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http://14ers.com/photos/peakmain.php?peak=Mt.+Wilson	14ers.com • Mt. Wilson (Main Peak Page)		14ers.com • Mt. Wilson (Main Peak Page) 360° Panorama from the summit of Mt. Wilson. Click to view pano 360° Panorama from the summit of El Diente Peak. Click to view pano 360° Panorama from the summit of Wilson Peak. Click to view pano March, 2016: Climbing Mt. Wilson in winter. July, 2014: The Wilson Group 14ers seen from the summit of 13er Gladstone Peak. July, 2010: El Diente Peak from Kilpacker Creek. March, 2008: The Wilson Group seen from the top of the Telluride Ski Area. August, 2007: Wilson Peak and 13er Gladstone Peak seen from Mt. Wilson. August, 2007: Taken during a climb of Wilson Peak. August, 2007: Mt. Wilson seen from Wilson Peak. August, 2007: Taken during a climb of Mt. Wilson. August, 2007: El Diente Peak seen from Mt. Wilson. August, 2007: 13er Gladstone Peak, Mt. Wilson and El Diente Peak seen from Wilson Peak. August, 2007: Mt. Wilson and El Diente Peak seen from Rock of Ages Saddle. April, 2006: Wilson Peak from the northeast. April, 2006: Wilson Peak seen from the northeast. April, 2006: The Wilson Group seen from the top of the Telluride Ski Area. Wilson Peak is right of center. April, 2006: Wilson Peak seen from the Telluride Ski Area. July, 2004: Taken during a climb of Mt. Wilson. July, 2004: Wilson Peak seen from Mt. Wilson. July, 2004: El Diente Peak seen from Mt. Wilson. June, 2003: Mt. Wilson and El Diente (right) from Wilson Peak. June, 2003: Taken during a climb of Wilson Peak. August, 2002: Mt. Wilson seen from Wilson Peak. August, 2002: El Diente Peak seen from Wilson Peak. August, 2002: Taken during a climb of Wilson Peak. All images ©Copyright 14ers.com, see link below.	msmarco_doc_00_4892000
http://14th-amendment.com/Court_Documents/page_frame.htm	Court Cases		Court Cases U.S. Constitution 14th Amendment The Amendment That Never Existed Court Documents Comment The federal court cases which 'Epperly' is the named Plaintiff were all dismissed for want of jurisdiction. Some of the Courts dismissed the cases for want of statutory authority granting jurisdiction and others declared the case was a 'political question' which the Courts would not address. The purpose of taking the question of ratification of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to every Court of the United States was to show that there is a conspiracy within the Federal Judiciary to not protect and defend the U.S. Constitution, a duty to which every Federal Judge took an Oath of Office to do. Gordon Epperly Federal Court Cases Epperly v. United States A Complaint challenging the Constitutionality of the Ratification of the U.S. Constitution, 14th Amendment U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia Federal Case No. 90-1103-CRR ----------------------- Epperly v. United States A Complaint challenging the Constitutionality of the Ratification of the U.S. Constitution, 14th Amendment U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska Federal Case No. J90-010-CV Appeal to U.S. Court of Appeals Petition for Writ of Certiorari U.S. Supreme Court ----------------------- Epperly v. United States A Complaint before the United States Court of Federal Claims petitioning the Court to investigate the ratification the U.S. Constitution, 14th Amendment U.S. Court of Federal Claims Federal Case No. 95-CV-281 ----------------------- Epperly v. United States Archivist Petitioning the Archivist to investigate and correct the record to show all the States that cast negative ratification votes on the U.S. Const., 14th Amendment U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska Federal Case No. J97-025-CV ----------------------- Epperly v. U.S. Congress (United States) Challenging the Constitutionality of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska Federal Case 1:06-CV-00008-JWS ----------------------- Epperly v. Allen Weinstein Petition for an Order in Nature of Mandamus to be issued upon Allen Weinstein as Archivist of the United States U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska Federal Case 1:07-CV-00011-JWS Federal Court Cases Earnest v. State of Alabama This is a pro se case which the Plaintiff objects to the Defendants' Motion to Dismiss. This case is submitted for what Mr. Ray Earnest has to say about the U.S. Constitution, 14th Amendment. CV-89-0313 ----------------------- Ex parte McCardle "It is quite clear, therefore, that this court cannot proceed to pronounce judgment in this case (cases of Habeas Corpus under the Reconstruction Acts), for it has no longer jurisdiction of the appeal, . . ." Federal Court Case 74 US 506 ----------------------- Georgia v. Stanton "It is true, the bill, in setting forth the political rights of the State, and of its people to be protected, among other matters, avers, that Georgia owns certain real estate and buildings therein, and that putting the acts of Congress (Reconstruction Acts) into execution, and destroying the State, would deprive it of the possession and enjoyment of its property. . . ." 73 US 50 ----------------------- Glassroth v. (Judge) Moore This case was decided by applying the First Article of the Bill of Rights to the States under the purported authority of the U.S. Constitution, 14th Amendment. Federal Court Case 01-T-1268-N ----------------------- Hollingsworth v. Virginia "The President of the United States does not have to approve any Congressional Resolution to amend the U.S. Constitution." 3 Dallus 378 ----------------------- Mississippi v. Johnson "A bill praying an injunction against the execution of an act of Congress (Reconstruction Acts) by the incumbent of the presidential office cannot be received, whether it describes him as President or as a citizen of a State." 71 US (4 Wall) 475 ----------------------- Texas v. White The Confederate States were States before, during, and after the Civil War 74 U.S. 700 ----------------------- Dred Scott v. Sandford - the word "citizen" in the Constitution does not embrace one of the negro race - 60 U.S. 393 ----------------------- Colgate v. Harvey Defines the term "citizen" as used in the U.S. Constitution, 14th Amendment. 296 U.S. 404 ----------------------- State of Idaho v. Freeman The States have a right to rescind their votes of ratification on proposed Amendments to the Constitution for the United States of America. 529 F. Supp. 1107 ----------------------- U.S. v. Stahl The question of ratification of Constitutional Amendments is a Political Question 792 F2d. 1438 ----------------------- Coleman v. Miller The question of ratification of Constitutional Amendments is a Political Question 307 U.S. 433 ----------------------- Perry v. Schwarzenegger The U.S. District Court is being asked to declare California's Proposition 8 Un-Constitutional No. C 09-2292 VRW State Court Cases Ex Parte Knowles A citizen of any one of the States of the Union is held to be and called a citizen of the United States, although technically and abstractly there is no such thing. 5 Cal. 301 (1855) ----------------------- Dyett v. Turner The Supreme Court for the State of Utah exposes the 14th Amendment as a fraud. 439 P2d 266 @ 267, 20 U2d 403	msmarco_doc_00_4893980
http://14th-amendment.com/Miscellaneous/Articles/Dummies_Guide/Page_1.htm			Main Menu Return to Article Menu Dummies Guide To Understanding The 14th Amendment Html Format Page 1 ''The sole purpose of the first section of the 14th Amendment was to protect people against unconstitutional State enactment's while also leaving the States their retained rights under their constitutional compact.'' A Dummies Guide to Understanding the Fourteenth Amendment By P.A. Madison Last updated on January 3, 2006 CONTENTS Introduction The Fourteenth Amendment is Born The Citizenship Clause Understanding Fourteenth Amendment Limitations How Bingham Defined Due Process, Equal Protection Incorporation of The Bill of Rights: A Mess That Never Should Been The Fourteenth Amendment Enforcement Clause What It Means Introduction [Note: I will limit the discussion herein to sections 1 and 5 of the Amendment.] Section 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Does the Fourteenth Amendment make the entire Bill of Rights a restriction against the States? If so, which amendments or clauses? What did both "due process of the law" and "equal protection" mean to the Congress who produced the Amendment? Does the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee State paid education to aliens? It has long been said that what you don't know can hurt you, and no more is this true than with citizens unknowingly falling victim to faulty Fourteenth Amendment construction. There are jurists who willfully obfuscate the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment when rendering phony jurisprudence with the goal of advancing their own personal bias. Even scholars are known to obfuscate the Fourteenth Amendment in hopes their own unsupported constitutional theories may be seen as having some constitutional semblance of validity. Had the Fourteenth Amendment been seen as remotely empowering Congress to legislate directly over State citizens, would had resulted in certain defeat in the House of Representatives. Its author understood this, and was also convinced that Congress had no proper constitutional jurisdiction to directly legislate over citizens within a State or, should it. Most all involved in the Fourteenth Amendment ratification believed that matters of life, liberty and property of the people belonged exclusively with the States and its citizens, and in no instance should any act be considered to grant Congress such powers. No Fourteenth Amendment introduction can be complete without first making some basic constitutional concepts clear to the reader. Firstly, consider the Bill of Rights as a combination of State rights and individual guarantee's against certain acts by the federal government. One of the greatest freedoms to come out of the great compact between individual States in forming a new Union we call the United States, was the right to self-government without federal interference during peace. The Bill of Rights acted to protect the States and its citizens from oppressive acts by Congress in abridging such things as speech, the press or imprisonment without trial. Look at this way: An American citizen has a enumerated right to be protected from acts of Congress abridging their speech, religion or the press but also have a enumerated right to regulate speech, the press or even create a State church via their State legislative process through the Tenth Amendment. As you will learn, the Fourteenth Amendment recognized and protected this very important concept by leaving reserved State rights undisturbed, and by further making no attempt to change the spirit of the Constitution itself. Many confuse the words "life, liberty and property" spoken of in the Bill of Rights to mean expansive rights but this is incorrect for two very significant reasons. One is the simple fact life, liberty and property the Bill of Rights speaks of have to do with what a person stands to be deprived of for a violation of some law. In simple terms life meant the hanging of someone for a crime while liberty signified throwing one in jail for a crime, and property meant the taking by government of fines, limbs or, even ones home. In other words, when the Fourteenth Amendment speaks of life, liberty or property it is speaking of "laws for the punishment of crimes against life, liberty, or property" or the laws for the protection against crimes of life, liberty, or property. This is why we find the phrase "due process" associated with these words: all persons are entitled to a trial and other basic procedures of law before they can be deprived of their life, liberty and property by government action for a crime. It's these rights along with the right to be free from oppressive national government actions (example: a national church) we speak of in the Bill of Rights. The other significant reason why the above is true is because the US Constitution was not vested with any concerns or direct authority over personal rights and matters of the people themselves (you will read more about this shortly.) The States and the people were given the sole jurisdiction of all matters dealing with peoples liberties and laws and not the national government. Madison's initial Bill of Rights was rejected when he attempted to make the same restrictions imposed upon Congress a restriction upon the States as well. Likewise, the initial proposed Fourteenth Amendment was rejected because it was seen as giving the federal government direct jurisdiction over the affairs of citizens of the States, something the States have always tended to guard against -- even in the year 1866. It should also be noted that the right to vote was considered neither a liberty or a privileges or immunity under the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment, and thus, demonstrating further that life, liberty or property was really simply what one stood to be deprived of for a violation of law. Sen. Jacob Howard who introduced the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Senate on May 23, 1866 said: [But] sir, the first section of the proposed amendmentdoes not give to either of these classes the right of voting. The right of suffrage is not, in law, one of the privileges or immunities thus secured by the Constitution. If liberty was seen as having expansive rights belonging to all citizens, then the right to vote could had easily been said to be found in the word "liberty." Explaining the Fourteenth Amendment in such little space in a way that most can easily understand its purpose and limitations is challenging. I will make no attempt to filter the meaning of the Amendment through Supreme Court rulings -- but instead allow the primary framer's own words explain the meaning of the Amendment. After all, Supreme Court rulings can change over time but recorded history does not -- and no Supreme Court ruling can change recorded history. It is my hope than, that this guide will enable the reader to have a more honest understanding of what the Fourteenth Amendment is all about that can lead to better informed judgements from those who understood the meaning of the text best. Perhaps once the great blindfold is removed from both ordinary citizens and State officials will they begin to see and appreciate the fact the Fourteenth Amendment sought no change in the relationship between the National Government, States, and most importantly, private citizens. On the other hand, many may find this new insight both troubling and disturbing because it will run against everything they been lead to believe in modern times. Like with all truths, its important that the truth be revealed so that better informed judgements can be made in the purest light. The Fourteenth Amendment is Born In February of 1866 John A. Bingham, a Republican representative from Ohio, proposed amending the Constitution of the United States with the following proposed amendment: The Congress shall have power to make laws which shall be necessary and proper to secure to the citizens of each State all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States, and to all persons in the several States equal protection in the rights of life, liberty, and property. Initially this amendment ran into strong opposition from all sides of the aisle, leading to Sen. William Stewart of Nevada to argue the amendment would permit "Congress to legislate fully upon all subjects affecting life, liberty, and property," to such degree that "there would not be much left for the State Legislatures," and would thereby "work an entire change in our form of government." Giles Hotchkiss of New York said "I understand the amendment as now proposed by its terms, to authorize Congress to establish uniform laws throughout the United States upon the subject named, the protection of life, liberty, and property. I am unwilling that Congress shall have any such power." Rep. Andrew Rogers of NJ blasted the proposed Amendment as "the embodiment of centralization and disfranchisement of the States of those sacred and immutable State rights" reserved in the organic law. Rep. Garrett Davis was "especially opposed to any Amendment which may prove subversive of the principles on which the government was founded." Aaron Harding of KY argued: "Will not Congress then virtually hold all power of legislation over your own citizens and in defiance of you?" Bingham's initial draft was made to lie on the table, which was a test vote on the merits and failed by a vote of 41 to 110. The bill went back to the Joint Committee on Reconstruction for further consideration and refinement by Bingham. On May 8, 1866 committee chairman, Thaddeus Stevens, introduced the new Amendment to the House as follows: This proposition is not all that the committee desired. It falls far short of my wishes, but it fulfills my hopes. I believe it is all that can be obtained in the present state of public opinion. Not only Congress but the several States are to be consulted. Upon a careful survey of the whole ground, we did not believe that nineteen of the loyal States could be induced to ratify any proposition more stringent than this. The first section prohibits the States from abridging the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, or unlawfully depriving them of life, liberty, or property, or of denying to any person within their jurisdiction the "equal" protection of the laws. I can hardly believe that any person can be found who will not admit that every one of these provisions is just. They are all asserted, in some form or other, in our Declaration or organic law. But the Constitution limits only the actions of Congress, and is not a limitation on the States. This amendment supplies that defect, and allows Congress to correct the unjust legislation of the States, so far that the law which operates upon one man shall operate equally upon all. Whatever law punishes a white man for a crime shall punish the black man precisely in the same way and to the same degree. Whatever law protects the white man shall afford "equal" protection to the black man. Here Stevens reveals behind the scenes struggles to produce the Amendment and the difficulties encountered in producing a version that the majority of States would be willing to ratify. Keep in mind that most of the States jealously guarded their sovereignty, and no doubt not many States would be found willing to arm Congress with the power to directly legislate over its citizens. The committee’s final draft of the Amendment is what now found in the Constitution today: No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. After the Amendment had come out of committee in March 1866, most began to feel encouraged that the Amendment proposed no threat or empowered Congress with any new powers over the States. New York Governor, Reuben E. Fenton, urged speedy ratification of the Amendment insisting that its provisions "are understood, appreciated and approved." Gov. Fenton being both a pro-abolitionists and staunch supporter of decentralized national government must had been assured that no new powers of Congress over the States was being advanced by the Amendment. With most satisfied that the new proposed Fourteenth Amendment article proposed no threat to the States sovereignty it became ratified on July 28, 1868. Citizenship Clause All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. The Citizenship Clause did not originate from John Bingham but was inserted while the bill was under consideration in the Senate by Sen. Jacob Howard. It was intended to establish who is, and who isn't, a citizen of the United States. The clause itself is straightforward and came with ample documentary construction over how "subject to the jurisdiction" was to be construed. Sen. Howard introduced the clause this way: [T]his amendment which I have offered is simply declaratory of what I regard as the law of the land already, that every person born within the limits of the United States, and subject to their jurisdiction, is by virtue of natural law and national law a citizen of the United States. This will not, of course, include persons born in the United States who are foreigners, aliens, who belong to the families of ambassadors or foreign ministers accredited to the Government of the United States, but will include every other class of persons. Of course the only other class of persons left that can be considered is US Citizens. Note that Sen. Howard considered it "the law of the land" already, confirming that it was already established national law that it was not enough to simply be born within the US to become a United States citizen. Sen. Howard later confirms just this when he said the Citizenship Clause "ought to be construed so as to imply a full and complete jurisdiction on the part of the United States, whether exercised by Congress, by the executive, or by the judicial department; that is to say, the same jurisdiction in extent and quality as applies to every citizen of the United States now." Essentially then, the phrase "subject to the jurisdiction" was not used in any sense of geographical location -- but in the full sense of allegiance. This is confirmed by Sen. James Kelly a few years later when he said "in order to be a citizen of the United States he must been not only be born within the United States, but born within the allegiance of the United States." One might wonder to why Sen. Jacob Howard choose to use the phrase "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" rather than the language of the civil rights bill of 1866 and 1870 that declared: "All persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States"? Answer: Howard feared that States could eventually impose a tax on Indians, making them eligible for citizenship under the Fourteenth. Because of the language "subject to the jurisdiction thereof" required direct allegiance to the United States, Indian's would be disqualified because they owed their allegiance to their respective tribes which in return were considered foreign nations. It is also important to understand what the text of the clause actually says: subject to the jurisdiction of the United Statesand not any particular State jurisdiction. This is why laws at the time were written to include both limitsand jurisdictionof the United States when speaking of aliens. Take for example U.S. title XXX of 1875, sec 2165 where it states: "Any alien who was residing within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States..." It was never considered that a foreigner within the limits of a State was also automatically under the jurisdiction of the United States at the same time: they were considered still under the jurisdiction of their native country. Only time it could be said the United States had any jurisdiction over a alien is when the alien violates some U.S. law and the United States brings the alien under U.S. jurisdiction through a process of law. Supreme Court rulings that followed after the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment confirms the adopted understanding of the Citizenship Clause beginning with the Slaughterhouse Cases in 1873 where the court held that the Fourteenth Amendment excludes the children of aliens. Jumping to 1884, the court in Elk v. Wilkins 112 U.S. 94 (1884), held that he phrase "subject to the jurisdiction" requires "direct and immediate allegiance" to the United States, not just physical location. This is confirmed by the legislative history of the Fourteenth Amendment and the definition used by the Senate. We will now focus on the rest of the first section of the Amendment. Understanding Fourteenth Amendment Limitations Understanding the limitations is important for one primary reason: Bingham was a lawyer who did not always choose his words clearly to describe what he was trying to say. Therefore, first step in understanding the Fourteenth Amendment is to first uncover the limitations that were clearly imposed by Bingham. There can perhaps be no better starting point then in understanding the limitations of the Amendment than in comparing the difference between the initial proposed Amendment and that of the final accepted Amendment that came out of the committee months later. Recall Bingham's initial text draft: The Congress shall have power to make laws which shall be necessary and proper to secure to the citizens of each State all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States, and to all persons in the several States equal protection in the rights of life, liberty, and property. During the debates of 1871 on enforcing the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment, lead perhaps to the best summation of the differences between the rejected and later accepted Amendment between James Garfield and John Bingham. During open debate on the House floor over the significance between the two, and with Bingham attentively listening (and often interrupting to make clarifications), Garfield characterized Bingham's early rejected Amendment to having "brought the power of Congress to bear directly upon the citizens, and contained a clear grant of power to legislate directly for the protection of life, liberty and property within the States. That is, "gave Congress plenary power to cover the whole subject with its jurisdiction. " No one, including Bingham, objected to this characterization by Garfield. Garfield then went on to characterize the accepted Amendment that stands in the Constitution today as simply a limitation "imposed upon the States but did not oust the jurisdiction of the State over these subjects. " That is, "excerpts its force directly upon the States, laying restrictions and limitations upon their power and enabling Congress to enforce these limitations. " Again, no one including Bingham objected to this characterization of differences between the two Amendments. Another significant limitation of the Amendment that aids in properly understanding and interpreting it has to do with reserved State rights. What is a reserved state right the reader might wonder? A reserved State right is any right that is neither found in the US Constitution nor expressly prohibited to the States. For example, nothing in the Constitution prohibits local communities within the States from establishing relationships with churches or religion -- only Congress is directly prohibited from establishing anything religious through acts of legislation, and thus, Establishment is a reserved State right because the Constitution only expressly prohibited Congress and not the States. Bingham knew from the initial resistance to his bill in February of 1866 that any attempt to trespass upon reserved State rights would lead to certain defeat of the Amendment both in Congress and with the State legislatures. Therefore, he had to make it clear throughout the debates (and years later) that the Amendment would not arm Congress with the power to usurp reserved State rights as evidenced by his own words: I repel the suggestion made here in the heat of debate, that the committee or any of its members who favor this proposition [Fourteenth Amendment] seek in any form to mar the Constitution of the country, or take away from any State any right that belongs to it, or from any citizen of any State any right that belongs to him under the Constitution. The adoption of this proposed [fourteenth] amendment will take from the States no rights that belong to the States. No right reserved by the Constitution to the States should be impaired, no right vested by it in Government of the United States, or in any Department or officer thereof, should be challenged or violated. I have always believed that the protection in time of peace within the States of all rights of person and citizen was of the powers reserved to the States. And so I still believe. Do gentlemen say that by so legislating [enforcing the Fourteenth Amendment] we would strike down the rights of the State? God forbid. Allow me, Mr. Speaker, in passing, to say that this amendment takes from no State any right that ever pertained to it. It [Fourteenth Amendment] takes from no State any right which hitherto pertained to the several States of the Union... Here Bingham repetitively makes clear the Fourteenth Amendment is not a grant of power upon Congress to strike down State rights -- and this is a very important limitation that allows States to enjoy the rights that had been retained by them and their citizens. For example, the States retained for themselves, in the words of Thomas Jefferson, "the right of judging how far the licentiousness of speech, and of the press, may be abridged without lessening their useful freedom, and how far those abuses which cannot be separated from their use, should be tolerated rather than the use be destroyed. And Jefferson further adds, "they [States]guarded against all abridgment, by the United States, of the freedom of religious principles and exercises, and retained to themselves the right of protecting the same, as this, stated by a law passed on the general demand of its citizens, had already protected them from all human restraint or interference. What Jefferson is talking about is the "privileges or immunities" of U.S. citizens in having the right to regulate religion, speech and the press. Congress cannot deny U.S. citizens guaranteed right to regulate religion, speech or the press through their own State government because such an act of denial is a violation all U.S. citizens "privileges or immunities" to do so through the Tenth Amendment. Bingham understood this better than anyone when he said the Fourteenth Amendment would nottake away from "any citizen of any State any right that belongs to him under the Constitution." There would have to be a deliberate attempt by a State to enact and enforce a law to deny US citizens complete freedom of speech that has no practical purpose other than to deny the freedom outright -- or a attempt to silence speech that targets only a specific class of US citizens based upon race. Non-citizens would have no constitutional right to bring about a complaint of speech abridgment since the privilege to do so is only given to US citizens under the Fourteenth. Bingham had also said during the debates that he had entered "upon no new construction," and"I follow this day, in its letter and its spirit" of the federal Constitution. So if we take Bingham's word at face value, it clearly means there is no attempt on his part to usurp the rights retained by the States and its citizens through the US Constitution. This would be further supported through Bingham's quoting of James Madison in saying, "The powers reserved to the several States will extend to all objects, which concern the lives, liberties and properties of the people." It should be noted that when James Madison originally framed the Bill of Rights he intended for them to be a direct prohibition against the States just as with Congress. This of course was rejected, and thus, is the rights States retained for themselves that Jefferson speaks of. How Bingham Defined Due Process, Equal Protection and More It is a tremendous aid for anyone to understand and apply the Fourteenth Amendment when they have a solid understanding of how the words and phrases may have been understood and used by those who were involved in its legislative process and ratification. We'll start with a notorious phrase that has been badly distorted and abused:Due Process of Law. During the debates, Rep. Andrew Rogers asked Bingham point blank: "what you mean by due process of law"? Bingham responded by saying, "I reply to the gentleman, the courts have settled that long ago, and the gentleman can go and read their decisions." Well the Courts viewed due process up to the year 1866 as meaning only one thing: procedural rules laid down in "the Constitution itself." In other words, the deprivation of life, liberty, or property simply meant the punishment for crime through due process of law. The requirements of due process would be met by fair procedure, including notice to the defendant and an open trial with the right to counsel. This effectively limits due process only to court proceedings (both criminal and civil) since the only procedureslaid down in the Bill of Rights pertaining to individuals is the procedure rights of the accused before the law. Such unambiguous understanding of due process is further supported by Alexander Hamilton when he said: "The words 'due process' have a precise technical import, and are only applicable to the process and proceedings of the courts of justice; they can never be referred to an act of legislature." It should also be pointed out that the Fourteenth's "due process" merely mimics the Fifth Amendment's due process and therefore the meaning of that clause in the Fifth controls the meaning in the Fourteenth. Because Bingham left a record indicating the understanding of the meaning of the term "due process" at the time of framing, expansive interpretations are forbidden under the theory of "substantive due process." Bingham himself quoted Chief Justice John Marshall as affirming that any new expansive powers that are neither expressly granted, or enumerated in the Constitution, is forbidden: "The Constitution of the United States is one of limited and expressly delegated powers which can only be exercised as granted, or in cases enumerated." James Garfield confirms all the above when he summarized the importance of the Fourteenth's due process clause: [there] is no power in either the State or the national government to deprive any person of those great fundamental rights on which all true freedom rests, the rights of life, liberty and property, except by due process of law; that is, by an impartial trial according to the laws of the land. Perhaps the most important definition Bingham provided us with was when he equated "equal protection of the laws" to the words of the Magna Charta 46th clause: "we will sell to no man, we will not deny or delay to any man right or justice. " Essentially what the phrase meant to the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause, according to Bingham, is that No State should "deny to any such person any right secured to him by the laws and treaties of the United States or of such State." What this means is this: you cannot claim a equal protection violation for a right not secured to you. If a right is only secured to "citizens," than there can be no claim to equal protection of that right by non-citizens. Law's which secure all persons without some distinction, such as citizenship, is a equally protected law for all persons -- such as laws that might center on public safety, and certainly criminal justice because the States must observe the Bill of Rights when it comes to depriving persons of their life, liberty or property for a violation of law. Bingham confirms this is the proper construction for the equal protection clause when he said the following: [T]he gentleman inquires, what does this mean [equal protection of the laws]? It ought to have occurred to the gentleman that it means that no State shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the Constitution of the United States, as that Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and, of course, that no State should deny to any such person any of the rights which it guaranties to all men, nor should any State deny to any such person any right secured to him either by the laws and treaties of the United States or of such State. Here Bingham confirms the interpretation of equal protection of the laws. The rights which are guaranteed to all men are the procedures of law as found in the Bill of Rights guaranteeing fair treatment in a court of law before you can be deprived of life, liberty or property for a violation of law -- so a State cannot, say, deny a public trial to blacks because that would be a equal protection violation for the reason a trial is a constitutional guarantee to all men. And of course Bingham confirms the State is only obligated to equal protection in regards to its own laws it actually secures to either all persons or specific groups of persons -- like lawful residents. And then we have the most influential man in Congress at the time, Thaddeus Stevens, Chairman of the Committee on Reconstruction, describing the meaning of equal protection of the laws this way: "Whatever law punishes a white man for a crime shall punish the black man precisely in the same way and to the same degree. Whatever law protects the white man shall afford "equal" protection to the black man. Simply stated, due process and equal protection of the laws is all about one thing and one thing only: Punishment of crimes against life, liberty or property or, the protection from crimes against life, liberty or property. Bingham also had defined privileges and immunities as those rights belonging to US citizens as expresslyenumerated in the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights. He defined the word immunity as a citizens "exemption from unequal burdens." Incorporation of The Bill of Rights: A Mess That Never Should Been It is difficult nowadays to have any discussion of the Fourteenth Amendment and not enter into a discussion of the Theory of Incorporation. Probably the most misunderstood comment by John Bingham that has helped fuel the controversy came some four years after the Fourteenth Amendment had been adopted, when Bingham rhetorically uttered: "These eight articles [Bill of Rights] I have shown never were limitations upon the power of the States, until made so by the Fourteenth Amendment. But moments later Bingham then says, "that no State shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, which are defined in the eight articles of amendment, and which were not a limitations on the power of the States before the fourteenth amendment made them limitations. And then a few moments later says: "in this discussion I have been necessarily compelled to speak of the powers of the national government and of the powers of the States, and have referred only incidentally to the provisions of the Constitution guarantying rights, privileges, and immunities to citizens of the United States. The only conclusion here that makes any sense and conforms with the actual text of the Amendment is that he is using the phrase Bill of Rights to broadly illustrate where the privileges or immunities of US citizens the Fourteenth speaks of can be found defined. Unfortunately, court justices like Hugo Black, refused to give neither John Bingham nor the Fourteenth Amendment legislative history a fair reading by basing entire jurisprudence on selected quotes used out of context. To justice Black's credit, he did believe correctly that the privileges and immunities of U.S. citizens were, as John Bingham states, "chiefly defined in the first eight amendments to the Constitution of the United States." But erred in assuming Bingham meant for the Fourteenth Amendment to force the entire Bill of Rights against the States jot for jot. Whenever Bingham spoke of the "Bill of Rights," he was not speaking of the entire provisions of the Bill of Rights to become a equal limitation upon the States as with Congress, but speaking of where the privileges or immunities of United States citizens could be found defined. It is much easier to just refer to the privileges or immunities as those found in the Bill of Rights rather than having to recite each pertaining one over and over again. Consider also what Bingham said on March 9, 1866: "...the enforcement of the bill of rights, touching the life, liberty, and property of every citizen..." See there? While he speaks in general terms of enforcement of the Bill of Rights, he then qualifies this general statement to specifically mean only those rights that belong to citizens (touching the life, liberty and property of every citizen), and not in the sense of the entire Bill of Rights jot for jot. Bingham, being an accomplished lawyer, would never had written the Fourteenth Amendment the way he did if it was merely to force the entire Bill of Rights against each State. Why go through the trouble by repeating the 5th Amendment "due process" clause if the entire Bill of Rights were to be a limitation upon the States? What is the point in having two duplicate "due process" clauses? Why would such a devoted Christian man, who after the adoption of the Amendment voted favorably for a bill to promote textbooks of Christian character in District of Columbia schools, or never to bring up a discussion of enforcing the "Establishment Clause" against the States during the entire legislative process? Furthermore, consider the text of the Fourteenth Amendment as it is found in the Constitution today -- speaks of privileges or immunities of US citizens, due process and equal protection -- not Bill of Rights. The ability to make or establish laws respecting religion is not a privilege or immunity of a US citizen since US citizens do not legislate and pass laws individually -- only legislative govt. bodies whom are elected by US citizens collectively do. Because of this you cannot make the Establishment Clause a limitation upon the States through privileges or immunities because it is not a individual privilege belonging to a US Citizen, which explains why the subject never came up during the debates. Chairman Thaddeus Stevens, when introducing Bingham's Amendment on May, 8, 1866, didn't consider the first section important at all, saying: "The second section I consider the most important in the article." Well now, if the first section of the Amendment somehow was intended to incorporate the Bill of Rights against the States WOULDhad made the first section the most important section of the entire article (not to mention would had made for a real cat and dog fight to pass such a thing in both the House and Senate.) Recall Bingham pronounced over and over that his Amendment impairs no rights that belonged to the States; you cannot apply the entire Bill of Rights jot for jot against the States and not disturb some reserved State right. Not only has this left the theory of incorporation on life support for too many years -- but had been declared by Bingham himself to be dead on arrival. The Fourteenth Amendment Enforcement Clause We now come to the enforcement clause, which is Section 5 that reads: "The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article." The discussion so far has paved the way for the reader to better understand how Bingham and the State legislatures who ratified the Amendment understood how enforcement was intended to be carried out by "appropriate legislation." We have learned through the text and its history that the Fourteenth Amendment directly "excerpts its force" upon the States with no power delegated to Congress to exert any power over the States. Instead, Congress was delegated only corrective powers. When it comes to privileges or immunities, the restriction and enforcement is pretty self-evident and clear: Only when a law is enacted and enforced would it might trigger review under the Fourteenth Amendment. Because the Fourteenth Amendment was prohibited from interfering with reserved State rights, most controversies arising under the First Amendment is not enough to trigger Fourteenth Amendment review unless there is a clear attempt to outright deny speech or prohibit religious exercises, etc., through enacted State laws for this purpose. Recall the chairman of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, which was responsible for the drafting and language of the Fourteenth Amendment, Thaddeus Stevens, said: [B]ut the Constitution limits only the actions of Congress, and is not a limitation on the States. This amendment supplies that defect, and allows Congress to correct the unjust legislation of the States. Bingham follows up two days later to confirm the same thing: [T]he great want of the citizens and stranger; protection by national law from unconstitutional State enactment's, is supplied by the first section of this amendment. That is the extent it hath, no more. Here both Stevens and Bingham cut right to the chase and tells us in clear language what the understanding the Joint Committee had in regards to the scope of the Amendments enforcement: to correct unjust State enactment's! What is important to point out here is the purpose was to allow "Congress to correct the unjust legislation of the States," conforms gracefully and without conflict with the textual language of the Amendment that says "no state shall make or enforce any law." The keywords here are "make" and "enforce" laws. In other words, if a State is not enforcing any laws that has been made, there can be no Fourteenth Amendment conflict when it comes to privileges or immunities. Next we come to the prohibition that reads: ...nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Here the keywords are "deprive" and "due process." Combined as they are they could only mean one thing at the time: the taking of life, liberty or property for violation of law. Recall our earlier discussion on "due process" when applied to a deprivation of either life, liberty, or property simply meant the procedures leading to punishment. The requirements of "due process" would be met by fair procedure, including notice to the defendant and an open trial before a jury of peers. Recall also "equal protection of the laws" was understood to mean that no one was to be deprived of rights secured to them under either laws, treaties or the Constitution. The only question that arises under this prohibition is whether a person is being deprived by State action of some right secured to them. An alien would not have an equal protection argument if they were denied say; a driver’s license or a free education since these are generally privileges secured only to US citizens by the States. With the above said, lets now turn to who is targeted for punishment for violations of the provisions of section 1. If you assume States get punished you would be in for a mild surprise. Consider the following statements by Bingham: Quote #1: [Y]ou have the express power to define the punishment of treason; the express power to punish the counterfeiting of coin or securities of the United States; the express power to define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; exclusive legislative power within the this District; express powers to govern all Territories; but where is the express power to define and punish crimes committed in any State by its official officersin violation of the rights of citizens and persons as declared in the Constitution? And from what expressly delegated power in the Constitution can any such power be implied? Quote #2: [P]assing the anti-slavery amendment, is there any one prepared to say that the bill of rights confers express legislative power on Congress to punish State officersfor a willful and corrupt disregard of their oaths and oppressive and flagrantly unjust violations of the declared rights of every citizen and every free man in every free State? Quote #3: [q]uestion is, simply, whether you will give by this [fourteenth] amendment to the people of the United States, the power, by legislative enactment, to punish officials of Statesfor violation of the oaths enjoined upon them? That is the question and the whole question. Quote #4: [S]tate legislature or State court, or State Executive, has any right to deny protection to any free citizen of the United States within their limits in the rights of life, liberty and property. It should be apparent that the Fourteenth Amendment targeted only State officers for enforcement and not private individuals. Consider also that Bingham believed that the "United States punishes men, not States, for a violation of its law." In addressing a civil rights bill at the same time of his proposed Fourteenth Amendment, Bingham had this to say: [You] propose to make it a penal offense for the judges of the States to obey the Constitution and laws of their States, and for their obedience thereto to punish them by fine and imprisonment as felons. I deny your power to do this. You cannot make and official act, done under color of law, and without criminal intent and from a sense of public duty, a crime. In another statement highlighting the enforcement provisions of the Amendment, Bingham says: They [States] elect their legislatures; they enact their laws for the punishment of crimes against life, liberty, or property; but in the event of the adoption of this [fourteenth] amendment, if they conspire together to enact laws refusing equal protection to life, liberty, or property, the Congress is thereby vested with power to hold them to answer before the bar of the national courts for the violation of their oaths and of the rights of their fellow men. Bingham spells out again the sole power sought for Congress was to hold State officers to the bar of the national courts for willful violation of their oaths against their fellow citizens -- not private individuals. When he said, "conspire together," he was referring to southern States coming together to conspire against newly freed black slaves. The court has attempted to circumvent the Fourteenth's limitations by holding the States responsible for private conduct in such areas as discrimination. This has been feeble at best because the Fourteenth Amendment language and legislative history extends no such powers, directly or indirectly over private conduct -- only does it with State enforcement of enacted laws or from the denial of a right secured to any person, such as a right to due process of law for the taking of their life, liberty or property for a violation of law. The phrase "appropriate legislation" meant to simply declare through national laws that it was inappropriate for States to make and enforce laws that could lead to a denial of a guaranteed right or unequal protection of the laws by State officers in enforcing such laws. Let's take a look at how Congress enforced the provisions of Sec. 5 a few years later by the same people who were responsible for the Amendment's passage. Below is H.R. 320, a proposed 1871 bill to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That any person who, under color of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage of any State, shall subject, or cause to be subjected, any person within the jurisdiction of the United States to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution of the United States, shall, any such law, statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage of the State to the contrary notwithstanding, be liable to the party injured in any action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress; such proceeding to be prosecuted in the several district or circuit courts of the United States, with and subject to the same rights of appeal, review upon error, and other remedies provided in like cases in such courts, under the provisions of the act the ninth of April, eighteen hundred and sixty-six, entitled "An act to protect all persons in the United States in their civil rights, and to furnish the means of their vindication," and the other remedial laws of the United States which are in their nature applicable in such cases. Basically this reaffirms what should already be very apparent to the reader: The Fourteenth Amendment targeted State actors under the "color of law" while providing for remedy through federal courts to any unconstitutional denial by the enforcement of enacted laws. It is important to note that when addressing H.R. 320, Bingham made this comment: Mr. Speaker, this House may safely follow the example of the makers of the Constitution and the builders of the Republic, by passing laws for enforcing all the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, as guarantied by the amended Constitution and expressly enumerated in the Constitution. Note the phrase "expressly enumerated" here; if the right is not "expressly enumerated," then it isn't a Fourteenth Amendment protected provision federal courts are allowed to review under Section 5. If courts were allowed a free-hand to find "new hidden" unremunerated rights than the entire concept of reserved State rights would be rendered meanness and open to judicial abuse -- perhaps leading to citizens being deprived of their sacred right to determine for themselves what new protected rights to accept. What It Means We can summarize the above as follows: 1) The Fourteenth Amendment did not empower Congress to invade reserved State rights or give Congress legislative power over private conduct within the States. 2) The Fourteenth Amendment targeted only State officers for possible punishment for unjust legislation and enforcement, not the State itself or private parties. 3) Enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment was limited to providing remedy through federal courts to "correct unjust legislation" of the States. 4) States retained all rights as they had enjoyed before the adoption of the Fourteenth in defining and administering their laws, no matter how unjust as long as their laws were equally applied to all persons before a tribunal for either the protection or punishment of laws against life, liberty or property 5) The words of James Madison as quoted by Bingham that the "powers reserved to the several States will extend to all objects which concern the lives, liberties and properties of the people," was reaffirmed by Bingham. 6) Due process of law was inserted to highlight the principle that no life, liberty or property should be taken without process of law before a tribunal for any person. 7) Fourteenth Amendment provided neither direct or implied jurisdiction over State Establishment issues to federal courts. Knowing what we know now about the Amendment, it is clear how the Fourteenth can be applied in every day life. The first question that should always be whenever a controversy arises under the provisions of the Fourteenth is whether the State is exercising a reserved State right? If the answer is yes, and there is no enforcement of some enacted law than that pretty much ends the discussion. Next question should be: has there been a law made by a State that when enforced denies someone some privilege, say, a right to speech? If there is a enacted law involved, the question than is whether the State is exercising a retained right to regulate, say speech or, is the law made to simply deprive a certain class of citizens some enumerated constitutional guarantee? Remember that State rights were preserved by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Fourteenth Amendment does not require that State laws be fair or just, only that the laws secured to all persons be equally applied to "all persons" and that punishment or protection of life, liberty or property also must be equally applied to all persons. Example: A law that says no persons can walk in the park after sundown must be enforced against all persons -- not selectively allowing say, persons with red hair, while enforcing the law against all other hair colors. Additionally, a law that says only persons with red hair can be in the park after sundown can be enforced against anyone except redheads, and thus, can be enforced without running afoul with the equal protection clause. The reason should be obvious by now: you cannot complain of an unequal protection violation under Bingham's construction for something that has not either been secured to you or, has nothing to do with punishment or protection of life, liberty or property. If there is to be a challenge it would have to come under the States own Constitution or local laws because the Fourteenth concerns itself with either the "punishment of crimes against life, liberty, or property" or the protection against crimes of life, liberty, or property. Furthermore, a State cannot make a law that leads to unequal punishment for the taking of life, liberty or property based upon hair color, skin color, gender, etc. Example: A State cannot make a death penalty for rape for black persons and only 10 years in jail for white persons. The procedures of law found in the Bill of Rights is considered a right belonging to all persons before they can be deprived of life, liberty or property, and therefore, must be equally applied to all. Likewise, a State cannot enact a law that protects only white persons against murder while ignoring blacks because the protection against crimes of life, liberty and property must be enforced "equally." People of a State are free to define what liberties they choose to grant for their fellow citizens or non-residents beyond the fundamental ones outlined in the Bill of Rights and made a limitation upon them by the Fourteenth -- could easily make it a "liberty" for anyone to be in any park after sundown, for example. This is bedrock Fourteenth Amendment principles. Consider also that these basic principles is how visitors or tourists from other countries are protected by our laws once here against assault's on their life, the taken of their liberty (slavery) or the taking of their personal property -- but at the same time granting them no right under the Fourteenth to claim equal protection of the laws to obtain a drivers license, vote, right to own firearms, Medicare, etc. Securing of all person's safety in regards to their life, liberty or property along with due process of the law for the punishment of violations of our laws made criminal is what is demanded under the Fourteenth Amendment's first section. City ordinances generally do not fall under the Fourteenth Amendment for a number of important reasons -- mainly because these laws are not targeted towards individual criminal actions where individuals stand to be deprived of life, liberty or property made criminal -- but only targeted towards the safety, welfare or preservation of the community as a whole. You cannot argue you have a Fourteenth Amendment liberty to raise 100 hogs in your cul-de-sac front yard when the framers could not find the liberty to a right to vote and had to add a separate Amendment to secure this right. I should also note that illegal alien apprehension has little Fourteenth Amendment considerations. This is true mainly because the objective of either local or federal government is the return of alien's to their country of origin or, failing that, return to the point were they had entered illegally. Generally speaking, local or federal government do not look to impose punishment against either the life, liberty or property of a alien, and the fact a alien has no secured right under the US Constitution to illegally remain in the country, the govt. can detain them till they can be removed and not run afoul with either the due process or equal protection clauses. On the other hand, if the government attempts to imprison, fine a alien for being in the country illegally, that is, impose criminal sanctions against a alien, then the alien would have to be afforded due process before punishment for the crime of illegal entry is imposed. Most all cases that could trigger Fourteenth Amendment considerations will mostly deal with defendants before a court of law since most of the privileges or immunities deals with process of law before someone can be deprived of life, liberty or property. Due process describes such a procedure as we have learned. So here, the really bigquestion that will likely always be raised is whether the person has been accused of violating some criminal law and stands to be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law? A presumed right to abortion won't make the burden under the Fourteenth primarily because it is neither an protected enumerated guarantee nor is it something that stands to be lost as punishment for a crime. Since the Supreme Court has no enumerated right under the Constitution to create new constitutional rights -- the right to abortion falls squarely under State jurisdiction and its citizens. Furthermore, if someone claims they are being deprived of equal protection of the laws, the question than is what right that has been secured to them by State law, treaty or the US Constitution is being denied to them? Since the US Constitution was not intended to be the peoples source for everyday individual rights and liberties, we must than focus on local law. If it can be determined that a person is being deprived of some right/law of the State that is intended for the protection of life, liberty or property does the issue come under the light of the Fourteenth Amendment. The sole purpose of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment was to protect people against unconstitutional State enactment's while also leaving the States their retained rights under their constitutional compact. Because of this, a law or act that merely appears to run afoul with the First Amendment is not enough. There would have to be a clear attempt of outright denial targeted to a specific class of citizens through legislative enactment and enforcement because other wise a State is merely exercising a protected reserved right. And finally, the reader might wonder what about current federal laws? Congress isn't exactly known to be a body of law when it comes to exercising its limited constitutional grants of powers with little oversight from the US Supreme Court. Consider the following opinion delivered by justice Kennedy in City of Boerne v. P.F. Flores, Archbishop of San Antonio (521 U.S. 507 (1997)): Under our Constitution, the Federal Government is one of enumerated powers. The judicial authority to determine the constitutionality of laws, in cases and controversies, is based on the premise that the "powers of the legislature are defined and limited; and that those limits may not be mistaken, or forgotten, the constitution is written." Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803). Unfortunately, the court like with Congress, only adheres to these supreme principles when they find it convenient. Until the day comes when we have sitting Supreme Court justices who will be willing to seriously reconsider years of unconstitutional power expansion -- a expansion with a $8 trillion (and growing) federal deficit to show for constitutional abandonment -- can both Congress and the court begin to say "we are a nation of law" with a straight face.	msmarco_doc_00_4899744
http://14thchanceryms.com/	Mississippi 14th Chancery Court	Welcome to our web site for the Fourteenth Chancery Court District for the State of Mississippi! Welcome to our web site for the Fourteenth Chancery Court District for the State of Mississippi!	Mississippi 14th Chancery Court Home Our Team Jurisdiction Links/Resources Calendar ( Register) Contact Us Welcome to our web site for the Fourteenth Chancery Court District for the State of Mississippi! The State of Mississippi is divided into twenty Chancery Court districts. The Fourteenth Chancery Court District includes Chickasaw, Clay, Lowndes, Noxubee, Oktibbeha and Webster Counties. Please note that the calendar information provided is intended for attorney use only and requires a User ID and Password. To request a User ID and Password, please click on the Register link beside the Calendar link on the left-hand side of this page and complete the registration form. After you have submitted the form, you will receive an e-mail containing your User ID and an assigned Password. If you wish to do so, you may log in to the site and change your Password. The emphasis of our site is on providing information to attorneys practicing in the Fourteenth District that will facilitate them in handling and expediting the cases before the Court. Please check this site frequently as we are constantly updating the site to provide information to serve you more efficiently. In the meantime, if you wish to coordinate a court date for Judge Drungole-Ellis and/or Judge Faver, please contact Molly Jackson at (662) 323-5130, by fax at (662) 338-1068, or by sending email here. If you wish to coordinate a court date for Judge Studdard, please contact Cindy Strickland at (662) 329-5844, by fax at (662) 241-1913, or by sending email here. We look forward to hearing from you. CLICK HERE FOR INFORMATION ON THE UPCOMING FREE LEGAL CLINIC	msmarco_doc_00_4966037
http://15.what-are-the-factors.com/	What Are the Factors of 15?	What Are the Factors of 15? What Are the Factors of 15?	What Are the Factors of 15? What Are the Factors of 15? The factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, 15. Calcating the factors of 15 is straightforward. 1 and 15 are the first two factors. Try 1. 1 x 15 = 15, so put these into our factor list. 1 ... 15 Take 2... no good. 15/2 isn't a whole number. So we skip 2. Now take 3. 3 x 5 = 15, so now we put these in our list of factors. 1 3 ... 5 15 Next try 4... no luck. 15/4 isn't a whole number. So we skip 4. Now, since we don't have any more numbers to try, we're done! 1 3 5 15 ... What Are the Factors of 1? What Are the Factors of 2? What Are the Factors of 3? What Are the Factors of 4? What Are the Factors of 5? What Are the Factors of 6? What Are the Factors of 7? What Are the Factors of 8? What Are the Factors of 9? What Are the Factors of 10? What Are the Factors of 11? What Are the Factors of 12? What Are the Factors of 13? What Are the Factors of 14? What Are the Factors of 15? What are the prime factors of 15? What is the prime factorization of 15 ? What Are the Factors of 16? What Are the Factors of 17? What Are the Factors of 18? What Are the Factors of 19? What Are the Factors of 20? What Are the Factors of 21? What Are the Factors of 22? What Are the Factors of 23? What Are the Factors of 24? What Are the Factors of 25? What Are the Factors of 26? What Are the Factors of 27? What Are the Factors of 28? What Are the Factors of 29? What Are the Factors of 30? What Are the Factors of 31? What Are the Factors of 32? What Are the Factors of 33? What Are the Factors of 34? What Are the Factors of 35? What Are the Factors of 36? What Are the Factors of 37? What Are the Factors of 38? What Are the Factors of 39? What Are the Factors of 40? What Are the Factors of 41? What Are the Factors of 42? What Are the Factors of 43? What Are the Factors of 44? What Are the Factors of 45? ... Try another number: Need help finding the factors of 15? It's easy! Here you go: the factors of 15 are 1, 3... Randy Tayler \| randytayler@gmail.com	msmarco_doc_00_4968038
http://150.extensionfile.net/			File extension 150 is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 150. Here is some information which will get you started. Open 150 File Open 150 File To open 150 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 150 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 150. Here is some information which will get you started. How to Open 150 file To see if you have an application which support 150 file format you need to double click on the file. This will either open it with matching application or Windows will suggest you to look for an application for file extension 150 either on web or on local computer. If there is no application on your computer which can open 150 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 150 files. What is 150 File? File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 150 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix). These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files. 150 File Applications If you know which application opens file extension 150 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form. For more information on how to open 150 files read other articles on this website. Open 150 File on Windows Operating System Find a 150 file in question in Windows OS File Explorer and double click on it to launch the correpsonding application. If a 150 file is not opened in an application and you instead get a "Windows can't open a file" error message you should try looking for an application which can open the file in question. If you know the application which can open 150 file then run it and see if there is a File->Open main menu option in the application. If you don't know the application which can open 150 file then try to search for "150 wiki", "application to open 150 file" or "open 150 file" queries in the search engine you like. Install the application you found and check if it can open 150 file Rate 150 filepage: 54321 4/5based on 23ratings Populating this website with information and maintaining it is an ongoing process. We always welcome feedback and questions that can be submitted by visiting Contact Us page. However since there are many users visiting this website and because our team is quite small we may not be able to follow up personally on every request. Thank you for your understanding. Open 150 file article translations For more general information about how to open 150 files, file extension 150 and registry you can read one of the following articles: Windows registry- Windows registry is included in modern Windows operating systems to replace the older INI files which also contained system configuration. Let's concentrate on the structure and purpose of Windows System Registry, review some possible attacks to it and ways to avoid them... Folders, files and paths- Files are the entries or information stored on your computer. These are represented by binary coding and written on the tracks on a disk. Files are often represented by distinct icons, a normal practice done by Microsoft with their products including system files for their series of operating systems... What are file extensions? - File extensions are unnoticed yet are very crucial parts of the computer world. But many are still unaware of the basic foundation and principles behind the remarkable wonders of computers... © Copyright 2021 extensionfile.net Privacy Policy. Terms of Service	msmarco_doc_00_4970308
http://150.parks.ca.gov/	California State Parks - 150 Anniversary	In 2014, California State Parks turns 150 years old! Welcome... In 2014, California State Parks turns 150 years old! Wonder & Inspiration Adventure & Excitement Vision & Dedication History & Heritage A Promise to the Future	California State Parks - 150 Anniversary A GIFT FROM THE PEOPLE TO THE PEOPLE "Everybody needs beauty as well as bread, places to play in and pray in, where nature may heal and give strength to body and soul." --John Muir WONDER & INSPIRATION Marvel at our state parks scenes—from dramatic surf to faraway treetops to battling elephant seals to endangered birds to insects scurrying along a grass blade ADVENTURE & EXCITEMENT Wind down from the plethora of recreational adventures in our state parks with a serene night sleeping under the stars after a campfire program. VISION & DEDICATION Farsighted groups and partners join committed employees and generous volunteers to move each of our state parks from concept to reality. HISTORY & HERITAGE Irreplaceable cultural landmarks—from Native California Indian grinding rocks to forts and missions to mansions—are preserved for posterity in our state parks. A PROMISE TO THE PEOPLE "In our every deliberation, we must consider the impact of our decisions on the next seven generations." —Great Law of the Iroquois Confederacy 0 1 2 3 4 5 Welcome... Welcome to California State Parks' 150th Anniversary website! During 2014, we are observing the birth of our State Park System and the beginning of the park movement. This sesquicentennial allows us to reflect on, learn from and share our history with all Californians. We are planning an amazing variety of events throughout the state and I invite you to join us and attend activities in your favorite state parks. Please watch our website, follow us on social media, and stay tuned as we commemorate this momentous occasion. In 2014, California State Parks turns 150 years old! California State Parks commemorates the 1864 establishment of the first state park in the world. On June 30, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill granting 39,000 acres of Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Big Tree Grove to the State of California. Never before had land been set aside to protect its natural state for the public to enjoy. This historic legislation was the beginning of not only the California State Park System, but the national park idea we know today. As we commemorate our 150th birthday, we will continue to add information—so please check back to see what is new during this exciting time in our history. Wonder & Inspiration Marvel at our state parks scenes — from dramatic surf to faraway treetops to battling elephant seals to endangered birds to insects scurrying along a grass blade. Click here to learn more about natural wonders in California state parks. Adventure & Excitement Wind down from the plethora of recreational adventures in our state parks with a serene night sleeping under the stars after a campfire program. Click here for more activities and interpretive programs in California's state parks. Vision & Dedication Farsighted groups and partners join committed employees and generous volunteers to move each of our state parks from concept to reality. Click here to learn about the pioneers, founders, volunteers and staff of California State Parks. History & Heritage Irreplaceable cultural landmarks—from Native California Indian grinding rocks to forts and missions to mansions—are preserved for posterity in our state parks. Click here for historic preservation and landmarks in California State Parks. A Promise to the Future “In our every deliberation, we must consider the impact of our decisions on the next seven generations.” —Great Law of the Iroquois Confederacy Click here to learn more about the future of California State Parks.	msmarco_doc_00_4974827
http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/11/03/the-different-loves-in-midsummers-nights-dream/	» The different loves in Midsummer’s night’s dream. ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction	ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction The different loves in Midsummer’s night’s dream. November 3, 2011 Leave a Reply	» The different loves in Midsummer’s night’s dream. ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction A qwriting.qc.cuny.edu blog Home Schedule Syllabus The different loves in Midsummer’s night’s dream. November 3, 2011 In the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare portrays four different kinds of love forced love, parental love, romantic love and complicated love. In the beginning of the play we see a forced love between Theseus and Hippolyta the queens of the Amazons. Theseus mentions in act 1 “I wooed thee with my sword, To portray that he won her with his sword as in the battle to win her love. In Act 5 scene 1, Hippolyta says “My Theseus”, this shows she is willing to marry him. We readers are not sure if both of these characters are really in love or marrying because Theseus has won a battle. Throughout the story it seems that His love for Hippolyta had probably grown for her and leading both of them being married, since he understood the four lovers love between Hermia, Helena, Demetrius, and Lysander with one another. This probability made him vulnerable to the effects of love people have for one another. Another type of love Shakespeare shows is parental love, Egeus and Hermia. Egeus seems to appear very commanding and strict. His character represents that the father has the right of way and the boss. The reason being is even though Hermia is madly in love with Lysander he refuses them to marry. Egeus prefers Demetrius to marry her, since he believes that he is best suited for her. In my opinion I believe the reason Egues might not want his daughter to marry Lysander is because he might not know him very well. He probably knows Demetrius better as a character and, since he knows him very well. maybe in Egeus’s mind he seems to be best suited for her. Also every father wants the best for their daughter and wants them to be happy. He might believe that Demetrius will bring happiness to her more than Lysander because since he knows him well than Lysander in his eyes he’s the perfect man for her. Even though every father wants their daughter to be happy they should listen to her too rather than making their own decisions. True love is also expressed in this play between Hermia and Lysander’s. Even though Egeus demands his daughter to marry Demetrius but she refuses and runs away with Lysander. Despite the obstacles the couple had to face, between Hermia’s father refusing Lysander to marry her and Lysander and Demetrius fighting over her because they both love her. Hermia’s and Lysander’s love succeeds in the end this shows true love is strong and cannot be ignored and with determination it prevails. Another love that is classified in the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare is complicated love. In this play four young adults are madly in love with each other but there are an imbalance of the love each one has for each other. Hermia loves Lysander, Lysander loves Hermia, Helena loves Demetrius, and Demetrius loves Hermia instead of Helena. This is a very complicated love because we have the romantic couple who are madly in love Lysander and Hermia but, yet Helena is madly in love with Demetrius but doesn’t have eyes for her. These love relations between one another become even more complicated between these young people because punk accidently applies the love potion to Lysander’s eyelids which once he awakes see’s Helena and falls in love with her the same love potion was applied to Demetrius’s eyelids who also falls in love with Helena once he awakes. Both of them being in love with Hermia confuses Helena and Hermia. Yet towards the end all four young adults get what they wanted. Hermia is with Lysander and Helena with Demetrius. It seems that Shake spear is trying to show the reader that love could go around in circles and become complicated but yet if one tries you can succeed in love. Shakespeare presents many different kinds of love in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. his famous quote “The course of true love never did run smooth,” shows that Love experiences its up and downs. The way I see what he shows us readers is that love is in a way connected to life because life is very unpredictable since no one’s what will happen tomorrow in a way love is the same way it is very unpredictable because you never know where is might end up. Just like in the play who knew if Hermia and Lysander will end up together nor Helena and Demetrius but yet they did. Posted by fpyros22 Filed in Uncategorized 3 Comments » cindy said: November 4th, 2011 at 11:32 pm In reality, people also have all kinds of love stories.Some people can get love easily, and then live happily after; some people have to pursue love but hardly keep it.It’s amazing to see love change people’s life. jenny abeles said: November 4th, 2011 at 11:48 pm Hi Filitsa. I think that pointing out that there is more than one kind of love is very important, and you’ve done a good job discussing these in the context of Shakespeare’s play. Why do you think Shakespeare riddles his play with so many kinds of love? What is his message? fpyros22 said: November 5th, 2011 at 1:02 am I think what hes trying to portray is different emotions of love such as their could be true love but also love that is not real, but infatuation. or he could also be sending a message to us readers that there is not only one love that exits in life, there are more loves out their that are shown in many different ways and that each love could have its ups and down falls since love is very unpredictable we don’t know where it might end up. Leave a Reply	msmarco_doc_00_4978881
http://151fantasyfiction.qwriting.qc.cuny.edu/2011/12/02/beowulfs-three-battles/	» Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction	ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction Beowulf’s three battles December 2, 2011	» Beowulf’s three battles ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction ENGL.151W Fantasy Fiction A qwriting.qc.cuny.edu blog Home Schedule Syllabus Beowulf’s three battles December 2, 2011 Grendel is one of the three monsters that Beowulf, the protagonist, fights. He is a descendent of Cain. Because the sins originated from Cain, the descendants of Cain were banished by God for murdering his brother named, Abel, and he lived lonely in dark and cold cave. The reason why he attack the Heorot is that he felt rage and angry after hearing that, under Hrothgar, the Danes loudly celebrating military success in Heorot. People were gathered to have meads and to listen to songs of bards. The initiation of the attack was started from mixture of the human emotions: sadness with loneliness and some sort of jealousy. The poem described him as a “demon”. It was written that Grendel grabbed thirty of the men and took them back to his lair. It explains how strong and big he is. Grendel returned the next night and caused more victims. Also, it explains that the “whole world” hears the Grendel’s rage and the murder he brings on to the Danes. He was so angry that he refused to terminate his slaughter even for gold. The Danes even made offering for pagan gods for help. That was where Beowulf, bravest and wisest man, was intrigued to sail to Heorot to defeat Grendel. He was described as the man who knows no failure. There are three major battles that Beowulf fights against: with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the Dragon. The first battle is between the Grendel and Beowulf. The battle begins with the attack of the Grendel in late night. It was described in very graphic battle. I think the battle between Beowulf and the Grendel is to test Beowulf’s physical strength by deafing the Grendel. After Grendel devoured a couple of Beowulf’s men, he arrived at Beowul’s bedside. He laid his hand on Beowulf then Beowulf grabed a hold of Grende. He was playing smart to be awakened and to wait for him. Grendel sliped on the blood of one of his victims and Beowulf twisted his arm. He tears Grendel’s arm off. I think the first battle represents Beowulf’s youth life. He fights for fame and to prove his bravery by defeating the monster. He also wanted to show off what he had done. Beowulf says, “I swam in the Blackness of night, hunting monsters out of the ocean, and killing them one by one; death was my errand and the fate they had earned” The second battle is between Beowulf and Grendel’s mother. Grendel’s mother is very masculine figure. When she attacked men in the mead hall, she showed no sign of logic but showed aggressiveness that much of like a warrior. Grendel’s mother attacked the mead hall to take a revenge on the death of her son, Grendel. She took one of his men. In order to go fight with the mother, Beowulf had to venture into her lake based home. He shows more defensive while he was fighting. He represents his adult stage in the battle with the Grendel’s mother. It also makes him more hero when he ventures into the lake to reach to the Grendel’s mother. The last battle is between Beowulf and the dragon that occurs after fifty has passed. The battle with the dragon represents the end of his life. He was eighty years old by the time the battle occurred. The dragon had a great treasure. As a payment to the king of the Dane, he decided to fight with the dragon. The battle with the dragon symbolically represents the opposite traits of being a good king. It represents greedy and destruction. The drgaon was fire breathing and melted the swords. Beowulf left with 11men however everyone ran away except Beowulf and Wiglaf. Fortunately, they were able to defeat the dragon but Beowulf faced the death. Posted by db405 Filed in Uncategorized 1 Comment »	msmarco_doc_00_4985084
http://155.extensionfile.net/	Open 155 File	Open 155 File Open 155 File How to Open 155 file What is 155 File? 155 File Applications	Open 155 File Open 155 File To open 155 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 155 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 155. Here is some information which will get you started. How to Open 155 file To see if you have an application which support 155 file format you need to double click on the file. This will either open it with matching application or Windows will suggest you to look for an application for file extension 155 either on web or on local computer. If there is no application on your computer which can open 155 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 155 files. What is 155 File? File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 155 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix). These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files. 155 File Applications If you know which application opens file extension 155 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form. For more information on how to open 155 files read other articles on this website.	msmarco_doc_00_4989306
http://1587510142.rsc.cdn77.org/RRoom/researchsheets/460S&WMagnum-LOADDATAKKempa.pdf		Bullet	Bullet .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel .460 S&W Magnum LOAD DATA: 8-3/8" XVR Revolver and 12" Encore Pressure Barrel Bullet OAL Load # Powder Grains FPS Pressure- PSI, Oehler M-43 Ft Lbs 5-shot ave @ 25 yds Comments 12" Encore FPS 200-gr Hornady SST Factory Load 2.275 FACTORY FACTORY 2,183 52,600 2,117 1.12 Good for open country deer- offers very rapid expansion (light to medium game) 2,624 200-gr Barnes XPB, CorBon Factory Load 2.290 2 FACTORY FACTORY 2,247 55,800 2,243 0.64 Deeper penetrating, for close or moderate range. Better bullet for hogs or elk (medium + sized game) 2,567 200-gr Barnes XPB 2.290 3 H110 50.0 2,085 n/a 1,931 0.86 Similar to CorBon factory load n/a 240-gr XTP, Hornady .454 Casull Fac. Load 1.742 4 FACTORY FACTORY 1,761 45,500 1,653 n/a .454 Casull factory load fired in 460 chamber 1,999 250-gr Barnes XPB 2.195 5 H110 41.0 1,742 52,600 1,685 1.09 Less severe muzzle blast and flash than factory loads- good for deer, hogs or elk. 4-shots into 0.43" 2,122 265-gr WFN GC, Cast Performance Bullet 2.086 6 Nitro 100 14.0 1,301 41,000 996 1.58 Low recoil lead bullet load 1,451 265-gr WFN GC, Cast Performance Bullet 2.086 7 Nitro 100 16.0 1,404 46,600 1,160 0.95 Good light load similar to .44 Magnum 1,562 265-gr WFN GC, Cast Performance Bullet 2.086 8 Blue Dot 27.0 1,699 52,600 1,699 0.50 Very accurate cast bullet load- good for hunting to 100+ yards 1,948 300-gr Hornady XTP 2.164 9 H110 39.0 1,589 56,500 1,682 0.94 Accurate, fast and powerful 2,023 300-gr Hornady XTP 2.164 10 H4227 36.5 1,580 52,600 1,663 1.16 1,925 300-gr Hornady XTP 2.164 11 1680 43.3 1,543 40,300 1,586 0.80 Best accuracy with bullet, with the lowest pressure also 1,883 300-gr Hornady XTP 2.164 12 5744 37.5 1,467 49,100 1,434 0.89 Accurate moderate load 1,778 335-gr WLN GC Cast Performance Bullet 2.178 13 H110 39.0 1,661 52,600 2,053 2.90 Need to retest- fast, but not accurate 1,965 335-gr WLN GC Cast Performance Bullet 2.178 14 H4227 35.8 1,586 46,600 1,872 2.06 1,832 335-gr WLN GC Cast Performance Bullet 2.178 15 1680 42.1 1,490 31,700 1,652 0.87 Accurate: 3-shots into 0.59". Lowest pressure for this bullet 1,757 335-gr WLN GC Cast Performance Bullet 2.178 16 5744 36.2 1,480 48,800 1,630 1.24 3-shots into 0.44" 1,735 360-gr WLN GC Cast Performance Bullet 2.178 17 H110 36.6 1,577 50,200 1,988 1.42 Most powerful, heavy cast bullet load. 4-shots into 0.71" 1,844 360-gr WLN GC Cast Performance Bullet 2.178 18 H4227 33.7 1,524 55,900 1,857 0.67 Fast, powerful and accurate 1,781 Oehler M-43 chronograph/pressure system used to record velocities/ pressures. All loads use standard large rifle primers, and Starline brass. Reduce all loads by 10%, then work up.	msmarco_doc_00_4991542
http://15c3-3.com/index.html			For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser.	msmarco_doc_00_4997302
http://15daysinjapan.com/day-11/the-miyajima-island/	The Miyajima Island • 15 Days in Japan	The Miyajima Island The Miyajima Island	The Miyajima Island • 15 Days in Japan The Miyajima Island On my day trip around Hiroshima I took the tram to the Atomic Bomb Dome and then a ferry to the Miyajima Island. The actual name of the island is Itsukushima, but people call it Miyajima which means “Shrine Island”. The Atomic Bomb Dome is the only building that stood after the atomic bombings attack. It has since become known as the Hiroshima Peace Memorial. Miyajima Island On the island, there is a soft piano song playing on the speakers when you arrive. It is quite magical. And the entire island is inhabited by deers. Green tea ice cream. I went back to the station. Picked up my backpack from the station lockers and took a train to Kyoto. After I arrived to my Ryokan, my home for the next couple of days, I went to get some dinner at a local ramen bar and started preparing for the following day.	msmarco_doc_00_4997566
http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/casualwearinahurry/fr/Tide-Laundry-Pods-Review.htm	Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide	Tide Laundry Pods Review Tide Laundry Pods Review How the Tide Pods Work How to Use Tide Pods Are Tide Pods Effective? Are the Tide Pods Right for You? Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers	Tide Pods Laundry Detergent Review and Usage Guide Entertainment Fashion & Style Tide Laundry Pods Review Share PINTEREST Email Austin Kirk/Flickr Fashion & Style Do It Yourself Accessories Tops & Sweaters Dresses Skirts Jeans Pants Outerwear Lingerie & Swimwear Shoes Skincare Advice Makeup Hair Fragrance Tattoos and Body Piercings Kids and Teens Bumps & Babies Learn More By Anne Fritz Freelance Writer Syracuse University Anne L. Fritz is a New York-based freelancer writer and copywriter with over 10 years of experience in fashion and beauty. our editorial process LinkedIn LinkedIn Anne Fritz Updated March 13, 2018 When was the last time you got excited about your laundry? Probably never! But the new Tide Pods aim to change that. Do they deliver? How the Tide Pods Work The Tide Pods are a single-use pod with three chambers: The large one contains detergent and the smaller two have stain remover and brightener. The formula inside the Tide Pods is only 10 percent water, which helps keep them small. There are three chambers so the detergent, remover, and brightener stay separate until you’re ready to wash .The pod is made of a film which magically disintegrates when it comes in contact with water of any temperature, including cold. So if you’re one of the 40 percent of Americans who washes laundry in cold water, the Pods will still work for you. The Pods are also heat resistant, so if you leave it in the trunk of your car, you won’t come back to a gooey mess. The Pods are available in three scents: Spring Meadow, Ocean Mist, and Mystic Forest. How to Use Tide Pods Place the pod at the bottom of the drum of the washing machine before you put in any clothes, regardless of whether you use a front-loading machine or top-loading machine. You don’t have to measure, so there are no drips or spills. Because the pods contain stain remover, there’s no need to pre-treat clothes. Are Tide Pods Effective? We were very pleased with the Tide Pods and appreciate that they’re so portable. I'm personally a huge fan of the Pods because of their convenient size. The average load of laundry weighs 7 pounds, according to Tide. If you live in an apartment building laundry machines in the basement, or if you have to cart your clothes to a laundromat, the portability is a great benefit. Much easier than lugging a 5-pound bottle along with an oversize sack of laundry. We like that we don’t have to measure or pour anything out with the Pods. You simply throw it in the machine and you're done. Our clothes post-wash were clean and fresh-smelling. Are the Tide Pods Right for You? Tide Pods will save you approximately an hour over the course of the year. That may not sound like a huge amount of time, but it does add up! The Pods are also environmentally friendly. Heating the water for the laundry is the number one use of energy when it comes to washing clothes, so the ability to use these in cold water is a great energy saving benefit. The packaging is also significantly smaller and lighter than with traditional detergents, so the Tide Pods use less fuel and energy when shipping. The price of the pods is a bit higher than liquid detergent, but it may well be worth it. An impressive 97 percent of consumers reported satisfaction with the time, effort and excellent results with the Tide Pods compared to only 68 percent of other consumers, reports the company. This review was based on a free sample. Watch Now: 7 Shopping Tips for Budget Savvy Shoppers	msmarco_doc_00_4998686
http://15minutefashion.about.com/od/quickbeautytips/fr/Gel_Nail_Manicure.htm	Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description	Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work? How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last? Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure? Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me? Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home	Gel Nail Manicures Review and Description Entertainment Fashion & Style Gel Nail Manicures – Review Gel Nail Manicures Share PINTEREST Email Radionphoto/Getty Images Fashion & Style Makeup Accessories Tops & Sweaters Dresses Skirts Jeans Pants Outerwear Lingerie & Swimwear Do It Yourself Shoes Skincare Advice Hair Fragrance Tattoos and Body Piercings Kids and Teens Bumps & Babies Learn More By Anne Fritz Freelance Writer Syracuse University Anne L. Fritz is a New York-based freelancer writer and copywriter with over 10 years of experience in fashion and beauty. our editorial process LinkedIn LinkedIn Anne Fritz Updated April 26, 2019 I usually skip polishing my nails. I’m one of those lucky people whose nails are naturally strong and grow quickly. I do like the look of polish, but it always chips within a day or two. Who has the time or money for upkeep? I was excited to test out the new UV Gelife gel nail) manicure at New York City's Dashing Diva . How Does the Gel Nail Manicure Work? Just like in a regular manicure, cuticles are pushed back and nails are filed. Nails are also buffed, so the gel adheres more strongly. Next a coat of gel “polish” is applied to each nail, with 30 seconds of drying time under a UV Light in between. A second coat is applied and then allowed to dry again for 30 seconds. At the end of the gel nail mani, I was amazed that my nails truly were dry. The technician laughed at me when I asked for help getting my keys out of my bag and she insisted I could do it myself without ruining my mani. She was right! This is the same product used when applying fake gel nails. Dashing Diva currently offers the Gelife Manicure in Clear, Cook Pink and Warm Pink. More colors are expected to be introduced this upcoming fall. How Long Does the Gel Nail Manicure Last? As promised, the Gelife manicure lasted for at least two weeks. Those are my nails in the photo at the end of the two weeks. The gel “polish” did start to peel the teeniest bit on the sides, but was only obvious when you looked at my nails closely. Were There Any Downsides to the Gel Nail Manicure? The one serious downside was the effort it took to remove the gel polish. I was given a removal kit so I could do it myself at home. According to the directions, you need to wrap each nail with a small piece of cotton soaked in acetone polish remover covered with a small piece of aluminum foil for 10-15 minutes. Everything I need was included in the kit. Well, I tried this removal process once, twice and a third time. After spending a grand total of 60 minutes trying to remove the gel polish from my nails, I still had crusty bits attached. Not to mention I could practically feel and see the acetone drying out my nails. It wasn’t until I had my next mani (specifically so I could fix my nails post-Gelife) that I got it all the gel “polish” off. And that was only after my manicurist meticulously filed it off. Is a Gel Nail Manicure Right for Me? If you are going on vacation, getting married or the type who like to maintain an impeccable manicure, a Dashing Diva Gelife Manicure may be right for you. It costs $45 — about the same as two manis in New York City. As for me, I’m sticking with my naked, low maintenance nails. Watch Now: Gel Manicure at Home	msmarco_doc_00_5002689
http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/	Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition		Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition Skip to main content 15 Minute History 15 Minute History is a history podcast designed for historians, enthusiasts, and newbies alike. Menu Episodes Speakers Donate January 30, 2013 Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition Audio Player https://podcasts.la.utexas.edu/15-minute-history/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/Episode-10_-The-Spanish-Inquisition.mp3 00:00 00:00 00:00 Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Download file \| Play in new window The Spanish Inquisition has cast a long shadow in the public imagination, with Inquisitors playing the role of villain on stage and screen. But what was the Inquisition-really? Established in 1480 to deal with heresies under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the Spanish Inquisition was a highly regulated institution with enormous political and legal power whose influence reached all the way to the Americas for over three hundred years. Guest Miriam Bodian from UT’s Department of History separates truth from legend and reveals the intricacies of the Inquisition’s processes and inner workings. Guests Mariam Bodian Professor in the Department of History and Director of the Institute for Historical Studies at the University of Texas at Austin Hosts Joan Neuberger Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin Read Transcript... Can you tell us what the institution of the Spanish Inquisition was, when it was in operation, and in general what its purpose was? The Inquisition was established in Spain in 1480 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella who are better known for having supported Christopher Columbus’s voyages to America. They came to power with a problem on their hands. Almost a century earlier, there had been mass riots throughout Spain during the summer of 1391, and many thousands of Jews were forcibly baptized. After they were baptized, they were expected to live as Christians, but many of them continued to practice Judaism as well as they could in secret. The Inquisition was designed to expose cases of what they called “Judaizing”–that is, reverse conversion to Judaism among these forced converts and their descendants–in order to purify Spain of this ‘heresy.’ Auto de fé, Plaza Mayor, Madrid, 1683 How important was the Inquisition in early modern Spain? Was this something that everyone had contact with and knew about? Yes. There is nothing that has ever appeared on stage or screen that has adequately conveyed the power of this enormous institution. Until it was abolished in 1834, it enjoyed the full support of the Spanish crown, it had 23 tribunals, including 3 in the Americas. An Inquisitor General stood at the center of its vast bureaucracy over inquisitors, prosecutors, comisarios, notaries, and other functionaries. It could call on a veritable army of familiares, or lay officials, who supplied information and aided the Inquisition in various ways. I should add that its power was greatly enhanced by its secrecy. This made fair trials from our point of view almost impossible. Once prisoners were admitted to the secret cells, as they were called, they had no contact with the outside world, although smuggling of information was not unknown, and, until formal charges were brought, they weren’t told why they were being held. Even afterward, the identity of the persons who had denounced them was withheld, and the accusations against them were worded to protect their identity. At least two denunciations were require to proceed to trial, but heresy evidence was entirely acceptable. So, the secrecy was one of the keys to both its power and the terror that it invoked. And how did the Inquisition decide who to arrest? Did they randomly pick people up that they thought might be heretics, or were they careful about identifying who they thought might be enemies or heretics? This is an area with a lot of misunderstanding. The Inquisition did not round up and immediately punish people. There were very exacting regulations that governed its activities, and they were very detailed. There is a huge mass of records of individual cases which have only begun to be explored, and they generally attest to the scrupulousness of the Inquisitors, notaries, and other officials in following these regulations. No one could be arrested without some kind of evidence of guilt in hand, so whatever evidence had been supplied (usually by denunciations) was examined and a vote was taken before the inquisition proceeded to arrest. After that, the suspect was imprisoned for the duration of the trial, but before charges were formally brought against him or her–and this could take months–the suspect appeared before the tribunal and was questioned and admonished, or warned. The suspect could confess at any point – that would shorten the trial and lighten the punishment. If he or she didn’t confess, at least fully, at the first audience, two more attempts would be made and then a formal accusation was made. After the formal accusation, the inquisition gave the suspect an advocate. This was like a lawyer, but this lawyer was a paid functionary of the Inquisition, and it was really his job to try to get the prisoner to confess. Occasionally an advocate did act to defend the prisoner and try to ensure a fairer outcome, but for the most part they were there to secure a confession. Suspects could also name people who might testify on their behalf: a priest, a parish priest, or somebody with some social status that they knew. They could also name people that they felt might have denounced them unlawfully, for example: a neighbor with whom they quarreling or, very often, an angry servant. Sometimes they named an entire Rolodex of acquaintances, including family members, to exclude almost everyone from consideration as a sincere, honest denouncer. So, the Inquisition had very specific rules and structures for accusing people. My assumption was that they targeted Jews in particular as heretics. Is that true? Actually, the Inquisition didn’t prosecute Jews, at least not unbaptized Jews. It prosecuted religious crimes only if they were committed by what it termed heretics. By definition, a heretic had to be a baptized person–it was somebody who had deviated from orthodoxy after having been baptized into the Church. So, the Jews that the Inquisition targeted were what were called the conversos, often referred to in the Inquisition documents as “ judios ” or “ judeos ” in Portuguese, which is the word for Jew. They were descendants of Jews who had been forcibly baptized in Spain in and after 1391. Did they ever target people who were not related to, or in some way descended from, Jews? Did they arrest people for witchcraft or sorcery? They actually arrested people for all kinds of things once the Inquisition was in place. It tended to extend its authority rather than shrink it, as most institutions do. They prosecuted crypto-Muslims, bigamists, homosexuals. They prosecuted Old Christians for various crimes against the faith. The one thing they didn’t really prosecute against was witchcraft, and this is interesting because witches were tried in so many European lands as well as in New England. The Inquisitors tended to be very rationalistic and for the most part didn’t believe there was such a thing as witchcraft. So, there was really only one outstanding episode of witch hunting in the 350-odd years of the Inquisition’s existence. This took place in the north of Spain in the Kingdom of Navarre, from 1609-1611. In fact, most scholars agree that Spain was notably free of witch trials in comparison to the rest of Europe. Did the Inquisition use torture on prisoners? Well, yes. But not as much as most people think. It didn’t apply torture indiscriminately. Most prisoners were not tortured at all. Torture was highly regulated. It took a lot of manpower and it was time consuming. It was only applied for two reasons. A) to gain a confession from a prisoner who was reluctant to confess, or B), to gain information about other heretics, more names to prosecute. So, if the tribunal was satisfied that a prisoner, after being interrogated, had confessed and supplied the information that was wanted, and this happened frequently, then they wouldn’t call for torture. The elderly and the sick wouldn’t be tortured. Whenever torture was administered, a physician was expected to be present in order to suspend the proceedings if they felt that the prisoner’s life was in danger. So, it was not automatic, it was not indiscriminate, and it was actually much more regulated than torture in civil courts at this time. Composite Inquisition scene by the Dutch artist Adriaan Schoonebeek (1658-1705) The punishments that I associate with the Spanish Inquisition seem torturous. When I think of the Spanish Inquisition, I think of burning at the stake? Is that how most people were punished if they were found guilty? Another misconception. Burning at the stake was certainly one of the possible punishments, but not by a long shot was every victim of the Inquisition burned at the stake. There were many other punishments. Some of them were severe, for example: public lashes, which could be humiliating as well as painful; further imprisonment; one of the worst was service in the galleys, that is working rowing in the galleys of ships. Some of them were lighter: it could be a mere reprimand by an Inquisitor, or a scolding, or taking a pledge to be loyal to the church. It could be paying a severe penalty, it could be exile from a town or a region for a specified period. Most prisoners who were tried were not burned at the stake. There’s a study of 44,000 cases–a little less than half the cases after 1540–out of those 44,674 cases, 824 were burned at the state. That’s still a lot of people, but it’s less than 2% of those arrested and tried and a lot less than most people think. Were people ever found not guilty and released? Actually, the Inquisition did not adhere to the principle that you’re innocent until proven guilty. The Inquisition would have considered it beneath its dignity to acquit a prisoner. When there was clearly not enough evidence, or the evidence pointed to the prisoner’s evidence, the Inquisition might suspend the case and the prisoner would have to live with the stigma of having been tried. Having been released? Yes, but he would have spent time in prison and there would have been stigma, or the Inquisition might have sentenced the prisoner to a very light sentence for suspicion. Finally, how was all of this activity paid for? The finances were very complex. The Inquisition was supported by the crown, but the tribunals were actually expected to be independently financed. One of the most important sources of revenue was property confiscated from prisoners. This is one of the most shocking aspects of these trials. At the moment of arrest, the prisoner’s property would have come under the administration of the Inquisition, all of it, in great detail. Pots and pans, goats, whatever. This was used to pay for the prisoner’s upkeep, their food, if they needed bedding. If prisoners had to be taken long distance under guard to the town where they would be tried, the expenses of travel would be paid for out of their property. Even in cases where prisoners would be tortured, the fee paid to the public executioner–the person who administered the torture–would be paid out of their own property. And, if prisoners were found guilty of heresy, their property would be entirely confiscated, and this was one of the most important sources of income for the Inquisition. Would you say that, in the end, the Spanish Inquisition was successful at what it set out to do? Well, its goals changed. Let me put it this way: it was never entirely successful at suppressing non-conformist and heretical thinking of all sorts, but it was quite successful at suppressing the public expression of dissent. Spain really bypassed a whole era in the development of European thinking. It wasn’t hermetically sealed off, but through censorship, the Inquisition prevented the entry into Spain of publications that challenged the remaining orthodoxy as well. When did it come to an end? It came to an end slowly. It was sort of moribund by the Enlightenment, when some Spaniards were questioning the kind of “justice” that the Inquisition was dispensing. But it remained a fairly popular institution. It was abolished only with Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808, when Napoleon set up a liberal regime. But when the French were driven out five years later, the Inquisition was re-established. It was only finally abolished in 1834, shockingly late. Documents and Further Reading An Account of the Expulsion from Spain In the spring of 1492, shortly after the Moors were driven out of Granada, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain expelled all the Jews from their lands and thus, by a stroke of the pen, put an end to the largest and most distinguished Jewish settlement in Europe. The expulsion of this intelligent, cultured, and industrious class was prompted only in part by the greed of the king and the intensified nationalism of the people who had just brought the crusade against the Muslim Moors to a glorious close. The real motive was the religious zeal of the Church, the Queen, and the masses. The official reason given for driving out the Jews was that they encouraged the Marranos to persist in their Jewishness and thus would not allow them to become good Christians. The following account gives a detailed and accurate picture of the expulsion and its immediate consequences for Spanish Jewry. It was written in Hebrew by an Italian Jew in April or May, 1495. The Inquisition in 17th Century Peru: Cases of Portuguese “Judaizers” From Henry C Lea, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies (1909) Truth About the Spanish Inquisition CatholicCulture advertises this as an “accurate portrayal of the Spanish Inquisition by a contemporary American historian.” Political, cultural, religious and judicial aspects of the Inquisition are all addressed. The roles of both the Holy See and the Spanish Crown are described. Categories Atlantic Early Modern Europe Race, Ethnicity, and Nation Religion and Religious Experiences Tags catholic, catholicism, heresy, history, jewish, jews, judaism, sephardim, spain, spanish inquisition	msmarco_doc_00_5006579
http://15minutehistory.org/2013/02/20/episode-13-simon-bolivar/	Episode 13: Simón Bolívar		Episode 13: Simón Bolívar Skip to main content 15 Minute History 15 Minute History is a history podcast designed for historians, enthusiasts, and newbies alike. Menu Episodes Speakers Donate February 20, 2013 Episode 13: Simón Bolívar Audio Player https://podcasts.la.utexas.edu/15-minute-history/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/Episode-13_-Simón-Bolívar.mp3 00:00 00:00 00:00 Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Download file \| Play in new window He’s been called Spanish America’s answer to George Washington and Thomas Jefferson combined, but Simón Bolívar was both and yet neither. An orphaned child shuttled between distant relatives, he was educated in the principles of the Enlightenment and cut his political teeth watching Napoleon take over most of Europe. He is revered as the Liberator of Spanish America, even though he held most of his compatriots in disdain and eventually declared himself dictator before dying a political failure on his way to exile. Guest Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra from UT’s Department of History discusses the intricacies of Simón Bolívar, an enigma who is still revered and reviled two centuries after his death. Guests Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra Alice Drysdale Sheffield Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin Hosts Joan Neuberger Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin Read Transcript... Portrait of Simón Bolívar. Let’s start with a short biographical note. What was Simon Bolívar most famous for? He was instrumental in ending 300 years of Spanish rule in the Americas at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. He ought to be considered the Spanish American equivalent of both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Like Washington, Bolívar led a people onto the battlefield to gain independence. Like Jefferson, Bolívar drafted constitutions inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Yet, Bolívar was neither Washington nor Jefferson. Unlike Washington, who suffered excruciating pain from rotten dentures, Bolívar kept to his death a wholesome set of teeth. More important, Bolívar did not end his days revered and worshiped like Washington. Bolívar died on his way to self-imposed exile, despised by many. Unlike Jefferson, who admired the ideals of the French Revolution but never actually lived up to them—contradictorily espousing the ideals of freedoms and equality while living comfortably off the labor of hundreds of slaves—Bolívar liquidated all of his plantations and set all of his slaves free. There are, to be sure, puzzling paradoxes about Bolívar, like Jefferson. He was personally willing to give up all earthly possessions and all comfort during 18 years of military campaigns against Spanish tyranny, but he himself became a dictator. Bolívar was a pragmatist who willingly bent principles in pursuit of strategic goals. This man who allegedly despised Machiavelli was himself a Machiavellian for whom the ends justify all means. He was also a great political failure. So, where did he come from? What was his early life like? Bolívar was born in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1783 to a prominent local family of Basque cacao planters. At the time, Venezuela was Spain’s colony. He became an orphan at the tender age of two – his father died when he was two – and his mother died when he was nine. Thereafter, he would temporarily live under the rotating custody of aunts, grandparents, and uncles. His long term guardians were a philanderer uncle and a black wet-nurse known as la negra Hipólita. Bolívar inherited wealth–plantations and slaves–but also a very loose upbringing and no formal education. He would always be at ease among the poor, the black, and the deviant–prostitutes, for example. He spent his youth moving around households and riding horses. Jumping on and off running stallions, for example, prepared him well for battle, but also may have rendered him infertile; he never issued offspring. Bolívar grew up to be a planter, an administrator of hacienda peons and slaves in a booming commercial entrepôt – Caracas. So, at age 15, he went to Spain to learn about the workings of commerce and empire. So, he left Venezuela and went off to Spain-what was his life like in Spain? In Madrid, Bolívar first lodged with his financially strapped uncles who were at court lobbying for titles of nobility. He soon moved to the house of the Minister of War Council, the Marquis of Uztáriz, a fellow Basque who would become a stabilizing force in his life. Uztáriz hired tutors to educate Bolívar and to help him find a proper match, María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaiza. Bolívar married María Teresa at age 18, in 1802, and promptly returned to Caracas to tend to his plantations and to his adolescent love nest. Upon arrival, María died, and Bolívar was left devastated. Her death proved providential. So, upon María’s death, he went back to Europe? What did he do there? Miniature portrait of Simón Bolívar painted in Paris, 1804 or 1805 A grown up in charge of his property and finances at last—he was 18—Bolívar decided to change course and return to Europe to heal. His healing took him to Paris and Rome, where he witnessed the coronation of Napoleon as emperor. He began to think of politics for the first time. For three years—from 1803 to 1806—Bolívar began to familiarize himself with the politics of Europe and the writings of the Enlightenment. He became particularly attracted to the writings of Montesquieu, especially to the notion that laws sprang from the ground up, but could also be engineered from the top down. He became familiar with the writings of the Romantics, like Rousseau, and their biting critique of the Enlightenment’s dangerous abstractions like the idea that humans and societies were inherently reasonable. So, at the time that ideas of individual freedom were spreading in western Europe and the North Atlantic, Bolívar had his own perspective on European ideas, is that right? Yes, indeed. He was very creative and very independent when it came to reading the Enlightenment and the Romantics. Bolívar became a pragmatist and a Classical Republican. That is, skeptical of the principles of liberalism. For Bolívar, the Classical Republican, the interests of the nation—whether the city of Caracas or the entire Spanish-American empire—trumped the rights of individuals, not the other way around as liberals and libertarians would expect. He also grew critical of Enlightenment ideas of the great potential of human reason. Bolívar proved particularly fascinated with the notion of opinion, that is, the shaping of peoples through culture to go against their own self-interest. So a kind of early propaganda? Is that right? Indeed. An earlier view of culture in politics – that you can go against your own self interest. He also adopted another critique of the Spanish monarchy as a commercially backward tyrannical empire that purposefully kept the people ignorant and oppressed through the power of opinion. At a time when Venezuela had witnessed countless slave conspiracies to gain their freedom, and a failed invasion by the British navy and Bolívar’s compatriot, the glamorous Francisco Miranda (who allegedly was a lover of the Russian empress Catherine), Bolívar returned to Caracas in 1807 to participate in politics. The opportunity to participate came sooner rather than later in the wake of Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal. In 1808 Napoleon toppled Ferdinand VII and left the Spanish empire without a king. Cities everywhere in the Americas and Spain elected councils, called juntas, which declared Napoleon and the French enemies—nobody wanted anything to do with Napoleon and the French. These cities also declared their lasting love for the monarchy. Napoleon’s invasion made evident where the power of the monarchy really resided–namely in the many cities of the empire. So, how did Venezuela’s powers respond to Napoleon’s invasion of Spain? The Venezuelan juntas, or city councils, declared each city self-ruling. Autonomous from the new authorities that Napoleon had appointed. Most cities did not seek full independence from Spain or consider a future with no monarchs. It was very difficult to think in terms of a republic. They wanted the monarchy to survive. Under the leadership of prominent leaders like Bolívar, however, the city of Caracas took a different route. The junta of Caracas began to press neighboring juntas to unite and declare Venezuela an independent republic, which they did in 1810. So, independent of Spain and a self-governing republic, rather than a constitutional monarchy… … right. The church and many of the humble poor, including the blacks—who benefited from many of the institutions that the Spanish monarch had created for the free people of color to gain upward social mobility—resented the heavy-handed maneuvering of the junta of Caracas. The recently created Republic of Caracas soon crumbled down-literally. The earthquake of 1812 destroyed most of coastal Venezuela and sparked an uprising against the oligarchic leaders of the junta of Caracas. As Catholics, the poor and the blacks resented the atheism of the Enlightenment leaders of Caracas as well. So, we would assume that poor people, common people would like to see a Republic, but in fact they benefited from the monarchy and opposed the Bolívar government… … right. Very counter-intuitive. So when this first Republic crumbled, did Bolívar change his mind about Republican government, or about tactics for making Venezuela independent? Yes and no. Bolívar fled to Cartagena, in today’s Colombia. In his Manifesto from Cartagena, he drew lessons from this failure. One lesson Bolívar drew was that the city council of Caracas had been dominated by liberals, not classical Republicans. That is, those who privileged individual rights over the interest of the community as a whole. Enamored of the attractions of liberalism, including the defense of individual freedoms and political tolerance, the leaders of the city junta of Caracas (according to Bolívar) had allowed conspirators too much freedom to organize. That is one lesson he drew. The second lesson Bolívar drew was that the chances of Spanish America to gain liberty were rapidly growing dimmer. The wars against Napoleon would soon force thousands of Spanish veterans and persecuted priests to cross the ocean and settle in the New World. Were they to come, Spain could regain America by force and opinion. So, Bolívar urged action. He didn’t learn anything about the poor and the black supporting monarchy. In Cartagena, Bolívar gained the support of other cities in the interior of Colombia today. Leading a hastily built army, Bolívar crossed the Andes into the highlands of Venezuela and launched a striking campaign advancing from the rear guard–the south–onto the coastal cities of Venezuela. And he defeated the Spaniards again. The second republic was born. One that, this time, brought the cities of Nueva Granada and Venezuela—Colombia and Venezuela—together. The Republic of 1813, however, was also doomed. So, things at this time were changing in Europe, too. Soon, Napoleon would be defeated and forced out of Spain. How did that affect what was going on in Spain’s colonies? In 1814, the Spanish resistance forced Napoleon out of Spain and King Ferdinand VII came back to rule. The monarch decided to put an end to the electoral and constitutional experimentation initiated by the urban city councils of the empire, and decided to send a large army constituted of veterans of the Napoleonic wars to Venezuela and Colombia. The army came and struck an allegiance with the free-colored cowboys from the plains of Venezuela and Colombia who quickly dismantled the new republic. In 1815, Bolívar had to flee again. This time he fled to Haiti. The visit to Haiti finally opened his eyes to when he needed to bring the poor and the blacks to his sides. This is his pragmatism–this isn’t due to principle, it’s his pragmatism that is moving him to undo slavery. He would have to set free his slaves and offer other slaves freedom through participation in his armies. He would also have to draw a clear line between locals and foreigners in warfare. All Spaniards would be killed. No questions asked. With the help of the black Haitian government, Bolívar returned to Venezuela to launch a campaign that would last six years, pitted entire populations against each other, and slaughtered tens of thousands. We’re actually talking of a civil war. It was a civil war that gradually destroyed slavery in Gran Colombia, and that put an end to the traditional racial and social hierarchies of Spanish America. These are the unintended consequences of casting the war the way he did. The war empowered mulattoes and blacks, sent the Spanish planters and merchants fleeing, and put at the helm of the army and the state that Bolivar wanted to create upwardly mobile mulattoes. Unlike Washington, who led wars that, while called a revolution, left most of the social structures of the time intact, Bolívar led wars that profoundly transformed society. So how did the social structure change then? Did that make governing more or less difficult? It was a profound revolution. It made the future nations of Venezuela and Colombia ungovernable for most of the 19th century. In Venezuela and Colombia, something similar to what happened in Haiti took place. A revolution from the ground up broke the back of the economies and coastal towns that had been connected to the Atlantic economy and serving it, exporting cacao or exporting other things. Now that all came to an end. But at the same time, the economy was becoming problematic, but Colombia and Venezuela were both under his political control. Was he content to rule there, or did he want to expand his power? Bolívar had been defeated twice before this triumph, and he knew that there were pockets of resistance, or armies that would fight for Spain somewhere else. So, once he controlled Colombia and Venezuela in 1822, Bolívar initiated a campaign to sweep the Spanish armies from their strongholds in Peru. In 1823-25 Bolívar led military campaigns that took him all the way into upper Peru, a land of Indians, for which Bolívar single-handedly drafted an authoritarian constitution—a land that, in return, called itself Bolivia to honor the hero. After his triumphs in Peru and Bolivia, Bolívar basked in adulation. Priests would refer to him in ceremonies as Simon Macabeo, the great Biblical leader of the Israelites against the Babylonian armies. He was also compared to Moses, Joshua, Gideon, and Sampson. Nobody could have compared him to David or Solomon because they were kings, but he was compared to Christ. Bolívar became the libertador –the Liberator–a Christ-like liberator of the people from the idolatry of king worship. So, he was a great hero despite creating authoritarian governments—or maybe because of creating authoritarian governments. How stable were the governments that he created? Bolívar tried to maintain the republics that he liberated with his sword and large armies of Indians and manumitted slaves. He tried to keep them united. Yet, beginning in 1826, each city and region began to pull apart. Bolívar convened constitutional congress after constitutional congress to try to stem the tide. He would have himself declared dictator. Yet every effort failed. The Gran Colombia that he created would soon come apart. Discouraged and dispirited, he left Bogotá in self-imposed exile. He died on his way to Cartagena. “La Victoria de Junín” by J.J. Olmedo (1826) So, he died as a failure after all this great success. What was his ultimate legacy? Bolívar is an enigma. In all of his writings and all of the addresses to every constitutional congress he assembled to draft laws—and there were many—Bolívar understood his fellow Spanish Americans to be very poor raw material upon which to build prosperous nations. And that it is very odd: he is revered in all these nations now, but if you read his writings, he is so critical of anything and everything in Spanish America that it’s curious. The Spanish Americans were corrupt, in his opinion, lazy, benighted, mentally enslaved by religion and colonial law. Bolívar never lost faith: he would set them free, he thought, either by the sword or the power of the laws. He would teach the Spanish Americans to lead virtuous lives. Bolívar was a pragmatist, a Machiavellian, a classical republican who privileged the interest of the political community over individual freedoms. Bolívar was an authoritarian from the age of enlightenment, who, ironically was deeply skeptical of the power of reason and sought to shape societies by manipulating culture and public opinion. He put his life on the line in the pursuit of freedom, an abstraction he could never quite define. But he never was clear as to what he meant by freedom. He never could quite define freedom because he elevated the republic, the community itself above individuals? Is that right? Right. One of the unintended consequences of all his fighting, all eighteen years of fighting, is that he actually dismantled slavery in societies that were slaving societies, plantation societies. The end result of all this fighting was that slaves were manumitted, slaves were set free through their participation in armies, and that is one of the greatest achievements of his years of fighting, more so than setting these societies free from Spain. Yet, he fought for freedom without actually realizing that his fighting on the ground actually was setting many, many people free. So, he kept on pursuing this abstraction to the very end, and trying to figure this abstraction out in constitutions after constitutions without realizing that he had already accomplished what he set out to do. Categories 18th Century 19th Century Atlantic Empire and Globalization Latin America Political History & Transformation Tags france, history, independence, latin america, napoleon, simon bolivar, spain	msmarco_doc_00_5021422
http://15minutehistory.org/2013/03/06/episode-15-the-era-between-the-empires-of-ancient-india/	Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India		Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India Skip to main content 15 Minute History 15 Minute History is a history podcast designed for historians, enthusiasts, and newbies alike. Menu Episodes Speakers Donate March 6, 2013 Episode 15: The “Era Between The Empires” of Ancient India Audio Player https://podcasts.la.utexas.edu/15-minute-history/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/Episode-15_-The-_Era-Between-The-Empires_-of-Ancient-India.mp3 00:00 00:00 00:00 Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Download file \| Play in new window Ancient, or Classical, India (300s BC-400s AD) was a seminal period in history. Nearly everything that is associated with classical India, the epics such as the the Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata, and great temple architecture, came out of this period. Great kings like Aśoka left their mark on the classical world. Moreover, this was the period when oral traditions were written down, and the classical Vedic religion began to take on a form that we understand as Hindusim. Guest Patrick Olivelle from UT’s Department of Asian Studies describes the Maurya and Gupta Empires and the flourishing period of South Asian history “between the empires.” Guests Patrick Olivelle Professor Emeritus, Department of Asian Studies, University of Texas at Austin Hosts Christopher Rose Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute for Historical Studies, The University of Texas at Austin Read Transcript... What was notable about this period in Indian history, and which are the two empires that we’re going to be talking about today? The two empires are the Maurya Empire, which is the first, from about the 4th-3rd century BC and the Gupta Empire, and the second is the Gupta Empire, which goes from the 4th century to the 5th century AD. This is a period of about 600-700 years. I have called this period the “period between the empires.” That has been the seminal period in Indian history: everything that you associate with India, whether it is literature, religion, or architecture comes from this period. The major philosophical traditions, the major works were written during this period. If you talk about the yoga s?tras, which are the foundational texts of yoga, they were written during this period. Almost all of the Buddhist canonical literatures were written during this period. So, you have this period that is so seminar that most of what we associate with India–take the major temples and architectural monuments, all coming from this period. A map of the Maurya Dynasty at its height in 265 BC, showing major cities, early Buddhist sites, Ashokan Edicts, etc. Chronologically, we’re going to begin in the 4th century, BC. What was it that propelled the first of these two empires to rise? What was going on, and how did they consolidate power? We know very little about this period. In all likelihood, there was the final incursion of Alexander the Great coming into northwest India, and he defeated many of the kings, which seemed to have left a power vacuum in northern India. Immediately after Alexander withdrew, Chandragupta, probably a local king, rose to power and took his capital in eastern India. Today it’s called Patna, in those days it was called Pataliputra. He, his son, and his grandson who is the great A?oka, consolidated power over a vast area of northern India. A?oka actually brought it all the way west to Afghanistan and south to what is today southern India-Karnataka and that area where Mysore is located. This is where probably the largest empire before the British was located–almost all of India, but going into Afghanistan and Pakistan was under of the power of this single king, A?oka. Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) inscriptions by king A?oka at Kandahar (Shar-i-kuna). (3rd century BC). Formerly housed at the Kabul Museum, its whereabouts are unknown today. Two-dimensional inscription. (click on image for transcription/translation) That’s quite an accomplishment, particularly in the pre-modern era, for an empire to be able to rule over such a large territory. How did they control that area politically, militarily, and economically? It is very unclear. It is clear that he did not control every inch of this territory. He controlled, I think, the major trade routes, the major population centers. How we know that he controlled these areas is that he left the first inscriptions of India, both pillar and rock inscriptions. We have found them in Afghanistan–we have a bilingual inscription in Greek and Aramaic, which is in Kandahar. We have inscriptions in southern India, we have inscriptions all around what is today the eastern seaboard as well as the western seaboard, and going all the way into what is today Nepal. So, he left his fingerprints all over this area with these inscriptions. Indian 10 Rupee note featuring one of the capitals of A?oka’s pillars at the bottom left. What are written on these inscriptions? I know, for example, that one of the pillars appears on the Indian 10-Rupee note, so clearly they’re very famous. And the capitals, the lion capital is on the Indian currency and on the Indian flag. What is significant is that these are the first written documents from ancient India. Ancient Indian civilizations operated for almost a thousand years without, as far as we know, something written. If it existed, we don’t have it. These are the first writings from India. We have texts predating it, but these were all oral texts. What is interesting about these particular inscriptions is that I have called them “letters.” They have a letter mode: he is writing to his people, he is writing counselors–his officials–and they all preach the gospel of morality, especially of not killing– ahimsa. This is the earliest expression of that non-injury, not killing. So, here’s an emperor who killed a lot of people to come to power, and he became a Buddhist. In his new-found faith, he found this “doing good, being kind, not killing,” as the central ethical principal. Do we have any sense of what kind of King he was, other than these written texts? Do we know how long he ruled? Yes, we know he ruled from 268-233 BC, thereabouts, and we know that he was a king who was very powerful. He says in his inscriptions that, “Even though I have given up the sword, I still have it!” This is something very interesting. He had a bureaucracy that was quite large, and we have very technical terms for the various people in his bureaucracy, so it must have been very extensive. He had a chancery in his capital, Pataliputra, which produced a lot of documents. What I think is that what we find here would be a very small percentage of what he actually wrote. These were probably originated as written documents that were written on paper of some kind, and later anthologized–brought together–and then inscribed on stone. So, he must have had a chancery that sent these things. He also boasts that he sent doctors and missionaries to countries outside of India. He talks about Egypt, Antioch, Rome, Sri Lanka, where he sent his ambassadors. It was a multi-pronged attempt to influence–I think what we can say is to influence world affairs. He thought that his main word, which is a central word in Indian religion called “dharma” and he defined it ethically, he thought that if everyone followed dharma, there would be world peace. Well, that’s been a goal of many over the centuries- -exactly! Do we know how the empire proceeded after A?oka’s rule? Not much. I think his children were not as good, or not as able as he was, and very soon, by the beginning of the second century BC–185 is the normal year given–his grandson was assassinated, and then the empire collapsed. Map showing the extent of the Gupta Empire (320-600 AD) So, what was going on between the fall of the Maurya empire and the rise of the Gupta empire? There were many small, regional kingdoms. Some of them we know about because of numismatic evidence–we have coins issued by these kings. At this time, the first century BC, we have incursions into India by both the Bactrian kingdoms–the Greco-Bactrian kingdoms that was left behind by Alexander the Great in what is today Iran and Afghanistan. We have incursions from two groups of central Asian nomadic fighters: the ??kas, who came in the 1st century before Christ, and the Kushanas who were much larger, and had quite an extensive empire in northern and central India, who came in the first century after Christ. It was the Guptas who finally defeated the Kushanas and took over their empire. The Gupta empire went from what is today Bengal and went to Pakistan, but on a narrow line across India, and did not go south. So, it was much smaller in extent than A?oka’s. You mentioned that the beginning of the interview that you viewed this period as between the two empires. What did the Gupta Empire accomplish that mirrored the Maurya’s accomplishments? Strangely enough, the Guptas occupied the same capital as the Maurya, Pataliputra–the same place. And the very first emperor, Chandragupta I, took on the same name as the very first emperor of the Mauryas. This was not accidental, I think. They were trying to lay claim to the old Maurya empire and legitimize their own imperial ambitions and dynasty through connections to it. What happened during the Gupta period was that the Gupta kingdom was a very rich kingdom. We have the largest number of gold coins coming from this period. Gold was abandoned. It was a time when art and literature flourished in India. Some of the major poets of India, such as K?lid?sa, who has been called the “Shakespeare of India” wrote during this period. Much of what we call the age of classical architecture in India comes from this period. So, it was a time of great cultural activity, not just political. What sorts of literature were being produced? You mentioned K?lid?sa, India’s Shakespeare, so, perhaps you could familiarize our listeners a little bit with K?lid?sa and his works. K?lid?sa was both a poet as well as a playwright. He has written several plays, Sanskrit dramas, as well as epic poems. His work influenced many of the 19th century–Goethe and others–who saw him as one of the greatest poets of the world. But during this time, it was not just K?lid?sa who wrote. Before him, a few centuries before him, you find the great Sanskrit epics: the R?m?ya?a and the Mah?bh?rata, two of the major cultural monuments of India. Nobody knows exactly when they were produced, but a general view is that they are from between the 1st century BC and about the 3rd century AD. Its final form may have taken place under the Guptas. The Mah?bh?rata itself goes into about twenty to thirty volumes–it’s huge. The R?m?ya?a is about a third of the size of the Mah?bh?rata. And these are two of the largest epic poems in the world, much larger than Homer. The 6th century late Gupta period Dashavatara temple Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh at sunset. Given that these both have religious significance, is this a time that we also begin to see some crystallization within the Vedic religious practice? This is the time when the old Vedic religious practice gradually gives way to what we would recognize today as Hinduism. There were no temples before this period in India. We think of India as the land of temples, but there was no monumental architecture devoted to Hindu religious practice. The earliest monumental architecture of a religious nature comes from the Buddhist side, not from the Hindu side. It is during this time period that we see the first. Some of the major Hindu philosophical treatises would be written during this period–I talked about the yoga s?tras. And many of the others, dealing with crystallization of Upani?adic thought about Brahma, about the whole world is one, and the whole world of multiplicity is illusory–all of that comes into being during this period. This period is also the beginning of what we call Hindu law, and here we use the word “law” in the broadest sense of the word, both criminal and civil law, but also religious law: how to live a good life. You also find the law code of Manu, which is the most famous in India. It was probably written in the second century after Christ. So, this is the period when most–not all, but most–of the classical texts that we associate with India and with the Sanskrit language were produced. Also, during this time you have most of the Buddhist texts being produced. Both the southern, the so called H?nay?na texts, as well as the Mah?y?na, especially the texts that were translated into Tibetan and Chinese. All of the influence on those cultures through Buddhism took place through texts that were produced through this period. When you were discussing the Maurya empire, you mentioned the sort of attempt to influence countries outside of the borders of the empire. Do we see a similar effort during this period? No. That was started and ended with A?oka, I think! We do not find a similar interest, although it was the other way around here. Most of the people and most influence comes from the outside into India, so you find all the incursions–Persian, Greek, Central Asia–they all come from the other side. Later you have Turkish, with the Mughal Empire and the coming of the Muslims in a much later period. Ultimately, what was the fate of the Gupta Empire? The Gupta empire, as most ancient empires, gradually fell under its own weight, I think. It lasted longer than the Maurya, it lasted from 320–that is the generally accepted year when Chandragupta came to power–until about the middle of the 5th century, maybe even a little later. Most of these empires don’t collapse in a single day, they gradually decay, so it may take many decades before it finally is no longer visible on the ground. Categories Ancient World Religion and Religious Experiences South Asia Visual and Material Cultures Tags ashoka, gupta empire, history, india, mahabharata, maurya empire, ramayana, south asia	msmarco_doc_00_5040437
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http://15thamendment.harpweek.com/HubPages/CommentaryPage.asp?Commentary=06Bios16	15th Amendment Site		15th Amendment Site William Morris Stewart (August 9, 1825 – April 23, 1909) W illiam Stewart was a U.S. senator from Nevada who played an important role in the congressional passage of the Fifteenth Amendment and its ratification by his home state legislature. He was born to Miranda Morris Stewart and Frederick Augustus Stewart on August 9, 1825, on the family farm outside Lyons, New York. The family moved to Mesopotamia, Ohio, when he was a child. Stewart left home at age 14 to attend West Farmington Academy (Ohio) and Lyons Union School (New York), earning tuition by working as a common laborer and schoolteacher. With a tuition loan from a Lyons attorney, Stewart attended Yale University for three terms in 1849-1850, and then left for Nevada City, California, on a quest for gold. After reading law, he was admitted to the California bar in 1852, and established a practice in Nevada City. He quickly gained renown as an expert in mining law, and in 1852 chaired a conference of miners that set industry standards for claims and titles. Stewart attended the Whig National Convention in 1852, but later that year was appointed district attorney for Nevada County by the newly elected Democratic attorney general of California, John R. McConnell, who was Stewart’s law partner. In June-December 1854, Stewart served as acting attorney general while McConnell was on a leave of absence. Afterward, Stewart joined a prominent law firm in San Francisco, and in 1855 married Annie Elizabeth Foote, the daughter of one of his partners, former U.S. Senator Henry Foote. The couple later had three daughters. In 1855, after failing to win the American Party (“Know Nothing”) nomination for state attorney general, Stewart moved back to Nevada City, resuming his law partnership with McConnell. Stewart continued specializing in mining law, and relocated to Virginia City, Nevada, in 1860, a year after the discovery of the nearby Comstock Lode. He became the area’s foremost attorney, involved in complicated litigation over conflicting claims in which he favored large corporations against independent operations. His legal work combined depth of knowledge, meticulous research, and a win-at-any-cost attitude. Under McConnell’s influence, Stewart had joined the Democratic Party in the 1850s, but switched to the Republican Party at the onset of the Civil War. Stewart was instrumental in drafting a proposed state constitution for Nevada, but it was overwhelmingly rejected by the territory’s voters in January 1864. After Nevada officially became a state on October 31, 1864, Stewart was elected as a Republican to represent it in the U.S. Senate. He helped author the National Mining Law of 1866, which limited government oversight in order to encourage private development. Initially a moderate on Reconstruction, he soon joined Republican radicals to oppose President Andrew Johnson’s policies. In early 1869, Stewart proposed a constitutional amendment to prohibit the denial of suffrage or public office based on race, color, or previous status as a slave. The measure was replaced by the more moderate Fifteenth Amendment, which restricted discrimination in voting but not office holding. He then used his influence to ensure that Nevada became the first state to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment. For two months, Stewart’s private secretary was Mark Twain, who fictionalized his experience for the May 1868 issue of The Galaxy magazine. Stewart was reelected in 1869, but became involved in the Emma Mine scandal of the early 1870s in which he tried to persuade a British diplomat to sell worthless mining stock to investors in Great Britain. The scandal combined with a loss of financial backing forced him not to seek reelection. After leaving office at the end of his term in March 1875, he focused on his lucrative law practice. For more than 20 years, Stewart encouraged the development of Washington, D. C., by helping Westerners invest in real estate there, supporting the public works agenda of political boss Alexander Shepherd in the early 1870s, and establishing with Francis G. Newlands the Chevy Chase Land Development Company in the 1890s. The senator’s lavish home in Dupont Circle was known as “Stewart’s Castle.” In 1887, Stewart was again elected to the Senate, where he favored opening the Walker River Indian Reservation to mining companies and opposed federal oversight of voting rights (aimed at protecting black voters in the South). Like other Western Republicans, Stewart favored the inflationist policy of the unlimited coinage of silver, which was a minority viewpoint in the party but popular among the silver miners of Nevada. In 1893 and again in 1899, he was reelected to the Senate as a Silver Republican. His monetary position led him to endorse Democrat William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896. Stewart’s reelection campaign in 1899 against former partner Francis G. Newlands was marred by corruption charges on both sides. Stewart rejoined the Republican Party in 1900. Two years later, he won the first case argued before the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, The Netherlands. His wife died later that year, and he married May Agnes Cone, a widow, in 1903. Stewart retired at the end of his senate term in March 1905, and remained in Washington, D.C., where he died on April 23, 1909.	msmarco_doc_00_5055387
http://15thcircuit.com/court-schedule	Court Hours and Holiday Schedule \| 15th Circuit	Court Hours and Holiday Schedule Court Hours and Holiday Schedule Court Hours Court Holidays 2021	Court Hours and Holiday Schedule \| 15th Circuit Court Hours and Holiday Schedule Court Hours Monday through Friday 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. The Clerk of Court's hours Court Holidays 2021 New Year's Day Friday, January 1, 2021 Martin Luther King Jr. Birthday Monday, January 18, 2021 No Court Events* Monday, February 15, 2021 Good Friday Friday, April 2, 2021 Memorial Day Monday, May 31, 2021 Independence Day (discretionary) Friday, July 2, 2021 Independence Day (observed) Monday, July 5, 2021 Labor Day Monday, September 6, 2021 Rosh Hashanah Tuesday, September 7, 2021 Yom Kippur Thursday, September 16, 2021 No Court Events* Monday, October 11, 2021 Veteran's Day Thursday, November 11, 2021 Thanksgiving Day Thursday, November 25, 2021 Friday after Thanksgiving Friday, November 26, 2021 Christmas ( observed) Friday, December 24, 2021 No Court Events* Monday, December 27, 2021 *Monday, February 15, 2021, Monday, October 11, 2021 and Monday, December 27, 2021 are a County holidays but the Court will be open. However, the County buildings will be closed so court events will not be scheduled on these day.	msmarco_doc_00_5061113
http://15thcircuit.com/program-page/certified-process-servers	Certified Process Servers \| 15th Circuit	Certified Process Servers Certified Process Servers Application Intake for Certified Process Servers is currently CLOSED. Application period begins October 1, 2021. Please check back at that time for the 2022 CPS Application Program Description Process Server Greiviance Committee Now Accepting Applicants Certification Requirements: Application Directions: Training Courses: 2020 Court Approved Training Courses: 16 Hour Process Server Training Courses (for new applicants): 4 Hour Continuing Education Courses (for renewals): How to Obtain a Bond: Relevant Orders, Rules and Statutes Related Forms Frequently Asked Questions What does "service" mean as it relates to process servers? Why do legal papers need to be officially served? Who do I contact to serve my legal papers? Courthouse	Certified Process Servers \| 15th Circuit Certified Process Servers Application Intake for Certified Process Servers is currently CLOSED. Application period begins October 1, 2021. Please check back at that time for the 2022 CPS Application Program Description Process Servers in the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit are certified by the Chief Judge and the program is administered by the Administrative Office of the Court. Certified Process Servers are permitted to serve initial non-enforceable civil process within the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit (Palm Beach County). Civil process provides notice to defendants that a judicial action or proceeding has been initiated. Names of current certified process servers are included in an approved list maintained by the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit. Certified Process Servers are required to exercise due diligence while effecting service and to comply with related rules, statutes, and administrative orders. Certified process servers are not employees of the court and the Administrative Office of the Court makes no representations or promises as to their abilities or the success in securing business. Fifteenth Judicial Circuit Certified Process Servers Process Server Greiviance Committee Now Accepting Applicants The office of General Counsel is seeking attorneys to volunteer as members on the Grievance Review Committee for Civil Process Servers. The Grievance committee meets on an as-needed basis (Usually 1-2 times a year) to review grievances against process servers, and does not involve a significant time commitment. Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, all meetings will be held via Zoom. Interested applicants should fill out the form below, and send it via email to ekenny@pbcgov.org. CPS Grievance Committee Application Certification Requirements: Pursuant to Florida Statute 48.29 (3), all persons seeking to be added to the 15th Circuit's certified process server list must: Be at least 18 years of age Have no mental or legal disability Be a permanent resident of the State of Florida File the applicable application/pay applicable fees Submit to a background investigation, which shall include the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant. Applicant will complete this through FDLE (Florida Department of Law Enforcement) Obtain and file with the application a certificate of good conduct, which specifies there is no pending criminal case against the applicant and that there is no record of any felony conviction, nor a record of a conviction of a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude or dishonesty, with respect to the applicant within the past 5 years After approval, applicant must execute a $5,000 surety bond with a company authorized to do business in Florida with the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit named as the insured and keep the bond current and in good standing Attend required trainings and take and pass a written examination through FAPPS Attend a swearing in ceremony (January). Application Directions: See Administrative Order No. 2.704-12/11 (PDF). New Applicants: New Applications are accepted from October 1 through October 31 of each year each year. New Applicants must: Submit a Completed Application ( Download New Application ) Pay a $250.00 Application Fee in the form of a cashier's check or money order (paid to the Board of County Commissioners) Pay a $24.00 FDLE Background Check Fee (paid directly by applicant to FDLE), which shall include the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant. Attend 16 hour training course approved by Court Administration and pass the corresponding written examination through FAPPS. The cost of which, is $180 paid directly to FAPPS. Information on the training courses currently approved by Court Administration is outlined in the "Training Courses" section, below. Obtain and file with the application a certificate of good conduct, which specifies there is no pending criminal case against the applicant and that there is no record of any felony conviction, nor a record of a conviction of a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude or dishonesty, with respect to the applicant within the past 5 years After approval, applicant must record a $5,000 bond with the Clerk and Comptroller's Office - Recording Department and provide a copy of the recorded bond to the Administrative Office of the Court Attend a swearing in ceremony (January) Reciprocal Applicants from Dade County: Process Servers who are certified by the Eleventh Judicial circuit will be extended reciprocity by the Fifteenth Judicial circuit upon satisfaction of the below requirements. Applications for reciprocity are accepted from October 1 through October 31 of each year. Submit a Completed Application ( Download Reciprocal Application ) Pay a $250.00 Application Fee in the form of a cashier's check or money order (paid to the Board of County Commissioners) Pay a $24.00 FDLE Background Check Fee (paid directly by applicant to FDLE), which shall include the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant. Tender a letter or a certificate of good standing from the Administrative Office of the Court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit. Submit proof of completed training through the Eleventh Circuit within the last 2 years. Obtain and file with the application a certificate of good conduct, which specifies there is no pending criminal case against the applicant and that there is no record of any felony conviction, nor a record of a conviction of a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude or dishonesty, with respect to the applicant within the past 5 years After approval, applicant must execute and record a $5,000 bond with the Clerk and Comptroller's Office - Recording Department and provide a copy of the recorded bond to the Administrative Office of the Court Attend a swearing in ceremony (January) Renewal Applicants: Renewals are accepted through the month of October each year. Current Certified Process Servers must renew annually to remain on the list of Certified Process Servers maintained by the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit. Failure to complete a renewal form, to maintain a current bond, and to tender the required renewal fee may result in your name being removed from the list. Renewal applicants must: Submit a completed Renewal Application ( Download Renewal Application ) Pay a $200.00 Renewal Fee in the form of a cashier's check or money order (paid to the Board of County Commissioners) Pay a $24.00 FDLE Background Check Fee (paid directly by applicant to FDLE), which shall include the right to obtain and review the criminal record of the applicant Obtain and file with the application a certificate of good conduct, which specifies there is no pending criminal case against the applicant and that there is no record of any felony conviction, nor a record of a conviction of a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude or dishonesty, with respect to the applicant within the past 5 years Attend a 4 hour continuing education course approved by Court Administration. Information on the continuing education courses currently approved by Court Administration is outlined in the "Training Courses" section, below. The cost of which, is $75 Provide an original bond/continuation certificate OR a certified recorded copy of continuation bond to Administrative Office of Court Training Courses: 2020 Court Approved Training Courses: 16 Hour Process Server Training Courses (for new applicants): Court Administration has approved an online training course provided by the Florida Association of Professional Process Servers. The course runs 16 hours over 2 days and costs $180, to be paid directly to FAPPS. The required written exam will be offered as part of the course. The course is being offered either on September 14-15, 2020, October 26-27, 2020, or November 9-10, 2020. The applicant can select which date they prefer to take the course. For more information and to register for a course, please visit the FAPPS Process Server Education website. 4 Hour Continuing Education Courses (for renewals): Court Administration has approved a 4 hour online continuing education course provided by the Florida Association of Professional Process Servers. The course costs $75 and is being offered on multiple dates in September, October, and November. For more information and to register for a course, please visit the FAPPS Process Server Education website. How to Obtain a Bond: We cannot select the bond company for you. Below are the names of insurance companies which have underwritten bonds in the past: Western Surety Company Great American Insurance Company State Farm Fire and Casualty Company International Fidelity Insurance Company American Contractors Indemnity Company RLI Insurance Company Relevant Orders, Rules and Statutes Administrative Orders: All Certified Process Servers are required to read and abide by the Administrative Orders which govern process servers (found in Series 2): 2.701 - Certified Process Servers 2.702 - Return of Service Form 2.703 - Recovery of Certified Process Server Costs 2.704 - Extension of Reciprocity to Certified Process Server of the Eleventh Judicial Court 2.705 - Renewal of Process Server Certification 2.706 - Process Server Grievance Review Committee 2.707 - Procedural Guidelines for Certified Civil Process Server Grievance Review Committee 2.708 - Procedures for Certified Civil Process Servers with Sanctions or Penalties Imposed in Other Jurisdictions 2.709 - Process Servers Section 48.49 Guidelines All Certified Process Servers are responsible for understanding and complying with the statutes and rules of court which pertain to service of process. Chapter 48, Florida Statutes, in particular Sections 48.25-48.31, the "Florida Certified Process Servers Act"; Florida Rules of Civil Procedures 1.070 and 1.808; and Florida Small Claims Rule 7.070. Related Forms Notice of Attempted Service - English Notice of Attempted Service- Spanish Notice of Attempted Service - Creole Return of Service Return of Non Service Affidavit of Diligent Search and Inquiry Frequently Asked Questions What does "service" mean as it relates to process servers? "Service" is the official delivery of legal papers on parties, witnesses or other people involved in a case pursuant to and in compliance with Florida Statutes. Why do legal papers need to be officially served? Official service of a summons and a copy of your complaint or petition are necessary to start a legal action by giving the other side formal notice that there is a lawsuit filed against them. After serving the other parties in your civil case, the process server files a return of service form with the Court so that the judge will know service has been performed according to the law. Civil process servers can also serve subpoenas (orders to appear in court or produce documents) and other legal notices and may be called upon to testify in Court if there is a question about proper service. All parties requesting service of process should be aware of the proper and legal service required in the legal proceeding. Who do I contact to serve my legal papers? In the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit (Palm Beach County), either a deputy sheriff or a certified process server may serve initial non-enforceable process. How do I have legal papers served on a person or business outside of Palm Beach County? Process servers are certified differently by each county. Please check with the Sheriff's Office in the county in which the person is located to inquire about how to effectuate service of process in that county. The Administrative Office of the Court maintains an approved list of Certified Civil Process Servers approved by the Chief Judge of the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit of Florida, Palm Beach County: see link to current Fifteenth Judicial Circuit Certified Process Servers at the top of this page. The Palm Beach County's Sheriff Office Civil Process Unit carries out the Sheriff's statutory responsibility for the service of process and execution of writs. For more information on the Civil Process Unit, go to www.pbso.org . Phone (561) 355-1952 Room 5.2500 Courthouse Judge Daniel T. K. Hurley Courthouse	msmarco_doc_00_5062549
http://15thdistrictpta.org/CAP/	CAP \| 15th District PTA	CAP CAP CAP HOURS Monday – Thursday – 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Upcoming Events We continue to add to our offering for families. This year we are adding soa p! All Clothing Assistance Program appointments must be made by family resource coordinators. We do not take walk-ins, every person must have an appointment. Thank you! Each local PTA is asked to send volunteers to work at CAP twice a year. Volunteers are asked to work 2-3 hours between 10am-1pm. It is critical we have schools send volunteers, as CAP is solely run by volunteers and we need everyone to make this program successful. Clothing for Interviews and Graduation Clothing Donations Procedure Facts about the 15th District PTA Clothing Assistance Program (CAP) Mission CAP Staff/Facilities Clothing/Funding Numbers For This School Year From July 29, 2019 to February 21, 2020 Referrals/Clients	CAP \| 15th District PTA CAP The Clothing Assistance Program (CAP) is a partnership between the 15th District Parent Teacher Association (PTA) and Jefferson County Public Schools (JCPS). CAP provides clothing to JCPS students and their families in need. Clothing is donated and provided free of charge to those families. CAP HOURS Monday – Thursday – 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. This applies to all general donations, family visits, uniform pickups, volunteer groups, clothing exchanges, etc. Help is always needed sorting, sizing, hanging, and organizing our donated clothing. Volunteer hours during the school year are Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursdays from 10 a.m. until 2 p.m. Other hours can be scheduled. Upcoming Events Women’s Unsale – May 16th 10 am to 2 pm Un-SalePoster20 Download We continue to add to our offering for families. In 2018 – we started offering new tennis shoes to our students. We called the program “From the Group Up” We wanted to make sure we were starting our students off on the right foot at the begin If you want to donate for the shoes you can do so here at the website – or at this link – From the Ground Up Donation This year we are adding soa p! Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) helps families with their nutritional needs such as food. This program is wonderful but does have limitation. SNAP does not cover any hygiene products such as soap. 15 th District PTA has decided to add this to our offering for our families that come to CAP. While this seems like a small thing to offer – it will be a big help to our families. If you would like to donate new soap or other health and beauty products – we will be sure to get them to our families. Some of our volunteers from the past All Clothing Assistance Program appointments must be made by family resource coordinators. We do not take walk-ins, every person must have an appointment. Thank you! Each local PTA is asked to send volunteers to work at CAP twice a year. Volunteers are asked to work 2-3 hours between 10am-1pm. It is critical we have schools send volunteers, as CAP is solely run by volunteers and we need everyone to make this program successful. CAP is located at 319 South 15 th Street. Going west on Muhammad Ali, take a right onto 15 th Street and our entrance is at the end of the football field fencing before the next intersection. If you have any questions contact us at (502) 485-7062 or jcpscap@jefferson.kyschools.us. Clothing Assistance Program For over 40 years the 15th District PTA’s Clothing Assistance Program has been providing new and used clothing to needy children who attend Jefferson County Public Schools. Many of our community’s families face each new school year without resources to provide school clothing for their children. Kids today face many challenges and economically disadvantaged children have incredible barriers to overcome. Most of the clothes are donated from local schools. Each school is asked to have one or two clothing drives a year for CAP. Funding for new clothing items come from cash donations from schools, PTAs, individuals and a few grant sources. Each local school is asked to send three to four volunteers twice a year to assist at the program (see calendar pop-down list below). This could include assisting clients, sorting, stocking and hanging clothes, ordering and tracking new inventory. Contact the Clothing Assistance Program at 485-7062 or 485-3535. Volunteers are needed! Clothing for Interviews and Graduation The Clothing Assistance Program is located at 319 South 15th Street Louisville 40203. Clothing suitable for college interviews, job interviews or graduation are also available for Seniors. Clothing Donations Procedure Donations should be sent in boxes. Bags rip open and the clothes get lost, dirty or torn before we can sort them. This is especially true for donations sent through the PONY. Those donations must wait at the warehouse until several pallets are ready for delivery to us. Boxes should be marked 15th District PTA CAP at Central Stadium with your PTA’s Name as the “return address”. This helps us make sure that you are recognized for your contributions. Boxes without return names will not be picked up by the PONY. To arrange for a PONY pick up you will need to call Roger Mercer at 485-3362. Please give them 2-3 weeks’ notice before you want a pickup. This helps them to set their schedule. If you do not give them enough notice the clothes may need to be stored at your school for those 2-3 weeks. We also ask you to fill out the form below and send in an envelope to 15thDistrict PTA CAP at Central Stadium separately from the donation so that we can be sure to record your donation. If a tax receipt is requested, please get the donor’s name and address and include with the form below and a letter will be sent to them. Clothes do not have to be sorted but if you wanted to make this a project for student service hours that would be great. Label the boxes as sorted with the contents if you decide to do this. Please be sure that the clothes are clean, unstained and without holes or tears. We also cannot use clothing items with tobacco or alcohol advertising. This will help us sort and get the clothes to the racks quicker. If you want to drop off your donations please make sure that CAP will be open and let us know if you will need a cart or carts to bring the items in. We will be happy to meet you in the parking lot. CAP is no longer able to take Lost and Found items from the schools that have not been washed. Please assist your Family Resource or Youth Services Coordinator or maintenance staff with this. Clothing Donation Procedure Form (pdf) Facts about the 15th District PTA Clothing Assistance Program (CAP) Mission To reduce absenteeism by ensuring that students have appropriate school clothing. We also provide gently used clothing for all family members. CAP Staff/Facilities Justin Willis, JCPS Parent Relation Specialist, office is at CAP and he is a driving factor of the program. However, the program is too much for one person and it relies on volunteers to do the majority of the work. There is a dedicated group of volunteers that come every week to help out and they are more like the coordinators of the volunteer program. Most are retied JCPS teachers who know the value of the program for our students. Community and PTA volunteers sort and hang clothes during the year. JCPS provides a spacious warehouse, transportation of donations, and more support than can be listed to ensure the continuation of this program Clothing/Funding Funding for new clothes comes from cash donations from community members, local PTA units, and a generous grant source given to JCPS to combat absenteeism. In order to maintain the success of this program approximately $80,000.00 is needed. Gently used clothes come from various sources including drives held by PTAs. We clothe the entire household so we need infant sizes up through Men’s and Women’s in uniform and non-uniform clothes. Numbers For This School Year From July 29, 2019 to February 21, 2020 4, 034 students with uniforms 2,456 students with new shoes 2,302 families with new and gently used clothing 340 vision vouchers Referrals/Clients Students in need of clothes are referred by the school’s Family Resource Youth Service Center coordinators or counselors or Neighborhood place coordinators. Appointments are made using an online system allowing the coordinators to make appointments quickly and at any time. Students in schools requiring uniforms receive 1 new polo shirt and pair of uniform pants. All referred students receive a belt and 5 pairs of socks and underwear. Students and their family members “shop” our family room and take as much clothing as they need for any member of their household. We also have linens and household items for families that have lost their possessions due to fire, flood etc.	msmarco_doc_00_5075904
http://15thjudicialcircuit.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15&Itemid=166	15th Circuit Judges	Carroll County 15th Judicial Circuit Judges Carroll County Judge J. Jerry Kane Jo Daviess County Lee County Ogle County Stephenson County Main Menu	15th Circuit Judges 15th Judicial Circuit Judges Carroll County Judge J. Jerry Kane Circuit Judge J. Jerry Kane graduated from Creighton University School of Law. He was appointed to the bench in 2017 and elected as Circuit Judge in 2020. Judge Kane is the current presiding judge of Carroll County. Judge Scott L. Brinkmeier Associate Judge Scott L. Brinkmeier graduated from the University of Illinois School of Law. He was appointed to the bench in March, 2021. Jo Daviess County Judge Kevin J. Ward Circuit Judge Kevin J. Ward graduated from the University of Illinois School of Law. He was appointed to the bench in July, 2007 and elected as Circuit Judge in 2020. Judge Ward is the current presiding judge of Jo Daviess County. Judge John D. Hay Associate Judge John D. Hay graduated from Northern Illinois University School of Law. He was appointed to the bench in January, 2021. Lee County Judge Jacquelyn D. Ackert Circuit Judge Jacquelyn D. Ackert graduated from Southern Illinois University School of Law-Carbondale. She was appointed to the bench in 2004 and elected as Circuit Judge in 2018. Judge Ackert is the current presiding judge of Lee County. Judge Douglas E. Lee Circuit Judge Douglas E. Lee graduated from Northwestern School of Law. He was apointed to the bench in January, 2019 as Associate Judge and as Circuit Judge by the Illinois Supreme Court in July, 2019 and elected as Circuit Judge in 2020. Judge Theresa M. Friel-Draper Associate Judge Theresa M. Friel-Draper graduated from Chicago-Kent Law School. She was appointed to the bench in July, 2019. Judge Matthew T. Klahn Associate Judge Matthew T. Klahn graduated from Creighton University School of Law. He was appointed to the bench in October, 2019. Ogle County Judge Robert T. Hanson Circuit Judge Robert T. Hanson graduated from Drake University School of Law. He was appointed to the bench in 2006, appointed by the Illinois Supreme Court as Circuit Judge July, 2012, and elected in Novemver, 2012. Judge Hanson is the current presiding judge of Ogle County and Chief Judge of the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit. Judge John B. Roe, IV Circuit Judge John B. Roe graduated from Northern Illinois Univeristy College of Law. He was appointed as a Circuit Judge by the Illinois Supreme Court in January, 2013. Judge John C. Redington Associate Judge John C. Redington graduated from Northern Illinois University School of Law. He was appointed to the bench in 2012. Judge Clayton L. Lindsey Associate Judge Clayton L. Lindsey graduated from John Marshall Law School. He was appointed to the bench in 2016. Stephenson County Judge Michael P. Bald Circuit Judge Michael P. Bald graduated from Loyola University School of Law. He was appointed to the bench in 2004, and elected to the Circuit Judge position in 2006. Judge Bald is the current presiding judge of Stephenson County. Judge James M. Hauser Circuit Judge James M. Hauser graduated from Marquette University School of Law. He was appointed to the bench in 2006 and elected to the Circuit Judge position in 2016. Judge Glenn R. Schorsch Associate Judge Glenn R. Schorsch graduated from John Marshall Law School. He was appointed to the bench in 2014. Judge David M. Olson Associate Judge David M. Olson graduated from the University of Iowa Law School. He was appointed to the bench in 2016. Main Menu Home Our Circuit 15th Circuit Judges Courthouse Contact Info Staff Local Court Rules Local Court Rules (Individual Parts 1-10) Resources GAL List Media Related Forms --Media Coordinator Request for Coverage --Objection of Witness to Coverage --Objection of Party to Coverage --Courtroom Guidelines Family Law Mediators, Rule 9A.8 Civil Mediation Mediators Approved Parenting Programs Helpful Links Court Holidays (2020, 2021) Access to the Courts for People With Special Needs Dissolution of Marriage/Civil Union Forms E-File an Order of Protection Guided Interview--YouTube Video Illinois Guide and File Employment Opportunities Contact Us Login	msmarco_doc_00_5085000
http://1607covenant.com/	Covenant	America’s Covenant with God America’s Covenant with God Why is this significant? What can I do?	Covenant America’s Covenant with God In 1607, the expedition led by Pastor Robert Hunt arrived in Virginia Beach. When they arrived in Virginia, the expedition dedicated our country to the glory of God. They planted a rough-hewn wooden cross, which they brought from England, in the sand and prayed: We do hereby dedicate this Land, and ourselves, to reach the People within these shores with the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to raise up Godly generations after us, and with these generations take the Kingdom of God to all the earth. May this Covenant of Dedication remain to all generations, as long as this earth remains, and may this Land, along with England, be Evangelist to the World. May all who see this Cross, remember what we have done here, and may those who come here to inhabit join us in this Covenant and in this most noble work that the Holy Scriptures may be fulfilled. Why is this significant? You see, this covenant with our Lord gives us the legal authority to petition for God’s mercy and protection. Before any permanent settlement, our nation was dedicated to God for all generations. As long as we remember to use this covenant, we have a unique advantage when we ask God to Heal and Bless our nation. What can I do? First and foremost, teach your family, especially children, the significance of America’s covenant in 1607 with God, one that that lasts for all generations Tell your friends, co-workers and everyone you can reach out to. As more people use this covenant in their prayers for the nation, the more powerful our intercession for our land will be Now use it when you pray for our nation. When you pray bring this covenant to the Lord and petition that since this nation belongs to our Lord Jesus Christ, that he honors the prayers of the remnant and grants our petitions for our land	msmarco_doc_00_5089405
http://162.220.157.131/fullcourtweb/start.do	FullCourt Enterprise - Login	Log In to Public Access Portal	FullCourt Enterprise - Login Log In to Public Access Portal Welcome to the Public Access Portal for the Lee County Circuit Court. This public access portal provides online access to court records and the court calendar. The Court and its related personnel make no representation as to the accuracy, completeness or utility, and assume no liability for any general or specific use of the information provided herein. Recent entries made in the court offices may not be immediately reflected on this site. Lee County Circuit Court - 309 S Galena Ave Suite 320 - Dixon, IL 61021 Phone (815) 284-5234	msmarco_doc_00_5091481
http://162.extensionfile.net/	Open 162 File	Open 162 File Open 162 File How to Open 162 file What is 162 File? 162 File Applications	Open 162 File Open 162 File To open 162 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 162 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 162. Here is some information which will get you started. How to Open 162 file To see if you have an application which support 162 file format you need to double click on the file. This will either open it with matching application or Windows will suggest you to look for an application for file extension 162 either on web or on local computer. If there is no application on your computer which can open 162 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 162 files. What is 162 File? File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 162 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix). These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files. 162 File Applications If you know which application opens file extension 162 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form. For more information on how to open 162 files read other articles on this website.	msmarco_doc_00_5092275
http://164.100.79.153/judis/	The Judgment Information System		The Judgment Information System High Courts Andhra Pradesh Telangana Bombay Bombay at Goa Calcutta (Original Side) Calcutta (Appellate Side) Calcutta (Port Blair Bench) Delhi Manipur Karnataka Kerala Madras Uttarakhand Punjab and Haryana Welcome to THE JUDGMENTS INFORMATION SYSTEM THE JUDGMENTS INFORMATION SYSTEM The Judgments Information system consists of the Judgments of the Supreme court of India and several High Courts. In the case of the Supreme Court all reported Judgments which are published in SCR Journal, since its inception i.e. 1950 till date are available. The Judgments reported in SCR till 1993 also have head-notes. The judgments reported in SCR in 1994 and later have only text of judgments with out head-notes. District Courts District Courts	msmarco_doc_00_5094511
http://164.64.110.134/nmac/T14C007	Chapter 7 - Building Codes General \| New Mexico State Records Center and Archives	Chapter 7 - Building Codes General Chapter 7 - Building Codes General Quick Links	Chapter 7 - Building Codes General \| New Mexico State Records Center and Archives Chapter 7 - Building Codes General 14.7.1 NMAC GENERAL PROVISIONS [RESERVED] 14.7.2 NMAC 2015 NEW MEXICO COMMERCIAL BUILDING CODE pdf version 14.7.3 NMAC 2015 NEW MEXICO RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CODE pdf version 14.7.4 NMAC 2015 NEW MEXICO EARTHEN BUILDING MATERIALS CODE pdf version 14.7.5 NMAC 2009 NEW MEXICO NON-LOAD BEARING BALED STRAW CONSTRUCTION BUILDING STANDARDS [REPEALED] pdf version 14.7.6 NMAC 2018 NEW MEXICO ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE pdf version 14.7.7 NMAC 2015 NEW MEXICO EXISTING BUILDING CODE pdf version 14.7.8 NMAC 2015 NEW MEXICO HISTORIC EARTHEN BUILDINGS pdf version 14.7.9 NMAC 2018 NEW MEXICO COMMERCIAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE pdf version Quick Links	msmarco_doc_00_5095602
http://164.64.110.134/nmac/home	Welcome \| New Mexico State Records Center and Archives	the New Mexico Administrative Code (NMAC) and the New Mexico Register (NM REGISTER) Welcome to the Official site of the New Mexico Administrative Code (NMAC) and the New Mexico Register (NM REGISTER)	Welcome \| New Mexico State Records Center and Archives Welcome to the Official site of the New Mexico Administrative Code (NMAC) and the New Mexico Register (NM REGISTER) The State Rules Act mandates that the creation of the New Mexico Administrative Code (NMAC) to assist the public in finding current rules. Since 2002, the New Mexico State Commission of Public Records (CPR) has assumed responsibility for and published the New Mexico Register and compiled the NMAC. The Administrative Law Division (ALD) administers the State Rules Act and certain provisions of the Public Records Act that govern the official filing of rules and publications produced by state agencies. Included in that responsibility, ALD regularly publishes newly adopted or amended rules in the New Mexico Register. Once rules become effective, ALD then posts current rules on the NMAC. The normal rulemaking process begins with publication of a notice of rulemaking in the New Mexico Register. The notice must provide details concerning rulemaking and the proposed rule and must be provided to the public. After the public rule hearing process is completed, the rule is finalized and adopted by an agency. The adopted rule, together with the transmittal form and the concise explanatory statement, are date- and time-stamped and brought into the permanent state rules collection. A rule becomes effective, after it is published in the New Mexico Register or later. There are exceptions to the normal rulemaking process for emergency rules. ALD staff are assigned to rulemaking agencies to provide assistance and guidance throughout the process. If you have any questions about any administrative rule, please contact the Administrative Law Division at 476-7941 or by email at staterules@state.nm.us. Rulemaking forms: http://www.nmcpr.state.nm.us/forms Rulemaking Rules: NMAC, Title I, Chapter 24 - Rules Published by The Commission of Public Records Administrative Law Division	msmarco_doc_00_5096697
http://165.134.154.195/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/grammar/whprax/w23ppl-f.html	Master the Latin Participles	Master the Latin Participles Master the Latin Participles To learn the different types and forms of Latin participles, remember: How do I get the forms? Study the chart below and observe the patterns. Declining the Participles Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl	Master the Latin Participles Master the Latin Participles (cf. Wheelock 23) LatinPraxis Index If you are more interested in the idea than in the forms of Latin participles, click here. To learn the different types and forms of Latin participles, remember: There are four participial forms. Two derive from the second principal part of the verb. E.g. amô, amâre, amâvî, amâtus Two derive from the fourth principal part of the verb. E.g. amô, amâre, amâvî, amâtus My question is: What do the various participles mean? How are main types of participles related in form? How do I produce the participles if I know the principal parts of a verb? How do I make present participles for regular or for deponent verbs? How do participles work with other words in a sentence? (Agreement) How do participles change their forms? (Declensions) Be sure that you correctly understand the basic meanings of the various participles. The clues that aid easy recognition are highlighted. present participle amâ ns, ama nt is loving fut. passive ppl. (the gerundive) ama nd us, -a, -um [about] to be loved perfect ppl. amâ tus, -a, -um loved, having been loved (Deponents here are active in meaning: cônâtus = having tried) fut. active ppl. amât ûr us, -a, -um about to love present participle audiê ns, audie nt is hearing fut. passive ppl. (the gerundive) audie nd us, -a, -um [about] to be heard perfect ppl. audî tus, -a, -um heard, having been heard (Deponents here are active in meaning: mentîtus = having lied) fut. active ppl. audît ûr us, -a, -um about to hear Notice how the endings seem to link present and future passive participial forms, -ns with -ndus: audiê ns - audie ndus past (or perfect) and future active participial forms, -tus (sometimes -sus) with -tûrus (sometimes -sûrus): audî tus - audî tûrus. Why is it helpful to notice these connections? Noticing these connections allows you to go from one form to another very quickly. Given a present participle like laudâns, for example, you can quickly produce the future passive participle, laudandus, because the forms suggest each other. Likewise, given the perfect participle laudâtus, you can quickly get to the future active participle, laudâtûrus. Therefore, given the four principal parts, you have what you need to get the present participle, which suggests the future passive one; and you have the fourth principal part, which usually presents you with the perfect (also called the past) participle, which in turn suggests the future active participle. How do I get the forms? 1. Go to the second part, the infinitive, make the present participle and then the future passive one by changing -ns to -ndus. amâre amâns / amandus 2. Go to the fourth part, take the past participle, and make the future active one by changing -us to -ûrus. amâtus amâtus / amâtûrus How to Make Present Participles 1. Replace the final -re of the present infinitive with -ns and make (or keep) the preceding vowel long. 2. Make the ending -iêns for fourth and third-io conjugations. N.B.: For a deponent verb, construct what its present active infinitive form would be and follow the same rules, to get forms like cônâns, sequêns, loquêns, patiêns, mentiêns from the hypothetical infinitives cônâre, sequere, loquere, patere, mentîre. These present participles from deponents are active in form and active in meaning . Click here for more information on participles from deponent verbs. Study the chart below and observe the patterns. Second Principal Part Fourth Principal Part present ppl. perfect ppl. fut. passive ppl. fut. active ppl. I amô amâre amâvî amâtus amâ-ns (loving) amâ-tus (loved) ama-ndus (to be loved) amâ-tûrus (about to love) II moneô monêre monuî monitus monê-ns (advising) moni-tus (advised) mone-ndus (to be advised) moni-tûrus (about to advise) III dûcô dûcere duxî ductus dûcê-ns (leading) duc-tus (led) dûce-ndus (to be led) duc-tûrus (about to lead) IV audiô audîre audîvî audîtus audiê-ns (hearing) audî-tus (heard) audie-ndus (to be heard) audî-tûrus (about to hear) III-io capiô capere cêpî captus capiê-ns (seizing) cap-tus (seized) capie-ndus (to be seized) cap-tûrus (about to seize) Show me the participles from deponent verbs. Remember: not all verbs have all forms. A verb like esse, to be, cannot be passive, and therefore cannot have a "passive form." It can however form -êns, -entis and futûrus, a, um. The endings of participles must change to agree with the gender, number, and case of the nouns or pronouns that they modify. Rîdêns puella cantat. = A smiling girl is singing. Rîdêns is feminine, singular, and nominative. It agrees with puella. Rîdentem puerum vidêmus. = We see a smiling boy. Rîdentem is masculine, singular, and accusative. It agrees with puerum. Moritûrî tê salûtâmus. = We [gladiators] about to die salute you. Moritûrî is masculine, plural, and nominative. It agrees with [gladiators]. Declining the Participles 1. The participles other than the present one (the past, the future active, and the future passive) are declined according to the -us -a -um paradigm (like bonus, bona, bonum ). amâtus, amâta, amâtum amâtûrus, amâtûra, amâtûrum amandus, amanda, amandum monitus, monita, monitum monitûrus, monitûra, monitûrum monendus, monenda, monendum captus, capta, captum captûrus, captûra, captûrum capiendus, capienda, capiendum 2. The present participle is declined like a third-declension adjective (with genitive singular in -is ), except that it may sometimes take an -e instead of an -î in the ablative singular. See the page on third-declension patterns. The present participle can sometimes take -e rather than -î: Deo volente. = With God willing [something]. = If God wills [something]. NOTA BENE: The present participles will almost always have an -NT- element right before the ending, except for the nominative singulars and neuter accusative singulars. Here are some examples of singular participial forms. Notice how the neuter accusatives replicate the nominatives, and how they are marked by and ending of -NS. Nom amâNS monêNS capiêNS Gen ama NT is mone NT is capie NT is Dat ama NT î mone NT î capie NT î Acc M-F: ama NT em N: amâNS M-F: mone NT em N: monêNS M-F: capie NT em N: capiêNS Abl ama NT î /-e mone NT î /-e capie NT î /-e All of the plural forms have the -NT- element. Nom M-F: ama NT ês N: ama NT ia M-F: mone NT ês N: mone NT ia M-F: capie NT ês N: capie NT ia Gen M-F-N: ama NT ium M-F-N: mone NT ium M-F-N: capie NT ium Dat M-F-N: ama NT ibus M-F-N: mone NT ibus M-F-N: capie NT ibus Acc M-F: ama NT ês N: ama NT ia M-F: mone NT ês N: mone NT ia M-F: capie NT ês N: capie NT ia Abl M-F-N: ama NT ibus M-F-N: mone NT ibus M-F-N: capie NT ibus Explanation page on participles Show me the participles from deponent verbs.	msmarco_doc_00_5099058
http://165.248.107.74/hcpsv3/	Hawaii Content & Performance Standards Database III :: Hawaii Department of Education		Hawaii Content & Performance Standards Database III :: Hawaii Department of Education Welcome to the interactive Hawaii Content & Performance Standards III (HCPS III) Database. This database allows you to search for the information you need to plan for standards-based instruction. In order to access the site successfully, your browser will need to be equipped with Flash Player (please see Help section for downloads) and you will also need Adobe Acrobat to view printable files. For an overview of the Hawaii Department of Education's Standards-Based Educational resources, please visit (http://doe.k12.hi.us/curriculum/index.html) HCPS III Quick Search Use this search to get a comprehensive summary of the standards for the areas you teach. For Benchmark Map documents, please click on the Benchmark Map tab. To reference this site: "Hawaii Content & Performance Standards III Database." Hawaii Department of Education. June 2007. Department of Education. 17 Dec. 2007. Content Area Select a Content Area Career and Technical Education Health Fine Arts Language Arts Math Physical Education Science Social Studies World Languages Additional Search Types Keyword Search: Search by keyword in all Standards. All Content Areas by Grade: Get Standards information for all content areas ( Grades K-8 only ). Standards Progression: See how the standards change from grade to grade. Grade Level/Course Please select a Content Area K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Strand All What information would you like to see in addition to Standard & Topic? Benchmark Sample Performance Assessment Rubric Hawaii Standards System About HCPS III Teacher Toolkit w/Instructional Maps (BETA testing) Report Hawaii Standards Database Problem	msmarco_doc_00_5107263
http://167374658346816714.weebly.com/	The Wolverine (Gulo gulo) and Climate Change: How will they be affected? - Home	Natural History of the Wolverine ( G.gulo) Role in the environment Wolverine ( G. gulo) Distribution Map How Climate Change could affect Wolverines ( G. gulo) References:	The Wolverine (Gulo gulo) and Climate Change: How will they be affected? - Home Home Natural History of the Wolverine ( G.gulo) http://www.buzzle.com/articles/wolverine-animal-adaptations.html The wolverine is a type of large weasel that is found all over the world, such as North America, Europe and Asia (Inman et al. 2012) . In North America the Wolverine lives in small populations in the Boreal forest. Research has shown that they have evolved to be able to survive its cold and snowy climate. They have adapted special physical characteristics that help them to live in these environments (McKelvey 2011). These adaptations include larger feet to be able to walk in snow, fur that can hold in heat, and their bodies have become more sturdy (Telfer and Kelsall 1984, Aubrey et al. 2007, McKelvey 2011). The wolverine is a scavenger and hunter, they have been known to eat rodents, birds, and road kill moose and deer. (Krott 1959, Haglund 1966, Dijk 2007). One of the most important factors of their habitat is snow, because they use it for their dens. These dens are used for reproduction, protection and warmth for young wolverines. All dens must have access to and be near a continuous amount of snow up until spring time (Pulliainen 1968, Magoun and Copeland 1998, Aubry et al. 2007). Role in the environment The wolverine is a predator and their role is to control the number of other species within their community, if predators are taken out of a system it can alter the entire ecosystem (Terbroogh et al. 2001, Brodie and Post 2009). Carnivores are often used as a sign for ecosystem health, they spread fruits, transfer energy through the ecosystem and have evolutionary influences on prey species (Buskirk 1999, Minta et al. 1999, terborgh et al. 2001, Buskirk and Zielinski 2003) Wolverine ( G. gulo) Distribution Map http://www.defenders.org/wolverine/basic-facts How Climate Change could affect Wolverines ( G. gulo) http://photography-on-the.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1174143 With temperatures rising and more precipitation a great threat is released on many areas that are cold and snowy like the Boreal, because it will completely change the environment. Especially to those like the Wolverine who need a constant cover of spring snow within their distribution (Inman et al. 2012). Those who have adapted to changes in climate in the past may not have enough time to adapt again (IPCC 2007). The wolverine has become a concern in certain places, such as in Scandinavia and Sweden where it is listed as vulnerable, and in Norway where it is now listed as endangered (GÄrdenfors 2012, Kålås et al. 2010). Also, in the lower 48 states of the USA, the wolverine has been put under the Endangered Species Act for protection (United States Fish and Wildlife Service 2010). What makes the Wolverine so vulnerable to the effects of global warming is the risk of their habitats decreasing and the loss of their ability to connect to other populations (McKelvey 2011). For example, populations of this species can be very low in very large areas, like those in Montana who are estimated to be only 13 within 4 mountain ranges. These types of populations will have a hard time surviving without ways to connect them to others (Squires et al. 2007). Areas of the Northwest pacific are predicted to be greatly affected because they are usually known for having freezing temperatures with considerable amounts of snow. Therefore, with the expected temperature rises it may lead snow to become rainfall which will completely change the snow cover (Elsner et al. 2010, Mantua et al. 2010). The snow cover would change in spring by becoming patchy, which could lead populations to become isolated (McKelvey 2011). One of the many models (ensemble 2045) predicts that snow cover will be reduced to 75% somewhere between 2039-2059 in areas such as Washington, Wyoming, Montana and Idaho which hold homes to wolverines. It also says that some areas will lose critical pathways that help move wolverine populations (McKelvey 2011). Luckily, there will be areas that will hold snow cover into the late 21st century, such as in British Columbia, Canada that connect to areas in Montana. Other areas in Washington, Colorado and areas in Yellowstone will also persist . From the models' results for this predicted climate change, it is suggested that we need to conduct conservation methods on the populations in the bigger habitats where effort is taken to maintain connections to other populations (McKelvey 2011). Wolverines are also at risk because this species is a carnivore predator which means they usually occur in smaller populations, have limiting resources and have a past history of greater risks of extinction (Broadie and Post 2009, Purvis et al. 2000). One of the most frequent causes of death in some populations of Wolverines is starvation, especially in Scandinavia where reports showed that if wolverines had limiting food resources it caused lower reproduction rates (Krebs at al. 2004, Persson 2005). The evidence about climate change has yet to be refuted (McKelvey 2010). Therefore in cases like this it is always good to be informed and watch climate patterns. We know from the information above that wolverines need snow cover to survive and if the current predictions are true, in that snow cover will decrease, we can expect that wolverine populations are going to suffer. Therefore, to keep this species and many others alive we all need to think about our current activities and how they are affecting our climate. Because more often than not when a species goes extinct the finger of blame is usually pointed at us, humans. http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/wolverine/ References: Aubry KB, McKelvey KS, Copeland JP. 2007. Distribution and broad scale habitat relations of the wolver- ine in the contiguous United States. Journal of Wildlife Management. 71: 2147–2158. Brodie JF, Post E. 2009. Nonlinear responses of wolverine populations to declining winter snowpack. Population Ecology. 52 (2): 279-287. Buskirk SW. (1999) Mesocarnivores of Yellowstone. Carnivores in ecosystems:the Yellowstone experience (ed. by T.W.Clark, S.C.Minta, P.K.Karieva and A.P.Curlee), pp. 165–187. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Buskirk SW, Zielinski WJ. 2003. Small and mid-sized carnivores. Mammal Community Dynamics and Forest Management in Western Coniferous Forests In: Anthony G, Zabel C, editors, New York (NY): Cambridge University Press. p. 207–249. Dijk JV, Hauge K, Landa A, Andersen R, May R. 2007. Evaluating scat analysis methods to assess wolverine Gulo gulo diet. Wildlife Biology. 19 (1): 62-67. Elsner MM, Cuo L, Voisin N, Deems J, Hamlet AF, Vano JA, Mickelson KEB, Lee SY, Lettenmaier SP. 2010. Implications of 21st century climate change for the hydrology of Washington State. Climatic Change. 102: 225– 26. GÄrdenfors U. 2010. The 2010 red list of Swedish species. Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Haglund B. 1966. De stora rovdjurens vintervanor. Viltrevy 4: 31–311. Inman RM, Magoun AJ, Persson J, Mattisson J. 2012. The wolverine's niche: linking reproductive chronology, caching, competition, and climate. Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 634-644. IPCC 2007. Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutik JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE, Editors. 2007. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. p. 976. Kålås J, Viken AA, Henriksen S, Skjelseth S. 2010. The 2010 Norwegian red list for species.Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre, Norway. Krebs J. et al. 2004. Synthesis of survival rates and causes of mortality in North American wolverines. Journal of Wildlife Management. 68: 493–502. Krott P. 1959. Der Vielfrass (Gulo gulo L. 1758). Monographien der Wildsäuegetiere. 13: 1–159. Magoun AJ, Copeland JP. 1998. Characteristics of wolverine reproductive den sites. Journal of Wildlife Man- agement. 62: 1313–1320. McKelvey KS, Lofroth EC, Copeland JP, Aubry KB, Magoun AJ. 2011. Comments on Brodie and Post: Climate-driven declines in wolverine populations: casual connection or spurious corelation? Population Ecology. 53 (1): 263-266. McKelvey KS, Copeland JP, Schwartz MK, Littell, Aubry KB, Squires JR, Parks SA, Elsner MM, Mauger GS. 2011. Climate change predicted to shift wolverine distributions, connectivity, and dispersal corridors. Ecological Applications. 21 (8): 2882–2897. Minta SC, Kareiva PM, Peyton AC. 1999. Carnivore research and conservation: learning from history and theory. Carnivores in Ecosystems: The Yellowstone Experience. In: Clark TW, Curlee AP, Minta SC, Kareiva PM, editors. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press. p. 323–404. Persson J. 2005. Female wolverine ( Gulo gulo) reproduction: reproductive costs and winter food availability. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 83: 1453–1459. Pulliainen E. 1968. Breeding biology of the wolverine ( Gulo gulo L.) in Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici. 5: 338–344 Squires JR, Schwartz MK, Copeland JP, Ruggiero LF, Ulizio TJ. 2007. Sources and patterns of wolverine mortality in western Montana. Journal of Wildlife Manage- ment. 71: 2213–2220. Telfer ES, Kelsall JP. 1984. Adaptation of some large North American mammals for survival in snow. Ecology 65: 1828–1834. Terborgh J, Lopez L, Nuñez PV, Rao M, Shahabuddin G, Orihuela G, Riveros M, Ascanio R, Adler GH, Lambert TD, Balbas L. 2001. Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science. 294: 1923–1925. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; 12-month finding on a petition to list the North American wolverine as endangered or threatened. [Internet]. Federal Register Vol. 75, No.239, [Cited 2010 December]. Available from: http://www.fws.gov/moutain-prairie/species/mammals/wolverine/75FR78030.pdf.	msmarco_doc_00_5109225
http://168x136.extensionfile.net/	Open 168X136 File	Open 168X136 File Open 168X136 File How to Open 168X136 file What is 168X136 File? 168X136 File Applications	Open 168X136 File Open 168X136 File To open 168X136 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 168X136 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 168X136. Here is some information which will get you started. How to Open 168X136 file To see if you have an application which support 168X136 file format you need to double click on the file. This will either open it with matching application or Windows will suggest you to look for an application for file extension 168X136 either on web or on local computer. If there is no application on your computer which can open 168X136 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 168X136 files. What is 168X136 File? File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 168X136 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix). These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files. 168X136 File Applications If you know which application opens file extension 168X136 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form. For more information on how to open 168X136 files read other articles on this website.	msmarco_doc_00_5119619
http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/macro-parasites.html	Macro-parasites - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES	Macro-parasite Quiz MACRO-PARASITES Macro-parasite Quiz	Macro-parasites - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES MACRO-PARASITES What are macro-parasites? Macro-parasites are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. Macro-parasites, like other parasites are metabolically dependent on other living organisms, referred to as the host organism. Most parasites grow inside the host but generally reproduce by infective stages outside of the host. Type of macro-parasites. There are many species of macro-parasites. The most common of these include nematodes, ticks, mites and flatworms. Macro-parasites can be either classed as endoparasites; parasites that live inside the host, or ectoparasites; parasites that live on the host. Examples of endoparasites include flukes and tapeworms, while examples of ectoparasites include mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, leeches and lice. Examples of diseases caused by macro-parasites. There are many diseases and ailments caused by macro-parasites as well as micro-parasites that affect plants, animals and humans. Examples of diseases in humans that are caused by macro-parasites include: Fleas Ticks Tapeworm Bilharzia worms Hydatid worms Liver fluke Macro-parasite Quiz Macro-parasite Quiz Q1: Macro-parasites are metabolically dependent on other living organisms. What are these organisms referred to as? George The host The victim Q2: What is an endoparasite? A parasite that lives inside the host A parasite that lives on the host A parasite that lives with the host Q3: What is an ectoparasite? A parasite that lives inside the host A parasite that lives on the host A parasite that lives with the host Q4: Which of the following is NOT an example of a macro-parasite? Flatworms Ticks Candida Q5: Which of the following is an example of disease caused by a macro-parasite? Liver Fluke Influenza Cholera	msmarco_doc_00_5121943
http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/prions.html	Prions - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES	PRIONS PRIONS Prion Quiz	Prions - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES PRIONS What is a prion? A prion is an infectious agent (pathogen) that is composed of a protein that has been misfolded. A prion is different to other pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans and parasites as it does not contain nucleic acid, which other pathogens must contain. However, prions and viruses are similar due to the fact that they are both not alive and that they both reproduce via high-jacking functions of living cells. What diseases do prions cause? Prions are responsible for the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in mammals, such as scrapie in sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows; which is more commonly known as 'mad cow disease'. In humans, diseases caused by prions include Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD), and kuru. Prion diseases affect the structure of the brain or neural tissue. There are currently no methods to treat prion diseases and all are considered fatal. How are prion diseases caused? Prion diseases are caused by proteins that have been misfolded, forming the prion. Upon entering a healthy organism, these prions induce surrounding proteins, converting them into prions. The prion acts as a template to guide the misfolding of more proteins, which in turn act as templates converting other proteins into prions, producing large amounts of prions. The prions then arrange themselves into groups called 'aggregates' which then disrupt the structure of tissue within the central nervous system. This disruption is characterised by holes in the tissue, making the tissue resemble a sponge. Prion Quiz Prion Quiz Q1: A prion is composed of a protein that has been.... Broken Misfolded Destroyed Q2: Why are prions are different to ALL other types of pathogens? Because they do not contain nucleic acid Because they contain nucleic acid Because prions are non living Q3: Which of the following are both diseases which are caused by prions? Malaria and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Influenza and Kuru Kuru and Scrapie Q4: What is the best treatment for prion diseases? Antibiotics Chemotherapy There is currently no treatment for prion diseases Q5: The disruption of tissue within the central nervous system caused by prion disease is characterised by.... Holes Discolouration Smell	msmarco_doc_00_5124050
http://16994238methodassessment3.weebly.com/protozoans.html	Protozoans - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES	Protozoan Quiz PROTOZOANS Protozoan Quiz	Protozoans - PATHOGENS AND DISEASES PROTOZOANS What are protozoans? A protozoan is a microscopic, motile, unicellular euakayotic (contains a nucleus) organism, which include organisms such as amoebas. Protozoa may be found around water, but can also be found in soil. However, not all protozoa are pathogens. What are pathogenic protozoa? As previously stated, not all protozoa are pathogens. The pathogenic protozoa cause protozoan infections in humans and animals. Examples of protozoa that can cause disease are Cryptosporidium which causes Crystosporidiosis, and Giardia lamblia which is responsible for Giardiasis. What diseases do protozoa cause? Examples of human diseases caused by protozoa include Malaria, Amoebiasis, Giardiasis (Giardia), Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Chagas disease and Dysentery. Protozoan diseases can be treated with antiprotozoal agents, and recent studies have shown that viruses could potentially be used to treat infections caused by protozoa. Protozoan Quiz Protozoan Quiz Q1: A protozoan is a unicellular eukaryotic organism. This means that protozoans contain... No nucleus One nucleus Two nuclei Q2: Cryptosporidium is a pathogenic protozoa. What disease is it responsible for in humans? Toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidiosis Giardia Q3: Giardia lamblia is a pathogenic protozoa. What disease is it responsible for in humans? Toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidiosis Giardia Q4: Out of the following, which is NOT a disease caused by pathogenic protozoa? Dysentery Malaria Kuru Q5: There have been recent studies on the use of a certain other pathogen in the treatment of protozoan disease. What group of pathogen is this? Viruses Bacteria Fungi	msmarco_doc_00_5126609
http://16quotes.com/7-rules-of-life/	7 Rules of Life		7 Rules of Life « Previous Random quote Next » 7 Rules of Life 1) Make peace with your past so it won't screw up the present. 2) What others think of you is none of your business. 3) Time heals almost everything, give it time. 4) Don't compare your life to others and don't judge them. You have no idea what their journey is all about. 5) Stop thinking too much, it's alright not to know the answers. They will come to you when you least expect it. 6) No one is in charge of your happiness, except you. 7) Smile. You don't own all the problems in the world. Unknown	msmarco_doc_00_5128543
http://16quotes.com/meaning-of-true-love/			« Previous Random quote Next » Some people think love is just talking kind, warm and cute words to each other, love is just telling “I love you”, is just being together and having fun. But reality is a bit different and love is hard. So what the true love meant to be? It's caring of someone you love, being with him when he needs your help, doing everything to protect and look after him. Unknown	msmarco_doc_00_5129270
http://17-76.com/truesecond.html	The True Meaning of the Second Amendment	The True Meaning of the Second Amendment The True Meaning of the Second Amendment	The True Meaning of the Second Amendment The True Meaning of the Second Amendment "A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Anti-gun propaganda falsely insists that the Second Amendment only guarantees the "right" of States to have a National Guard. An examination of the language used in the eighteenth century by the Framers of the Constitution clearly shows our Founding Fathers intended to protect a birthright that properly belongs to every individual citizen of the United States. Well-Regulated This term has nothing to do with regulation by government officials. In the eighteenth century, "well regulated" meant an efficient or properly running mechanism. In a military context, it referred to a standard of training and preparedness which we now call "combat readiness." Militia In Colonial times, the Militia consisted of local units made up of every male citizen of military age capable of bearing arms to defend his home, family and community. Special units not composed of all citizens, like the modern National Guard, were referred to as a "select corps" or a "select militia." An early draft of the Second Amendment defined the Militia as being "composed of the body of the People, trained to Arms." Today, whether they are aware of it or not, all citizens capable of bearing arms that do not belong to the regular armed forces or the National Guard are members of the Militia. Right The Second Amendment does not protect the right of States to have a National Guard. The Declaration of Independence says governments are formed to secure the unalienable rights of all men and that governments derive their powers from the consent of the governed. States don't have rights; people do. Keep Colonial Militia members were required to own military type muskets with bayonets and a supply of ammunition. They kept these weapons in readiness in their homes, not in public armories. The American Revolution started when the Royal Governor of Massachusetts marched his Redcoats out of Boston and tried to confiscate the private arms belonging to Militia members at Lexington and Concord. Arms Arms are weapons kept for private self defense or to fulfill the civic duty of every able bodied citizen to be a part of the Militia. The Second Amendment was not written to only protect the right to own hunting guns. It was written to protect the right of the entire body of the people to own military type firearms. So-called "assault weapons," which were banned by the Congress and President Clinton, are the very type of guns our Founding Fathers intended to protect from Government restrictions. Write or call your elected representatives and demand your rights be restored. Demand Repeal of the "Assault Weapons" Ban. "Since a well trained combat ready Militia, composed of all citizens capable of bearing their private arms in concert for their common defense, is necessary to the security of a free State, Congress shall make no law restricting the right of the individual citizen to acquire, possess and carry military small arms." ~ The Second Amendment Translated Into 20th Century Language	msmarco_doc_00_5129821