nov you are talking of even better production. Just what is control of pollination. The initial pro- mixed in proper proportion with the the story?" ductions of hybrid corn required a sterile type monogerm and planted by A bit of history at this point may hand operation to de-tassel; a costly usual patterns. 2. Monogerm pollina- serve to answer this very pertinent item in production. Now a similar ste- question. At the outset of the breed- rility factor is used in corn hybrid er's capability of producing hybrids, production and in many other crops. certain decisions must be made as to The genetic sterility factor for pollina- the avenues to be followed: tion control can be a mixed blessing 1. Should the breeding be done at -witness the tremendous corn crop the normal chromosome (diploid) losses in 1970 from a fungus attack level or at the increased chromosome called "Southern blight". In this case, (polyploid) level? susceptibility to the disease is carried 2. Should mixed sterile populations along with the sterility factor in the be used or closely bred populations re- female parent. sulting from a tedious inbreeding It may be of interest to the beet process be the objective? grower to follow the course of pro- Since the inbreeding program of- duction of a variety of sugar beet fered, ultimately, a more satisfactory from breeder's seed to the commercial end product, it was adopted as a basic seed processing facility. The practices method. However, certain quick im- used in processing and preparation of provements seemed possible by use of beet seed to be issued to the grower mixed sterile populations, hence this will not be considered here. The re- method was used to take quick advan- sponsibility of the plant breeders in R. R. Wood 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 tors are planted in alternate strips tional practices followed in introduc- curly top areas, and Type D for with the sterile Monogerm typed and ing new varieties. With good reason, Northern areas of Montana and Wyo- destroyed after pollination has been in the past new variety numbers have ming not susceptible to any particular accomplished. been blended with current inventory; disease problems. Numbers to fit the Sugarbeet seed is produced under so, the step-up in productivity was other areas of our company's opera- contract between the grower and the gradual over a period of years. tion will be available as soon as seed processor in the same concept as Now, the new "Mono-Hy" varieties proper hybrid combinations can be a beet grower produces beets for a will be distributed under variety desig- worked out and tested. Indications are sugar processor. It is an attractive nation. This allows growers the oppor- that both B & E types will be available crop for growers, from a returns view- tunity to become familiar with varietal soon. point, but requires special equipment characteristics, and at a future time- Since we cannot, at the outset, sup- and know-how for certain phases of when a choice of acceptable varieties ply an entire crop of Mono-Hy varie- the operation. Proper cultural prac- is available to him-he should be able ties, the standard hybrid blend, includ- tices, weed and insect control, are to know the one or ones which best ing the yearly improvement, will be very essential to succeed in beet seed suit his farm and kind of farming. available and make up the predomi- growing. It also allows both grower and pro- nant quantities available for distribu- The two production areas-Arizona cessor the opportunity of taking im- tion. This pattern of introduction of a and Oregon-differ markedly in cli- mediate advantage of increased prod- new variety is very similar to that mate and require careful considera- uctivity by variety, to the limit of used for introduction of Monogerm tion of commercial varieties to be pro- available seed supplies. It should be seed-the last major break-through in duced at either place. Lower tempera- obvious from the discussion of seed sugar beet breeding in several decades. tures in Oregon, for example. This production methods at the first of this Processing and sizing will be as in means that varieties requiring more article, that a 100% supply for all the past, eliminating any necessity of dormancy for vernalization (initiation growers the first or even the second plate changes in present seeding of seed stalk production) can be year is an impossible task. For 1971, equipment. Everything possible is grown there but would fail in Ari- at least, supplies will be rationed and being done to assure the highest possi- zona. all growers given the opportunity to ble germination in each lot processed. One other side of the problem, share. In the processing scheme, if an odd lot however, is that the wet and cool Ore- For 1971, only three Mono-Hy falls below standard it is withheld and gon climate tends to foster certain types will be available. These are re-run to bring it up to an acceptable fungus diseases on susceptible strains, Type A for leafspot areas, Type C for level. and may limit the growing of certain parental types in that area. Fortun- ately, up to the present time only a Grower Trials-Final Step few of the long-term inbred lines have The final step in our beet seed plant each variety in a strip through shown such susceptibility and it is a breeding and evaluation is grower his field in such a way that it can be diminishing problem in first cross and strip trials. This has been alluded to in harvested for yield and sucrose con- subsequent generations. other articles of this issue. Some of tent. The foregoing rather limited discus- the objectives and procedures need "to Usually this is in 6-row strips or sion of beet seed production problems be clarified for our readers. multiples of that width. The strips are in general leads to the crux of this ar- First, it is one thing to conduct planted in succession and grown with ticle-the production and distribution well-controlled, replicated variety the growers normal cultural practices. of our new Monogerm hybrids being trials. These provide the reliable sta- At harvest time beets from either full introduced for the first time in 1971 tistical handle for the plant breeder strips or a measured footage are spe- under our new "Mono-Hy" label. and others concerned with variety de- These represent the answer to "what cially identified and delivered to the velopment. But what is the result is different in these hybrids". Essen- when these are placed in growers' receiving station in the normal way. tially, these new varieties represent hands and a crop produced under ac- Additional sugar samples are taken combinations of inbred lines, closely tual farm conditions? This is where and thus yield and sugar performance bred over many years for certain de- the strip trial enters the picture. of each variety can be calculated. sirable characters and put into proper Small commercial productions of The list of grower-cooperators in combination after many years of test- the hybrids are produced for testing. the entire GW area for 1971 is some- ing. These usually are one to two thousand what lengthy and cannot be given en- These are now "coming to the sur- pounds in size. The candidate varieties tirely here. Certainly all contribute face" and exhibiting remarkable pro- are processed and sized to fit standard significantly to the progress in sugar- duction capabilities-both in repli- size drill plates. Ten-pound lots of as beet breeding. All growers involved in cated variety trials and in "strip" trials many as a half-dozen varieties are this effort in 1970 have previously on grower fields. This latter phase of sent to each factory district. Upon oc- had our appreciation expressed to testing will be considered separately. casion more than one set may be sup- them for their interest and efforts. I Our distribution of "Mono-Hy" va- plied. Factory agriculturists select a want to repeat here this writer's rieties will be changed from the tradi- cooperating grower who agrees to thanks for their participation. 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226

Which insecticide reveals better control in the Powell area?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

Dyfonate

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What is the mean value of Yield(Tons/A) with use of Dyfonate at preplant time?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p4, khnk0226_p5, khnk0226_p6, khnk0226_p7, khnk0226_p8, khnk0226_p9, khnk0226_p10, khnk0226_p11

15.7

seed technology by Lloyd Crook Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Dr. Akio Suzuki Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer Lloyd Crook Plant Spacing Manager Seed Processing and Improvement Recommendations Crook, originally from Lewistown, Montana, Planting sugarbeets to final stand offers earned his B.S. Degree in Agricultural the most inexpensive and labor Education at Montana State University in saving solution to the problem of mech- 1960. After that, he studied for his Master's anizing the crop. For this reason, Degree and taught vocational agriculture studies were conducted in Ohio from at Joliet, Montana. 1969 to 1971 and in Colorado, Kansas, In 1962, Lloyd joined Great Western as Crook Erichsen Nebraska and Wyoming in 1972 to agriculturist. Duties in that capacity were at determine the feasibility of this system. Scottsbluff, Nebraska and then Sterling, Colorado. He joined the Mono-Hy Seed Divi- 1 From results obtained through the sion in 1973. above tests plus expanding grower inter- est and successes, further studies were made in 1973 in Nebraska and Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Kansas. Senior Plant Breeder Erichsen, originally from South Dakota, Two years data from 16 locations earned his B.S. Degree in Agronomy at South indicate that planting to stand can give Dakota State University where he Suzuki Oldemeyer the grower satisfactory yields and completed graduate studies in cytogenetics returns compared to hand blocked beets and plant breeding and was awarded a Center. Currently he is involved with develop- if he will plan and execute the Ph.D. in 1962. ment of Mono-Hy varieties and in the program carefully. establishment of an efficient data processing During postdoctoral fellowship work at system at the research center. 1. Space seed at 4-6 inch intervals, the University of Illinois he produced and depending on soil and climate condi- worked with trisomics in sorghum and Dr. Robert K. Oldemeyer tions. Do not space seed over 6 interspecific hybrids in the genus Glycine. Manager In 1963 he joined Great Western as a inches apart. Variety Development plant breeder. Current responsibilities involve 2. Place special emphasis on the care GW's sugarbeet breeding program. Bob Oldemeyer hails from a sugarbeet farm and operation of the planter to insure near Brush, Colorado. He graduated accurate spacing. from Colorado State University in 1947 with 3. Develop a thorough herbicide Dr. Akio Suzuki a B.S. Degree in Agronomy. After program as weeds can defeat the Plant Breeder graduating he served with the United States labor-saving purpose of space planting. After earning his Bachelor's Degree in Army in World War II. 4. Irrigate for emergence if rainfall is Agronomy from Hokkaido University in limited. Japan (1961), Suzuki began his career at the In 1950 after receiving his Masters and Ph.D. National Institute of Genetics in Japan. Degree in Plant Genetics and Plant As a research associate, he conducted basic Pathology from the University of Wisconsin, Conclusions and Observations genetic studies of rice. In 1963 he came he joined Great Western as a plant Presented in the following table are the to the U.S. as a graduate student, and breeder. Bob shared responsibilities in devel- average results at 14 locations where majored in genetics at North Carolina State opment of GW Monogerm varieties. He beets were spaced 2 inches apart and also helped initiate and develop the GW University. hand blocked and also planted at 4, 6, hybrid sugarbeet program. Seed handling, and 8 inch intervals with no stand adjust- Following his graduation with a Ph.D. Degree processing and a purchasing system of GW ment employed. in 1968, he joined the plant breeding staff was instituted while Oldemeyer served at Great Western's Agricultural Research as Seed Production and Processing Manager in 1971-72. He is now involved with developing varieties for distribution wherever beets are grown globally. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 When planting pellets we should Plant Spacing Results - 1972-1973 consider the following factors: 14 Locations - Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado 1. Due to better spacing, the seeding rate can be reduced in most cases by Percent 1 or 2 seeds per foot. Treatment Tons/A Sugar Purity Sugar/A 2. If more than 5 seeds per foot are planted, pellets will not be of much Hand Blocked 20.1 15.1 92.6 5151 benefit. 4" Seed Spacing 18.0* 15.1 92.5 4824* 3. At 4 or 5 seeds per foot, pelleted seed 6" Seed Spacing 18.9 14.9 92.2 4787 will enhance electronic thinner 8" Seed Spacing 18.7* 15.0 92.5 4787* operation by reducing the number of LSD .05 1.21 .27 .41 306 double plants. 4. Pellets offer the best possible seed *Significantly below hand blocked beets placement when space planting to final stand with 2 to 3 seeds per foot. 5. For optimum results with pelleted Hand blocked beets yielded .4 to 2.1 Pelleted Seed seed, the planter must be in top tons more than space planted beets. Recommendations condition and a baffle should be used Sugar content and purity was statistically to avoid excess weight on the rotating equal to hand blocked beets at the Pelleted seed is very uniform in shape seed plate which can cause grinding. 4, 6 and 8 inch spacing. Recoverable and size and will plant more precisely sugar per acre was significantly lower than the hand blocked beets on all than bare seed. The heavier weight of pelleted seed also enhances even space planted treatments. Average beet emergence for all tests was 57.5%. spacing which decreases double plants and skips. Concern that pellets need Conclusions and Observations One test had only 26.4% emergence and two tests were above 75% with large amounts of germination moisture The average emergence of bare and seems exaggerated with the new the average range being 50-75%. pelleted seed from 17 tests in 1972 and 8 small size which has a very thin coating. tests in 1973 are presented below: Summary Considering labor costs and the close Percent Emergence range of yields in space planted Treatment Mont. Wyo. Nebr. Kans. Colo. Ohio Aver. versus hand blocked beets, it would appear that net income would be about No. 1 Bare Seed 52.6 74.5 72.6 49.1 68.4 68.7 64.3 the same with either method. Germain's Pellet 55.4 71.4 69.6 49.9 64.4 70.7 63.6 Since emergence may vary by as much Asgrow Pellet 53.7 67.8 74.1 50.4 64.4 63.9 62.4 as 50%, enough seed must be planted to assure a profitable plant population Differences that exist at a location are not significant. over this range. The ability and determination of the grower and local soil and moisture conditions are Summary all factors to weigh carefully when Two years of emergence testing indicate considering planting to seed. that pelleted seed does not differ much from bare seed in this respect. With increasing emphasis being placed on precision planting, pelleted seed offers some definite advantages over bare seed and is worthy of serious consideration. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 herbicides by Dr. Edward F. Sullivan Herbicide recommendations remain Betanal 475 - Temporary labels exist essentially the same as those given for on Betanal 475 and Betanal tank 1973 and are given in detail in the 1974 mix (1:1 ratio; Betanal + Betanal Growers Guide. Especially recommend- 475) for 1974. Fortunately, twice ed is increased usage of the soil- as much Betanal 475 will be available applied postplant herbicides Eptam and for 1974 as in 1973. Results from Treflan and for postemergence Betanal 475 were very good in 1973, application, Betanal 475. especially for control of redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, Results show consistently reliable and mustard and shepherd's purse. The effective weed control occurs when Betanal tank mix was more using preplant/postplant herbicide effective mainly because of improved applications. A single preplant applica- control of kochia and wild buck- tion of Ro-Neet, Pre-Beta or Pyramin wheat. Control of foxtail species and + Herbicide 283 is not adequate barnyardgrass is poor with both for season-long weed control in most Betanal herbicides. However, addition fields. of Dalapon improves effectiveness when grassy weeds predominate. Crop injury may result from a Dalapon + Betanal mixture when stress conditions prevail. Consequently, care Dr. Edward F. Sullivan should be exercised with this Senior Agronomist mixture. Sullivan, originally from Scarborough, Maine, earned a Bachelor's Degree in Agronomy at the University of Maine in 1949. His Ph.D. Degree in Agronomy was from Cornell University in 1953. He served as assistant professor at the University of Illinois; also Pennsylvania State University. As senior agronomist, Sullivan's extensive responsibilities involve domestic as well as foreign associations. His work is well known throughout the world for his great contributions to weed control in sugarbeets. 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Afternoon and evening spraying helps Temporary labels on Nortron and Summary and Conclusions to prevent Betanal injury when H-22234 are expected for 1974. Every In 1973, sixty-seven separate experiments temperatures during the day are effort is being expended to make consisting of 2 to 17 treatments each above 85° F. Also, avoid spraying, if these herbicides available to growers were conducted at five research sites. possible, when the crop is under as soon as possible. Longmont, Scottsbluff, Goodland, stress from preplant herbicide, Lovell and Billings were the locations. drought, freeze, disease, insect injury Treflan Label Change - The label now Several herbicide combinations or close cultivation. On hot days, reads - apply Treflan as a broadcast, revealed immediate promise. Of these, close cultivation appears to make overtop spray when plants are best performances were obtained seedling beets susceptible to between two and six inches tall. from Nortron, H-22234 and Betanal tank excessive damage from Betanal Exposed beet roots should be covered mix (SN-503). Sequential applications herbicides. with soil prior to Treflan application consisting of preplant/postplant to reduce possibility of girdling. herbicides including Nortron/Nortror + Experimental Herbicides - Nortron Care should be taken that Betanal 503 demonstrated superior (NC-8438) and H-22234 have given incorporation machinery does not effectiveness and residual weed control. consistently good preplant weed damage the sugarbeet toproot. The control since 1970. Nortron is very label phrase "after blocking effective for control of kochia, but is and thinning" has been deleted. weak on lambsquarters. H-22234 Granular Treflan is not labeled for controls redroot pigweed, foxtail use on sugarbeets. Use Treflan species and barnyardgrass better than at the 0.5 lb/A dose on beets, unless Ro-Neet. experience has shown that the 0.75 lb/A dose can be tolerated. Summary of preplant herbicides at Longmont, Scottsbluff, and Goodland, 1970-73 Beets Weeds Dose Injury Stand Pigweed Kochia Lambs. Brdlv. Grass Total Treatment lb/A (Scores and seedling counts as % of untreated check) Nortron 2.2 11 110 96 64 72 81 96 86 H-22234 4.5 10 100 97 46 61 74 94 80 Ro-Neet 5.5 11 103 88 24 75 66 83 71 Pyramin + Nortron 2.5 + -2.5 10 131 99 79 81 92 97 94 Nortron + H-22234 2.1 +2.1 9 113 96 70 76 88 97 91 Ro-Neet + Nortron 2.2 + 2.2 12 109 98 60 97 83 96 86 Pyramin + H-22234 4.1 +4.1 5 105 99 40 100 82 94 86 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 nematodes & insecticides by Dr. Y. Mok Yun Nematodes 2. Apply using soil incorporation or place at 2 to 4 inches deep. Cover- Both root-knot and cyst nematodes can ing or incorporation may be be effectively controlled with fumigants accomplished with Spring tines, or granular nematicides. Recom- power incorporation, Russ-Ken, mendations for 1974 are: Hawkins Shoes or similar tools. 3. Planting should follow immediately Fumigants - Telone, D-D after Temik application. and Vidden-D 1. Apply in spring or fall. Fall Soil samples for nematode analysis fumigation generally produces best should be sent to GW Grower Service results. However, spring applica- Centers or the Agricultural Research tion of fumigants can be very Center at Longmont; and if the effective under good soil and tests show a viable cyst count of 10 or weather conditions. more per pound of soil, treatment 2. Before application, fields should is vitally necessary. be reasonably well worked, free from clods and stalks or stubble. Conclusions and Observations 3. Fumigant should be applied at the Field tests in 1973 generally confirm rate of 15 to 20 gallons per acre previous evaluations that establish fumi- with penetration release approxi- gant superiority when compared mately 12 to 14 inches deep. Dr. Y. Mok Yun with granular Temik. Exceptions noted 4. Immediately following application in favor of Temik are confined to heavy Entomologist the soil surface should be sealed soils that were moist at the time of Originally from Korea, Yun came to the by either tractor tires, rollers, treatment. Concerning Temik, improved United States where he earned his B.S. cultipackers or similar means. application procedures seem necessary Degree in Horticulture and Entomology from Roller or packers are best. to achieve desired consistency of Washington State University and Oregon State University respectively. He completed 5. Planting should be delayed 3 to 5 performance. Combination controls of graduate studies for his Masters and Ph.D. days after fumigant application. fumigant + granular or granular + Degree in Entomology at Michigan State 6. In general, fumigants are less granular (Temik + Furadan) were not University in Lansing. In Michigan, effective on wet or heavy clay soils. more effective than singular applications Yun served as one of the original researchers of either Telone or Temik. Field working on biology, ecology and control Granular Nematicide - Temik 10G research established the following of the cereal leaf beetle first discovered in 1. Apply a 4 to 7 inch wide band observations: Michigan in 1962. spaced for planting in its center. Upon completion of studies at Michigan State University, he joined Great Western's research staff as entomologist. He is Subject Fumigant Temik currently responsible for research projects on insect, nematode and other disease problems. Wet soil Ineffective Effective if not too wet Lt. & Med. Soils More effective Least effective Heavy soils Ineffective Effective Fall application Recommended Not recommended Grower application Less easy Easy Soil moisture loss* Low High Moisture required None Yes for activation Approx. Cost $40/acre $40/acre *After application 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 I Extensive nematicide control studies Insecticides Successful postemergence applications involved 23 small plots and 12 require timely applications and strip tests in Colorado, Nebraska and Major research efforts were concerned adequate moisture for activation- Wyoming. Telone effectiveness was with studies on root maggot, flea usually irrigation. dramatically demonstrated in tests at beetle larvae and webworms. Scottsbluff, Nebraska. A new For extremely heavy maggot infestations, compound, Dow-3855 was very effective Sugarbeet Root Maggots sequential insecticide applications even at low application rates of For 1974, registered insecticides for give better control. The economics of 6 gallons per acre. control of sugarbeet root maggot are: sequential applications are only favorable when very heavy infestations Repeated evaluations confirm Dyfonate and Temik-Most effective are present. secondary benefits from fumigation for Diazinon and Thimet-Effective crops following beets. For example, Dasanit and Vapotox*-Least effective Recommendations include the following: in some areas dry bean yields increased *Colorado only 3.9 bushels per acre. Similarly, Planting time pinto bean yields went up seven bushels In Wyoming, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or application Postemergence per acre. Without question, primary 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are Dyfonate 10G + Temik 10G benefits of fumigation for increased recommended immediately preceding 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 15 lbs/acre sugarbeet yields almost always returns planting in 4 to 5 inch bands with extra net profits. But when you incorporation by spring-tines, Russ-Ken, Dyfonate 10G + Diazinon 14G consider secondary benefits from the or power incorporators. 12.5-15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre same fumigation, the case is quite Temik 10G + Diazinon 14G clear. Fumigate when yields are low or Single applications of either Dyfonate 15 lbs/acre - 11 lbs/acre declining. If questionable, take or Temik have given very satisfactory soil samples. control. In Montana, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G or Extensive testing revealed better control 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G are In 1973, extensive analysis for possible Temik residues was effected. Root in the Powell area when using recommended for application in a 4 to 5 and foliage samples were tested from 22 Dyfonate. However, band application of inch band with power incorporation locations where application rates Temik was effective in the Heart or with Russ-Ken or spring tine incorpor- Mountain area. Temik did not give ation immediately before planting. had been as high as 40 lbs. per acre. Importantly, none of the samples tested consistently satisfactory results in the In Colorado, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G just before harvesting contained Powell-Lovell area. 12.5-15 lbs/A of Dyfonate 10G or 11-14 excessive Temik residues. Side-injection applications of Dyfonate lbs/A of Diazinon 14G are recommend- and Temik were extensively tested ed applied as in Montana. and found to be very effective. In spite of very effective results, it should be noted that the side-injection technique Flea Beetle Larvae has not yet been approved for Registered insecticides do not exist commercial use although efforts are specifically for controlling flea beetle being made to have it labelled in time for larvae. However, Dyfonate 10G and spring planting. Diazinon 14G have given satisfactory control when applied at planting time Although post-emergence applications and incorporated 2 inches deep. alone are less effective than planting Control of flea beetle larvae is a side time treatments, 15 lbs/A of Temik 10G benefit when these insecticides are used or 11-14 lbs/A of Diazinon 14G applied for root maggot control. in a 4 to 5 inch band over the row with light soil incorporation when flies first appear is beneficial. 9 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Webworms applied either with a Russ-Ken or Observations Foliar application of 21 lbs/A of Dylox side-injection. Temik was best when An experimental compound, AC-92100 80SP, 2 lbs/A of Sevin 80S or 1.5 pts/A applied side-injection. In the side- was tested quite extensively in of Parathion 4C is recommended injection method, the chemical is Wyoming and Colorado with excellent when small worms first appear. placed below the seed and on the side results. It has been named Counter, (Parathion applied only by adjacent to the irrigated row. The side- and should be available after 1974. licensed operators) injection application at planting time requires irrigation to be effective. Since Another compound, Altosid, which is of Conclusions many Colorado and Montana growers the hormone type, gave reasonable Dyfonate, a registered insecticide, gave do not normally irrigate early, the side- maggot control in the first year of testing superior control of sugarbeet root injection method will be used mostly by in 1973. For example, adult fly maggot in extensive strip trials and small Wyoming growers. emergence was reduced by 70%. plot tests. There was no evidence of The recommendations given result from phytotoxicity. It was most effective when work in the Powell area in 83 strip tests consisting of 6 to 12 rows each conducted on 64 different farms. Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Strip Trial Powell, Wyoming The table at left shows root damage ratings and root yields from 12 strip Damage trials at Powell. Each field received Dosage Application Rating3 Root Wt. No. different combinations. Insecticide Lb/A Method¹ Time2 (1-5) Tons/A Locations The difference in root yield between Temik 15 PI AP 1.80 18.5 2 untreated check and best treatment in Dyfonate 15 PI AP 2.00 17.9 1 each location was from 2.2 to 9.1 tons Temik 15 SI AP 1.88 17.8 7 per acre with an average of 4.3 tons Diazinon 11 SI AP 1.65 21.0 3 per acre increase in the treated plots. Dyfonate 15 SI AP 1.66 18.5 8 Diazinon 14 RK AP 1.95 18.3 1 In addition to the extensive strip trials, Dyfonate 15 RK AP 1.50 18.4 2 additional research was conducted Diazinon 14 PI AP on 24 replicated small plots in Wyoming + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 21.3 1 and Colorado. Control results and Dyfonate 10 SI AP comparisons were more evident in + Diazinon 11 ST PO 1.51 22.3 6 Wyoming since the Colorado infestation Dyfonate 10 SI AP was very minimal in 1973. + Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.49 23.0 4 Dyfonate 10 SI AP The table at right shows results of + Thimet 10 ST PO 1.65 22.1 2 insecticide placement studies conducted Dyfonate 10 SI AP in Powell, Wyoming. Both root FFuradan 15 ST PO 2.00 24.9 1 damage ratings made in July and root Temik 15 ST PO 1.60 20.8 1 yields are shown. Dyfonate 15 ST PO 1.90 19.1 1 Check - - - 3.63 16.5 12 Dyfonate and Temik were the two best materials in this test. Temik treated 1 PI = Power incorporation, SI = Side injection, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, beets showed more maggot damage ST = Spring tines in July, but they yielded more at harvest 2 AP 1 At planting, PO = Postemergence time. 3 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 - severe damage 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Sugarbeet Root Maggot Insecticide Placement Study Powell, Wyoming Preplant¹ Postemergence² Chemical PI RK SI FD Mean ST BCD SI Mean PI&ST3 Root Damage Rating (1-5)4 Dyfonate 1.88 1.30 2.35 - 1.85 1.93 1.48 2.88 2.09 Temik 2.70 2.20 1.90 2.58 2.25 2.25 1.88 2.55 2.23 Diazinon 2.95 2.80 3.23 3.03 3.00 2.80 2.38 2.88 2.68 Thimet - - - - - 2.08 1.98 2.80 2.29 Furadan 2.98 - - - - 2.53 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 1.45 Temik + Diaz. 2.03 Diaz. + Diaz. 2.48 Mean 2.61 2.10 2.49 2.33 1.91 2.76 Check 3.32 Yield (Tons/A) Dyfonate 15.5 16.3 15.3 - 15.7 14.5 15.4 15.0 15.0 Temik 15.6 16.4 17.2: 15.2 16.4 15.9 15.5 15.0 15.5 Diazinon 13.0 15.1 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.6 15.0 15.4 15.5 Thimet - - - - - 15.7 15.3 15.1 15.4 Furadan 16.2 - - - - 15.1 - - - Dyfo. + Diaz. 15.4 Temik + Diaz. 16.7 Diaz. + Diaz. 14.2 Mean 14.7 15.9 15.4 15.2 15.3 15.1 14.4 Check 1 PI = Power incorporation, RK = Russ-Ken incorporation, SI Side injection, FD = In front of planter disks 2 ST Spring tines, BCD - Behind cultivator disks, SI - Side injection 3 Power incorporation at planting plus spring tine postemergence 4 Root damage rating scale of 1 to 5 was used; 1 = no damage, 5 = severe damage Russ-Ken and side injection methods Very little crop damage resulted from were generally more effective than power flea beetle larvae or webworms in incorporation. Temik was particularly 1973. And the probability of serious 1974 effective when side injected. One activity is negligible. It is significant application made at planting time was that controls for maggots automatically as effective as two applications, one at reduce webworm and flea beetle planting time and the second, larvae populations. postemergence. 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

what is the sugar yield lbs./A for the application of EDTA at the rate of 16.1 sugar on aug 15?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

7087

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

What is the Thin Juice App. Purity of 69MSH144 in Table II?

hhnk0226

hhnk0226_p0, hhnk0226_p1, hhnk0226_p2, hhnk0226_p3, hhnk0226_p4, hhnk0226_p5, hhnk0226_p6, hhnk0226_p7

102.8

all about new m m mm A Special Section of Through the Leaves mono-hy Spring 1971 BRAND monogerm hybrid JUGARBEET seeD Presented by the Great Western Sugar Company Denver, Colorado 80217 00 DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG Sour https://ww. industrydod ments.ucs edu/docs/hr K0226 Sugarbeets are the only agronomic crop which has ment of a highly productive leaf-spot resistant variety was evolved and developed during the recorded history of man. impossible. Scientific studies conducted by the Station, By the time the main sugarbeet industry was developed in however, indicated that there was absolutely no adverse the United States, European plant breeders had developed correlation of leaf spot resistance and productivity. sugarbeet varieties which allowed efficient and economical The leaf-spot resistance breeding program continued sugar extraction. through the 1940's and culminated in the late forties and This very rapid evolvement of sugarbeets was greatly early fifties by the introduction of some very highly pro- enhanced by the development of the polariscope which ductive sugarbeet varieties which had enough cercospora could be used to determine the percentage of sugar in a resistance so that the epidemics of leaf-spot were no longer solution. By the early 1900's, sugarbeets, about as we know a factor in production in Colorado and Nebraska. them today, were in existence. From the time the GW Ag- Breeding was also done for the production of varieties ricultural Experiment Station was founded in 1910 by Asa adapted to conditions where cercospora and curly top re- C. Maxson, sugarbeet breeding occupied a portion of the sistance were required. Bolting resistant varieties for the efforts of the Station. northern area were also produced. Sugarbeet seed for the infant U. S. industry was supplied In 1951, shortly after the introduction of these cerco- for the most part by European firms until after World War spora resistant varieties, new facilities were built at Long- II. Some small quantities of domestic seed were grown in mont to house the Great Western Research Center group the U. S. during World War I and in the 1930's; during of scientists. and since World War II, the whole U. S. industry has sup- The next landmark in Great Western breeding history plied its own seed. was the introduction of the monogerm character into the In the early 1900's, efforts for the development of su- leaf-spot resistant varieties. Although Great Western plant garbeet varieties in the U. S. were made, first, for adapta- breeders and other plant breeders had searched for a su- tion of the European varieties to U. S. conditions and, sec- garbeet plant which had monogerm seed, beginning before ondly, toward development of the domestic sugarbeet seed 1910, none of the findings bred true for the character. industry so that the industry would not have to be depend- It was after World War II when two Russian scientists ent on European sources. Further, European firms fail- -Dr. and Mrs. V. F. Savitsky-came to America, that the ed to supply varieties with the disease resistance required in monogerm character was found in domestic sugarbeet vari- America. eties. These monogerm beets did indeed breed true, and it The pedigrees of some Great Western varieties trace was possible to use them in breeding programs. Through back to plantings made in 1910. The efforts in sugarbeet the use of the backcross technique, the monogerm gene breeding or selection in the early years led to the develop- was introduced into GW varieties; beginning in 1960, after ment of several adapted varieties which were highly pro- only ten years of work, highly productive monogerm varie- ductive but lacked leaf-spot resistance. ties were available for Great Western growers. Beginning in 1937, when Dr. H. E. Brewbaker joined During this period of the development of leaf-spot resist- Great Western, a concerted effort was made to develop va- ant and monogerm varieties, corn breeders had demon- rieties which had production as well as cercospora resist- strated the great success which could be obtained through ance to counter the periodic attacks of leaf-spot in the Col- the hybridization of inbred lines. All through the years, be- orado-Nebraska growing district. ginning in the 1930's, a few inbreds were being developed Upon initiation of this rather ambitious project, Euro- by sugarbeet breeders in the U. S., but sugarbeet breeders pean plant breeders, as well as a considerable number of were at a loss as to how they might eventually be used. American scientists, assured Dr. Brewbaker that develop- The discovery by Dr. F. V. Owen, a U. S. Department Beet Seed Summit- By Dr. R. K. Oldemeyer Director of Agricultural Research Great Western Research Center Dr. R.K. Oldemeyer 2 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 of Agriculture scientist, of a character called cytoplasmic hybrid. Plants from those lines which prove to have high male-sterility which allowed the production of races of su- combining ability with the red beet are increased for fur- garbeets which were 100 percent male-sterile, cleared the ther study. The selection at this stage is generally at the in- way for the production of hybrid sugarbeets. tensity of five to seven per hundred lines tested. The plant breeders at Great Western, beginning in 1950, Following selection from a top cross test, the inbred is started the initiation of inbred lines on an extensive scale. further tested by crossing it with other inbreds. Thinning During one year in the late 1950's, Great Western had of the specific hybrid trials is particularly tedious inasmuch about 10,000 inbred lines under consideration in the pro- as the red hypocotyl or stem marker gene is used for iden- gram, ones which they had developed themselves. At no tifying hybrids. time during the 1950's and 1960's did the number of The next major test is the male-sterile test in which inbred lines with which they were working drop below inbreds are hybridized with one another, utilizing cyto- 6000. plasmic male-sterility. By this time, sufficient seed of the Lines have been developed from widely varying sources various inbred lines has been obtained, and the ones se- because it is known that hybrid vigor is best expressed in lected as being highly productive are increased toward the hybrids between material from different sources. Great eventual commercial production of hybrids. Western chose as its source material open-pollinated varie- The criteria for selection in all hybrid trials are yield of ties which were adapted to the Great Western areas plus beets, sugar content and processing quality, measured by a recognized varieties from all over the world. coefficient called "percent purity." Laboratory facilities are The large problem confronting a plant breeder when so available at Great Western for determining thin juice pu- many inbred lines are available from which to select the rity, which is a juice purity comparable to the juice purity eight or ten or twelve lines which may eventually be the obtained in the factories. parents of hybrids is the problem of sorting and making The process involves purification of the juice with lime, certain that the best ones are selected. The initial screening the subsequent acidification and filtering and the eventual of inbred lines takes place in the inbred nursery which is determination of the percent sugar on total dry substance. planted to seed from self pollination. In includes selection This coefficient is particularly important inasmuch as it is for agronomic type as to the shape of the crown, freedom a direct measure of the factory extraction which can be ex- from sprangles, and root shape. Quite often, the inbred pected from a particular variety or line. Hybrids are also lines are tested for disease resistance even though the dis- tested for their storageability, disease resistance and bolting ease resistance of the source material is known. resistance. The costly and time consuming part of the screening During and following male-sterile hybrid testing, the program is determining the ability of an inbred to produce seed of selected lines is multiplied in the Oregon seed pro- superior hybrids. After an inbred line has reached a certain duction area. Hybrids are also made on small acreages in degree of uniformity and stability, generally after the third Oregon. These small scale or, as we call them, semi-com- selfed generation, it is placed in a top cross test. mercial hybrids are made with the same seed lots as will go To get seed for the top cross test, the sugarbeets are in- into the production of commercial hybrids, and the per- terplanted with a particular red leaved, red-rooted beet formance of semi-commercial varieties should in every way which allows expression of this dominant characteristic in be comparable to the performance of commercial hybrids. its hybrid. The seed harvested from the sugarbeet lines, Following production testing of the semi-commercial hy- when planted in the field, produces hybrid plants which brids, commercial plantings of the best performing ones can be identified by their red leaves. are made in the seed fields of Arizona and Oregon. Testing The initial decision as to the performance of an inbred of the commercial varieties continues as a control on the in hybrid combinations is the performance of this red beet quality of the seed. Landmarks on the way to Mono-Hy 3 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 All the A x B seed, which is monogerm when harvested Figure 1. Double Cross Hybrid Seed Production in the commercial field, will be hybrid and can be easily A X B C X D separated from the multigerm pollinator seed by using thickness grading with the cylindercal slotted screen. The Male Sterile "O" Type Self Self production of hybrid seed is a rather simple process after Monogerm Monogerm Incompatible Incompatible the inbred lines have been selected. Multigerm Multigerm During the past five or six years, Great Western has in- troduced hybrid seed which is called top cross hybrid seed. CxD Hybrid vigor has been partially exploited during the period A x B X C, D in which the complicated testing of lines has taken place Y for the production of four-way hybrids. Essentially, these (A x B) x (C x D) top cross hybrids are hybrids between the monogerm (A x B) x C (A x B) x D open-pollinated variety that was being grown and some of the better inbred lines. Hybrid Seed The year 1971 is a landmark in the plant breeding ef- forts of The Great Western Sugar Company inasmuch as a sizeable quantity of new sugarbeet brands called Mono-Hy Figure 1 diagrams the method of producing a commer- will be distributed to growers. Mono-Hy varieties are pure cial hybrid variety of sugarbeets. This is called a four-way varieties which have shown superiority in trials and will be hybrid or a double-cross hybrid which is comparable to issued separately rather than being placed in blends. They that used in hybrid corn production. As can be seen from are the product of 20 to 30 years of sugarbeet breeding the diagram, four inbred lines are required for the produc- work by The Great Western Sugar Company and only the tion of the four-way hybrids. Lines A and B are monogerm, beginning of better things to come. Our trials indicate that "O" type, with line A being the male-sterile equivalent. Mono-Hy A1, C1 and D1 are superior varieties and are The hybrid between these two is male-sterile and serves perhaps even adapted over wider areas than Great West- as a seed parent in the commercial hybrid; the hybrid be- ern. tween lines C and D is produced by planting the two lines Great Western hybrid varieties will eventually be availa- in alternate rows. The hybrid between C and D, which is ble to people other than growers of Great Western, and it multigerm, is mixed with the monogerm, A x B parent to is hoped that the fruits of this work can be shared with su- constitute the stock seed for commercial production. garbeet growers throughout the world. Mono-Hy Proves Out In Field Performance By Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Senior Plant Breeder Great Western Research Center Hybrids that have proven to be superior in brid blend on the same locations and years. All variety tests will be available to growers in lim- data are recorded in percent of GW761-60R ited quantities in most Great Western areas in which is genetically similar to the most recent 1971. The purpose of this article is to provide A-type open-pollinated varieties grown in GW performance data on the new GW Mono-Hy areas. The hybrid blend is made up each year varieties. by mixing several new hybrids together; the The hybrid GW Mono-Hy A1 is adapted to relatively small amount of remnant seed from areas in Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas where the previous blend is also added. Consequently, the type A hybrid blends are suitable. In vari- improvement in the blend has been, and will ety strip trials and in the USDA leaf spot nurs- continue to be, gradual. In contrast, GW Mono- ery at Fort Collins in 1970, it was superior in Hy A1 is a single variety, and it will have the leaf spot resistance to most other A-type hy- same genetic composition from year to year. brids. In Ohio variety tests in 1968, it was Variation in its performance in trials was more susceptible to leaf spot than the highly caused by differences in location and effects of resistant E-type varieties included in the test. changes in weather conditions from year to A summary of the performance of GW year or small experimental error which occurs Mono-Hy A1 at Longmont, Fort Morgan and in all experiments to some degree. The mean Gering in 1968, 1969 and 1970 is shown in performance of a variety over several years Table I. In the table, the Mono-Hy variety is and locations is much more reliable than per- compared with the performance of the GW hy- formance at any single location and year. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 Table I compares the varieties in root yield, sucrose content, thin juice apparent purity and Table I Type A Commercial Varieties, Colorado-Nebraska recoverable sugar per acre (assuming immedi- (In % of GW761-60R) ate processing of the beets). Thin juice appar- Root Yield per Acre ent purity shows what the purity of the factory Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean juice will be after it is purified as much as pos- GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 113.4 136.9 121.1 128.8 sible prior to evaporation and sugar crystalliza- 1969 123.8 135.1 133.2 130.7 tion. It is important to have a high purity for 1970 113.9 120.3 113.1 115.8 efficient and profitable sugar extraction. Even GW Hybrid Blend 1968 101.0 102,9 103.5 102.5 small differences in purity affect processing 1969 113.4 110.6 108.7 110.9 considerably. 1970 110.2 107.0 110.4 109.2 Recoverable sugar per acre calculations are based on the percentage of the gross sugar that Sucrose Content (%) can be extracted in a factory (assuming no pile Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean storage) which, in turn, is determined by pu- GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 103.3 101.6 100.1 101.7 rity and sugar percentages. Recoverable sugar 1969 105.1 98.7 98.4 100.7 1970 102.7 101.1 100.6 101.5 per acre is not necessarily a measure of the eco- nomic value of beets. Varieties having high GW Hybrid Blend 1968 98.8 99.4 99.9 99.4 root yields may have high recoverable sugar 1969 99.9 98.0 99.8 99.2 1970 100.6 100.8 101.7 101.0 per acre even when sucrose and purity percen- tages are low. From such varieties, the process- Thin Juice Apparent Purity (%) ing costs per unit of sugar would be high. Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean The data in Table I clearly show that GW GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 100.7 100.3 99.1 100.0 Mono-Hy A1 is superior to the type A hybrid 1969 100.0 98.5 99.3 99.3 blend in root yield and recoverable sugar per 1970 100.6 99.7 98.4 99.6 acre. The varieties are very similar in sucrose GW Hybrid Blend 1968 99.7 100.0 99.6 99.8 and purity percentages with possibly GW 1969 99.9 100.0 100.2 100.0 Mono-Hy A1 having the edge in sucrose con- 1970 100.0 100.6 99.3 100.0 tent and the blend being slightly higher in pu- Recoverable Sugar per Acre rity. As expected, the blend has improved in performance since 1968 and should continue to Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean improve. GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 119.0 139.5 119.5 126.0 1969 129.4 129.1 128.8 129.1 In Table II, GW Mono-Hy A1 test results 1970 117.4 121.1 110.4 116.3 at Ogallala, Nebraska are summarized, along GW Hybrid Blend 1968 99.7 102.2 102.7 101.5 with four semi-commercial hybrids that have 1969 113.6 108.0 108.8 110.1 strong resistance to Cercospora leaf-spot. The 1970 111.2 108.7 111.4 110.4 area often has considerable leaf-spot, but in 1970, there was not enough to affect yields or sucrose percentages. The data are again pre- sented in percent of the performance of GW761-60R. The general condition of the test was quite good, as was indicated by relatively Table II Central Nebraska Variety Test, Ogallala, 1970 low statistical measures of error variance. The (Results in % of GW761-60R) data show GW Mono-Hy A1 to be an excellent Root Sucrose Thin Juice Recoverable variety for the Ogallala area under the test Acc. No. Yield Content App. Purity Sugar conditions in 1970. The semi-commercial hy- GW Mono-Hy A1 116.4 105.7 102.9 132.5 brids 69MSH141 and 69MSH144 were about 69MSH113 99.4 97.0 101.3 99.6 equal to GW Mono-Hy A1 in performance, 69MSH116 103.1 101.0 99.9 102.9 and they have good leaf spot resistance. Semi- 69MSH141 115.8 105.0 103.4 132.8 commercial hybrids are produced by the same 69MSH144 115.0 108.3 102.8 133.4 method as commercial hybrids except on a smaller scale, and commercial productions of them should perform in the same way. The va- rieties 69MSH113 and 69MSH116 are E-type varieties which have strong leaf-spot resistance but are less productive than most A-type varie- ties when leaf-spot is not severe. As the more resistant A-type varieties become available, the area where E-type varieties are needed will be reduced and eventually eliminated in Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 GW Mono-Hy A1 was also tested at Good- land, Kansas in 1970 where it performed about Table III GW Mono-Hy A1 Performance in the Type A Semi- the same as in Colorado and Nebraska (Table Commercial Variety Test, Goodland, Kansas, 1970 III). It was included in a semi-commercial test (In % of GW761-60R) that is not as extensive as the general variety Root Sucrose Thin Juice Recoverable Sugar tests, but the results indicate the variety is Yield Content Apparent Purity per Acre adapted to Kansas as well as Colorado and Ne- 116.7 98.7 100.8 116.7 braska. In Table IV, the new GW Mono-Hy varie- ties C1 and D1 are compared with the 1970 D-type blend. Results in the table are recorded in percent of A436, a multigerm variety origi- Table IV Types C and D Varieties nating in Europe that has been used as a check Montana and Wyoming Results, 1970 for several years. The GW varieties will be (In % of A436) available to growers in their areas of adapta- Root Yield per Acre tion on a limited basis. Variety Billings Lovell Mean GW Mono-Hy C1 96.4 120.4 108.6 GW Mono-Hy D1 96.5 115.1 105.8 The variety GW Mono-Hy C1 is a moder- GW Hybrid Blend 93.0 96.3 94.7 ately curly-top resistant variety with strong bolting resistance and is adapted to the areas in Sucrose Content (%) Wyoming that are subject to curly top. Results Variety Billings Lovell Mean in Table IV indicate it is a well balanced vari- GW Mono-Hy C1 120.1 106.7 113.4 ety that will produce improved root yield, GW Mono-Hy D1 114.4 105.1 109,8 sugar content and purity. Curly top resistance GW Hybrid Blend 103.9 100.1 102.0 in the variety should be adequate for the area except in extreme cases where it is unlikely Thin Juice Apparent Purity (%) that any variety could be productive. Variety Billings Lovell Mean The variety GW Mono-Hy D1 performed GW Mono-Hy C1 102.7 99.9 101.3 well in Montana and Wyoming in 1970 and is GW Mono-Hy D1 101.6 100.5 101.1 GW Hybrid Blend 101.3 99.9 100.6 an improvement over the D-type blend grown in the area. In comparing it to the blend, it will Recoverable Sucrose per Acre be somewhat better in root yield and signifi- Variety Billings Lovell Mean cantly better in sugar content and purity. In GW Mono-Hy C1 123.4 129.3 126.4 tests conducted in 1969 and 1970, it had a GW Mono-Hy D1 115.0 122.4 118.7 lower bolting percentage than the component GW Hybrid Blend 99.6 96.2 97.9 varieties making up the hybrid blend. mono-hy satifaction guarantee m During the 1971 crop year, if you are not entirely satisfied with MONO-HY brand monogerm hybrid sugarbeet seed, The Great Western Sugar Company will refund to you the difference in price between the MONO-HY brand and its regular GW brand of monogerm hybrid sugarbeet seed. NOTICE: This guarantee is made available only to growers who have sugarbeet contracts with the Great mono-hy Western Sugar Company. BRAND monogerm hybrid The Great Western Sugar Company JUGARBEET seeD P.O. Box 5308 T.A./Denver, Colorado 80217/(303) 893-4600 DIY goo ojay 000 DON Dia Day DOE 000 DOG 900 900 00% 00% 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 the seed development program usually extends into the area of advice and counsel in commercial seed produc- tion. The point of his departure in ac- tual handling of material is when he hands what is usually called "stock", "foundation" or "breeders" seed to the commercial seed production firm. As a general rule, this quantity is so small that an increase must first be accom- What's Different plished. In our operations this may be ac- complished in three geographical loca- In These New Ones? tions, by over-winter planting in the Willamette Valley in Oregon, by transplanting of stored roots in the By R. R. Wood area adjacent to our Longmont, Colo- General Manager rado, research headquarters, or, by Beet Seed Operations transplanting roots in a number of mountain valleys in the vicinity of tage of a 5 to 10% increase. Certainly Glenwood Springs, Colo. The latter With the discovery and develop- location allows a maximum of isola- ment of cytoplasmic male sterility in a good stop-gap while the many years necessary for production and testing tion for production of some of our sugar beets by F. V. Owen, it became possible to produce hybrid sugar beets of hundreds of thousands of inbreds inbred lines that are highly self-sterile on a commercial scale. and hybrid combinations were being and hence are highly susceptible to Trials the past several years give a endured. contamination by any stray pollen. There is no intent here to indulge in Usually the first crosses of inbreds, clear indication that beet growers can be assured of greater productivity by genetic details and principles, except where multi-parent hybrids are the the use of new hybrid varieties being to say that the methods used to bring objective, is conducted in Oregon prepared for introduction after many about the developments described where a highly favorable climate for here very closely parallel the classical the purpose is to be found. Commer- years of intensive inbreeding and test- cial size increases from the above ing of large numbers of possible com- and well proven methods associated binations. with the development of hybrid corn crosses are then made in Oregon and (called maize in most areas outside Arizona areas. It is at this point that A grower may well inquire "what is we have two methods available to us different in these new ones-I have North America.) The advantage of cytoplasmic male for production of the final hybrid been using seed labeled "hybrid" for several years and it has given good sterility in producing sugar beet hy- monogerm product: brids is that it constitutes a positive 1. Multi-germ pollinators may be production-nov you are talking of even better production. Just what is control of pollination. The initial pro- mixed in proper proportion with the the story?" ductions of hybrid corn required a sterile type monogerm and planted by A bit of history at this point may hand operation to de-tassel; a costly usual patterns. 2. Monogerm pollina- serve to answer this very pertinent item in production. Now a similar ste- question. At the outset of the breed- rility factor is used in corn hybrid er's capability of producing hybrids, production and in many other crops. certain decisions must be made as to The genetic sterility factor for pollina- the avenues to be followed: tion control can be a mixed blessing 1. Should the breeding be done at -witness the tremendous corn crop the normal chromosome (diploid) losses in 1970 from a fungus attack level or at the increased chromosome called "Southern blight". In this case, (polyploid) level? susceptibility to the disease is carried 2. Should mixed sterile populations along with the sterility factor in the be used or closely bred populations re- female parent. sulting from a tedious inbreeding It may be of interest to the beet process be the objective? grower to follow the course of pro- Since the inbreeding program of- duction of a variety of sugar beet fered, ultimately, a more satisfactory from breeder's seed to the commercial end product, it was adopted as a basic seed processing facility. The practices method. However, certain quick im- used in processing and preparation of provements seemed possible by use of beet seed to be issued to the grower mixed sterile populations, hence this will not be considered here. The re- method was used to take quick advan- sponsibility of the plant breeders in R. R. Wood 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 tors are planted in alternate strips tional practices followed in introduc- curly top areas, and Type D for with the sterile Monogerm typed and ing new varieties. With good reason, Northern areas of Montana and Wyo- destroyed after pollination has been in the past new variety numbers have ming not susceptible to any particular accomplished. been blended with current inventory; disease problems. Numbers to fit the Sugarbeet seed is produced under so, the step-up in productivity was other areas of our company's opera- contract between the grower and the gradual over a period of years. tion will be available as soon as seed processor in the same concept as Now, the new "Mono-Hy" varieties proper hybrid combinations can be a beet grower produces beets for a will be distributed under variety desig- worked out and tested. Indications are sugar processor. It is an attractive nation. This allows growers the oppor- that both B & E types will be available crop for growers, from a returns view- tunity to become familiar with varietal soon. point, but requires special equipment characteristics, and at a future time- Since we cannot, at the outset, sup- and know-how for certain phases of when a choice of acceptable varieties ply an entire crop of Mono-Hy varie- the operation. Proper cultural prac- is available to him-he should be able ties, the standard hybrid blend, includ- tices, weed and insect control, are to know the one or ones which best ing the yearly improvement, will be very essential to succeed in beet seed suit his farm and kind of farming. available and make up the predomi- growing. It also allows both grower and pro- nant quantities available for distribu- The two production areas-Arizona cessor the opportunity of taking im- tion. This pattern of introduction of a and Oregon-differ markedly in cli- mediate advantage of increased prod- new variety is very similar to that mate and require careful considera- uctivity by variety, to the limit of used for introduction of Monogerm tion of commercial varieties to be pro- available seed supplies. It should be seed-the last major break-through in duced at either place. Lower tempera- obvious from the discussion of seed sugar beet breeding in several decades. tures in Oregon, for example. This production methods at the first of this Processing and sizing will be as in means that varieties requiring more article, that a 100% supply for all the past, eliminating any necessity of dormancy for vernalization (initiation growers the first or even the second plate changes in present seeding of seed stalk production) can be year is an impossible task. For 1971, equipment. Everything possible is grown there but would fail in Ari- at least, supplies will be rationed and being done to assure the highest possi- zona. all growers given the opportunity to ble germination in each lot processed. One other side of the problem, share. In the processing scheme, if an odd lot however, is that the wet and cool Ore- For 1971, only three Mono-Hy falls below standard it is withheld and gon climate tends to foster certain types will be available. These are re-run to bring it up to an acceptable fungus diseases on susceptible strains, Type A for leafspot areas, Type C for level. and may limit the growing of certain parental types in that area. Fortun- ately, up to the present time only a Grower Trials-Final Step few of the long-term inbred lines have The final step in our beet seed plant each variety in a strip through shown such susceptibility and it is a breeding and evaluation is grower his field in such a way that it can be diminishing problem in first cross and strip trials. This has been alluded to in harvested for yield and sucrose con- subsequent generations. other articles of this issue. Some of tent. The foregoing rather limited discus- the objectives and procedures need "to Usually this is in 6-row strips or sion of beet seed production problems be clarified for our readers. multiples of that width. The strips are in general leads to the crux of this ar- First, it is one thing to conduct planted in succession and grown with ticle-the production and distribution well-controlled, replicated variety the growers normal cultural practices. of our new Monogerm hybrids being trials. These provide the reliable sta- At harvest time beets from either full introduced for the first time in 1971 tistical handle for the plant breeder strips or a measured footage are spe- under our new "Mono-Hy" label. and others concerned with variety de- These represent the answer to "what cially identified and delivered to the velopment. But what is the result is different in these hybrids". Essen- when these are placed in growers' receiving station in the normal way. tially, these new varieties represent hands and a crop produced under ac- Additional sugar samples are taken combinations of inbred lines, closely tual farm conditions? This is where and thus yield and sugar performance bred over many years for certain de- the strip trial enters the picture. of each variety can be calculated. sirable characters and put into proper Small commercial productions of The list of grower-cooperators in combination after many years of test- the hybrids are produced for testing. the entire GW area for 1971 is some- ing. These usually are one to two thousand what lengthy and cannot be given en- These are now "coming to the sur- pounds in size. The candidate varieties tirely here. Certainly all contribute face" and exhibiting remarkable pro- are processed and sized to fit standard significantly to the progress in sugar- duction capabilities-both in repli- size drill plates. Ten-pound lots of as beet breeding. All growers involved in cated variety trials and in "strip" trials many as a half-dozen varieties are this effort in 1970 have previously on grower fields. This latter phase of sent to each factory district. Upon oc- had our appreciation expressed to testing will be considered separately. casion more than one set may be sup- them for their interest and efforts. I Our distribution of "Mono-Hy" va- plied. Factory agriculturists select a want to repeat here this writer's rieties will be changed from the tradi- cooperating grower who agrees to thanks for their participation. 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226

What is the Mean of the GW Hybrid Blend by Recoverable sugar per acre in1969 in Table I?

hhnk0226

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110.1

all about new m m mm A Special Section of Through the Leaves mono-hy Spring 1971 BRAND monogerm hybrid JUGARBEET seeD Presented by the Great Western Sugar Company Denver, Colorado 80217 00 DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG DOG Sour https://ww. industrydod ments.ucs edu/docs/hr K0226 Sugarbeets are the only agronomic crop which has ment of a highly productive leaf-spot resistant variety was evolved and developed during the recorded history of man. impossible. Scientific studies conducted by the Station, By the time the main sugarbeet industry was developed in however, indicated that there was absolutely no adverse the United States, European plant breeders had developed correlation of leaf spot resistance and productivity. sugarbeet varieties which allowed efficient and economical The leaf-spot resistance breeding program continued sugar extraction. through the 1940's and culminated in the late forties and This very rapid evolvement of sugarbeets was greatly early fifties by the introduction of some very highly pro- enhanced by the development of the polariscope which ductive sugarbeet varieties which had enough cercospora could be used to determine the percentage of sugar in a resistance so that the epidemics of leaf-spot were no longer solution. By the early 1900's, sugarbeets, about as we know a factor in production in Colorado and Nebraska. them today, were in existence. From the time the GW Ag- Breeding was also done for the production of varieties ricultural Experiment Station was founded in 1910 by Asa adapted to conditions where cercospora and curly top re- C. Maxson, sugarbeet breeding occupied a portion of the sistance were required. Bolting resistant varieties for the efforts of the Station. northern area were also produced. Sugarbeet seed for the infant U. S. industry was supplied In 1951, shortly after the introduction of these cerco- for the most part by European firms until after World War spora resistant varieties, new facilities were built at Long- II. Some small quantities of domestic seed were grown in mont to house the Great Western Research Center group the U. S. during World War I and in the 1930's; during of scientists. and since World War II, the whole U. S. industry has sup- The next landmark in Great Western breeding history plied its own seed. was the introduction of the monogerm character into the In the early 1900's, efforts for the development of su- leaf-spot resistant varieties. Although Great Western plant garbeet varieties in the U. S. were made, first, for adapta- breeders and other plant breeders had searched for a su- tion of the European varieties to U. S. conditions and, sec- garbeet plant which had monogerm seed, beginning before ondly, toward development of the domestic sugarbeet seed 1910, none of the findings bred true for the character. industry so that the industry would not have to be depend- It was after World War II when two Russian scientists ent on European sources. Further, European firms fail- -Dr. and Mrs. V. F. Savitsky-came to America, that the ed to supply varieties with the disease resistance required in monogerm character was found in domestic sugarbeet vari- America. eties. These monogerm beets did indeed breed true, and it The pedigrees of some Great Western varieties trace was possible to use them in breeding programs. Through back to plantings made in 1910. The efforts in sugarbeet the use of the backcross technique, the monogerm gene breeding or selection in the early years led to the develop- was introduced into GW varieties; beginning in 1960, after ment of several adapted varieties which were highly pro- only ten years of work, highly productive monogerm varie- ductive but lacked leaf-spot resistance. ties were available for Great Western growers. Beginning in 1937, when Dr. H. E. Brewbaker joined During this period of the development of leaf-spot resist- Great Western, a concerted effort was made to develop va- ant and monogerm varieties, corn breeders had demon- rieties which had production as well as cercospora resist- strated the great success which could be obtained through ance to counter the periodic attacks of leaf-spot in the Col- the hybridization of inbred lines. All through the years, be- orado-Nebraska growing district. ginning in the 1930's, a few inbreds were being developed Upon initiation of this rather ambitious project, Euro- by sugarbeet breeders in the U. S., but sugarbeet breeders pean plant breeders, as well as a considerable number of were at a loss as to how they might eventually be used. American scientists, assured Dr. Brewbaker that develop- The discovery by Dr. F. V. Owen, a U. S. Department Beet Seed Summit- By Dr. R. K. Oldemeyer Director of Agricultural Research Great Western Research Center Dr. R.K. Oldemeyer 2 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 of Agriculture scientist, of a character called cytoplasmic hybrid. Plants from those lines which prove to have high male-sterility which allowed the production of races of su- combining ability with the red beet are increased for fur- garbeets which were 100 percent male-sterile, cleared the ther study. The selection at this stage is generally at the in- way for the production of hybrid sugarbeets. tensity of five to seven per hundred lines tested. The plant breeders at Great Western, beginning in 1950, Following selection from a top cross test, the inbred is started the initiation of inbred lines on an extensive scale. further tested by crossing it with other inbreds. Thinning During one year in the late 1950's, Great Western had of the specific hybrid trials is particularly tedious inasmuch about 10,000 inbred lines under consideration in the pro- as the red hypocotyl or stem marker gene is used for iden- gram, ones which they had developed themselves. At no tifying hybrids. time during the 1950's and 1960's did the number of The next major test is the male-sterile test in which inbred lines with which they were working drop below inbreds are hybridized with one another, utilizing cyto- 6000. plasmic male-sterility. By this time, sufficient seed of the Lines have been developed from widely varying sources various inbred lines has been obtained, and the ones se- because it is known that hybrid vigor is best expressed in lected as being highly productive are increased toward the hybrids between material from different sources. Great eventual commercial production of hybrids. Western chose as its source material open-pollinated varie- The criteria for selection in all hybrid trials are yield of ties which were adapted to the Great Western areas plus beets, sugar content and processing quality, measured by a recognized varieties from all over the world. coefficient called "percent purity." Laboratory facilities are The large problem confronting a plant breeder when so available at Great Western for determining thin juice pu- many inbred lines are available from which to select the rity, which is a juice purity comparable to the juice purity eight or ten or twelve lines which may eventually be the obtained in the factories. parents of hybrids is the problem of sorting and making The process involves purification of the juice with lime, certain that the best ones are selected. The initial screening the subsequent acidification and filtering and the eventual of inbred lines takes place in the inbred nursery which is determination of the percent sugar on total dry substance. planted to seed from self pollination. In includes selection This coefficient is particularly important inasmuch as it is for agronomic type as to the shape of the crown, freedom a direct measure of the factory extraction which can be ex- from sprangles, and root shape. Quite often, the inbred pected from a particular variety or line. Hybrids are also lines are tested for disease resistance even though the dis- tested for their storageability, disease resistance and bolting ease resistance of the source material is known. resistance. The costly and time consuming part of the screening During and following male-sterile hybrid testing, the program is determining the ability of an inbred to produce seed of selected lines is multiplied in the Oregon seed pro- superior hybrids. After an inbred line has reached a certain duction area. Hybrids are also made on small acreages in degree of uniformity and stability, generally after the third Oregon. These small scale or, as we call them, semi-com- selfed generation, it is placed in a top cross test. mercial hybrids are made with the same seed lots as will go To get seed for the top cross test, the sugarbeets are in- into the production of commercial hybrids, and the per- terplanted with a particular red leaved, red-rooted beet formance of semi-commercial varieties should in every way which allows expression of this dominant characteristic in be comparable to the performance of commercial hybrids. its hybrid. The seed harvested from the sugarbeet lines, Following production testing of the semi-commercial hy- when planted in the field, produces hybrid plants which brids, commercial plantings of the best performing ones can be identified by their red leaves. are made in the seed fields of Arizona and Oregon. Testing The initial decision as to the performance of an inbred of the commercial varieties continues as a control on the in hybrid combinations is the performance of this red beet quality of the seed. Landmarks on the way to Mono-Hy 3 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 All the A x B seed, which is monogerm when harvested Figure 1. Double Cross Hybrid Seed Production in the commercial field, will be hybrid and can be easily A X B C X D separated from the multigerm pollinator seed by using thickness grading with the cylindercal slotted screen. The Male Sterile "O" Type Self Self production of hybrid seed is a rather simple process after Monogerm Monogerm Incompatible Incompatible the inbred lines have been selected. Multigerm Multigerm During the past five or six years, Great Western has in- troduced hybrid seed which is called top cross hybrid seed. CxD Hybrid vigor has been partially exploited during the period A x B X C, D in which the complicated testing of lines has taken place Y for the production of four-way hybrids. Essentially, these (A x B) x (C x D) top cross hybrids are hybrids between the monogerm (A x B) x C (A x B) x D open-pollinated variety that was being grown and some of the better inbred lines. Hybrid Seed The year 1971 is a landmark in the plant breeding ef- forts of The Great Western Sugar Company inasmuch as a sizeable quantity of new sugarbeet brands called Mono-Hy Figure 1 diagrams the method of producing a commer- will be distributed to growers. Mono-Hy varieties are pure cial hybrid variety of sugarbeets. This is called a four-way varieties which have shown superiority in trials and will be hybrid or a double-cross hybrid which is comparable to issued separately rather than being placed in blends. They that used in hybrid corn production. As can be seen from are the product of 20 to 30 years of sugarbeet breeding the diagram, four inbred lines are required for the produc- work by The Great Western Sugar Company and only the tion of the four-way hybrids. Lines A and B are monogerm, beginning of better things to come. Our trials indicate that "O" type, with line A being the male-sterile equivalent. Mono-Hy A1, C1 and D1 are superior varieties and are The hybrid between these two is male-sterile and serves perhaps even adapted over wider areas than Great West- as a seed parent in the commercial hybrid; the hybrid be- ern. tween lines C and D is produced by planting the two lines Great Western hybrid varieties will eventually be availa- in alternate rows. The hybrid between C and D, which is ble to people other than growers of Great Western, and it multigerm, is mixed with the monogerm, A x B parent to is hoped that the fruits of this work can be shared with su- constitute the stock seed for commercial production. garbeet growers throughout the world. Mono-Hy Proves Out In Field Performance By Dr. Alvin W. Erichsen Senior Plant Breeder Great Western Research Center Hybrids that have proven to be superior in brid blend on the same locations and years. All variety tests will be available to growers in lim- data are recorded in percent of GW761-60R ited quantities in most Great Western areas in which is genetically similar to the most recent 1971. The purpose of this article is to provide A-type open-pollinated varieties grown in GW performance data on the new GW Mono-Hy areas. The hybrid blend is made up each year varieties. by mixing several new hybrids together; the The hybrid GW Mono-Hy A1 is adapted to relatively small amount of remnant seed from areas in Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas where the previous blend is also added. Consequently, the type A hybrid blends are suitable. In vari- improvement in the blend has been, and will ety strip trials and in the USDA leaf spot nurs- continue to be, gradual. In contrast, GW Mono- ery at Fort Collins in 1970, it was superior in Hy A1 is a single variety, and it will have the leaf spot resistance to most other A-type hy- same genetic composition from year to year. brids. In Ohio variety tests in 1968, it was Variation in its performance in trials was more susceptible to leaf spot than the highly caused by differences in location and effects of resistant E-type varieties included in the test. changes in weather conditions from year to A summary of the performance of GW year or small experimental error which occurs Mono-Hy A1 at Longmont, Fort Morgan and in all experiments to some degree. The mean Gering in 1968, 1969 and 1970 is shown in performance of a variety over several years Table I. In the table, the Mono-Hy variety is and locations is much more reliable than per- compared with the performance of the GW hy- formance at any single location and year. 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 Table I compares the varieties in root yield, sucrose content, thin juice apparent purity and Table I Type A Commercial Varieties, Colorado-Nebraska recoverable sugar per acre (assuming immedi- (In % of GW761-60R) ate processing of the beets). Thin juice appar- Root Yield per Acre ent purity shows what the purity of the factory Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean juice will be after it is purified as much as pos- GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 113.4 136.9 121.1 128.8 sible prior to evaporation and sugar crystalliza- 1969 123.8 135.1 133.2 130.7 tion. It is important to have a high purity for 1970 113.9 120.3 113.1 115.8 efficient and profitable sugar extraction. Even GW Hybrid Blend 1968 101.0 102,9 103.5 102.5 small differences in purity affect processing 1969 113.4 110.6 108.7 110.9 considerably. 1970 110.2 107.0 110.4 109.2 Recoverable sugar per acre calculations are based on the percentage of the gross sugar that Sucrose Content (%) can be extracted in a factory (assuming no pile Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean storage) which, in turn, is determined by pu- GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 103.3 101.6 100.1 101.7 rity and sugar percentages. Recoverable sugar 1969 105.1 98.7 98.4 100.7 1970 102.7 101.1 100.6 101.5 per acre is not necessarily a measure of the eco- nomic value of beets. Varieties having high GW Hybrid Blend 1968 98.8 99.4 99.9 99.4 root yields may have high recoverable sugar 1969 99.9 98.0 99.8 99.2 1970 100.6 100.8 101.7 101.0 per acre even when sucrose and purity percen- tages are low. From such varieties, the process- Thin Juice Apparent Purity (%) ing costs per unit of sugar would be high. Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean The data in Table I clearly show that GW GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 100.7 100.3 99.1 100.0 Mono-Hy A1 is superior to the type A hybrid 1969 100.0 98.5 99.3 99.3 blend in root yield and recoverable sugar per 1970 100.6 99.7 98.4 99.6 acre. The varieties are very similar in sucrose GW Hybrid Blend 1968 99.7 100.0 99.6 99.8 and purity percentages with possibly GW 1969 99.9 100.0 100.2 100.0 Mono-Hy A1 having the edge in sucrose con- 1970 100.0 100.6 99.3 100.0 tent and the blend being slightly higher in pu- Recoverable Sugar per Acre rity. As expected, the blend has improved in performance since 1968 and should continue to Variety Year Longmont Ft. Morgan Gering Mean improve. GW Mono-Hy A1 1968 119.0 139.5 119.5 126.0 1969 129.4 129.1 128.8 129.1 In Table II, GW Mono-Hy A1 test results 1970 117.4 121.1 110.4 116.3 at Ogallala, Nebraska are summarized, along GW Hybrid Blend 1968 99.7 102.2 102.7 101.5 with four semi-commercial hybrids that have 1969 113.6 108.0 108.8 110.1 strong resistance to Cercospora leaf-spot. The 1970 111.2 108.7 111.4 110.4 area often has considerable leaf-spot, but in 1970, there was not enough to affect yields or sucrose percentages. The data are again pre- sented in percent of the performance of GW761-60R. The general condition of the test was quite good, as was indicated by relatively Table II Central Nebraska Variety Test, Ogallala, 1970 low statistical measures of error variance. The (Results in % of GW761-60R) data show GW Mono-Hy A1 to be an excellent Root Sucrose Thin Juice Recoverable variety for the Ogallala area under the test Acc. No. Yield Content App. Purity Sugar conditions in 1970. The semi-commercial hy- GW Mono-Hy A1 116.4 105.7 102.9 132.5 brids 69MSH141 and 69MSH144 were about 69MSH113 99.4 97.0 101.3 99.6 equal to GW Mono-Hy A1 in performance, 69MSH116 103.1 101.0 99.9 102.9 and they have good leaf spot resistance. Semi- 69MSH141 115.8 105.0 103.4 132.8 commercial hybrids are produced by the same 69MSH144 115.0 108.3 102.8 133.4 method as commercial hybrids except on a smaller scale, and commercial productions of them should perform in the same way. The va- rieties 69MSH113 and 69MSH116 are E-type varieties which have strong leaf-spot resistance but are less productive than most A-type varie- ties when leaf-spot is not severe. As the more resistant A-type varieties become available, the area where E-type varieties are needed will be reduced and eventually eliminated in Colorado, Nebraska and Kansas. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 GW Mono-Hy A1 was also tested at Good- land, Kansas in 1970 where it performed about Table III GW Mono-Hy A1 Performance in the Type A Semi- the same as in Colorado and Nebraska (Table Commercial Variety Test, Goodland, Kansas, 1970 III). It was included in a semi-commercial test (In % of GW761-60R) that is not as extensive as the general variety Root Sucrose Thin Juice Recoverable Sugar tests, but the results indicate the variety is Yield Content Apparent Purity per Acre adapted to Kansas as well as Colorado and Ne- 116.7 98.7 100.8 116.7 braska. In Table IV, the new GW Mono-Hy varie- ties C1 and D1 are compared with the 1970 D-type blend. Results in the table are recorded in percent of A436, a multigerm variety origi- Table IV Types C and D Varieties nating in Europe that has been used as a check Montana and Wyoming Results, 1970 for several years. The GW varieties will be (In % of A436) available to growers in their areas of adapta- Root Yield per Acre tion on a limited basis. Variety Billings Lovell Mean GW Mono-Hy C1 96.4 120.4 108.6 GW Mono-Hy D1 96.5 115.1 105.8 The variety GW Mono-Hy C1 is a moder- GW Hybrid Blend 93.0 96.3 94.7 ately curly-top resistant variety with strong bolting resistance and is adapted to the areas in Sucrose Content (%) Wyoming that are subject to curly top. Results Variety Billings Lovell Mean in Table IV indicate it is a well balanced vari- GW Mono-Hy C1 120.1 106.7 113.4 ety that will produce improved root yield, GW Mono-Hy D1 114.4 105.1 109,8 sugar content and purity. Curly top resistance GW Hybrid Blend 103.9 100.1 102.0 in the variety should be adequate for the area except in extreme cases where it is unlikely Thin Juice Apparent Purity (%) that any variety could be productive. Variety Billings Lovell Mean The variety GW Mono-Hy D1 performed GW Mono-Hy C1 102.7 99.9 101.3 well in Montana and Wyoming in 1970 and is GW Mono-Hy D1 101.6 100.5 101.1 GW Hybrid Blend 101.3 99.9 100.6 an improvement over the D-type blend grown in the area. In comparing it to the blend, it will Recoverable Sucrose per Acre be somewhat better in root yield and signifi- Variety Billings Lovell Mean cantly better in sugar content and purity. In GW Mono-Hy C1 123.4 129.3 126.4 tests conducted in 1969 and 1970, it had a GW Mono-Hy D1 115.0 122.4 118.7 lower bolting percentage than the component GW Hybrid Blend 99.6 96.2 97.9 varieties making up the hybrid blend. mono-hy satifaction guarantee m During the 1971 crop year, if you are not entirely satisfied with MONO-HY brand monogerm hybrid sugarbeet seed, The Great Western Sugar Company will refund to you the difference in price between the MONO-HY brand and its regular GW brand of monogerm hybrid sugarbeet seed. NOTICE: This guarantee is made available only to growers who have sugarbeet contracts with the Great mono-hy Western Sugar Company. BRAND monogerm hybrid The Great Western Sugar Company JUGARBEET seeD P.O. Box 5308 T.A./Denver, Colorado 80217/(303) 893-4600 DIY goo ojay 000 DON Dia Day DOE 000 DOG 900 900 00% 00% 6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 the seed development program usually extends into the area of advice and counsel in commercial seed produc- tion. The point of his departure in ac- tual handling of material is when he hands what is usually called "stock", "foundation" or "breeders" seed to the commercial seed production firm. As a general rule, this quantity is so small that an increase must first be accom- What's Different plished. In our operations this may be ac- complished in three geographical loca- In These New Ones? tions, by over-winter planting in the Willamette Valley in Oregon, by transplanting of stored roots in the By R. R. Wood area adjacent to our Longmont, Colo- General Manager rado, research headquarters, or, by Beet Seed Operations transplanting roots in a number of mountain valleys in the vicinity of tage of a 5 to 10% increase. Certainly Glenwood Springs, Colo. The latter With the discovery and develop- location allows a maximum of isola- ment of cytoplasmic male sterility in a good stop-gap while the many years necessary for production and testing tion for production of some of our sugar beets by F. V. Owen, it became possible to produce hybrid sugar beets of hundreds of thousands of inbreds inbred lines that are highly self-sterile on a commercial scale. and hybrid combinations were being and hence are highly susceptible to Trials the past several years give a endured. contamination by any stray pollen. There is no intent here to indulge in Usually the first crosses of inbreds, clear indication that beet growers can be assured of greater productivity by genetic details and principles, except where multi-parent hybrids are the the use of new hybrid varieties being to say that the methods used to bring objective, is conducted in Oregon prepared for introduction after many about the developments described where a highly favorable climate for here very closely parallel the classical the purpose is to be found. Commer- years of intensive inbreeding and test- cial size increases from the above ing of large numbers of possible com- and well proven methods associated binations. with the development of hybrid corn crosses are then made in Oregon and (called maize in most areas outside Arizona areas. It is at this point that A grower may well inquire "what is we have two methods available to us different in these new ones-I have North America.) The advantage of cytoplasmic male for production of the final hybrid been using seed labeled "hybrid" for several years and it has given good sterility in producing sugar beet hy- monogerm product: brids is that it constitutes a positive 1. Multi-germ pollinators may be production-nov you are talking of even better production. Just what is control of pollination. The initial pro- mixed in proper proportion with the the story?" ductions of hybrid corn required a sterile type monogerm and planted by A bit of history at this point may hand operation to de-tassel; a costly usual patterns. 2. Monogerm pollina- serve to answer this very pertinent item in production. Now a similar ste- question. At the outset of the breed- rility factor is used in corn hybrid er's capability of producing hybrids, production and in many other crops. certain decisions must be made as to The genetic sterility factor for pollina- the avenues to be followed: tion control can be a mixed blessing 1. Should the breeding be done at -witness the tremendous corn crop the normal chromosome (diploid) losses in 1970 from a fungus attack level or at the increased chromosome called "Southern blight". In this case, (polyploid) level? susceptibility to the disease is carried 2. Should mixed sterile populations along with the sterility factor in the be used or closely bred populations re- female parent. sulting from a tedious inbreeding It may be of interest to the beet process be the objective? grower to follow the course of pro- Since the inbreeding program of- duction of a variety of sugar beet fered, ultimately, a more satisfactory from breeder's seed to the commercial end product, it was adopted as a basic seed processing facility. The practices method. However, certain quick im- used in processing and preparation of provements seemed possible by use of beet seed to be issued to the grower mixed sterile populations, hence this will not be considered here. The re- method was used to take quick advan- sponsibility of the plant breeders in R. R. Wood 7 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226 tors are planted in alternate strips tional practices followed in introduc- curly top areas, and Type D for with the sterile Monogerm typed and ing new varieties. With good reason, Northern areas of Montana and Wyo- destroyed after pollination has been in the past new variety numbers have ming not susceptible to any particular accomplished. been blended with current inventory; disease problems. Numbers to fit the Sugarbeet seed is produced under so, the step-up in productivity was other areas of our company's opera- contract between the grower and the gradual over a period of years. tion will be available as soon as seed processor in the same concept as Now, the new "Mono-Hy" varieties proper hybrid combinations can be a beet grower produces beets for a will be distributed under variety desig- worked out and tested. Indications are sugar processor. It is an attractive nation. This allows growers the oppor- that both B & E types will be available crop for growers, from a returns view- tunity to become familiar with varietal soon. point, but requires special equipment characteristics, and at a future time- Since we cannot, at the outset, sup- and know-how for certain phases of when a choice of acceptable varieties ply an entire crop of Mono-Hy varie- the operation. Proper cultural prac- is available to him-he should be able ties, the standard hybrid blend, includ- tices, weed and insect control, are to know the one or ones which best ing the yearly improvement, will be very essential to succeed in beet seed suit his farm and kind of farming. available and make up the predomi- growing. It also allows both grower and pro- nant quantities available for distribu- The two production areas-Arizona cessor the opportunity of taking im- tion. This pattern of introduction of a and Oregon-differ markedly in cli- mediate advantage of increased prod- new variety is very similar to that mate and require careful considera- uctivity by variety, to the limit of used for introduction of Monogerm tion of commercial varieties to be pro- available seed supplies. It should be seed-the last major break-through in duced at either place. Lower tempera- obvious from the discussion of seed sugar beet breeding in several decades. tures in Oregon, for example. This production methods at the first of this Processing and sizing will be as in means that varieties requiring more article, that a 100% supply for all the past, eliminating any necessity of dormancy for vernalization (initiation growers the first or even the second plate changes in present seeding of seed stalk production) can be year is an impossible task. For 1971, equipment. Everything possible is grown there but would fail in Ari- at least, supplies will be rationed and being done to assure the highest possi- zona. all growers given the opportunity to ble germination in each lot processed. One other side of the problem, share. In the processing scheme, if an odd lot however, is that the wet and cool Ore- For 1971, only three Mono-Hy falls below standard it is withheld and gon climate tends to foster certain types will be available. These are re-run to bring it up to an acceptable fungus diseases on susceptible strains, Type A for leafspot areas, Type C for level. and may limit the growing of certain parental types in that area. Fortun- ately, up to the present time only a Grower Trials-Final Step few of the long-term inbred lines have The final step in our beet seed plant each variety in a strip through shown such susceptibility and it is a breeding and evaluation is grower his field in such a way that it can be diminishing problem in first cross and strip trials. This has been alluded to in harvested for yield and sucrose con- subsequent generations. other articles of this issue. Some of tent. The foregoing rather limited discus- the objectives and procedures need "to Usually this is in 6-row strips or sion of beet seed production problems be clarified for our readers. multiples of that width. The strips are in general leads to the crux of this ar- First, it is one thing to conduct planted in succession and grown with ticle-the production and distribution well-controlled, replicated variety the growers normal cultural practices. of our new Monogerm hybrids being trials. These provide the reliable sta- At harvest time beets from either full introduced for the first time in 1971 tistical handle for the plant breeder strips or a measured footage are spe- under our new "Mono-Hy" label. and others concerned with variety de- These represent the answer to "what cially identified and delivered to the velopment. But what is the result is different in these hybrids". Essen- when these are placed in growers' receiving station in the normal way. tially, these new varieties represent hands and a crop produced under ac- Additional sugar samples are taken combinations of inbred lines, closely tual farm conditions? This is where and thus yield and sugar performance bred over many years for certain de- the strip trial enters the picture. of each variety can be calculated. sirable characters and put into proper Small commercial productions of The list of grower-cooperators in combination after many years of test- the hybrids are produced for testing. the entire GW area for 1971 is some- ing. These usually are one to two thousand what lengthy and cannot be given en- These are now "coming to the sur- pounds in size. The candidate varieties tirely here. Certainly all contribute face" and exhibiting remarkable pro- are processed and sized to fit standard significantly to the progress in sugar- duction capabilities-both in repli- size drill plates. Ten-pound lots of as beet breeding. All growers involved in cated variety trials and in "strip" trials many as a half-dozen varieties are this effort in 1970 have previously on grower fields. This latter phase of sent to each factory district. Upon oc- had our appreciation expressed to testing will be considered separately. casion more than one set may be sup- them for their interest and efforts. I Our distribution of "Mono-Hy" va- plied. Factory agriculturists select a want to repeat here this writer's rieties will be changed from the tradi- cooperating grower who agrees to thanks for their participation. 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/hhnk0226

what is the rate of sugar for the application of MBR-12325 on aug 15?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

16.4

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

What is the subject of the survey?

qllk0226

qllk0226_p0, qllk0226_p1, qllk0226_p2, qllk0226_p3

Recent Literature on Diabetes

TO: ISRF Members DATE: April 15, 1977 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Diabetes ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DIABETES ETIOLOGY Please add to your loose-leaf - folder the following: - "Effect of carbohydrate restriction and high carbohydrate diets on men with chemical diabetes.' - "Specially designed sweeteners and food for diabetics -- a real need? - "Nutritional factors in the etiology of diabetes." Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DIABETES ETIOLOGY Anderson, James W. * - Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30:402-408, March 1977 "Effect of carbohydrate restriction and high carbohydrate diets on men with chemical diabetes. " Abstract: "The influence of low carbohydrate (CHO) diets, starvation, and high CHO diets on glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and plasma insulin responses of men with chemical diabetes was studied. The GTT and insulin responses of these seven lean diabetic men were unchanged when the carbohydrate content of the diet was reduced from 44 to 20% of calories. After a 48-hr fast a significant deterioration of the GTT was observed in these diabetic men but the percentage change was identical to that reported previously for normal men. The fasting plasma glucose values of seven lean and four obese men with chemical diabetes were significantly lower after one week on a 75% CHO diet than values on a 44% CHO diet. The 75% CHO diet also was accompanied by slight improvements in the oral and intravenous GTT and by slightly lower plasma insulin responses. The improvement in glucose metabolism on high CHO diets appears to result from increased insulin sensitivity. Serum triglyceride values were approximately 55% higher on the 75% CHO diet than values on the 44% CHO diet for the 11 men but these differences were not statistically significant. These studies support previous observations and suggest that high CHO diets may be beneficial in the management of certain diabetic patients. However, further studies are required to determine the long-term effects of high CHO diets containing natural foods on the glucose and lipid metabolism of diabetic patients. " p. 402 From the Medical Service, Veterans Administration Hospital and Dept. of Medicine, U. of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. H/C/P Source: https:/lwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY- - DIABETES ETIOLOGY Lenner, Ragnhild Arvidsson* - Am. J. Clin. Nutrition 29:726-733, July 1976 "Specially designed sweeteners and food for diabetics -- a real need? Abstract: "In the first part of this study, the effect of four iso- caloric mixed breakfast meals on the blood glucose and urinary glucose losses was tested in nine adult diabetics and in three healthy subjects, ages 60 to 75. Three of the test meals con- sisted of a base diet supplemented with applesauce sweetened with sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol. In the fourth test meal, the starch was increased together with saccharine. In the second part of the study, analyses for free glucose and sucrose in several tinned food preparations, ordinary as well as food preparations specially designed for diabetics, were performed. The amount of sucrose equivalents (Seq) in one ordinary serving of the various products was estimated. No significant differences among sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol-containing meals with respect to the effect on the blood glucose level or on glucosuria were found. The saccharine-containing meal gave a significantly greater blood glucose increase at 60 min only. The amount of sucrose in ordinary marinated foods, such as herring, cucumber, and common beet was negligible. Water-packed fruits supplied one-half of the amount of Seq or less, compared with fruits packed in sorbitol-sweetened syrup. The amount of Seq in the latter products as well as in fruits packed in unsweetened juice equalled that of the fleshy substance of ordinary sucrose-sweetened products. It was concluded that fructose or sorbitol has no advantages over sucrose, as regards the effect on blood glucose in well-regulated adult dibetics [sic], and that it seems unnecessary to have specially sweetened foods designed for diabetics. " p. 726 From the Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Goteborg, Sahlgren's Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden H/S/P Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DIABETES ETIOLOGY West, Kelly M.*, Edna L. Oakley, Mary E. Sanders, Mary E. Mako, Arthur H. Rubenstein - Manuscript for ISRF Use Only "Nutritional Factors in the Etiology of Diabetes.' Summary: "Many different nutritional factors influence risk of diabetes. The most important of these is excessive consumption of calories. It is not generally appreciated that lowest rates of diabetes prevail in populations that consume diets highest in carbohydrate. Prevalence of diabetes has increased sharply in many populations at a time when qualitative changes in diet have occurred. Among the variables commonly associated temporally with rising rates of diabetes have been decrease of exercise and increase of dietary fat, sugar, and calories. Although not decisive, some data in animals and man are consistent with the possibility that high levels of sugar consumption might increase risk of diabetes. There is also negative experimental evidence on this question. In general, intrapopulation studies have failed to show a relationship between sugar consumption and risk of diabetes.' "An epidemic of obesity and diabetes has recently occurred in Oklahoma Indians at a time when sugar consumption was increasing sharply. But detailed studies revealed no evidence of a causal effect of dietary sugar. Although rates of diabetes are about three times as great as in white Americans, the average level of sugar consumption was about the same in these Indians as in U.S. whites. The great intraindividual variations in sugar consumption in the Indians provided an excellent opportunity to compare individuals and subgroups in whom levels of sugar consumption differed as much as two-to fourfold. Obese persons appeared to eat no more sugar than lean individuals. No relationship was found between sugar consumption and insulin secretion or levels of serum triglycerides. Seventy-siz persons with previously undiscovered diabetes had been consuming no more sugar than control subjects with normal glucose tolerance. " University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. E/S/P Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qllk0226

Which is the date mentioned in the survey?

qllk0226

qllk0226_p0, qllk0226_p1, qllk0226_p2, qllk0226_p3

April 15, 1977

TO: ISRF Members DATE: April 15, 1977 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Diabetes ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DIABETES ETIOLOGY Please add to your loose-leaf - folder the following: - "Effect of carbohydrate restriction and high carbohydrate diets on men with chemical diabetes.' - "Specially designed sweeteners and food for diabetics -- a real need? - "Nutritional factors in the etiology of diabetes." Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DIABETES ETIOLOGY Anderson, James W. * - Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30:402-408, March 1977 "Effect of carbohydrate restriction and high carbohydrate diets on men with chemical diabetes. " Abstract: "The influence of low carbohydrate (CHO) diets, starvation, and high CHO diets on glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and plasma insulin responses of men with chemical diabetes was studied. The GTT and insulin responses of these seven lean diabetic men were unchanged when the carbohydrate content of the diet was reduced from 44 to 20% of calories. After a 48-hr fast a significant deterioration of the GTT was observed in these diabetic men but the percentage change was identical to that reported previously for normal men. The fasting plasma glucose values of seven lean and four obese men with chemical diabetes were significantly lower after one week on a 75% CHO diet than values on a 44% CHO diet. The 75% CHO diet also was accompanied by slight improvements in the oral and intravenous GTT and by slightly lower plasma insulin responses. The improvement in glucose metabolism on high CHO diets appears to result from increased insulin sensitivity. Serum triglyceride values were approximately 55% higher on the 75% CHO diet than values on the 44% CHO diet for the 11 men but these differences were not statistically significant. These studies support previous observations and suggest that high CHO diets may be beneficial in the management of certain diabetic patients. However, further studies are required to determine the long-term effects of high CHO diets containing natural foods on the glucose and lipid metabolism of diabetic patients. " p. 402 From the Medical Service, Veterans Administration Hospital and Dept. of Medicine, U. of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. H/C/P Source: https:/lwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY- - DIABETES ETIOLOGY Lenner, Ragnhild Arvidsson* - Am. J. Clin. Nutrition 29:726-733, July 1976 "Specially designed sweeteners and food for diabetics -- a real need? Abstract: "In the first part of this study, the effect of four iso- caloric mixed breakfast meals on the blood glucose and urinary glucose losses was tested in nine adult diabetics and in three healthy subjects, ages 60 to 75. Three of the test meals con- sisted of a base diet supplemented with applesauce sweetened with sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol. In the fourth test meal, the starch was increased together with saccharine. In the second part of the study, analyses for free glucose and sucrose in several tinned food preparations, ordinary as well as food preparations specially designed for diabetics, were performed. The amount of sucrose equivalents (Seq) in one ordinary serving of the various products was estimated. No significant differences among sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol-containing meals with respect to the effect on the blood glucose level or on glucosuria were found. The saccharine-containing meal gave a significantly greater blood glucose increase at 60 min only. The amount of sucrose in ordinary marinated foods, such as herring, cucumber, and common beet was negligible. Water-packed fruits supplied one-half of the amount of Seq or less, compared with fruits packed in sorbitol-sweetened syrup. The amount of Seq in the latter products as well as in fruits packed in unsweetened juice equalled that of the fleshy substance of ordinary sucrose-sweetened products. It was concluded that fructose or sorbitol has no advantages over sucrose, as regards the effect on blood glucose in well-regulated adult dibetics [sic], and that it seems unnecessary to have specially sweetened foods designed for diabetics. " p. 726 From the Institute of Clinical Nutrition, University of Goteborg, Sahlgren's Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden H/S/P Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DIABETES ETIOLOGY West, Kelly M.*, Edna L. Oakley, Mary E. Sanders, Mary E. Mako, Arthur H. Rubenstein - Manuscript for ISRF Use Only "Nutritional Factors in the Etiology of Diabetes.' Summary: "Many different nutritional factors influence risk of diabetes. The most important of these is excessive consumption of calories. It is not generally appreciated that lowest rates of diabetes prevail in populations that consume diets highest in carbohydrate. Prevalence of diabetes has increased sharply in many populations at a time when qualitative changes in diet have occurred. Among the variables commonly associated temporally with rising rates of diabetes have been decrease of exercise and increase of dietary fat, sugar, and calories. Although not decisive, some data in animals and man are consistent with the possibility that high levels of sugar consumption might increase risk of diabetes. There is also negative experimental evidence on this question. In general, intrapopulation studies have failed to show a relationship between sugar consumption and risk of diabetes.' "An epidemic of obesity and diabetes has recently occurred in Oklahoma Indians at a time when sugar consumption was increasing sharply. But detailed studies revealed no evidence of a causal effect of dietary sugar. Although rates of diabetes are about three times as great as in white Americans, the average level of sugar consumption was about the same in these Indians as in U.S. whites. The great intraindividual variations in sugar consumption in the Indians provided an excellent opportunity to compare individuals and subgroups in whom levels of sugar consumption differed as much as two-to fourfold. Obese persons appeared to eat no more sugar than lean individuals. No relationship was found between sugar consumption and insulin secretion or levels of serum triglycerides. Seventy-siz persons with previously undiscovered diabetes had been consuming no more sugar than control subjects with normal glucose tolerance. " University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. E/S/P Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qllk0226

what is experiment number of table 8 for plant growth regulators topically applied for early harvest?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

286

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

how long was the study on substitute for conventional candy done?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years.

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

Which animal is used to check the inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

rat, rats

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

What is name of the topic located in page number 12?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p0, khnk0226_p1

plant population, Plant Population

agricultural research 1973 THE GREAT WESTERN SUGAR COMPANY AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER LONGMONT, COLORADO Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 introduction by Dr. Kenneth P. Dubrovin Dear Agriculturist: As you might expect, this Agricultural Our joint efforts are not only needed Research Progress Report offers for immediate problems, but recommendations covering a wide moreso when you consider industry range of cultural practices and survival and progress. Again, other observations for sugarbeet pro- we do sincerely appreciate your agricultural duction. Without hesitancy, they cooperation and particularly your are the result of dedicated hard work increasing requests for specialized research of our entire staff. Both labora- assistance. tory and field work have provided the basis for these recommendations. In keeping with our Research Center policy of informality, we genuinely progress Importantly though, our staff could welcome hearing from you at not achieve their goals without any time. We believe constructive as your support and cooperation. We well as negative criticism is the sincerely appreciate that cooperation! real basis for progress and maturity And, simply put, it's that kind 1973 of any person, department of teamwork that benefits all of us. or function. As you will note in this report, we've included brief backgrounds of index most of your research center staff. Article page It's intended to further our Introduction 1 policy of informality by letting you Nitrogen 2 know more about us. And, just Seed Technology 4 like your pride in accomplishment, Herbicides 6 we're proud to be part of the Nematodes 8 GW team at the world's finest sugar- Insecticides 9 beet research center. Plant Population 12 Sincerely, Irrigation 13 Ken Ohio Plants Area 15 The Center 17 K. P. Dubrovin Director 1 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

When is this letter dated?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

march 15, 1976

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

what is the kind of corporation mentioned in the letter?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

great western united corporation

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

Which institution is mentioned in the footer?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA., *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

who is the director for corporate communications?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

Larry L. McGhee, Larry L. McGhee,

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

Who wrote this piece?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p0, khnk0226_p1

K. P. Dubrovin, Dr. Kenneth P. Dubrovin

agricultural research 1973 THE GREAT WESTERN SUGAR COMPANY AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER LONGMONT, COLORADO Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 introduction by Dr. Kenneth P. Dubrovin Dear Agriculturist: As you might expect, this Agricultural Our joint efforts are not only needed Research Progress Report offers for immediate problems, but recommendations covering a wide moreso when you consider industry range of cultural practices and survival and progress. Again, other observations for sugarbeet pro- we do sincerely appreciate your agricultural duction. Without hesitancy, they cooperation and particularly your are the result of dedicated hard work increasing requests for specialized research of our entire staff. Both labora- assistance. tory and field work have provided the basis for these recommendations. In keeping with our Research Center policy of informality, we genuinely progress Importantly though, our staff could welcome hearing from you at not achieve their goals without any time. We believe constructive as your support and cooperation. We well as negative criticism is the sincerely appreciate that cooperation! real basis for progress and maturity And, simply put, it's that kind 1973 of any person, department of teamwork that benefits all of us. or function. As you will note in this report, we've included brief backgrounds of index most of your research center staff. Article page It's intended to further our Introduction 1 policy of informality by letting you Nitrogen 2 know more about us. And, just Seed Technology 4 like your pride in accomplishment, Herbicides 6 we're proud to be part of the Nematodes 8 GW team at the world's finest sugar- Insecticides 9 beet research center. Plant Population 12 Sincerely, Irrigation 13 Ken Ohio Plants Area 15 The Center 17 K. P. Dubrovin Director 1 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

Who is the manager of Agricultural Research (Ohio)?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p14, khnk0226_p15, khnk0226_p16, khnk0226_p17, khnk0226_p18

Jimmy N. Widner

Irrigation (continued) Summary Tests conducted in 1973 were concerned At Prospect Valley and Hoyt, Colorado with effect of proper irrigation field length tests were established management on sugarbeet production. for comparing irrigation schedules based on different combinations of infor- Due to increasing interest in trickle mation. In both cases, the cooperator's or drip irrigation, a one-acre test normal irrigation schedule was to evaluate tubing types and potentially compared with irrigation based on a economical row spacings was run at combination of cooperator's experience, Longmont. Generally, the trickle soil moisture and climatological data. irrigated beets had yields comparable to furrow irrigated beets which had Results from a test in the Prospect been planted 20 days earlier with less Valley, which was furrow irrigated, are water applied than with furrow or given below. They show that managed sprinkler systems. The drawback to this treatments outyielded growers' system is the high cost and difficulty treatments in tonnage and gross sugar of working with the tubes. produced. This occurred with one less irrigation in the managed case; using 3.8 to 5.2 less acre-inches of water pumped. Prospect Valley No. of Total Water Treatment Tons/A Lb. Sugar/A Irrigations Pumped Tons/In. Water Growers 15.95 3,897 5 23.4" 0.68 Management 1* 16.93 4,057 4 19.6" 0.86 Management 2 16.27 3,993 4 18.2" 0.89 *Management 1 and 2 differ in soil moisture depletion level. Soil compaction at Hoyt prevented the profile from being refilled with each irrigation and thus the managed plot had yields comparable to the check. Due to soil compaction con- straint, management data pointed to an irrigation schedule comparable to the check. For more effective irrigations, the soil profile should have been refilled each irrigation. 14 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Special Section Complete ohio plants area by Jimmy N. Widner Jimmy N. Widner Pelleted Seeds and requires lesser amounts of chemicals. Manager Diazinon is safer to use and less Agricultural Research Recommendations toxic to sugarbeets than Dyfonate. (Ohio) Test results have shown no clear Widner earned a B.S. Degree in Agronomy advantage of pellets over bare seed in Flea beetle adults may be effectively from New Mexico State University in achieving more uniform plant spacing controlled with Sevin 80S applied 1964 and a Ph.D. in Agromony and Plant or improving total emergence. A special at the rate of 1.5 pounds per acre. Genetics from North Dakota State grooved false-plate (B27054) should University in 1968. He is presently manager be used with an 11/64-inch seed plate Dylox 80SP should be applied at the rate of Agricultural Research for Great Western's (B12733B) when planting pellets of two pints per acre for the control Ohio plants area, stationed at Fremont, with a John Deere drill. of lygus. Ohio. As research manager, he is responsible for developing all phases of agricultural Cutworms are controlled with Sevin or research directed toward increasing sugar The International Air-Planter has special yields and production. Before going to drums for bare or pelleted seeds. Dylox. Sevin may be applied as a Ohio, Widner was a Plant Breeder at the Agri- Sugarbeets were successfully planted to spray or in bait pellets. Sevin bait should cultural Research Center, Longmont, a stand with either type of seed by be applied at the rate of 20-40 Colorado. selecting the proper seed drum. pounds per acre. Conclusions and Observations Conclusions and Observations Wire-worms are best controlled with Average emergence of bare and pelleted seeds from two locations were: pre-plant incorporation of Diazinon or Dyfonate. Wire-worm infestations Plants/(X 1000)-Acre are difficult to predict, and effective Fremont Bloomdale Averages chemicals for control are lacking after the wire-worms are observed in MonoHy E2 (bare) 26.3 34.3 30.3 MonoHy E2 (Germain) 19.8 32.2 26.0 sugarbeet fields. MonoHy E2 (Asgrow) 21.0 28.3 24.6 Herbicides Summary Recommendations These and other tests indicate that bare Pre-emergence application of Pyramin seed has slightly higher emergence + TCA has given satisfactory to than pelleted seeds. Sugarbeets can be excellent control of most broadleaf and space planted to final stands with grass weed species. This combination either bare or pelleted seeds using the does not provide effective control proper seed drum on the International of nutgrass, although the infestation may "Cyclo' Air-Planter or proper be reduced. RoNeet may be useful plates in conventional drills. in areas where nutgrass occurs. RoNeet should be applied broadcast at 1/2 Insecticides to 2/3 gallon per acre, and thoroughly incorporated into the soil at a depth Recommendations of two or three inches. Overlay RoNeet Diazinon 14G and Dyfonate 10G provide with a pre-emergence application effective control of wire-worms. Broad- of Pyramin at 21-28 OZ. in a 10-inch cast 28 pounds of Diazinon and 40 band to improve control of broadleaf pounds of Dyfonate granules per acre weeds. and immediately work thoroughly into upper 6 inches. Band treatment is as effective as broadcast treatment Ohio Plant Area continued next page 15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Ohio Plants Area (continued) Fungicides Variety MonoHy E2 Number of Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose Post-emergence applications should be Recommendations Mertect-340F 9.5 1 24.2 16.1 planned operations to provide control Systemic fungicides, such as Benlate and Mertect-340F 9.5 2 26.2 16.3 Mertect-340F 9.5 1 (late) 25.0 16.0 of late germinating weed seeds, such Mertect-340F, have shown the most Duter 10.0 1 24.3 16.2 as redroot pigweed. Betanal-475 applied consistent control of Cercospora leafspot. Duter 10.0 2 24.8 16.0 Duter + foam 10.0 1 24.3 15.7 at the rate of 2 pints per acre in a One or two applications are usually Check* - - 25.2 16.2 10-inch band has given the most consist- necessary to economically control leaf- ent control of pigweed. Betanal 503 spot. Apply Benlate at 8 oz. per acre and Variety Hybrid E Number of (Betanal + Betanal-475) can be tank Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose Mertect-340F at 9.5 fl. OZ. per acre Benlate 8 1 25.8 16.2 mixed at a 1:1 ratio. A tank mix in sufficient water to provide thorough Benlate 8 2 29.1 15.9 of Pyramin + Betanal (3 + 1) has been plant coverage. Both aerial and ground Benlate 8 1 (late) 26.4 16.2 Duter 10 1 25.3 16.1 registered for use and gives good applications provided satisfactory Duter 10 2 24.1 16.1 weed control. results. The first application should be Duter + foam 10 1 23:6 15.9 made when leafspot first appears in Check* - - 26.0 15.9 Conclusions and Observations the field. Subsequent sprays should be Chemicals are available to provide determined by disease severity and Fungicidal applications in the absence of effective control of most weed species. climatic conditions. leafspot do not appear to be beneficial: Timely and proper applications are essential to obtain maximum weed MonoHy E2 showed a higher degree of Variety - MonoHy E2 Number of control. The main disadvantage of using resistance to leafspot than Hybrid E Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose RoNeet is the possibility of uneven or USH20. Although some leafspot Benlate 8 1 12.5 17.9 appeared in fields of MonoHy E2, fungi- Benlate 8 2 13.4 17.9 incorporation, particularly when the soil Check* - - 12.3 17.9 is too wet. cidal applications may not have *Leafspot absent. provided economical returns. Pre-emergence rates of Pyramin applica- Summary tion should be increased from the Conclusion and Observations MonoHy E2, with its higher degree basic recommended rate if planting date Higher yields were obtained with of resistance to leafspot, may not need extends past May 10th; particularly two applications of a systemic fungicide; fungicidal applications depending on soils containing over 20% clay content. particularly when the leafspot on leafspot severity and climatic condi- infection was severe. tions. One or two applications of Addition of non-phytotoxic crop oils to Benlate or Mertect-340F is generally post-emergence sprays may improve Fungicidal application on MonoHy E2 sufficient when necessary to provide weed control. Caution should be used in did not increase yields in sucrose economical control of leafspot. applying herbicides with crop oils percentages. Even though leafspot when the beets are under stress or hot appeared in fields of MonoHy E2, test temperatures prevail. results indicate that fungicidal applications were not profitable. Foams (Ag-Foam, Fomex, etc.) may improve the efficiency of herbicide spray application and also reduce spray drift. Special nozzles are required for the application of foams. Contents of this publication are directed to Great Western Sugar Company Agriculturists and are not intended for public use. 16 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 the center Dr. Kenneth P. Dubrovin Arthur H. Freytag Joseph P. Brown Director Senior Agronomist Manager Agricultural Research Center Field Evaluation Ken Dubrovin comes from Chicago, Illinois. Freytag comes from St. Louis, Missouri. At South Dakotq State University, Joe earned He earned his B.S. Degree from the His B.S. was earned in 1961 at the University his Bachelor's Degree in 1954 and his University of Illinois and his Ph.D. in Soils of Arizona. After graduation he was Master's Degree in 1956 in agricultural from the University of Wisconsin. employed as a plant breeder by the Burpee economics. After receiving his B.S., Ken attended the Seed Company of Lompoc, California. Wageningen Agricultural College in Following that, Freytag became chief grower He began his career with the Spencer the Netherlands as a Fulbright Scholar. His for Dos Pueblos Orchid Company of Chemical Co. in 1956 as a fertilizer salesman. industry career started with Spencer Santa Barbara, California. He next became When Gulf Oil Company acquired Spencer Chemical Company that was later acquired an agronomist for International Mineral Chemicals he joined the agricultural by Gulf Oil Corporation. He was supervisor of and Chemical Corporation at Libertyville, chemical research and development group. pesticide testing and development and Illinois. Then he returned to Texas Duties were as manager of New Product his responsibilities included initiation of tests Tech University to earn his Masters Degree Development in western U.S. and Canada. In for pesticides as well as other agricultural in Plant Physiology. 1971 Brown joined Great Western as chemicals. coordinator of station and field operations. Current responsibilities at the research While with the Spencer (Gulf) firm, center involve growth regulators with signifi- Ken earned his M.B.A. Degree from the cant efforts related to applied ethylene University of Missouri. research. Carl W. Luft Manager Management responsibilities at Gulf Agronomic Department required his travel to Europe and Asia where A Colorado native, Carl comes from a he established pesticide development Dr. Walter R. Akeson sugarbeet and livestock farm near Sterling. programs. Senior Plant Physiologist He earned a B.S. Degree in Animal Husbandry at Colorado State University in After Gulf, Dubrovin became Director Originating from Chappell, Nebraska, Akeson 1941. After leaving school, he spent of Great Western's Agricultural Research Center at Longmont. In this capacity, he is earned his B.S. and M.S. Degrees in five years in the U.S. A rmy during World responsible for all GW research activities. Agronomy from the University of Nebraska. War II. His Ph.D. in Plant Biochemistry was earned from the University of Wisconsin. Carl joined Great Western as an Agriculturist He served four years as assistant professor of at Keenesburg, Colorado. His career agronomy at the University of Nebraska as an Agriculturist also included responsibili- Robert M. Spencer and then he joined Great Western in 1969. ties in Powell, Wyoming, Goodland, Kansas, Research Chemist Sterling, Burlington and Brighton, As leader of the plant physiology group at the Colorado. In 1969 he became manager of the Spencer began his career with Great Western Agricultural Research Center, he is GW Grower Service Center at Platteville, as a laborer in the Longmont warehouse. involved in studies to reduce sugar loss in Colorado. He served in that capacity until He has achieved the post of Research Chemist sugarbeet storage piles. Other responsibilities joining the Agricultural Research Center in for the Agricultural Research Center- - include coordination of all physiology August 1973. Tare Laboratory where his responsibilities studies plus direction of operation of the include analysis of all experimental samples. Agricultural Services Lab and the Respiration Lab at the Research Center. A native of Albuquerque, New Mexico, Bob has lived in various locations throughout the United States and Europe. He received his Bachelor's Degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1972, the year he joined GW. 17 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 THE 1973 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT OF THE GREAT WESTERN SUGAR COMPANY Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

Who is the publisher for the sugar journal?

qxbx0227

qxbx0227_p0, qxbx0227_p1, qxbx0227_p2, qxbx0227_p3, qxbx0227_p4, qxbx0227_p5, qxbx0227_p6, qxbx0227_p7, qxbx0227_p8, qxbx0227_p9, qxbx0227_p10, qxbx0227_p11, qxbx0227_p12, qxbx0227_p13, qxbx0227_p14, qxbx0227_p15, qxbx0227_p16

Mr. William H. Flanagan

GREAT WESTERN UNITED CORPORATION 716 METROBANK BUILDING DENVER, COLORADO 80202 303/893-4300 March 15, 1976 Mr. William H. Flanagan Publisher The Sugar Journal P.O. Box 2406 New Orleans, Louisiana 70176 Dear Bill: We are enclosing two papers presented by our people at Phoenix, as you requested during the meeting. Selection of two from the many that were candidates was a little difficult, but our "selection committee" decided on the two that are enclosed. Ed Sullivan gave his paper at Phoenix from notes, rather than a formal and final paper, so we had to delay getting these to you until he could get it transposed from notes and memory to paper. Hope we're not too late. If we can furnish anything else, please holler. Best regards! Sincerely, Larry L. McGhee, Director Corporate Communications LLM:jtp Enclosures Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Dr. E. F. Sullivan Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection The Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center SUGAR JOURNAL Longmont, Colorado 1 GROWTH REGULATORS AND SUGARBEET PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 2 E. F. Sullivan Introduction Plant growth regulating chemicals can be separated into two active groups. Chem- icals lethal to weeds yet crop selective - herbicides, and compounds which modify crop processes and growth - plant growth regulators. Herbicides are basic to productive sugarbeet growing systems. Discovery and development of synthetic plant growth regulators useful on sugarbeets requires the same positive trust from researchers as that given to herbicides. Chemical companies are actively seeking growth regulants for sugarbeets. A few beneficial sugarbeet responses to plant growth regulators have been demonstrated. In the future, growth regulants may offer substantial production benefits especially when applied with residual herbicides. This report will examine concepts, possible future designs, and some results from use of plant growth regulators on sugarbeets. Production Objectives Future management goals employing growth promoting and crop protection chemicals are: crop emergence and stand establishment - residual weed and pest control - root 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Center, The Great Western Sugar Company, Longmont, Colorado 80501. 2. Manager - Crop Establishment and Protection. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 2 quality and yield improvement. Therefore, useful plant growth regulators on sugarbeets should accomplish the following objectives: 1) improve emergence rate and seedling growth, 2) reduce seedling pesticide injury, 3) improve chemical weed control, 4) reduce weed seed infestation, 5) decrease cultivation and tillage, 6) enhance crop production and quality, and 7) conserve sugar during root storage by chemical regulation of respira- tion rate. Crop establishment systems. Average emergence rate is 55 percent from monogerm seed with germination potential of 95 percent. Many sugarbeet varieties have a relative- ly slow growth rate after emergence which continues until the crop canopy closes. Growth retardation caused by cold soil, physical impedance, and herbicides; and stand loss caused by adverse environment and puddled soils further delays stand establishment and crop growth. Growth promoting chemicals applied on seed should improve seed germination and early growth rate. Research, and interpretations therefrom, suggests that crop emergence systems can be developed which produce 75-80 percent sugarbeet seedling emergence. Emer- is gence stimulation being derived from the additive effects of chemically enhancing hypo- cotyl growth and prevention of soil crusting. Preliminary field results obtained by The Great Western Sugar Company show that gains are possible for both limiting factors (Tables 1 and 2). Thus, physical impedance of emergence can be prevented by chemical stabilization of seedbed soil aggregates and tillage methods, while chemicals applied on seed and deeper planting into moisture may improve emergence rate and stand establish- ment. Further work has indicated that seed-applied gibberillic acid, benzyladenine, and kinetin may overcome herbicide retardation during seedling development. Crop emergence chemicals may improve competitive crop vigor beyond variety limits and enhance earlier canopy closure, thereby permitting biological - chemical components favorable to production to interact early in the growing season. Effective systems are Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 3 expected to quicken crop canopy closure time by 10-14 days with an attendant increase in root yield. Chemical weed control. Conventional chemical weeding systems permit mechanical stand adjustment and in some instances final stand sowing in practical weed absence. Nevertheless, grower results show that weed escapes usually occur at crop thinning and also row closure when short-lived herbicides are used in sequence. Biodegradation is (and between) (and) too rapid to sustain early weed control between planting thinning and thinning row closure. In practice, supplemental control measures, including hand labor and cultiva- tion, are required to prevent suppressive weed competition. However, semi-residual herbicides have reduced hand labor needs by 75 percent and permitted 30 percent of the crop to be machine thinned or planted to stand since 1965. Lately, new experimental weeding systems have been developed, with improved selectivity which control weeds from emergence until the crop shades the row. These systems are based on a beneficial chemical persistence which is exemplified by Nortron field applications shown in Table 3. Research indicates that a few weeds escape Nortron or Nortron mixtures at thinning but those weed escapes and new germinating weeds are ef- fectively controlled by Nortron + Betanex applied postemergence (Table 4). HOE-23408 + Betanex may be substituted for Nortron + Betanex when grass escapes are a special problem or exceptional stress conditions prevail. Recoverable sugar results suggest that effec- tive postemergence herbicides have significant production benefits (Table 5) . Results in this country and Europe indicate that Nortron + Betanal (Betanex) applied in mixture has much greater activity than each chemical applied alone. Nortron is an effective growth inhibitor on some weeds especially when applied postemergence. Metamitron is another effective and persistent preemergence and postemergence sugarbeet herbicide giving excellent results in Europe. Fortunately, Nortron, HOE-23408 and Metamitron can be applied both preplant and postemergence alone or in combination with Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 4 other herbicides. Residual weeding systems with a three-month declining persistence is a near real- ity for grower use. Field use will eventually permit final stand planting on many soils reducing unnecessary cultivation and wheel traffic in beet fields. Research observations on experimental plots reveal more weeds remain at harvest between the rows than in the row when residual herbicides are used. Sequential use of selective plant growth regulator - herbicide mixtures aimed at row and middle weed con- trol offers additional promise. Certain experimentals applied postemergence, for example MBR-12325, severely restricts susceptible weed growth and prevente seed formation. Un- fortunately weeds most troublesome in sugarbeet fields are less affected by MBR-12325. The assumption that persistent herbicides + plant growth regulator mixtures may eventual- ly prove effective for weed control on sugarbeets is somewhat confirmed by preliminary results obtained in 1975 (Table 6). Antidotal affects may also occur when plant growth regulators are used in herbicide combinations. Complete chemical-biological weeding is the key to final stand sowing and enhanced production of sugarbeets. Some weed infesta- tion can be tolerated under residual herbicide-growth regulator weeding systems because weeds would be non-competitive, seldom if ever appearing above the crop canopy. Sugarbeet ripening chemicals. Sugarcane ripeners, namely Polaris, Racuza and Sustar, have been ineffective when topically applied on sugarbeets in trials conducted by the Great Western Sugar Company. GA and Ethrel have increased root weights with de- creased sugar contents, whereas, MH produces sugar increases which are inversely related to root weights. Results from soil and foliar-applied candidates have been generally inconsistent, ineffective or detrimental on sugarbeet growth. Nevertheless, response trends reveal that sugarbeet yield enhancing chemicals should be applied at row closure when seedling beets have 12-14 true leaves or the crop canopy is about 80 percent closed. Effective regulants applied at row closure require about 120 days to obtain full Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 5 effect which is expected to augment sugar yield by 6 to 8 percent. Two maturation points occur, in the irrigated Inter-Mountain and Great Plains Regions, which have significant affects on natural or regulated production. Nitrogen depletion aging (physiological senescence) is initiated between August 15 and September 1 (six weeks before harvest). Naturally, petiole nitrate nitrogen levels should decline to 1,000-1,500 ppm at this stage for optimal sugar content at harvest. Growth regulant applications made three to six weeks before harvest will further suppress top growth and nitrogen accumulation (amino nitrogen) in the plant especially if nitrate nitrogen is above critical levels. Growth rate is naturally declining at this point and sugar accum- ulation is advancing. Growth regulators applied at temperature senescence, or when night temperatures decline (first frost) and day time is warm and sunny, may be effective also for enhancing sugar. Effective plant growth regulators applied at the late growth period are expected to increase sugar content of roots by 0.5 to 0.75 percent. Response variability remains a major problem when sugarbeets are treated with growth modifying chemicals. Soil nitrogen fertility level, moisture and temperature, application timing, dosage, and variety selection are some variables affecting response magnitude. Encouraging quality trends continue to occur from topically applied candi- date regulants as shown by field results obtained under high nitrogen fertility and to promote aging and early harvest (Tables 7 and 8, respectively). More effective MBR-12325 quality and sugar yield responses may be possible from later application for timing may modify the apparent root growth inhibitory effect from MBR-12325. In 1975, UC-51416 gave preliminary promise as a sugarbeet yield enhancing chemical (3T/A). Additional screening of new compounds, and more rapid and reliable screening methods are needed to advance eventual plant growth regulator use on sugarbeets. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 6 Summary Integrated elements of future production systems employing crop protection and production chemicals on sugarbeets are: crop emergence and establishment - residual weed and pest control - quality and yield improvement. Crop emergence systems must be developed for sugarbeets which produce 80 percent crop emergence from additive effects of chemical stimulation of germination and hypocotyl growth, and prevention of soil crusting. Enhancing seedling beet vigor and early growth rate, including chemical antidotes to counteract herbicide injury, from plant growth reg- ulator application appears feasible. Recent advances in the development of residual chemical weeding systems for sugarbeets permit final stand planting while eliminating unnecessary cultivation and hand labor in beet fields. Weeding systems based on selec- tive plant growth regulator-herbicide combinations may offer the final key for weed-free fields from planting to harvest. In addition, effective growth regulants applied to the growing crop are expected to enhance sugar production per acre by 6 to 8 percent. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 7 Table 1. Experiment 267. Plant Growth Regulators on Asgrow Pelleted Sugarbeet Seed. Longmont, CO 1975. ppm/ % Final Treatment kg Seed Emergence Check 0 74 Benzyladenine 10 89 Kinetin 50 88 Succinic Acid 10 85 EDTA 400 81 Table 2. Experiment 250. Band Applied Anticrustants on Sandy Clay Loam. Longmont, CO 1974. conc . / % Final Treatment 60 gpa Emergence Check 0 48 Soluble Cellulose 3 1b. 73 PO4 Acid 27 % 73 Latex 1:10 64 Latex + Nortron 1:10+3 1b./A 48 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 8 Table 3. Experiment 290. Residual Chemical Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (April 16) Active June 16 Sept. 22 Lbs./A Nortron 2 96 93 5964 Nortron 3 98 98 5884 Eptam 3 65 24 4734 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 4424 Table 4. Experiment 259. Sequence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control (Apr. 26/May 27) Active June 13 Sept. 10 Nortron (PPI) 4 98 89 Betanex (PO) 1 82 57 Nortron/Nortron + 4/2+1 100 97 Betanex Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 9 Table 5. Experiment 258. Postemergence Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A % Weed Control Sugar Yield (May 27) Active June 9 Sept. 18 Lbs./A HOE-23408 1 33 (72) 55 5563 HOE-23408 2 57 (89) 64 5934 HOE-23408 + Betanex 1+1 88 (94) 75 6371 Check (2 to 3 hand weedings after thinning) 5085 Note: Grass control in parenthesis. Table 6. Experiment 215. Postemergence Herbicide + Plant Growth Regulator Weeding Results. Longmont, CO 1975. Application Lb./A Beet Stand Vigor Weed Control (May 15) Active % % % Check 0 100 100 0 Nortron + Betanex 2+1 108 88 59 + EDTA 1.5 105 82 77 + MBR-12325 0.4 123 72 75 + MH 0.5 134 78 73 + Ethrel 0.5 112 83 51 Note: Scores taken May 30. Source: :ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 10 Table 7. Experiment 287. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied (high nitrogen field) Fort Morgan, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 15) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar EDTA 28 7087 26.9 16.1 UBI-P-293 32 7076 27.2 15.9 MBR-12325 8 6947 26.0 16.4 Check 0 7049 27.1 16.0 Note: Harvested October 10. Table 8. Experiment 286. Plant Growth Regulators Topically Applied for Early Harvest. LaSalle, CO 1975. Application Oz./A Sugar Yield Wt. % (Aug. 7) Active Lbs. /A T/A Sugar RP-7846R 8 4789 18.2 15.3 Nortron + MBR-12325 24+8 4760 17.2 15.9 L-101 200 4655 17.6 15.3 BAS-08300 16 4639 17.7 15.3 Check 0 4880 18.6 15.3 Note: Harvested September 22. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 NOT FOR PUBLICATION THE GREAT WESTERN CONTINUOUS SACCHARATE PROCESS John S. Angelos Paper for Presentation at the 1976 ASSBT Meeting - Phoenix, Arizona February 23 - 26, 1976 John S. Angelos Process Development Group Leader Manufacturing - Research and Development The Great Western Sugar Company Paper No: G 21 Loveland, Colorado Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 The Great Western Sugar Company has been interested in a continuous Steffen process for over 50 years. As early as 1928 G.W. research personnel had (1) developed a continuous cooler that produced saccharate that could be "washed to a higher purity with less water than is saccharate from the present type cooler". It was also stated that this could be accomplished at a lower lime usage. Testing of the new process and equipment was conducted at our Ovid and Minatare factories during the 1928 - 29 campaign (2) For reasons unknown, the project was dropped. Several factors have prompted a renewed interest in a continuous Steffen cooler operation in the Great Western Sugar Company. (1) They are (1) a companywide emphasis on increased extraction, (2) the increased cost of energy necessary for Steffen wastewater evaporation and (3) the trend toward automation. Studies were undertaken in the Research and Process Development laboratory during the summer of 1973 to determine the means by which a continuous saccharate pre- cipitation could be carried out with existing equipment. The process would be required to produce a higher purity saccharate while maintaining low losses in the wastewater. Additionally, by recycling cold waste (3) and hot sludge (4) and using a higher concentration of sugar in the SFC, less wastewater per ton of molasses would be produced. Laboratory bench tests were initiated in a one-liter capacity Steffen cooler. Preliminary tests were favorable and sub- sequent tests were carried out in a 40 gallon pilot plant cooler. In the pilot plant tests, SFC sugar concentration was adjusted to 7.5 per cent and cold waste was used to provide 50 per cent of the dilution. To test the experimental data gathered in the laboratory and pilot plant, modifications were made in the batch coolers at our Scottsbluff, Nebraska factory to operate them on a continuous basis. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 Our Scottsbluff factory was chosen because some modifications had already been made in 1968 to test an unsuccessful 3-step continuous cooler process. Results and observations were recorded for the 20 days of batch operation and various periods during continuous operation. At the end of the 1973-74 campaign, comparisons were made between the batch and continuous processes. The continuous Steffen coolers averaged 1.5 per cent higher saccharate purity, 30 per cent less total waste produced, but the losses were 4.9 per cent sugar on sugar in molasses against the 2.3 per cent for the batch process. During the intercampaign period, changes were made to provide better cooling, more accurate SFC flow control and better control of the vacuum on the cold saccharate filters. New equipment included an additional heat exchanger, another pump and a distribution box to measure the SFC to the coolers. The Scottsbluff Steffen house was started on the batch process at the beginning of the 1974-75 campaign. After 14 days of operation the continuous process was implemented. Below are the averages for batch and continuous operation to week-ending December 27, 1974. Loss-% Tons SF Tons. Mol. % Sug. On Sug. Per Sacch. RDS Process Per Day In SFC In Mol. Ton Mol. Purity Of SF Batch 175 5.5 1.9 5.7 87.0 3.2 Continuous 189 5.8 1.2 4.1 88.5 4.8 Cold waste recycle during the continuous operation averages 49 per cent while only 32 per cent recycle was used during the batch operation. This was partially responsible for the higher solids concentration of the Steffen filtrate during the continuous process. There was however, a reduction in the number of filters Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 necessary to filter the saccharate produced by the continuous process. With fewer filters being used, less wash water was applied, yet a saccharate purity of 1.5 units higher was maintained. Modification of the Steffen house at Billings to allow continuous cooler opera- tion was completed during the intercampaign of 1974. Overflow pipes were in- stalled on the coolers. The lime scrolls were equipped with variable speed drives. A suitable heat exchanger was already available from the enzyme pro- cess but a pump, two molasses meters and a distribution box had to be purchased. The start-up of the continuous process at our Billings, Montana factory was on October 31, 1974. Advantages from the continuous process have not yet been as obvious as at Scottsbluff due to mechanical and capacity problems with the cold saccharate rotary filters. Insufficient lime grinding capacity has also created problems which will be solved when an additional Raymond mill is installed in 1976. During the summer of 1975 our Loveland, Colorado and Gering, Nebraska factories were changed to the continuous cooler process. The results are shown in the following table as well as those from Scottsbluff and Billings. Tons/day 50 pol Sacch. T.P. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 193 181 89.4 88.7 Gering 101 128 88.5 88.8 Scottsbluff 195 191 87.4 90.5 Billings 210 213 85.2 83.9 The improvement in molasses worked tonnage at Gering was almost phenomenal. Loveland has had lime kiln problems most of campaign but has averaged 192 tons daily for the last 4 weeks. Scottsbluff made some improvements in the rotary Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 drum vacuum system and has shown a significant increase in the saccharate purity. A substantial decrease in the amount of wastewater produced per ton of molasses was also noted. The continuous system has allowed the Scottsbluff factory to increase the concentration of sugar in the SFC to eight per cent and in turn to reduce wastewater production by 33 per cent. The data from the four con- tinuous systems are shown in the following table. % Sugar, SFC T. WW/T. Mol. 74 75 74 75 Loveland 5.0 6.2. 7.2 4.5 Gering 5.4 6.0 7.0 6.2 Scottsbluff 5.9 8.1 4.2 2.8 Billings 6.3 6.5 6.9 5.9 The overall reduction in wastewater production this campaign over last is 23 per cent or about 1000 less tons of water to evaporate daily in the four Steffen houses equipped with continuous systems. The G.W. continuous Steffen process has not yet reached the goals expected, however, research is continuing in all facets. A prototype of new design has been built and tested in our pilot plant. The results are promising and test- ing will be resumed this summer. Saccharate filtration is also under study presently and will continue during the coming intercampaign period. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Steffen Investigation - Continuous Cooler, Stenger and Hungerford, R.L. Report 28-030 2. Continuous Steffen Performance at Ovid and Minatare, Stenger, R.L. Report 29-003 3. Pilot Plant Production of High Dry Substance Steffen Wastewater, Munroe, P.D.L. Report 56-2 4. Recycling Hot Sludge to Steffen Coolers, Angelos, P.D.L. Report 60-6 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qxbx0227

Which two insecticides provide effective control of wire-worms?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p14, khnk0226_p15, khnk0226_p16, khnk0226_p17, khnk0226_p18

Diazinon 14G and Dyfonate 10G

Irrigation (continued) Summary Tests conducted in 1973 were concerned At Prospect Valley and Hoyt, Colorado with effect of proper irrigation field length tests were established management on sugarbeet production. for comparing irrigation schedules based on different combinations of infor- Due to increasing interest in trickle mation. In both cases, the cooperator's or drip irrigation, a one-acre test normal irrigation schedule was to evaluate tubing types and potentially compared with irrigation based on a economical row spacings was run at combination of cooperator's experience, Longmont. Generally, the trickle soil moisture and climatological data. irrigated beets had yields comparable to furrow irrigated beets which had Results from a test in the Prospect been planted 20 days earlier with less Valley, which was furrow irrigated, are water applied than with furrow or given below. They show that managed sprinkler systems. The drawback to this treatments outyielded growers' system is the high cost and difficulty treatments in tonnage and gross sugar of working with the tubes. produced. This occurred with one less irrigation in the managed case; using 3.8 to 5.2 less acre-inches of water pumped. Prospect Valley No. of Total Water Treatment Tons/A Lb. Sugar/A Irrigations Pumped Tons/In. Water Growers 15.95 3,897 5 23.4" 0.68 Management 1* 16.93 4,057 4 19.6" 0.86 Management 2 16.27 3,993 4 18.2" 0.89 *Management 1 and 2 differ in soil moisture depletion level. Soil compaction at Hoyt prevented the profile from being refilled with each irrigation and thus the managed plot had yields comparable to the check. Due to soil compaction con- straint, management data pointed to an irrigation schedule comparable to the check. For more effective irrigations, the soil profile should have been refilled each irrigation. 14 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Special Section Complete ohio plants area by Jimmy N. Widner Jimmy N. Widner Pelleted Seeds and requires lesser amounts of chemicals. Manager Diazinon is safer to use and less Agricultural Research Recommendations toxic to sugarbeets than Dyfonate. (Ohio) Test results have shown no clear Widner earned a B.S. Degree in Agronomy advantage of pellets over bare seed in Flea beetle adults may be effectively from New Mexico State University in achieving more uniform plant spacing controlled with Sevin 80S applied 1964 and a Ph.D. in Agromony and Plant or improving total emergence. A special at the rate of 1.5 pounds per acre. Genetics from North Dakota State grooved false-plate (B27054) should University in 1968. He is presently manager be used with an 11/64-inch seed plate Dylox 80SP should be applied at the rate of Agricultural Research for Great Western's (B12733B) when planting pellets of two pints per acre for the control Ohio plants area, stationed at Fremont, with a John Deere drill. of lygus. Ohio. As research manager, he is responsible for developing all phases of agricultural Cutworms are controlled with Sevin or research directed toward increasing sugar The International Air-Planter has special yields and production. Before going to drums for bare or pelleted seeds. Dylox. Sevin may be applied as a Ohio, Widner was a Plant Breeder at the Agri- Sugarbeets were successfully planted to spray or in bait pellets. Sevin bait should cultural Research Center, Longmont, a stand with either type of seed by be applied at the rate of 20-40 Colorado. selecting the proper seed drum. pounds per acre. Conclusions and Observations Conclusions and Observations Wire-worms are best controlled with Average emergence of bare and pelleted seeds from two locations were: pre-plant incorporation of Diazinon or Dyfonate. Wire-worm infestations Plants/(X 1000)-Acre are difficult to predict, and effective Fremont Bloomdale Averages chemicals for control are lacking after the wire-worms are observed in MonoHy E2 (bare) 26.3 34.3 30.3 MonoHy E2 (Germain) 19.8 32.2 26.0 sugarbeet fields. MonoHy E2 (Asgrow) 21.0 28.3 24.6 Herbicides Summary Recommendations These and other tests indicate that bare Pre-emergence application of Pyramin seed has slightly higher emergence + TCA has given satisfactory to than pelleted seeds. Sugarbeets can be excellent control of most broadleaf and space planted to final stands with grass weed species. This combination either bare or pelleted seeds using the does not provide effective control proper seed drum on the International of nutgrass, although the infestation may "Cyclo' Air-Planter or proper be reduced. RoNeet may be useful plates in conventional drills. in areas where nutgrass occurs. RoNeet should be applied broadcast at 1/2 Insecticides to 2/3 gallon per acre, and thoroughly incorporated into the soil at a depth Recommendations of two or three inches. Overlay RoNeet Diazinon 14G and Dyfonate 10G provide with a pre-emergence application effective control of wire-worms. Broad- of Pyramin at 21-28 OZ. in a 10-inch cast 28 pounds of Diazinon and 40 band to improve control of broadleaf pounds of Dyfonate granules per acre weeds. and immediately work thoroughly into upper 6 inches. Band treatment is as effective as broadcast treatment Ohio Plant Area continued next page 15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Ohio Plants Area (continued) Fungicides Variety MonoHy E2 Number of Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose Post-emergence applications should be Recommendations Mertect-340F 9.5 1 24.2 16.1 planned operations to provide control Systemic fungicides, such as Benlate and Mertect-340F 9.5 2 26.2 16.3 Mertect-340F 9.5 1 (late) 25.0 16.0 of late germinating weed seeds, such Mertect-340F, have shown the most Duter 10.0 1 24.3 16.2 as redroot pigweed. Betanal-475 applied consistent control of Cercospora leafspot. Duter 10.0 2 24.8 16.0 Duter + foam 10.0 1 24.3 15.7 at the rate of 2 pints per acre in a One or two applications are usually Check* - - 25.2 16.2 10-inch band has given the most consist- necessary to economically control leaf- ent control of pigweed. Betanal 503 spot. Apply Benlate at 8 oz. per acre and Variety Hybrid E Number of (Betanal + Betanal-475) can be tank Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose Mertect-340F at 9.5 fl. OZ. per acre Benlate 8 1 25.8 16.2 mixed at a 1:1 ratio. A tank mix in sufficient water to provide thorough Benlate 8 2 29.1 15.9 of Pyramin + Betanal (3 + 1) has been plant coverage. Both aerial and ground Benlate 8 1 (late) 26.4 16.2 Duter 10 1 25.3 16.1 registered for use and gives good applications provided satisfactory Duter 10 2 24.1 16.1 weed control. results. The first application should be Duter + foam 10 1 23:6 15.9 made when leafspot first appears in Check* - - 26.0 15.9 Conclusions and Observations the field. Subsequent sprays should be Chemicals are available to provide determined by disease severity and Fungicidal applications in the absence of effective control of most weed species. climatic conditions. leafspot do not appear to be beneficial: Timely and proper applications are essential to obtain maximum weed MonoHy E2 showed a higher degree of Variety - MonoHy E2 Number of control. The main disadvantage of using resistance to leafspot than Hybrid E Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose RoNeet is the possibility of uneven or USH20. Although some leafspot Benlate 8 1 12.5 17.9 appeared in fields of MonoHy E2, fungi- Benlate 8 2 13.4 17.9 incorporation, particularly when the soil Check* - - 12.3 17.9 is too wet. cidal applications may not have *Leafspot absent. provided economical returns. Pre-emergence rates of Pyramin applica- Summary tion should be increased from the Conclusion and Observations MonoHy E2, with its higher degree basic recommended rate if planting date Higher yields were obtained with of resistance to leafspot, may not need extends past May 10th; particularly two applications of a systemic fungicide; fungicidal applications depending on soils containing over 20% clay content. particularly when the leafspot on leafspot severity and climatic condi- infection was severe. tions. One or two applications of Addition of non-phytotoxic crop oils to Benlate or Mertect-340F is generally post-emergence sprays may improve Fungicidal application on MonoHy E2 sufficient when necessary to provide weed control. Caution should be used in did not increase yields in sucrose economical control of leafspot. applying herbicides with crop oils percentages. Even though leafspot when the beets are under stress or hot appeared in fields of MonoHy E2, test temperatures prevail. results indicate that fungicidal applications were not profitable. Foams (Ag-Foam, Fomex, etc.) may improve the efficiency of herbicide spray application and also reduce spray drift. Special nozzles are required for the application of foams. Contents of this publication are directed to Great Western Sugar Company Agriculturists and are not intended for public use. 16 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 the center Dr. Kenneth P. Dubrovin Arthur H. Freytag Joseph P. Brown Director Senior Agronomist Manager Agricultural Research Center Field Evaluation Ken Dubrovin comes from Chicago, Illinois. Freytag comes from St. Louis, Missouri. At South Dakotq State University, Joe earned He earned his B.S. Degree from the His B.S. was earned in 1961 at the University his Bachelor's Degree in 1954 and his University of Illinois and his Ph.D. in Soils of Arizona. After graduation he was Master's Degree in 1956 in agricultural from the University of Wisconsin. employed as a plant breeder by the Burpee economics. After receiving his B.S., Ken attended the Seed Company of Lompoc, California. Wageningen Agricultural College in Following that, Freytag became chief grower He began his career with the Spencer the Netherlands as a Fulbright Scholar. His for Dos Pueblos Orchid Company of Chemical Co. in 1956 as a fertilizer salesman. industry career started with Spencer Santa Barbara, California. He next became When Gulf Oil Company acquired Spencer Chemical Company that was later acquired an agronomist for International Mineral Chemicals he joined the agricultural by Gulf Oil Corporation. He was supervisor of and Chemical Corporation at Libertyville, chemical research and development group. pesticide testing and development and Illinois. Then he returned to Texas Duties were as manager of New Product his responsibilities included initiation of tests Tech University to earn his Masters Degree Development in western U.S. and Canada. In for pesticides as well as other agricultural in Plant Physiology. 1971 Brown joined Great Western as chemicals. coordinator of station and field operations. Current responsibilities at the research While with the Spencer (Gulf) firm, center involve growth regulators with signifi- Ken earned his M.B.A. Degree from the cant efforts related to applied ethylene University of Missouri. research. Carl W. Luft Manager Management responsibilities at Gulf Agronomic Department required his travel to Europe and Asia where A Colorado native, Carl comes from a he established pesticide development Dr. Walter R. Akeson sugarbeet and livestock farm near Sterling. programs. Senior Plant Physiologist He earned a B.S. Degree in Animal Husbandry at Colorado State University in After Gulf, Dubrovin became Director Originating from Chappell, Nebraska, Akeson 1941. After leaving school, he spent of Great Western's Agricultural Research Center at Longmont. In this capacity, he is earned his B.S. and M.S. Degrees in five years in the U.S. A rmy during World responsible for all GW research activities. Agronomy from the University of Nebraska. War II. His Ph.D. in Plant Biochemistry was earned from the University of Wisconsin. Carl joined Great Western as an Agriculturist He served four years as assistant professor of at Keenesburg, Colorado. His career agronomy at the University of Nebraska as an Agriculturist also included responsibili- Robert M. Spencer and then he joined Great Western in 1969. ties in Powell, Wyoming, Goodland, Kansas, Research Chemist Sterling, Burlington and Brighton, As leader of the plant physiology group at the Colorado. In 1969 he became manager of the Spencer began his career with Great Western Agricultural Research Center, he is GW Grower Service Center at Platteville, as a laborer in the Longmont warehouse. involved in studies to reduce sugar loss in Colorado. He served in that capacity until He has achieved the post of Research Chemist sugarbeet storage piles. Other responsibilities joining the Agricultural Research Center in for the Agricultural Research Center- - include coordination of all physiology August 1973. Tare Laboratory where his responsibilities studies plus direction of operation of the include analysis of all experimental samples. Agricultural Services Lab and the Respiration Lab at the Research Center. A native of Albuquerque, New Mexico, Bob has lived in various locations throughout the United States and Europe. He received his Bachelor's Degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1972, the year he joined GW. 17 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 THE 1973 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT OF THE GREAT WESTERN SUGAR COMPANY Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident?

sllk0226

sllk0226_p0, sllk0226_p1, sllk0226_p2, sllk0226_p3

Racial differences, Racial, racial differences

TO: ISRF Members DATE: October 8, 1976 SUBJECT: Recent Literature on Dental Caries ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY Thi DENTAL CARIES Please add to your loose-leaf folder the following: - "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin in candy 'The Roslagen Study'" - "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition" - "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats" Library Announcement Vol. 4, No. 7, November 1975 Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Frostell, G.*, L. Blomlof, T. Blomgvist, G. M. Dahl, S. Edward, A. Fjellström, c.o. Henrikson, o. Larje, C. E. Nord, & K. J. Nordenvall - Acta Odontologica Scand 32:235-254, 1974 "Substitution of sucrose by Lycasin* in candy 'The Roslagen Study'' Abstract: "The aim of the study was to ascertain whether substitution of sucrose in candy by Lycasin can influence the incidence of dental caries in a group of children. The caries increment in the primary dentition in three to six year old children using Lycasin candy as a substitute for conventional candy was observed for 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 years. Initially 225 children took part in the study, which started with a 6-month observation period. For various reasons many of the children dropped out, especially in the Lycasin group. Of the children, 173 were observed for one year and 113 for two years. A coupon system showed that the substitution in the Lycasin group had been only partial. Statisti- cal analysis of the findings, which included the ordinary t-test between the lycasin group and the contrast group as well as an intraindividual comparison between the observation period and the substitution period, showed a tendency towards a difference in caries increment between the Lycasin group and the control group and the presubstitution and the substitution periods, respectively. Thus, a reduction in dental caries increment (d.m.f.s. and d.m.f.t.) of about 25 per cent was probable. p.235 + Lycasin is a hydrogenated starch hydrolyzate, which has been used as a substitute for sucrose in candy and to some extent also in other sugar-containing products. The product is a mixture of free sorbitol, a hydrogenated disaccharide and higher hydro- genated saccharides and dextrines. Department of Cariology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo, Sweden, and School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and Public Dental Health Service, Stockholm, Sweden. H/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Rowe, Nathaniel H., Stanley M. Garn, Diane C. Clark, and Kenneth E. Guire, authors for the Committee To Review the Ten-State Nutrition Survey of 1968-1970 - Pediatrics 57(4):457-461, April 1976. "The effect of age, sex, race, and economic status on dental caries experience of the permanent dentition. " Abstracts: " data on dental caries - derived from the Ten-State Nutrition Survey (TSNS) of 1968-19701 - are of particular relevance. These data are unique: (1) with regard to sample size, including more than 10,000 individuals between the ages of 5 and 20 years; (2) in the income range considered, primarily lower income which is a socioeconomic group believed to be encumbered with a greater load of ealth-related problems; (3) in the wealth of data on the two largest racial groupings, whites and blacks, who differ in many important health-related respects.' p.457 " the data analysis was based on only 28 of the 32 permanent teeth. Second, information regarding caries experience was analyzed tooth by tooth for each of the maxillary and mandibular teeth involved.' p.457 "The TSNS data clearly show that dental caries experience is an age-site-dependent phenomenon. Different classes of teeth are affected at different ages and at different rates. " p.458 "Racial differences in dental caries experience were clearly evident. It was readily apparent that, for every tooth at every age and for both sexes, black individuals experience less dental caries than white. 'p. 459 "Although the female might be expected to show a higher caries rate consistent with earlier tooth eruption, a sex difference was not clearly demonstrated in the TSNS data.. p.459 "Dividing the TSNS dental data into two broad income groupings, one overall finding emerges - poverty protects against dental caries. The lower-income grouping exhibited less dental caries, for each tooth individually and overall, than did the higher- income grouping. This 'protective' effect of lower income is especially apparent in blacks, but it is also present - although less clearcut - in whites. " p.459 1 DHEW : Ten-State Nutrition Survey 1968-1970:III. Clinical, Anthropometry, Dental. Atlanta, Georgia, CDC, DHEW publication (HSM) 72-8131. H/-/N Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226 ISRF BIBLIOGRAPHIC SURVEY - DENTAL CARIES Shaw, James H. * - J Dent Res 55 (3):376-382, May-June 1976 "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Abstracts: "The data from these experiments support the conclusion obtained 15 years earlier in these laboratories from a series of experiments with quite different designs that sorbitol and mannitol have a very limited, if any, ability to support the carious process in rats of the strains maintained here." p.380 "The present use of sorbitol as a sweetener in chewing gum and candy in place of monosaccharides or disaccharides is predicated on the low ability of the oral flora to metabolize sorbitol and on animal studies, such as those reported here, where sorbitol and mannitol appear to have little, if any, ability to support the carious process. p.381 "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed. p.381 *Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. A/-/M Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/sllk0226

At what rate, Dylox 80SP should be applied for the control of lygus?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p14, khnk0226_p15, khnk0226_p16, khnk0226_p17, khnk0226_p18

two pints per acre

Irrigation (continued) Summary Tests conducted in 1973 were concerned At Prospect Valley and Hoyt, Colorado with effect of proper irrigation field length tests were established management on sugarbeet production. for comparing irrigation schedules based on different combinations of infor- Due to increasing interest in trickle mation. In both cases, the cooperator's or drip irrigation, a one-acre test normal irrigation schedule was to evaluate tubing types and potentially compared with irrigation based on a economical row spacings was run at combination of cooperator's experience, Longmont. Generally, the trickle soil moisture and climatological data. irrigated beets had yields comparable to furrow irrigated beets which had Results from a test in the Prospect been planted 20 days earlier with less Valley, which was furrow irrigated, are water applied than with furrow or given below. They show that managed sprinkler systems. The drawback to this treatments outyielded growers' system is the high cost and difficulty treatments in tonnage and gross sugar of working with the tubes. produced. This occurred with one less irrigation in the managed case; using 3.8 to 5.2 less acre-inches of water pumped. Prospect Valley No. of Total Water Treatment Tons/A Lb. Sugar/A Irrigations Pumped Tons/In. Water Growers 15.95 3,897 5 23.4" 0.68 Management 1* 16.93 4,057 4 19.6" 0.86 Management 2 16.27 3,993 4 18.2" 0.89 *Management 1 and 2 differ in soil moisture depletion level. Soil compaction at Hoyt prevented the profile from being refilled with each irrigation and thus the managed plot had yields comparable to the check. Due to soil compaction con- straint, management data pointed to an irrigation schedule comparable to the check. For more effective irrigations, the soil profile should have been refilled each irrigation. 14 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Special Section Complete ohio plants area by Jimmy N. Widner Jimmy N. Widner Pelleted Seeds and requires lesser amounts of chemicals. Manager Diazinon is safer to use and less Agricultural Research Recommendations toxic to sugarbeets than Dyfonate. (Ohio) Test results have shown no clear Widner earned a B.S. Degree in Agronomy advantage of pellets over bare seed in Flea beetle adults may be effectively from New Mexico State University in achieving more uniform plant spacing controlled with Sevin 80S applied 1964 and a Ph.D. in Agromony and Plant or improving total emergence. A special at the rate of 1.5 pounds per acre. Genetics from North Dakota State grooved false-plate (B27054) should University in 1968. He is presently manager be used with an 11/64-inch seed plate Dylox 80SP should be applied at the rate of Agricultural Research for Great Western's (B12733B) when planting pellets of two pints per acre for the control Ohio plants area, stationed at Fremont, with a John Deere drill. of lygus. Ohio. As research manager, he is responsible for developing all phases of agricultural Cutworms are controlled with Sevin or research directed toward increasing sugar The International Air-Planter has special yields and production. Before going to drums for bare or pelleted seeds. Dylox. Sevin may be applied as a Ohio, Widner was a Plant Breeder at the Agri- Sugarbeets were successfully planted to spray or in bait pellets. Sevin bait should cultural Research Center, Longmont, a stand with either type of seed by be applied at the rate of 20-40 Colorado. selecting the proper seed drum. pounds per acre. Conclusions and Observations Conclusions and Observations Wire-worms are best controlled with Average emergence of bare and pelleted seeds from two locations were: pre-plant incorporation of Diazinon or Dyfonate. Wire-worm infestations Plants/(X 1000)-Acre are difficult to predict, and effective Fremont Bloomdale Averages chemicals for control are lacking after the wire-worms are observed in MonoHy E2 (bare) 26.3 34.3 30.3 MonoHy E2 (Germain) 19.8 32.2 26.0 sugarbeet fields. MonoHy E2 (Asgrow) 21.0 28.3 24.6 Herbicides Summary Recommendations These and other tests indicate that bare Pre-emergence application of Pyramin seed has slightly higher emergence + TCA has given satisfactory to than pelleted seeds. Sugarbeets can be excellent control of most broadleaf and space planted to final stands with grass weed species. This combination either bare or pelleted seeds using the does not provide effective control proper seed drum on the International of nutgrass, although the infestation may "Cyclo' Air-Planter or proper be reduced. RoNeet may be useful plates in conventional drills. in areas where nutgrass occurs. RoNeet should be applied broadcast at 1/2 Insecticides to 2/3 gallon per acre, and thoroughly incorporated into the soil at a depth Recommendations of two or three inches. Overlay RoNeet Diazinon 14G and Dyfonate 10G provide with a pre-emergence application effective control of wire-worms. Broad- of Pyramin at 21-28 OZ. in a 10-inch cast 28 pounds of Diazinon and 40 band to improve control of broadleaf pounds of Dyfonate granules per acre weeds. and immediately work thoroughly into upper 6 inches. Band treatment is as effective as broadcast treatment Ohio Plant Area continued next page 15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Ohio Plants Area (continued) Fungicides Variety MonoHy E2 Number of Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose Post-emergence applications should be Recommendations Mertect-340F 9.5 1 24.2 16.1 planned operations to provide control Systemic fungicides, such as Benlate and Mertect-340F 9.5 2 26.2 16.3 Mertect-340F 9.5 1 (late) 25.0 16.0 of late germinating weed seeds, such Mertect-340F, have shown the most Duter 10.0 1 24.3 16.2 as redroot pigweed. Betanal-475 applied consistent control of Cercospora leafspot. Duter 10.0 2 24.8 16.0 Duter + foam 10.0 1 24.3 15.7 at the rate of 2 pints per acre in a One or two applications are usually Check* - - 25.2 16.2 10-inch band has given the most consist- necessary to economically control leaf- ent control of pigweed. Betanal 503 spot. Apply Benlate at 8 oz. per acre and Variety Hybrid E Number of (Betanal + Betanal-475) can be tank Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose Mertect-340F at 9.5 fl. OZ. per acre Benlate 8 1 25.8 16.2 mixed at a 1:1 ratio. A tank mix in sufficient water to provide thorough Benlate 8 2 29.1 15.9 of Pyramin + Betanal (3 + 1) has been plant coverage. Both aerial and ground Benlate 8 1 (late) 26.4 16.2 Duter 10 1 25.3 16.1 registered for use and gives good applications provided satisfactory Duter 10 2 24.1 16.1 weed control. results. The first application should be Duter + foam 10 1 23:6 15.9 made when leafspot first appears in Check* - - 26.0 15.9 Conclusions and Observations the field. Subsequent sprays should be Chemicals are available to provide determined by disease severity and Fungicidal applications in the absence of effective control of most weed species. climatic conditions. leafspot do not appear to be beneficial: Timely and proper applications are essential to obtain maximum weed MonoHy E2 showed a higher degree of Variety - MonoHy E2 Number of control. The main disadvantage of using resistance to leafspot than Hybrid E Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose RoNeet is the possibility of uneven or USH20. Although some leafspot Benlate 8 1 12.5 17.9 appeared in fields of MonoHy E2, fungi- Benlate 8 2 13.4 17.9 incorporation, particularly when the soil Check* - - 12.3 17.9 is too wet. cidal applications may not have *Leafspot absent. provided economical returns. Pre-emergence rates of Pyramin applica- Summary tion should be increased from the Conclusion and Observations MonoHy E2, with its higher degree basic recommended rate if planting date Higher yields were obtained with of resistance to leafspot, may not need extends past May 10th; particularly two applications of a systemic fungicide; fungicidal applications depending on soils containing over 20% clay content. particularly when the leafspot on leafspot severity and climatic condi- infection was severe. tions. One or two applications of Addition of non-phytotoxic crop oils to Benlate or Mertect-340F is generally post-emergence sprays may improve Fungicidal application on MonoHy E2 sufficient when necessary to provide weed control. Caution should be used in did not increase yields in sucrose economical control of leafspot. applying herbicides with crop oils percentages. Even though leafspot when the beets are under stress or hot appeared in fields of MonoHy E2, test temperatures prevail. results indicate that fungicidal applications were not profitable. Foams (Ag-Foam, Fomex, etc.) may improve the efficiency of herbicide spray application and also reduce spray drift. Special nozzles are required for the application of foams. Contents of this publication are directed to Great Western Sugar Company Agriculturists and are not intended for public use. 16 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 the center Dr. Kenneth P. Dubrovin Arthur H. Freytag Joseph P. Brown Director Senior Agronomist Manager Agricultural Research Center Field Evaluation Ken Dubrovin comes from Chicago, Illinois. Freytag comes from St. Louis, Missouri. At South Dakotq State University, Joe earned He earned his B.S. Degree from the His B.S. was earned in 1961 at the University his Bachelor's Degree in 1954 and his University of Illinois and his Ph.D. in Soils of Arizona. After graduation he was Master's Degree in 1956 in agricultural from the University of Wisconsin. employed as a plant breeder by the Burpee economics. After receiving his B.S., Ken attended the Seed Company of Lompoc, California. Wageningen Agricultural College in Following that, Freytag became chief grower He began his career with the Spencer the Netherlands as a Fulbright Scholar. His for Dos Pueblos Orchid Company of Chemical Co. in 1956 as a fertilizer salesman. industry career started with Spencer Santa Barbara, California. He next became When Gulf Oil Company acquired Spencer Chemical Company that was later acquired an agronomist for International Mineral Chemicals he joined the agricultural by Gulf Oil Corporation. He was supervisor of and Chemical Corporation at Libertyville, chemical research and development group. pesticide testing and development and Illinois. Then he returned to Texas Duties were as manager of New Product his responsibilities included initiation of tests Tech University to earn his Masters Degree Development in western U.S. and Canada. In for pesticides as well as other agricultural in Plant Physiology. 1971 Brown joined Great Western as chemicals. coordinator of station and field operations. Current responsibilities at the research While with the Spencer (Gulf) firm, center involve growth regulators with signifi- Ken earned his M.B.A. Degree from the cant efforts related to applied ethylene University of Missouri. research. Carl W. Luft Manager Management responsibilities at Gulf Agronomic Department required his travel to Europe and Asia where A Colorado native, Carl comes from a he established pesticide development Dr. Walter R. Akeson sugarbeet and livestock farm near Sterling. programs. Senior Plant Physiologist He earned a B.S. Degree in Animal Husbandry at Colorado State University in After Gulf, Dubrovin became Director Originating from Chappell, Nebraska, Akeson 1941. After leaving school, he spent of Great Western's Agricultural Research Center at Longmont. In this capacity, he is earned his B.S. and M.S. Degrees in five years in the U.S. A rmy during World responsible for all GW research activities. Agronomy from the University of Nebraska. War II. His Ph.D. in Plant Biochemistry was earned from the University of Wisconsin. Carl joined Great Western as an Agriculturist He served four years as assistant professor of at Keenesburg, Colorado. His career agronomy at the University of Nebraska as an Agriculturist also included responsibili- Robert M. Spencer and then he joined Great Western in 1969. ties in Powell, Wyoming, Goodland, Kansas, Research Chemist Sterling, Burlington and Brighton, As leader of the plant physiology group at the Colorado. In 1969 he became manager of the Spencer began his career with Great Western Agricultural Research Center, he is GW Grower Service Center at Platteville, as a laborer in the Longmont warehouse. involved in studies to reduce sugar loss in Colorado. He served in that capacity until He has achieved the post of Research Chemist sugarbeet storage piles. Other responsibilities joining the Agricultural Research Center in for the Agricultural Research Center- - include coordination of all physiology August 1973. Tare Laboratory where his responsibilities studies plus direction of operation of the include analysis of all experimental samples. Agricultural Services Lab and the Respiration Lab at the Research Center. A native of Albuquerque, New Mexico, Bob has lived in various locations throughout the United States and Europe. He received his Bachelor's Degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1972, the year he joined GW. 17 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 THE 1973 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT OF THE GREAT WESTERN SUGAR COMPANY Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

Which page of this report discusses Irrigation?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p0, khnk0226_p1

13

agricultural research 1973 THE GREAT WESTERN SUGAR COMPANY AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER LONGMONT, COLORADO Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 introduction by Dr. Kenneth P. Dubrovin Dear Agriculturist: As you might expect, this Agricultural Our joint efforts are not only needed Research Progress Report offers for immediate problems, but recommendations covering a wide moreso when you consider industry range of cultural practices and survival and progress. Again, other observations for sugarbeet pro- we do sincerely appreciate your agricultural duction. Without hesitancy, they cooperation and particularly your are the result of dedicated hard work increasing requests for specialized research of our entire staff. Both labora- assistance. tory and field work have provided the basis for these recommendations. In keeping with our Research Center policy of informality, we genuinely progress Importantly though, our staff could welcome hearing from you at not achieve their goals without any time. We believe constructive as your support and cooperation. We well as negative criticism is the sincerely appreciate that cooperation! real basis for progress and maturity And, simply put, it's that kind 1973 of any person, department of teamwork that benefits all of us. or function. As you will note in this report, we've included brief backgrounds of index most of your research center staff. Article page It's intended to further our Introduction 1 policy of informality by letting you Nitrogen 2 know more about us. And, just Seed Technology 4 like your pride in accomplishment, Herbicides 6 we're proud to be part of the Nematodes 8 GW team at the world's finest sugar- Insecticides 9 beet research center. Plant Population 12 Sincerely, Irrigation 13 Ken Ohio Plants Area 15 The Center 17 K. P. Dubrovin Director 1 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

What is the average emergence of MonoHy E2(bare) seeds from Fremont and Bloomdale?

khnk0226

khnk0226_p14, khnk0226_p15, khnk0226_p16, khnk0226_p17, khnk0226_p18

30.3

Irrigation (continued) Summary Tests conducted in 1973 were concerned At Prospect Valley and Hoyt, Colorado with effect of proper irrigation field length tests were established management on sugarbeet production. for comparing irrigation schedules based on different combinations of infor- Due to increasing interest in trickle mation. In both cases, the cooperator's or drip irrigation, a one-acre test normal irrigation schedule was to evaluate tubing types and potentially compared with irrigation based on a economical row spacings was run at combination of cooperator's experience, Longmont. Generally, the trickle soil moisture and climatological data. irrigated beets had yields comparable to furrow irrigated beets which had Results from a test in the Prospect been planted 20 days earlier with less Valley, which was furrow irrigated, are water applied than with furrow or given below. They show that managed sprinkler systems. The drawback to this treatments outyielded growers' system is the high cost and difficulty treatments in tonnage and gross sugar of working with the tubes. produced. This occurred with one less irrigation in the managed case; using 3.8 to 5.2 less acre-inches of water pumped. Prospect Valley No. of Total Water Treatment Tons/A Lb. Sugar/A Irrigations Pumped Tons/In. Water Growers 15.95 3,897 5 23.4" 0.68 Management 1* 16.93 4,057 4 19.6" 0.86 Management 2 16.27 3,993 4 18.2" 0.89 *Management 1 and 2 differ in soil moisture depletion level. Soil compaction at Hoyt prevented the profile from being refilled with each irrigation and thus the managed plot had yields comparable to the check. Due to soil compaction con- straint, management data pointed to an irrigation schedule comparable to the check. For more effective irrigations, the soil profile should have been refilled each irrigation. 14 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Special Section Complete ohio plants area by Jimmy N. Widner Jimmy N. Widner Pelleted Seeds and requires lesser amounts of chemicals. Manager Diazinon is safer to use and less Agricultural Research Recommendations toxic to sugarbeets than Dyfonate. (Ohio) Test results have shown no clear Widner earned a B.S. Degree in Agronomy advantage of pellets over bare seed in Flea beetle adults may be effectively from New Mexico State University in achieving more uniform plant spacing controlled with Sevin 80S applied 1964 and a Ph.D. in Agromony and Plant or improving total emergence. A special at the rate of 1.5 pounds per acre. Genetics from North Dakota State grooved false-plate (B27054) should University in 1968. He is presently manager be used with an 11/64-inch seed plate Dylox 80SP should be applied at the rate of Agricultural Research for Great Western's (B12733B) when planting pellets of two pints per acre for the control Ohio plants area, stationed at Fremont, with a John Deere drill. of lygus. Ohio. As research manager, he is responsible for developing all phases of agricultural Cutworms are controlled with Sevin or research directed toward increasing sugar The International Air-Planter has special yields and production. Before going to drums for bare or pelleted seeds. Dylox. Sevin may be applied as a Ohio, Widner was a Plant Breeder at the Agri- Sugarbeets were successfully planted to spray or in bait pellets. Sevin bait should cultural Research Center, Longmont, a stand with either type of seed by be applied at the rate of 20-40 Colorado. selecting the proper seed drum. pounds per acre. Conclusions and Observations Conclusions and Observations Wire-worms are best controlled with Average emergence of bare and pelleted seeds from two locations were: pre-plant incorporation of Diazinon or Dyfonate. Wire-worm infestations Plants/(X 1000)-Acre are difficult to predict, and effective Fremont Bloomdale Averages chemicals for control are lacking after the wire-worms are observed in MonoHy E2 (bare) 26.3 34.3 30.3 MonoHy E2 (Germain) 19.8 32.2 26.0 sugarbeet fields. MonoHy E2 (Asgrow) 21.0 28.3 24.6 Herbicides Summary Recommendations These and other tests indicate that bare Pre-emergence application of Pyramin seed has slightly higher emergence + TCA has given satisfactory to than pelleted seeds. Sugarbeets can be excellent control of most broadleaf and space planted to final stands with grass weed species. This combination either bare or pelleted seeds using the does not provide effective control proper seed drum on the International of nutgrass, although the infestation may "Cyclo' Air-Planter or proper be reduced. RoNeet may be useful plates in conventional drills. in areas where nutgrass occurs. RoNeet should be applied broadcast at 1/2 Insecticides to 2/3 gallon per acre, and thoroughly incorporated into the soil at a depth Recommendations of two or three inches. Overlay RoNeet Diazinon 14G and Dyfonate 10G provide with a pre-emergence application effective control of wire-worms. Broad- of Pyramin at 21-28 OZ. in a 10-inch cast 28 pounds of Diazinon and 40 band to improve control of broadleaf pounds of Dyfonate granules per acre weeds. and immediately work thoroughly into upper 6 inches. Band treatment is as effective as broadcast treatment Ohio Plant Area continued next page 15 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 Ohio Plants Area (continued) Fungicides Variety MonoHy E2 Number of Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose Post-emergence applications should be Recommendations Mertect-340F 9.5 1 24.2 16.1 planned operations to provide control Systemic fungicides, such as Benlate and Mertect-340F 9.5 2 26.2 16.3 Mertect-340F 9.5 1 (late) 25.0 16.0 of late germinating weed seeds, such Mertect-340F, have shown the most Duter 10.0 1 24.3 16.2 as redroot pigweed. Betanal-475 applied consistent control of Cercospora leafspot. Duter 10.0 2 24.8 16.0 Duter + foam 10.0 1 24.3 15.7 at the rate of 2 pints per acre in a One or two applications are usually Check* - - 25.2 16.2 10-inch band has given the most consist- necessary to economically control leaf- ent control of pigweed. Betanal 503 spot. Apply Benlate at 8 oz. per acre and Variety Hybrid E Number of (Betanal + Betanal-475) can be tank Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose Mertect-340F at 9.5 fl. OZ. per acre Benlate 8 1 25.8 16.2 mixed at a 1:1 ratio. A tank mix in sufficient water to provide thorough Benlate 8 2 29.1 15.9 of Pyramin + Betanal (3 + 1) has been plant coverage. Both aerial and ground Benlate 8 1 (late) 26.4 16.2 Duter 10 1 25.3 16.1 registered for use and gives good applications provided satisfactory Duter 10 2 24.1 16.1 weed control. results. The first application should be Duter + foam 10 1 23:6 15.9 made when leafspot first appears in Check* - - 26.0 15.9 Conclusions and Observations the field. Subsequent sprays should be Chemicals are available to provide determined by disease severity and Fungicidal applications in the absence of effective control of most weed species. climatic conditions. leafspot do not appear to be beneficial: Timely and proper applications are essential to obtain maximum weed MonoHy E2 showed a higher degree of Variety - MonoHy E2 Number of control. The main disadvantage of using resistance to leafspot than Hybrid E Fungicide Oz./A Applications Tons/A % Sucrose RoNeet is the possibility of uneven or USH20. Although some leafspot Benlate 8 1 12.5 17.9 appeared in fields of MonoHy E2, fungi- Benlate 8 2 13.4 17.9 incorporation, particularly when the soil Check* - - 12.3 17.9 is too wet. cidal applications may not have *Leafspot absent. provided economical returns. Pre-emergence rates of Pyramin applica- Summary tion should be increased from the Conclusion and Observations MonoHy E2, with its higher degree basic recommended rate if planting date Higher yields were obtained with of resistance to leafspot, may not need extends past May 10th; particularly two applications of a systemic fungicide; fungicidal applications depending on soils containing over 20% clay content. particularly when the leafspot on leafspot severity and climatic condi- infection was severe. tions. One or two applications of Addition of non-phytotoxic crop oils to Benlate or Mertect-340F is generally post-emergence sprays may improve Fungicidal application on MonoHy E2 sufficient when necessary to provide weed control. Caution should be used in did not increase yields in sucrose economical control of leafspot. applying herbicides with crop oils percentages. Even though leafspot when the beets are under stress or hot appeared in fields of MonoHy E2, test temperatures prevail. results indicate that fungicidal applications were not profitable. Foams (Ag-Foam, Fomex, etc.) may improve the efficiency of herbicide spray application and also reduce spray drift. Special nozzles are required for the application of foams. Contents of this publication are directed to Great Western Sugar Company Agriculturists and are not intended for public use. 16 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 the center Dr. Kenneth P. Dubrovin Arthur H. Freytag Joseph P. Brown Director Senior Agronomist Manager Agricultural Research Center Field Evaluation Ken Dubrovin comes from Chicago, Illinois. Freytag comes from St. Louis, Missouri. At South Dakotq State University, Joe earned He earned his B.S. Degree from the His B.S. was earned in 1961 at the University his Bachelor's Degree in 1954 and his University of Illinois and his Ph.D. in Soils of Arizona. After graduation he was Master's Degree in 1956 in agricultural from the University of Wisconsin. employed as a plant breeder by the Burpee economics. After receiving his B.S., Ken attended the Seed Company of Lompoc, California. Wageningen Agricultural College in Following that, Freytag became chief grower He began his career with the Spencer the Netherlands as a Fulbright Scholar. His for Dos Pueblos Orchid Company of Chemical Co. in 1956 as a fertilizer salesman. industry career started with Spencer Santa Barbara, California. He next became When Gulf Oil Company acquired Spencer Chemical Company that was later acquired an agronomist for International Mineral Chemicals he joined the agricultural by Gulf Oil Corporation. He was supervisor of and Chemical Corporation at Libertyville, chemical research and development group. pesticide testing and development and Illinois. Then he returned to Texas Duties were as manager of New Product his responsibilities included initiation of tests Tech University to earn his Masters Degree Development in western U.S. and Canada. In for pesticides as well as other agricultural in Plant Physiology. 1971 Brown joined Great Western as chemicals. coordinator of station and field operations. Current responsibilities at the research While with the Spencer (Gulf) firm, center involve growth regulators with signifi- Ken earned his M.B.A. Degree from the cant efforts related to applied ethylene University of Missouri. research. Carl W. Luft Manager Management responsibilities at Gulf Agronomic Department required his travel to Europe and Asia where A Colorado native, Carl comes from a he established pesticide development Dr. Walter R. Akeson sugarbeet and livestock farm near Sterling. programs. Senior Plant Physiologist He earned a B.S. Degree in Animal Husbandry at Colorado State University in After Gulf, Dubrovin became Director Originating from Chappell, Nebraska, Akeson 1941. After leaving school, he spent of Great Western's Agricultural Research Center at Longmont. In this capacity, he is earned his B.S. and M.S. Degrees in five years in the U.S. A rmy during World responsible for all GW research activities. Agronomy from the University of Nebraska. War II. His Ph.D. in Plant Biochemistry was earned from the University of Wisconsin. Carl joined Great Western as an Agriculturist He served four years as assistant professor of at Keenesburg, Colorado. His career agronomy at the University of Nebraska as an Agriculturist also included responsibili- Robert M. Spencer and then he joined Great Western in 1969. ties in Powell, Wyoming, Goodland, Kansas, Research Chemist Sterling, Burlington and Brighton, As leader of the plant physiology group at the Colorado. In 1969 he became manager of the Spencer began his career with Great Western Agricultural Research Center, he is GW Grower Service Center at Platteville, as a laborer in the Longmont warehouse. involved in studies to reduce sugar loss in Colorado. He served in that capacity until He has achieved the post of Research Chemist sugarbeet storage piles. Other responsibilities joining the Agricultural Research Center in for the Agricultural Research Center- - include coordination of all physiology August 1973. Tare Laboratory where his responsibilities studies plus direction of operation of the include analysis of all experimental samples. Agricultural Services Lab and the Respiration Lab at the Research Center. A native of Albuquerque, New Mexico, Bob has lived in various locations throughout the United States and Europe. He received his Bachelor's Degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1972, the year he joined GW. 17 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226 THE 1973 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH PROGRESS REPORT OF THE GREAT WESTERN SUGAR COMPANY Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/khnk0226

In which unit is time plotted in this graph?

qtlh0227

qtlh0227_p0, qtlh0227_p1, qtlh0227_p2, qtlh0227_p3, qtlh0227_p4, qtlh0227_p5, qtlh0227_p6

(DAYS), DAYS

The Great Western Sugar Company Agricultural Research Center PUBLICATION APPROVAL FORM Date: November 24, 1976 Author (s) : D. G. Westfall Title: Soil Sample Handling - How Critical is it for Accurate Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendations Publication Class : Journal Up Beet Magazine Other Publication approved by: Publication Committee Date Director Agr. Res. Date 11-24-16 Journal series number Senior - Vice President Agriculture Buy Date 10/12/76 Remarks 8/10/71 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qtlh0227 SOIL SAMPLE HANDLING - HOW CRITICAL IS IT FOR ACCURATE NITROGEN FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS By D. G. Westfall to The use of the residual soil itrate-nitrogen level in the soil profile make nitrogen fertilizer recommendations is a proven, effective and accurate tool for sugarbeets, where the nitrogen balance is a critical compromise between yield and quality. In order to obtain an accurate nitrogen fertilizer recommendation the soil sample analyzed in the laboratory must accurately represent the level of residual hitrate-nitrogen found in the field. We always assume this situatuon exists but what factors could cause the soil sample to not reflect true field levels of nitrogen? It is a well known fact that once a soil sample is dried, the nitrate concentration does not change and the sample can be stored for many months and a reliable analytical result obtained that reflectstrue field lévels of nitrogen. We ofter assume soil samples are dried immediately after collection but this is not always the situation. Those that operate soil testing laboratories know that many soil samples are received that are still in the field moist state. What is the effect of the samples being retained in the field moist state after on the collection and during shipmentanitrate-nitroger level? Do these levels accurately represent those that were present in the field? A research project was initiated to answer these very questions with the ultimate objective of determining what the effect of soil sampling handling between the time of collection in the field and the time of drying in the laboratory would be on the analyzed level of nitrate-nitrogen in the soil. If a difference did occur criteria would have to be established for *Senior Plant Nutritionist, Great Western Sugar Co. Agricultural Research Center, Longmont, CO Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qtlh0227 2 sample handling during this period of time to insure reliablehitrate- nitrogen analytical results which will result in an accurate nitrogen fertilizer recommendation for our sugarbeet growers. Two different soils, one containing a high level of residual nitrate- nitrogen (26 ppm) and one containing a low residual level of nitrate- nitrogen (5 ppm) were used in this study. Since the trends were the same in both soils only the results from the high residual nitrate-nitrogen soil are presented here.Samples were collected in the field, retained in their field moist condition and subjected to various conditions that might occur under common sample handling procedures. When these samples were retained at room temperature for 7 days, the nitrate-nitrogen concentration increased rather dramatically ( Figure 1) The initial residual nitrate-nitrogen level was 25 ppm ( 90 lbs/A)when the sample was collected in the field. After seven days, the concentration of nitrate-nitrogen had increased to 54 ppm ( 195 lbs/A). This represents a 105 1b per acre increase in available nitrogen in the sample during the 7 day period after collection. The change was approximately linear for the first five days, increasing at a rate of about 18 lbs. of nitrogen per day. Soil samples were also placed in the sun for 4-6 hours a day trying to simulate the condition that would exist if samples were carried around in a vehicle for a period of time where the sun would heat them up during the hot part of the day.The initial nitrate-nitrogen concenteration in this sample was 25 ppm and increased to 63 ppm or 227 lbs. of nitrate-nitrogen per acre (Figure 1). Over the 7 day period, this represents a 135 1b nitrate- nitrogen per acre net increase as a result of improper sample handling. Needless to say, these changes are very significant and would make a nitrogen fertilizer recommendation that would be calculated from the analytical results grossly in error. Even if the samples were only retained in their Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qtlh0227 3 field moistened state for one or two days large increases that could significantly effect a nitrogen fertilizer recommendation would occur. At the end of one day, the samples that have been stored at room temperature had increased by 25 lbs of nitrogen per acre, and at 2 days by 43 lbs of nitrogen per acre. The samples that were exposed to the sun for 4-6 hours per day showed 36 and 58 lbs of nitrogen per acre increase at 1 and 2 days storage respectively. If samples were retained in their field moistened state for as long as 5 days before drying and subsequent analysis, errors as large as 100 lbs of nitrogen per acre in the nitrogen fertilizer recommendation could be expected. When it is not possible to dry a sample immediately after collection, it is ofter a common practice to place it in a refrigerator with the thought in mind that this will keep to a minimum any changes in the nitrate-nitrogen concentration of the sample.Samples that were refrigerated had an initial nitrate-nitrogen level of 28 ppm or 100 lbs of nitrogen per acre ( Figure 2) At the end of 7 days, this level had increased to 41 ppm or 148 lbs of 7 nitrogen per acre. This increase in nitrate-nitrogen. upon refrigeration is quite unexpected since this is a common practice used to store samples when immediate drying is not possible. It is quite evident from these results that this procedure is not an acceptable one if accurate nitrate analytical results are to be obtained. When the samples were frozen a very small change did occur over the 7 day time period. The nitrate-nitrogen level did tend to increase slightly, but only from 28 to 33 ppm. This increase would only represent a 18 1b per acre error in the nitrogen fertilizer recommendation. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qtlh0227 SUMMARY From the information presented, it is quite evident that proper soil sample handling is a must if accurate nitrate-nitrogen analysis is to be obtained that truley represent the field level of residual nitrate-nitrogen. It has been shown that large increases in nitrate-nitrogen concentration can occur between the time of sampling in the field and drying. The magnitudes of these increases are very significant and can result in large errors in nitrogen fertilizer recommendations. Under situations where samples cannot be dried immediately, immediate freezing is the only acceptable method of sample storage. If the analytical results in the laboratory are to be obtained which will result in an accurate nitrogen fertilizer recommendation in the field, the soil sample must be placed in a dryer with- in 12 hours after collection. By following this procedure, the grower will be assured that his samples have been handled properly and the resultant nitrogen fertilizer recommendation will be accurate. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qtlh0227 or -220 60 -200 Sun (4-6 hrs/day) 50 180 160 Room Temp 40 A -140 120 30 100 80 20 0 2 4 6 TIME (DAYS) Figure 1. EFFECT OF SOIL HANDLING BEFORE DRYING ON NO3-N CONTENT OF HIGH RESIDUAL N SOIL. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qtlh0227 220 60 200 50 180 160 REFRIGERATED 40 140 A 120 30 FROZEN 100 80 20 0 2 4 6 TIME (DAYS) Figure 2. EFFECT OF SOIL HANDLING BEFORE DRYING ON NO3-N CONTENT OF HIGH RESIDUAL N SOIL Source: https://wwww.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/qtlh0227

how many basic patterns mentioned at the top right side of the page?

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National Corporation for Housing Partnerships Sour nttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 ...A Key to Ending the Low and Moderate Rent Housing Problem Contents Purpose of the National Housing Partnership 1 Goals 2 Organization 4 and 5 Activities and Services 6 and 7 Low and Moderate Income Housing Programs 8 and 9 Three Basic Patterns for Development 10 and 11 Stockholders 12 4 National Corporation for Housing Partnerships 1133 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005 (202)466-8200 (The place a man lives is more than just another commodity, service or possession; it is a symbol of his status, an extension of his personality, a part of his identity, a determinant of many of the benefits - and disadvantages - of society that will come to him and his family: schooling, police protection, municipal serv- ices, neighborhood environment, access (or lack of ac- cess) to a hundred possibilities of life and culture." "Segments of the urban poor today know and feel their relative deprivation, in housing or in other regards, to an unprecedented degree. The overwhelming con- trast of their own living condition with that of the wealthy majority is brought home everyday by modern means of communication." "There is a complex relation among the quality of housing, the behavior of people, the condition of a neighborhood, and the life of the poor." "These relationships are by no means simple. Better housing, alone, will not overcome all the ills of today's poverty, but better housing is one essential part of the effort to do so., From The Report of the President's Committee on Urban Housing, December 11, 1968 1 Source Usal 227 Goal The President's Committee on Urban Housing believed that American business should have a way to turn con- of the cern for the nation's housing problems into commitment to solve them. The Committee recommended the adop- tion of Title IX of the Housing and Urban Development Housing Act of 1968. The National Corporation for Housing Part- nerships and the National Housing Partnership are the Partnership first organizations to be established by the President under the authority of this new law. The Partnership and the Corporation are financed entirely with private capital. Their mission is to use to accelerate these funds as development seed money and for equity investment in housing for low and moderate income private families. The capital of the Partnership will be combined with that of other available investors to furnish the equity development used in conjunction with 90% government insured mort- gages. The initial Partnership capital of approximately of low and $40 million should produce approximately $1.6 billion in construction - about 100,000 new or rehabilitated moderate rent homes. The National Housing Partnership offers attractive advantages for local partners - individuals, corpora- housing tions, institutions - as well as public and community organizations: For local families and individuals - it develops de- cent and attractive housing and offers an opportunity to participate in planning, management, and ultimately ownership. For the local community and non-profit organizations - it provides the know-how and cash to produce needed low and moderate income housing. For the local builder - it offers seed money and pro- gram assistance which can generate more construction with a chance to earn builder and developer profits and tax savings. For the local architect, engineer and lawyer - it stim- ulates business and expands the local tax-preferred in- vestment opportunities. For the local investors - it combines profit potential and attractive social investment with limited risks and offers an expert and financially able partner to produce the housing. As the past decade will be remembered for giant strides in the peaceful uses of the atom, the jet age, and the conquering of space, the National Housing Part- nership hopes to make the '70's memorable for housing achievement. Carter stage Carter L. Burgess Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the National Corporation for Housing Partnerships 2 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 Organization of the National Corporation for Housing Partnerships and Local Partnerships NATIONAL INVESTORS NCHP NHP FEES FOR SERVICES RISK SERVICES CAPITAL LOCAL PARTICIPANTS LOCAL VENTURERS Architect NCHP Lawyer LOCAL Builders, Builder VENTURE Contractors, Mortgagee Non-Profit Corporations, or Consultants Community Development Groups RISK CAPITAL Local PROJECT Partners LOCAL INVESTORS EQUITY NHP and Local Local Venturers Investors other Local Investors FEES FOR SERVICES 90% FHA Insured Mortgage TAX SAVINGS CASH DISTRIBUTION 4 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 The Corporation and the Partnership are two linked contribute capital to the project or it might also provide entities jointly referred to as the "Venture." Together assistance in different phases of development such as they provide the money and technical staff to produce obtaining debt or equity financing or securing govern- housing for low and moderate income families. ment approvals. Benefits for Investors in National Housing Partnership The Corporation - Management The bulk of the funds of the National Housing The National Corporation for Housing Partnerships Partnership will be used to organize and invest in local is the staff arm of the Venture. It has received five per- limited partnerships formed to build and operate hous- cent of the total capital invested in the Venture and will ing and related facilities for low and moderate income assist the development of local projects on an invest- families. Investor return will be similar to that available ment or consulting basis. from normal real estate investment and will produce the The Corporation will serve as the general partner of following benefits: The National Housing Partnership - the investing arm of the Venture - and in this capacity will be the link between the Corporation's development functions and Income Tax Cash Savings. The most substantial re- the Partnership's investment role. turn of the Venture will be the tax savings generated by The Corporation will provide a wide range of services the several developments owned in part by the Part- to local housing programs. These services might in- nership. Expenses during construction and accelerated clude establishing joint ventures with local builders and depreciation produce income tax losses that can be off- community groups, forming local partnerships, and set against other taxable income. Resulting tax savings assisting in the development of architectural, engineer- will be passed to investors through the Partnership. ing and construction plans. Aid may be provided in preparing applications for government insurance and subsidy, arranging financing, assuring timely construc- Cash Distributions. Regulations governing the proj- tion, and in all other activities needed to achieve the ects in which the Venture will invest permit a local development of the project. partnership to make an annual distribution of cash After completion of the development, the Corporation of up to 6% of the initial stated equity of the project. will assist in management of the housing including the To the extent such cash is returned to the Partnership, introduction and use of modern budgeting, accounting there could be a distribution to its investors. and reporting practices and policies. If the Partnership has invested in a project, the Corporation will manage its interests. Further, it may Cash Proceeds from Sale of Project. The availability assist in the formation of tenant cooperatives and non- of proceeds for distribution from sale of all or a portion profit organizations that may ultimately purchase the of a local project will depend upon the terms of the local project. Aid could be provided in arranging for sale, the unamortized balance of the mortgage and the financing of such purchases and in counseling as to income taxes payable. The Board of Directors will de- property acquisition and management. cide whether to distribute or re-invest such funds. The National Partnership - Capital Additional Return. The Venture may also engage in The National Housing Partnership has received other housing and related activities such as development ninety-five percent of the investment in the Venture. It of facilities and enterprises to support the production will act as the principal source of risk capital (seed of low and moderate income housing, research, tech- money) and equity. nical assistance and construction loan financing. These activities may produce earnings that could be available The Local Partnership for distribution. Housing projects in which the Venture participates may originate in several ways. In most instances the Venture will have an active role in originating projects. For example, it may join with a local developer, builder, Benefits for Investors in Local Projects non-profit housing corporation, community group or The Venture's local partner will receive tax savings others in identifying an appropriate site, obtaining archi- and cash distributions in proportion to its share of the tectural and engineering plans, processing government local project with fees for any services it performs. applications, securing financing and completing all other The local parties can also obtain cash upon the sale of action necessary to bring a project to construction. any portion of their interest in the project. For these purposes, a joint venture agreement may be entered into between the Venture and the local partici- Benefits for Local Participants pants and "seed money" advanced. When the project Local builders, construction workers, engineers, archi- reaches an appropriate point, a limited partnership will tects, lawyers and financial institutions will also benefit be formed and equity capital accepted from other by payment for services. The community will obtain investors. real estate taxes. The best return goes to the tenants The Venture may also invest in projects already being, who will enjoy attractive, safe and sanitary housing at a or about to be, developed. In such cases, it might only price that is reasonably related to their incomes. 5 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 Activities The National Corporation for Housing Partnerships functions both as a participant in local ventures and as and Services of a consultant. It offers a full range of investment and consultant services. The Corporation can serve as joint venturer or sole National developer to initiate and execute projects. Seed money may be loaned or advanced when appropriate. Corporation for The National Housing Partnership will ultimately in- vest in suitable low and moderate income projects. The Partnership will own 25%, or more if other investors are Housing not available, of most projects that the National Corpo- ration for Housing Partnerships helps develop. Partnerships In most cases the local builder-developer community or non-profit organization will be a general partner with responsibility for management and operation of the housing. as a The Corporation's consulting services are available, on a fee basis, to corporations, public officials, organi- developer, zations, or individuals interested in developing low and moderate income housing. investment partner The Corporation offers, either on a consulting basis as a co-sponsor or developer, these services: and A Washington Office for Local Developers With an office in Washington, D. C. the Corporation consultant is a valuable communication center with the Depart- ment of Housing and Urban Development, the Federal National Mortgage Association, other federal housing agencies and the Congress. NATIONAL CORPORITON Seed Money When the Corporation participates in the development FOR HOUSING PARTNERSHES of local housing, it will advance risk capital or make a secured loan for land acquisition, preparation of archi- tectural plans, and organization of the project. Equity Investment The National Housing Partnership will make part of the ultimate equity investment in local developments for low and moderate income families. The Partnership will invite local equity investment so that, where possible, it's investment will not exceed 25% of the total equity. Site Evaluation The Corporation will evaluate the proposed projects, their economic feasibility, market requirements and suitability as housing for low and moderate income families. Assistance with FHA Processing The Corporation will prepare applications and work with federal, state and local agencies to obtain project approvals. Help with Financing Arrangements Applications for construction and permanent financing will be completed and processed in cooperation with banks, insurance companies, mortgage bankers, and other financial institutions. Project Coordination The Corporation will supervise and coordinate the preparation of the development program, architectural plans, financing, construction, leasing and management. Program Planning The Corporation will identify different federal, state and local programs designed to assist in the construc- tion of low and moderate income housing. Banking In appropriate situations the Corporation may assist builders to obtain financing, bonds, or letters of credit, Citizen Planning The Corporation will coordinate with local citizen groups to ensure that development program is consistent with the objectives of the community. Focus on Because production of housing for low and mod- erate income families under existing cost conditions is generally not feasible without assistance, the National government- Housing Partnership will be active primarily in federal, state and locally-assisted programs. These programs assisted include: Federally-Assisted Multifamily Rental Housing - FHA housing programs The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) administers a variety of federal programs for low and moderate income housing. In general, these pro- grams provide for two forms of federal assistance: sub- sidies of rents or mortgage payments, and mortgage loan insurance. The programs of primary interest to the Ven- ture are the Section 236 (which generally supersedes the Section 221(d)3 and Section 202 housing programs, Rent Supplement and Section 221(d)4 programs. Section 236 Under the basic Section 236 program, 90% mortgages for limited dividend sponsors are insured for 40 years. Rents for low to moderate income families depend on location and size of family (between $3,000 and $10,500 a year) and are based on a mortgage bearing interest at 1%. The government makes up the differ- ence between that rate and the FHA maximum market interest rate to the lender. Rent Supplement With the rent supplement program, lower rentals can be achieved because the assistance payment can be as much as 70% of total occupancy cost. Section 222(d)4 The Section 222(d)4 is a market rental program for moderate income, elderly, handicapped or displaced persons. FHA assisted projects pay local real estate taxes except when exempted by local statutes. 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 Federally-Assisted Public Housing Federally-Assisted Sales Housing The Public Housing Program administered by HUD The Section 235 program provides monthly subsidy through local housing authorities will also be of inter- payments similar to those under Sec. 236, for low and est to the Partnership. moderate income families to purchase homes. The Corporation anticipates developing such housing but Leasing generally only as part of a land development program. The Venture will be active in the leasing programs. State-Assisted Programs The Partnership expects to form local ventures to pur- The National Housing Partnership expects to partic- chase or construct housing projects for lease to a ipate in state and local programs for development or local housing authority in accord with a federal guar- sale of rental housing for low and moderate income fam- antee agreement. Low income families would be ilies. eligible to lease the units from the housing authority. The tenants' rent would be assisted by the federal Non-Assisted Housing contract to the local housing authority. The National Housing Partnership may invest in non- assisted housing development which can produce hous- Turnkey ing at rents which low and moderate income families can The Turnkey Public Housing Program enables a pri- afford. vate developer to construct housing projects for sale to local housing authorities. Permanent financing is based on tax-exempt bonds. The Partnership will not give major attention to this program because tax sav- ings are lost when the project is transferred to the local housing authority. Turnkey Management This program contemplates private management of projects owned by Local Public Housing Authorities. It includes no assistance other than that available in conventional public housing programs. When the Corporation has developed local management capa- bility, it would be interested in administering public housing contracts. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 9 4 Basic patterns Initial Planning Step 1 The Corporation has developed several patierns of LOCAL DEVELOPER STAFF ASSISTANCE operation tailored to the needs of local developers, NCHP Land builders, contractors, non-profit housing corporations, Architectural Plans local public officials, community development groups Construction Contract FHA Insurance SECURED NON-INTEREST BEARING and others engaged in producing low and moderate Mortgage Commitment SEED MONEY LOANS income housing. Methods of operation are flexible and will evolve as the Corporation grows and as the needs of the industry change. 1. Equity Participation Under the first and simplest approach, the Partner- ship would enter into an agreement to purchase 25% of the equity in a local project just prior to the start of construction. This produces valuable cash flow to the builder. The planning of the project, including the ad- vance of all seed money for land, architecture and financing would be the responsibility of the local de- veloper (Step 1). The equity purchase makes the Corp- oration's FHA processing skills available. Prior to construction, the local developer would com- Equity Participation plete the organization of the local partnership that will sponsor and own the project. The Partnership would acquire 25% of the equity and the local developer and Loan and Equity Participation other investors would purchase the balance (Step 2). The local developer would serve as the general partner of the local partnership. By contractual relationship with the local partnership, this developer would assume the principal production responsibility and receive the major portion of benefits except for tax savings. These would LOCAL DEVELOPER be shared among the parties in accord with their equity NCHP (Step 3). JOINT VENTURE After the project is completed, the cash flow and tax benefits are passed to the partners in proportion to their CASH & SERVICES CASH & SERVICES ownership (Step 4). LOCAL DEVELOPER NCHP Land Architectural Plans 2. The Secured Loan and Equity Participation Construction Contract FHA Insurance This is designed to provide hard-to-find risk capital Mortgage Commitment for builders, local developers, contractors, non-profit housing corporations, and community development groups. The Venture will advance as a secured loan a por- tion of the seed money required to initiate a project (Step 1). The Corporation would provide limited guid- ance and assistance. Prior to construction (Step 2) the Partnership would acquire a 25% equity interest. The purchase price would reflect the seed money loan which is repaid at initial closing of the FHA mortgage out of mortgage proceeds. The development and management stages (Steps 3 and 4) are the same as in the Equity Participation Joint Venture illustration. 10 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 Partnership Organization Development Management Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 REPAYMENT OF LOAN LOCAL DEVELOPER NCHP LOCAL DEVELOPER NCHP LOCAL DEVELOPER NCHP Land ASSIGNMENT Architectural Plans STAFF OF RIGHTS Construction Contract ASSISTANCE DEVELOPMENT FHA Insurance FEES FOR SUPERVISION PROFITS Mortgage Commitment SERVICES, IF ANY LOCAL LIMITED LOCAL LIMITED BUILDERS LOCAL LIMITED DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION EQUITY FEE TAX SAVINGS DISTRIBUTION SPONSOR DURING SPONSOR FEES (cash & depreciation) SPONSOR CONSTRUCTION GENERAL LIMITED GENERAL LIMITED GENERAL LIMITED PARTNER(S) PARTNERS PARTNER(S) PARTNERS PARTNER(S) PARTNERS Land Architectural Plans Construction Contract 25% EQUITY FHA Insurance (cash & depreciation) EQUITY Mortgage Commitment TAX SAVINGS CONTRIBUTION DURING EQUITY CONSTRUCTION (cash & depreciation) MORTGAGE PAYMENTS 90% MORTGAGE NHP NHP PROCEEDS NHP LOCAL MORTGAGEE LOCAL MORTGAGEE LOCAL INVESTORS & FHA INVESTORS & FHA INVESTORS LOCAL DEVELOPER LOCAL DEVELOPER NCHP NCHP JOINT VENTURE DEVELOPMENT JOINT VENTURE PROFITS DEVELOPMENT BUILDERS PROFITS EQUITY LOCAL FEE LOCAL NCHP NCHP FEES FOR (cash & depreciation) SUPERVISION DEVELOPER DEVELOPER SERVICES, Land DEVELOPMENT PROFITS IF ANY Architectural Plans Construction Contract STAFF TAX SAVINGS STAFF LOCAL LIMITED FHA Insurance LOCAL LIMITED DURING CONSTRUCTION ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE DISTRIBUTION Mortgage Commitment DISTRIBUTION SPONSOR TAX SAVINGS SPONSOR ASSIGNMENT OF RIGHTS DURING GENERAL LIMITED CONSTRUCTION GENERAL LIMITED LOCAL LIMITED PARTNER(S) PARTNERS DISTRIBUTION PARTNER(S) PARTNERS SPONSOR Land 25% EQUITY Architectural Plans (cash & depreciation) Construction Contract GENERAL LIMITED FHA Insurance PARTNER(S) PARTNERS Mortgage Commitment EQUITY MORTGAGE PAYMENTS (cash & depreciation) NHP NHP NHP EQUITY 90% MORTGAGE CONTRIBUTION PROCEEDS & FHA LOCAL MORTGAGEE LOCAL MORTGAGEE LOCAL INVESTORS INVESTORS & FHA INVESTORS 11 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 for development 3. The Joint Venture Here the Venture offers a full range of services as a partner in the project. The Corporation and a local builder or community organization would organize a joint venture and the corporate staff would assist at every stage of develop- ment (Step 1). The Corporation would provide all or a share of the seed money and a cash investment to com- plete the project. A local partnership would be formed to sponsor the project and in most cases the local co-venturer would act as the general partner (Step 2). By assuming a proportional share of the development risks and by advancing cash and staff time, the Venture would own a part of the project as a full partner. Before construction begins, the Venture would ar- range a sale of 50% of its interest to local limited part- ners and retain a 25% interest in the local partnership (Step 2). Unlike the previous illustrations, the Corporation would assume development risks and share in the result- ing profits (Step 3). Like the other cases the tax savings and cash flow generated during management would be distributed in proportion to the partners' investment (Step 4). 4. Direct Development In appropriate situations the Corporation is prepared to develop a project alone. The Corporation would in- vest all of the seed money and retain a builder and other professionals to perform on a fee basis. Prior to construction, the Corporation would arrange for the sale of 75% of its interest to local limited partners and hold 25% in the local partnership. The tax savings and cash flow, as in the other cases, would be shared in proportion to the partners' investment. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 Stockholders of NCHP AFL-CIO First Federal Savings and Loan Lazard Freres & Co. Aetna Life Insurance Company Association of Phoenix The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company Alcoa Ventures, Inc. First Federal Savings and Loan Lear Siegler, Inc. J. C. Penney Company, Inc. Alden's Inc. Association of Chicago Levi Strauss & Co. People's Savings Bank Alliance for Labor Action First & Merchants National Bank Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc. Phelps Dodge Corporation Allied Chemical Corporation The First National Bank of Atlanta Litton Industries, Inc. The Philadelphia National Bank American Airlines, Inc. The First National Bank of Boston The Lomas & Nettleton Company The Philadelphìa Savings Fund Society American Bank and Trust Co. of Pa. The First National Bank of Chicago Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company Philip Morris, Incorporated American Express Company First National Bank in Dallas Manufacturers National Bank of Detroit Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Company American Mortgage Company The First National Bank of Denver Marine Midland Banks, Inc. PIC Realty Corporation (subsidiary of American National Bank and Trust The First National Bank of Memphis Marine National Exchange Bank of Prudential Insurance Company of Company of Chicago Milwaukee America) First National Bank of Oregon American Standard, Inc. First National Bank in St. Louis Martin Marietta Corporation Pioneer National Title Insurance The First National Bank of St. Paul Masonite Corporation Company Armco Steel Corporation Pittsburgh National Bank Armstrong Cork Company First National City Bank The Maytag Company Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company First National State Bank of New Jersey McGraw-Hill, Inc. Polaroid Corporation Potlatch Forests, Inc. Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc. First Pennsylvania Bank The Mead Corporation Avco Savings and Loan Association Medusa Portland Cement Company The Procter & Gamble Distributing First Union National Bank/Cameron- Company Baltimore Federal Savings and Loan Brown Company Mellon National Bank and Trust Company Association Fluor Corporation Mercantile Trust Company, N. A. Provident National Corporation Bank of America, National Trust (Provident National Bank) Ford Motor Company Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and Savings Association Midwest Federal Savings and Loan Assoc Public Service Electric and Gas Company The Bank of California, N.A. Franklin New York Corporation Pullman, Incorporated Bank cl Delaware Fruehauf Corporation Miller Brewing Company The Quaker Oats Company First Citizens Bank & Trust Company Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. Bankers Trust Company RCA Corporation Bechtel Corporation GAF Corporation Mobil Oil Corporation Raychem Corporation Beneficial Corporation General Electric Company The Montana Power Company Raytheon Company Berks Title Insurance Company General Motors Corporation Montgomery Ward & Co., Incorporated Republic National Bank of Dallas Bohemia Lumber Co., Inc. Georgia-Pacific Corporation (subsidiary of Marcor, Inc.) Republic Steel Corporation Boise Cascade Corporation Reynolds Metals Company The Bowery Savings Bank The Riggs National Bank of Washington Brunswick Corporation Rohr Corporation Burlington Industries Foundation Santa Barbara Savings and Loan C.I.T. Corporation Association Carrier Corporation Scott Paper Company Castle & Cooke, Inc. Scovill Manufacturing Company Caterpillar Tractor Company Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. Celanese Corporation Sears, Roebuck and Co. Central National Bank in Chicago Security Pacific National Bank Central National Bank of Cleveland Shenandoah Life Insurance Company Certain-teed Products Corporation A. O. Smith Corporation The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. Southwest Forest Ind., Inc. Chemical Bank Southern California Edison Company Chicago Title and Trust Company Southern California Gas Company The Citizens & Southern National Spartans Industries, Inc. Bank of South Carolina Standard Oil Company (Indiana) City Investing Company State Street Bank & Trust Company Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. Stewart Title Guaranty Company Columbia Federal Savings and Loan Suburban Trust Company Association Talman Federal Savings and Loan Columbus Savings and Loan Association of Chicago Association The Tappan Company Profit Sharing Commerce Bancshares, Inc. Chase Manhattan Bank Chairman David Rockefeller & Retirement Fund Commonwealth Land Title Insurance presents a check for $10,512,500 representing the initial payment on the Tenneco Foundation Company $42 million subscribed by investors to NCHP President Ray A. Watt. Texas Eastern Transmission Corp. Company Federal Savings and The Travelers Insurance Companies Loan Association The Girard Company (Girard Trust Bank) Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of Treadwell Corporation The Community Savings Bank of Glendale Federal Savings and New York U.S. Plywood-Champion Papers, Inc. Rochester, New York Loan Association Mountain States Investment Corporation UGI Corporation The Connecticut Bank and Trust Great Western Savings and Loan Association The Mutual Life Insurance Company of Union Bank, a subsidiary of Company New York Unionamerica, Inc. Consumers Power Company Gulf Oil Corporation The National Bank of Commerce in Union Dime Savings Bank Container Corporation of America Hammermill Paper Company New Orleans Union Oil Company of California Continental Assurance Company John Hancock Mutual Life The National Bank of Washington Union Trust Company of Maryland, Continental Can Company, Inc. Insurance Company The National Cash Register Company Baltimore, Md. Continental Illinois National Bank The Hanna Mining Company National Commercial Bank & Trust United California Bank and Trust Company of Chicago H. J. Heinz Company Company, Albany, N.Y. United States Gypsum Crane Co. Hercules, Incorporated National Distillers and Chemical The United States National Bank of Crocker-Citizens National Bank Hewlett-Packard Company Corporation Omaha Cummins Engine Company, Inc. Humble Oil and Refining Company National Newark & Essex Bank United States National Bank of Oregon Dart Industries, Inc. IBM Corporation The National Shawmut Bank of Boston United States Steel Corporation Deere & Company Inland Steel Company National Steel Corporation Universal Oil Products Company Delaware Trust Company International Brotherhood of NELRECO Troy, Inc. The UpJohn Company Del Monte Corporation Electrical Workers New England Merchants National Bank USM Corporation The Detroit Edison Company International Paper Company of Boston Utah Construction & Mining Co. Di Giorgio Corporation International Telephone & Telegraph The New York Bank for Savings The Valley National Bank of Arizona E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Corporation New York Life Insurance Company Virginia National Bank Eli Lilly and Company Irving Trust Company North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Wachovia Bank & Trust Company, N.A. Jewel Companies, Inc. Company El Paso Natural Gas Co. Jim Walter Corporation The Equitable Life Assurance Johns-Manville Corporation North Carolina National Bank Washington Gas Light Company Society of U.S. Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation Northern Illinois Gas Company Washington Heights Federal Savings and Kaiser Cement & Gypsum Corporation The Northern Trust Company Loan Association The Equitable Trust Company Kaiser Industries Corporation Northwestern National Life Erie County Savings Bank Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Insurance Company Evans Products Company Kaiser Steel Corporation Western Pennsylvania National Bank Farmers Bank of the State of Kennecott Copper Corporation Occidental Life Insurance Company of California Westinghouse Electric Corporation Delaware Kerr-McGee Corporation West Side Federal Savings and Loan Fibreboard Corporation Peter Kiewit Sons' Co. Olin Corporation Association of Fairview Park Otis Elevator Company The Firestone Tire & Rubber Company Kimberly-Clark Corporation Weyerhaeuser Company Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation First Bank System, Inc. Kirsch Company Whirlpool Corporation Owens-Illinois, Inc. Koppers Company, Inc. The Wickes Corporation First City National Bank of Houston PPG Industries, Inc. First Federal Savings and Loan Kraftco Corporation Wilmington Trust Company Association of Detroit Pacific Gas and Electric Company World Airways, Inc. Lamar Life Insurance Company Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company Xerox Corporation 12 Source: Ittps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 INCORPORATORS* of the National Corporation for Housing Partnerships Edgar F. Kaiser, Chairman, meeting with Incorporators Ernest C. Arbuckle Carter L. Burgess D. C. Burnham Edward J. Daly Edwin D. Etherington **Gilbert W. Fitzhugh William A. Hewitt Edgar F. Kaiser James J. Ling John L. Loeb Everett Mattson George Meany Andre Meyer David Rockefeller Stuart T. Saunders Leon N. Weiner John H. Wheeler *Appointed by the President under Title IX of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 Resigned July, 1969 to head Department of Defense study panel President Richard Nixon meeting with Incorporators NCHP has Broad Endorsement "You can be sure of the Administration's interest and support in the venture of the National Corporation for Housing Partnerships. It is my hope that the Corporation will begin operations at the earliest. feasible date." PRESIDENT RICHARD NIXON October 22, 1969 (Telegram to NCHP Incorporators) "The Partnership is a new and considered response to an urgent national problem. It will create an adequately capitalized, professionally managed corporation to help reach our goal: to build a yearly average of 600,000 housing units for low and moderate income families over the next 10 years - a tenfold increase in the current rate of production." PRESIDENT LYNDON B. JOHNSON September 13, 1968 "We urge cooperation with Corporations and partner- ships created under Title IX of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, specifically with the National Corporation for Housing Partnerships." SECRETARY GEORGE ROMNEY Department of Housing & Urban Development "To help attract these elements of the business com- munity (skills and organization that have not yet been applied to the production of low and moderate income housing on the scale that is needed) we are proposing, pursuant to the recommendation of the Kaiser Committee, that the Congress authorize the formation of privately funded partnerships that could operate on a national scale." SECRETARY ROBERT C. WEAVER Department of Housing & Urban Development Before the Subcommittee on Housing & Urban Affairs March 5, 1968 "We seek business involvement in meeting the urgent housing needs of the nation. The National Corporation for Housing Partnerships will provide a means for this involvement." SECRETARY MAURICE H. STANS Department of Commerce "... The Conference commends Congress for authoriz- ing the National Housing Partnerships, endorses the crea- tion of the National Corporation for Housing Partnerships and all other private efforts to produce housing for low and moderate income families." U.S. CONFERENCE OF MAYORS Annual Meeting - June 18, 1969 "NAHRO endorses recent efforts to involve private enterprise more fully in housing and urban development- - creation of the National Corporation for Housing Partner- ships in the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 and recent efforts of the Department of Housing and Urban Development to accelerate the private participation in housing technology and marketing. Both of these efforts are aimed at bringing the investment resources, manage- ment techniques, and research capacity of private enter- prise to the urban field. JOURNAL OF HOUSING - NAHRO November 1969 NCHP Officers Experts in many RAY A. WATT fields President CARTER L. BURGESS Mr. Watt formerly headed R. A. Watt Co., Chairman and Chief a subsidiary of Boise Cascade Corp., Executive Officer from which he resigned in February, 1969, to serve as a special consultant to Mr. Burgess is a former U.S. Ambassador the Secretary of Housing and Urban to Argentina and Special Consultant to Development. The company, which he the Secretary of Commerce. For ten founded in Southern California in 1947, years he headed American Machine and is one of the nation's largest home Foundry Co. and is a former president building firms. Mr. Watt is a director of Trans World Airlines. He was Assistant of American Mobilehome Corp., a Secretary of Defense for Manpower in developer of mobile home parks, a the Eisenhower Administration. Mr. member of the National Association of Burgess is a director of American Home Builders, and has served as a Airlines, Ford Motor Co., P. Morgan & member of the Advisory Committee to Co., and Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. the California State Real Estate of New York and Smith, Kline & French Commissioner. Laboratories. E. THOMAS STODDARD HOWARD R. MOSKOF Special Assistant - Controller Vice President - Operations Prior to joining the Corporation, Mr. Moskof served as Executive Mr. Stoddard was an independent Director of the President's consultant, Controller of Liberty Committee on Urban Housing, Equities Corporation, and Manager which originated the recom- GEORGE W. DeFRANCEAUX with Touche Ross & Co. mendation for establishment of Executive Vice President He was with Touche Ross & Co. the National Corporation for Mr. DeFranceaux is the former chairman for nine years, serving as manager Housing Partnerships. He is a and president of Frederick W. Berens, in charge of an audit staff of former Deputy Director and Inc., Washington based mortgage twenty professionals, with General Counsel of the District of banking firm having three wholly-owned responsibility for utilization, Columbia Redevelopment Land subsidiaries. He was first president training and quality control. Agency. He is a former U.S. and director of Associated Mortgage His experience includes defense Attorney for the District of Companies, Inc., which acquired the and other government contracting, Connecticut, and earlier served Berens company in 1962. He is currently including job cost accounting the New Haven Redevelopment chairman of Frederick W. Berens Sales, and control systems. Agency in various capacities and Inc., a real estate sales entity not as Director of the New Haven connected with the mortgage corporation. Legal Aid Bureau. He is a member He is a director in other organizations of the Bars of Connecticut, New engaged in various phases of the real York and the District of Columbia. estate business and is also a member of the Advisory Committee, Federal Nationa Mortgage Association. SIDNEY FREIDBERG Vice President and General Counsel Mr. Freidberg has had broad experience in law, real estate and public service. A graduate of Yale Law School, he has practiced in New York and Washington, and has written extensively for legal periodicals. Mr. Freidberg has been the president and general partner of several syndicates for the development of urban housing, and has been active in community relations. He served in the O.S.S. and the War Production Board, and was counsel to a Select Committee of the Congress. Most recently, he has been Commissioner of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the U.S., by appointment of the President. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227 4 National Corporation for Housing Partnerships 1133 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005 (202)466-8200 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/xnjh0227