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http://10times.com/georgia-national-fair
|
Georgia National Fair (Oct 2021), Perry USA - Trade Show
|
Georgia National Fair
Georgia National Fair
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
Organizer
Georgia National Fairgrounds and Agricenter Renowned
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Donna Chasteen
Nevada G Steadham
PatriciaWoodruff
Lisa Jones
Deanna Rail
Nomonde Mfenyana
danny justus
Audience Profile
Audience Spread
4.5 /5
User Reviews
Exhibit Space Cost
Exhibitors Profile
Venue Map & Directions
Georgia National Fairgrounds & Agriculture Center
Featured Hotels in Perry
|
Georgia National Fair (Oct 2021), Perry USA - Trade Show
Trade Show
Georgia National Fair
07 - 17 Oct 2021 Add To Calendar
Georgia National Fairgrounds & Agriculture Center, Perry, USA
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Interested
About
Followers 278
Reviews 5
Exhibitors
Photos 11
Speakers
Travel Deals
Interested
Georgia National Fair
View All
"Biggest family oriented environment in Georgia."
The Georgia National Fair will exhibit products related with Antique Tractors, Security Solutions, Food and Beverage Concessionaire, Food Service, equipments for Buildings and construction, and more..
Booth Price Organizer Venue
Timings
9:00 AM - 6:00 PM (General)
Entry Fees
Paid Ticket
Exhibit Booth Cost Starts from 600 USD View Details
Participants
20,000 - 50,000
Visitors
500+ Exhibitors Based on previous editions
Category & Type
Trade Show
Agriculture & Forestry
Arts & Crafts
Editions
Oct 2021 Interested
+8 more editions
Frequency Bi-annual
Official Links
Website Contacts
Report Error
Claim this event
Organizer
Send Stall Book Request
Georgia National Fairgrounds and Agricenter Renowned
USA 1 Upcoming Events
+ Add me as user
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Donna Chasteen
Sales Associate at Walmart
Shepherdsville, United States
Nevada G Steadham
School Bus driver at N/A
Fairburn, United States
PatriciaWoodruff
Perry,ga/crafter at All About Hummingbirds
Wrightsville, United States
Lisa Jones
Traffic Control at Family
Atlanta, United States
Deanna Rail
Handmade Jewlery and Retail Jewlery at It's All About You
Berkeley County, United States
Nomonde Mfenyana
Director at Menkiti Farms
Mthatha, South Africa
danny justus
danny justus at walmart
Covington, United States
Interested
More Users
Audience Profile
Owner
CEO
Proprietor
Director
Retired
Audience Spread
Global
loading...
229
User Rating
4.5 /5
17 Ratings 5 Reviews
5
11
4
4
3
1
2
1
1
User Reviews
5
18 Oct 2019
Preshice Visitor Gg at Fair Thomasville, USA
5
18 Oct 2019
Saundra Sightler Visitor Physician at Dr. William Sightler Eatonton, USA
5
17 Oct 2019
Anthony Clark Visitor Cashier at Wendys Riverdale, USA
5
15 Oct 2019
Lou Cerone Visitor Food vender at TLC Concessions Groveland, USA
View All Reviews
Exhibit Space Cost
Corner Booth (100 sq.ft.)
USD 650
Request Space
Aisle Booth (100 sq.ft.)
USD 600
Request Space
Want to Exhibit?
Exhibitors Profile
The exhibitors of the event Georgia National Fair will exhibit products related with Antique Tractors, Security Solutions, Food and Beverage Concessionaire, Food Service, equipments for Buildings and construction, and more.
32.439894 -83.749450
Venue Map & Directions
Georgia National Fairgrounds & Agriculture Center
401 Golden Isles Pkwy, Perry, GA 31069
USA
Get Directions
Featured Hotels in Perry
Motel 6-Perry, GA
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Trade Shows
Agriculture & Forestry Trade Shows
Agriculture & Forestry Trade Shows in USA
|
msmarco_doc_00_3220278
|
http://10times.com/home-garden-show-maricopa
|
Home & Garden Show (Apr 2021), Maricopa County Home & Garden Show, Scottsdale USA - Trade Show
|
Maricopa County Home & Garden Show
Maricopa County Home & Garden Show
Highlights
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
4.4
Organizer
Maricopa County Home Shows Top Rated
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Tonya Dwiggins
Jor Dan
Tan Saygin
john choate
Nichole Finn IDS MBA
Kevin Bruce
Patty Allan
Audience Profile
Audience Spread
4.4 /5
User Reviews
Speakers (past edition)
Katie
Katherine
Martha Stewart
Exhibitors Profile
Venue Map & Directions
WestWorld of Scottsdale
Featured Hotels in Scottsdale
|
Home & Garden Show (Apr 2021), Maricopa County Home & Garden Show, Scottsdale USA - Trade Show
Trade Show
Maricopa County Home & Garden Show
30 Apr - 02 May 2021 New Date Reminder
WestWorld of Scottsdale, Scottsdale, USA
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Follow
About
Followers 1,079
Reviews 27
Exhibitors 2,004
Photos 22
Speakers 3
Travel Deals
Follow
Maricopa County Home & Garden Show
YouTube
MaricopaCounty HomeShows
174 subscribers
Subscribe
Maricopa County Home & Garden Show at the University of Phoenix Stadium
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"Arizona's Best Home Show"
Your chance to exhibit at Arizona's biggest Home & Garden Show is now. With more than 700 vendor booths and more than 25,000 attendees in just 3 days, we are also Arizona's most visited Home Show event. Whether you're a company looking to exhibit or a homeowner looking to attend, there's always something new to see and do at the best Home Shows in Arizona. We're not limiting attendance and our event is approved to open. Book your booth today!
Highlights
Tiny Homes
DIY Classes and Seminars
Craft Workshops
Organizer Venue
Timings
10:00 AM - 5:00 PM (General)
Entry Fees
Free & Paid Ticket Check Official Website
Participants
25000
Visitors
700 Exhibitors Estimated Count
Category & Type
Trade Show
Building & Construction
Home & Office
Editions
Apr 2021
+45 more editions
Frequency One-time
Official Links
Website Contacts
Report Error
Claim this event
Event Happened Alongside
Maricopa County Home Shows 30 Apr - 02 May 2021 ended
4.4
74 Ratings
71 of 2265 Events in Home & Office
Visitors' Choice Winner
5
Networking Opportunity
4.8
Quality of
Participants
4.5
Variety of
Products
4.3
Exhibitors &
Vendors
View More
Organizer
Follow Company
Maricopa County Home Shows Top Rated
USA 3 Total Events
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Tonya Dwiggins
Healthcare Professional at Devoted Gardians
Queen Creek, United States
Jor Dan
Graphic Designer at Pf graphics
Phoenix, United States
Tan Saygin
Architect at Perfect choice skin care
Dallas, United States
john choate
Chief Global Sourcer at Bless And Heal Me
Morgan Hill, United States
Nichole Finn IDS MBA
Interior Designer at Designs a la mode
Phoenix, United States
Kevin Bruce
Owner at Bruce Properties
Carefree, United States
Patty Allan
Self Employed at Self
Scottsdale, United States
Join Community
More Users
Audience Profile
Owner
Realtor
Retired
CEO
Contractor
Audience Spread
Global
loading...
1007
User Rating
4.4 /5
74 Ratings
27 Reviews
5
43
4
20
3
9
2
2
1
User Reviews
5
19 Oct 2019
Marti Graham Visitor HVAC/Duct Cleaning at All Metro Air Conditioning Apache Junction, USA
Variety
5
08 Mar 2020
Stephen Davis Visitor Owner at Metering Technology Consultants Phoenix, USA
Variety
Parking
Execution
Need better food variety.
Report Helpful Reply
2
07 Mar 2020
Debra Polson Visitor Designer at Homeowner Goodyear, USA
Exhibitors
Not a home and Garden show they forgot the garden
Report Helpful Reply
5
09 Mar 2020
scott borough Visitor scott borough COO Aquametrics LLC at Aquametrics Auburn, USA
View All Reviews
Speakers (past edition)
Speaker
Katie
Popular TV Hosts Phoenix, United States
Speaker
Katherine
TV Host Phoenix, United States
Speaker
Martha Stewart
Follow
More Speakers
Exhibitors List
Exhibitors Profile
The Exhibitors profile of Home & Landscape Show includes manufacturers of modular houses, various logistics and transportation companies, manufactures of housing accessories like asbestos, patio rooms, cement, housing insurance companies, various real estate agents etc.
33.631759 -111.877631
Venue Map & Directions
WestWorld of Scottsdale
16601 N Pima Rd Scottsdale AZ 85260
USA
Get Directions
Featured Hotels in Scottsdale
Extended Stay America - Phoenix..
from USD 104.99
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Building & Construction Trade Shows
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Events in Scottsdale
|
msmarco_doc_00_3224268
|
http://10times.com/malvern-flea-collectors
|
Malvern Flea & Collectors Fair (Jun 2021), Worcester UK - Trade Show
|
Malvern Flea & Collectors Fair
Malvern Flea & Collectors Fair
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
Organizer
B2B Events Renowned
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Barbara Newton-Legge
Beata Miller
Valerie Martelli
Ela Mustea
annette Steed
Louis Bowen
Sara jones
Audience Profile
Audience Spread
4.2 /5
User Reviews
Exhibitors Profile
Venue Map & Directions
Three Counties Showground
Featured Hotels in Worcester
|
Malvern Flea & Collectors Fair (Jun 2021), Worcester UK - Trade Show
Trade Show
Malvern Flea & Collectors Fair
27 Jun 2021 Add To Calendar
Three Counties Showground, Worcester, UK
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Interested
About
Followers 100
Reviews
Exhibitors
Photos
Speakers
Travel Deals
Interested
Malvern Flea & Collectors Fair
"The UK's largest Flea Fair!"
Experience the ‘Malvern Magic’ that is the biggest flea market in the country. Hundreds of stalls across two halls and even more outside (number dependent on the weather) combine to provide an incredibly eclectic shopping experience. With everything from furniture, lighting and textiles to clothing, jewellery, teddies and toys it is the ultimate event for the interior designer, up-cycler, crafter and thrift seeker.
Organizer Venue
Timings
07:30 AM - 03:30 PM General Hours
Entry Fees
Paid Ticket Check Official Website
Participants
6000
Visitors
400 Exhibitors Estimated Count
Category & Type
Trade Show
Arts & Crafts
Editions
Jun 2021 Interested
+62 more editions
Frequency Quarterly
Official Links
Website Contacts
Report Error
Claim this event
Organizer
Send Stall Book Request
B2B Events Renowned
UK 8 Total Events / 4 Upcoming Events
+ Add me as user
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Barbara Newton-Legge
Barbara Newton-legge at Sandpiper
Worcester, United Kingdom
Beata Miller
Photographer at Beata Izabela Miller Photography
Birmingham, United Kingdom
Valerie Martelli
Business Head at Martelli notions
Pensacola, United States
Ela Mustea
Designer at EllaBijoux
Llandrindod Wells, United Kingdom
annette Steed
Owner at newport vintage touch
Newport, United Kingdom
Louis Bowen
Managing Director at Frame centre
Worcester, United Kingdom
Sara jones
Business Owner at Fussy sisters
Pontypridd, United Kingdom
Interested
More Users
Audience Profile
Dealer
Retired
Owner
Manager
Retailer
Audience Spread
Global
loading...
86
User Rating
4.2 /5
5 Ratings 2 Reviews
5
3
4
1
3
2
1
1
User Reviews
4
29 Jul 2019
Gareth Arthur Visitor Antiques dealer at Mr Arthur's antiques and curios Birkenhead, UK
Participants
Location
Arrangements
Maybe the sellers could get in a little bit earlier.
Report Helpful Reply
5
29 Jul 2019
Kevin Amey Visitor None at None Bordon, UK
Exhibitors
Parking
Staff
2
12 Feb 2019
Mandy gardner Visitor N/a at N/a Birmingham, UK
Presentation
Parking
Staff
5
22 Jan 2019
Sara jones Visitor Business Owner at Fussy sisters Pontypridd, UK
Want to Exhibit?
Exhibitors Profile
The exhibitors of Malvern Flea & Collectors Fair will exhibit the latest and advanced products and services including various kinds of art work, antiques, crafts, gifts and related products.
52.082298 -2.314489
Venue Map & Directions
Three Counties Showground
Malvern WR13 6NW
Worcester , UK
Get Directions
Featured Hotels in Worcester
Tewkesbury Park
from GBP 150
Hilton Puckrup Hall, Tewkesbury
from GBP 71.4
The Swan Hotel
from GBP 80
The Talbot Hotel
from GBP 80
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Trade Shows
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Arts & Crafts Trade Shows in UK
Events in Worcester
|
msmarco_doc_00_3229936
|
http://10times.com/saint-lucie-county-fair
|
Saint Lucie County Fair (Feb 2022), Fort Pierce USA - Trade Show
|
Saint Lucie County Fair
Saint Lucie County Fair
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
Organizer
Saint Lucie County Fair
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Mike Kjeldahl
OLYMPIA MCKAY
Divya Francis
Almalinda Gonzalez
Barbara Mariano
Scott Roxie
Trudy Walker Garven
5.0 /5
User Reviews
Exhibitors Profile
Venue Map & Directions
Saint Lucie County Fairgrounds
Featured Hotels in Fort Pierce
|
Saint Lucie County Fair (Feb 2022), Fort Pierce USA - Trade Show
Trade Show
Saint Lucie County Fair
25 Feb - 06 Mar 2022 Add To Calendar
Saint Lucie County Fairgrounds, Fort Pierce, USA
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Interested
About
Followers 47
Reviews
Exhibitors
Photos
Speakers
Travel Deals
Interested
Saint Lucie County Fair
Saint Lucie County Fair is to serve the residents of St. Lucie, Martin, Indian River and Okeechobee Counties. To promote the agriculture, horticulture, industrial, creative arts and crafts and sciences and educational opportunities while providing quality entertainment for the people of the Treasure Coast.
Organizer Venue
Timings
09:00 AM-06:00 PM (expected)
Not Verified
Entry Fees
Check Official Website
Participants
5000 - 20,000
Visitors
100 - 500 Exhibitors Based on previous editions
Category & Type
Trade Show
Agriculture & Forestry
Editions
Feb 2022 Interested
+8 more editions
Frequency Annual
Official Links
Website Contacts
Report Error
Claim this event
Organizer
Send Stall Book Request
Saint Lucie County Fair
USA 1 Upcoming Events
+ Add me as user
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Mike Kjeldahl
Customer Service Executive at Dune dog
Fort Pierce, United States
OLYMPIA MCKAY
CRS at TriNet
Fort Pierce North, United States
Divya Francis
Intl at Global Intl
tx. Đồng Xoài, Vietnam
Almalinda Gonzalez
None at None
Fort Pierce, United States
Barbara Mariano
Hartford, United States
Scott Roxie
Fair at Home
Fort Pierce, United States
Trudy Walker Garven
West Palm Beach, United States
Interested
More Users
User Rating
5.0 /5
2 Ratings 1 Reviews
5
2
4
3
2
1
User Reviews
5
17 Mar 2020
Carol Alas Visitor E V S (housekeeper) at Cleaveland Clinic Port St. Lucie, USA
Participants
Amenities
Communication
We always love the food and animal presentations
Report Helpful Reply
5
04 Mar 2019
Briana Visitor N/A at N/A Port St. Lucie, USA
Products
Food
Accessibility
Want to Exhibit?
Exhibitors Profile
Saint Lucie County Fair will exhibit a wide range of agricultural and livestock products and services, craft items, ride specials, food and beverages, free music, free attractions and family oriented games to make an outstanding fun experience.
27.368402 -80.485299
Venue Map & Directions
Saint Lucie County Fairgrounds
15601 W Midway Rd, Fort Pierce, FL 34945
USA
Get Directions
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Hampton Inn & Suites - Fort Pie..
from USD 223
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from USD 269
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from USD 92.99
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Agriculture & Forestry Trade Shows in USA
|
msmarco_doc_00_3233958
|
http://10times.com/satte-new-delhi
|
SATTE (Jan 2022), Greater Noida India - Trade Show
|
SATTE
SATTE
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
4.4
Organizer
Informa Markets - India Top Rated
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Mardelia Burlaza
Gurjot Singh
Paulsen Curt
Aarti
Owner at Self
RANVIR SINGH
Arun Rawat
Managing at Hail Himalayas
Rajender Yadav
Audience Profile
Audience Spread
4.4 /5
User Reviews
Exhibitors Profile
Venue Map & Directions
India Exposition Mart
Featured Hotels
|
SATTE (Jan 2022), Greater Noida India - Trade Show
Trade Show
SATTE
19 - 21 Jan 2022 Add To Calendar
India Exposition Mart, Greater Noida, India
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Interested
About
Followers 27,206
Reviews 2,347
Exhibitors 112
Photos 44
Speakers
Travel Deals
View All
"South Asia’s Leading Travel Show"
SATTE stands as the internationally acclaimed travel and tourism exhibition across India. It is undeniably the most prestigious travel and tourism exhibition in India. Over the last two decades, it has successfully showcased India tourism potential to the world by bringing the global tourism market to India. The role of SATTE has always been to provide an effective marketing and advertisement tool portraying India as a global tourist destination through promotional campaigns that project India as a whole. SATTE is a leading event in South Asia, from every aspect, including convenience and professionalism.
Organizer Venue
Timings
10:00 AM - 06:00 PM (Business)
Entry Fees
Paid Ticket Check Official Website
Participants
20000
Visitors
1000 Exhibitors Estimated Count
Category & Type
Trade Show
Travel & Tourism
Editions
Jan 2022 Interested
+14 more editions
Frequency Annual
Official Links
Website Contacts
Report Error
Claim this event
SATTE at other locations
Online 23 Sep 2020
1 Followers
Dhaka, Bangladesh 19 - 20 Aug 2020
8 Followers
Mumbai, India 19 - 20 Aug 2016
2946 Followers
Bali, Indonesia 12 - 14 Jun 2013
6 Followers
4.4
8679 Ratings
6 of 1955 Events in Travel & Tourism
Visitors' Choice Winner
4.7
Quality of
Participants
4.4
Display &
Presentation
4.3
Networking Opportunity
4.3
Exhibitors &
Vendors
View More
Organizer
Follow Company
Informa Markets - India Top Rated
India 119 Total Events / 19 Upcoming Events 307+ Followers
+ Add me as user
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Mardelia Burlaza
Owner at Mardy Air ticketing and Hotel Booking Services
Davao, Philippines
Gurjot Singh
Graphic Disgner at Jeeda Printing Press
Bathinda, India
Paulsen Curt
Finance Manager at hashminecloud
Manchester, United Kingdom
Aarti
Owner at Self
Ludhiana, India
RANVIR SINGH
Proprietor at GHOOMO VACATIONS
New Delhi, India
Arun Rawat
Managing at Hail Himalayas
Panchkula, India
Rajender Yadav
Proprietor at S.s.cabs
New Delhi, India
Interested
More Users
Audience Profile
Owner
Director
Manager
Proprietor
Managing Director
Audience Spread
Global
loading...
26129
User Rating
4.4 /5
8679 Ratings
2347 Reviews
5
4668
4
3213
3
408
2
228
1
162
User Reviews
5
11 Jan 2020
Amritha.Chandrasekaran Visitor Student at IITTM Noida, India
Variety
Cleanliness
Execution
I really found SATTE amazing!Recieved a great amount of knowledge regarding the various Companies ,their idea of promotion & exhibiting ideas . This will be definitely useful for my future. But SATTE venue should have been kept in Pragati Maidan , as it is very difficult to travel to a far off place ,Specially the people who live in Delhi and Noida.Otherwise everything was excellent 😊👌Special thanks to Organizers, Exhibitors & the Cleaning Staffs for showing up their efforts in the SATTE 2020 event.
Report Helpful Reply
5
09 Jan 2020
Deepu Nair Visitor General Manager at Riverside By Aahma Ramnagar, India
Exhibitors
Amenities
Arrangements
The location seems to be very far from the main stream , though inspite of anticipated traffic to reach the venue and so while exiting but still a huge number of people turning up for such event is fascinating and encouragaging. Thankyou for hosting such organised event.it was far more organised than couple of years.
Report Helpful Reply
5
12 Jan 2020
Jorphey Gabriel Visitor Proprietor at Glenn Tours Kochi, India
Participants
Amenities
Communication
It was Highly beneficial
Report Helpful Reply
4
12 Jan 2020
Ashishkumar patel Visitor Proprietor at Pramukh travel solution Mehsana, India
View All Reviews
Exhibitors List
Exhibitors Profile
Travel Agencies, Travel Agents, Telecom Industry, National / Regional, Tourist Organisations, State Government Tourism Departments, Tour Operators, Travel Agents, Hotels, Resorts, Adventure Tourism, Airlines, Car Rentals, Railways, Coach Operators, Cruise Lines, Maps, Guides, Travel, Accessories & Equipment for Camping, Biking, Trekking, Photography etc.
28.461831 77.500066
Venue Map & Directions
India Exposition Mart
Plot No. 25272829 KnowledgePark-||
Greater Noida , India
Get Directions
Featured Hotels
Radisson Blu Hotel, Greater Noida
from INR 6300
OYO 64760 Hotel The Mayur Legacy
from INR 7676
Belvilla 1BR premium room with ..
from INR 5398.22
Ashira Inn
from INR 3300
More Hotels
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Trade Shows
Travel & Tourism Trade Shows
Travel & Tourism Trade Shows in India
Events in Greater Noida
|
msmarco_doc_00_3237510
|
http://10times.com/shot-show
|
SHOT Show (Jan 2022), Las Vegas USA - Trade Show
|
SHOT Show
SHOT Show
18 - 21 Jan 2022 Add To Calendar
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
4.5
Organizer
National Shooting Sports Foundation Top Rated
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Craig Mccloskey
Brittni Ashton Staben
Cathy Steinbrecher
Rich Schmidt
KHALID hussain
Marlon Nunes
Ghulam Abbas
Audience Profile
Audience Spread
4.5 /5
User Reviews
Visitor Ticket Price
Exhibit Space Cost
Exhibitors Profile
Venue Map & Directions
Venue to be announced
Featured Hotels in Las Vegas
|
SHOT Show (Jan 2022), Las Vegas USA - Trade Show
Trade Show
SHOT Show
18 - 21 Jan 2022 Add To Calendar
Las Vegas, USA
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Follow
About
Followers 2,363
Reviews 107
Exhibitors 156
Photos 68
Speakers
Travel Deals
Follow
SHOT Show
View All
"The Largest Exhibit for Shooting Sports, Hunting and Outdoor Accessories"
Shot Show is a trade show featuring all kinds of shooting equipment and tools. With the latest adaptations of firearms, protective equipment, and tactical accessories, the Shot Show is packed with opportunities to meet directly with manufacturers and suppliers who can provide the best gear for tactical teams arriving in theater.
Entry Fee Organizer Venue
Timings
08:30 AM - 05:30 PM (Business)
08:30 AM - 04:00 PM (Business)
Entry Fees
Paid Ticket Starts from 35 USD
Exhibit Booth Cost Starts from 2225 EUR View Details
Participants
60000
Visitors
2000 Exhibitors Estimated Count
Category & Type
Trade Show
Security & Defense
Editions
Jan 2022 Follow
+12 more editions
Frequency Biennial
Official Links
Website Contacts Android App iPhone App
Report Error
Claim this event
4.5
237 Ratings
4 of 3320 Events in Security & Defense
Visitors' Choice Winner
5
Quality of
Products
4.8
Quality of
Participants
4.8
Networking Opportunity
4.6
Exhibitors &
Vendors
View More
Organizer
Send Stall Book Request
National Shooting Sports Foundation Top Rated
USA 10 Total Events / 1 Upcoming Event
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Craig Mccloskey
Entrepreneur at Trigger Sync Industries
Charlottetown, Canada
Brittni Ashton Staben
Realtor at Red Door Realty & MGMT/ KW Siouxland
Sioux Center, United States
Cathy Steinbrecher
Co Owner at Sharp Shooters Gun Store
Taylor, United States
Rich Schmidt
Retired at N/A
Summerlin South, United States
KHALID hussain
Profession at KHALID tradrs
Lahore Cantt, Pakistan
Marlon Nunes
Export Assistant at TAURUS
Porto Alegre, Brazil
Ghulam Abbas
Owner at Faneema Cultery
Illinois, United States
Join Community
All Members
Audience Profile
Owner
CEO
President
Manager
Buyer
Audience Spread
Global
loading...
1709
User Rating
4.5 /5
237 Ratings
107 Reviews
5
168
4
41
3
18
2
1
1
9
User Reviews
5
29 Jan 2020
DArthanian Makhaan Visitor Self Employed at Texas Kosher Farms Cedar Park, USA
Participants
Cleanliness
Staff
Hi, I would really like to see 5 full days I've shot show instead of three there's just too much stuff to see and get into this being the World's number one gun show!
Report Helpful Reply
5
28 Jan 2020
John Tereska Visitor Trade Show at Sporting Arms Service Dallas, USA
Products
Wifi
Arrangements
Travel to and from the convention center was easier on Las Vegas Blvd.this year due to construction.
Report Helpful Reply
5
22 Jan 2020
Ryan Ramirez Visitor Buyer at So. Cal Sharpshooter Los Angeles, USA
Participants
Cleanliness
Communication
Wear comfortable shoes cause it is a lot of walking
Report Helpful Reply
1
25 Jan 2020
Thomas Loiseau Visitor Retailer at Outdoor Haven Philadelphia, USA
Staff
Registration staff was horrible and rude. In the 30 yrs attending this event never was treated the way this yr. Will not be returning in future. What a waste of time it was.
Report Helpful Reply
View All Reviews
Visitor Ticket Price
Business
35 USD
NSSF Member (Buyers)
225 USD
NSSF Member (Non-Buyers)
35 USD
NSSF Member (LE/Military Buyer)
225 USD
NSSF Member (LE/Military Non-Buyer)
150 USD
Non-Member (Buyers)
350 USD
Non-Member (Non-Buyers)
35 USD
Non-Member (LE/Military Buyer)
225 USD
Non-Member (LE/Military Non-Buyer)
Exhibit Space Cost
Request a Booth
Jan 2020 prices for reference
Raw Space (172 sq.mt.)
EUR 2225
Request Space
Turnkey Stand Package (172 sq.mt.)
EUR 3251
Request Space
Exhibitors List Want to Exhibit?
Exhibitors Profile
NSSF Shot Show plays host to more than 1600 professional exhibitors, showcasing a wide range of firearms, ammunition and outdoor hunting products. Exhibited products at the event are divided under four broad categories, namely, outdoor wear, firearms and ammunition, general shooting and law enforcement sections. Principal items at the Shot show include optical equipments, cutlery items, firearms, law enforcement services and other related accessories. Safety equipments are also put on exhibit here. Renowned companies, like BCS International and Black Hills Shooters Supply participate at the NSSF Shot Show on a regular basis.
36.170000 -115.140000
Venue Map & Directions
Venue to be announced
Las Vegas , USA
Add Venue
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msmarco_doc_00_3243197
|
http://10times.com/tacoma-remodeling-expo
|
Tacoma Remodeling Expo (Jul 2021), Tacoma USA - Trade Show
|
Tacoma Remodeling Expo
Tacoma Remodeling Expo
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
Organizer
L & L Exhibition Management Inc. Top Rated
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Kat Brittain
Mukolu Anthony
ayman taiseer
Heidi Erickson
Charles Root
Nancy ruoya
Michelle Hacking
Audience Profile
Audience Spread
3.0 /5
User Reviews
Exhibitors Profile
Venue Map & Directions
Greater Tacoma Convention & Trade Center
Featured Hotels in Tacoma
|
Tacoma Remodeling Expo (Jul 2021), Tacoma USA - Trade Show
Trade Show
Tacoma Remodeling Expo
16 - 18 Jul 2021 Add To Calendar
Greater Tacoma Convention & Trade Center, Tacoma, USA
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Interested
About
Followers 60
Reviews
Exhibitors
Photos
Speakers
Travel Deals
Interested
Tacoma Remodeling Expo
"International Building Construction Material, Equipment and Sanitaryware Industry Exhibition"
Spring is the perfect time of year to launch a remodeling project! The Tacoma Remodeling Expo, July 16-18, 2021, is the perfect event to discover everything you need to know to turn your remodeling dreams into a reality! As Tacoma’s one-stop Remodeling Expo, you’ll connect with some of the most knowledgeable and experienced remodeling and building experts in the region. You’ll also discover the latest innovations and design trends for every room in your home, including (but not limited .. continue reading
to): cabinetry and countertops, flooring, sunrooms and additions, basement finishing, waterproofing, smart home automation, energy efficient windows, landscaping and hardscaping, plus exterior products and much more! Be sure to mark the Tacoma Remodeling Expo on your calendar: July 16-18, 2021 at the Greater Tacoma Convention Center. It’s the ideal opportunity for you to connect with hundreds of remodeling and building experts, and discover thousands of ideas to help turn your dream home into a reality!. The Tacoma Remodeling Expo, July 16-18, 2021, is the perfect event to discover everything you need to know to turn your remodeling dreams into a reality!.
Organizer Venue
Timings
09:00 AM-06:00 PM (expected)
Not Verified
Entry Fees
Check Official Website
Participants
5000 - 20,000
Visitors
100 - 500 Exhibitors Based on previous editions
Category & Type
Trade Show
Building & Construction
Home & Office
Editions
Jul 2021 Interested
+14 more editions
Frequency Quarterly
Official Links
Website Contacts
Report Error
Claim this event
Organizer
Send Stall Book Request
L & L Exhibition Management Inc. Top Rated
USA 46 Total Events / 31 Upcoming Events
+ Add me as user
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Kat Brittain
Insurance Agent at InsureOne
Everett, United States
Mukolu Anthony
CEO at campanile investment ltd
Abuja, Nigeria
ayman taiseer
Development Manager at Absholdings
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Heidi Erickson
Fire Safety for homes and businesses at Northwest Health & Safety Network
Longview, United States
Charles Root
Owner at The Wrapping Co.
University Place, United States
Nancy ruoya
Director Operations at Conier ltd
Nairobi, Kenya
Michelle Hacking
Delivery Driver at UPS
Tacoma, United States
Interested
More Users
Audience Profile
General Manager
Director
Owner
CEO
Financial Advisor
Audience Spread
Global
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44
User Rating
3.0 /5
5 Ratings 2 Reviews
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
User Reviews
1
09 Mar 2020
Jimmie W Tail Visitor Jimmie W Tail at Retired Parkland, USA
Presentation
Communication
No show. Let people know the event is canceled.
Report Helpful Reply
5
11 Mar 2020
Clarissa Gamble Visitor Home owner at First New Steps Seattle, USA
Communication
3
15 Mar 2019
Randy Van Heusden Visitor Technical Services at Computer Angels Puyallup, USA
4
11 Mar 2019
Reginald Grant Visitor Home Security Systems at ADT Corporate Security Services Tacoma, USA
Exhibitors
Location
Registration
N/A
Report Helpful Reply
Want to Exhibit?
Exhibitors Profile
Room Additions, Kitchen and Bath Remodeling and Accessories, Roofing, Interior Decorating, Windows and Doors, Stone, Siding, Closet Organizers, Concrete, Sunrooms, Fencing, Fireplaces, Heating & Air Conditioning Contractors, Landscaping, Sheds, Window Coverings, Pools & Spas, Home Security, Energy Management, Patios, Furniture, Appliances, Floor Coverings, Lighting Fixtures, Home Entertainment, Designer Rooms, and more.
47.248525 -122.438987
Venue Map & Directions
Greater Tacoma Convention & Trade Center
1500 Broadway, Tacoma, WA 98402
USA
Get Directions
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Days Inn by Wyndham Federal Way
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msmarco_doc_00_3249050
|
http://10times.com/thessaloniki-international-fair
|
TIF (Sep 2021), Thessaloniki International Fair, Thessaloniki Greece - Trade Show
|
Thessaloniki International Fair
Thessaloniki International Fair
11 - 19 Sep 2021 Add To Calendar
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
Organizer
Helexpo Top Rated
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
eddy igwe
Safia
Bakoume Mbaho Jim Joris
Abdul Majeed Mohamed Simsan
IHAB
Sai Teja
Muhammad Saleem Butt
Audience Profile
Audience Spread
3.8 /5
User Reviews
Exhibitors Profile
Venue Map & Directions
Thessaloniki International Exhibition
Featured Hotels
|
TIF (Sep 2021), Thessaloniki International Fair, Thessaloniki Greece - Trade Show
Trade Show
Thessaloniki International Fair
11 - 19 Sep 2021 Add To Calendar
Thessaloniki International Exhibition, Thessaloniki, Greece
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Interested
About
Followers 241
Reviews 4
Exhibitors 682
Photos 7
Speakers
Travel Deals
Interested
Thessaloniki International Fair
View All
"The exhibition for Household Consumables & Home Supplies Industries."
The Thessaloniki International Fair is divided into several thematic structures and opens for trade visitors as wellas consumers. The fair is likely to be a platform where lots of significant products will probably be showcased.Many of these are about energy, technology, entrepreneurship, innovation, automobile, books and construction.
Organizer Venue
Timings
10:00 AM - 10:00 PM (General)
04:00 PM - 10:00 PM (General)
Entry Fees
Paid Ticket Check Official Website
Participants
283000
Visitors
1500 Exhibitors Estimated Count
Category & Type
Trade Show
Arts & Crafts
Business Services
Editions
Sep 2021 Interested
+20 more editions
Frequency Annual
Official Links
Website Contacts
Report Error
Claim this event
Different Located Editions
Thessaloniki, Greece 20 - 23 May 2021
42 Followers
Thessaloniki, Greece 29 Oct - 01 Nov 2020 ended
27 Followers
Organizer
Send Stall Book Request
Helexpo Top Rated
Greece 28 Total Events / 9 Upcoming Events
+ Add me as user
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Going
eddy igwe
Pharmacist at Edig Pharm Co ltd
Lagos, Nigeria
Safia
Owner at Spice land
Bengaluru, India
Bakoume Mbaho Jim Joris
Founder, Managing director at Bakoo Foods
Yaounde, Cameroon
Abdul Majeed Mohamed Simsan
Chairman at Akurana Pradheshiya Sabawa
Akurana, Sri Lanka
IHAB
General Manager at AL Misry AL Araby
Damietta, Egypt
Sai Teja
Hyderabad, India
Muhammad Saleem Butt
Sialkot, Pakistan
Interested
More Users
Audience Profile
Proprietor
Owner
Director
CEO
Managing Director
Audience Spread
Global
loading...
61
User Rating
3.8 /5
12 Ratings 4 Reviews
5
5
4
2
3
3
2
2
1
User Reviews
2
18 Sep 2019
George Giannikopoulos Visitor Thessaloniki at AEMOS Design+Engineering Thessaloniki, Greece
Participants
Amenities
Execution
The fair had no international profile. Most of the participants where from Greece with no or little exporting activities.
Report Helpful Reply
5
17 Sep 2019
RAMANPREET SINGH MALIK Visitor Proprietor at BABA EXPORTS Meerut, India
Products
Amenities
Registration
5
16 Sep 2019
Nick Sarioglou Visitor Vice President Amusement Division at Betson Baltimore Baltimore, USA
4
07 Sep 2019
Judith Luckman Visitor Physician at Radiology Advisers Ramat Hasharon, Israel
View All Reviews
Exhibitors List Want to Exhibit?
Exhibitors Profile
Thessaloniki International Fair will involve the participation of the leading companies. There will be the following collection of products such as, Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle, Ammunition, Anti armor Weapons, Armored Personnel Vehicles, Artillery, Ballistic Missile and Coastal Defense System, Defense Weaponry, Air Defense Systems, High Precision Weaponry Systems, Infantry Weapons, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, Marine Communication, Multirole Helicopters, Undersea Defense Technology.
40.628192 22.956100
Venue Map & Directions
Thessaloniki International Exhibition
Egnatia 154, Egnatia 154, TiF, Thessaloniki 546 36
Greece
Get Directions
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Royal Hotel Thessaloniki
from EUR 108
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msmarco_doc_00_3254374
|
http://10times.com/tulsa-home-garden
|
Tulsa Home & Garden Show (Mar 2022), Tulsa USA - Trade Show
|
Tulsa Home & Garden Show
Tulsa Home & Garden Show
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
4.6
Organizer
Premier HomeShows Inc Renowned
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Roberta Krietmeyer
Window Company at Renewal by Andersen
Jason Smith
Wood Refinishing at Smith's Home Refinishing
Kashif Saeed
Owner at Kashif Marble
Shabab Alam
Business at H.S. Handicrafts
Lisa Cox
Medicare at Cox & Associates Ins.
Mark Gibbs
Contractor at Done Right Maintenance & Remodeling
Jim and Lorie Maxson
Food at Lorie's Fudge - J & L Creatives, LLC
Audience Profile
Audience Spread
4.6 /5
User Reviews
Exhibit Space Cost
Exhibitors Profile
Featured Hotels in Tulsa
|
Tulsa Home & Garden Show (Mar 2022), Tulsa USA - Trade Show
4.6/5
14 ratings
Trade Show
Tulsa Home & Garden Show
10 - 13 Mar 2022 Add To Calendar
Expo Square, Tulsa, USA
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Interested
About
Followers 251
Reviews 4
Exhibitors 376
Photos 6
Speakers
Travel Deals
Interested
Tulsa Home & Garden Show
View All
"International trade exhibition for your dream home."
Tulsa Home & Garden Show features displays of kitchens, room additions, bathrooms, interior decorating, fireplaces, outdoor equipment, heating and air conditioning, remodeling contractors, security, siding, appliances, windows, doors, fencing, roofing, fitness equipment, spas and much more.
Booth Price Organizer Venue
Timings
05:00 PM - 09:00 PM (General)
10:00 AM - 09:00 PM (General)
11:00 AM - 05:00 PM (General)
View More
Entry Fees
Paid Ticket
Exhibit Booth Cost Starts from 790 USD View Details
Participants
20,000 - 50,000
Visitors
500+ Exhibitors Based on previous editions
Category & Type
Trade Show
Home & Office
Editions
Mar 2022 Interested
+9 more editions
Frequency Annual
Official Links
Website Contacts
Report Error
Claim this event
4.6
14 Ratings
Certificate of Excellence Winner
5
Exhibitors &
Vendors
4.8
Quality of
Participants
4
Format of
Event
4
Variety of
Products
View More
Organizer
Send Stall Book Request
Premier HomeShows Inc Renowned
USA 1 Upcoming Events
+ Add me as user
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Roberta Krietmeyer
Window Company at Renewal by Andersen
Tulsa, United States
Jason Smith
Wood Refinishing at Smith's Home Refinishing
Tulsa, United States
Kashif Saeed
Owner at Kashif Marble
Lahore, Pakistan
Shabab Alam
Business at H.S. Handicrafts
New Delhi, India
Lisa Cox
Medicare at Cox & Associates Ins.
Tulsa, United States
Mark Gibbs
Contractor at Done Right Maintenance & Remodeling
Broken Bow, United States
Jim and Lorie Maxson
Food at Lorie's Fudge - J & L Creatives, LLC
Broken Arrow, United States
Interested
More Users
Audience Profile
Owner
Retired
Marketing Manager
Sales Executive
Manager
Audience Spread
Global
loading...
240
User Rating
4.6 /5
14 Ratings
4 Reviews
5
8
4
6
3
2
1
User Reviews
5
13 Mar 2020
Roberta Krietmeyer Visitor Window Company at Renewal by Andersen Tulsa, USA
Exhibitors
Cleanliness
Registration
4
16 Mar 2020
michael chancey Visitor AMT at A A Tulsa, USA
4
16 Mar 2020
Cade Lewis Visitor Roofing and construction at Precise Roofing and Contracting Bixby, USA
4
11 Mar 2019
Shirley Putman Visitor Working at Dont have one Claremore, USA
Participants
Cleanliness
Staff
Learned about painting cement concrete, spiders, trees and loved the swings and picnic table from one company but dont have that info with me.
Report Helpful Reply
View All Reviews
Exhibit Space Cost
Request a Booth
Mar 2021 prices for reference
Aisle Booth (HBA Member) (100 sq.ft.)
USD 790
Request Space
Corner Booth (HBA Member) (100 sq.ft.)
USD 865
Request Space
Booth (HBA Member) (150 sq.ft.)
USD 1150
Request Space
Booth (HBA Member) (200 sq.ft.)
USD 1425
Request Space
Corner Booth (HBA Member) (200 sq.ft.)
USD 1525
Request Space
Endcap Booth (HBA Member) (200 sq.ft.)
USD 1625
Request Space
Aisle Booth (Non-Member) (100 sq.ft.)
USD 985
Request Space
Corner Booth (Non-Member) (100 sq.ft.)
USD 1060
Request Space
Booth (Non-Member) (150 sq.ft.)
USD 1440
Request Space
Booth (Non-Member) (200 sq.ft.)
USD 1777
Request Space
Corner Booth (Non-Member) (200 sq.ft.)
USD 1880
Request Space
Endcap Booth (Non-Member) (200 sq.ft.)
USD 1980
Request Space
Exhibitors List Want to Exhibit?
Exhibitors Profile
Tulsa Home & Garden Show will be an important event that will invite more than 450 exhibitors in this event who are the expert professionals and they will hold exhibitions dealing with products related with kitchen and bath design, safe rooms, air and heater equipments, security services, roofing, roof tops, storage, AC suppliers, doors and refacing, filtration management, heater, pond design, lighting products, pools, banks, stone works, photography, lawns, landscaping, garden, floors, cleaning services and more.
36.134393 -95.930835
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Architecture & Designing Trade Shows
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msmarco_doc_00_3259036
|
http://10times.com/vinitaly-expo
|
Vinitaly (Apr 2022), Verona Italy - Trade Show
|
Vinitaly
Vinitaly
10 - 13 Apr 2022 Add To Calendar
Timings
Entry Fees
Participants
Category & Type
Editions
Official Links
4.5
Organizer
Veronafiere Top Rated
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Giuseppe Bianco
Nawaraj Lamsal
Ahmed Helmy Soliman
Tamim Roman
Verner Nielsen
Piergiorgio Lattuille
Alan Featherby
Audience Profile
Audience Spread
4.5 /5
User Reviews
Visitor Ticket Price
Exhibit Space Cost
Exhibitors Profile
Venue Map & Directions
Veronafiere
Featured Hotels in Verona
|
Vinitaly (Apr 2022), Verona Italy - Trade Show
54th Edition Trade Show
Vinitaly
10 - 13 Apr 2022 Add To Calendar
Veronafiere, Verona, Italy
Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save
Interested
About
Followers 531
Reviews 16
Exhibitors 23
Photos 12
Speakers
Travel Deals
Interested
Vinitaly
View All
"International Wine & Spirits Exhibition"
Vinitaly is an international event featuring wines and vineyards from all corners of the country. The event includes exhibitors displaying their unique and rarest collections of wines and breweries. The event is filled with restaurant business professionals and wine professionals. This is a must-attend event for all wine industries and vineyards. The event gathers a huge crowd of wine-loving fans from all corners of the world. The topmost food industrialists gather around for wine tasting. The event provides an opportunity to network with potential clients willing to invest in the wines and breweries of the farmers and network their business among professional industries worldwide.
Entry Fee Organizer Venue
Timings
09:30 AM - 06:00 PM (Apr 19 - Apr 21) (Business)
09:00 AM - 04:00 PM (Apr 22) (Business)
Entry Fees
Paid Ticket Starts from 85 EUR
Exhibit Booth Cost Starts from 2832 EUR View Details
Participants
128752
Visitors
4461 Exhibitors Estimated Count
Category & Type
Trade Show
Food & Beverages
Editions
Apr 2022 Interested
+12 more editions
Frequency Annual
Official Links
Website Contacts
Report Error
Claim this event
Event Happening Alongside
SOL & AGRIFOOD Expo 10 - 13 Apr 2022
Enolitech 10 - 13 Apr 2022
Different Located Editions
Moscow, Russia 09 Dec 2020 ended
86 Followers
Hong Kong 05 - 07 Nov 2020 ended
29 Followers
New York, USA 28 - 30 Jun 2020 ended
201 Followers
Shanghai, China 22 - 24 Sep 2017 ended
12 Followers
4.5
35 Ratings
52 of 5456 Events in Food & Beverages
Certificate of Excellence Winner
4.5
Quality of
Participants
4.5
Exhibitors &
Vendors
3.3
Display &
Presentation
View More
Organizer
Send Stall Book Request
Veronafiere Top Rated
Italy 63 Total Events / 19 Upcoming Events
+ Add me as user
User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ]
Giuseppe Bianco
Export Manager, Consultant at Italian Wine
Bari, Italy
Nawaraj Lamsal
Administrative Officer at Vinayak Siddha College
Kathmandu, Nepal
Ahmed Helmy Soliman
commercial consultant at InnoTech
Alexandria, Egypt
Tamim Roman
Technology Supplies & Services at Afghan Golden Key Ltd
Kabul, Afghanistan
Verner Nielsen
Sales Director at Tappo Wine Import
Haderslev, Denmark
Piergiorgio Lattuille
Wine Expert/GM at Rossano Italian Restaurant
Bangkok, Thailand
Alan Featherby
Director at Italian Wine Importers
Sydney, Australia
Interested
More Users
Audience Profile
CEO
Director
Manager
Managing Director
Owner
Audience Spread
Global
loading...
110
User Rating
4.5 /5
35 Ratings
16 Reviews
5
23
4
10
3
2
2
1
User Reviews
5
11 Apr 2019
Ken Hackett Visitor Wine Importer/Wholesaler at Hackett & Associates, llc Naples, USA
Participants
Cleanliness
Communication
I saw in the Italian producers a sincere passion for what they do. These are not billionaires looking for a distraction by buying a winery. They really want to achieve a great wine that people will enjoy.
Report Helpful Reply
5
11 Apr 2019
Sanjay Dutt Visitor Distributor at Ness International New York, USA
Participants
Cleanliness
Execution
To come a bit later in the day to avoid the crowds
Report Helpful Reply
4
11 Apr 2019
PAUL LEYSEN Visitor Catering/events at De fijne keuken Antwerp, Belgium
Presentation
Amenities
Execution
Make several days to visit
Report Helpful Reply
5
01 Jun 2019
Mauro.Col Visitor Executive Manager at Luxury Real Estate - Investments Venice, Italy
View All Reviews
Visitor Ticket Price
Business
85 EUR
Online Registration (1 day)
150 EUR
Online Registration (All days)
Exhibit Space Cost
Space Only (One side open) (129 sq.mt.)
EUR 2832
Request Space
Space Only (Two sides open) (129 sq.mt.)
EUR 2952.01
Request Space
Space Only (Three sides open) (129 sq.mt.)
EUR 3072
Request Space
Space Only (Four sides open) (129 sq.mt.)
EUR 3192
Request Space
Exhibitors List Want to Exhibit?
Exhibitors Profile
Vinitaly plays host to more than 4164 exhibiting companies, looking to promote a vast range of rich and exotic varieties of wines, spirits and other alcoholic beverages. Abruzzo Malvasia, Alcamo Grillo, Barbaresco Riserva and Botticino are some of the most renowned varieties of wine that are displayed here. Canavese Rosso, Carso Terrano, Franciacorta and Gabiano wines are showcased during the event as well. Garda Cabernet, Irpinia Bianco, Lamezia Rosato and Lugana wines are exhibited at the show as well, along with a host of other wine types and brands. The list of exhibitors at the show features several eminent companies, including CABERT S.p.A. and BRACCO.
45.416612 10.977608
Venue Map & Directions
Veronafiere
Viale del Lavoro 8 37135 Verona VR
Italy
Get Directions
Featured Hotels in Verona
B&B Villa Verona Bike
from EUR 208
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from EUR 234.3
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from EUR 169.29
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|
msmarco_doc_00_3264714
|
http://10topratedreviews.com/best-car-vacuum-cleaner-reviews/
|
Best car vacuum cleaners 2019 | Top rated vacuum cleaner reviews |
|
Best Car Vacuum Cleaner Reviews
Best Car Vacuum Cleaner Reviews
Comparison Table
Eureka EasyClean 71B
Black+Decker PHV181
Buying Guide
Suitable functionality and reliable cleaning power
Portability that befits your car
Reliable charge duration and battery life
Top rated car vacuum cleaners in 2019
Our recommendations
Midea Eureka 71B
Dyson V6
Black & Decker PHV1810
Black & Decker PAD1200 Flex
Dyson DC34
Black & Decker FHV1200
Carrand 94005AS AutoSpa
Products which are no longer available
Wagan 2326
Euroflex HO55 Monster
|
Best car vacuum cleaners 2019 | Top rated vacuum cleaner reviews |
Best Car Vacuum Cleaner Reviews
We are aware how doing your own search for the best car vacuum cleaner can turn out to be one of the most tedious things you can do. That is why we wrote this short paragraph to help more consumers become more informed buyers. While doing our own research on this product category, we have evaluated some of the popular options on the market based on quality and value. According to consumer preferences, the light and ergonomically designed Dyson V6 makes a good choice because it offers three times the power compared to any other handheld model in use. The powerful Dyson digital motor runs up to three times faster than conventional motors, which, combined with the machine’s two-tier radial cyclones, increases the airflow and even makes the unit capable of capturing fine dust. Suitable for car cleaning, especially for the upholstery, footwells, and underneath car seats, the Dyson V6 tends to run out of stock easily but there’s still the second best option, the MIDEA Eureka 71B.
Comparison Table
Dyson V6
Check Price on Amazon
Engineered to provide powerful, fade-free suction, this car vacuum maintains constant suction power as you clean. This ergonomically designed, lightweight, handheld vacuum cleaner is suitable for the shape of your hand for comfortable operations. The center of gravity of the device is close to the grip so the unit is easy to handle. The tool features two-tier radial cyclones to ensure the delivery of up to 20 minutes of powerful suction for every single charge. Get increased airflow while capturing more dust with this model.
In the Max mode, the machine produces a high-pitched, loud sound that might bother users who don’t like noisy devices.. all means from getting wet.
Powerful yet superbly lightweight, this uniquely designed cleaning machine is convenient and easy to use.
Best of Best!
Eureka EasyClean 71B
Check Price on Amazon
Equipped with one of the brand’s iconic innovations, this cleaning machine features the Riser Visor. This clear plastic cover stays down so you can clean horizontal surfaces easily. It flips up to allow the revolving brush to reach the vertical carpet on stair risers. Because there’s no bag to replace, you simply have to shake out the clear, plastic dust cup and filter when needed. Embedded dirt anywhere in your car or home can be coaxed out easily thanks to the revolving brush roll. Get into tight spaces using the crevice tool.
Because of the absence of rollers or wheels, you will have to use some elbow grease to move this unit along.
Handy and effortless to use, this lightweight vacuum cleaner is suitable for taking care of quick messes indoors or outdoors.
Black+Decker PHV181
Check Price on Amazon
This cordless handheld vacuum cleaner boasts an improved design compared to the earlier model. It is quieter, easier to clean, and smaller for fast and easy cleaning of surfaces. Its 18-volt motor offers good performance through cyclonic action. The extendable crevice tool and onboard brush prevent the inconvenience of any loose accessories. The dirt bowl and filters are removable and washable to save money on regular replacements. The LED charging indicator light alerts you of the power levels for prompt replenishing.
Make sure the debris holder is completely empty before folding it over to prevent messes.
Providing a handy means of cleaning up in your car or home, this device is great for handling quick messes.
Buying Guide
It can be a huge hassle to drag your household vacuum cleaner across the driveway just to clean your car seats and then realize that the cable length won’t allow you to reach the car. This is where such specialized pieces of equipment as the best car cordless vacuum cleaners is handy. Now what makes a car vacuum cleaner the best option for the job?
Suitable functionality and reliable cleaning power
The amount of suction power that a cordless car vacuum cleaner has is determined by the level of suction power it delivers. While some car vacs boast superb suction power, others are not quite as stellar. Powerful car vacuum cleaners can even be used on other areas that require cleaning outside of your car, such as the floor of your garage. You will want high performance cyclonic action for the machine to sufficiently provide superior cleaning performance and detailing work. Do remember that the battery life has a lot to do with the suction power of your cordless machine.
In addition to battery life, amperage is another primary point to think about. You can expect high suction power from a machine with high ampere rating. Power rating can range from 12V, which is about the same as what a home vacuum cleaner is equipped with. At full charge, a 12-volt car vacuum should provide a maximum of 30 minutes cleaning without using up all the juice from your car battery.
Make sure the car vac can clean all the debris and dirt from your vehicle. An important aspect of car vac design is the included attachments. Don’t forget to check out a car vacuum cleaner with adequate reach along with added attachments such as a long enough hose. Go for units that have an ergonomic design to ensure comfort so you won’t experience quick onset of fatigue when cleaning your vehicle.
Portability that befits your car
A cordless portable vacuum cleaner is perfect for on-the-go cleaning of your car. Your car may be for personal or family use, but your car vacuum cleaner should be easily stowable inside your trunk or in the back of your car. If you use your car for commercial purposes, you will need to touch it up by cleaning it a bit before using it to pick up passengers. A portable machine allows clean-and-go functionality. That being said, a larger cleaning machine is still the device to use for once-a-week cleaning.
The ideal size to get for your car vacuum cleaner will depend on the dimensions of your car, especially its interior measurements. Go for a larger, heavier machine if you’re cleaning an entire family van, as an entry-level unit will be unable to handle the messes that toddlers tend to leave in your car, such as cereals and snacks and all sorts of messes. With more trash in your vehicle on a regular basis, there’s a need for a more heavy-duty machine. You may even have to really use a full-size bagless vacuum cleaner just to handle the task.
Reliable charge duration and battery life
All cordless vacuum cleaners run on batteries but this does not mean you should not expect too much on battery life. On the contrary, it is sensible to expect a longer battery life even on such a small device as a cordless car vac. This will ensure reduced interruption to your cleaning task. The device should preferably have a battery life indicator such as an LED display so you are not caught in the middle of a cleaning session with a dead battery. The battery life indicator allows you to do prompt charging. The battery should hold a charge for a long time.
Top rated car vacuum cleaners in 2019
The market for car vacuum cleaners may be one of the smallest in the vacuum cleaner industry, but there’s no shortage of choices on machines to help the car owner make an easy choice, or complicate the buying process depending on your perspective. We hope the buying guide above will be a great complement to consumer reports about this kind of equipment so you can become a more educated consumer. We have also showcased the best products available below to help you even more.
Our recommendations
Midea Eureka 71B
When it comes to vacuum cleaners the Eureka model reunites the latest installments when it comes to efficiency and professionalism. This ultra-modern vacuum cleaner is a very powerful electronic device designed to eliminate all the dirt, dust or other elements that might prove inconvenient in the car. The Eureka Hand-held vacuum cleaner has a 20 foot cord just right for you to clean all the areas of the vehicle fast. With a powerful cleaning effect of 5.5 amps, the Eureka model can remove dirt from the cushions of the car or from those hard to reach places. The Eureka hand-held device has definitely earned a spot among the best car vacuum cleaners in 2019.
Buy from Amazon for ($39.99)
Dyson V6
Powered by a highly capable digital motor from Dyson, the Trigger offers superior cleaning performance in a sleek and portable package. The device may just have small dimensions of 10 x 16.3 x 6.1 inches but it boasts revolutionary two-tier radial cyclones to consistently deliver higher amount of airflow and to effectively capture more dust in your car. Offering up to 20 minutes of uninterrupted suction, this cleaning machine offers battery power genuinely designed for cleaning. Set it at the maximum power mode to get 8 minutes of greater suction for more challenging cleaning tasks. The ergonomic design of the vac is made to fit precisely in your hand.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Black & Decker PHV1810
Looking for the best cleaning instrument for the interior of your car can be difficult given the number of products available on the market. To help you out, we recommend the Black & Decker pivot vac 18V cordless hand vacuum cleaner as it is the most effective device capable of thoroughly cleaning the inside of your car. This cordless 2-speed cleaner is small, quiet and very easy to use in various conditions. The 18 volts of power and the high performance motor with cyclonic action, enables the user to clean fast and without any problems. Seen as one of the best car vacuum cleaners in 2019, the Black & Decker pivot vac provides high quality results every time you turn it on.
Buy from Amazon for ($50.94)
Black & Decker PAD1200 Flex
Exceptionally lightweight at 4 pounds, the Black & Decker PAD1200 Flex is a delight to use with its sleek dimensions of 12.5 x 7 x 9.8 inches. Easy to carry and position while cleaning the interior of your car, this car vacuum cleaner comes with a four-foot flexible hose that enables easy reach in high places and tight spaces of your vehicle for top-to-bottom car cleaning. Precisely engineered for detailing, this machine delivers extremely reliable cyclonic action to capture all the dirt and mess in your car. The unit ships with a flip nozzle with brush plus a narrow crevice tool to help you achieve showroom-worthy cleaning results.
Buy from Amazon for ($59.99)
Dyson DC34
Powered by a Dyson digital motor, this convenient hand-held vacuum is up to three times more powerful than conventional vacuums. It just amazes me how its portability and convenience make it efficient. Without a loss of suction, the Dyson DC34 Hand-held Vacuum can be recharged three times faster and even has a dual power mode, giving me 15 minutes of constant high suction or 6 minutes of MAX mode. Weighing 2.9 lbs., this is just perfect for tough cleaning jobs. Its hygienic bin is clear, making it easier for me to see it when it’s full, or how much dirt I have gathered from cleaning.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Black & Decker FHV1200
The current top rated vacuum cleaner reviews underline the efficiency and professionalism of the Black & Decker FHV1200 Flex vacuum cordless cleaner. The model is ideal for car cleaning and it can easily maintain the level of cleanliness you want for your vehicle. The FHV1200 cleaner has a high performance motor that uses a 3-stage filtration system for a clean air exhaust. The basic package of the Black & Decker FHV1200 includes a charger, storage caddy and also a solid dishwasher-safe filter. These features make sure that the unit is all you need for cleaning all the tight spots of the car.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Carrand 94005AS AutoSpa
Current detailed top rated vacuum cleaner reviews underline the efficiency and professionalism embedded in the Carrand 94005AS AutoSpa bagless auto vacuum model. With a 120 volt design that makes use of 55- watts of pure cleaning power, the Carrand vacuum cleaner helps the user to have a vehicle free of dirt, dust or other unwanted elements. Furthermore, with the 360 degree pivoting elbow and a 40 inch flexible vacuum hose, the Carrand cleaner allows easy access to all the tight spots inside the car without any problems.
Buy from Amazon for ($47.15)
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Products which are no longer available
Wagan 2326
The Wagan 2326 vacuum cleaner is easy to use and can quickly clean large areas of the vehicle without any problems or restrictions. You plug the device into the cigarette lighter so that you don’t need additional elements to get it charged. The Wagan vacuum cleaner has a 14 feet power cord which enables the user to get all the places within the car. The mobility provided by this cleaning device enables you to get into all the tight spots which are very hard to reach and clean.
Euroflex HO55 Monster
This portable hand vacuum can also be converted to a heavy-duty stick vacuum for cleaning the floors and carpets. It also has a washable bagless hand vac filter system. Built to provide high performance and style, the Euroflex Hand Vacuum is capable of delivering uttermost versatility and convenience. This model is appreciated by many of the best car vacuum cleaners reviews because it provides loads of functionality in an affordable and portable package. The package also includes a main floor tool, pet-hair tool, and crevice tool; along with a two extension tubes, and a carry bag.
10Top Reviews
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Best Cordless Hedge Trimmers in 2019 | Top rated Cordless Hedge Trimmer reviews |
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Best Cordless Hedge Trimmer Reviews
Best Cordless Hedge Trimmer Reviews
Comparison Table
Black & Decker LHT2436
BLACK+DECKER LHT321FF
Buying Guide
They come with either gasoline or electric power source-and use the power efficiently.
They deliver exceptional performance-driven cutting power.
They have features that no handheld clipper is equipped with.
Top rated cordless hedge trimmers in 2019
Our recommendations
Black & Decker LHT2436
Toro 51496
BLACK+DECKER LHT321FF
Worx WG255
Makita LXHU02Z LXT
Products which are no longer available
GreenWorks 22632A
Designer Habitat VonHaus
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Best Cordless Hedge Trimmers in 2019 | Top rated Cordless Hedge Trimmer reviews |
Best Cordless Hedge Trimmer Reviews
In a rush? Don’t have time to read detailed information about the best hedge trimmer? We have you covered. This short paragraph should offer sufficient information for you to make a smart choice. We have gathered plenty of information on different hedge trimmers by consulting numerous expert review sites and crosschecking product claims with actual owner feedbacks. This exhaustive product comparison and evaluation led us to what we believe is the number one unit for sale on the market, the BLACK+DECKER LHT2436. If reliable power is what you want, this model delivers thanks to its hardworking 40-volt lithium ion rechargeable battery that drives the 24-inch dual-action blade to run a long time and with greater cutting power for the toughest cutting jobs and with less vibration compared to single action blades. Definitely a leader among the best cordless pole hedge trimmers, this model is equipped with a shearing blade that can make short work of branches up to ¾ inch thick. You won’t have to suffer from quick onset of operator fatigue because of the full wrap-around handles that provide a comfortable area to grip no matter what the cutting orientation may be. If the BLACK+DECKER LHT2436 is out of stock, we do not hesitate to recommend the second best option, the Toro 51496.
Comparison Table
Black & Decker LHT2436
Check Price on Amazon
The 40V Lithium ion battery that this model comes equipped with is reliable and will have you trimming your hedge without stressing about whether it will run low or not. The product is stable and does not vibrate, as is the case with other units. The grip is both strong and comfortable, therefore allowing you to hold it as you wish.
There is no power lock button, which is why owners have to grip the power button/handle constantly.
The 20V Lithium ion battery can run for less time than the 40V one belonging to other models.
Best of Best!
Toro 51496
Check Price on Amazon
If you’ve been looking for a convenient and functional cordless hedge trimmer, you might have just found the right one for your needs. The Toro model features 24-in dual-action blades and an ergonomic handle which can rotate up to 90 degrees. The model has been manufactured in such a way so that it minimizes vibration.
Several buyers have reported that the construction of the model might seem a bit flimsy.
This Toro unit makes it a breeze for owners to cut through branches that are as thick as ⅝ inches. The Lithium ion battery is included in the box.
BLACK+DECKER LHT321FF
Check Price on Amazon
This item has a very powerful 20V lithium-ion battery that can guarantee that the device will have an extended run time of approximately 50 minutes. Furthermore, the 22 inches dual action blade that the product comes fitted with can ensure less vibration while trimming for a smoother operation process, which is why many of those who’ve bought it like it.
The battery that the model comes supplied with is hard to get in the product, based on what users are saying.
1
The item is worthy of your attention if you need a product that can handle light trimming. Because it runs on batteries and not on gas, the device is easy to take care of.
Buying Guide
Handheld trimmers are for orchids and other delicate plants but for the most challenging cutting tasks in a modern garden or lawn, there’s nothing like a good quality hedge trimmer to carry out the demanding job. With the variety of hedge trimmers on the market today and the helpful tips from consumer reports, it should be a virtual walk in the park to buy this kind of equipment. However, what makes the best hedge trimmers quite different from the rest?
They come with either gasoline or electric power source-and use the power efficiently.
The type of energy a hedge trimmer uses can determine how well it will run to fully address your garden maintenance needs. Electric models can operate on a direct flow of electricity while connected to an AC socket. Others come with battery included, which you will have to recharge on an AC socket.
Corded electric models are lightweight, quiet, relatively inexpensive, and run with sustained power as they are continuously plugged into an electric socket. Maintenance is not a huge issue since they do not have motors that have to undergo regular oil changing and such. Less costly to maintain, corded electric models need a simple push of the button to start. They may have less cutting power than gas-fed machines but they can still get the job done. Make sure that when using a corded model, you are within range of an AC socket. You will want the hedge trimmer to have a long cord, which is long enough to allow you to work unimpeded.
An electric cordless hedge trimmer also offers effortless maintenance while being emission-free. Using just a limited supply of electricity, this type is best when you want to cut back on utility expenses. Check out models with energy saving features. Easy to carry, cordless machines also offer effortless start up. These types are quiet, so you should remain friends with your neighbors even when you trim your hedges early in the morning. The maximum running time is not stellar, which is usually between 30 to 45 minutes. This type is best if you don’t have much to trim on your property.
Gasoline models offer faster cutting, greater cutting power, effortless carrying and more versatility to handle even wet shrubs. You can’t use an electric model during wet weather, but a gas-powered machine can do the job. You can work on a large property without worrying about power cord length, availability of wall sockets or sufficient charge, as this type delivers a longer amount of time for cutting and sustained cutting power as well. In terms of trimming speed and convenient portability, a gas powered hedge trimmer is your best bet. For the avid environmentalist, a gas-fed hedge trimmer may not be the best option due to the fuel mixing and emissions that come with use.
They deliver exceptional performance-driven cutting power.
Most hedge trimmers can handle at least ½-inch thick branches, but the premium ones can go as far as cutting ¾-inch thick branches. This eliminates the need to use a trusty Asian bolo knife or machete or to reach for a manual pruning saw or chainsaw to handle tree branches that aren’t so thick. For small hedges, you want a 46-cm hedge trimmer blade. To handle a medium size hedge, a blade 47 to 56 cm long should do fine. For a large shrub, you need a blade 57 cm long or greater. Do check out the width of the tooth gaps of the blade. A 20mm width between the gaps should be enough for 20mm-thick branches and stems, and wider tooth gap will be necessary to handle thicker branches. Hedge trimmers are designed for soft growth stems and branches and not those with wider woody growth.
They have features that no handheld clipper is equipped with.
The best hedge trimmer for the money comes with features that make the job easier to do. Some models are equipped with a hedge clipping collector, an attachment that keeps the clippings from falling back into the shrub during the cutting process. A tray is fixed to the blade side and you simply tip it after making a cut. Some models are double-position machines that enable handle adjustment to accommodate inline cutting or cutting at a right angle with the blades for effortless level hedging along the top of the shrub minus a ladder.
Even heavy-duty models should come with an automatic brake, an innovative safety feature that guarantees instantaneous stopping of the blades when the trigger is released. A hand guard protects you from flying debris while cutting and keeps the blades away from your arms and hands. A rotating blade makes it easy to cut around walls, fences and shrubs. A lock-on switch reduces fatigue while cutting. Continuously pressed switches are a safer option when you have to work with children or pets around.
Top rated cordless hedge trimmers in 2019
There are dozens of hedge trimmer manufacturers, all of whom promise fantastic specs and cutting power, which can surely overwhelm the consumer and make the shopping experience more stressful. We hope the buying guide above can help you make a more sensible buying decision. We have also showcased the best products below for an easier shopping journey.
Our recommendations
Black & Decker LHT2436
Trimming your hedge has never been this easy with the Black and Decker Hedge Trimmer. It has earned a lot of positive comments from the customers’ best cordless hedge trimmer reviews. Its 40V Lithium ion battery is powerful and can last for long run-time which allows you to finish your tasks completely and without charging interruptions. It does not vibrate wildly like some of the other trimming devices. The Black and Decker trimmer has a really comfortable and strong grip that allows you to cut cleanly in all possible orientations. With its battery fully charged, you can cover up to 6000 square feet of hedges to trim.
Buy from Amazon for ($119.34)
Toro 51496
With its 24-inch dual-action blades, you won’t even question why the Toro 51496 is the best cordless hedge trimmer in 2019. Its long 24-inch blade is perfect for extended reach, not to mention its cordless feature is a great factor for easy access around hedges from every possible orientation. The Toro hedge trimmer is pretty lightweight and has an ergonomic handle that can rotate 90 degrees. This trimmer property also makes for minimal vibration. The package comes with an instruction manual that is very easy to follow.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
BLACK+DECKER LHT321FF
If you need a device that is efficient when trimming the lawn, this is the product for you. The item is effortless to move around as it has a cordless design that is highly appreciated by its current users.
Furthermore, the product runs on a 20-volt lithium-ion battery that is powerful enough for most trimming jobs. The powercut option that the model comes equipped with allows the user to cut through jams with just the push of a button. Additionally, the 22-inch blade of the unit ensures less vibration for a constant operation.
The device comes provided with an ergonomic handle that has premium soft grips, which provide the user with plenty of comfort; plus, he or she will have more than enough control over the trimmer.
Buy from Amazon for ($99)
Worx WG255
With its impressive innovation and versatility, the Worx cordless hedge trimmer is no doubt a top rated cordless hedge trimmer in 2019. It is conveniently designed to do hedge trimming quickly and precisely. It is pretty lightweight and its ergonomics is perfect for easy and comfortable use. It doesn’t vibrate as hard as the other units, thanks to its hardened steel blade with dual-action features. The blade is made of aluminum which makes it totally rust-proof. The Worx WG255 is absolutely the perfect trimmer for your beautiful garden.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Makita LXHU02Z LXT
If you are looking for the best cordless hedge trimmer in 2019, the anti-vibration model of Makita LXT is the perfect one for you. Its five cushions placed within the motor housing minimize the vibration, making it really comfortable for use. It has an indicator light that serves as a warning system which stops the motor automatically to signal the user that the battery needs to be recharged. It has a convenient ergonomics, it is pretty lightweight, and it has a rubberized soft grip.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
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Products which are no longer available
GreenWorks 22632A
Take care of your lawn like a boss with Greenworks Hedge Trimmer. It has an advanced fade free power and it performs really well especially at maximum power. It cuts precisely with its 22-inch dual action steel blade and can cut through all kinds of hedges with ease. The rotating rear handle plus the easy electric start button makes it a very convenient trimmer. With its 40-volt battery you can use it long enough to do the job completely and without any interruption for charging.
Designer Habitat VonHaus
The VonHaus hedge trimmer by Designer Habitat Ltd. is a powerful 20-volt machine with a 1.5ah lithium battery included for convenient cutting minus the clutter of cords and the tedious fuel mixing. This model easily cuts through twigs and branches up to 0.59 inch thick at an exceptional speed of 1400 RPM to make short work of your yard maintenance task. You get cordless hedge cutting performance from an ergonomically designed lightweight machine built for comfortable task completion thanks to the soft grip rubber handle. Your safety is guaranteed with the large hand protector or guard and the blade brake for stopping on demand, plus blade cover for easy transportability.
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http://10topratedreviews.com/best-crossbow-reviews/
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Best crossbows 2019 | Top rated crossbows for hunting reviews |
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Best Crossbow Reviews
Best Crossbow Reviews
Comparison Table
Barnett 78128
Excalibur Vixen II
Barnett Jackal
Buying Guide
Types
Construction
Power
Sights
Top rated crossbows in 2019
Our recommendations
Barnett 78128
Excalibur Vixen II
Barnett Jackal
Horton Crossbow Innovations Storm RDX
Barnett Buck Commander
Arrow Precision Inferno Fury
Barnett Quad 400
Horton CB880 Havoc
Products which are no longer available
Arrow Precision Blitz II
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Best crossbows 2019 | Top rated crossbows for hunting reviews |
Best Crossbow Reviews
The market is quite generous when it comes to crossbows and the variety of such products available for sale might turn your search for the best crossbow into a daunting task. To make sure things are easy and simple for you, we have examined the most appreciated models in this line and reached the conclusion that the Barnett 78128 is the first option you should consider. The item features stainless steel components for enhanced durability and boasts the Trigger Tech Technology with 3lb zero-creep release to boost your performance and increase responsiveness. Moreover, the unit sports finger safety reminders and an Anti-Dry Fire trigger system. The item also comes with various accessories including a Rope Cocking Device, a Side Mount Quiver, and a 4X32 scope. If this option is no longer available for sale, a reliable alternative in terms of quality is the Excalibur Vixen II.
Comparison Table
Barnett 78128
Check Price on Amazon
Capable of firing arrows up to 350 FPS and featuring a draw weight of 150 pounds, this crossbow is made to last and boost your performance. Boasting stainless steel components, the item also comes with the necessary accessories.
At least one buyer says that sighting in the scope takes major adjustments. Otherwise, the item is widely appreciated.
If your hunting calls for a new crossbow that is both durable and precise, this model should not go unchecked. It was engineered to provide durability, accuracy, and ease of use.
Best of Best!
Excalibur Vixen II
Check Price on Amazon
With a draw weight of 150 pounds and capable of firing arrows up to 285 FPS, it is easy to see why hunters often choose the Vixen II. It also comes in a camouflage design so you can easily blend into your surroundings.
With mainly favorable reviews from novice and experienced archers, it is hard to find anything negative about this crossbow.
When you need a high performance crossbow you can depend on the Vixen II. It is capable of providing you with the speed and power you need for a successful bow hunting trip.
Barnett Jackal
Check Price on Amazon
You will love how easy the trigger is to pull, and thanks to the included rope cocking device drawing this crossbow is a breeze. Since it is capable of firing bolts up to 315 feet per second you can easily hunt small and mid size prey.
While this crossbow has received mainly positive reviews, some consumers have noted that the strings can become frayed.
Everything you need to start hunting or target shooting is included with this crossbow. It is designed to be easy to draw and accurate so you can hit your target with just one shot.
Buying Guide
Whether you just want to accurately hit targets in your backyard or humanely take down game, you need the best crossbow for sale. Choosing the right bow can be confusing, especially when you consider all of the different options. In this brief buying guide you will find the information you need to find the best crossbow for the money.
Types
The best crossbow reviews and ratings suggest first deciding on the type, and each has its own advantages. Recurve crossbows are generally easier to string and are often recommended for first time users. Compound crossbows might require a little more effort to string, but are often the first choice for hunters. These crossbows usually come with shorter limbs that make it easier to accurately fire an arrow from a tight spot, and can often shoot heavier bolts at faster speeds for a humane killing shot.
Construction
The materials used to construct the crossbow will determine its weight, and how comfortable it is to use. Limbs constructed from fiberglass or composite materials are durable and lightweight, compared to ones that use heavier steel. Stocks constructed from sturdy plastic or laminated wood won’t add any additional weight to the crossbow, and are often reinforced with small metal parts for extra durability. The design can also vary, and if you are worried about adding any extra weight you might want to consider a crossbow with that comes with a skeletal stock.
Power
The best crossbow for accuracy and distance will have the power you need to send the arrow flying straight at the target. Crossbows are rated by the amount of weight it takes to draw the string, and this can vary dramatically between models. What you are firing at will help you determine how much draw weight you need, along with how much you are capable of pulling. You can find crossbows with a draw weights ranging from 80 pounds up to 200lbs, which is capable of propelling an arrow up to 340 feet per second.
Most hunters choose a crossbow with a draw weight around 150 pounds. This will give you plenty of power to shoot a bolt through a deer for a humane killing shot without being too difficult to draw all the way back. If you need the power you get from heavier draw weights but are worried that you might not have enough strength for a smooth pull, you might want to consider adding a rope cocking aid to the crossbow. A rope cocking aid can reduce the draw weight up to 50 percent, and ensure that you have the power you need to make accurate distance shots.
Sights
There are several types of sights to choose from, though most crossbows already come with one. The most common types of sights are optical or red dot, and both can dramatically improve the accuracy of your shots. Optical sights are better suited for longer distance shots, and can help you adjust for the drop in the arrow’s path that generally occurs between 20 and 40 yards. While not very practical for close shots, an optical sight can help you hit targets at a greater distance.
Red dot sights are almost standard on crossbows, and are also extremely easy to use. Simply line up the small bright dot with the intended target, and fire the arrow at the red light. Ideal for close shots or when you want to group the arrows together, a red dot sight is also a great choice for archers who are just starting out. It is recommended that you purchase a sight with the crossbow to ensure that it is compatible.
Crossbows are becoming more popular every year with target shooters and hunters. The level of skill required to accurately shot a crossbows appeals to anyone that likes to be challenged, and recent advances in technology and design have improved their performance capabilities. If you are considering purchasing or simply want to replace an old one, you can find a brief review of the best cross bow listed below.
Top rated crossbows in 2019
Our recommendations
Barnett 78128
If your old crossbow is no longer of use and you’re looking for a new product to take your bow hunting skills to the next level, the 78128 Whitetail Hunter II model from Barnett is an option you might want to take into account before placing your order.
The product is capable of firing arrows up to 350 FPS and has a draw weight of 150 pounds. It also features the Trigger Tech Technology with 3lb zero-creep release and an Anti-Dry Fire trigger system for a flawless performance. Durability is ensured by the stainless steel components and the well-crafted design.
Buy from Amazon for ($279.58)
Excalibur Vixen II
Designed to better accommodate women on the hunting grounds, the Excalibur Vixen II crossbow Varizone is ideal for hunting small or medium sized animals. It offers greater control and precision during the aiming and shooting process. With a capacity to produce arrow speeds of up to 285 FPS, the Vixen II is an ultra-performing weapon destined to provide improved results even for those who lack body strength. The Excalibur package includes the Varizone multi-range scope, a solid scope mount, a 4 arrow quiver, 4 firebolt carbon arrows and the highly acclaimed “Realtree Hardwoods” camouflage system. All these top end features place this model among the present best crossbows in 2019.
Buy from Amazon for ($539.97)
Barnett Jackal
The present top rated crossbows for hunting reviews underline the efficiency and accurate functionality of the Barnett Jackal crossbow package that includes a solid fast-detach quiver, 3-20-inch arrows and also a premium red dot sight. With a sleek, modern military-style, a durable synthetic string and also high energy wheels, the Barnett Jackal crossbow is intended for people who hunt small or medium animals in various terrains. The model can shoot at 315 feet per second with a powerful 150-pound draw weight, able to help the hunter be a lot more precise with his shots.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Horton Crossbow Innovations Storm RDX
It is easy to see why the Storm RDX is often considered the best crossbow for deer hunting. It is designed to be incredibly easy to string and assemble, and the 165 pound limbs give it the ability to fire an arrow up to 370 feet per second which is more than enough power to make a humane killing shot. You will love the sleek and stylish design of the crossbow that blends seamlessly into the brush, and since it only measures a compact 10 inches you can comfortably aim and draw from tight hunting blinds. The stainless steel ball bearings ensure a smooth pull and stable launch, and you will appreciate the lightweight design. The aluminum riser is machined to ensure a smooth performance and to reduce any unnecessary weight, and as an added bonus the Storm RDX also comes with an ACU mechanism for an even easier draw.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Barnett Buck Commander
According to the latest statistics and online surveys it seems that the Barnett Buck Commander CRT crossbow package includes one of the best crossbows 2019. This product provides a precise shot every time it is used. The crossbow utilizes the Barnsdale laminated limbs embedded in Barnett’s AVI technology, which diminishes noise by up to 30%. This feature offers a great advantage when hunting. The Barnett Buck Commander has a solid aluminum flight rail, whiplash cams and also strong crosswire strings and cables that provide a quiet and accurate shooting due to the uniquely designed ADF trigger system.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Arrow Precision Inferno Fury
Users love the complete Arrow Precision Inferno Fury Crossbow Kit. It comes with 4-16 inch bolts, a fast-detaching quiver, a 3 red dot sight, padded sling and a rope cocker with extra string. It comes with an anti-dry fire trigger mechanism and thumb guard so you will not need to worry about accidental discharges. It measures 34.5 inches (without the foot stirrup) and it is 26.5 inches wide. Because it is lightweight and compact, it comprises all the convenience that users need for complete control over their shots. Like the satisfied customers who have already expressed their opinions in the best crossbows reviews, we highly recommend this particular model.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Barnett Quad 400
Barnett’s Quad 400 Crossbow Package is known worldwide for its power, speed and precise accuracy. It has been improved by using new camouflage patterns for a stealthy hunting experience. The package is composed of a 4 arrow quiver and 3 arrows, along with a 4×32 multi-reticle scope. Its weighs in at just 9 pounds which means it is lighter even than more expensive similar products. It measures 37-inches in length and it is 26.75-inches wide which offers great control even for people with smaller frames. It uses 22-Inch arrows and a 15.5-Inch power stroke which provide all the speed and power you need regardless of the situation. Users appreciate the GAM composite stock, four-pound trigger pull, and the CNC cam, which combined with a low price tag, offer great value for money.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Horton CB880 Havoc
The top rated crossbows for hunting reviews showcase the efficiency and clean functionality of the Horton Vision 175 scope model, renowned for its ultra-compact and extra-quiet set of functions. The particularities of the Horton Vision 175 allow you to achieve a precise shooting pattern irrespective of the terrain. The Horton Vision 175 comes equipped with the Reverse Draw limb design to optimize speed, balance and also stealth during the hunt, thus setting the proper context for good results. As an additional feature, this Horton model comes with Frontal String technology, a 4 x 32 multi-range scope and a professional CNC machined riser with an integrated cocking rope grove that works really well.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
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Products which are no longer available
Arrow Precision Blitz II
The Arrow Blitz II Crossbow Either is a very good acquisition regardless if you want to go hunting or just target shooting without guns. Made out of aluminum, this crossbow is extremely lightweight, making it perfect for people lacking in strength. The machined wheels are also made from aluminum and perfectly complement the synthetic rear shock integrated cable/string system. This provides the Blitz II fire with extreme accuracy and increased speeds of up to 285 fps. The 4×32 multi reticle scope is the icing on the cake that will make the Blitz II your trusty companion when going hunting in the woods.
10Top Reviews
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Best Energy Drinks in 2019 :: Top rated Energy Drink reviews |
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Best Energy Drink Reviews
Best Energy Drink Reviews
Comparison Table
5 Hour Energy 12-Pack
Red Bull 24-Pack
Rockstar Zero Carb
Buying Guide
Comes with the necessary ingredients to keep you awake and alert
Ingredients that won’t cause serious, long term side effects
Easy to ingest
Top rated energy drinks in 2019
5 Hour Energy 12-Pack
Red Bull
Rockstar Zero Carb
Sambazon Organic Amazon
Monster
Bing Beverage Company Petey’s Bing
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Best Energy Drinks in 2019 :: Top rated Energy Drink reviews |
Best Energy Drink Reviews
If you’re in a hurry and don’t have time to go through all the reviews and buying advice compiled by our researchers but you do want to find the best energy drink money can buy, this short paragraph should tell you everything you need to know. We have gathered plenty of information about various energy drinks on the market by checking out expert review sites and comparing the product claims with actual user feedbacks. Thankfully, the extensive product evaluation and comparison led us to the number one product for sale in this category, the 5 Hour Energy 12-Pack. Packing as much caffeine as a cup of the top selling premium coffee, each bottle is sure to keep you alert and awake for those long drives or intense exercise routines that require peak energy levels for optimum performance. With zero sugar and zero herbal stimulants, each bottle is also packed with B-vitamins, amino acids and nutrients to keep you brimming with energy and staying power while ensuring mental alertness to complete your tasks without feeling sluggish or drowsy. Although this product is packed with most caffeine, it won’t add to your weight as it only has four calories in every small bottle. Should the 5 Hour Energy 12-Pack be unavailable, we urge you to go for the second best option, the Red Bull 24-Pack.
Comparison Table
5 Hour Energy 12-Pack
Check Price on Amazon
While most energy drinks come with several side effects that might make them less recommended for some people, this one contains just as much caffeine as your favorite cup of Joe would. In other words, you won’t have to struggle with issues such as high blood pressure or irregular heartbeats. Besides, the drink contains no sugar.
Some buyers have reported that the aftertaste might be less pleasurable as it might give you the feeling that you’ve just had a sip of alcohol.
Seeing how this option is packed with amino acids, nutrients, and vitamins and has little to no adverse effects, it might be worth bearing in mind.
Best of Best!
Red Bull 24-Pack
Check Price on Amazon
Another sugar-free option that you ought to give some thought to is the world-known Red Bull energy drink given that it has just three calories for every 100ml you will ingest. Therefore, if you’re on a diet, this product might be the perfect one for you, especially as many regimens restrict sugars and carbohydrates. Every can is entirely recyclable.
In spite of the taurine, caffeine, and vitamin content of the product, it seems to do little to nothing for some people so it might depend on your metabolism.
Given that this box contains as many as twenty-four cans, it’s easy to see that it is reasonably priced. Thanks to its great taste, the drink can be combined for liquor for cocktails.
Rockstar Zero Carb
Check Price on Amazon
As is the case with the Red Bull option, this pack comes with twenty-four cans. Rockstar is a low-carb energy drink that can be utilized even for people who are on a diet. It’s refreshing and lightly carbonated and boasts a content composed of herbal extracts such as guarana, milk thistle, ginseng, and gingko. The combo seems to be the perfect blend for long working hours.
Unlike other drinks in the same line, this one might be less recommended for preparing cocktails as it might not go well with vodka and other types of alcohol.
Whether you’re working long shifts or plan to organize a party where everyone has to dance and mingle, Rockstar might be a good choice. It can be used for diabetics.
Buying Guide
Feeling listless right before running, biking or exercising? Give yourself a quick energy boost by taking an energy drink before activities that require mental alertness, peak physical performance and staying power. Although there have been health risks associated with the use of energy drinks, athletes and those who just need a quick picker upper still reach for a bottle to ensure peak performance. Now what makes an energy drink a good option for intense activities?
Comes with the necessary ingredients to keep you awake and alert
It is best to take energy drinks only when you are not suffering from health issues including heart and kidney problems. Unlike energy bars that are slower to absorb by the body, energy drinks do not cause stomach problems. Energy drinks contain simple carbohydrates in liquid form, which can easily be absorbed by the stomach to ensure distribution of the vital energy-giving ingredients to different parts of the body that require energy boost.
They provide simple, easy-to-break-down sugars needed for exercise along with water, all to enhance performance. Often, energy drinks are also formulated with electrolytes that help the body from losing too much fluid through perspiration during exercise. B-vitamins not only delay fatigue but also maximize performance and keep you from getting overly dehydrated.
Some energy drinks use a unique mix of sugars that provide maltodextrin and glucose with some quantity of fructose. This mix optimizes absorption of carbohydrates and fluids. Ideally, an energy drink should boast 6 to 8 grams of sugar for every 100ml. Few energy drinks come without caffeine, as caffeine can cause heart palpitations if taken in large amounts. Do consider your overall health when looking into the ingredients list of energy drinks.
Ingredients that won’t cause serious, long term side effects
Nearly every energy drink comes with its exclusive magic energy blend of special ingredients. Manufacturers are not duty bound to tell consumers how much of every ingredient is in their products, so it is up to the buyer to practice due diligence by doing research on the various ingredients that appear in product labels and their effects on the body.
A primary ingredient in energy drinks is caffeine. Levels can vary widely across different products. Sodas are governed under a specific regulatory category on stimulants such as caffeine but energy drinks aren’t, so energy drinks can typically be formulated with higher levels of stimulants than what is acceptable in sodas.
Energy drinks can carry as much as 154 mg to 505 mg caffeine compared to the modest 80 to 120 mg of a 6.5-oz cup of coffee or 50 mg for tea. Take note: excessive caffeine has been associated with a variety of adverse health effects including premature birth, sudden deaths and high blood pressure.
Ranging between 21 and 34 grams per 8 ounces, the sugar content in energy drinks could easily add up to 120 to 180 mg if you consume two or three bottles, and this is in 4 to 6 times excess of the maximum recommended daily intake. The effects on teens of such high levels of sugar can vary from obesity to dental issues.
Brazilian cocoa or guarana contains guaranine, a caffeine compound. A gram of this element equates to 40 mg of caffeine. The inclusion of guarana in energy drinks is not integrated into the caffeine content so basically, caffeine plus guarana will mean additional levels of caffeine. The benefits and risks of guarana have yet to be appraised by the FDA.
One of the most common amino acids in the body is taurine, which can support the development of the brain in addition to regulating the water and mineral levels of the body and even enhancing athletic performance. Energy drinks boast a higher quantity of taurine compared to what you can ingest in a normal diet with milk, seafood and meat. Although taurine is yet to be proven to be unhealthy, there is no evidence that when consumed in large amounts, it will be beneficial to the body.
Ginseng has been claimed to improve athletic performance aside from improving the mood and strengthening the immune system. That is just a claim, however, and there is little proof to support it. Should an energy drink have ginseng, there is hardly enough of it to deliver any benefit.
As a matter of fact, the ginseng root has been linked to increased incidences of hypertension, headache and insomnia. In high doses, it can have unwanted side effects and may even be contraindicated with certain medicines for surgery patients. Teens should guard against energy drinks that contain ingredients such as bitter orange, Yohimbe and carnitine, which are not supported by solid scientific evidence on their benefits and risks. Mixing energy drinks with alcohol is done by many adolescents, and this practice can come with serious effects on the body.
As with anything you take in or ingest, more does not always mean better. This is especially essential for teens who seem to think that just because energy drinks can be bought off the shelf, they won’t cause any harmful consequences. A balanced diet is always best and the ‘healthy’ vitamins and minerals in energy drinks may not effectively balance out the equation with the kind of energy or proprietary blends they do have.
Easy to ingest
An energy drink is best taken before engaging in intense exercise including cycling, running or a long session at the gym. Cycling for longer than 1 ½ hours can be draining on your internal power reserves so you could easily run out of gas, which can cause serious consequences to your training.
To help you ride further and faster, energy drinks keep your glucose levels at the peak so you won’t lose energy through profuse sweating. Although an energy drink is formulated to give users Olympic-level strength, it should not taste more like dishwater. Some can have a medicinal aftertaste or a sickly sweetness. You will want an energy drink to go down fast with a pleasant taste.
Top rated energy drinks in 2019
The market for energy drinks has grown to a scale that it can be difficult for even a seasoned athlete to make a sensible selection from among the many brands on the market. Hopefully, the above buying guide will help you become a more educated buyer. We have also showcased the best products below to help you enjoy a smoother buying journey.
5 Hour Energy 12-Pack
Most 16-ounce energy drinks come in fizzy liquid form along with a host of ingredients that you wouldn’t want to be ingesting all at once, including up to 12 tablespoons of sugar plus 200 calories and herbal stimulants with risks and benefits that have not been properly and scientifically evaluated.
The 5-Hour Energy drink only contains as much caffeine as a cup of your favorite premium coffee brand, so it won’t cause serious effects such as palpitation, high blood pressure, and others when taken in moderation and only as recommended. Packaged in a two-ounce bottle, this energy drink is easy to take in and is packed with B-vitamins and amino acids for peak mental performance. At four calories a shot, this energy drink won’t put you at risk of obesity.
Buy from Amazon for ($24.99)
Red Bull
One of the most popular energy drinks, known all over the world is Red Bull. As one of the top energy drinks in 2019, this pack of 24 cans will certainly help you wake up or keep the party going longer.
This drink is made out of the following ingredients: Sodium Citrate, Carbonated Water, Taurine, Acesulfame K, Caffeine, Xanthan Gum, Inositol, Niacinamide, Pyridoxine Hcl, Vitamin B12, Colors, Artificial Flavors and Calcium Pantothenate. This drink is sugarfree, with only 3 calories per 100ml which comes in handy if you want to experience an energy boost and not gain weight.
Buy from Amazon for ($59.39)
Rockstar Zero Carb
Today, some people need a bit of extra juice while going to parties, sporting events or simply during a busy day. One of the best energy drinks in 2019 is, according to the present user testimonials, the Rockstar Energy drink, a product favored by thousands of people.
This pack of 24 16 ounce cans represent a great addition to your party set. So, you will be able to benefit for a low carb energy drink, an impressive total of 384 ounces, ideal for different stages of life! This particular drink was enhanced with special ingredients such as Guarana, ginseng, milk thistle and ginkgo.
Buy from Amazon for ($45.36)
Sambazon Organic Amazon
If you are looking for a healthy and energizing drink that combines taste with efficiency, then consider trying out the Sambazon Organic Amazon Energy drink.
As the current best energy drink reviews pointed out, this particular drink is made out of the following ingredients: sparkling filtered water, Organic Acai Juice, Organic Cane Syrup, Organic Acerola Juice, organic natural flavours, organic Guarana flavours, Guayaki organic Yerba Mate Extract, vegetable juice, fruit and Steaz Organic Green Tea Extract.
This purple berry drink was safely harvested from the Amazon basin. Due to the presence of Guarana and Yerba Mate, you have yourself an all-natural energy drink, which maintains your energy levels high.
Buy from Amazon for ($70.99)
Monster
When it comes to energy drinks, you should know that there are a lot of options out there. How can you determine which drink should you use? Well, you have the possibility to choose the Monster Energy drink, which uses the perfect ingredients in the right proportion for a delicious taste.
Every day can register a major boost with this particular drink. It features an impressively powerful punch which makes it easy to drink, wherever you may be. Furthermore, the drink has a sweet and salty flavor, with a whiskey color, enhancing your energy levels in a healthy way with no problems.
Buy from Amazon for ($29.99)
Bing Beverage Company Petey’s Bing
Are you shopping for delicious and healthy energy drink? Well, if your answer is yes, then you might want to learn a couple of things about the Bing Beverage Company, Petey’s Bing Beverage, loved by thousands of men and women.
Regarded as one of the best energy drinks in 2019, this particular product comes from Denver, Colorado and represents a chance to enjoy something special with a kick. This particular beverage is lightly carbonated and with a hinge of caffeine, which soothes the nerves. Furthermore, it contains anti-oxidants, Vitamin C, B-Vitamins, Ginkgo Biloba, Ginseng and Caffeine, keeping your health levels high.
Buy from Amazon for ($44.38)
TAGS
Best Energy Drink reviews
Red Bull Energy Drink
Rockstar Energy Drink
Top rated energy drinks in 2016
10Top Reviews
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http://10topratedreviews.com/best-fishing-reel-reviews/
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Best fishing reels 2019 | Top rated fishing reels reviews |
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Best Fishing Reel Reviews
Best Fishing Reel Reviews
Comparison Table
Shimano Calcutta B
Penn Spinfisher V
Shimano Spirex RG
Buying Guide
Type
Size
Design
Construction
Top rated fishing reels in 2019
Our recommendations
Shimano Calcutta 400B
Penn Spinfisher V
Shimano Spirex RG
Abu Garcia 6500CSBPROROCKET
Abu Garcia 6500C3 Ambassadeur C3
Shimano Symetre
Okuma Avenger ABF Graphite
Abu Garcia ProMax
Okuma Trios High Speed
Okuma Coronado Baitfeeder
Penn Gold Label series International V
Products which are no longer available
Penn Gold Label Series
Abu Garcia BCX
Penn Gold Label Series Slammer
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Best fishing reels 2019 | Top rated fishing reels reviews |
Best Fishing Reel Reviews
After testing dozens of baitcasting reels on the market, we have been able to gather more than enough information on what really makes the best baitcasting reels consistent top sellers. For one thing, we do not take our research lightly. We go through the most expert review sites we can find, aside from scrutinizing product prices and sales figures and doing crash-and-bang work on them against the social media attention they generate. All of this just to ensure that consumers get the exact quality and performance they pay for with their hard earned money. And it’s all been worth it, since we have found the Shimano Calcutta 400B to be genuinely the best of the lot. This impressive fishing implement has its basic design balanced with advanced features for an impressive ensemble that even the most seasoned angler can truly appreciate. The fishing reel has been designed to be 10 times more accurate at casting thanks to its anti-rust bearings (A-RB), compared to the standard stainless steel bearings that other reels are geared with. Users can expect better casting distance and control due to the variable brake system. The side plates and aluminum frame have undergone cold forging to make a strong and durable reel. If the Shimano Calcutta 400B is not in stock at your favorite online seller, why not give one of the best PENN spinning reels a try on your next fishing trip? Check out the PENN Spinfisher V that performs just as good as the Shimano Calcutta 400B.
Comparison Table
Shimano Calcutta B
Check Price on Amazon
With 3 stainless steel ball bearings and one anti reverse you can depend on smooth casts and retrievals. The smaller size of this spinning reel also makes it a great choice for younger anglers that might lack the strength needed for heavier models.
Overall the reviews are positive, with the main complaint being its size which does limit the type of fish you can go after.
If you are looking for the best spinning reel for small or mid fish or just need one for younger anglers, the Calcutta B might be just what you are looking for.
Best of Best!
Penn Spinfisher V
Check Price on Amazon
Designed for performance this spinning reel comes with 5 ball bearings, along with one for anti reverse so you can depend on smooth casts and retrievals. The anodized aluminum spool is also machined so the line will flow easily.
The main drawback to this spinning reel is its weight, which is slightly heavier than others models of a similar size.
If you don’t mind the extra weight, this spinning reel is capable of providing you with a smooth and reliable performance. This also makes it a great choice for jig fishing.
Shimano Spirex RG
Check Price on Amazon
Constructed from graphite this spinning reel is durable and lightweight. It comes with 6 stainless steel ball bearings for a smooth and reliable performance, along with a rear drag system that helps to ensure the fish stays on the line.
On occasion the foot can break off of the reel, but thanks to the included warranty this problem is easily resolved.
This spinning reel has the speed and performance experienced anglers are looking for. It is also designed for “one handed” casts which can give any angler an advantage.
Buying Guide
Whether you are tossing a line in for recreation or you are trying to catch tonight’s dinner, you need the best fishing reel for sale. Today’s fishing reels are designed to do more than simply hold your excess line, it can determine how successful you are at attracting and landing a bite. There are several types of fishing reels to choose from and each is designed for a specific use. To help you make an informed decision and choose the best fishing reel for the money we have included the following tips in the buying guide below.
Type
One of the first things to consider is what you are casting for. Different reels are designed for specific species of fish, and using the wrong one can make it almost impossible to bring anything in. Beginners often find that spincasting reels are the best choice for them. These reels are easy to operate, rarely snarl, inexpensive and extremely durable. Spinning reels are versatile, lightweight, and can usually be comfortably used by right or left hand anglers. These reels can be used to catch a variety of fish, but can also be prone to snarls and tangles in the line if the bail doesn’t close when you cast.
Bait casting reels come with a streamlined design and can be used in fresh or saltwater. These reels are typically used for catching larger fish, and some models are sturdy enough to handle 80 pound test line. Bait casting reels are often priced higher than other types, but are worth the added expense if you want to reel in heavier game fish. There are also fly fishing reels that are designed to be used in streams and some rivers. These reels might be simply designed, but it can be difficult to master the casting technique.
Size
Once you have narrowed down the type of reel that best suits your needs, you will want to decide on the size based on where you will be fishing. The majority of the reels designed for freshwater fishing are too small for use in the ocean, and most saltwater models are too big to comfortably use when you are casting in a river or small pond. The type of fish you are casting for will also help determine the reel size. Researching the fish that are commonly in the waters you are planning to visit will help you narrow down your choices and choose the right size reel for your rod.
Design
Fishing reels are comprised of several components and each one is important for optimal performance. The body of the reel should be lightweight, durable and constructed from plastic, aluminum or graphite, and you also want to consider the design of the handle. Some handles can be reversed for left or right hand users, and it should also fit comfortably in your hand.
You also want to look at the size and construction of the spool to ensure that it is designed to rotate smoothly, and is large enough to hold the amount of line that you need. Even though the style of the bail will vary depending on the type of reel, you will want to ensure that it is designed to easily flip open and snap close. Adjustable drags allow you to fight a fish on the line without losing it, and it also helps you securely set the hook. The reel should also be designed with multiple ball bearings and gears to ensure a smooth and reliable performance on every cast and retrieval.
Construction
Most fishing reels are constructed from plastic, aluminum or graphite for a long lasting performance. All of these materials are lightweight, durable, and generally resistant to rust. Plastic fishing reels are generally inexpensive, while aluminum and graphite models are usually priced slightly higher. The added expensive is often worth it if you are planning on landing big game fish. You also want to consider the ball bearings, and most experienced anglers recommend choosing a reel that comes with rust resistant stainless steel BBs.
Top rated fishing reels in 2019
Choosing the right fishing reel doesn’t have to be complicated, especially if you know what you are looking for. To help you make the right decision and get you started casting for the “big catch”, we have the best fishing reels showcased down below.
Our recommendations
Shimano Calcutta 400B
The basic design and extensive features of the Shimano Calcutta B reel make this model one of the best fishing instruments currently available on the market. The Shimano Calcutta B reel includes the carefully thought off A-RB (anti-rust bearings) that are 10 times more precise than the regular stainless bearings. The variable brake system improves casting control and also distance, which ensures a complete fishing experience. Furthermore, the Cold forged aluminum frame and side plates make the reel strong and durable, and that is what most of the top rated fishing reels reviews point out.
Buy from Amazon for ($224.07)
Penn Spinfisher V
The Penn Spinfisher V Spinning Reel now has a thicker and heavier aluminum bail wire, which also means increased performance and a sturdier build. What also adds to its strength is its 5 Shielded stainless steel bearings system with stainless steel main-shaft and alloy main gear. It also has an unlimited anti-reverse feature with a 7500-10500 sizes back-up ratchet. In addition, it also comes with a friction trip ramp to avoid premature bail trip when casting, and a triple supported and over-sized stainless steel main-shaft. To top it all off, the Penn Spinfisher V Spinning Reel is well insulated against saltwater so you won’t have to worry about it getting into the gearbox or drag system. Some of the best fishing reels reviews praise this product for its smoothness and longevity.
Buy from Amazon for ($118.54)
Shimano Spirex RG
This spinning reel is lightweight, durable and capable of providing you with exceptionally smooth casts and retrievals. This is the best fishing reel with a gear ratio explanation of 6.2.1 for slower retrievals with plenty of control. The multiple stainless steel ball bearings will provide you with a reliably smooth performance, and you will appreciate having the advantage of the front and rear drag systems. The drag is easy to set with just the flick of the lever, and you will love how comfortable the rubber handle is to grip when you are fighting a heavier fish. Constructed from durable graphite with a lightweight aluminum spool, this spinning reel might be what you need on your next fishing trip.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Abu Garcia 6500CSBPROROCKET
This is often considered the best fishing reel for jigging tuna, and it is not hard to see why. This bait casting reel comes with a durable construction that has been rigorously tested to ensure maximum performance and reliability. Often used by professional anglers around the world it comes with multiple stainless steel ball bearings to ensure ultra smooth casts and retrievals, and it also has an anti-reverse BB. To provide you with plenty of control and to make it easy to securely set your hook this fishing reel from Abu Garcia also comes with a high performance drag system. Accurate and powerful, you will love seeing what you can catch with this fishing reel.
Buy from Amazon for ($349.99)
Abu Garcia 6500C3 Ambassadeur C3
If you are practicing a type of fishing that requires you to cast long distances, then the Abu Garcia 6500C3 Round Reel is a great choice for you. Not only is the casting distance exceptional with this particular reel, but also the accuracy. The roller is made from stainless steel, making it extremely durable and solid. It also has an anti-reverse feature for hook-setting power, which comes in handy when you finally catch that big fish you have been dreaming of. Fishing can truly be enjoyed with a fishing reel with such fantastic features.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Shimano Symetre
The Shimano Symetre Spinning reel comes with a solid 5 point propulsion management system which allows you to make significantly longer casts, hitting the perfect spots with ease. This fishing reel is equipped with 4 shielded ball bearings and also a Dyna-balanced rotor for smoother, wobble free power, perfect for those hard casts. The reel also has the Fluidrive II precision cut which ensures a stable, powerful retrieve. Considered to be among the best fishing reels in 2019, the Shimano Symetre spinning reel ensures a smoother fishing experience for the user thanks to its advanced features.
Buy from Amazon for ($99.99)
Okuma Avenger ABF Graphite
A good fisherman always has the right gear. If bait fishing is your thing, then the Okuma Avenger is a very good choice. It will help you reel in those big fish that every fisherman dreams of. The materials from which it is built are corrosion resistant and will assure that the Avenger works just great for a long period of time. The Baitfeeding System allows the line to run free and the spool to disengage without opening the bail. Fishing is a great way to relax and using equipment like the Avenger makes it even more relaxing.
Buy from Amazon for ($47.63)
Abu Garcia ProMax
This fishing reel has a 12 pounds/145 yards mono spool capacity and a 30 pounds/130 yards braid spool capacity. It can pick up 31 inches per turn because of its 7.1:1 high speed gear ratio. In spite of all these wonderful features being crammed into such a small package, the Abu Garcia Pro Max Low Profile Baitcast Reel is light, with a mere weight of 7.9 ounces. It is easy to use and durable, with one-piece graphite frame and side plates. Its compact design and smoother feel are especially built for excellent capability and quality, and that’s why most people choose it over other models. To top it all off, this fishing reel comes with a corrosion resistant, instant anti-reverse bearing.
Buy from Amazon for ($91.71)
Okuma Trios High Speed
This Japanese high quality reel, the Okuma Trios has the right features to aid you in catching a lot of big fish. The hybrid spool design is a very innovative one that comes with a graphite arbor and an aluminum lip. All the components are of high quality for an overall great final product that guarantees great fishing. The Precision Dual Force Drag System maximizes the drag pressure making the reeling process efficient and smooth. These definite qualities make The Okuma Trio one of the best fishing reels available today.
Buy from Amazon for ($69.64)
Okuma Coronado Baitfeeder
If you are looking for one of the top rated fishing reels in 2019, then look no further. The Okuma Coronado has all the features needed to give you that extra edge in fishing equipment. Even though it is lightweight thanks to its graphite and aluminum construction, it is very sturdy, being able to resist the biggest and most active fish that you might be after. It will allow you to control the fish, not the other way around, and finally reel it in for the picture or dinner that you have been dreaming of. The amazing performance makes it one of the best fishing reels.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Penn Gold Label series International V
Competitive fishing needs advanced and efficient equipment with the capacity to provide reliable performance. The Penn Gold Label series international V two speed reel has a full metal body and also side plates which maintain high precision gear alignment when facing heavy captures. It is equipped with the highly acclaimed Quick-Shift patented 2-speed system that allows the user to quickly shift into high or low gear without any problems of any sort. Furthermore, the reel has the Push-To-Turn pre-set knob that eliminates accidental changes to the predisposed drag. It comes as no surprise to see the Penn Gold Label as one of best fishing reels in 2019.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
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Products which are no longer available
Penn Gold Label Series
Considered by many specialists among the best fishing reels 2019, the Penn Gold Label Series lever drag Baitcast reel is a lightweight, one piece aluminum frame which is perfect for saltwater fishing. Penn Gold reels allow the user to have greater precision during fishing, coming with a high-speed gear ratio of 4.4:1, which retrieves 20 inches of line within a short period of time . The reel is strong, designed with a bronze alloy main gear and also a solid machined stainless steel pinion gear which results in firm hook setting.
Abu Garcia BCX
A good reel gives you excellent control of the actual line retrieval, thus making it faster and easier, so the fish doesn`t have a chance to escape. The Abu Garcia BCX fits this bill perfectly and helps you catch big quantities of quality fish. Casting is very well controlled with the 6-pin centrifugal break giving you that extra bit of accuracy. You will be able to cast exactly in the spot where the fish are. The anti-reverse feature is very reliable, resisting even the most energetic fish. This reel should be part of your fishing equipment because it has all the necessary characteristics.
Penn Gold Label Series Slammer
The Penn Gold Label series Slammer spinning reel receives extensive top rated fishing reels reviews, consolidating its place among current preferred fishermen tools. The Slammer reel combines strength and durability which is perfect for saltwater anglers due to its full metal body design and 5 stainless steel roller bearings and 1 infinite anti reverse roller bearing. The structure of the Penn Gold model offers great hook settings. It is equipped with 6 roller bearings and 1 infinite reverse roller triple and also with the HT 100 drag washer which protects it from harmful elements.
10Top Reviews
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http://10topratedreviews.com/best-food-mill-reviews/
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Best Food Mills in 2019 | Top rated Food Mill reviews |
|
Best Food Mill Reviews
Best Food Mill Reviews
Comparison Table
Top rated Food Mills in 2019
Our recommendations
OXO Good Grips
RSVP Endurance
RSVP International Rotary
Mirro 50024 Foley
Acea Stainless Steel
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Best Food Mills in 2019 | Top rated Food Mill reviews |
Best Food Mill Reviews
Comparison Table
Product
Capacity
Price
Bown material
How to wash
Our Rating
Where to buy
OXO Good Grips
2.3 quart
$$$$
Stainless Steel
Dishwasher safe
A+
AMAZON
RSVP Endurance
2.5 quart
$$$
Stainless Steel
Hand wash
A
AMAZON
RSVP International
2.5 quart
$$
Plastic
Top rack dishwasher safe
B+
AMAZON
Mirro 50024 Foley
2 quart
$$
Stainless Steel
Hand wash
B
AMAZON
Acea Food Mill
3 quart
$$$$
Stainless Steel
Hand wash
C
AMAZON
Top rated Food Mills in 2019
I’m on the process of remodeling my kitchen and I decided to replace my old kitchen tools with new ones. One of the tools I need to replace is my food mill. I am looking for a food mill that is made of high quality materials and does not easily corrode. I looked up the best food mill reviews online and I was not disappointed with what I found. I have here a list of five of the best products to choose from. I hope you will find this list helpful for your shopping as well.
Our recommendations
OXO Good Grips
If you are looking for a food mill with just the appropriate size and an excellent style, you should check out the OXO Good grips food mill. Aside from its sleek design, it is made of high quality stainless steel. There are three discs which lets you prepare foods into three different textures: fine, medium, and coarse. The inner bowl is designed to accommodate hot food without staining. All its great features really justify the positive feedback coming from the best food mill reviews online.
Buy from Amazon for ($46.99)
RSVP Endurance
If you need a food mill that does not use up a lot of space on your kitchen counter, this is the best food mill in 2019 for you. It has a great exterior that is polished for an excellent style. The brushed finish for the interior is perfect for hiding the scratches. Because it has really high quality, the stainless steel parts safe for dishwashing. The wooden handle is perfect for easy grip and comfortable handling. The package includes three interchangeable disks.
Buy from Amazon for ($39.95)
RSVP International Rotary
Are you looking for food mill that is not only economical but is also an efficient tool for pureeing potatoes, tomatoes, and various fruits? The RSVP International Rotary food mill is the perfect food mill for you. It may be made of plastic but it sure is very durable. There are three stainless steel blades that come with the package. It is a very sturdy plastic bowl which is safe for dishwashing. The RSVP rotary food mill is absolutely the best food mill in 2019.
Buy from Amazon for ($24.2)
Mirro 50024 Foley
This is a top rated food mill in 2019 that makes excellent chili sauce, mashed potatoes, and apple sauce. It is made of high quality stainless steel that is easy to disassemble for effective cleaning. The Mirro Foley stainless steel food mill is very effective; it saves you a lot of time for preparing food ingredients. The best thing about this particular food mill is that it peels off the skin and deseeds boiled tomatoes. It has a very sleek design which is convenient and comfortable to use.
Buy from Amazon for ($32.26)
Acea Stainless Steel
Making puree has never been this easy. With the great Acea stainless steel food mill, you can prepare food ingredients quickly and easily, allowing you to save more time from cooking. The stainless steel handle is very comfortable to use and the interchangeable disks made of high quality stainless steel is ideal for pureeing fine, medium, or coarse ingredients. You will surely love this food mill and consider giving it as a wonderful gift for your friends who love to cook.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
TAGS
Best Food Mill Reviews
OXO Good Grips Food Mill
RSVP Endurance Stainless Steel Food Mill
Top rated Food Mills in 2016
10Top Reviews
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http://10topratedreviews.com/best-game-console-reviews/
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Best Game console reviews | Top rated Game console 2019 |
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Best Game Console Reviews
Best Game Console Reviews
Comparison Table
Buying Guide
Type
Performance
Accessories
Top rated game consoles in 2019
Our recommendations
PlayStation 3
Nintendo Wii
Xbox One
Sony Playstation 4
Xbox 360
Sony PlayStation Vita
Nintendo 3DS Aqua Blue
PlayStation 4 DualShock 4 Bundle
PlayStation 2
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Best Game console reviews | Top rated Game console 2019 |
Best Game Console Reviews
If you’re here just to find the best game console and really can’t afford to take the time to read the excellent reviews and buying advice prepared by our researchers, this short paragraph will highlight all the vital information. In our effort to find the best game console we have read expert reviews, feedback from consumers, followed activity on social media sites, and compared value, prices, and brand quality so we could gather all of the available information needed to help you make a smart purchasing decision. While we were researching the best gaming systems one model, the Sony Playstation 3 caught our attention with its wireless connectivity that includes two USB ports, powerful graphics processor that ensures a crisp, clear picture, and innovative dualshock 3 controller that comes with pressure sensors that are designed to provide you with a more realistic experience. While this is the best video game console we understand that this might not be priced to fit all budgets, immediately available or designed to support the specific games you love to play. The Wii from Nintendo is a similar product, even though it does not support as many game formats as the top rated console it is priced slightly lower and comes with a convenient remote control, along with an ATI graphics chip which helps to ensure every image is crisp and true to life so you can still enjoying your gaming experience.
Comparison Table
Product
Storage
Price
Graphic Quality
Backwards Compatibility
Our Rating
Where to buy
PlayStation 3
160GB
$$$
1080p
Offers compatibility with PS1 games
A+
AMAZON
Nintendo Wii
No
$$$
480p
Plays all GameCube game titles
A
AMAZON
Xbox 360
4GB
$$
1080p
Over 300 titles developed for the original Xbox
B+
AMAZON
PlayStation Vita
64MB
$$$
960 x 544 resolution
(16:9 aspect ratio)
Plays all PSP games available via download and PS1 games for PSP
B
AMAZON
Nintendo 3DS
TBD
$$
Top adjustable 3D screen – 800 x 240; lower screen – 320 x 240
Plays most DS and DSi games
C+
AMAZON
Buying Guide
Choosing a video console can be overwhelming. Not only do you have to consider your budget, but also the type of games that are compatible with the unit. Performance and memory are also important considerations, especially if you are playing RPGs and action games. Whether you are looking for your first game console or simply want to upgrade the following tips can help you make an informed decision.
Type
There are three main types of gaming consoles, and each has its own games and specifications. Understanding the differences between the different consoles will make it easier to choose the right one. Manufactured by Sony, the PlayStation 3 is priced slightly higher than some of the other consoles but it does come with impressive graphics. It also has advanced system specifications which are evident its high performance capabilities.
The XBox 360 was released by Microsoft one year before the PlayStation 3, and it is also known for its powerful system capabilities. The XBox 360 also offers advanced play online, which allows users to take advantage of even more games. Manufactured by Nintendo, the Wii is in a class of its own. The controller allow players to use it as a pointing device so game play responds to your movements. Its ability to let users interact with the game is what makes this such a popular console. Nintendo also manufactures the best handheld game console so you can enjoy your games on the go.
Performance
Avid gamers will want to pay close attention to the performance capabilities of the console, but it is also important to remember that this can also affect the price. If you need plenty of power you might want to consider a game console from PlayStation or XBox. With processing speeds of 3.2 GHZ, these consoles are noticeably faster than the Wii. The XBox also larger memory capabilities which is important if you plan on playing a lot of RPGs.
When it comes to the graphics processors the XBox has the other two consoles beat. This ensures that colors are crisp and clear, without any lag times. This is especially important when you are playing online, since a brief dark spot on the screen could hide a potentially deadly enemy. The PlayStation and XBox also come with HD capabilities, while this is not an option on the Wii. If you are a casual gamer this might not be so important, but being able to clearly see images in sharp detail could make the difference between beating or repeating a level.
It is difficult to judge internal memory in game consoles since each company has released several “improved” versions of the same product. Typically XBox and PlayStation come with more internal memory than the Wii, but this will depend on the model.
Accessories
Each game console comes with controllers unique to it, along with a few fun accessories. One of the advantages associated with Sony game consoles is the fact that the controllers have remained basically the same while still keeping up with technological advances. This familiar design makes it easy to use the controller regardless of the model. The PlayStation 3 can support up to seven controllers so you can easily play multiple player games with friends or even family.
Controllers for the XBox can be wired or wireless, and some come with “rumble” functionality. Most XBox game consoles can support up to 4 controllers, and users will appreciate being able to easily replace the batteries when needed. Wii controllers have very few buttons but are motion controlled so you can interact with the game. Some controllers also come with a “rumble” function, along with audio.
If you want to enjoy the fun and convenience of motion control with a PlayStation you can purchase a small wand shaped device. It uses a tiny camera to detect the player’s movements and then transmits it to the screen. XBox offers its customers the Kinect, which is slightly more advanced than some other motion controlled pointers. It is also able to follow audible commands, and comes standard with the XBox 360. Wii already comes with motion enabled controllers, but consumers can also add the “Balance Board” for an additional fee. The Balance Board is designed to encourage exercise, which it combines with a few of the console’s games.
Top rated game consoles in 2019
While we can’t choose the right model for you we can help you narrow down your choices, and you will find the best game consoles showcased below.
Our recommendations
PlayStation 3
Considered by millions of people as one of the best game console in 2019, the PlayStation 3 comes with a solid 160 GB memory that allows you to play your favorite games with no restrictions at all. The PlayStation 3 represents the highest evolution of Sony’s console gaming system embodying the latest technological findings. Using the PlayStation 3 you will be able to enter the realm of the Next-Generation entertainment in any given moment of the day. With the IBM “Cell” processor and the NVIDIA graphics processor you will be greeted by high definition images and clear videos as the game evolves.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Nintendo Wii
One of the most popular game consoles currently available on the market is the Nintendo Wii, as it has already captivated thousands of people around the world. Including some of the most modern digital technologies available on the market, the Nintendo Wii represents the best way to enjoy quality moments with our friends and even with family members. The Nintendo Wii integrates with ease into any existing home entertainment system, delivering hours of pleasure and excitement. The current top rated game console reviews underline the efficiency and fluid functionality of the Nintendo Wii.
Buy from Amazon for ($749)
Xbox One
If you love playing XBox games but can’t afford a 360, this game console might be what you need. It is capable of playing all of the iconic games, along with some of the newer ones designed for the 360. It comes with the Gears of War game set, along with one controller, and you can also download Blind Forest and Ori for more options right out of the box. With the headset jack you can play for hours without disturbing others, and you will love how clear the images appear with the console’s HD capabilities. You can even switch instantly between your games and live TV, along with several video apps.
Buy from Amazon for ($399)
Sony Playstation 4
With 500GB of memory you can easily play and save your progress on all of your games, and the Sony Playstation also comes with everything you need to start playing without any additional expenses. It comes with one downloadable game, along with a controller and HD cable. You can also connect to an online community for even more gaming options. Compatible with Playstation headsets and capable of producing wireless surround sound this gaming console by Sony can help you stay entertained for hours.
Buy from Amazon for ($459)
Xbox 360
These days, millions of people have a Xbox 360 4 GB game console in their homes, known for its solid construction and advanced features. The Xbox 360 S console includes the Kinect Sensor and the Disneyland adventures game which is more than entertaining. Furthermore, this game console includes the Xbox 360 wireless controller and the highly anticipated Kinect adventures game. This is the reason why a growing of the current top rated game console reviews underline the awesomeness of the Xbox 360.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Sony PlayStation Vita
Considered by thousands of people as one of the best game consoles in 2019, the Sony PlayStation Vita represents a reliable method to obtain hours of excitement while playing your favorite games. You will experience a revolutionary gaming setup, due to the dual analog sticks, front and rear camera and the front multi-touch display. Furthermore, the model comes with a multi-touch rear pad and a new specific media flash-based storage that makes the whole gaming experience a lot more delightful irrespective of the hour of the day.
Buy from Amazon for ($449)
Nintendo 3DS Aqua Blue
It can be pretty difficult to find the best game console capable of delivering hours and hours of excitement and joy. This is the reason more and more people are using with confidence the Nintendo 3DS Aqua Blue game console. The Nintendo 3DS delivers a variety of new ways of play, in the highly appreciated 3D option without using special glasses. You can play games in 3D while also taking photos in 3D with the Nintendo console. Furthermore, the model has one inner camera and also two outer cameras making it one of the best game consoles in 2019.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
PlayStation 4 DualShock 4 Bundle
Game technology has slowly won more and more customers so there is no wonder why newer models appear so quickly. The PS4, one of the best game consoles in 2019, brings some new features: a touch pad that helps you improve your gaming, a more sensitive sensor and a share button so the other players see your winnings. You can use a smartphone or tablet as a second screen, download new applications and watch the skills of your friends a at specific game. The graphic is noticeably better and durability taken to a higher level. It is designed so as not to get overheated in case you will get carried away.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
PlayStation 2
Even though it is a bit outdated, the PlayStation 2 is still a legend in the game console world and if you are an enthusiast it can still be fun if you buy it, remembering the good old days. It has the DVD playback and Digital surround sound. The nice and sleek black design, just 2.8 cm, features two memory cards slots at the back. This makes it extremely easy to carry and move around. You even get the integrated Ethernet and modem ports for easy online play. The PlayStation 2 remains a heavyweight and can be bought to feel the thrills of years past once more.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
10Top Reviews
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http://10topratedreviews.com/best-golf-club-set-reviews/
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Best golf club sets 2019 | Top rated golf club set reviews |
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Best Golf Club Set Reviews
Best Golf Club Set Reviews
Comparison Table
Callaway Strata
Prosimmon X9
Palm Springs Visa
Buying Guide
Budget
Grip
Shafts
Heads
Top rated golf club sets in 2019
Our recommendations
Callaway Men’s Strata
ProSimmon Golf X9
Palm Springs Golf Visa
Wilson WGGC2700L
Wilson WGGC27100
Confidence Golf ESP
Intech Lancer Junior
Products which are no longer available
Callaway Razr Edge
Confidence GOLF Mens POWER
Voit XP Men’s all graphite
Wilson Golf Men’s Profile Package
Callaway Strata
Pinemeadow Pre
Tiger Shark great white
|
Best golf club sets 2019 | Top rated golf club set reviews |
Best Golf Club Set Reviews
After an indeterminable number of hours on our favorite golf courses subjecting the best men’s golf club sets to endless rounds of the game, we have been able to collect enough information that can be compiled in a book-or better yet-that can make us take the sport up as a profession. However, we are what we are, and that is primarily, product reviewers who endeavor to deliver information on what clubs should really be in any golf bag, whether the owner is a newbie or a seasoned player.
Taking into consideration price points, performance on the golf field and the social media frenzy generated by the most sensational products, we have proven the Callaway Strata Complete to be second to none when it comes to completeness (there are 12 pieces in this set), construction (if strong graphite shafts are what you want, this set has them) and functional corrective hybrid clubs.
For individuals just exploring the game at the onset and who want a golf club set on the lower end of the price scale, there’s always the ProSimmon Golf X9, which, though not as pricey as all the others, still delivers the game to both casual and professional players alike. The 11 pieces in the set is not a bad thing either.
Comparison Table
Callaway Strata
Check Price on Amazon
This golf iron is constructed from lightweight graphite so it is easy to control. It also comes with cup technology so balls have the speed and lift you need.
This golf iron may not be suited for beginners since it does offer a lot of forgiveness, which can cause shots to go off course.
If you are looking for a golf iron that is capable of providing you with plenty of speed and lift, this might be the best choice for you. Its innovative design will help you get your ball across hazards or down the green.
Best of Best!
Prosimmon X9
Check Price on Amazon
Designed for golfers of all skill levels, this 3 pack of irons come with high quality steel shafts that ensure you have the power behind your swing for impressive distance shots.
Some experienced golfers might find that these steel clubs are a little too light and don’t provide enough control.
Golfers looking for an affordable set of irons will be happy with these clubs by Pinemeadow. The stainless steel shaft provides you with plenty of power so your ball can travel farther, which is always good for your score.
Palm Springs Visa
Check Price on Amazon
Constructed from durable stainless steel this set of 3 golf irons is designed to provide you with plenty of speed and distance, without sacrificing trajectory.
While these are great golf irons some players have noted that these clubs often aren’t able to provide you with the lift you might need.
These golf irons were designed to help your ball travel farther and higher faster so you can stay on the green. It is also designed to be forgiving making this set a good choice for players at all skill levels.
Buying Guide
Even experienced golfers can have trouble when it comes to buying a new set of clubs. Advances in materials and designs have given golfers plenty of choices and it is easy to get overwhelmed. You want the clubs to be comfortable to hold and able to send the ball exactly where you want it. The right set of golf clubs can have you heading down the fairway, while the wrong ones can make you want to completely give up the game. To help you find the best golf club sets for sale we have included the following tips in this buying guide.
Budget
Golf club sets will range in price and setting a spending limit will help you narrow down your choices. It is possible to find some of the best golf club sets discounted, but you want to be careful that you don’t end up with a product that doesn’t fit your needs. Whether you choose one the is higher priced or a set that is relatively inexpensive it is important to make sure that it comes with all of the clubs that you need. This will include woods, irons, wedges and putters.
Grip
Some of the best golf club sets for intermediate players come with grips that are made from leather or a rubber composite. This not only provides a comfortable place to grip, it also helps to prevent the club from slipping out of your hands when you are swinging at the ball. These materials are also durable and eliminate the need to constantly rewrap the top of the shaft. When you are trying to determine which grip is right for you, it is important to see how it “feels” in your hand. For the best results you want to be able to feel the impact when the head of the club connects with the ball. This will not only ensure that you hit the ball on the right spot, it will also help you identify some of the problems you might be experiencing with your swing.
Shafts
The shaft is usually constructed from steel or graphite, and can vary in length. Some of the best golf club sets have extra long shafts that are designed to make distance shots, while shorter ones are ideal when you need maximum control over where the ball goes. Golf club shafts typically range in length from 35 inches up to 44 inches, and the right one for you can be determined by measuring the distance from the tip of your finger to the ground.
Golf clubs with steel shafts are durable, resistant to breaks and scratches, and generally priced to fit most budgets. The heavier material also gives you more control over your swing. While graphite models are priced higher, the lightweight material makes these some of the best golf sets for women. Graphite is also more flexible than steel so you have more power behind your swing, but this also means that you have less control. There are also shafts constructed from titanium or a blend of steel and graphite, but the higher price and questionable advantages makes these a less popular choice with most players.
Heads
You can never underestimate the importance of the head of a golf club. This is the part of the club that connects with the ball, and will help determine distance and accuracy. The heads are also numbered to help make it easier for players to choose the right club. Golf clubs with lower numbers are ideal when you need to make distance shots and are not worried about control or accuracy. Higher number clubs are capable of giving you more control, and are particularly useful when you are on the fairway.
You want the heads of the clubs to have a large “sweet spot” so it is easier to connect with the ball. Heads constructed from steel are the most common and least expensive, but there are some higher priced titanium sets. If you are planning on playing on a professional course or in a tournament, it is important to remember that the head size cannot be larger than 460cc.
Top rated golf club sets in 2019
Our recommendations
Callaway Men’s Strata
This is the best golf club set for beginners, and anyone else that needs a little extra help with their swing. This 12 piece golf set includes everything you need on the course, including a convenient carrying bag. Designed to help you improve your game or to simply be used as a teaching tool, you will love watching your scores improve when you use this golf club set.
The driver and 3 wood features a strong graphite shaft that will help your ball gain the lift and distance it needs, while the large sweet spot on the driver helps to ensure it travels all the way down the green. You will also appreciate the accurate putter that makes it easy to line up shorter shots.
With hybrid clubs that are designed to help correct your swing, along with well balanced irons and wedges that improve your control over the ball you will soon be playing golf like a professional. The lightweight carrying bag also includes a convenient hood that helps keep you dry when you are playing in the rain, along with a pocket to keep drinks refreshing cold when you are out on the hot course.
Buy from Amazon for ($199.99)
ProSimmon Golf X9
Today, more and more players see the ProSimmon Golf X9 Tall+1” Men’s graphite & Steel Hybrid club set as one of the best golf club sets 2019 currently available to both casual and professional players. This model adds an extra inch to the standardized golf clubs in order to accommodate taller players. The set has a titanium matrix driver with a solid 460cc club head and also a reliable 10.5-degree fairway 3-wood, both with graphite shafts. ProSimmon adds a touch of elegance to the set with and also innovation due to the fact that 3- and 4- are hybrids engineered to replace hard to play long irons.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Palm Springs Golf Visa
Most of the present top rated golf club set reviews underline the efficiency of the Palm Springs golf Visa Men’s graphite and steel hybrid club set and stand bag. Renowned for its clever design and extended life span, the set has a titanium matrix driver with an oversized 460cc head, a solid 10.5 degree loft and also a 15 degree 3 wood overall design, allowing the user to have greater confidence in his swing pattern. The Palm Springs golf set has a rear preconfigured weight that lowers the centre of gravity in order to deliver a suitable higher ball flight without any problems.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Wilson WGGC2700L
This Wilson package is one of the top recommended choices available for sale nowadays. The set can be purchased either for the right or the left-hand orientation, depending on the buyer’s preferences and requirements. Thanks to its user-friendly features, the Wilson option is intended for golfers who are just getting into the sport and are planning to take a bit of time to learn its basics. Since this product is destined for men, it mostly speaks to the needs of users with heights of about 6’2” and under. The individuals who took the time to review this set have nothing but good things to say about the value it offers.
Buy from Amazon for ($183.2)
Wilson WGGC27100
This golf set is designed for women with heights ranging from 5’3” to 5’9”. As is the case with the formerly mentioned package intended for the use of men, this Wilson golf set is mostly recommended for beginners. Based on the info that we have gathered by going through the consumer reports regarding the value of this product, it looks as if it offers all the perks of a well-designed set for novices. The driver has a forgiving clubface, the irons have a solid shaft, and the putter is basic but does what it’s supposed to do. The only detail that fails to impress is the bag that comes with the rest of the items as it does not have a kickstand.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Confidence Golf ESP
The Confidence ESP Hybrid is one of the best reviewed club sets today because of the excellent price to quality ratio. The best piece from the set is the Titanium Matrix driver that has a 460cc head and a 10.5 degree loft. The woods are also of amazing quality, built with the aid of nanotechnology and fitted with a graphite regular flex shaft. With this much care put into making the clubs it is understandable why so many people have praised the set’s performance on the golf course.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Intech Lancer Junior
If you want to learn how to golf, choosing a beginner club set is a must. The Intech Lancer Junior Club Set is a good choice and allows you to steadily improve your game. The whole set has everything you need to learn about every aspect of this wonderful sport. The set has a fairway driver, a hybrid, a 7 and a 9 iron and a putter, plus the club bag. Golf is a very relaxing and intriguing sport and to practice it even at beginner level you need the right set to aid you through the learning process.
Buy from Amazon for ($125.4)
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Products which are no longer available
Callaway Razr Edge
The Callaway Razr Edge 11 Piece Set contains the 460cc Titanium head that produces high MOI and locates the center of gravity with more certainty. This head also gives golf players the edge in targeting and advancing to a longer and more challenging distance. The versatile hybrid, which combines the hosel design, high MOI head design and a lower leading edge also greatly contributes to this advantage. This set’s fairway woods are also tailored for very large distances. The Callaway Razr Edge 11 Piece Set is professionally designed to give you the boost and enhancement you need. I agree with golf players that also read our best golf club sets reviews that this unit is the real deal.
Confidence GOLF Mens POWER
If you want to enjoy yourself on the golf course you need the proper club set. One very good choice is the Confidence Hybrid Club Set which has everything covered. The pitching wedges, hybrid, drivers and putter all have steel shafts to prove that they are of high quality. The bag is very roomy so you can fit everything you need inside and it is also waterproof in case the weather takes a turn for the worst. If you are an amateur golfer then this set offers good quality clubs for you to use and play your best game.
Voit XP Men’s all graphite
If you want to improve your game you have to have the Voit XP Men’s all graphite golf clubs set & stand bag on the field. This all graphite club set was designed to accommodate beginner to intermediary players, as it is engineered with the latest technology to provide greater stability while playing. The Voit XP set has a titanium driver with a 10.5-degree loft and also the solid USGA-maximum 460cc sized head that helps the user obtain better results during the play. This handles mid-range distances with ease. The XP24-degree hybrid and the full iron set place this model among the current best golf club sets in 2019.
Wilson Golf Men’s Profile Package
Considered one of the very best golf club sets in 2019, the Wilson gold men’s profile package set helps the player enhance his skill by using a professional tool every time he steps on the field. The model has a powerful and modern design that focuses on achieving a greater distance and better control, thus allowing the user to experience better swings and precision. Furthermore, it comes with a high MOI mallet head shape putter designed with a delicate anti-glare finish and also a solid unique alignment. The clubs are light and can be controlled with ease irrespective of the experience level of the player.
Callaway Strata
The Callaway Strata Men’s Complete Golf Set with Bag contains 13 pieces of high quality golfing utensils that include a 460cc forged driver, fairway wood, two hybrids, five irons and a putter. The 460cc forged driver includes a head cover and its 3-Wood comes with a modernized head shape for longer and higher flying shots. It also has a progressive mallet shape, and its hybrids are an ideal substitute to laborious and bigger irons by giving the player more assurance and accuracy in his shots. In addition to that, this unit irons are made from stainless steel, a durable material that completes this golf set’s excellent capabilities.
Pinemeadow Pre
To have a perfect day`s golfing you need top class equipment. The Pinemeadow Pre 16-Piece is consideret to be one of the best golf sets in 2019. All its clubs are of high quality and can ensure that the equipment part of the game is up to high standards. The driver is titanium-enhanced, the pitching wedges are made from stainless-steel and the putter is made from quality materials. With all these great qualities it is no wonder that the Pinemeadow Pre 16-Piece golf set is regarded as one of the best today.
Tiger Shark great white
Receiving good marks and good feedback from the top rated golf club set reviews, the Tiger Shark great white men’s golf set with a solid Ogio bag is designed with care and dedication. This professionalism helps the player to vastly improve his game. Furthermore, the Tiger Shark men’s golf set promotes a faster swing speed and also more distance due to the perfect mix of high CG hybrid long irons which feature a cavity-back to give players more depth in the field. The set also includes a specially craftet white putter with a tiger shark ultra-tac grip needed to stabilize the swing.
10Top Reviews
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http://10topratedreviews.com/best-skateboard-reviews/
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Best skateboards 2019 | Top rated skateboard reviews |
|
Best Skateboard Reviews
Best Skateboard Reviews
Comparison Table
RIMABLE Complete
Stereo Vinyl Cruiser
POSITIV Team Complete
Buying Guide
Deck size
Wheels and trucks
Bearings
Features
Top rated skateboards in 2019
Our recommendations
RIMABLE Complete
Stereo Vinyl Cruiser
POSITIV Team Complete
Punisher Cherry Blossom
Ten Toes Board Emporium Zed
Powell Golden Dragon Flying Dragon
ENKEEO Cruiser
Products which are no longer available
Airwalk Uncontested
Airwalk Unraveled
Zero 3 Skull Blood
Element 20 year Quadrant Twig
Santa Cruz Skate Land Shark
Element Thriftwood
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Best skateboards 2019 | Top rated skateboard reviews |
Best Skateboard Reviews
If you’re searching for a unique skateboard, but you seem to be a bit lost, give this guide a chance to impress you. For starters, it is filled with options that respect the highest standards, all chosen based on what reviewers and past customers had to say about them. This way, no matter which one you pick, it will be a premium option that will provide hundreds of hours of fun, and that will make for an excellent gift. One product that stood out is the RIMABLE Complete since it has a cool and young design, it features sturdy 3″ aluminum trucks, and the device is easy to handle as you’re trying out new things with its help. Additionally, the piece features stainless steel bearings, a nice feature which will extend the life of the skateboard. If you are out of luck and the article is unavailable, the Stereo Vinyl Cruiser could be an equally valuable buy.
Comparison Table
RIMABLE Complete
Check Price on Amazon
This is a product that is bound to impress any adrenaline lover. The piece is ideal for hardcore tricks since it is made from durable materials. For example, the truck is made of solid aluminum and the bearing from stainless steel. As you can see, it has a design which makes it stand out, and it is effortless to maintain. Another thing that buyers appreciate is the fact that the unit changes direction with ease and that it doesn't require a lot of strength for you to handle it
The piece might suit adults, but it seems to be too stiff for kids.
Nobody can deny this unit is attractive. The selection of materials and the design improvements that allow it to be very maneuverable and speedy, make it a standout.
Best of Best!
Stereo Vinyl Cruiser
Check Price on Amazon
The Vinyl Cruiser is a very well designed model. The model features a reinforced injection molded plastic deck complete with traction grooves. If you want to personalize your skateboarding experience, the manufacturing brand has made it possible for the deal to include a sticker pack, as well as a matching pair of sunglasses. You’ll look and feel cool, fast, and your ride will get the attention of passersby.
It might scratch and get dirty easily.
For its price point, this product offers tremendous value for the cost given that it’s been constructed out of good quality materials and has a neat design.
POSITIV Team Complete
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In spite of the fact that it has been built with plies upon plies of wood, which renders it durable and sealed against moisture, this model can be bought at a very friendly price. Its bottom has been coated so that the length of the user’s slides is substantially increased. The size of the unit depends on the design you will be choosing as the series composed various items with different looks and dimensions.
The wheels might be less durable in the long run.
This series deserves a chance if you’ve been trying to find a skateboard that fits the bill nicely. It’s well-designed and built properly and will have you performing tricks in no time.
Buying Guide
Even experienced skaters can have problems choosing a new board. Deck size, trucks, wheels and even grip tape all need to be considered, and it is easy to feel overwhelmed. Whether you are building a custom deck or buying one that is pre assembled the following tips can help you find a skateboard that fits your skill level and skating style.
Deck size
Before you can decide on anything else it is important to carefully consider the deck size. The width of the deck will depend on skating style, shoe size and your personal preference. Micro decks are designed for younger skaters with size three or smaller shoes. Mini decks are 7 inches wide and ideal for skaters who wear shoes size 6-8 and stand under 4’4” tall.
Mid size decks measure 7” wide or slightly larger, while full size decks can be over 8 inches in width. Both of these decks are ideal for skaters with a size 7 shoe or larger. There are also long boards which are typically designed for cruising, and most measure at least 8 inches across or wider. Santa Cruz skateboards are some of the best if you are looking for a deck to ride around town.
If you love pulling of old school tricks you will want a deck that measures at least 8.25 inches, and slightly smaller ones are ideal for ramps, pools and parks. If you just want to cruise around town and show off some technical tricks, a smaller 7.5 inch deck might be the best choice for you.
Wheels and trucks
Your style of skating and personal preference will help you decide on the wheels and trucks. If you have smaller wheels and need extra stability to pull of flips and other tricks you probably want to choose low profile trucks. Some of the best girl skateboards come with mid size wheels and trucks which have the versatility needed for riding through parks or on the street. If you prefer larger wheels then high profile trucks are probably the best option for you, this is also a good choice for cruising around the neighborhood.
Skateboard wheels are rated for hardness, and this is just as important as the size. Harder wheels are designed for speed, while ones that are softer are able to provide you with better traction. The degree of hardness is measured according to the Durometer A Scale which starts at 1 for the softest and goes up to 100. In general most wheels are rated around 99 to provide skateboarders with the speed most need to pull off complicated tricks.
Bearings
While the size of the bearings doesn’t vary between different manufacturers, the materials used in construction can differ. This can affect the quality, along with its performance. Bearings can be rated differently according to the manufacturer, but it is worth it to pay a little extra for ones constructed from high quality materials. Not only will this ensure that you are able to get the smooth performance you need, even when you are “flying” downhill.
Features
Most skateboards come with the hardware you need to fully assemble it right out of the box, but it is something that you might want to check before you make your final decision. Another aspect to consider is grip tape, which is applied to the top of the deck to give you some much needed traction when you are performing flips and other tricks. While black is a popular choice, you can find grip tape in almost any color so you can easily personalize your board.
Not all skateboards need riser pads, but if you have a set of larger wheels it might be just what you need to make smooth, sharp turns. The riser is mounted between the deck and truck to increase the space and prevent “wheel bite”. This occurs when the wheels are too close to the deck to rotate on turns, and a simple riser pad can prevent this problem.
Top rated skateboards in 2019
It can be overwhelming when you are trying to decide which skateboard is right for you, even if you are not a first time buyer. Deck and wheel size will determine how successful you are at pulling off a trick, and it will even affect how fast you can go. To help you save valuable time and money we have the best skateboards showcased for your convenience below.
Our recommendations
RIMABLE Complete
When it comes to high-quality boards, this one is fit even for intensive tasks. The first thing you will notice about it is its fresh design, which makes it ideal for a person with a quirky style. The strongest selling point has to be the three-inch aluminum trucks, which can take a serious beating.
Another cool thing about the piece is the inclusion of high-speed precision bearings, which are made of stainless steel. The wheels can speed up quickly, without stuttering. This is mainly because they have a light urethane core. Needless to say, the extra durable steel bearing will also contribute to the impressive lifespan of the model.
It is a suitable board for both beginner and expert skaters, and if you take into consideration that it is resistant to scratches and easy to clean, you realize you have a product that is worth the price.
Buy from Amazon for ($99.99)
Stereo Vinyl Cruiser
If you want a simple but innovative skateboard, than I recommend the Stereo Vinyl Cruiser Skateboard who has looks to kill. The deck is made out of reinforced injection molded plastic that has traction grooves.
You have 8 different color patterns to choose from which allows you to match the board with your personal style. The 59mm wheels offer great grip and are of a different color than the deck. As an added bonus you get a free pair of matching Stereo sunglasses.
It is a nice looking board made out of high quality plastic that you can enjoy for hours and hours every day.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
POSITIV Team Complete
If you want only what is best and you are in to skateboarding, than you must have a POSITIV Team Complete Skateboard. They are used by professionals in pro events giving no doubts about their high quality and durability.
You can choose from which type of wood your board will be made from, either birch or maple. The wood layers are put together with waterproof glue so they stick to one another no matter the weather.
All these top features prove that the POSITIV Team Complete boards are one of the top rated skateboards in the world at this moment.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Punisher Cherry Blossom
With an eye-catching design, the Punisher Cherry Blossom Skateboard impresses from the very beginning. The deck is made out of high quality Canadian maple wood, making it very resistant and stable at high speeds.
The wheels are made from PU Ivory and have a very good grip on different kind of surfaces. Once you are on the Cherry Blossom you will turn heads thanks to its striking design and great performance.
This board is great for advanced riders but it is also good for beginners who want to learn this superb sport.
Buy from Amazon for ($50.16)
Ten Toes Board Emporium Zed
This board is the model to have if you enjoy fast and responsive products. Its light weight and its sturdy aluminum trucks come complete with riser pads, which reduce vibrations and offer you a stable and smooth experience. Another great thing about it is its flexible maple and bamboo construction.
The three-inch wheels don’t stutter as you speed up or slow down, and they won’t erode over time. As you’d expect from a premium device, it has solid maneuverability, and it comes fully assembled and ready for you to ride it into the sunset.
The anti-bite technology it features makes sure wheel bite won’t be a constant issue. Not only that, but the precision ball bearings it rocks are capable of extreme accuracy, and make the board suitable for a multitude of urban or rough environments. Also, note that the product has parts that can be replaced in case you need to do that.
Buy from Amazon for ($59.99)
Powell Golden Dragon Flying Dragon
One favorite sport for teens these days is skateboarding and if you like it too, a quality board is essential. The Powell Golden Dragon fits this description perfectly.
The design is very nice with a red dragon painted on its underside. The wheels are hand-cast and made from polyurethane, giving the board extra grip and a great and smooth roll.
The board is excellent for beginners but it is also good for experienced riders. Good performance means that the Golden Dragon deserves its name and can be a fantastic board for you.
Buy from Amazon for ($63.99)
ENKEEO Cruiser
Another unit that combines a pleasant design with functionality is this one from ENKEEO. It is designed with convenience in mind, as it can be used as soon as you take it out of the box. Moreover, its 22-inch length makes it ideal for both kids and adults.
The piece might seem fragile, but it is actually compact and robust, capable of surviving even daily riding sessions. It can withstand up to 220 lbs, and it is light enough that it can be packed even in a backpack, a thing which makes it ideal for frequent travelers.
The deck is constructed to include a type of bendable polypropylene so it can last a long time and add comfort to your riding experience. Also, its four casters are made of PU for long-term use, and they help support skateboarding on all types of surface, which offers it versatility and makes it worthy of its price tag.
Buy from Amazon for ($36.99)
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Products which are no longer available
Airwalk Uncontested
You obviously know Airwalk sponsored skaters like Jason Lee and Tony Hawk and thus, the level of quality of their products can’t be contested. To this extent, the Airwalk Uncontested Skateboard has a 31 inch by 7.75 inch deck constructed out of 7-ply Canadian maple for a longer life span. This Airwalk model has solid 53-millimeter polyurethane wheels that allow you to better control the board, irrespective of the terrain. Furthermore, the metallic dip paint ensures that Airwalk has a stylish look. As one of the best skateboards 2019, the Airwalk Uncontested Skateboard is recommended for ages of 16 and up.
Airwalk Unraveled
Placed by professional skaters among the best skateboard 2019, the Airwalk Unraveled skateboard is the best instrument for enhancing the quality of your tricks. This model is ideal for street riding, combining in an innovative manner a classic double-kicktail design with a sturdy deep concave shape. Furthermore, the Airwalk Unraveled skateboard has a deck made out of 9-ply maple which was heat-pressed with solid Flex glue. On the deck of the model you will find a pair 5-inch Soul Grind aluminum trucks suitable for enhanced mobility for the 50 millimeter cast polyurethane wheels.
Zero 3 Skull Blood
Top rated skateboard reviews place the Zero 3 Skull Blood complete model among the very best today, growing in popularity with each passing month. With a unique design that brings forth confidence and fun and excitement, the Zero 3 Skull Blood white version has a structure of 7.75-inch that people simply love. This skateboard is the ideal gift for youngsters who want to learn how to play and push the limits, and achieve new levels of fun worth sharing with friends.
Element 20 year Quadrant Twig
Considered by thousands of satisfied users as one of the best skateboards 2019, the Element 20 year Quadrant Twig model has a beautiful design that allows you to be appreciated everywhere you go. This 7.37 Tw complete skateboard has a 7.37 inches wide structure that allows the user to reach new levels of skill. Within a short period of time the Element 20 year Quadrant Twig skateboard will help you to gradually improve at the sport due to the stabilization wheels of the model that provide greater control during any stunt you might perform.
Santa Cruz Skate Land Shark
The Santa Cruz Shark is considered one of the best skateboards in 2019 because of its astonishing looks and top class performance. It has an innovative concave cruiser shape and awesome shark graphics that impress immediately.
The 65mm Road Rider wheels provide extra grip and ensure that you reach high speeds very fast. The deck`s shape makes it perfect for hills or tricks, transforming this board in to an instant favorite for experienced riders.
Every minute detail is carefully manufactured and gives the Land Shark top marks for performance and design.
Element Thriftwood
It can be pretty hard to find the proper skateboard for your child given the fact that some models don’t have anything special. Once you come across the Element Thriftwood section black complete skateboard you will understand why this model is ideal for you or your child.
With a modern and stylish design and a deck size of 7.5” x 31.5”, the Element Thriftwood skateboard will transform into a tool of joy and excitement every time it is used. Due to the unique construction technology of this Thriftwood model, the user will have greater control and will not experience any unwanted problems.
This is the reason why most of the present top rated skateboard reviews offer high marks to the Element Thriftwood model.
10Top Reviews
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Best Streaming player reviews | Top rated Streaming player 2019 |
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Best Streaming Player Reviews
Best Streaming Player Reviews
Comparison Table
Amazon Fire TV Stick with Alexa
Buying Guide
Type
Connections
Features
Brands
Top rated streaming players in 2019
Our recommendations
Roku 3
Amazon Fire TV stick with Alexa
Roku 1 2710R
Roku 2 XS
Roku 2 4210R
Sony FMP-X1
Roku 2 XD
Sony NSZGS8
Sony SMP-N200
Products which are no longer available
Rveal
Amazon Fire
Apple TV MD199LL/A
Roku LT
RQN MXQ
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Best Streaming player reviews | Top rated Streaming player 2019 |
Best Streaming Player Reviews
If you’re here just to find the best streaming player and really can’t afford to take some time to read the excellent reviews and buying advice prepared by our researchers, this short paragraph should highlight all the vital info. We’ve gone through hundreds and hundreds of models to estimate the value they offer for the price. We’ve also looked at their sales figures and the owner feedback they’ve garnered over time. Out of all the products we have considered during our research, the Roku 3 is the best as it is perfectly compatible with Android and iOS mobile operating systems and can be customized depending on your needs. The channel collection brought by the Roku 3 is next to incredible, and the neat thing about it is that it takes little to no time to install the device given that it works with all TVs equipped with an HDMI connection. Additionally, there’s a high chance you’ll appreciate the motion control offered by the device as it will allow you to do some serious gaming. If the Roku 3 is unavailable, you could also consider the Amazon Fire TV Stick with Alexa, as we have found it to be the second best option available for sale nowadays.
Comparison Table
Roku 3
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The Roku 3 is one of the best streaming players in the US market these days, and for good reason, too. The model can be controlled with the help of a convenient mobile app available for Android and iOS operating systems. Transferring files from your smartphone or tablet is also made possible by this device. The Roku is compatible with all TV models, as long as they are equipped with an HDMI connection.
Several channels may require you to subscribe through your cable or satellite provider.
Equipped with an included enhanced remote, as well as motion control for gaming purposes, the Roku 3 is clearly worth considering.
Best of Best!
Amazon Fire TV Stick with Alexa
Check Price on Amazon
Thanks to this lightweight TV stick you will get to enjoy thousands of channels and apps in the comfort of your own home. The Alexa skills can guide you through HBO, Hulu, Netflix, YouTube, Amazon VIdeo, and many more. The included Alexa Voice Remote allows you to easily launch the app by simply saying what you’re interested in.
The product will require fast Internet connection to work, so we don’t suggest purchasing it if your Internet connection is via satellite.
The voice remote feature is great for whenever you want to relax watching your favorite shows. The item is price-convenient and suitable for most new generation TVs.
Buying Guide
A media streaming device is an inexpensive way to watch your favorite TV shows and movies without have to pay for costly cable or satellite service. Streaming boxes are easy to use, and often come with additional apps and services that you won’t find on a smart TV. If you are ready to “cut the cable” but don’t want to give up favorite shows and channels the following tips can help you find the best media streaming devices.
Type
There are two basic types of streaming players and each has its own advantages. Set on top boxes are designed to connect to a HD TV, and there are several models to choose from. Since the size and shape of the box can vary according to the manufacturer, it is relatively easy for you to find one that fits in with your system. Set on top boxes also come with plenty of ports and USB connections so you can easily connect your mobile devices.
Stick style media players are typically less expensive than set on top boxes, but you are giving up some speed and performance. These small streaming devices simply plug into the HDMI port on your TV so you can access your favorite shows and movies. If you don’t need the fast response times necessary to play some of the graphic rich online games, an inexpensive streaming media stick might be the best choice for you.
Connections
Before you decide on a streaming player it is important to make sure that it is compatible with your internet connection. Not only will this determine if you can even use the streaming device, it will also affect picture quality. If you are only streaming media content to one device in the home, an internet speed of 5Mbps will let you enjoy your favorite shows.
Homes that are streaming media content to more than one device will need at least 10Mbps, but some recommend speeds up to 25Mbps. This is especially important if you want to take advantage of 4K content. Faster internet connection speeds are also necessary if you want to watch action packed movies without annoying buffering.
Being able to connect your devices to the streaming player is also important, and this includes your TV. If you own an older TV you might need an analog-video connection, and most mobile devices require a USB port. An Ethernet jack allows you to have a wired internet connection, and inputs for headphones are always convenient. All video streaming devices come with at least one HDMI input so you can easily connect to your HD TV.
Features
Streaming TV devices often come with a wide array of features that can improve your experience. If you want to avoid spending hours trying to setup the streaming device and ensure that everyone can easily use it, you might want to look for one with a “WPS” label. With Wi-Fi protected setup there are not any passwords to enter or remember, all you have to do is press a button to enjoy streaming media content.
Other convenient features to consider include the ability to organize and manage your apps on the home screen, and “universal search” functions are always appreciated. This lets you search for a movie or show across several streaming services at one time so you can quickly find what you are looking for.
If performance is important you might want to choose a streaming player that comes with dual band Wi-Fi capabilities. This ensures that internet signal is not interrupted even when other devices are using the same frequency. You also want to choose a streaming player with an easy to use remote. Backlighting will make it easier to see the buttons in the dark, and voice active controls are great when you want to search for specific titles. Programmable buttons for often used functions are also a convenient option to have.
Brands
There are several brands to choose from, but there are a few that stand out from the others. Amazon, Apple and Google are some of the most recognizable names, along with Roku and Nvidia. Vudu and Mohu are also well respected brands. When you are trying to decide on a brand consider the design of the streaming player, along with the services it is compatible with.
Top rated streaming players in 2019
Even though we can’t choose the right device for you we can help you make an informed decision, which is why we have the best streaming players showcased below.
Our recommendations
Roku 3
If you got bored of the same TV programs and nothing seems to draw your attention here is the right “treatment”: one of the best streaming players in 2019. Over 1.000 channels and headphones which can be connected to the motion control remote are now available just in one tinny product. If you don’t like the remote, there is absolutely no problem because thanks to the iOS and Android apps your mobile phone can be used to control the device. Plus, you can transfer files from phones or tablets directly to your TV. The only problem is that now you have to fight your family for the remote.
Buy from Amazon for ($99)
Amazon Fire TV stick with Alexa
The 2nd generation of the Fire TV stick can be bought for a very convenient price and will help you enjoy thousands of channels of your preference. Besides, you will also have access to popular platforms such as Amazon Video, HBO Now, Hulu, Netflix, Youtube, and more.
You can easily launch and control the content you are watching on your TV thanks to the Alexa Voice Remote feature incorporated that is extremely convenient to use. All you have to do is talk to Alexa and tell her the name of the show you want to watch or the program you are about to launch.
Buy from Amazon for ($39.99)
Roku 1 2710R
The product is sold for a very convenient price and offers you access to more than 2000 different entertaining channels. You can have your pick from a wide variety of streaming entertainment channels and programs, from your favorite movies and TV shows to sports, news, music, and more.
The item will provide superb HD video quality for all your content so you will be able to enjoy the best television experience. What we also liked about the Roku 1 is that it is easy to set up wirelessly, and it won’t take you more than a couple of minutes for doing so.
Buy from Amazon for ($127.25)
Roku 2 XS
A growing number of the current top rated streaming player reviews from both technicians and satisfied users underline the efficiency of the Roku 2 XS model, a product very popular in the US. The Roku 2 XS delivers an impressive 1080p visual streaming experience worthy of sharing with friends. Once Roku XS is up and running, you will have access to 600+ channels, coming from Netflix, Hulu Plus, Amazon Instant Video, Vudu and also HBO GO in 1080p high definition quality. You can also play games through game-ready remote thus expanding the whole experience.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Roku 2 4210R
Built to deliver impressively lightning fast performance, the Roku 2 4210R Streaming Media Player 2019 model lets you watch more than 2000 streaming channels free, on subscription, via rentals or through purchases. The new streaming media player lets you search across multiple channels so you can watch more than the standard TV fare when you want, as you want. Make the most of what streaming media sources have to offer with this revolutionary device. The easy-to-use remote is geared with channel shortcut buttons so you won’t need to consistently jog your memory every time you want to enjoy a show, video, movie, music and much more.
Buy from Amazon for ($99.99)
Sony FMP-X1
It is really not surprising why a lot of people love the Sony FMP-X1 4K Ultra HD Media Player, as evident on the best streaming players reviews. It is because it has 10 pre-loaded bonus feature films and a regularly updated library that contains full-length feature films and TV shows in 4K Ultra HD that is fully accessible. It also has 100 titles to choose from, giving you a wide selection of alternatives to download. From a collection of titles, including new releases, classic movies and TV episodes, you’ll surely have a lot of alternatives, with Ultra HD rentals.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Roku 2 XD
Considered by a growing number of people as one of the best streaming players in 2019 due to its high quality design and solid functionality, the Roku 2 XD allows the user to watch movies and TV shows from Amazon Instant Video, Hulu Plus, VUDU, Netflix and HBO Go. All of your favourite movies and TV-shows will be present right in the palm of your hand without having to deal with restrictions. The device has a simple, wireless set-up process that takes only a couple of minutes. The Roku 2 XD delivers a complete cinematic experience in impressive 1080p high definition clarity.
Buy from Amazon for ($223.88)
Sony NSZGS8
Now, your dream of having a real web experience straight from your TV screen is possible with the Sony NSZGS8 Internet Player with Google TV. After testing this gadget, its built-in Google TV feature, voice search capability and more application choices with the Google Play Store, exposed this product as being the real deal. If you are looking for your favorite movies’ or shows’ highlights, you can now have them instantly by simply typing thanks to the improved searching ability of Google. On top of it, you don’t need to have switch inputs to use Google TV because it is already connected to your cable or satellite service. With an innovative remote control that is also universal and a multi-touch pinch-and-pull zoom control, among others, there is nothing more to look for.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Sony SMP-N200
Most of the current top rated streaming player reviews coming from thousands of satisfied users underline the efficiency of the Sony SMP-N200 model, a product known for its amazing characteristics. Due to its wireless synchronization feature, the Sony SMP-N200, once installed on your television set allows you to watch various movies, documentaries, TV-shows from Netflix, Pandora, Hulu Plus or HBO Go. The Sony SMP-N200 streaming player allows the user to view 1080p high definition clarity videos without any problems or restrictions. This is the reason why so many people consider the Sony SMP-N200 a great addition to any home.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
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Products which are no longer available
Rveal
With this set on top box you have access to thousands of shows, movies, music and games, along with international channels. The streaming service comes with the box free of charge, and will even install updates automatically. It is extremely easy to setup, simply connect the device to your internet and TV. You will also appreciate knowing that the Rveal streaming player comes with a limited warranty and U.S. based customer support. It also comes with a convenient remote for easy control.
Amazon Fire
This streaming media stick ensures that you won’t miss your cable TV provider. You will still have access to your favorite shows, along with thousands of movies, music and games. The Fire Stick simply plugs into the HDMI port on your TV and you can immediately start streaming all of your favorite media content. This streaming player also comes with 1GB of memory so you can save the progress on your games. It is also capable of providing you with the high quality performance you need to avoid buffering and annoying lag times. As an added bonus the Fire Stick also gives you access to movies and music on Amazon Prime.
Apple TV MD199LL/A
Apple is well known for its high quality products and to this extent the Apple TV MD199LL/A streaming player makes no exception. With a beautiful and modern design, the Apple TV MD199LL/A allows your TV to become the center of your multimedia and visual entertainment life, bringing lots of enjoyment to all members of the house. You will be able to see all of your favorite movies and TV-shows through iTunes right on your big screen LED or LCD TV. Furthermore, your computer will wirelessly synchronize with your Apple TV, enhancing the cinematic experience. This is the reason why thousands of satisfied customers consider the Apple TV MD199LL/A as one of the best streaming players in 2019.
Roku LT
At the present more and more families consider the Roku LT model as one of the best streaming players in 2019 because of its precise functionality and great responsiveness. With a modern design, the Roku LT can stream around 600+ channels to your television set via wireless very easy and without any restriction. Roku LT can deliver 720p high definition video quality every time. Once you install Roku LT you will be able to see movies and TV shows from online channels like Netflix, Hulu Plus, Amazon Instant Video or HBO Go.
RQN MXQ
If you need a high performance streaming player the RQN MXQ might be just what you are looking for. It is capable of supporting HD playback, and comes with a powerful 3D graphics processor. This streaming player will even allow you to connect a USB mouse so you can play Android games on your HD TV. There are four USB ports so you can easily connect multiple devices, along with inputs of newer and older model TVs. The large vents on the side of the media player prevent overheating, and its sleek appearance blends in beautifully with the rest of your gear.
10Top Reviews
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Best surge protectors 2019 | Top rated surge protector reviews |
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Best Surge Protector Reviews
Best Surge Protector Reviews
Comparison Table
Belkin BP112230-08
Belkin BV112230-08
Kensington SmartSocket 62634
Buying Guide
Size and number of ports
Protection
Features
Top rated surge protectors in 2019
Our recommendations
Belkin BP112230-08
Belkin BV112230-08
Kensington SmartSocket 62634
Monster MP AV 200
Monster Cable MP HTS850
Accell D080B-014K
Tripp Lite TLP606
Belkin SurgeMaster f9h620-cw
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Best surge protectors 2019 | Top rated surge protector reviews |
Best Surge Protector Reviews
In a rush? Don’t have time to read detailed information about the best surge protector? We have you covered. This short paragraph should offer sufficient information for you to make a smart choice. Computers, appliances and other sensitive devices need protection from power outages and other electrical problems which is why we have gathered information from expert reviews, consumer feedback, activity on popular social media sights, and compared brand quality prices and value for the money to find the best surge protector on the market. During our research we noticed the Belkin 12 Outlet Pivot continuously surpassed the competition due to its convenient design that comes with plenty of room for large block shaped appliance plugs, 8 outlets that rotate and 4 stationary ones, and an impressive 4,320 joule energy rating that also make this the best power surge protector. With its convenient and flexible design it is easy to see why this is the best appliance surge protector, but this model might not be the right choice for all budgets or homes which is why you should also consider the Belkin 12 Outlet model. While it does not have the rotating outlets or flexible designed necessary for large appliances this surge protector is capable of protecting your sensitive electronics and home theater devices. It also comes at an affordable price, and makes a great second choice when you simply want to protect your devices from damaging power surges.
Comparison Table
Belkin BP112230-08
Check Price on Amazon
This Belkin option could be the best surge protector, especially judging by the critical acclaim it has garnered over time. This model has an 8-inch cord and a clean design that allows it to blend in the room of your choice. Thanks to its 4320 joule energy rating, this product offers all the protection your electronic devices may require. No frequencies or fluctuations will affect their performance or capabilities.
Some buyers feel like they would have appreciated some USB outlets.
The Belkin unit is solid and has an excellent build quality. The number of outlets is impressive and let you plug in all your devices.
Best of Best!
Belkin BV112230-08
Check Price on Amazon
This model is a top recommended choice for busy workstations. Given that it has been equipped with twelve outlets and a 10-foot cord, it’s the perfect option for individuals who have to keep all of their electronic devices plugged in. In spite of its many handy features, the BV112230-08 is actually reasonably priced as it can be bought for less than forty dollars, which increases the value it can offer you.
Due to the fact that the cord is rather thick, it’s not particularly pliable.
The BV112230-08 is one of the most convenient and efficient surge protectors available for sale in the US market today.
Kensington SmartSocket 62634
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The simple and sleek design boasted by this Kensington option makes it one of the excellent options for home use. Thanks to its structure, you’ll be able to store the power cord and eliminate any clutter that you might be bothered by. Although it has been primarily designed as a tabletop alternative, there’s nothing stopping you from placing it anywhere you like. The long 16-ft cord allows it to reach even the most distant spots.
Some people have complained about the length of the power cord.
The 1500 joule energy rating of this model is reassuring. Featuring a sturdy construction, the Kensington unit should also probably be taken into account.
Buying Guide
Electronics like TVs, video game systems, small appliances, stereo systems and computers all need to be protected from power surges. A power surge occurs when a short, high voltage burst travels through the electrical cables, and it can be devastating to sensitive components. A surge protector can prevent damage to these devices, and it is recommended for use anytime electrical equipment is plugged into an AC outlet. If you are wondering “what is a surge protector”, it is similar in design to some power strips, but it is capable of preventing bursts of high voltage electricity from reaching the equipment. To help you protect your expensive electronics and choose a surge protector best suited for your needs, we have included the following tips below.
Size and number of ports
When you are looking for a surge protector you want to consider the gear that you need to connect. Not only will this determine the size and number of ports, but it will also affect the cost and level of protection. More ports generally means a larger size surge protector, and you will also want to make sure that you have the space to plug it in. If you are lacking in space but still need to plug in several pieces of gear you might want to consider purchasing two smaller surge protectors.
Surge protectors can come with two or four ports on the smaller models, but most have 6 or 8. You can also find larger surge protectors that are capable of accommodating up to 12 pieces of gear, but it is important that you make sure that you have the space to plug it in. The type of equipment that is being plugged in should also be consider, larger appliances will require more protection than a small lamp or phone charger. You also want to think about how it is designed to be plugged in. Some surge protectors are made to sit on a flat surface, while others are designed to be mounted on the wall.
Protection
One of the most important aspects to consider is protection, and not all models are created the same. Surge protectors that come with a UL seal are certified by Underwriter’s Laboratories and meets all requirements so you can rest assured that it will be able to keep high voltage bursts from damaging your equipment.
The energy rating and clamping voltage should also be checked before you purchase a surge protector. The absorption rating will determine how much energy the surge protector can withstand which should be around 6 to 700 joules, though some can go higher. The voltage clamping rating refers to the amount of energy needed for the surge protector to turn on, and most experts recommend choosing a model that starts working when it senses 400 volts or lower.
You also want to check to see if the surge protector comes with a warranty that will cover some of the damages that can occur if it fails. While a warranty is often offered for an extra fee, it can be well worth the added cost if you have to replace damaged equipment due to a malfunctioning surge protector.
Features
There are a few features that you will want to consider before purchasing a surge protector. Longer power cords can make it easier to plug the surge protector into a convenient outlet, and models with right angle plugs can often fit discreetly behind furniture. Models that come with metal casings are often more durable, and great for use on the floor or in a workshop.
Indicator lights let you know when the surge protector is turned on and functioning properly. The shape can also vary, which makes it easier to find one that fits your available space, but you do want to make sure that it comes with the right number of outlets. If you want to conserve energy and possibly lower your monthly utility bills, you might want to consider purchasing a “green” surge protector. These models come with specially designed circuitry that will help you save money and leave a smaller footprint on the environment.
Top rated surge protectors in 2019
If you own electrical devices it is important to protect them from electrical surges that can occur from lightning strikes, downed power lines or even simple human error. There are several models to choose from and while we can’t pick the right one for you we do have the best surge protectors showcased below.
Our recommendations
Belkin BP112230-08
Considered by electricians and technicians as one of the best surge protectors in 2019, the Belkin Pivot-plug model has 8 rotating and 4 stationary surge protected outlets that ensure high convenience and greater flexibility to the user. The design is simple and compact, blending with ease in the surroundings of your home. Furthermore, with an efficient 4320 joule energy rating, this Belkin model provides the optimal protection to all the electronic devices which are more sensitive to certain power fluctuations and frequencies. The model also has 8’ cord and provides reliable AC power through a 14-gauge cord for enhanced overall security.
Buy from Amazon for ($26.93)
Belkin BV112230-08
As one of the best surge protectors in 2019, the Belkin surge protector model has a professional and efficient 12-outlet protective system with a 10-foot cord ideal for high-end and also advanced workstations. The particularities of this surge protector make it the perfect solution for people who have computers, laser printers, monitors, HDTV’s or home-theater systems. The design of the model includes outlets, sliding safety covers, a solid detachable cord-management clip for a better cable organisation and thus you will be able to coordinate your activities better without thinking of power outages.
Buy from Amazon for ($31.4)
Kensington SmartSocket 62634
With a sleek and simple design, the Kensington surge protector is renowned for its ability to offer the maximum protection to sensitive electronic devices from a person’s home. The structure of this model allows you to eliminate the traditional power cord clutter in conferences or business meetings by an offering a simpler solution of up to 6 AC adapters. The Kensington has color coded rings and matching cord labels that helps the user to better identify the connections outputs, thus placing the model among the current best surge protectors in 2019
Buy from Amazon for ($44.89)
Monster MP AV 200
Often considered the best wall mount surge protector, you can rest assured that your sensitive electronics are safe from high voltage bursts of energy. This surge protector from Monster is designed to be mounted out of the way on the wall, and comes with two standard outlets. It is capable of protecting your gear from bursts up to 1110 joules, and the Monster MP is even compatible with your fax and internet lines. As an added advantage it also comes with a warranty that will cover up to $50,000 worth of damage to any equipment that was connected during a power surge.
Click to see the price on Amazon!
Monster Cable MP HTS850
Receiving high marks from the current top rated surge protector reviews conducted on quality and efficiency, the Monster cable MP HTS850 home theater PowerCenter represents one of the most popular and used products by families across the United States. The model comes equipped with the Clean Power stage 1 filter that provides noise free power to the most sensitive electronic devices in your home. Reducing the vulnerability to power surges or fluctuations can be done through the Monster MP HTS850 model that has a solid 2590 joule rating of surge absorption.
Buy from Amazon for ($189.95)
Accell D080B-014K
With a six adapter friendly outlets, the Accell D080B-014K Powramid is a perfect power center for conference room tables. Aside from that, this unit has dual USB charging ports and a heavy duty 6 foot power cord. Its amazing long-life and fire safety capabilities are further enhanced by the Accell D080B-014K Powramid’s X3 MOV improved technology. People that read the best surge protectors reviews also love this product because of its Power Stop feature, which automatically stops conducting power when the Powramid’s absorption maximum has been reached. What’s also wonderful is its adapter which is perfect for the top of a desk, providing easier access to different power outlets.
Buy from Amazon for ($33.08)
Tripp Lite TLP606
The Tripp Lite TLP606 Surge Protector Strip has a 6 outlets, a 6ft Cord and can withstand 790 Joules. This surge protector includes a lighted on and off power switch, 790-joule surge suppression rating, 6 surge-protected AC outlets with one transformer outlet and a 6-ft. cord. To give uttermost protection to workstations, desktop PCs, telecom systems and other sensitive electronics, this surge protector has an economical AC surge suppression. It further secures connected equipment and its performance from any harm due to transient surges. Its diagnostic LED feature warns people of suppressor damage. To top it all off, it has a white suppressor housing with keyhole mounting tabs to provide protection to desktop computer equipment and accessories.
Buy from Amazon for ($11.13)
Belkin SurgeMaster f9h620-cw
The current top rated surge protector reviews underline the efficiency of the Belkin SurgeMaster 6 outlet wall-mount surge model which offers optimal and complete protection to the electronic devices. The Belkin SurgeMaster has a 1054 joule energy rating that provides standard protection for the basic electronic devices and through the LEDs you will know that the devices are grounded and fully protected. It is important to know that your electronic devices are kept safe from disturbing energy spikes, surges or fluctuations and the Belkin SurgeMaster offers optimal safety without the presence of problems of any kind.
Buy from Amazon for ($11.49)
10Top Reviews
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msmarco_doc_00_3414460
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http://10topratedreviews.com/best-typewriter-reviews/
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Best Typewriters in 2019 | Top Rated Typewriter Reviews |
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Best Typewriter Reviews
Best Typewriter Reviews
What to Consider When Buying a New Typewriter
Top Rated Typewriters in 2019
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Best Typewriters in 2019 | Top Rated Typewriter Reviews |
Best Typewriter Reviews
What to Consider When Buying a New Typewriter
The era of typewriters has long been over, but that doesn’t mean that there’s no longer any reason to use one in 2019. In fact, it’s because we’re surrounded by so much distractions online and offline that a typewriter becomes necessary – sometimes, one needs a clear place to pour down thoughts, ideas, and emotions. What’s beautiful about typewriters is how they provide a completely blank canvas uncluttered by apps, sites, and other things that prevent you from filling that blank canvas. That being said, this guide shall help you find the best typewriter 2019 has in store for you. It comes with a list of important aspects that the best typewriter reviews anywhere also consider.
Electronic vs. Classic
Surprisingly, even in the realm of typewriting, there remains a battle between the contemporary and the classic. While electronic typewriters are slowly taking over, classic typewriters remain relevant because of one important factor: they don’t need electricity to run! Classic typewriters directly transfer whatever letters you press on the typewriter onto paper, which consequently does not require complicated logic-handling mechanisms to work. Electronic typewriters, on the other hand, allow you to preview whatever you’re writing before trying to print it out. In any case, it’s all a matter of preference.
Material
Old typewriters are often made out of heavier materials that make them quite sturdy and stable. A lot of modern typewriters, however, are often made out of lighter materials like plastic in order to save on costs, as well as make the typewriters lighter. In any case, you’ll want to look at what the models are made of and see whether or not they’re fit for the levels of use and abuse you plan to subject them to.
Portable vs. Desktop
Do you need a typewriter just for your home or are you planning to bring it around? Desktop typewriters can weigh as much as 50lbs and will be a pain to move around the house. They are, however, a lot sturdier due to their bulkier construction. Portable typewriters, on the other hand, can usually fit suitcases, almost as if they were laptops. They will, however, not be as jam-packed with features as compared to their bulkier cousins.
Top Rated Typewriters in 2019
There’s no single typewriter that’ll fit every person’s need, which is why we’ve compiled a list of the top rated typewriters 2019 currently contains. The best typewriter reviews are made by people who love using typewriters themselves, which is why in this list of typewriters, some of the concerns and comments of people who’ve used the typewriters are reflected in the text.
Brother GX-6750 Daisy Wheel Electronic Typewriter
Brother is quite a well-known brand when it comes to making affordable printers. Fortunately, it does not break tradition when making typewriters as well.
What people love about the Brother GX-6750 Daisy Wheel Electronic Typewriter is its compact, light, and simple design that blends in quite well in the workplace, in the dorm room, etc. While typically, price and quality don’t play well together in most products, this one feels very well built and works well enough for most purposes. What some people don’t particularly like about it is how loud the clicking sounds can get when one types. For people more used to the classic typewriter, however, this clicking sound can be more nostalgic and satisfying than annoying.
What draws a lot of people to this typewriter is its low initial cost, coupled with the insanely low price of the Yeild Nylon Ribbon. In fact, some students use this to write term papers, reports, and other assignments instead of a more expensive computer and printer combo. In any case, if you’re looking for a cheap typewriter that won’t take up too much space but will give you a distraction-less place to write in, then you’re going to love this product.
Click here to visit Amazon and get the best price for this product!
Royal Epoch Portable Manual Typewriter
Craving for the world of the classics and analogs? Then the Royal Epoch Portable Manual Typewriter might just be what you’re looking for. Unlike vintage typewriters that have irreplaceable parts and usually higher price tags, this could easily be fixed. What has divided the users of this typewriter isn’t so much as a problem in terms of comfort, price, or output, though; it’s a problem with poor handling. Some people have reported keys not responding or the ribbon itself being spotty. What people love about this typewriter, however, is the inherent simplicity any typewriter would bring in a room filled with technology. Being a manual typewriter, though, there’s no such thing as a backspace or an undo button; everything has to be done right on the first try, so if you’re looking for something that allows you to ‘print’ essays and other important assignments in a snap, then you’re going to need a correction tape/fluid by your side. In any case, if you’re craving for a touch of classics while getting some work done, then try this out.
Click here to visit Amazon.com and find more info!
Nakajima WPT-150 Electronic Typewriter
Nakajima is one of the sole survivors of the decline of typewriter usage. While most well-known brands have allowed their typewriting divisions to plummet and crash head-on to the ground, Nakajima continues to innovate with more electronic typewriters, this being one of them. What people love about the Nakajima WPT-150 Electronic Typewriter is how cheap each ribbon is and how much characters you can squeeze from each one.
Take note that this product at its core is still a classic daisy wheel typewriter that sounds like the original typewriter you’d hear, with just a few bells and whistles added. However, unlike old typewriters that used to weight quite a lot, this is surprisingly lightweight. What seems to be a turn-off for some people, however, is how plain-looking it is, which can be good for people who don’t want to draw too much attention. For people looking to find a typewriter that looks vintage, this might actually fit the bill without being as difficult to operate as most typewriters.
In any case, if you’re looking for a simple electronic typewriter that’ll keep your eyes glued to that blank page you’re working on, then the Nakajima WPT-150 might just be exactly what you want.
Click here to visit AMAZON.COM and see what previous customers said about it!
10Top Reviews
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msmarco_doc_00_3428576
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http://10w40.com/articles/diagnostics/car-bushings-what-are-they-and-what-do-they-do
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Car Bushings
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Car Bushings
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Car Bushings - What Are They and What Do They Do?
What are bushings?
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How do you know they're worn?
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By Aaron Turpen, Sat, April 09, 2011
Car Bushings - What Are They and What Do They Do?
Bushings are one of those things that most people don't really think about until they find out they have a $600 mechanic's repair bill on their hands. Some even think the mechanic is trying to "rip them off" when they mention bushings needing replaced.
What are bushings?
On a car, bushings are the rubber connectors on the vehicle's suspension, steering, and drive train. Engine and transmission mounts are a type of bushing, but are usually referred to as "mounts" rather than as "bushings."
When a mechanic talks about bushings, he or she is usually referring to those rubber connections found in the steering and suspension.
These bushings allow for some freedom of movement and act as shock absorption for the component parts. A bushing will be cited by its function (i.e. the leaf spring bushings) and sometimes by its rigidity or durometer index. The higher the durometer, the more rigid and less flexible the bushing will be.
Most car bushings are made from rubber, polyurethane or santoprene.
Why do they wear out?
Like any other part on the car, the bushings can wear out due to age, exposure to heat or sunlight, or from disuse. Most rubber parts will become brittle if they aren't exercised (used) enough. This can happen on older cars that have sat in storage for a long time.
How do you know they're worn?
Most of the car's bushings are on the suspension or items connected to the suspension. So the first indication of a bad bushing will be rattling, excessive road vibration, or similar symptoms while the vehicle is in motion.
A visual inspection is possible for most of a car's bushings, so doing so whenever service is done is important. A bushing will appear cracked, be missing chunks, or be completely compressed or torn if it is worn out.
The cost of replacing bushings will depend on their location and the work required to remove and replace them. The bushings themselves are usually less than $20 to purchase.
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msmarco_doc_00_3435620
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http://10w40.com/questions/auto-repair-questions/conditioner-evaporator-temperature
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Conditioner Evaporator Temperature (ACET) Sensor 2006 ford fusion
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Conditioner Evaporator Temperature (ACET) Sensor 2006 ford fusion
Auto Repair Q&A
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Conditioner Evaporator Temperature (ACET) Sensor 2006 ford fusion
|
Conditioner Evaporator Temperature (ACET) Sensor 2006 ford fusion
Auto Repair Q&A
Ask the Mechanic
Popular
How to drive stick
Transmission Repair
Engine Repair
Air Conditioning Repair
Alternator Repair
Timing Belt Replacement
Cooling System Repair
Spark Plug Replacement
Brakes Repair
Engine
Camshaft Repair
Blower Motor Repair
Carburetor Repair
Choke Repair
Engine Valve Repair
Gas Tank Repair
Head Gasket Repair
Intake Repair
Spark Plug Replacement
Timing Adjustment
Timing Belt Replacement
Cooling System
Cooling System Repair
Radiator Repair
Thermostat Replacement
Water Pump Repair
Brakes
ABS Repair
Brake Light Replacement
Brake Pad Replacement
Brake Replacement
Brakes Repair
Disc Brake Repair
Drum Brake Replacement
Resurface Rotors
Suspension
Axle Repair
Bearing Repair
Bushings Repair
CV Joint Repair
Power Steering Rack Repair
Steering Repair
Steering Wheel Repair
Suspension Repair
Tire Repair
Tire Replacement
Wheel Bearing Replacement
Transmission
Clutch Bleeding
Clutch Repair
Clutch Replacement
Transmission Repair
Transmission Service Cost
Automatic Transmission Flush
Auto Transmission Fluid
Exhaust/Emissions
Air Filter Replacement
Catalytic Converter
EGR Valve Replacement
Muffler Repair
Electrical
Alternator Repair
Car Battery Replacement
Charging System Repair
Electrical System Repair
Fuse Repair
Starter Repair
Starter Wiring
Body
Auto Touch Up Paint
Paint Chip Repair
Window Tint Film
Windshield Repair
Replacement Trunk Beds
Rear View Mirror Replacement
Interior
Auto Interior Repair
Dash Repair
Headliner Replacement
Interior Door Panel Replacement
Car Audio Repair
Speedometer Calibration
Speedometer Repair
Understand
Auto Repair
Auto Repair Manuals
Diagnose Auto Problems
Auto Maintenance
Auto Performance
Auto How To
Directory
Used Cars
Auto Repair Shops
Auto Services
Online Resources
Auto Repair Products
Recommended Products
Conditioner Evaporator Temperature (ACET) Sensor 2006 ford fusion
Submitted by keporter on Sun, 07/31/2011 - 21:26
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msmarco_doc_00_3440165
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http://10ways.com/profit/fun-methods/can-i-earn-money-streaming-games-to-twitch-tv
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Can I earn money streaming games to Twitch.tv? – 10ways.com – 10 ways to have more money
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Can I earn money streaming games to Twitch.tv?
Can I earn money streaming games to Twitch.tv?
Wait a minute… people watch other people play video games?
What equipment do I need to stream?
How do people earn money from it?
Things you should do to create a successful channel
Things you probably shouldn’t do:
How much can I realistically make?
a 10ways warning:
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Can I earn money streaming games to Twitch.tv? – 10ways.com – 10 ways to have more money
Can I earn money streaming games to Twitch.tv?
In Fun Methods
August 11, 2015
admin
Twitch.tv is the most popular streaming website for live video games. It’s the home of highly popular streamers from YouTube and little known fan favourites. You can browse through the popular channels, search through the list of popular games or just search for a game/streamer of your choice. If you really like a streamer, you can follow them and receive emails whenever they come online.
Twitch.tv is also home of eSports, where games such as Counterstrike: Global Offensive (CS:GO), Dota 2, League of Legends and many more are streamed to thousands of viewers when pro players are competing for the World Championships of their respective games. Due to this, many pro eSport players make a ton of money through streaming on their own, through the site’s advertising and through their own subscriptions.
However you don’t have to be a pro player to make money from Twitch, but you do have to really put in the effort and work at it.
Making an account is as simple as making an account on most websites, but you’ll want to choose a name people will remember, so that viewers always come back to your channel. You’ll also have to take some time and effort into making your channel look presentable. For example, a custom banner for your channel page.
Wait a minute… people watch other people play video games?
Not only do they watch it, they pay to watch via donations / subscriptions!
Twitch falls right behind Netflix, Apple, and Google when it comes to peak internet traffic in the U.S., according to The Wall Street Journal.
58% of Twitch users spend more than 20 hours a week watching videos on its site. That’s almost three hours a day.
What equipment do I need to stream?
In order to stream, you will need a decent PC/Laptop (at least 8GB of RAM and a processor that is equivalent to Intel’s Core i5 Sandy Bridge ( check here for more details)) as well as some free streaming software. If you plan on streaming from your PS4 or Xbox One, you will also need an external capture device that can plug into your TV as well as your PC/Laptop.
I usually use Open Broadcaster Software (OBS) to stream from my PC as it is free, but if you don’t mind paying for software, there is also XSplit. For PS4 and Xbox One, you will need something like the Elgato HD60. For older consoles, further research would be required to get the best quality, but this is not a very cheap investment.
Note: PlayStation 4, can also press the Share button from your PS4 controller once you have accessed a game from the dashboard menu, select “Broadcast Gameplay” from the menu and then sign in to your Twitch account.
How do people earn money from it?
As stated above, not just pro players can make money. If you manage to gain enough popularity with your channel, you can apply to be a Twitch partner, which gives you the power to play ads on your stream. You also gain a Subscription button, which allows viewers to subscribe to your channel for $5 a month (50/50 split between Twitch and the streamer). As the host of the channel, you can create custom emotes (emoticons) for the chat and have Sub-only days (days where only subscribers are allowed to chat). For example, League of Legends streamers sometimes set aside a full day where they only play games with their subscribers, or watch their own subs play games and commentate.
Twitch pays an “effective cost per 1000 impressions” (eCPM) for each video, in other words they pay you for every 1000 viewers but after they’ve factored in people who have adblockers turned on etc. You can increase your eCPM (amount they will pay you per 1000 views) by growing your viewership, increasing the interaction your users have with you and by getting people to support you with adblockers switched off for your channel (easier said that done).
You will start off (once approved on the partner program) at roughly $0.70-$1.40 per 1000 views, this can increase to around $1.00 – $2.50 and earning the 50/50 split on monthly subscriber fees, the more popular you become the better you can negotiate/request your eCPM/monthly split is increased.
Twitch won’t automatically place adverts on your streams/videos, it is down to the creator to select which type and what videos to insert the ads on.
In order to become a partner, you need to schedule your stream to be online at least 3 times a week, whilst also maintaining an average of 500+ viewers on every stream. Or, if you’re a big youtuber, if you receive 15,000+ views per video and have 100,000+ subscribers you can apply to become a partner.
If you have a paypal account, you can place a donation button in the description section of your channel. You never know when someone might fling a cheeky fiver at you 😉
Post affiliate links to sites like G2A, Cdkeys, Amazon etc in the hope that anyone watching your video clicks them. Everytime someone buys from your link you earn a small % of the purchase price (as a sort of thank you from the company) & if those people then share their affiliate link you may get a small percentage of those as well.
If you’re good enough / have a big enough following you could offer private lessons ( yes really ), start entering competitions, get sponsored by brands wanting to be featured,
Things you should do to create a successful channel
Engage with your audience. They will appreciate that you are taking the time to notice them, meaning they might come back to watch you.
Always be talking, even if no one is watching. It’s really weird when you click on a random stream and the streamer is stone faced and quiet.
Provide the audience with a description on your channel. If they want to know more, they can ask and you can engage with them.
Look up how to create stream alerts online. Having an alert whenever someone follows you or donates allows you to thank them personally on stream and give them a shout-out.
ALWAYS thank people for the donation and follows. It might persuade people to do the same just to hear their name on stream.
Have a schedule. If you’re planning to put a lot of effort in, decide when you’re going to stream every day and include it as a section in your channel description.
Things you probably shouldn’t do:
Doing giveaways may attract viewers, but chances are when there aren’t any more giveaways they will switch off. There’s a chance that this may work but I wouldn’t take the chance.
Ignore chat. Viewers probably won’t want to watch someone who doesn’t answer them.
Just casually watching deadmau5 playing counterstrike
How much can I realistically make?
If you managed to get 100 subscribers you would be looking at $250 extra per month, if you managed to increase your subscription/views to a high enough level those on the 60/40 plan could net $3000 extra per month from 1000 dedicated subscribers.
A streamer on $1.00 eCPM with 3 adverts per hour, streaming 8 hours a day, 5 days a week would be pocketing around $240 a week or $960 per month from ads.
Become popular and lets say you’re getting 20,000 viewers whilst on a $2.00 eCPM working the same hours – you would be looking at $40/hour or $1600/week or $6400/month or $76 800/year.
Top level gamers are pulling in $20,000 per month! + they’ve got the other revenue options above (donations, merchandise, affiliate links etc)
List of the top Twitch Streamers
a 10ways warning:
Don’t expect to give up your day job tomorrow and start earning enough cash to retire on, it will take you a long time but it will be mostly doing something you love to do! Work hard alongside other income and you could eventually swap to a full time career.
Have you thought about doing YouTube instead?
Thanks to GentlemanBroGathStream for helping with this article
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Fun Methods
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msmarco_doc_00_3442800
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http://11.extensionfile.net/
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File extension 11 is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 11. Here is some information which will get you started.
Open 11 File
Open 11 File
To open 11 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 11 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 11. Here is some information which will get you started.
How to Open 11 file
To see if you have an application which support 11 file format you need to double click on the file.
This will either open it with matching application or Windows will suggest you to look for an application for file extension 11 either on web or on local computer.
If there is no application on your computer which can open 11 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 11 files.
What is 11 File?
File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 11 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix).
These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files.
11 File Applications
If you know which application opens file extension 11 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form.
For more information on how to open 11 files read other articles on this website.
Open 11 File on Windows
Find a 11 file in question in Windows OS File Explorer and double click on it to launch the correpsonding application.
If a 11 file is not opened in an application and you instead get a "Windows can't open a file" error message you should try looking for an application which can open the file in question.
If you know the application which can open 11 file then run it and see if there is a File->Open main menu option in the application.
If you don't know the application which can open 11 file then try to search for "11 wiki", "application to open 11 file" or "open 11 file" queries in the search engine you like.
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msmarco_doc_00_3451567
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http://110title.com/the-louisiana-new-home-warranty-act-nhwa-the-basics/
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110 Title – The Louisiana New Home Warranty Act (NHWA): The Basics
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The Louisiana New Home Warranty Act (NHWA): The Basics
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110 Title – The Louisiana New Home Warranty Act (NHWA): The Basics
The Louisiana New Home Warranty Act (NHWA): The Basics
September 22, 2014
Andrew Mendheim
1 Comment 110Title, Brokers, lenders
In 1986, the Louisiana Legislature addressed a perceived lack of protection for new home purchasers against builders for the purchase of homes with certain defects. The New Home Warranty (NHWA) Act’s stated purpose is, “there is a need to promote commerce in Louisiana by providing clear, concise, and mandatory warranties for the purchasers and occupants of new homes in Louisiana and by providing for the use of homeowners’ insurance as additional protection for the public against defects in the construction of new homes.” The warranty, which is mandatory in most cases, ostensibly addresses this need. Following is a breakdown of the basic tenants of the NHWA.
Who is protected?
Owners of new homes are protected by the warranty. “Owner” means the initial purchaser of a home and any of his successors in title, heirs, invitees, or assigns to a home during the time the warranties are in effect.
What/Who is a “builder”?
“Builder” means any person, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, or other entity which constructs a home, or addition thereto, including a home occupied initially by its builder as his residence. Courts do not interpret the NHWA so broadly that a subcontractor would be considered a “builder.”
What’s Covered?
Generally, under the Act, every builder warrants the following to the owner of the home:
(1) One year following the warranty commencement date, the home will be free from any defect due to noncompliance with the building standards or due to other defects in materials or workmanship not regulated by building standards.
Under this provision, for one year the builder warrants that the workmanship is not defective, whether the defect arises from noncompliance with the building standards or not.
(2) Two years following the warranty commencement date, the plumbing, electrical, heating, cooling, and ventilating systems exclusive of any appliance, fixture, and equipment will be free from any defect due to noncompliance with the building standards or due to other defects in materials or workmanship not regulated by building standards.
The builder warrants the plumbing, electrical, and HVAC systems are free from defects for two years.
(3) Five years following the warranty commencement date, the home will be free from major structural defects due to noncompliance with the building standards or due to other defects in materials or workmanship not regulated by building standards.
For five years, the builder warrants that the home is free from major structural defects.
“Major structural defect” means any actual physical damage to the following designated load-bearing portions of a home caused by failure of the load-bearing portions which affects their load-bearing functions to the extent the home becomes unsafe, unsanitary, or is otherwise unlivable: (a) Foundation systems and footings, (b) Beams, (c) Girders, (d) Lintels, (e) Columns, (f) Walls and partitions, (g) Floor systems, (h) Roof framing systems. Physical damage to home, however, does not always equate with structural damage for purposes of NHWA.
What’s Not Covered?
The Act also excludes certain defects from the warranty. Some of the more important exclusions are:
(1) Fences, landscaping, including but not limited to sodding, seeding, shrubs, existing and new trees, and plantings, as well as off-site improvements, all driveways and walkways, or any other improvement not a part of the home itself.
(3) Damage to real property which is not part of the home covered by the warranty and which is not included in the purchase price of the home.
(4) Any damage to the extent it is caused or made worse by anyone other than the builder
(6) Any defect in, or any defect caused by, materials or work supplied by anyone other than the builder, or any employee, agent, or subcontractor of the builder.
(7) Normal wear and tear or normal deterioration.
(9) Loss or damage resulting from war, accident, riot and civil commotion, water escape, falling objects, aircraft, vehicles, acts of God, lightning, windstorm, hail, flood, mudslide, earthquake, volcanic eruption, wind driven water, and changes in the level of the underground water table which are not reasonably foreseeable.
(11) Insect damage.
(14) Bodily injury or damage to personal property.
(19) Mold and mold damage.
Notice Required
In the event the owner of the home wants to make a claim under the warranty, he must first give the builder notice of the defect thereby allowing the builder to make the necessary repairs.
Before undertaking any repair himself or instituting any action for breach of warranty, the owner shall give the builder written notice, by registered or certified mail, within one year after knowledge of the defect, advising him of all defects and giving the builder a reasonable opportunity to comply with the provisions of the NHWA.
The builder shall give the owner written notice of these requirements at the time of the closing between the builder and the owner, or if there is no such closing, at the time of the execution of the construction contract between the builder and the owner.
Transferrable Warranty
Any warranty imposed under the NHWA and any insurance benefit shall automatically transfer without charge, to a subsequent owner who acquires title to the home. Any transfer of the home shall not extend the duration of any warranty or insurance coverage.
Damages for Violations of the NHWA
If a builder violates the NHWA by failing to perform as required, any affected owner shall have a cause of action against the builder for actual damages, including attorney fees and court costs, arising out of the violation. The damages with respect to a single defect shall not exceed the reasonable cost of repair or replacement necessary to cure the defect, and damages with respect to all defects in the home shall not exceed the original purchase price of the home.
Exclusive Remedy against the Builder
The New Home Warranty Act provides the exclusive remedies, warranties, and peremptive periods as between builder and owner relative to home construction and no other provisions of law relative to warranties and redhibitory vices and defects shall apply.
~ Andrew S. Mendheim
110 Title Builder Warranty Louisiana real estate New Home Warranty Act
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msmarco_doc_00_3456035
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http://112408043215025654.weebly.com/salem-lifestyle-in-1692.html
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Salem Lifestyle in 1692 - Salem's Dark Past
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Salem's Dark Past
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Salem Lifestyle in 1692 - Salem's Dark Past
Salem's Dark Past
In 1692, life in the Puritan village of Salem, Massachusetts was all but exciting. Lives were stressful and fun was considered irreligious. Puritans attended church every Sunday morning for three hours, and they listened to sermons given by the town reverend that warned against evil. Long afternoon sermons were also held. Town members were required by law to attend church services. Traditionally, the women and young girls stayed at home to attend to housework while the boys and the men worked on farms and hunted. The children recieved an education based on the Bible which taught them how to be upstanding citizens in society. They did not observe any holidays because they believed that celebrations had roots in Paganism.
Puritan families attended church every Sunday.
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msmarco_doc_00_3462924
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http://115.extensionfile.net/
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Open 115 File
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Open 115 File
Open 115 File
How to Open 115 file
What is 115 File?
115 File Applications
|
Open 115 File
Open 115 File
To open 115 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 115 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 115. Here is some information which will get you started.
How to Open 115 file
To see if you have an application which support 115 file format you need to double click on the file.
This will either open it with matching application or Windows will suggest you to look for an application for file extension 115 either on web or on local computer.
If there is no application on your computer which can open 115 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 115 files.
What is 115 File?
File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 115 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix).
These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files.
115 File Applications
If you know which application opens file extension 115 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form.
For more information on how to open 115 files read other articles on this website.
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msmarco_doc_00_3463989
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http://115990070502983103.weebly.com/synectics.html
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Synectics - Models of Teaching
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Synectics - Models of Teaching
Synectics is an instructional model designed to activate students’ creativity and help them see old ideas in new ways through employing various forms of metaphoric thinking to activate “generative thinking.”
Although some students may very well be more creative than others, the Synectics Module has the ability to awaken the “creative thinker”in every student, using guided techniques and activities. With this module, it’s not about“re-inventing the wheel” but thinking about things we already know in a new way using metaphoric thinking! To put it simple, “It’s one big brainstorming party!” To create a safe environment for all students, the Synectics Module can
be introduced through a class brainstorming activity that sets the tone for smaller group and individual activities designed to help students learn in a
more creative and fun way. Deeper thinking, viewing old things from a new perspective, and class dialogue are just a few of the benefits of this Module.
It’s easy as 1-2-3-4. Really! Using four main steps, the Synectics Module can help any teacher turn a “boring or complicated”subject or concept into something creative and interesting! 1) Direct Analogy – Teacher identifies the concept to be explored by creating a direct analogy (e.g. “Learning is a circus.”) and invites students to think of characteristics for each. 2) Personal Analogy – Although some students may find this step challenging at first, this is where student creativity is ignited and birthed by “becoming” the conceptual object and analog. (e.g. “Learning – I feel shunned and very
unappreciated at times.” Circus– “I feel excited because I’m the life of the party!”) Group sharing and class dialogue is also a benefit! 3) Analog Contrast –Students compare and contrast the analog and conceptual objects. Again, other opportunity for students to express their various creative and different thoughts. (e.g. “Learning is not like a circus because it’s not always entertaining and exciting!”) 4) New Analogy – Students have the pleasure of creating their own analogy or a group analogy. Being the last step of the module, students are likely to be excited about presenting their new idea to the classroom! (e.g. “Learning is like a box of chocolates.”) As a side note, teachers can also glean from their new analogies to use for future classes!
Teaching resource websites/activity examples for Synectics:
http://facstaff.bloomu.edu/dwalker/Conference%20Information/IUT/Synectics.pdf.
http://www.populationme.com/All/Literature/ReadingStrategies.pdf
http://eltnotes.wordpress.com/2010/05/13/8-the-synectic-model-for-teaching-english/
http://www.paksplace.com/synectics.htm
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msmarco_doc_00_3466225
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http://117group.com/about/
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About - 117 Entertainment Group
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ABOUT 117
ABOUT 117
Zach Farnum
Erin Fligel
Cassie Wells
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About - 117 Entertainment Group
ABOUT 117
117 Entertainment Group is a multi-faceted entertainment firm specializing in publicity and marketing campaigns for musicians, events and brands as well as artist management and development. Their unique approach centers around the artist as a brand, utilizing new and traditional outreach methods, taking full advantage of broad opportunities to influence and stretch results beyond expectations. 117 represents legendary personalities mainly in country, rock and roll and classic rock genres as well as some of the hottest up-and-coming musicians. Founded by Zach Farnum, the group is one of the fastest-rising companies in Nashville and recognized by industry professionals across the country with a major presence in New York and Los Angeles.
Zach Farnum
Owner/Pres.
(615) 997-0100 | zach@117group.com
Music is THE passion that drives Zach Farnum to work for his clients – ranging from Country Music Hall of Fame members Bobby Bare and Randy Travis to established hitmakers like David Nail and rising stars like Kalie Shorr, Drew Parker and Scooter Brown. He serves on the Board of Directors for the Nashville Association of Talent Directors, the Troubadour Society steering committee at the Country Music Hall of Fame and is a member of the Country Music Association, the Academy of Country Music and the Recording Academy. Music Icon Jerry Lee Lewis sums it up best: “His work ethic can’t be beat. Best I have ever had working with me.”
“I think I’ve packed a lot of effort into just a few years. I’m honored that people have taken chances working with me and I’m looking forward to the future. I love what I do. It’s not a job to me. It’s just life and a career and I plan on doing it forever.”
Though Zach’s primary forte is publicity, the Rhode Island native stresses that he is intrigued by many facets of the music business.
“I have a passion for connecting an artist’s brand and style across to fans and helping people connect with it. I love that we can create a brand with a human being that can literally move mountains. It amazes me that someone like Taylor Swift can walk into a hospital room and cheer up a kid dying of cancer and I love that Garth Brooks can throw ten concerts and raise a boat-load of money for a great cause. The whole concept of celebrity and what you can do with celebrity fascinates me – and helping that story to be told is what I want to be about.” – Read Full Bio –
Twitter
LinkedIn
Erin Fligel
Publicity Manager
(615) 997-0100 x703 | erin@117group.com
After spending three years in Israel teaching, New York native Erin Fligel moved south to Nashville for a change of pace unknowingly bringing with it a change in careers. With the realization that teaching was not the direction she wanted to continue to go in, Erin discovered that she could turn her love of music into a career. Getting her feet wet by volunteering with Song Suffragettes, she later moved on to working at WSM Radio on their street team, all leading up to finding 117 Entertainment. Since working in publicity at 117 Entertainment, Erin has deepened her passion and skills for helping artists expand their reach by getting their music in front of more people.
Cassie Wells
Label & Content Manager
(615) 997-0100 x701 | cassie@117group.com
Growing up outside of Cleveland, Ohio, Cassie Wells grew up with four brothers and is also a triplet! Country Music wasn’t always her dream, she went to John Carroll University to study Criminology and joined the Army Reserves to eventually be in the FBI, but fate had other plans. In 2016, Cassie was rejected from the final selection process and decided to take that failure and propel it towards her passion for country music. She started her podcast and got her first radio job in 2017, which forced her to make the move. Cassie Wells credits her grandparents for setting a solid foundation of country music. From Reba to Garth Brooks, Cassie used country music as an outlet and it would only be a matter of time for her to turn that passion into a career. After doing six years in the Army Reserves, Cassie now works on her podcast where she interviews country music artists and is so excited about getting started at 117 Entertainment Group!
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msmarco_doc_00_3469281
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http://118.69.187.103:8008/
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SPC-Technology
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SPC-Technology
We aim to:
Our strength:
Product and Service:
Our Client
Oil & Gas
Education
Fleed
Finance and Investment fund
Our partner
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SPC-Technology
Previous Next
SPC-Technology
SPC Technology is a turnkey software and business solution provider. SPC focuses on development and customization management information systems.
We aim to:
Understand in-depth clients’ business requirements
Bridge the gap between business and technology
Create long-term relationship with our clients
Adopt international & best practice standards
Deliver secure, reliable and scalable applications that help businesses excel in today's rapidly evolving economy
Continuous improvement
Our strength:
"Our strength is based on gaining client’s satisfaction by fully understand and address our client’s requirements within the minimal time-to-market."
Our comprehensive and flexible products and solutions are designed to:
Minimize paper work
Reduce administrative costs
Adopt international standards
Enhance productivity
Assure quality customer service
Sustain business workflow.
Product and Service:
Technical consultation
Application development
Business process automation (E-banking connecting, E-Invoice …)
SPC Technology has developed a wide range of products for the petroleum industry, education, transportation, real estate, investment funds, government organizations ...
Our Client
Our clients are large corporates operating in Vietnam and abroad with complex operations in the fields of Real Estate, Petroleum, Education, Restaurants, ...
"Client success is our success."
Customer insight is our competence.
Customer success is our motivation!
Oil & Gas
Petro Vietnam
Petro Vietnam Exploration & Production
PVEP Overseas
BienDong POC
Idemitsu (Japan)
Kossor Operationg Company (Uzbekistan)
Cuu Long JOC
Phu Quoc JOC
PVEP Algeria (Algeria)
PVEP Peru (Peru - Lima)
PVEP Cuba
PVEP Myanma
PVEP Cambodia
PVEP Lao
Education
Vietnam Australian School
Vietnam VUS-ETSC
Mathnasium
School Food
Fleed
SeaGull Corporation
Finance and Investment fund
Indochina Capital
GAW capital
Hyatt Regency Danang Resort & Spa
Kinh Đô TCI Group
Indochina Plaza Hà Nội
Top Dragon Investment Company
Son Kim Group
Empire City
Fraser Centre Point
Our partner
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msmarco_doc_00_3473846
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http://119.extensionfile.net/
|
Open 119 File
|
Open 119 File
Open 119 File
How to Open 119 file
What is 119 File?
119 File Applications
|
Open 119 File
Open 119 File
To open 119 file you need to find an application which works with that kind of file. 119 file extension is used by operating systems to recognize files with content of type 119. Here is some information which will get you started.
How to Open 119 file
To see if you have an application which support 119 file format you need to double click on the file.
This will either open it with matching application or Windows will suggest you to look for an application for file extension 119 either on web or on local computer.
If there is no application on your computer which can open 119 files you need to search on the internet which application can open 119 files.
What is 119 File?
File extensions help computers locate correct application for specific files. Operating systems will not look into the content of the files to be opened, but instead, it will immediately locate the file extension of the file and locate for associated application that can open 119 files. This helps the computer to organize its functions and work much faster. Most operating systems (Windows) require the use of file extensions, but others do not (Unix).
These file extensions are also beneficial for us. By simply looking at the filename, we can determine what type of information is stored to that and what applications can open these files. Have you noticed that when your computer acquires an unknown file, it will ask your permission to look for associated program to open it or look for these programs over the Internet? Yes! These file extensions make the work of the computer easy. Once there is no application associated with the file, then the computer will immediately ask the users assistance to help look for the source files.
119 File Applications
If you know which application opens file extension 119 and it is not mentioned on our site please e-mail us via contact form.
For more information on how to open 119 files read other articles on this website.
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msmarco_doc_00_3476315
|
http://11eleven-life.blogspot.com/2011/01/psychological-effects-of-colors.html
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11 eleven: Psychological Effects of Colors
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11 eleven
11 eleven
Saturday, January 29, 2011
Psychological Effects of Colors
The color psychology of Black.
The color psychology of White.
The color psychology of Red.
The color psychology of Blue.
The color psychology of Green.
The color psychology of Yellow.
The color psychology of Purple.
The color psychology of Brown.
The color psychology of Orange.
The color psychology of Pink.
53 comments:
About Me
|
11 eleven: Psychological Effects of Colors
11 eleven
Saturday, January 29, 2011
Psychological Effects of Colors
While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning. Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange and yellow. These warm colors evoke emotions ranging from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility. Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and include blue, purple and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also call to mind feelings of sadness or indifference.
The color psychology of Black.
Black absorbs all light in the color spectrum. It is often used as a symbol of menace or evil, but it is also popular as an indicator of power.
Black is associated with death and mourning in many cultures. It is also associated with unhappiness, sexuality, formality, and sophistication. In ancient Egypt, black represented life and rebirth. It is often used in fashion because of its slimming quality. Black is often associated with elegance. Used in home interiors, it can give a classy look to a wall. Black furniture or accent pieces in a predominantly white room can create a stark, dramatic contrast. For small-roomed houses or apartments however, painting the walls black is not recommended as this will make rooms more smaller and makes them restricting and depressing.
The color psychology of White.
White represents purity or innocence. It is bright and can create a sense of space or add highlights.
White is also described as cold, bland and sterile. Rooms painted completely white can look spacious but empty and unfriendly. Wearing white means a fresh outlook and new beginnings. White helps reduce any nagging feelings of disappointment or drudge. A predominantly white home interior gives a feeling of space and cleanliness. A few splashes of colors from accents or decors will not make it look bland and too sterile.
The color psychology of Red.
Red is a warm, bright color that evokes strong emotions. It is associated with love, warmth and comfort.
Red is also considered an intense or even angry color that creates feelings of excitement. Wearing red exudes charm, confidence and sexiness.. Red is typically associated with energy, danger, power and love. This color has been known to increase blood pressure and raise appetites. Since the color is so strong, it can be unnerving and is best used as an accent.
The color psychology of Blue.
Blue calls to mind feelings of calmness or serenity. It is often described as peaceful, tranquil, secure and orderly. It can also create feelings of sadness or aloofness.
Blue is often used to decorate offices because research has shown that people are more productive in blue. It can also lower the pulse rate and body temperature. Blue has a soothing quality about it that makes people feel relaxed and comfortable.
The color psychology of Green.
Green is a cool color that symbolizes nature and the natural world. It also represents tranquility, good luck, health and jealousy.
Green is thought to relieve stress and helps heal. Those who have a green work environment experiences fewer stomach aches. Green represents the Spring season and new growth. Choose this color to wear whenever you are embarking on something new or wish to turn over a new leaf. Green also has the same calming qualities as blue. Neutral shades of green such as olive or sage are more accepted in room colors and decor than shades of aqua or yellow-green.
The color psychology of Yellow.
Yellow is a bright color that is often described as cheery and warm. It is also the most fatiguing to the eye due to the high amount of light that is reflected on and by it.
Yellow can also create feelings of frustration and anger. While it is considered a cheerful color, people are more likely to lose their tempers in yellow rooms. Since yellow is the most visible color, it is also the most attention-getting. It can also increase metabolism. While this color is known to make people feel happy and energetic, it is also known to cause people to become angry quicker. Used on home interiors, pale shades of yellow are best when painting walls.
The color psychology of Purple.
Purple is the symbol of royalty and wealth. It also represents wisdom and spirituality.
Purple does not often occur in nature, it can sometimes appear exotic or artificial. The color purple, especially shades of violet, will definitely make a statement. Wearing purple shows others that you want to be noticed. Light purple is seen as a feminine color, it might be a good paint color for a young girl’s room. Darker purples or mauves are more mature looking for other portions of a house, known to evoke feelings of wisdom and royalty.
The color psychology of Brown.
Brown is a natural color that evokes a sense of strength and reliability.
Brown brings to mind feelings of warmth, comfort and security. Brown is a safe, comforting and neutral color. It gives a feeling of warmth, security and belongingness. Browns can typically be combined with brighter colors like light blues, pinks, yellows and especially oranges. A medium brown color may be good for walls with accents of brighter colors placed throughout the room.
The color psychology of Orange.
Orange is a very energetic color and calls to mind feelings of excitement, enthusiasm and warmth.
Orange is often used to draw attention, such as in traffic signs and advertising. Orange is a warm, inviting color. It’s easier on the eyes than yellow, yet it is not as bold as red. Neon orange is not something you want to see on the walls of your house, but its warmer shades are more appropriate for walls. It is also known to increase appetites and may be a good color for dining rooms and as an accent to other rooms.
The color psychology of Pink.
Pink is essentially a light red and is usually associated with love and romance. It is thought to have a calming effect.
While pink's calming effect has been demonstrated, researchers of color psychology have found that this effect only occurs during the initial exposure to the color. More than feeling feminine, wearing pink conveys compassion and an open heart. When people are wearing pink, whether they are male or female, they appear approachable and capable of loving others.
Lighter shades of pink generally evokes a feeling of calmness. Stronger shades used on a wall will create stronger intensities of excitement.
Posted by 11eleven
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53 comments:
scott davidson September 7, 2012 at 11:49 PM
If you want to make your home really look really beautiful , paintings are the best way to do it believe home looks very well decorated . If you are looking to find Oil Paintings Reproductions at very economical price or cheap rates, you must visit wahooart.com
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Michael Freckleton April 3, 2020 at 2:13 AM
hello everyone here i am Michael Freckleton a medical doctor from France but currently in Miami , i want to share a great testimony of how Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream saves me from shame and disgrace, my penis size was a big problem to me as the size was really so embarrassing and discouraging, a 39 year old full grown man like me having 4 inches penis and to worsen it i don't last in sex i cant even last two minutes it was really a thing of shame my wife was really tired of me because my sex life was very poor , she never enjoyed sex, i was always thinking and searching for solutions everywhere until last two months when i saw a testimony of how Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream have been helping people from the globe,i saw one MR PAUL KEWAH testifying of how Dr HARRY helped him enlarge his penis size so i decided to give him a try ,i visited his website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple we talked and he gave me steps to follow which i did and to my greatest surprise in less than two weeks of taking the herbal mixture cream my penis grow to 8 inches i couldn't believe my eyes and as i speak now my penis is now 10.5 inches long and i was amazed when my wife said i satisfy her so well now all thanks to Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream,i will forever be grateful To him i also learnt that Dr HARRY also have the herbal cure to problems like
PENIS ENLARGEMENT
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
DIABETES type 1 and type 2
HERPES GENITAL WART
LOW SPERM COUNT
WEAK ERECTION
BREAST ENLARGEMENT
PROSTRATE CANCER
HIV/AIDS
SPELL OF ALL KINDS LIKE EX BACK,CANCEL DIVORCE,BREAK UP SPELL ,PREGNANCY SPELL,PROMOTION SPELL,JOB SPELL
ALS
HPV 123
PILE
ASTHMA
HEART FAILURE
PREMATURE EJACULATION
HEPATITIS A,B,C AND MANY MORE
so if you you are suffering from any of this problems please do not hesitate to contact him now email drharrysolution@gmail.com website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple you can call him or Whatsapp Dr Harry via whatsapp +2349036417079 thanks
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COURTNEY KOLSEN January 4, 2021 at 1:16 PM
HOW I WON LOTTERY THROUGH DR HARRY HELP whatsapp +2349036417079 website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple
Imagine becoming vastly wealthy overnight. Being a winner of a multi-million dollar lottery certainly will be a life-changing event for almost every single lottery winner. My name is Courtney Kol from Chicopee, Massachusetts, the famous PowerBall lottery winner of $758 million (£591m) in 2018. I know many people would wonder how I had won the lottery. Would you believe me if i told you that i did it with spell casting? I met this famous spell caster known as Doctor Harry and he was the one who did it for me. As shocking as it was to me my famous comment to the press was “ I’m going to go and hide in my bed.” Never did I believed that Doctor Harry actually made me wealthy overnight. (1)If you want your ex back.
{2}If you want to be very successful
(3)If you are searching for a job
(4)You want to be promoted in your office.
(5)You want women/men to run after you.
(6)If you want a child.
(7)You want to be rich.
(8)you want to get Marriage Spells
(9)Remove Sickness from your body Spells
(10)Business spell
(11)Lottery winning numbers
(12)Bring Back Lost Love (13) penis enlargement
If you want to have your chance of winning and becoming very wealthy just like me, contact Doctor harry at drharrysolution@gmail.com website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple or whatsapp him at +2349036417079 and you will be lucky. Thanks for Reading and hope to see you at the top
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Penis Enlargement cream from doctor OLU October 10, 2018 at 9:44 AM
Hello everyone, my name is ALFREED SIANG i am here to say a big thank you to my doctor DR OLU who helped me enlarge my penis.i have never had a happy relationship in my life because of my inability to perform well due to my small penis, due to frustration,i went online in search of solution to ending my predicament and than i came across testimony on how DR OLU has helped them, so i contacted him and he promised to help me with penis enlargement,i doubted at first but i gave him a trial and he sent me the product which i used according to his prescription and in less than a week,i saw changes in my penis and it grow to the size i wanted and since then,i am now a happy man and no lady complains again about my penis.if you also need the services of my doctor,you can also contact him on his email..drolusolutionhome@gmail.com or his whataspp is +2348140654426
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Hafsa October 25, 2018 at 3:22 PM
Hi everyone!
I am sharing this awesome spiritual healing medicine to everyone across the globe. Medicine clearly return after ordering it from Dr. Yare to cure my HIV disease. I tried many other herbal doctors they took my money and never send me any medicine. Many people might not understand my language so I have to write in English so all can understand and contact Dr. Yare for help with that incurable but management disease or virus. Many people are suffering from different ailments and don't know whom to trust to contact for a cure. Dr. Yare herbal healing home has given me my life back as my HIV test report came back negative after using his spiritual healing medicine. now I can come out openly to share it will anyone still looking for help to trust Dr. Yare. I don't believe in miracles personally, but it's difficult to think of another appropriate adjective to describe just how effective Dr. Yare spiritual healing oil and herbal mixtures treatment has been. Thank you so much, Dr. Yare. Your help has provided invaluable. You can contact Dr. Yare for solution to any problem by Website: http://bit.ly/2dBFYeW or WhatsApp +2348148010628, +2348164653711, +2348031939465 for cures to that horrible and awful disease.
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TORRES MADONA November 6, 2018 at 8:30 PM
My name is Promise Dickson am from Texas USA. I want to share a testimony of how Dr. OLU herbal mixture cream saves me from shame and disgrace, my penis was a big problem to me as the size was really so embarrassing,and i was also having weak erection problem. I can make love to my wife and my penis was just too small my name is Promise dickson Finch am from Texas USA. I want to share a testimony of how Dr. OLU herbal mixture cream saves me from shame and disgrace, my penis was a big problem to me as the size was really so embarrassing,and i was also having weak erection problem. I can make love to my wife and my penis was just too small a full grown man like me having 4 inches penis and to worsen it i don't last in sex i cant even last two minutes it was really a thing of shame to me. My wife was really tired of me because my sex life was very poor,she never enjoyed sex,i was always thinking and searching for solutions everywhere until when i saw a testimony of how Dr. OLU. herbal mixture cream have been helping people regarding their sex life, so i decided to give him a try and to my greatest surprise in less than two weeks of taking the herbs my penis grow to 8 inches i couldn't believe my eyes and as i speak now my penis is now 8 inches and i do not have weak erection again. I can make love to my wife longer in bed. And my marriage is now stable,my wife now enjoy me very well in bed. You can contact him via (drolusolutionhome@gmail.com) You can contact him today and get your problem solved.Call +2348140654426 .." or you can also contact him through his what-app +238140654426
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ASHLEY MULLEN December 12, 2018 at 2:13 PM
Hello everyone out there, I'm here to give my testimony about a herbalist doctor who helped me. I was infected with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in 2011, I went to many hospitals to heal myself but there was no solution, so I was thinking how I can get a solution so that my body can be well. One day I was in the river thinking about where I can go to get a solution. so a lady walked towards me telling me why I'm so sad and I open everything by telling her my problem, she told me she could help me, she introduced me to a doctor who uses herbal medicines to cure the SIMPLEX HERPES VIRUS and gave me his website link , so I sent i visited his website link http://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple he got back to me and He told me everything I needed to do .he later send me the medicine through UPS and i got it within 3/5 days and also gave me instructions to take, which I followed correctly. Before I knew what was happening after two weeks, the SIMPLEX HERPES VIRUS that was in my body disappeared. therefore, if you also have a broken heart and need help, you can also send an email to { drharrysolution@gmail.com }or whatsapp him on his mobile number: +2349036417079 or website http://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple
Contact him today and he will have a testimony ... Good luck!
Dr. HARRY also cures:
1. HIV / AIDS
2. HERPES 1/2
3. CANCER
4. ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)
5. Hepatitis B
6. chronic pancreatic
7. emphysema
8. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
9.penis enlargement
10.premature ejaculation
11. erectile dysfunction
12. low sperm count
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How doctor olu help me to increase my penis size January 20, 2019 at 5:48 PM
Hello everyone, am very happy to share this little awesome testimony about Dr olu a great herbal doctor who help me enlarge my penis size.3.2 cm to 8.3 cm longer with his herbal cream mixture, my girlfriend is now so amazed with the autonomous size of my penis , if you you are also in need of help on how to enlarge your penis to become bigger and stronger I adverse you to contact Dr on his email (drolusolutionhome@gmail.com) ) you or contact on whatsapp number +2348140654426 because he is one of the best herbal doctor that i can only show you up to, if your penis is 4.2 cm and want to get it reach 9.2 cm within three weeks i Dr olu is also specialized on obeo m breast and boobs enlargement i advise you to contact him for help
Hello everyone, am very happy to share this little awesome testimony about Dr olu a great herbal doctor who help me enlarge my penis size.3.2 cm to 8.3 cm longer with his herbal cream mixture, my girlfriend is now so amazed with the autonomous size of my penis , if you you are also in need of help on how to enlarge your penis to become bigger and stronger I adverse you to contact Dr on his email (drolusolutionhome@gmail.com) ) you or contact on whatsapp number +2348140654426 because he is one of the best herbal doctor that i can only show you up to, if your penis is 4.2 cm and want to get it reach 9.2 cm within three weeks i Dr olu is also specialized on obeo m breast and boobs enlargement i advise you to contact him for help
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Best Penis Enlargement cream from doctor OLU World Wide February 24, 2019 at 6:41 AM
Hello everyone i am Mudaf Kyle from MALARIA , i am here to give my testimony about a great spell caster called Dr OLU, I was heartbroken and disappointed because i had very small penis, not big enough to satisfy or pregnant a woman, i have been in so many relationship, but cut off because of my small penis situation, i have used so many product,drugs,vaccines,herbs which doctors prescribe for me, but none could offer me the help i searched for. one faithful day i saw some few comments on the internet about how this great specialist called Dr OLU has been helping men enlarge their penis size ,pregnant woman and last longer in bed and i decided to email him on his email i saw on the internet, (drolusolution@gmail.com) i also visited his website http://droluherbs.clan.su/ and also his you-tube page https://youtu.be/VMTo3gqbO08 so I decided to give his herbal product a try. i emailed him and he got back to me, he gave me some comforting words and steps to follow which i did with his herbal pills for Penis Enlargement, Within 1 week of it, i began to feel the enlargement of my penis, " and now it just 1 weeks of using his products my penis is about 10.5 inches longer in erection , and i had to settle out with my Ex girlfriend Stephanie, i was surprised when she opened her mouth and said that i almost killed her and she is satisfied with my sex and i have got a very Big penis now.
Am so happy, thanks to Dr OLU I also learn that Dr OLU also help with
penis enlargement
weak erection
erectile dysfunction
breast pills and enlargement bums,
pregnancy
herpes cure
diabetes type 1 / 2
fat belly and swollen stomach
Abortion
malaria/lassar fever
heart failure
kidney problem
human papiloma virus (HPV)
tigthling and enlarging of vagina
spell of all kinds (ex boyfriend/husband/girlfriend back,lottery spell,win a court case spell,job promotion or boom,marriage spell,breakup spells,cancel a divorce spell,Death spell and so many more
so if you have any of this problem or other do not hesitate to contact Dr.OLU now for help on his email via (drolusolution@gmail.com or website http://droluherbs.clan.su/ [drolusolutionhome@gmail.com] or you can call him on his mobile number +2348140654426 .........for more information and advice contact my email mudafkyle@gmail.com THANKS
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Unknown March 7, 2019 at 10:36 AM
drfredspirituraltemple@yahoo.com)) my dear readers around the globe, it is a great privilege to tell you about this great man who helped me over come the tragedy in my relationship, and how his herbal medicine help me too. My relationship became so complicated to a stage that I was scared of losing my wife to another, lasting long in bed was a problem and I knew deep down in my that my wife was not happy about it. Sometimes when I asked for sex the way she would act before the sex I noticed it was because I was not satisfying her, when she needed it more I hard already come and it was not the best. So I needed to find solution that was how I came in contact with DR FRED he really changed my sex life and ever since then life has been fun because my wife now love me more than she used to, all thanks to DR FRED for this great thing he did for me.. If you ever need help of any kind sickness like DIABETES.. HERPES.. you can visit DR FRED temple for solution ( (drfredspirituraltemple@gmail.com)) or what's app +2348158839763
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Penis Enlargement cream from doctor OLU May 1, 2019 at 7:33 AM
Hello everyone, i am here to say a big thank you to my doctor DR OLU who helped me enlarge my penis.i have never had a happy relationship in my life because of my inability to perform well due to my small penis, due to frustration,i went online in search of solution to ending my predicament and than i came across testimony on how DR OLU has helped them, so i contacted him and he promised to help me with penis enlargement,i doubted at first but i gave him a trial and he sent me the product which i used according to his prescription and in less than a week,i saw changes in my penis and it grow to the size i wanted and since then,i am now a happy man and no lady complains again about my penis.if you also need the services of my doctor,you can also contact him on his email..drolusolutionhome@gmail.com or his whataspp is +2348140654426
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Luis August 9, 2019 at 9:31 AM
Thanks to doctor Uduehi for taking me out of shame, I am almost 40 years of age but I couldn’t get married because I know i can not impregnate a woman because I was suffering from ZERO SPERM COUNT and hospitals did their best for me but I still could not cure. So, Some months back I read about this doctor recommendation online and I decide to give it a try hence hospitals could not help, he administer his medication on me and after the treatment, behold for the first time in my life I started experiencing sperm. You too can be treated just like me and be cured. If interested you can reach him through: (+2347084878384) (uduehiherbalcare@gmail.com)
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Carlos Benita October 10, 2019 at 6:22 AM
My mom ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) symptoms started out with a "foot drop" on her left foot. From there her left leg lost all muscle tone and all the entire left leg muscles was almost gone. Also her fingers and thumbs "contract" at times. Left arm is losing muscle tone too,she have been suffering from amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS) disease for the last seven years and had constant pain which really get us worried, especially in her knees, the only treatment for this ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is natural organic treatments honestly ,totalcureherbsfoundation .c om has the perfect herbal remedy to all the Motor Neuron Disease including ALS.
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Relanes Ihab November 14, 2019 at 2:02 PM
Hello viewers around the Globe, I was despondent because i had a very small penis, about 2.5 inches soft and 4 inches hard not nice enough to satisfy a woman, i have been in so many relationship, but cut off because of my situation, i have used so many product which doctors prescribe for me, but none could offer me the help i searched for. i saw some few comments on the internet about this specialist called Dr, OLHIA and i decided to contact him on his website i saw on the internethttp://olihawonderfulherbs.webs.com/ so I decided to give his herbal product a try. i emailed him and he got back to me, he gave me some comforting words with his herbal pills for Penis Enlargement, Within 3 week of it, i began to feel the enlargement of my penis, " and now it just 4 weeks of using his products my penis is about 9 inches longer, and i had to settle out with my Ex girlfriend Ella, i was surprised when she said that she is satisfied with my sex and i have got a large penis. Am so happy, thanks to Dr OLIHA I also learn that Dr OLIHA also help with Breast Enlargement Hips and Bums Enlargement etc.. If you are in any situation with a little Penis, weak ejaculation, small breast_hips_bums do get to Dr OLIHA now for help on his email {oliha.miraclemedicine@gmail.com} or whats app him number: +2349038382931
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Anonymous December 31, 2019 at 9:54 AM
What a wonderful and a straight forward spell caster that has brought back joy and happiness into my life! Am giving this testimony because am so happy, I want to thank Dr. Osasu for the great thing He has done in my life , He brought happiness back to my life, I never believed in spell casters until my life fell apart when my lover of 6 years decided to call it quit almost when we wanted to get married. I was so emotional breakdown to the extent i could not do anything reasonable again, after 2months in pain before an old friend of mine introduced me to a spell caster on line called Dr Osasu, this was after I have been scammed by various fake spell casters. I was introduced me to Dr Osasu a true Spell Caster. In less than 24 hours i saw wonders, my lover came back to me and my life got back just like a completed puzzle, and after 1month later we got married and it was just like a dream to me because i thought i had lost him forever. Thank you Dr. Osasu for helping me but most of all, Your Honesty and Fast Accurate Results. email: Drosasu25@gmail.com WhatsApp Number: +2347064365391
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laura January 19, 2020 at 10:00 PM
I WANT TO LET THE WORLD KNOW ABOUT THE MIGHTY SPELL CASTER DR OKEKE ODIN WHO HELPED ME BROUGHT BACK MY HUSBAND BACK HOME TO MY KIDS. I WAS MARRIED TO MY HUSBAND WILLIAM SCOTCH FOR SEVEN YEARS AND WE LIVED HAPPILY TOGETHER UNTIL A CERTAIN DAY HE JUST WOKE UP FROM SLEEP TO TELL ME THAT HE DOES NOT LOVE ME ANY MORE. AT FIRST I TAUGHT IT WAS A JOKE BUT WITH TIME I BECAME TO SEE THAT HE WAS SERIOUS.WE ALREADY HAVE TWO KIDS TOGETHER AND I WAS ALREADY PREGNANT FOR MY THIRD BABY. SO A DAY CAME WHEN HE JUST ARRANGED HIS BAGS AND SAID HE WAS LEAVING THE HOUSE FOR GOOD AND NOT LONGER INTERESTED IN THE RELATIONSHIP. I FOUND OUT THAT HE WAS IN LOVE WITH ANOTHER GIRL AND THEY BOTH TRAVELED OUT OF THE STATE. AS I WAS READING THROUGH THE INTERNET ABOUT DIVORCE, I READ ABOUT THIS GREAT SPELL CASTER DR OKEKE SO I CONTACTED HIM FOR HELP. HE TOLD ME NOT TO WORRY THAT IN JUST 48 HOURS, THAT MY HUSBAND WAS GOING TO COME BACK. I NEVER BELIEVED HIM UNTIL THE FOLLOWING DAY WHEN MY HUSBAND CAME TO THE HOUSE ASKING FOR MY FORGIVENESS. NOW WE ARE HAPPY TOGETHER WITH OUR KIDS AND THE EVIL WOMAN THAT CAUSE THE PROBLEM IN MY MARRIAGE WAS SENT AWAY BY MY HUSBAND. YOU CAN CONTACT DR OKEKE TODAY TO SAVE YOUR MARRIAGE OR RELATIONSHIP REACH HIM ON HIS (writelovespell@gmail.com) or reach him on whatsAp on +2348140443360 HE IS THE BEST SPELL CASTER AND SOLUTION TO ALL YOUR PROBLEMS AND PREDICAMENTS HE CAN ALSO HELP WITH THE FOLLOWING PROBLEM
1. DIVORCE SPELL
2. HERPES CURE
3. CANCER CURE
4. PREGNANCY SPELL
5. DIABETES CURE
6. MARRIGE SPELL
AND MANY MORE
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Morreen Dolly January 27, 2020 at 5:52 AM
Save Your Relationship and Get Your husband, I don`t know how to really thank Dr Ralph. My Name is Morreen Dolly i am from Norway, i was dating this man who i loved very much for over four years now without any problem in our relationship. so at a point he changed so suddenly after returning from the office and started behaving so strangely. it even got to the extent that he told me it was over and i should never call him again. This was a person that loved me with everything that he had. When i told my friend jenny what happened, she introduced me to a great spell caster Dr Ralph, the priest of all spell caster. At first sight this man told me all my problems that it was his secretary that used a charm on him. Dr Ralph told me not to worry that he will help me solve the problem. The following day, i was in the house in a sober mood when i first received a message from my husband that he was very sorry and before i dropped the phone, he called me again to say he is on his way home and that he was truly sorry for everything. To my greatest surprise, one week later he engaged me and we got married. He can also help you cast spell like Love spells, Pregnancy spell, Lottery winning spell, Business improvement spell, Cure for any kind of sickness like :Cancer, diabetes, HIV/Aids E.T.C, Financial spell , And many more. All Thanks to Dr Ralph. You can contact him through the following means. Email: Ralphspellsolution@gmail.com or Whatsapp on +2347037816417.
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FATEMA DAVIS January 28, 2020 at 1:33 PM
my partner and I have been trying for a baby for over two years now, We were going to a fertility clinic for about 5 months before somebody at baby center told us to contact this spell caster who is so powerful, We contacted him at this email; babaka.wolf@gmail.com or Facebook at priest.babaka , for him to help us, then we told him our problem, he told us that we will conceive once we follow his instructions ,but after two years of trying we were at a point where we were willing to try anything. And I'm glad we came to Priest Babaka, Because his pregnancy spell cast and herbal remedy help us, and I honestly believe him, and his gods really helped us as well, I am thankful for all he has done. contact him via email: babaka.wolf@gmail.com or Facebook at priest.babaka if you are trying to have a baby or want your lover back. he has powers to do it, he has done mine
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JEAN UTUMBA February 17, 2020 at 4:55 PM
DR HARRY HERBAL MIXTURE website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple WHATSAPP +2349036417079 Hello everyone i have been worried for so many years now because i was trying to figure out how to cure my (erectile dysfunction) and enlarge my SMALL penis but could not find a way out of it ,,my wife has told me if i do not get a cure on time that she will leave me and i love her and my marriage so much .i have used VACCINES,DRUGS,INJECTION AND even did Surgeries just to be happy but none really rendered me the help i needed and i almost gave up when i Used a herbal medicine from a fake bullshit doctor from Malawi. I almost lost my life during that period so i gave up and accepted my fate because my wife already requested for a divorce papers ,,but on one faithful morning i was reading through a comment on Facebook of one MR henry joseph from Germany of how DR HARRY HERBAL CREAM and LIQUID enlarge his penis and cure his younger Brother of STROKE DISEASE within the space of 3 weeks wow i was surprised to see it so i quickly Contacted him via website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple and behold i saw lots of solution to my problems there so i emailed him and he got back to me and gave me some comfortable words ,and the next day he told me what needed to be done and i did it so he sent me his MIRACULOUS HERBAL CREAM AND LIQUID through UPS delivery service and i got it 4 days after ..i then followed his prescriptions on how to use it and OH MY GOD it is just two weeks of using his herbal cream i now have 10 inches when erected and 8 inches when flaccid my wife love it so much now after i had sex with her with my MONSTER PENIS ..and also apologize for asking for a divorce .i am so happy i now feel like a real man ,,thank you so much for taken away this shame from me DR HARRY so if you need any kind of cure contact him on drharrysolution@gmail.com website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple or whatsapp him on +2349036417079 THANKS
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brendaharri77@gmail.com February 24, 2020 at 2:31 PM
Hello I'm From Memphis Tennessee, USA I feel so joyful today because of the
help Dr Sunny has rendered to me for getting my Husband back with his
spell. I have been married for 4 years and it has been so terrible because
my husband was cheating on me and was seeking for a divorce. But when i
came across Dr Sunny Email, on the internet posted by a lady, i decided to
get in touch with him and i explained my situation to him and then seek his
help but to my greatest surprise he told me that he will help me with my
case for there is no problem without a solution. Here i am celebrating
because my Husband is back home and am really enjoying my marriage, what a
great celebration. i will keep on testifying on the internet because Dr
Sunny is truly a real spell caster. Why not contact Dr Sunny now if you are
facing any challenges in your relationship life. Email {
solutioncentre911@gmail.com } you can call Dr or whats app him via
{+2349056393169} His Also specialize in
1) love Spell
2) Pregnancy Spell
3) Divorce Spell
4) Marriage Spell
5) Healing Spell
6) Penis enlargement
7) Money Spell
8.) You want to be promoted in your office
9) you want to satisfy your lover
contact this great man if you have any problem for a lasting solution
Through his email via { solutioncentre911@gmail.com } .
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Unknown March 3, 2020 at 11:02 AM
Its been 8 months since my husband returned back to me all thanks to Dr. OKO for his help. My husband left me for his boss at the office, she tricked him with what I don't know that one day my husband came home to say he will be traveling for a seminal with his boss and that was the last day he came home. For one year I have been battling with my marriage, my husband don't want to see me or our child non send money. Until I read about Dr. Oko's great work online, so I contacted him for an advice and after my encounter with oko, behold my husband came home begging for forgiveness. I forgave him and we moved on but the most surprising thing was that my husband said his boss threatened to sack him if he stop seeing her but everything turn out to be promotion, just as Dr. OKO said it was going to be in the end. I came in here to share it just in case there's anyone who is going through such or heartbreaks OKO will help you out. Contacts: okotemple@live.com (+2347084878384)
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Dr Padman March 11, 2020 at 5:31 PM
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Rebecca Eller March 16, 2020 at 2:19 AM
Spell to fix your broken marriage or relationship problem or after a divorce or Breakup,I was recently scam by two of them, until one faithful day i meet a man called Dr Oselumen who help me to get back to the father of my kid after we have been separated for two years,I only pay for the items required for the spell and he cast the spell for me within 24hours my ex husband called me and beg me to forgive him for everything until the end of the world he will never leave me again we are back together.if you need a real and quick love spell or you are passing through pregnancy problem Dr Oselumen is the answer, Please if any body needs. LOVE SPELL,LOTTERY,PREGNANCY SPELL, DIVORCE SPELL,STOP COURT CASE AND WIN ANY COURT PROBLEM,DEATH SPELL,BUSINESS SPELL AND MANY MORE YOU MAY NEED. Email him now for your own help. via email droselumen@gmail.com add him on whatsapp line or call +2348054265852.
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Michael Freckleton April 3, 2020 at 2:13 AM
hello everyone here i am Michael Freckleton a medical doctor from France but currently in Miami , i want to share a great testimony of how Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream saves me from shame and disgrace, my penis size was a big problem to me as the size was really so embarrassing and discouraging, a 39 year old full grown man like me having 4 inches penis and to worsen it i don't last in sex i cant even last two minutes it was really a thing of shame my wife was really tired of me because my sex life was very poor , she never enjoyed sex, i was always thinking and searching for solutions everywhere until last two months when i saw a testimony of how Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream have been helping people from the globe,i saw one MR PAUL KEWAH testifying of how Dr HARRY helped him enlarge his penis size so i decided to give him a try ,i visited his website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple we talked and he gave me steps to follow which i did and to my greatest surprise in less than two weeks of taking the herbal mixture cream my penis grow to 8 inches i couldn't believe my eyes and as i speak now my penis is now 10.5 inches long and i was amazed when my wife said i satisfy her so well now all thanks to Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream,i will forever be grateful To him i also learnt that Dr HARRY also have the herbal cure to problems like
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Clara david April 4, 2020 at 1:46 PM
WHAT A GREAT MIRACLE THAT I HAVE EVER SEE IN MY LIFE. My names are Clara David I’m a citizen of USA, My younger sister was sicking of
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That I will pay for the delivery service. The courier service can
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the delivery fee. two days later I receive the cure from the courier
service so I used it as the herbal man instructed me to, before the week
complete my sister cancer was healed and it was like a dream to me not
knowing that it was physical I and my family were very happy about the
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herbal man did not accept the offer from my dad, but I don't know why he
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problem. And if you need more information about the doctor you can mail me
davidclara223@gmail.com
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Hanna Rosin April 9, 2020 at 9:56 AM
Thank you sir for your genuine spells. This is really incredible, and I have never experienced anything like this in my life. Before i met you Sir, i have tried every possible means that i could to get my wife back, but i actually came to realize that nothing was working out for me, and that my wife had developed lot of hatred for me.. I thought there was no hope to reunite with my ex wife and kids. But when i read good reviews about your work sir, i decided to give it a try and i did everything that you instructed me and i Trusted in you and followed your instructions just as you have guaranteed me in 48 hours, and that was exactly when my wife called me.. We are more contented now than ever. Everything looks perfect and so natural! Thank you so much for your authentic and indisputable spells. Thanks Sir for your help. So I promise to tell the world about you great If you need help in your marriage of broken relationship,please contact Dr Osasu right now for urgent help WhatsApp +2347064365391 or Email drosasu25@gmail. com I want every one who is facing any problem should also give a testimony soon. Just like me today
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Paul Delphine April 13, 2020 at 11:52 PM
My name is hoover, my 18 years old daughter, Tricia was diagnosed of herpes 3 years ago. ever since then,we have been going from one hospital to the other. We tried all sorts of pills but all efforts to get rid of the virus was futile. The blisters kept on reappearing after some months. My daughter was making use of Acyclovir tablets 200mg. 2 tablets every 6hours and fusitin cream 15grams. and H5 POT. Permanganate with water to be applied 2x a day but all still show no result. So I was on the internet some months back, to sought for any other means of saving my only child. just then, i came across a comment on dr imoloa herbal treatment and decided to give it a try. i contacted the him and he prepared some herbs and sent it to me together with guidelines on how to use the herbs through DHL courier service. my daughter used it as directed dr imoloa and in less than 14days, my daughter regained her health.. You should contact Dr imoloa today directly on his email address for any kind of health challenge; lupus disease, mouth ulcer, mouth cancer, body pain, fever, hepatitis A.B.C., syphilis, diarrhea, HIV/AIDS, Huntington's Disease, back acne, Chronic renal failure, addison disease, Chronic Pain, Crohn's Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Fibromyalgia, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, fungal nail disease, Lyme Disease, Celia disease, Lymphoma, Major Depression, Malignant Melanoma, Mania, Melorheostosis, Meniere's Disease, Mucopolysaccharidosis , Multiple Sclerosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Alzheimer's Disease, parkison disease, vaginal cancer, epilepsy, Anxiety Disorders, Autoimmune Disease, Back Pain, Back Sprain, Bipolar Disorder, Brain Tumour, Malignant, Bruxism, Bulimia, Cervical Disk Disease, cardiovascular disease, Neoplasms, chronic respiratory disease, mental and behavioural disorder, Cystic Fibrosis, Hypertension, Diabetes, asthma, Inflammatory autoimmune-mediated arthritis. chronic kidney disease, inflammatory joint disease, impotence, feta alcohol spectrum, Dysthymic Disorder, Eczema, tuberculosis, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease. and many more; contact him on email- drimolaherbalmademedicine@gmail.com./ also on whatssap-+2347081986098.
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RICHARD WILLIAMS April 14, 2020 at 11:04 AM
Hello Viewers. Life has been so miserable after my Husband broke up with me 2 year ago. I never thought he could hurt me just like that then i realized how much i loved him. When he ended our relationship and i had to look for options to make sure i get him back to myself because i wasn't living fine anymore. I was directed to a Babalawo known as Dr Ogbeifun by a family friend who claimed he helped her with Court case, and protection in her work to go higher than others. Then I contact with the Babalawo and i was surprised and amazed when my Husband came back to me with he knees on the floor pleading to me for forgiveness to take he back as my lover. I thought i was dreaming because all this happened just within 24 hours and it happened as the spell Doctor as said. For that wonderful encounter with this man, i took a decision on my path that i will let the world know about DR OGBEIFUN for he's able and capable to solve any problems. Get in touch with him email : ifababalawospelltemple@gmail.com
Add him on WhatsApp: +2348050680253
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DEVIN TIMZ April 25, 2020 at 4:02 PM
THE 3 IN 1 PENIS ENLARGEMENT COMBO WhatsApp +2348100368288, 3 IN 1 PENIS COMBO, PENIS ENLARGEMENT, CONTROL EARLY EJACULATION, ELEVATE YOU SEX DRIVE, INTENSIFY YOUR ORGANISM, MAKE MORE ROUNDS, PENIS SIZE UP CREAM, STRONG ERECTION, PENIS OIL AND PILLS It is the leading male enhancement program providing you the safest, quickest and easiest program to increase your penis size by 3 to 15 full inches - GUARANTEED!!! You can do all that in only 5 minutes per day for 3 to 5 days... My clients are reporting MASSIVE IMPROVEMENTS in their size More length, width and lots of orgasm - GUARANTEED. And PENIS POWER HERBAL REMEDY ARE YOU A ONE MINUTE MAN, DOES YOUR LOVER ASK FOR MORE AND YOU CAN’T DO IT. CONTACT DR AZIBA VIA EMAIL :Priestazibasolutioncenter@gmail.com and WhatsApp Him on +2348100368288 website https://naturalherbsmedicine.webs.com/ FACEBOOK PAGE: @DOCTOR AZIBA
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Dady bethel June 11, 2020 at 11:16 AM
GREAT LOVE SPELL CASTER PRIEST WISDOM THAT HELP ME SAVE MY RELATIONSHIP.call +2349056393547
My name is joy berry .i want to give thanks to PRIEST WISDOM for bringing back my ex husband.No one could have ever made me believe that the letter I’m about to write would actually one day be written. I was the world’s biggest skeptic. I never believed in magic spells or anything like this, but I was told by a reliable source (a very close co-worker) that Trust is a very dedicated, gifted, and talented person,It was one of the best things I have ever done. My love life was in shambles; I had been through two divorces and was on the brink of a third. I just couldn't face another divorce, and I wanted to try harder to make our relationship work, but my husband didn’t seem to care. and he brake up with me again.I was confuse and do not no what to do again,rather them to get in contact with PRIEST WISDOM . He did a love spell that make my husband come back to me. we are now very much happy with our self. PRIEST WISDOM make him to realize how much we love and need each other.This man is for REAL and for good.he can also help you to fix your broken relationship. I had my husband back! It was like a miracle! He suddenly wanted to go to marriage counseling, and we’re doing very, very well,in our love life.contact email drafridherbalhome11gmail.com or call him up at: +2349056393547
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GET THE BEST PENIS ENLARGEMENT PRODUCT July 2, 2020 at 10:33 PM
HOW DR AZIBA HELPED ME ENLARGE MY PENIS SIZE FROM 3.5 INCHES TO 11INCHES LONG AND 8.0 GROWTH https://naturalherbsmedicine.webs.com/
I got married 2 years ago and it just seemed that there was no excitement in my sex life. My dysfunction to perform to the best of my abilities in bed made it harder for my wife and me to have a good time during sex. And i was having the feelings that she may decide to get a divorce one day. I knew something had to be done in order to improve my sex life and to save my marriage because my marriage was already falling apart, so when i was on my Facebook page i came across a story of how Dr Aziba helped him enlarged his penis to 8ins better.so i Immediately copied the Email address of the Dr and explained to him my problem,he gave me some simply instruction which i must follow and i did easily and my friends Today, i am the happiest man on Earth, All Thanks to Dr Aziba for saving my marriage and making me a real man today.i asked him about some purpular diseases like HERPES,HIV AIDS,HEPATITES,DIABETIS, CANCERS, WART, Get Ex back ,etc....... which are affecting most people he said there is no disease without a cure , he has it all...You can as well reach the Dr below for help on your problem, for he has the solution to all...
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GET THE BEST PENIS ENLARGEMENT PRODUCT July 2, 2020 at 10:33 PM
HOW DR AZIBA HELPED ME ENLARGE MY PENIS SIZE FROM 3.5 INCHES TO 11INCHES LONG AND 8.0 GROWTH https://naturalherbsmedicine.webs.com/
I got married 2 years ago and it just seemed that there was no excitement in my sex life. My dysfunction to perform to the best of my abilities in bed made it harder for my wife and me to have a good time during sex. And i was having the feelings that she may decide to get a divorce one day. I knew something had to be done in order to improve my sex life and to save my marriage because my marriage was already falling apart, so when i was on my Facebook page i came across a story of how Dr Aziba helped him enlarged his penis to 8ins better.so i Immediately copied the Email address of the Dr and explained to him my problem,he gave me some simply instruction which i must follow and i did easily and my friends Today, i am the happiest man on Earth, All Thanks to Dr Aziba for saving my marriage and making me a real man today.i asked him about some purpular diseases like HERPES,HIV AIDS,HEPATITES,DIABETIS, CANCERS, WART, Get Ex back ,etc....... which are affecting most people he said there is no disease without a cure , he has it all...You can as well reach the Dr below for help on your problem, for he has the solution to all...
Email: [ PRIESTAZIBASOLUTIONCENTER@GMAIL COM ]
WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ]
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mariam August 16, 2020 at 6:39 PM
I feel very happy to share my great and wonderful testimony with everyone on this site..: I was married for 4 years to my husband and all of a sudden another woman came into the picture he started hating me and he was abusive.but i still loved him with all my heart and wanted him at all cost.... He filed for divorce and my whole life was turning apart and i didn't know what to do, he moved out of the house and abandoned me and the kids... my very close friend told me about trying spiritual means to get my husband back and introduced me to a spell caster so i decided to try it. although i didn't believe in all those things then when he did the special prayers and spell, after 2 days, my husband came back and was pleading that he had realized his mistakes I just couldn't believe it, anyway we are back together now and we are happy in case anyone needs help here is his email address; Account
doctorirekenagba@gmail.com His spells is for a better life OR call his number
+2347059630655 or contact him on WHATSAPP
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Lizzy Benjamin December 10, 2020 at 4:32 PM
I Never Used To Believe Herbal Medicine Not Until I Was Affected With #Cholera After Taking So Many Medication And Vaccine But All To Know Avail.If Not For My Co-worker Who Saw A Testimony On How A Herbalist Dr Cure Her Of #Herpes Disease With His herbal Medication.Not Withstanding I Decided to Give Him a Try After I Contacted Him Through His Email And Explained My Predicament to Him,After the Explanation He Ask Me to Give Him Some Days To Prepare The Medicine.
A Week Interval I Received My Medicine And Ask Me To Follow The Instructions Below the Medicine just (1)Week and (3)Days After Using Behold I Totally Got Cure of CHOLERA.
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The Father of Our Time May God Continue To Strengthened you.
Check his website on his Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/oogoherbalhomesolution/
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COURTNEY KOLSEN January 4, 2021 at 1:16 PM
HOW I WON LOTTERY THROUGH DR HARRY HELP whatsapp +2349036417079 website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple
Imagine becoming vastly wealthy overnight. Being a winner of a multi-million dollar lottery certainly will be a life-changing event for almost every single lottery winner. My name is Courtney Kol from Chicopee, Massachusetts, the famous PowerBall lottery winner of $758 million (£591m) in 2018. I know many people would wonder how I had won the lottery. Would you believe me if i told you that i did it with spell casting? I met this famous spell caster known as Doctor Harry and he was the one who did it for me. As shocking as it was to me my famous comment to the press was “ I’m going to go and hide in my bed.” Never did I believed that Doctor Harry actually made me wealthy overnight. (1)If you want your ex back.
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Tineka Howell March 18, 2021 at 10:54 PM
My husband and I have been married for over 10 years. We met when I was 18 and he was 21. We’ve been through a lot emotionally together. There were several HUGE fights and painful situations in our marriage, but we always seemed to come out stronger on the other side. Out of the blue my husband just sprung the divorce talk on me, I was totally depressed until I found Dr.Todd website online and I ordered for a Love spell. You won’t believe my husband called me at the exact time this spell caster finished his spell work in 48hrs. I was totally amazed! He is wonderful and his spells work so fast. His Email: manifestspellcast@ gmail. com manifestspellcast.wordpress.com
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LISA MOORE April 18, 2021 at 8:44 AM
Thank you for what you have done for me! My husband stopped filling the divorce papers after I contacted you to help me stop the divorce with my husband and now things are going much better now. As you said, all the process concerning the divorce have been canceled and the evil woman that cause the problem in my marriage has be sent away by my husband and we are now happy together, if you are having relationship or marriage problems or any other problems, you can email him at: ( drkabakaspiritualtemple@gmail.com ) or WhatsApp him ( +2349015857861 ). Thanks https://drkabakaspiritualtemple.blogspot.com/
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Michael Jacob May 14, 2021 at 8:20 AM
Good New Everyone !! I'm here to testify about Dr AIre I was suffering from Herpes Simplex Virus for about 4 years and I was cured by Dr Aire He sent me the medicine through DHL, I got the medicine and He instructed me on how I'm going to take the medicine, He asked me to drink for 14days which was 2weeks and I did according to his instructions, that was how I got Rid of Herpes Simplex Virus permanently, You can also contact him to get HIV/AIDS medicine by calling him or texting him on WhatsApp through this number +2347036740271 or Kindly Email him directly on; drairehome@gmail.com https://mobile.facebook.com/drairehome48
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About Me
11eleven
As the title description says, 11eleven is all about Design, Concepts and Ideas. With the vast information available on the net, this blog collated from the best sites and made things a lot easier, simpler and practical.
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Verard | 11eyes Wiki | Fandom
|
Verard
Verard
Appearance
Personality
Biography
Plot
Alternate World
Buried Dream
Million Year Summer
Wish You Were Here
Another Holy War
Spread Your Fire
Red Night
Other media
Anime
Powers&Abilities
Equipment
Other abilities
Gallery
Relationships
Trivia
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Verard | 11eyes Wiki | Fandom
Verard
"I am death. I house darkness and span infirmity... I am, your death!"
- Verard on the battlefield (src)
Verard
Other names
Golden Eyed Demon King
Born
1428
Died
1459
Gender
Male
Height
188cm
Weight
72kg
Hair
Black
Eyes
Blue
Occupation
King
Seiyuu
Hitoshi Bifu
Verard (ヴェラード Veraado) is a mysterious medieval man who frequently appears in Kakeru Satsuki 's dreams. He is also the main protagonist from If Story arc.
Appearance
Verard is a middle-aged man with messy shoulder-lengthed black hair and a thin beard. His left eye is blue, but the other one, which is the Eye of Aeon, is yellow in color. As a knight king, he is clad in a black full-body armor and almost always appears with his trademark sword. He also wears a tattered brown cloak over his armor.
Personality
On the outside, Verard is a determined and brutal king who does everything to protect his country, as shown in a battle where he ordered his soldiers to kill everyone standing and skewer all who begs for mercy. This fact and his Eye of Aeon, were the reason why his enemies called him the Golden Eyed Demon King (金眼の魔王 Kingan no Maou ). There was even a rumor that before his coronation as king of Drasuvania, Verard formed a coup to force his father, the former king who was wounded after going to war, to pass down the throne and the Eye. On the inside, however, he has a pessimistic look on life. Witnessing how easily humans die for their own causes, he feels that humans should not be born anymore to prevent the perpetual bloodshed.
After meeting Kakeru and impressed by his determination, Verard had a change of heart and agreed to lend him the power of every single souls in the Eye of Aeon to stop Lieselotte. In If Story, he showed a softer and caring side toward Lisette, and returned in the past to change her fate, even if he knew that he would have nothing in return, but a meaning for his death.
Biography
Verard started appearing in Kakeru's dream after the first Red Night. He is later revealed to be the King of Drasuvania and the previous bearer of the Eye of Aeon. During the Drasuvanian's civil war in 1459, Verard was betrayed by one of his most trusted retainers and the blame was forced upon Lieselotte Werckmeister, who was his lover. He was taken to the enemy's camp and promptly decapitated. His head was kept as a trophy and still remained in the present world in a Drasuvania's national museum. No sign of the right eye could be found, as the Eye of Aeon was transferred to another host at the moment of his death.
Plot
Alternate World
This article or section contains information from the optional If Story in 11eyes: Resona Forma.
Buried Dream
In an alternate reality where Verard did not die in 1459, Lieselotte had already left Drasuvania; Verard wondered if she had foreseen his death and no longer found a use for him. Five years later however, Verard's life was in jeopardy. An army from Index, led by Hunyadi János came to Drasuvania to take Verard's head. While the situation was dire, Verard did not care the slightest; even when a soldier urged him to escape with dying death, he did not listen to the plea, and even went so far as to call his subordinate a fool staying loyal when the situation was already a lost cause.
Verard making his way through the enemies
As he killed an enemy soldier who broke through his defenders, he felt the enjoyment of combat, and was surprised that he still had such a human emotion. Following his emotion, he decided to carve a path to see the enemy's commander eye to eye. Discovering that his beloved battle steed survived, still willing to carry the king on his back, he made his way to the enemy's front line on his horse, killing many enemy soldiers on his way. The horse was taken out when Verard encountered the enemy gunmen, but he still managed to meet the general from Index. János told Verard that he, the Golden-Eyed Demon King was too dangerous an existence to be alive and expressed that he only wanted to kill him (Verard). Verard laughed and threw the sword at Index's flag, cutting it down to ridicule it. Angered, János ordered his men to kill the target, but Verard did not pay attention to the coming threat. Instead, he focused all his power on the Eye of Aeon to materialize the only wish he had: to see Lieselotte again.
Million Year Summer
When Verard opened his eyes, he noticed the scenery changed. The Eye of Aeon had taken him back to the year 1209, right when the crusade that would eventually give birth to Lieselotte in the future happen. Verard laughed at how ridiculous the way the Eye responded to his wish was. He then decided to look around to find Lieselotte. On his way he accidentally eavesdropped two men talking about peeking at a young girl bathing in the fountain nearby. Disgusted with them, Verard slain one man and broke the other's nose. He asked the man where the fountain was, then broke his neck. When Verard got to the fountain, he found a girl, who he knew was Lieselotte before she became a witch, about to be raped by a man. Before the man got to do what he wanted, Verard slain him. Verard used his cloak to wipe the blood off the younger Lieselotte's face and kissed her. He then apologized for his rash action and asked for her name, to which she replied was Lisette Vertorre. Lisette asked Verard what his name was, but he told her that she should not know since his existence at the time was a sin.
Wish You Were Here
Verard was taken back to Béziers. When the chime rang, he noticed that Lisette was bothered about something. He asked her what it was; Lisette said she wanted to give him somewhere to stay, but it was also time to return to the Sister House. Verard declined her offer, taking his place on a corner of the road, and told her to go. The next morning, Lisette came to give him some food. He took on the offer, but paid attention to nothing else.
In the afternoon, Verard was visited by Peire Rogièr de Cabal, who was interested in his extraordinary armor and sword (since Verard was from the future, his equipment was obviously too well-made). Viewing him as an equal warrior, Peire told Verard about the plan to oppose the crusade that was coming. The plan was to evacuate the town's people, then lure the first wave of crusaders into the empty town and cut them off from the main force. Verard commented that it was a good plan to fight against an enemy with more soldiers, but also pointed out that most of Béziers' defenders were not trained soldiers, which was a critical weakness for the plan. Peire however, decided to go with the plan, since it was all he had.
Cold night
Midnight, Lisette sneaked out to visit Verard the last time since she would be with the convoy leaving town in the next morning, she asked if he would come. Verard asked her opinion on the war situation, to which she was not able to reply. He laughed as his own ridiculousness, having realized that Lisette was not the Lieselotte that he knew. Lisette was puzzled, but Verard simply said that she did not have to become a warrior. Then she gave him some rosemary, saying it was a good luck charm. Verard refused the flowers and asked why she wanted to give them to him. Lisette was not albe to answer, but Verard had already knew why. He said that he would protect her dream. Verard stood up and embraced her, saying that he liked the night, but the past two nights were too lonely. Then he bid Lisette goodbye and walked away to find somewhere that he could observe the war. That night, he used the Eye of Aeon to summon his old horse.
Another Holy War
Dawn came, the crusaders finally surrounded Béziers. From afar, Verard watched as Peire mobilizing his men to fend off the crusaders. As he had expected, Peire's soldiers were too incapable to put up a good fight, less executing Peire's strategy. On his horse, Verard broke through the chaos at the town's front gate, then single-handedly killed all the crusaders surrounding Béziers with a sword. The last crusader fell before Verard's blade when the sun rose. Peire, who had been watching the massacre, asked if he needed backup, to which Verard declined; then he asked who he (Verard) was. Verard replied that he was a demon king and rode off to the enemy's main force.
The knight king
Verard encountered the crusade's main force when they were closing in on the convoy, which was carrying the town's people. He continued slashing his enemies with his own sword, not allowing them to even scratch him. However, he realized that one man was not enough to go against 10,000 crusaders, and chances of him being killed were not impossible. Verard decided to borrow the power of his right eye again, to summon heroes from the past. First, he summoned Teukros, who used his unrivaled spear-throwing skill to skewer the enemy from afar. Next, he summoned the legendary Persian conqueror, Cyrus, who massacred the crusaders in close quarter combat. Followed was the gigantic Viking Rollo, who crushed the enemy with brute strength. Finally, he summoned Solomon the master of summoning magic, who in turn summoned three mythical beasts to rip the crusaders apart, literally. With three historical figures at his disposal, Verard massacred the entire 90,000 crusaders, leaving no survivor.
Spread Your Fire
Lisette's feelings
Verard emerged victorious without a scratch, but he was fully aware that he had used up all his soul to feed the Eye of Aeon. He focused on one final wish: to see Lisette again. As if drawn by fate, Lisette came out of the forest and found Verard leaning unconscious on a rock, with his right eye bleeding. As she called, Verard opened his eyes. Lisette then gave him the rosemary, finally able to confess her true feelings for him, which she wanted him to reply by telling her his name. Verard told Lisette his name, and before she was able to say anything else, he was transferred back to his own time. As soon as Verard returned to the year 1464, he was cut down by the enemy. Lying on the ground, he wondered if all that happened was a dream. But then, he realized the rosemary was still in his hand. Verard smiled, and tears rolled on his cheeks as he accepted his death.
End of storyline.
Red Night
Verard in the ethereal world
Unlike If Story, Verard has a minor yet primal role in the original Story. He appeared many times in Kakeru's dreams, due to their connection as Eye of Aeon's bearers, and he is the one who revealed the truth about Lisette's true nature. When Kakeru has been taken in Yuka's world, he also warned him that this world was just an illusion, leading Kakeru to use the eye. At the ending, he helped him to engage Lieselotte definitively.
Other media
Anime
Verard appears very little in the anime. He only appeared four times: the first was when Kakeru used the Eye of Aeon for the first time, the second time was in Lieselotte's flashback, the third was when he was assassinated and finally, when he spoke through Kakeru to stop Lieselotte, although without success.
Powers&Abilities
Equipment
Heavy Western sword: Verard possesses a royal heavy sword, which is apparently, made from best materials in his time. He used this with deadly effect.
Swordsmanship expert: Verard is first and foremost a knight king with unrivaled combat skills. He is an experienced swordsman, knowledgeable in the arts of fighting many at a time and is almost unstoppable on a horse. In terms of swordsmanship, his attacks are slower and less as flexible as Misao Kusakabe 's dual sword technique, but his strikes have force and accuracy, enough to kill more than one man upon contact.
Eye of Aeon (劫の眼 Aion no Me ): before Kakeru, Verard was the bearer of the Eye of Aeon, accordingly to Drasuvania's tradition of moving the Eye from kings to kings. With this artifact, he can utilize the Emerald Tablet 's power, although limited to only how Zoroaster, the one who forged the Eye, remade it.
Precognition: the basic power of the Eye of Aeon is precognition, allowing Verard to foresee the enemy's attacks and reduce damage to himself to the minimum. Combined with his swordsmanship, Verard is almost guaranteed to escape a battle unscathed.
Power accumulation: a fearsome aspect of the Eye of Aeon is its nature of housing the souls and memories of its previous bearers. In other words, Verard has all the powers and experiences of those who came before him at his disposal.
Materialization: the most powerful ability of the Eye of Aeon seems to be the power to materialize. The target of materializing can be anything related to time, such as people, or even reality itself. In Verard's case, he materialized past bearers to fight for him, which is actually a more effective way of using past powers and experiences.
Other abilities
Tactical expert: Verard is also a wise tactician, who can grasp war situations very quickly. He can precisely predict the outcome of a battle, or even a war, with just one glance of the battlefield. Combined with his ruthless personality, his strategies are almost flawless.
Gallery
Add a photo to this gallery
Relationships
Lieselotte Werckmeister / Lisette Vertorre: Originally, Lieselotte came to Drasuvania just for taking the Eye of Aeon from the current bearer, who was Verard, but later, as she saw that he and Lieselotte had the same ideals, she fell in love with him. Their love was apparently mutual, but Verard's love was the most showed in Lisette's If Story, where he came back in time and changed Lisette's destiny, before her transformation in Lieselotte. He fought against 90,000 crusaders just for her, showing his true feelings.
Kakeru Satsuki: Verard appeared in Kakeru's dreams, due to their connection to the Eye of Aeon. In the beginning, Verard was mocking Kakeru, but seeing his determination, he changed his point of view on him, and accepted to help him against Lieselotte in the final battle. He also showed a lot of similitaries with him, especially in If Story, by his determination to protect Lisette from her fate.
Peire Rogièr de Cabal : Verard met him during his return in the past, because Peire was interested by his armor (as Verard came from the future) and they discussed about a plan against the crusaders. They seem in good terms and Verard found him smart in his tactics, even if his plan was useless, as his soldiers weren't trained soldiers.
Trivia
The character of Verard is most likely based on the famous Vlad III Dracula, better known as Count Dracula. Even his design is also strikingly identical to Hellsing 's Alucard 's final released state. Additionally, "Verard" and "Vlad" are both pronounced " Veraado " in Japanese.
Verard's Eye of Aeon is a further homage to Alucard's powers. In Hellsing, Alucard is able to use the skills of those he drank the blood from and can release the souls of his victims to fight for him in his final released stage. Similarly, the Eye of Aeon can accumulate powers and experiences of previous bearers, as well as materializing their avatars.
Verard's last appearance is actually in the Special SS Story, where he acted like a total pervert he congratulated Kakeru on passing the test to experience the Eye of Aeon's special harem mode.
In this scenario, Verard also displays a unique ability similar to photographic memory. He pinpointed the number of times Kakeru had a perverted gaze upon the heroines, although correct or not is highly debatable as there is no one to confirm.
In the anime, his particular thoughts about Index was never showed, but he still thinks that the world deserves to be destroyed, though this view changes in the end.
Retrieved from " https://11eyes.fandom.com/wiki/Verard?oldid=14387 "
Categories:
Sin, Damnation and the Atonement Girl sub characters
If Story's protagonists
Emerald fragment's holders
Male characters
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Be very careful with Paypal these days
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taken from their own site,
Paypal scams all currencies not just Canadian dollars
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Home > Blogs > My blog
Is Paypal ripping Canadians off?
Friday, 5 Dec 2008 — Caroline Schnapp
For at least 3 days now, the currency exchange rate used by Paypal to convert American money to CAD dollars has been stuck to 1.20588. All through the recent Canadian dollar plunge, the rate has not changed. Locking an exchange rate like so is fraud. The problem has been reported to Paypal. As a result, their rate is still locked, as of now, 9h27pm, Easter time, Friday.
The actual average currency exchange rate is now 1.271 — see the screen capture below. That rate is the medium rate between selling and buying rates. The difference between that average rate and Paypal's rate should be 2.5%. It's part of Paypal's policy, they keep that, and that's cool. Their rate is usually updated at least twice a day. At least. The difference now is 7% — instead of 2.5%. The dollar was even weaker yesterday. This is really helping American sellers who are cashing in money made from selling to Canadians — and totally screwing Canadian sellers in the process, those who are depositing money made from selling to their American neighbors. It's more than unfair, it's fraud.
I certainly hope there will be a class action suit.
You can follow the discussion on Ebay here and here.
Last edited by Caroline Schnapp about 12 years ago.
currency | dollar | Paypal
Caroline Schnapp's blog | Login to post comments | 28620 reads
Comments
Sat, 2008-12-06 14:13 — Caroline Schnapp
Be very careful with Paypal these days
There was an error with their system this morning, and it took me an hour to fight it out over the phone, with their customer support service.
I went through an 'exchange' transaction at a Paypal exchange rate of 1.23928. I have the screen capture to 'prove' this (although, of course, I could have easily manufactured it, but I did not), and ended up having deposited into my account a lower amount, an amount calculated with the old, locked, rate of 1.20588. The difference was significant for me. On the phone, I spoke to 3 different people in turn, was put on hold and waited a lot. I was told that the numbers they give you do not include the 'spread', that even the amount that is confirmed on the last screen, the amount you 'ok' by pressing 'Exchange currency' — or cancel, is not including the spread. Of course, that's wrong. That would be insane anyway: imagine that you go through a transaction and you do not even know what you're gonna get until it is finalized and you can't go back.
After much insistence, I got the rep to speak to a difference source (higher? I do not know), and indeed I was right, and indeed there was a bug, a system error, and I will get credited for the difference in the next 3-5 days.
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Sun, 2008-12-07 00:51 — wow goud (not verified)
Paypal Exchange Rates
Bugs or not, Paypal's exchange rates have always been the subject of discrimination. While converting USD <=> CAD in either direction, you always end up at a loss. I've been wondering if a Paypal debit card would be a solution? In that case you could withdraw funds from your USD Paypal account, and have your very own bank in your home country handle the exhange back to CAD, instead of Paypal's horrible process.
It's nice to read that more people are catching up on this.
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Sat, 2009-08-15 14:32 — I hate paypal (not verified)
I hate how paypal inflates
I hate how paypal inflates the ecxhange rate to suit there own greedy needs. I have bought many items from ebay, when I go to pay I am out of pocket by at least 2.5%. there exchange rate is at least 2.5% higher than the going exchange rate. They do it all the Fucking time to all of us. They are the crooks. When I called them to complain they were so fucking rude to me. I just refuse
to use paypal again. They should be stopped, this is stealing!!!!!!!
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Wed, 2011-09-21 23:37 — justme (not verified)
taken from their own site,
taken from their own site, Sept. 21/11 at 9:32pm pst
PayPal exchange rate:
1 USD = 0.974181 CAD
PayPal exchange rate:
1 CAD = 0.974230 USD
How the hell can both currencies be below $1.00?? They're telling me a $390USD purchase is now $397CAD.. when their own damn site says it's $380CAD!!
Scammers everywhere!
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Wed, 2011-11-30 08:13 — nonsense (not verified)
Paypal scams all currencies not just Canadian dollars
Last week I bought some goods out of Japan on E-bay and paid via paypal thinking that I would just pay as if I used my bank card in a foreign country and get my bank's exchange rate (which is reasonable).
My Euros were exchanged at 1.28US to Euros when the current bank exchange rate is 1.34US.
This is in addition to the paypal fees - In addition to this the money is exchanged in a similar fashion with the end vendor getting a bad rate on their local money exchanged from US dollars.
I will be using paypal as little as possible in the future - I never looked at Paypal as a bank but as a security system for internet for which I paid security fees. Since they are a bank - they should be treated as such - here in Europe the exchange rates practiced by a bank to consumers are controlled - they would be forced to exchange in line with all other banks. I do not understand how they are escaping from these practices.
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Wed, 2012-10-24 05:26 — dainelchristianw (not verified)
Working on the given topic
Working on the given topic is really a difficult task but your this tutorial made it easy for me to handle it without any problem. If anyone seeking information then this blog is the best place for him as it has quality content for your required information. Thanks for sharing.
Share It
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Mon, 2011-12-05 08:59 — Fly by night (not verified)
Ripped off?
With all these recent occupy protests, and people claiming to be waking up to the crap the common person has to deal with financially on a day to day basis, it's amazing people still continue to use and support something like Paypal.
Paypal is a perfect example of a direct tool used to financially oppress people. Though it may not be governmentally run, it is still a single, clear, entity and it is run by the 1% who the 99% are protesting against.
Paypal is not technically a bank (as far as the United States is concerned), and so does not have to function within any guidelines or laws set to govern banks.
They do act like a bank, offering debit cards, collecting interest, charging fees for transactions, and converting money to different currencies.
Unfortunately, there is no alternative. There are a few other on-line holding services for money, but nothing nearly so widespread and accepted as paypal.
One interesting thing to remember, when you create your Paypal account and agree to the terms of service, you are agreeing to transfer your money from your ownership over to paypal. You are giving them the rights to your money, and trusting that they might give it back, if they feel like it. (Naturally they don't regularly steal from people, but there are many horror stories of very high balance accounts being locked for unreasonable lengths of time, with paypal unwilling to payout. (These you can google yourself, I don't want to link directly to these sites)).
Links to sources of info for your reading pleasure:
http://news.cnet.com/2100-1017-858264.html
http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jun2007/tc20070614_606853...
http://www.finextra.com/news/fullstory.aspx?newsitemid=23224
http://money.cnn.com/2008/02/26/smbusiness/paypal_float.fsb/
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Thu, 2012-05-10 17:39 — Fly by night (not verified)
A site to exchange Paypal currency
Check https://www.coineta.com
It lets people to exchange Canadian and US dollars in PayPal without fees
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Mon, 2012-06-04 06:21 — gtaaromi (not verified)
Meta content use!
We are part of every single bit of it I liked. I often try to find this is useful information.
Honeymoon Destinations in india | Top 10 Honeymoon Destinations in India
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Sat, 2012-07-14 12:34 — Fly by night (not verified)
I have always seen paypals
I have always seen paypals exchange rate as backwards. I sell stuff is USD and have to convert it to CAD and even though the Canadian dollar is less the the US (1USD=.988863CAD current paypal exchange rate). So I should be getting more CAD but I'm actually getting less. The only time I come out on top is when the CAD is more the USD (example 1USD=1.111111CAD) when in reality I should be losing money then.
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Mon, 2012-07-30 21:32 — Anon (not verified)
Visa is a bit better
Looking at my statements, Royal Bank Visa Gold is 2.5% of the highest (peak) exchange rate of the day.
Foreign Currency Transactions:
"We will bill you in Canadian currency. If you or your Authorized Users use a Credit Card
or your Account number outside Canada or charge amounts to your Account in a foreign
currency, we will convert the charges into Canadian dollars no later than the date we post
the transaction to your Account at our exchange rate which is 2.5% over a benchmark
rate set by the payment card network that is in effect and that we pay on the date of the
conversion."
Paypal is much worse playing games to hose you, so I'm using my Visa...
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Tue, 2012-09-25 10:05 — markwright (not verified)
Paypal's conversion rates
Gosh, I WISH it was only a 2.5% loss with Paypal. I was planning on taking out US$888 to my Paypal Can$ account. The amount I would get is Can$848. That's a 4.5% loss (Paypal's exchange is really awful). But that's still not the whole story. Today's Bank of Canada exchange rate is actually 1.0252 (therefore, $1.0252 US for every Can$). Add that loss to the overall mix and the total Paypal US$ to Can$ loss is actually 7.02%!
Yeah, the mafia has similar exchange rates. Paypal's gouge is really deep!
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Mon, 2012-10-22 03:16 — dainelchristianw (not verified)
I admire your efforts and
I admire your efforts and your idea that you put into this blog. Thanks for the information. Really lovely and useful for me and will refer my friends to this blog.
Clickuplink Bookmarking
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Best Lighting for Indoor Cannabis Growing
The best lighting for indoor cannabis growing is changing, with new technologies and new insights into marijuana growth. We review a range of grow lights.
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Grow lights for indoor marijuana growing have been changing lately due to technological developments in lighting and due to discoveries of how different light spectrums are used by cannabis plants.
Simply sticking a bright light over your plants for the duration of their grow and flowering cycles is longer seen as adequate. These days smart indoor marijuana growers will use different types of lights at different stages of the plants’ growth.
We’ll look at these newer grow lights for indoor marijuana in a minute. But to start, let’s take a look at the old standby lights that still many growers use – perhaps because its easier to use what you know than to contemplate change.
Though if you already know you want LEDs, scroll down a bit for information about these.
HIDs (High Intensity Discharge Lamps)
Most indoor marijuana growing gardens used to use High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps. The two types most commonly used were Metal Halide (MH) which produce an abundance of light in the blue spectrum promoting plant growth.
The other kind are High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps which emit an orange-red glow triggering hormones in plants to increase flowering/budding.
The problem with HID lights is that they consume a lot of electricity for output, produce high operating temperatures, and produce a wider spectrum of light – much of which is not needed or used by the plants. In other words, HID lights are expensive to run, inefficient and a potential fire hazard.
That not to say that HID lights, if used properly won’t deliver great results. They most certainly will. But when you figure in the factors of cost and safety, the newly developed fluorescent grow lights as well as the most recent kid on the block, LED lights, have clear advantages.
Fluorescent lights (CFLs, Compact Fluorescent Lamps)
125w cfl
High powered fluorescent lights are now specifically produced for indoor gardening. They are available in 2 types – Blue 6400K that emit the wavelength of light needed for plant/vegetative growth, and Red 2700K that emits the right wavelength of light for flowering growth.
To produce great crops of marijuana you’ll need both these minds of lights – more of the ‘blue’ wavelength for the first two months and then more ‘red’ when it comes to the flowering phase.
Unlike HID lights, no light falls outside of the needed spectrums which results in less waste and better growth for less power consumption.
With the development of CFL grow lights, HID lighting has been largely replaced.
LED (Light Emitting Diode) lights
LED lights
The development of LED lights are increasingly being considered the best investment for indoor growing. This is partly because of their performance (in terms of versatility and efficiency) and also the huge saving in electricity running costs.
They’re also cooler, so you’ll have no worries about overheating your precious plants.
One of the main advantages of LED lights is the different colour spectra you can create with them. Since plants require different wavelengths (colours) of light at different stages of their growth, using good LED lights allows you to tailor the lighting to the growth stage of your plants in order to maximise your yield.
Some LED lights allow very fine-grained adjustment of the colour spectrum. Others have a more standard ratio of red and blue wavelengths (e.g., about 3 to 1), one which is considered good for all round plant growth.
Other advantages of LED grow lights
Other advantages of LED grow lights are the fact you’ll almost never have to replace a bulb since most of them last for 50,000 hours or more. This is roughly equivalent to having them on for 12 hours a day every day for ten years. So there’s a cost-saving right there.
The other advantage, as mentioned above, is that LED lights give out much less heat than any other lighting. With good quality LED lighting, you can even dispense with ventilation and fans (again, more cost-saving).
In summary, good LED lighting will save you a lot on running costs. And if you get the kind with an adjustable colour spectrum, you can really max out your yield. Thus getting bigger plants and greater yields for the same seeds and grow space.
If you’re thinking of using LEDs, do a bit more research to find the best ones for you, bearing in mind that good quality LEDs are pretty pricey. On the other hand, they can give you the best results. For example, Kind LED lightshave now won several awards for their excellent efficiency and performance – more information on them below.
So what is the best lighting for indoor cannabis growing?
If you have the money for the initial outlay, LED lights are generally the most efficient, the most effective, and the cheapest to run.
However, LEDs are the most expensive to buy. So if you don’t have the grand or so it might cost you, CFL lights are the next best choice. They’re the next most efficient to run, in terms of performance, electricity costs and bulb replacements. You can also do a limited bit of colour/spectrum targeting by using red and blue spectrum CFLs.
HID lights are the old standby for indoor growing gardens but due to the advancements in CFLs and LEDs, HIDs are now largely a thing of the past since the high power consumption, high heat generation and general inefficiency no longer makes them a viable option.
Conclusion
In short, if you’re the experimental type who likes to be on the cutting edge of technology, LED lights are the top choice – especially if you’ve got some extra coin to invest.
Otherwise you can’t go wrong with specially designed CFL grow lights. Power consumption and start-up costs are reasonable. Good performance is well documented.
Here are some links to top of the range award-winning LED lights, as well as a cheaper LED light, and some good quality CFL lights. Take your pick!
Selection of CFL grow lights on amazon.co.uk (UK)
click on the image to see specs, prices and availability
125-300W CFL grow lights, around £20 each
Cheap LED grow light – amazon.com (worldwide delivery)
Lighthouse Hydro BlackStar Flowering LED Grow Light, 135-watt, $179.95
(recommended by some growers as a good one to start with if you want to do a very small grow under LED lighting)
Expensive but award-winning LED grow lights – Supercloset.com (worldwide delivery)
Kind LED lights, from $660 – $1895 (about £540 – £1550)
Fully adjustable 12-colour light spectrum, built-in timer, remote control (on some models)
Winner of High Times “Gear of the Year” awards several years running!
(Click on the picture for more information and/or to order.
Or click here to read our review: Best LED grow lights)
A few tips on using CFL grow lights
During the vegetative phase, the plants should be given 16 to 20 hours of light per 24 hours. (This is usually the first two months, depending on the strain.)
Some say you should grow your crop longer before inducing flowering as it results in a better more potent crop. But of course it depends to a degree on the strain. And opinions differ even among growers of the same strains.
The length of the periods of light should be reduced to no more that 12 hours every 24 hours when shifting to flowering period (which will usually last between 8 and 11 weeks depending on strain).
The plants will continue to grow in the flowering phase and can easily double, or even triple in size.
Using UVA and UVB lights for indoor cannabis growing
“The Dutchman” grower is experimenting with using UVA and UVB lights. He claims they are the best lighting for indoor cannabis growing if you want to increase the potency of your crop. For how to do this, watch the video here.
And to get the grow lights he recommends – 4 ft Zoo MedReptiSun 10.0 UVB/UVA Bulbs – click here:
UVA-UVB lights by Zoo Med on amazon.com
UVA-UVB lights by Zoo Med on amazon.co.uk
Good luck with your grow!
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msmarco_doc_00_3573027
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http://11thcavnam.com/
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1966
Welcome Home
1972
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11th Armored Cavalry's Veterans of Vietnam & Cambodia
Together Then - Together Again
You may now find us on at 11thACVVC or Click Here
1966 Welcome Home 1972
EMAIL SCAM, AGAIN
Fellow Troopers, be advised that some of our members have been receiving emails asking for the recipient to send money, and/or checks, or buy gift cards and send images of the bar codes to the person making this fraudulent request. These emails are supposedly coming from me or other members of the 11th ACVVC.
If you receive such an email, do not respond to it. Delete it.
If you are still unsure of the request, call the “sender” and ask them if they sent the money request.
This has happened many times in the past. The scammers get our names and email addresses from our website. We believe you should be able to reach us at any time and if at all possible, we will keep our contact info on the website
MEMORIAL DAY WREATH LAYING AT ‘THE WALL”
On Monday, May 31, 2021 we will resume our semiannual wreath laying at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, aka “the Wall”, located at 5 Henry Bacon Drive NW, Washington, D.C., 20037. We will gather at the statue of the Three Soldiers, approximately 35 yards south of the west end of the Wall. Please plan to arrive there between 10:00 and 10:30 AM. We will chat informally, introduce ourselves and at ~11:00 AM, two of our Troopers will carry the famous and easily recognized Blackhorse wreath to the apex of the Wall.
As of May 1, 2021,the National Park Service requires masks covering the nose and mouth, for anyone in this area. This may change by May 31, but please have a mask with you and wear it unless the Park Service tells you it is not required. Thank you.
Pete Walter, President
11th ACVVC
Next Reunion August 23-30 2021, In Dallas, TX
Blackhorse
New 11th Armored Cavalry Memorial Web Site, Click Here
To Read this issue of Thunder Run Click Here
Current Events
National Vietnam War Veterans Day, March 29
Ronald Reagan gives a shout out to the Legendary 11th Cavalry Regiment
SP4 Leon Lester Woodruff, H Co. 2/11 ACR
SPUR CERTIFICATE
Veterans Day 2020 Really
Officers & About US
Messages
Fiddlers Green
Find An Old Friend
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Quartermasters Store
Scholarship Information
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Reunion Information
Funeral Honor Guard, Please check daily
Members Bulletin Board
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Donate to The
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Click on Links Below
Join the 11ACVVC
Reunion Registration
Quartermaster Store
Donate to The
Scholarship Fund
Donate to The 11th ACVVC General Fund
Donate to The Trooper Assistance Fund
THIS IS THE ONLY OFFICIAL HOMEPAGE OF THE 11TH ARMORED CAVALRY'S VETERANS OF VIETNAM & CAMBODIA
The 11th Armored Cavalry's Veterans of Vietnam & Cambodia was founded in 1984 after 75 names of Blackhorse Troopers were collected in Washington DC at the dedication of the "Three Fighting Men" statue near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
Reunions have been held every year since 1986. Reunion sites have been: Arlington, TX; Washington, DC; Louisville, KY; Minneapolis, MN; Sacramento, CA; Philadelphia, PA; San Antonio, TX; Indianapolis, IN; Colorado Springs, CO; Appleton, WI; Louisville, KY; Las Vegas, NV; New Orleans, LA; San Diego, CA; Buffalo, NY; Ft. Myers, VA; Nashville, TN; Eugene OR; Daytona FL; Colorado Springs, CO; Kansas City, MO; Louisville, KY; Chicago, IL; Santa Clara, CA; Washington, DC; and Saint Louis, MO.; Orlando, FL.; Indianapolis, IN.; Las Vegas, NV.; Columbus, GA.; San Antonio, TX; Orlando, FL.; Grand Rapids, MI.; Las Vegas, NV.; Indianapolis, IN. The 2021 reunion will be held in Dallas, TX. and Birmingham, AL. has been chosen for the 2022 reunion.
We have been able to reunite many of our brothers by keeping a computer master file of everyone we've found by their name, squadron and troop and their dates in-country. We update our rosters continuously to assure they are accurate and complete. We have reunited many buddies this way.
We publish a quarterly newsletter to each member of 11 ACVVC with reunion information, historical stories by our membership and information about our current members and events. Participation in contributing to the contents of the newsletter is encouraged to all.
We provide scholarships to our K.I.A.’s children and grandchildren as well as children and grandchildren of our membership. In the past years we have provided over $1,858,000.00 dollars in college scholarships! This program is one of our most coveted programs helping our children and grandchildren get an education and to become our leaders for the future of our country.
We remember our killed in action who lost their lives in Vietnam and Cambodia each Memorial Day & Veterans Day by placing a wreath at The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.
February 2, 2021 there will be a placing a wreath at The Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers in remembrance of the 120th Anniversary of the 11th US Cavalry.
We continue to search for our brother veterans who served with us in Vietnam and Cambodia through special locators, mailings, handouts, and advertising in veteran newspapers and magazines. Our goal is to find ALL of our former troopers who served with us and to "Reunite The Regiment" again.
We answered our Country's call and served proudly with the best combat unit to have fought in the Vietnam War.
This page is here to serve you! We welcome your suggestions as to page content, look, style, or any comments you may have. If you think we are missing something, tell us! Please Contact us HERE to provide your input. This page is constantly being updated to reflect new information as it becomes available and to make the page truly "your" page. It will always be improving (we hope!) and changing so please come back often.
11thACVVC National Headquarters
P.O. Box 956
Colleyville, TX 76034-0956
"War drew us from our homeland in the
sunlit springtime of our youth.
Those who did not come back alive
remain in perpetual springtime -- forever young --
and a part of us is with them always."
Author Unknown
WEBSITE STAFF
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msmarco_doc_00_3583450
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http://11thcourt.co.trumbull.oh.us/
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Eleventh District Court of Appeals
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Eleventh District Court of Appeals
Eleventh District Court of Appeals
**PLEASE SEE ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR ANY COVID-19 UPDATES**
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Eleventh District Court of Appeals
Eleventh District Court of Appeals
The Eleventh District Court of Appeals is one of twelve appellate districts in the state of Ohio. Our jurisdiction consists of Ashtabula, Geauga, Lake, Portage and Trumbull Counties. Article IV, section 3 of the Ohio Constitution provides the authority for this court to review appeals from Municipal and Common Pleas Courts as well as original actions in Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Procedendo and Quo Warranto.
The Court consists of five judges who are all elected by popular vote, serving terms of six years. Each case on appeal is reviewed by a panel of three judges, one of whom is randomly assigned to write a decision after reviewing the record and the briefs filed in the case. The decision, once released, can be appealed further to the Ohio Supreme Court.
**PLEASE SEE ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR ANY COVID-19 UPDATES**
For General Questions:
Shibani Sheth-Massacci, Court Administrator
Eleventh District Court of Appeals
111 High Street, NE
Warren, OH 44481
(330) 675-6681
Main Phone Number:
(330) 675-2650
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msmarco_doc_00_3590669
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http://11thcourt.co.trumbull.oh.us/ed_cannon.html
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Eleventh District Court of Appeals
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Judge Timothy P. Cannon
Judge Timothy P. Cannon
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Eleventh District Court of Appeals
Judge Timothy P. Cannon
Judge Timothy P. Cannon was appointed to the Eleventh District Court of Appeals in 2007 and was subsequently elected to his first full term in 2008. He was reelected to his second term in 2014. He served as the Eleventh District’s Presiding and Administrative Judge from January 2011 to January 2016.
Judge Cannon received his B.A. from John Carroll University in 1977 and his J.D. in 1980 from Cleveland State University, Cleveland-Marshall College of Law. Upon admission to the Ohio Bar in 1980 (and the Florida Bar in 1982), he became a partner at Cannon, Stern & Aveni Co., L.P.A., a position he retained until his appointment to the Eleventh District.
Judge Cannon has been very active in his hometown of Painesville, Ohio, which is located in Lake County. He was a board member on Lake County’s Board of Education and Joint Vocational School District from 1980-1993, a member of Painesville Township’s Board of Zoning Appeals from 1980-1985, and a member of the township’s Zoning Commission from 1985-1990. He was also the Painesville City Assistant Law Director/Prosecutor from 1989-1992 and a Painesville Township Trustee from 1995-1997.
Judge Cannon also served for many years as Legal Advisor to the Painesville Township Trustees and the Laketran Regional Transit Authority. He is a member of the Lake County Bar Association, of which he was a trustee from 2000-2003 and Chairman of the Litigation Committee from 2005-2007, and is a member of the Bar Associations in Ashtabula, Geauga, Portage, and Trumbull Counties. He has been a member of the Ohio State Bar Association since 1980.
Prior to his appointment at the Eleventh District, Judge Cannon was admitted to practice in the United States District Court Northern District of Ohio in 1982 and the United States Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in 1998. Judge Cannon was appointed by the late Chief Justice Moyer to the Commission on Certification of Attorneys as Specialists. He was appointed to serve as Chair of the newly formed Advisory Committee on Case Management by Chief Justice O’Connor in 2011. He chaired this committee through 2013. In addition, Judge Cannon has lectured on numerous occasions at the new judge orientation for appellate judges.
Judge Cannon has been designated by Chief Justice Moyer, former Chief Justice Brown, and Chief Justice O’Connor to sit by assignment on the Supreme Court of Ohio.
Judge Cannon resides in Painesville, Ohio.
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msmarco_doc_00_3592053
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http://11thlib.com/
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Home of the 11th Light Infantry Brigade
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Swift - True
Task Force Oregon
Website History
A Tribute to Bill Allen
Tommy Skiens
Present Website
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Home of the 11th Light Infantry Brigade
Swift - True
This site is dedicated to the men who served the 11th Light Infantry Brigade.
The 11th LIB was formed as part of the US Army's 6th Division during WWI. Activated November of 1917 its elements at that time were the 51st Infantry Regiment, 52nd Infantry Regiment, 16th Machine-Gun Battalion and the 11th Field Artillery. The 11th LIB was deployed overseas from June of 1918 and returned to the United States in June of 1919. The 11th was deactivated September 30, 1921 at Camp Grant, IL. The 11th LIB was inactive through WWII after the US Army reorganized its Divisions of 2 brigades of 2 regiments into 3 regiments with no brigades.
The 11th Light Infantry Brigade is best known for its service with the 23rd Infantry Division, AMERICAL Division during the Vietnam War from 1967 to 1971. The brigade was organized as a separate Infantry Brigade at Schofield Barracks in Hawaii. It was the first element of the 6th Infantry Division and was scheduled to be activated for deployment to Vietnam. This activation was cancelled by McNamra. The 11th Light Infantry in early 1967, trained extensively in jungle operations in preparation for deployment to Vietnam. To stress realism in the Vietnam-oriented tactical training, the brigade conducted "live-fire' operations in the rugged, thickly-vegetated terrain of the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu. The 11th LIB was deployed during the Vietnam War and served the US Army's 23rd Infantry Division, The AMERICAL Division.
The 3/1 (Always First), 1/20 (Sykes Regulars), 4/3 (The Old Guard) and 4/21 (The Gimlets) infantry Battalions collectively have more Battle streamers, more campaign ribbons, and more years of continuous service than any comparable collection of units in the United States military. The history of these units reads like the battle history of the United States. The Old Guard and Sykes Regulars fought side by side at Gettysburg. More than 100 years later these same storied maneuver Battalions unite as part of the 11th Brigade under the Southern Cross in beautiful Southeast Asia. However, they were not the only units that made up the 11th Light Infantry Brigade. E Troop 1st Cavalry, 6th Battalion 11th Artillery, 6th Support Battalion, 6th Engineer Company, 52nd Military Intelligence detachment, and HHC all were a major contributing factor that formed the 11th Light Infantry Brigade; not to mention the various units while not directly assigned to the 11th LIB were basically support for the 11th LIB.
Task Force Oregon
Source: The Americal Newsletter July - August - September 1995
In February of 1967, General William C. Westmoreland, Commander of U.S. Forces in Vietnam, formed a planning group to organize an Army Task Force to send to the I Corps Area. This planning group, commanded by Major General William B. Rossoni organized a multi-brigade force composed of the 196 Light Infantry Brigade (i.e., the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division: and the 3rd Brigade, 25 Infantry Division, later redesignated the 3rd Brigade, 4rth Infantry Division).
Task Force Oregon became operational on April 20, 1967, when troops from the 196th Brigade landed at the Chu Lai Airstrip and immediately began search operations around the base camp. Soldiers from the 3rd Brigade, 4rth Division started conducting search and destroy operations in Southern Quang Ngai Province, and in May, the 1st B rigade, 101st Airborne paratroopers arrived at Duc Pho and operations in the jungles west of there.
Early operations conducted by Task Force Oregon included Malheur 1 and Malheur 11, Hood River, Benton and Cook. On 11 September, 1967, Operation Wheeler was launched against elements of the 2nd North Vietnamese Division working in the area northwest of Chu Lai.
On 22 September, 1967, Brigadier General Samuel W. Koster assumed command of the task force, replacing Major General Richard T. Knowles, and three days later Task Force Oregon became the Americal Division, composed of the 196th, 198th, and the 11th Light Infantry Brigades, even though the latter two organizations were still training in the United States.
Operation Wheeler continued and on 4 October, 1967, the 3rd Brigade 1st Air Cavalry Division joined the Americal and immediately launched Operation Wallowa in the northern sector of the divisions area of o perations. Operations Wheeler and Wallowa were combined on 11 November and Operation Wheeler/Wallowa was conducted by the 196th Brigade (which replaced the 101st Airbornes 1st Brigade in the Operation Wheeler after that organization departed for the 11 Corps Tactical zone) and the 3rd Brigade, 1st Air Cavalry.
An official change of colors ceremony was held 26 October and the Americal Division became the Seventh Army Division fighting in Vietnam. General Koster received his second star during the same ceremony.
Timeline - Quick View
Arrived Vietnam: 12 April 1967
Departed Vietnam: 22 September 1967 (Replaced by 23rd Infantry Div, Americal)
Location: Chu Lai
Commanders of Task Force Oregon:
Major General William B. Rosson - April 1967
Major General Richard T. Knowles - June 1967
Website History
A Tribute to Bill Allen
Bill Allen saw the need for an 11th LIB web site several years ago. He got the site up and running only to be hassled by a group that called themselves, " Friends of MY LAI." Bill dealt with this battle as best he could. Like he dealt with things that happened during his life. In the end it was exposure to toxic defoliants that claimed him. I did not know Bill personally but I am told he only wanted to build a site so guys could find each other. Nothing is ever so simple. Bill may have known that the pain of the 11th LIB was so great it must be seen for what it is. A calling to forever condemn acts of mass murder. A calling that was begun when mankind first went to war, before Jesus, and will end when war or mankind exists no more.
For his efforts to begin a conversation which must be held, Tommy Skiens offered this tribute.
The following is a post on the old 11th LIB website and this should be posted here as well. RIP Bill Allen.
Dear SSgt., Thanks for your tribute to Bill Allen. We became friends through e-mail and then the phone. The last time I spoke to him he was extremely weak and had open incisions that would not close. I would have loved to help take care of him. He told me that sounded good. I live in Texas and Bill was in Michigan. Within days of that he fell off the screen. No answers to e-mail or phone calls. That was the last I heard. Do you have his date of death or any other info? Bill was so kind to me as I sought information on Cpl. Jerald DeLong, Bravo Company, 1/20th, 11LIB who was KIA 12Oct70 in the Song Ve Valley. When I first e-mail Bill I didn't know much but he helped me find out so many things about Jerry's last hours. Bill was a great man in many ways that I knew even from so great a distance. He had compassion on a middle-aged woman dealing with grief and seeking healing over 30 years later. He even sent me his Americal and 11th LIB patches that he had worn on his uniform. They now are in a display case in honor of Jerry and also, by way of his kindness, in honor of Bill and all the men of the 11th. I loved Jerry very much and still do. I love and care about all of you vets. God bless you with peace.
Marie Gantenbein
Belton, Tx.
Tommy Skiens
After Bill Allen's passing, Tommy Skiens stepped up to the plate to make sure the 11th LIB website lived on. Where would we be without Tommy and his love for the 11th LIB? Thank you Tommy.
Tommy Skiens included more and more information that he thought his 11th LIB brothers would like to see on a website. Fall of 2012 Tommy decided to pass the torch, so that he could devote his attention to his first love, the site Buffgrunt.com.
As of the update of this site, it is undetermined what has become of the buffgrunt.com website. Once information has been obtained it will be posted here.
Again, we thank you Tommy for all your hard work in continuing the 11thlib.com and helping to bring it to where it is today.
Present Website
Donna Barnes (Webmaster) had joined the 11th Light Infantry Brigade Veterans Association Facebook page on her husband's behalf in 2012. Danny Barnes her husband; served Echo Co, 4th/21st, 11th LIB; had been looking for years for anyone that had served with him during his time in Vietnam. Since becoming involved with the Facebook group, Donna decided, with her husband's urging, to take over the 11th LIB website in September 2012 when Tommy Skiens stepped down. The website has evolved and is now a responsive website which may be viewed on smart phones and tablets. The website is continually updated and added to, so we encourage you to visit often.
This site will outline the units of the 11th Light Infantry Brigade, casualties of the entire brigade, as well as by unit, reported by DoD to Coffelt Database. We invite comments and additions. Contact the Webmaster with any information you may have.
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msmarco_doc_00_3594794
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http://11thstreetcowboybar.com/music/johnnybush/index.shtml
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11th Street Cowboy Bar - The Biggest Little Bar In Texas, serving up beer and country western swing music in Bandera, Texas
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11th Street Cowboy Bar - The Biggest Little Bar In Texas, serving up beer and country western swing music in Bandera, Texas
Johnny Bush
Johnny Bush and the Bandoleros perform at the new 11th Street Cowboy Bar stage over Labor Day weekend.
Johnny Bush - A living Country Music legend
If he had done nothing but write honky-tonk standards like "Whiskey River," "Sound of A Heartache" and "When My Conscience Hurts the Most," Johnny Bush's place in the country music pantheon would be secure. If he merely contented himself with singing standard-setting versions of barstool anthems like "Green Snakes On the Ceiling," "There Stands the Glass" and "A Moment Isn't Very Long," Bush could look back on a career well spent. If he hadn't fronted his own acclaimed ensembles, including his groundbreaking Western Swing big band, the Bandoleros, Bush could take justifiable pride in putting the swing into Ray Price's Cherokee Cowboys and Willie Nelson's early group, The Record Men.
In the course of a long and colorful life and career, Johnny Bush has done all of that and more. And in the process, he has met and surmounted a challenge to his life and livelihood that is almost Shakespearean in its diabolical irony.
Now, with the release of a new album, HonkyTonic, Bush demonstrates that, in his fifth decade of performing, his mastery of country music literally spans generations. In addition to his old friend, bandleader and mentor, Willie Nelson and fellow honky-tonker Tommy Alverson, Bush is joined on the album by the cream of Texas' new generation of country-rockers, including Kevin Fowler, Cooder Graw and Stephanie Urbina Jones.
Born John Bush Shinn III in 1935 in the hardscrabble blue-collar neighborhood of Kashmere Gardens in Houston, Texas, Johnny became an early devotee of the Western Swing music of Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys, and the honky-tonk hits of Ernest Tubb, Marty Robbins and Lefty Frizzell.
Thanks to the encouragement of an uncle, Jerry Jericho, who had a radio program on KTHT in Houston, John and his brother made fledgling broadcasts that helped infect John with the performers' virus. It proved to be a lifelong condition.
After a move to San Antonio following his parents' divorce, John—only 17—began to immerse himself in the honky-tonk universe of wine, women and song. He even picked up a residency at a local club, the Texas Star Inn. Thanks to an announcer's trip of the tongue, the new vocalist was introduced one night as "Johnny Bush," and the name stuck.
Bush discovered a natural affinity for the drums, which served him well during his associations with dancehall bands like the Mission City Playboys, the Texas Plainsmen and the Texas Tophands. But when he joined Ray Price's Cherokee Cowboys in 1963, (along with a brash young kid named Willie Nelson), Bush finally became a member of the honky-tonk Dream Team. Price's inimitable voice and his mastery of the Texas shuffle dance beat (his massive hit, "Crazy Arms," is the classic example) made the Cherokee Cowboys the top-shelf country band in the nation. Bush played drums for Price for three years in locales as far-flung as New York and even Paris, getting an invaluable education in country music at the hands of one of its masters.
His association with Price led Bush to Nashville in the mid-60s and he soon got a deal with a song publisher and began singing demos. Soon he had segued from Ray Price's band to Willie Nelson's group. Bush's first recording split his own tune, "Sound of A Heartache" with Willie's "A Moment Isn't Very Long." Nelson was just a blip on the country music radar (he was best known at the time as a songwriter, not a performer), but Bush found him infinitely inspiring and creative. Nelson produced Bush's first album, Sound of A Heartache, in 1967. The friendship and mutual admiration that the two struggling Texans crafted in Nashville endures to this day.
A series of regional hits on the Stop label, including "You Gave Me A Mountain," "Undo the Right," "What A Way To Live" and "I'll Be There," marked the ascent of Bush as a popular performer in his own right. Most of the tunes reached No. 1 in the Texas market, and in the Top 10 or Top 20 nationally.
Sharing bills with Nelson and working on his own, Bush became an assured and charismatic bandleader and performer. In 1969, he was named the Most Promising Male Vocalist in country music by Record World magazine, an extremely prestigious designation.
By 1972, he had achieved many of the goals of any aspiring country musician. He was newly signed to RCA Records, whose Nashville division was headed by the legendary Chet Atkins. His first single for the label, "Whiskey River," was well on its way to becoming the biggest hit of his career. He was headlining in and selling out enormous clubs, like his home base at Dancetown USA in Houston. Then it all came crashing down.
"It was the summer of 1972," Bush related, "and a few months earlier, something strange had happened. I began to experience a tightness in my voice. The high notes—which in the past had come as easily and naturally as breathing—became raspy and strangled. It was as if my throat was being choked off…What I felt was fear."
Though neither he nor the doctors and specialists he consulted for many years were able to diagnose it properly, Bush had become afflicted with a rare condition called spasmodic dysphonia. SD, as it is called, is an unusual neurological disorder in which the vocal cords are affected by uncontrollable spasms.
For the man whom admiring writers had dubbed "The Country Caruso," it was literally his worst nightmare come true. He lost half the range of his singing voice in short order, and could not talk at all. RCA dropped him from its roster in 1974 after three albums. Bush became addicted to Valium and was consumed by performance anxiety when he was able to perform at all. Worst of all, he did not know what was wrong with him.
Finally, in 1978, Johnny was correctly diagnosed with SD. Although his career was struggling by this time, his song “Whiskey River” had already been cut several times by his friend Willie Nelson, and the royalty checks came at a most needed time.
Though Bush's concert bookings dropped sharply and his mood was often bleak, he never stopped performing; he simply developed tricks that would enable him to deliver shows with his limited vocal capacity. And he never stopped looking for a cure for his affliction. His was a courageous battle against an intrusive enemy.
In 1985, with the aid of some radical exercise techniques developed by a speech therapist named Gary Catona, Bush was able to reclaim a large part of his singing range and some limited speech. In 1994, Bush released a big-band Western Swing album entitled Time Changes Everything, recorded at his old friend Willie Nelson's studio outside of Austin. It was the beginning of a career renaissance. Between 1998 and 2001, he released a series of albums, including Talk To My Heart, Lost Highway Saloon, Johnny Bush Sings Bob Wills and Green Snakes for the Lone Star/TMG label out of Austin.
It wasn't until 2002 that a new treatment involving injections of Botox into the vocal cords restored Bush's speech to a near normal pattern. He has, in recent years, come to be a spokesman of sorts for people afflicted with this still-mysterious disorder. Also in 2002, Bush was honored with the Annie Glenn Award (named for the wife of the senator/astronaut John Glenn) by the National Council of Communicative Disorders for his work in bringing attention to the condition of spasmodic dysphonia.
Somewhat to his surprise, the renewed visibility has made him a mentor figure to younger Texas musicians who revered the honky-tonk/hardcore country sound that Bush has helped embody. Austin musicians such as Dale Watson and Cornell Hurd sought Bush out to play on their albums, and his audiences began to swell with fans that weren't even born when "Sound of A Heartache" was a hit. Bush has shared the stage with the cream of the new generation of Texas country artists, including Pat Green and Cross Canadian Ragweed, just to name a few. In 2003, he was inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame; Willie was on hand to do the honors.
Now, with the release of HonkyTonic on the BGM label, the wheel has come full circle. Younger Texas artists such as Kevin Fowler, Stephanie Urbina Jones and Cooder Graw join Bush contemporaries Willie and Tommy Alverson for a jukebox-friendly collection of shuffles, drinking songs, broken-heart ballads and beer joint singalongs—precisely the sort of stuff that Johnny Bush has made his life's work.
He's finished his autobiography, but don't ask him about retiring. "Retire from what? Breathing?" he asks rhetorically. "People only retire from jobs they hate. Performing is not a job—it's what I do and what I love."
Information courtesy of The Official Johnny Bush web site.
Johnny Bush Links
The Official Johnny Bush web site
Celebrate Bandera - Johnny Bush and the Bandoleros
Photos
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msmarco_doc_00_3604100
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http://11thstreetstudios.com/
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11th Street Recording Studios in Atlanta
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Welcome to 11th Street Recording Studios in Atlanta, GA.
Welcome to 11th Street Recording Studios in Atlanta, GA.
SERVICES
High Quality Recording
Professional Mixing
Pristine Mastering
Hit Songwriting
Music Production
Audio Post Production
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11th Street Recording Studios in Atlanta
Welcome to 11th Street Recording Studios in Atlanta, GA.
At 11th Street Recording Studios in Atlanta we push towards giving you the best recording experience with the highest quality outcome.
Audio is our life, music is our passion! Let us help you get that chart-topping sound! Produce your next hit record here!
SERVICES
High Quality Recording
High quailty recording equipment in the hands of knowledgable recording engineers makes a difference and can save you money on the production down the line.
Professional Mixing
Make sure your song reaches its full potential. Let one of our mix engineers ensure your record is professionally mixed to industry standards.
Pristine Mastering
Once your project is mixed, we can also provide mastering services for a competitive final radio-ready product.
Hit Songwriting
Our in-house publishing company 11th Street Music can provide one of our extremely talented songwriters to pen your next single! Or choose from our catalog of exclusive unreleased material.
Music Production
Purchase beats from our 11th Street Music catalog or have one of our talented producers custom make you a beat.
Audio Post Production
Our audio post facility can handle ADR, VO, EDITING, MIXING, and SOUND DESIGN for film & television, trailers, advertisements for radio and television, video games, corporate communications, and podcasts. We also have ISDN, Source-Connect, and surround sound capabilities!
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msmarco_doc_00_3613520
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http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2014/genetically-modified-crops
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Genetically Modified Crops | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
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Genetically Modified Crops
Genetically Modified Crops
Overview
Arguments for GMOs:
GMOs increase crop yields and promote efficient land use.
GMOs reduce the use of synthetic chemical pesticides that are harmful to the environment.
Arguments against GMOs:
GM technology remains underdeveloped and unsuited for the regions that need them most.
Consumption of GMOs may have yet-unknown effects on human health.
The long-term ecological impacts of GMO crops are yet uncertain.
GMOs currently lack sufficient oversight.
Conclusion:
Works cited:
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Genetically Modified Crops | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
Home » Background
Genetically Modified Crops
Overview
For thousands of years, human beings have modified nature's organisms for usage in agriculture. New technology has furthered this trend: recombinant DNA technology allows biotechnology firms to insert DNAs into plant genomes, thereby creating plants that express the desired traits. Use of such genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has prompted controversy, especially for its role in ensuring food security. As such, the use of transgenics merits a serious discussion regarding its relevance to food security.
This piece discusses the purported benefits and costs of utilizing GMOs, as well as the benefits they have brought – saving land, reducing pesticide use, and promising to alleviate third world hunger. Then we provide an in-depth analysis of the health, ecological, and socio-economic impact of transgenic organisms. Our ultimate stance on this issue is to wait for greater availability of biotech organisms unassociated with large agricultural corporations, and for additional scientific data. Any reference to genetically modified (GM) organisms in this piece are exclusively pointed at transgenic organisms. We will also be examining in depth the two most widespread types of transgenic organisms: herbicide-tolerant crops and insecticide-producing plants.
Arguments for GMOs:
GMOs increase crop yields and promote efficient land use.
Food production uses a significant quantity of arable land and natural resources, and GMOs hold promise to alleviate this burden on the Earth. The efficiency of land use is a significant issue: by 2050, the global population is expected to rise above 9 billion, and the existing amount of arable land is expected to decrease significantly due to anthropogenic climate change and urbanization (FAO). If everyone in the world used as much land per person as the average United States citizen, we “would need four Earths” to sustain ourselves (Cribb). The projected population expansion and rise of food consumption per person in China and India makes efficient land use essential to food security in the next 100 years (Cribb). Consequently, conserving land to produce more food is a necessity for any long term plan. Biotechnology firms claim that transgenic crops promise more food with less land. GMO crops have been found to increase yields, with a 10 percent change to a genetically modified herbicide tolerant crop yielding a roughly 1.7 percent increase in productivity (USDA). Biotechnology companies state that such varieties of crops will improve the livelihood of farmers around the world (Cummins).
GMOs reduce the use of synthetic chemical pesticides that are harmful to the environment.
Use of transgenic plants increases yields and decreases the need for pesticide use, thereby preventing significant ecological damage. GM pesticide-producing crops are engineered to produce Bt toxins, a crystal protein naturally synthesized by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that these toxins do not activate in the human gut, and pose no risk to human health (EPA). The endotoxins are insecticidal and exhibit low environmental persistence (meaning they degrade quickly), making them ideal for expression in crops (Sharma, 2010). Although Bt is lethal to many insects, multiple scientific studies have found them to be harmless to wild mammals, birds, pets, and humans; Bt endotoxins may as well be considered “biopesticides” (Sharma, 2010). Herbicide-resistant crops are engineered to be resistant to glyphosate, an herbicide with relatively low toxicity levels, which allows for the spraying of glyphosate on crops to kill weeds. An example of such a plant is the Roundup Ready soybean produced by Monsanto, and the EPA has labeled glyphosate with a “low toxicity” rating (EPA).
The European corn borer, a widespread crop pest, claims 7 percent of the world's corn supply each year. Use of Bt corn has saved US farmers in Iowa and Nebraska alone up to 1.7 billion dollars in fighting this pest over the past 14 years, when compared to non-Bt variants (Hutchinson). Spanish farmers who have implemented Bt maize have found a 10 percent increase in yields, with up to 20 percent increases in borer-infested areas (Europa). Along with increasing yields, Bt crops also decrease pesticide usage. Some estimates indicate that if “50% of maize, oil seed rape, sugar beet, and cotton grown in the EU were GM varieties, pesticide in the EU/year would decrease by 14.5 million kg of formulated product”, and “there would be a reduction of 7.5 million hectares sprayed, which would save 20.5 million liters of diesel and result in a reduction of approximately 73,000 tons of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere” (Phipps). A reduction of 13 million kg of pesticide in the United States has been recorded in soybean and corn fields in between 1997 and 2009, after the introduction of genetically modified crops (Phipps). Pesticide usage is reduced by a projected 2.5 million pounds a year in the US alone due to introduction of Bt crops (USDA). It is projected that the introduction of Bt resistant sugar beet in Europe would decrease pesticide usage in kilograms per year by 2,208 kg and increase yield by 5,050 kg per year (Gianessi). Europe, a place where transgenic plants are marginally utilized, uses roughly 3 kg of pesticide per hectare, compared to the United States' 2.5 (Goodplanet).
Overall, we believe that biotechnology has great potential to bring about many benefits to provide for food security, especially in the third world. These benefits include, but are not limited to, the reduction of crop loss to environmental stress, the prevention of vitamin deficiency through more nutritious crops, the prevention of food spoilage before it is brought to market, the alleviation of soil degradation in the Third World, the potential use in agroforestry systems to create more efficient and non-competitive nitrogen fixers, the potential to synthesize more potent biopesticides for organic farming, the potential to create plants built to bioremediate contaminated soils, and the potential to create plants that thrive in rooftop or vertical farms. However, although promising, agricultural technology has not yet delivered on the aforementioned fronts.
Arguments against GMOs:
GM technology remains underdeveloped and unsuited for the regions that need them most.
One problem with biotechnology is that it is not currently built for poorer regions, as most plants are only engineered for herbicide and pesticide tolerance, with the needs of developed countries in mind (GMF). Biotechnology today is largely driven by agricultural corporations such as Monsanto, whose seeds are expensive to poorer farmers (Ho). But GMOs may increase land productivity in Africa, where 49 percent of soil is heavily degraded (Terrafrica). They could be engineered to endure harsher conditions and be less susceptible to climate changes such as drought, a leading cause of food insecurity in Africa. Certain types of native crops may be engineered to increase yields. This all might be done in the future, but it has not been done yet. Additionally, GMOs still represent too many unknowns to be a solid basis for a plan to benefit third world farmers.
Consumption of GMOs may have yet-unknown effects on human health.
Unknown health consequences are a common objection to GMO organisms. The most condemning research done on such organisms is the work of renowned scientist Arpad Pusztai, who found evidence of intestinal damage caused by genetically modified potatoes (Randerson). His funding was suspended for his publication of preliminary results, and therefore the study was never completed (Randerson). However, numerous later studies found that GM crops that have passed existing safety reviews are not harmful to human health (Academic review, AFNZA).
Many critics are still opposed to GMOs, citing that GM foods are unnatural. On the other hand, “nature does produce GMOs. Swedish researchers discovered an enzyme-producing gene in a meadow grass that naturally crossed into sheep’s fescue about 700,000 years ago.” (Bengtsson, quote from NYT). While conflicting opinions exist within the scientific community, the limited evidence available seems to suggest that existing GMO varieties are not harmful to human health, although further studies are needed to support this claim (Randerson).
The long-term ecological impacts of GMO crops are yet uncertain.
Cross-pollination with the wild type of GM species may lead to genetic contamination of the wild type, which could alter local ecosystems. Genes are difficult to control, and wild types of certain plants have been found to contain transgenic genes. Unapproved genetically engineered grass has been found in Oregon (Pollack). 83 percent of rapeseed varieties in the United States and Canada were found to contain transgenic genes (Pollack). However, cross-pollination can be minimized through measures such as buffer zones between GMO and non-GMO fields, as well as careful field planning (GMO-compass); the problem with cross-pollination may be minimized with proper planning and oversight.
Bt expressed in transgenic organisms is also toxic to a variety of helpful insects, including natural pollinators and pest predators. Monarch butterflies, a chief pollinator in North America, are highly susceptible to Bt poisoning, and will occasionally feed on corn plants (Pimentel).
The introduction of Bt crops has also led to the rise of secondary non-target pests as major scourges. Mealy bugs in India and Pakistan emerged as major pests directly following the introduction of Bt crops in the region. These insects destroyed 50,000 out of 8 million acres of cotton area across Pakistan, and the damage is still increasing. Organic crops have escaped the plague, due to their farmers' use of natural pesticides instead of Bt crops (Ho). Likewise, in China, Mirid bugs, which once did not present a threat to agriculture, have progressively grown in number since the introduction of Bt crops, especially in regions growing Bt cotton (Lu). The decrease in synthetic pesticide use in these regions has contributed to the rise in pests that have never responded to Bt. However, it is possible that integrated management of secondary pests, including techniques that integrate natural predators or parasites, can alleviate the new pestilences (Lu).
Bt crops may still be better than their alternatives in that they represent an overall decrease in ecological damage caused by pesticides. Still, the rise of such insects demonstrates the unknowns involved in shifting over to transgenic crops. Unknown long-term ecological effects make transgenics less palatable, especially in regions with great biodiversity.
The development of herbicide resistant plants has also led to an unexpected increase in the resilience of weeds, which threatens to create a cycle of dependence. The introduction of such herbicide tolerant plants at first decreased herbicide use, but afterwards increased its usage and scope. Weeds have become more and more resistant to herbicides, prompting farmers to use a wider variety and larger quantity of them (Lim). While pesticide use dropped from 22,454 lbs to 15,618 lbs from 2003 to 2008, at a rate of 7000 lbs per acre per year, herbicide use increased from 278,514,000 lbs to 330,422,709 lbs (Cherry). Thus, the sum of herbicide and pesticide usage per hectare in the United States increased 10 percent since 2003 (Cherry). Insects exhibiting Bt resistance have also been documented in the United States, but the scope of such resistance in insects can be minimized by the planting of non-Bt crops near Bt ones (“Pesticide Resistance”, Physorg).
GMOs currently lack sufficient oversight.
Six unapproved GMO types have been found in livestock feed (Melvin). Censoring of scientists such as Pustzai has also generated controversy on the validity of GMO studies (Randerson). All GM crops should undergo safety screening in order to minimize health consequences, environmental pollution, and ecological imbalance (FAO).
The influence of agricultural corporate giants on the availability of GM seeds may lead to farmer exploitation.
Transgenics are expensive, and controlled by corporate agricultural giants. Since alleviating poverty primarily concerns helping poor farmers, pushing them into a cycle of debt to foreign agricultural giants is perilous to food security. In Monsanto vs Schmeiser, Monsanto was guaranteed intellectual property rights over the Roundup Ready soybean seed; the precedent may allow private companies like Monsanto to to exploit farmers. Herein lies our greatest objection to using GM crops: until “fit-for-the-purpose” transgenic seeds are available for distribution to farmers without threatening them with a cycle of debt, transgenic seeds represent a step away from greater food security in the Third World.
However, if a rigorously tested and reliable source of transgenic seeds is found that does not require dependence on large agricultural firms, will permit the farmers' traditional practice of saving their seeds, and is approved by the local government, we are open to providing farmers with the seeds under the condition that existing non-transgenic seeds be saved in a food bank and still be available to local farmers.
Conclusion:
Other technologies available have fewer scientific unknowns, less possibility of forming cycles of farmer debt, and have led to equally significant reductions in hunger. Integrated pest management, organic farming, and other improved farming practices may increase yields just as effectively as would introducing transgenic organisms. As such, we will not promote their widespread use until more research has been done on long term health effects, GMO seeds are available outside of corporate agriculture control, the biological effects of gene insertion are better understood, and research confirms that the presence of GMOs will not harm the native species in an ecosystem.
Works cited:
Cherry, B. (Janurary 18, 2010). GM Crops Increase Herbicide Use in the United States. Institute of Science and Technology. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from http://www.i-sis.org.uk/GMcropsIncreasedHerbicide.php.
Prakash, C.S. (2005). Benefits of Biotechnology in Developing Countries. AgBioWorld. Retrieved November 10, 2010, http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech-info/topics/dev-world/benefits.html
Cummins, Ronnie. (May 24, 2010). Monsanto's poison pills for Haiti. The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ronnie-cummins/monsantos-poison-pills-fo_b_587340.html
Hajaij, Myriam et al. (2005). Low Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis Serovar israelensis Spores in Four Mosquito Biotopes of a Salt Marsh in Southern France. Microbial Ecology. 50 (4). 475-487. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25153272
Sharma, Shikha. (November 14, 2010). Insect Resistance: Current Perspectives in Research. Biotech Article s. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.biotecharticles.com/Biotech-Research-Article/Insect-Resistance-Current-Perspectives-in-Research-481.html
Randerson, James. (Janurary 15, 2008). Arpad Pusztai: Biological Divide. guardian.co.uk. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/jan/15/academicexperts.highereducationprofile
Ermakova, Dr. Irina. (January 24, 2006). Study: GM Soy Dangerous for Newborns?. GMO Compass. Retrieved November 6, 2010, from http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/news/stories/195.study_gm_soy_dangerous_newborns.html
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxins encapsulated in killed Pseudomonas fluorescens (006409, 006410, 006457, 006462) Fact Sheet. Pesticides: Regulating Pesticides. Retrieved November 11, 2010, from http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_006409.htm
Food and Agricultural Organization. Climate Change, Biofuels, and Land. Land Infosheet. Retrieved November 12, 2010, from ftp://ftp.fao.org/nr/HLCinfo/Land-Infosheet-En.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture. (2010, July 1). Agricultural Biotechnology: Adoption of Biotechnology and its Production Impacts. Retrieved November 15, 2010, from http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/biotechnology/chapter1.htm
University of Arizona. (2008, February 7). First documented case of pest resistance to biotech cotton. Physorg. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from http://www.physorg.com/news121614449.html
Cribb, Julian. (2010). The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It. Los Angeles: University Of California Press.
Phipps, R. H., Park, J. R. (2002). Environmental benefits of genetically modified crops: Global and European perspectives on their ability to reduce pesticide use. Journal of Animal andFeed Sciences. p 1-18.
Melvin, Jasmin. (2008, December 5). Increased Oversight of GMO Crops Needed: Government. Reuters. Retrieved November 11, 2010, from http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE4B504R20081206
Pimentel, David., Raven, Peter. (2000, July 18). Bt Corn Pollen Impacts on Nontarget Lepidoptera: Assessment of Effects in Nature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (15). p 8198-8199.
European Corn Borer. (2006). Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.ent.iastate.edu/pest/cornborer/insect
EuropaBio. (2008). Socio-economic Impacts of Green Biotechnology. Retrieved November 12, 2010, from http://www.europabio.org/positions/GBE/PP_080110-Socio-economic-impacts-of-GM-Crops-GMO.pdf
Hutchinson, W. D. et al. (2010, October 8). Areawide Suppression of European Corn Borer with Bt Maize Reaps Savings to Non-Bt Maize Growers. Science. 330 (6001). p 222-225
GMO Compass. (2006, December 21). Coexistence in Agriculture: Minimising Pollen Traffic . Retrieved November 14, 2010, from http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/regulation/coexistence/134.coexistence_agriculture_minimising_cross_pollination.html
Institute of Science in Society. (2010, November 1). Mealy Bug Plagues Bt Cotton in India and Pakistan. Retrieved November 14, 2010, from http://www.i-sis.org.uk/mealybugPlaguesBtCotton.php
Xia, Bing et al. (2010, May 13). Mirid Bug Outbreaks in Multiple Crops Correlated with Wide-Scale Adoption of Bt Cotton in China. Science. 328. p 1151-1154. DOI: 10.1126/science.1187881
Regulating GMOs in developing and transition countries. (2003, April 28). Retrieved December 1, 2010, from http://www.fao.org/biotech/C9doc.htm
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msmarco_doc_00_3615490
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http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2014/problems/inadequate-food-distribution-systems
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Inadequate Food Distribution Systems | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
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Inadequate Food Distribution Systems
Associated solutions:
Food For Work & Cash For Work
Roads in South Asia and South-East Asia
Works cited:
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Inadequate Food Distribution Systems | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
Home » Problems
Inadequate Food Distribution Systems
Enough food is produced worldwide to feed all the people in the world (Leathers, p. 133). However, despite this alarming truth, nearly 1 billion people are suffering from chronic hunger today. There are a wide range of factors that contribute to this problem, but perhaps one of the most significant is poor food distribution.
Figure 1. Amount of Food Produced, How Used and How Much Received. The amount of food calories being produced fulfills and exceeds the minimum amount needed per person. However, because of waste and loss, the amount of food calories available for consumption falls short of that minimum.
Data is from Saving Water: From Field to Fork Curbing Losses and Wastage in the Food Chain by Stockholm International Water Institute (2008), retrieved on Nov 29th 2010 from http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Papers/Paper_13_Field_to_Fork.pdf.
The goal of food distribution is not only to connect the producers, such as farmers and fishermen, to consumers, but also to allocate the food accordingly. Challenges arise in deciding how the food will be distributed among the people, who has the power of distribution, and what methods should be used for distribution. The establishment of markets in which producers directly sell their food to consumers is the most traditional method of distribution. However, due to many cases of inefficiency, food is usually transported to a central location and then distributed to outer cities and villages.
Retrieved November 2010 from: http://viewology.net/thai-hat-yai-klonghae-floating-market-pictures/622/)
Consumers have difficulty purchasing food because of their inability to access markets and/or their inability to afford the costs. On the other end, farmers cannot sell their produce for the similar reasons. Therefore, the main problems with the current distribution system are the lack of markets, the inadequacy of transportation to markets, and the inability to afford the costs of production and consumption.
In our current system of food distribution, the number of markets and ways to access those markets is inadequate. About 16% of the rural populations in developing countries lack convenient access to a market, which typically causes farmers not to sell their crops. In fact, it is estimated that at most 40% of the any crop is marketed and only one-third of farmers sell to markets (World Hunger Series). To increase both farmers’ and consumers’ access to markets, we developed the concept of Mobile Markets, a market on a locomotive that will travel between various rural areas and cities.
In developing nations, transportation is often very limited. There are few high quality roads or railways to transport goods and people to the centralized markets. Transportation routes are expensive and almost exclusively require public funding and public maintenance. Poorly maintained roads are a huge problem in many regions, particularly in rural Africa where the poor roads make an area inaccessible and delay any movement of goods. One issue with transportation is the extremely variable geography and climate in each region. Each type of transportation is more effective in certain areas than in others, so solutions must be formed on a local level by critically examining the geography as well as the available resources of the regions. Some solutions for increasing access to transportation are the Roads in South Asia and South-East Asia and Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa plans.
(Retrieved November 2010 from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/gbaku/2401983354/sizes/o/in/photostream/)
Another major problem that needs to be addressed is the extent of waste that occurs post-harvest and during transport. Most of the produce is very perishable: it is susceptible to bacteria, insects, and fungus that rot the food and contaminate it with disease, rendering the food inedible. It is estimated that 25%-50% of all food produced is wasted. In India about 7% annually of grain and 30% of fruit and vegetables produced are wasted due to lack of proper storage systems (Murthy, 2010). Because of the volume of wasted food, a shortage occurs. This shortage severely increases the prices for the consumers, but does not increase the income of farmers that originally sell the crop. Therefore, the incomes of the producers are either stagnant or decreasing, perpetuating the poverty and hunger cycles. To reduce this waste, we propose a solution to increase the storage and the shelf life of the foods as outlined in our Food Storage System .
Even with full access to markets, many people cannot buy food because they cannot afford the costs. Consumers cannot purchase enough food to feed themselves and their families due to the lack of purchasing power and low incomes. Many farmers fail to generate an adequate return on their crops, meaning they are unable to earn a sustainable income to pay off their investments. In developed nations, the governments often heavily subsidize the agricultural industry to make it economically viable. However, because of the heavier budget constraints on developing countries, they fail to alleviate this production burden. Therefore, even with a large production of food, rampant hunger still exists because of the inability to purchase it. Our solution to these problems is in the Crop Subsidies page.
Retrieved November 2010 from: http://www.flickr.com/photos/1sock/190287330/in/photostream/)
There is a huge disparity in the world between people with adequate food and those starving or malnourished. We are striving to close this gap and allow everyone to have access to high-quality food in the proper amounts. The root causes of poor distribution include the lack of infrastructure such as markets and transportation routes, unsustainable prices driven by corruption and waste, inefficiency in markets, and poverty. Our solutions focus on reducing these factors to create a world in which all have access to food at affordable prices.
Associated solutions:
Food For Work & Cash For Work
Food Storage System: Solar Dryers & Metal Silos
Roads in South Asia and South-East Asia
Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa
Works cited:
World Food Programme. (2009). World Hunger Series Hunger and Markets. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.donorplatform.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid,1477/Itemid,98/
Murthy, R. (2010, July 21). India outsources food-waste woes. Asia Times. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/LG21Df01.html
Leathers, H., & Foster, P. (2009). The world food problem: toward ending undernutrition in the third world. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.
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msmarco_doc_00_3635112
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http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2014/solutions/desert-agriculture-and-agroforestry
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Desert Agriculture and Agroforestry | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
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Desert Agriculture and Agroforestry
Desert Agriculture and Agroforestry
Region-specific Agriculture
Case Study: Africa
Implementation
The Limits of Region-Specific Agriculture and Agroforestry
Economics and Funding
Timescale
Unresolved Issues
Works cited:
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Desert Agriculture and Agroforestry | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
Home » Solutions » Sustainable Agriculture
Desert Agriculture and Agroforestry
In order to improve food security, arid regions should establish desert agriculture and desert agroforestry as their mainstream agricultural technique. Such regions include Africa, the Middle East, and Australia.
Desert agriculture is the farming of crops well-suited for arid conditions, such as sorghum. Desert agroforestry is the growing of crops with the environmental support of trees in desert or arid areas.
By incorporating these two agricultural techniques,countries should expect two results. One is the increase in food in desert regions due to the successful growth of specific crops that are well-suited to the dry and hot environment. Other crops would require many more resources and much more maintenance in order to just survive in such a climate. The other is the prevention of desertification, which is defined by “Desertification” (2006) as the destruction of animal and plant life in arid areas due to human actions, by the active revegetation of arid lands.
Region-specific Agriculture
According to Markwei, Ndlovu, Robinson, and Shah (2010), “A broader perspective [to reducing hunger in Africa] encompasses an integrated agricultural commodity value chain from production through to processing and marketing with a local and regional perspective. It accounts for the multiple functions of agriculture that include the improvement of livelihoods, the enhancement of environmental services, the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, and the contribution of agriculture to the maintenance of social and cultural traditions” (p. 7).
The proposed solution goes hand in hand with this quote.
A comparison of corn grown with fertilizer (right) and corn grown without it (left) in Malawi. The fertilizer requires annual reapplication, and is still pricey for farmers despite subsidization. Source: Duffell, 2007
Currently, several countries of arid climates support the growth of maize despite its need for water and irrigation. But as realized in Kenya, the increasingly arid land is unable to support maize crops (Mbogo, 2010). This proves that while maize is an internationally important grain, and is successfully grown in many areas, it is not the most suitable crop for Africa. By growing crops suitable for arid climates, not only will more water be available for other purposes, but less intensive and more sustainable and organic farming will be possible. Specific species, particularly those suitable for Africa, for not only agriculture but also agroforestry are described a bit later in the page.
Also, growing plants and crops in desert areas will help prevent desertification, which is a problem many countries are facing. According to “Desertification” (2006), one way to prevent desertification is by preventing soil erosion, which planting vegetation will do. Moreover, since plants native to arid climates will be planted, the plants will be low maintenance and will thrive, as proven by their natural existence in the climates today. (Mnzava, 1985)
Case Study: Africa
The following is a list of plant species that can play a vital role in the proposed solution for Africa, and other arid regions after taking cultural and environmental factors, as explained later, into account. Several are particularly attractive because of their ability to fix nitrogen, which is the process of putting nitrogen, a valuable element for plant growth, back into the soil. Putting nitrogen and other nutrients back into the soil provides food for growing vegetation, and can potentially reverse desertification by reviving the soil (“Desertification,” 2006).
Dregne (1976) lists several plants that live in but are not limited to the arid regions if Africa (p.56). The list includes:
Acacia
Figure 1. Distribution of acacia in terms of maps. Source: Australian National Botanic Gardens [ANBC], 2010
(Left) Figure 2. Distribution of Acacia dealbata in Europe (as an alien species) Source: Marchante, 2006
(Right) Figure 3. Distribution of acacia aneura in Australia. Source: Nix & Austin, 1973
In addition to having medicinal uses, wood suitable for construction material and fuel, and edible products for humans and animals, widespread (as seen by the above figures) acacia trees provide environmental benefits too (World Agricultural Centre [ICRAF], 2009). It serves as a wind breaker and prevents soil erosion; but most importantly it is a great source of nitrogen (ICRAF, 2009).
In a study with Acacia dealbata, the trees, planted at 2500 stems per hectare (stems/ha) were able to generate about 50 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare (kg/ha)—40 kg/ha was in the soil, and 10kg/ha was in its vegetation in one year (May & Atwill, 2003). A part of the study was performed in a region that was slashed and burned, so nitrogen fixation was greater there because of the nutrient-rich ash (May & Atwill, 2003). However, it is not advisable to perform such agricultural techniques because it was calculated for the acacia trees to take 9 years to replenish the nitrogen that was lost (May & Atwill). What makes several, if not most species of acacia trees particularly interesting is “reverse leaf phenology” (Heimbuch, 2009). Reverse leaf phenology makes the tree shed its nitrogen-rich acacia leaves at the start of the rainy season, which creates high quality, nutrient-filled soil (Heimbuch, 2009). As recorded by Boffa, reverse leaf phenology and nitrogen fixation of Faidherbia albida (F.albida) acacia trees yield about a 30% to 150% increase in nitrogen content depending on the environment (Boffa, 1999).
Table 1. Improvement (%) of soil nutrient content under Faidherbia albida canopies compared to controls
Source
Carbon
Total N
Avg P
Exch. K
Ca
Mg
Na
Charreau & Vidal
62
94
134
43
100
78
33
Dancette & Poulain
37
33
32
43
Jung 1966
100
100
Jung 1969
156
57
45
270
53
Olivier et al 1996
11-86
15-107
18-36
70-115
2-47
0-33
Seyler 1993
38 (organic matter)
60
60
113
28
36
Source: Boffa, 1999, Biophysical Factors in Parkland Management: Parkland tree species
Planting crops alongside the trees is also attractive because the leaves fall at the same time as when farmers plant seeds, which is at the beginning of the rainy season, and nitrogen and other nutrients are released when the growing crops need them most (Hines & Eckman). The crops and trees also do not compete for sunlight because the trees have shed their leaves, and F. albida trees also provide little competition for water resources, even when planted at 4 by 4 meters away from each other (Boffa, 1999). According to Roupsard, Ferhi, Granier, Pallo, Depommier, Mallet, Joly, and Dreyer (1999), the trees only use less than 5% of annual rainfall. In Malawi, growing maize alongside these trees increased yields by 280% (Heimbuch, 2009). The corn and trees do not compete for sunlight because the corn grows when the leaves of the acacia tree are gone, and the leaves fall coincidentally at the same time as when farmers plant their seeds (Heimbuch, 2009). Yields for other crops grown with F. albida trees are shown on this table (Boffa, 1999).
Table 2. Crop yields under and outside Faidherbia albida canopies
Crop
grain yield (kg/ha)
biomass yield (kg/ha)
Source
outside
under
difference (%)
outside
under
difference (%)
Millet
660
1669
153
Charreau & Vidal (1965)
Millet
645
1044
62
Louppe et al (1996)
Millet
1008
1506
49
Maiga, in Kessler (1992)
Sorghum
457
934
104
5480
10490
100
Dancette & Poulain (1969)
Sorghum, fertilizer
1340
1388
3
15870
18140
14
Dancette & Poulain (1969)
Sorghum
1570
2130
36
Poschen (1986)
Sorghum
197
529
169
1538
2607
70
Depommier et al (1992)
Sorghum
889
937
5
Maiga, in Kessler (1992)
Maize (local)
42-272
Saka et al. (1994)
Maize (hybrid)
76-78
Saka et al. (1994)
Maize
1920
3390
76
53 g/pl.
66 g/pl.
24
Poschen (1986)
Maize
27
22
Depommier et al (1996a)
Groundnut
1181
1052
-11
990
1382
40
Louppe et al (1996)
Groundnut, manure
1289
992
-23
1492
1459
-2
Louppe et al (1996)
Groundnut
810
1108
37
860
1266
47
Dancette & Poulain (1966), in CTFT (1988)
Groundnut, fertilizer
954
1136
19
1091
1386
27
Dancette & Poulain (1996), in CTFT (1988)
Source: Boffa, 1999, Biophysical Factors in Parkland Management: Influence of trees on mineral content of understoery plants
Note that key to reverse leaf phenology is letting the acacia trees grow naturally, which includes not pruning them (Boffa, 1999).
As cited by Heimbuch (2009), Dennis Garrity, Director General of the World Agroforestry Centre, says, “Growing the right tree in the right place on farms in sub-Saharan Africa-and worldwide- has the potential to slow climate change, feed more people, and protect the environment. This tree, as a source of free, organic nitrogen, is an example of that. There are many other examples of solutions to African farming that exist here already.”
While most scientists are attracted to F. albida in sub-Saharan Africa, the same idea is applicable in many other areas with other types of acacia. For example, one study, performed in Blue Nile Sudan, showed that Acacia senegal under different climates perform similarly in terms of nitrogen fixing, and that in turn increases with the age of the tree (Raddad, Salih, Fadl, Kaarakka & Luukkanen, 2005). And within the research mentioned up to this point, three different species have been evaluated, and all had nitrogen fixing properties. Boffa (1999) agrees, saying, “Nutrient enrichment under other parkland trees may be less remarkable than for F. albida but is also common” (Parkland Tree Species).
Figure 4. Map of distribution of Faidherbia albida in Africa. Source: Boffa, 1999, Agroforestry Parkland Systems
Such a project to integrate acacias into agriculture already exists. The Maradi Integrated Development Project (MIDP), having successfully developed sustainable agriculture for twenty years, encourages Niger to use agroforestry (with Australian acacias) as a sustainable farming technique (“Austrailian Acacias,” 2008).
Adansonia
While Adansonia, commonly known as baobabs, do not necessarily have nitrogen fixing properties, African natives are able to utilize almost every part of the tree for food or other commodities (Mnzava, 1985). Most species exist in Madagascar, but the Adansonia digitata grows throughout Africa, even though it is only indigenous to the southern area, because it was spread by natives (Le Jardin Naturel, n.d.). Baobabs are able to survive in several areas, particularly arid regions because their massive trunks store a significant amount of water (“Adansonaia,” n.d.). A. digitata even appears to be a halophyte, since it has been seen growing in salt plains (Oxford, n.d.).
Figure 5. Distribution of A. digitata. Varying dot shades are from different sources, documented on the original website. Notice the dots in Yemen. Source: Boffa, 1999, Agroforestry Parkland Systems: Other important parkland species
Balanites
Balaniteaegyptica, native to Africa and Middle East, is another species native to Africa that fixes nitrogen (Hines & Eckman, 1993). It also has many uses for feed and fuel, and is an edible, but bitter, vegetable (ICRAF, n.d.c).
(Right) Figure 6. Distribution of Balanites aegyptiaca. Source: Boffa, 1999, Agroforestry Parkland Systems: Other Important Parkland Species
Capparis
Several Capparis species, including C. decidua and C. tomentosa, provide a source of fruit and fodder (ICRAF, n.d.b; ICRAF, n.d.c)
Sorghum
Sorghum is particularly important for Africa because it is one of the most drought-tolerant grain crops currently being cultivated (U.S. Grain council, 2010). But, sorghum is also able to grow in temperate or tropical regions, in salty or waterlogged soil (NAS, 1996, p. 127). As one of the most efficient plants photosynthetically, sorghum provides the most calories per unit of mechanical energy spent. Internationally, sorghum is already is an important grain that is rich in antioxidants and is gluten-free, and is most likely going to become even more important in the coming years (U.S. Grain Council, 2010). Not only can sorghum be consumed, but it can also be used for forage, construction materials, agricultural purposes, and commercial products (NAS, 1996, p. 128).
Eragrostis
Eragrostis tef is a high quality, drought resistant grain, grown mostly in Ethiopia despite being suitable for many other arid regions and being able to grow under yearly variable conditions (National Academy of Sciences [NAS], 1996, p.218). As shown by Ethiopia’s 0.9 million tons of grain grown, or a fourth of the country’s cereal production, the crop is quite successful (NAS, 1996, p.215) However, growing E. tef requires hard labor; agricultural techniques are not well developed and thus far requires complicated cultural practices (NAS, 1996, p. 218).
Many other species of trees and plants might not provide food, but can be valuable in other respects, such as for medicinal purposes, fodder, and materials that can be used to make other commercial commodities.
This list of particular species that can be used in desert agriculture or desert agroforestry does not only pertain to Africa. For example, Australia and Africa have very similar climates and share similar vegetation--Australia has its own native acacias and baobab, and as mentioned above, some of Australia’s acacias are being used to help Africa (“Austrailian Acacis,” 2008; 20). Astrebla, a drought tolerant grass and important source of feed during dry seasons, is another example, as it is native to Australia, but also suitable for Africa’s climate (Cook et al, 2005).
Figure 7. This map shows where Astrebla spp. is suitable in Africa. Source: Cook et al, 2005
Implementation
Implementation will come from two directions. One direction starts with convincing participating governments that using region-specific crops for agriculture and incorporating agroforestry will be economically advantageous for the largest number of people. The key is that the plants grown will be agriculturally important and feed people, unlike the plants foresters in Senegal introduced, like the non-native eucalyptus and pine trees, which can only be used as firewood and support no other life (Mnzava, 1985). Eucalyptus trees in particular grow extremely fast, making it advantageous for foresters to grow, but they provide nothing for people other than foresters and their livestock (Mnzava, 1985). To counter situations like this, education of and agreements by the governments and their people, in addition to economic motivation and political coercion, is required in order for regions to implement changes to their agriculture.
The government in turn should provide seeds for the native plants, and make it economically advantageous to use native plants as crops.
Farmers who need to change crops will also have to be convinced that the new crops will be profitable due to the fact that they can handle arid conditions better. They will have to phase out their old crops and begin planting the new ones, eventually to produce as much or more than what they originally were. Researchers, teachers, and farmers will need to work together in order to develop and implement the most optimal sustainable methods of growing crops.
The other direction starts at the villages rather than through the government. Often times, more rural communities better understand their own needs and their region’s ecosystem because they rely heavily on it. For example, in Senegal, farmers do not cut down baobab trees because they understand its importance in their lives (Mnzava, 1985). They also appreciate nitrogen fixing trees, despite not knowing anything about nitrogen fixation (Mnzava, 1985). By directly giving villagers seeds for their native trees, reforestation would be much more successful, and the villagers would have more sources of food.
According to the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (1998), a workshop on agroforestry was held at Kenya in 1995 to try to come up with a collaborative model for it. Farmers suggested that the beginnings of agroforestry start as several group nurseries, which could communicate with each other for help, support, and education (IDRC, 1998). The farmers knew that they would need more training and education in order to run the nurseries (IDRC, 1998). Everyone who attended the workshop agreed that there needed to be an “agroforestry forum” that would promote agroforestry techniques, an “agroforestry resource center” to support agroforestry development efforts, which would include native farmer groups, and a tree-seed bank in each district to facilitate agroforestry development (IDRC, 1998).
As a branch off of what the farmers suggested, a “local technology group” will also be developed. The purpose of this group is for farmers and local researchers to develop and provide simple, efficient technologies and techniques that would improve farming efficiencies and production (Gurnitz, 2010). Such techniques could be the optimal spacing of trees that should be used derived by researchers, or the planting of trees in pits to help revive degraded soils as discovered by farmers (Farm Radio International, 2003). The local technology group will disseminate the helpful information and considerably improve crop production.
Figure 8. Diagram of suggested organization of groups to implement desert agroforestry and agriculture in villages, adapted from the ideas resulting from the workshop in Kenya in 1998.
There also currently are several projects between banks and non-profit organizations to support farmers. One project, supported by Africa Harvest and Equity Bank, will help 10,000 Kenyan farmers switch from growing corn to growing sorghum (Mbogo, 2010). Equity Bank offers low interest loans for farmers to buy seed and other farming necessities, and Africa Harvest ensures quality yields by offering technical support (Mbogo, 2010). Other projects, like the Coca Cola Project, are investing in 50,000 Kenyan and Ugandan small farmers for their crop yields (Mbogo, 2010).
Similar programs focusing more on the spread of desert agroforestry and desert agriculture will help implement the solution to feed people in arid countries.
The Limits of Region-Specific Agriculture and Agroforestry
This plan primarily targets regions that suffer from extremely arid, arid, or semi-arid conditions. These regions would be defined by the Thornthwaite moisture index that depends not only on precipitation, but other conditions such as topographical distance from a water source (Dregne, 1976, p.5, 7).
Figure 8. A map of arid regions in the world. Source: modified from Meigs, 1953, by Dregne, 1976, p.6
However, the planting of these species should not infringe on other ecosystems that exist with minimal human interaction. For example, savannahs should remain savannahs and support their ecosystems. Where people already are farming, and where civilizations already exist, are suitable places for planting more trees.
This plan of implementing agroforestry and more suitable crops for agriculture can also be extended to any place undergoing desertification or soil degradation. However, only certain species should be planted, depending on the region they are being planted in. Most native plants are suitable, while the effects of introduced species need to be analyzed beforehand, or evaluated in a small area where it will not do too much damage. The plants grown should not be high maintenance or require many resources. Instead, they should provide nutrients for the soil, particularly nitrogen, and provide food. At best, they would support biodiversity, fix nitrogen, and provide food.
Economics and Funding
Governments will have an incentive to fund new agriculture and agroforestry since it will increase agricultural production and reduce hunger. The international market for several African crops, like tef, is increasing, too (NAS, 1996, p.217). Aid will come from charities, volunteer groups, and concerned organizations (for instance, the Rockefeller Foundation).
Some organizations we would work with include the aforementioned Rockefeller Foundation, the US Agency for International Development, Winrock International, and the Partnership to Cut Hunger and Poverty in Africa are possible organizations who will help implement this plan. Implementing agroforestry, especially with acacia trees, is supported by the World Agroforestry Center (Heimbuch, 2009). Many other organizations and smaller volunteer groups would be willing to work with the implementation of the plan by helping plant trees or other vegetation, since the work would be a direct help to the environment with tangible results.
Overall, the implementation of this project should not be unreasonably expensive, especially if funded by large corporations, as some were in Kenya (Mbogo, 2010). In models where the government or non-profit organizations provide free distribution of seeds, some cost must be anticipated for providing seeds, providing education of optimal agricultural techniques, and starting groups or foundations dedicated to desert agriculture and agroforestry. On the bright side, particularly since native plants are being introduced, many seeds should already be available to the people and fairly inexpensive. Also, many countries already practice seed distribution. Unfortunately, in some cases, like in Tanzania, according to Mnzava (1985), some villagers are given seeds for trees that are not helpful in producing food for them or their animals. So, if they were actually given seeds for desert agriculture, the villagers’ situation would have food to eat and to sell.
A eucalyptus forest, which has clearly been planted. While this particular forest might not have been a result of government seed distribution to the villagers, there is a large amount of seeds being bought and planted. Also note how it is a barren forest. Source: Lang, 2004b
In Peshawar, Pakistan, the government gave 1450 farmers a 50kg bag of wheat seeds, a 50kg bag of fertilizer, and a 50kg bag of assorted vegetable seed, funded by the European Union to help them recover from the recent flood that destroyed their crops (“Government distributes,” 2010; “EU Firm,” 2010). If similar numbers were used for this project, each farmer will receive a bag of roughly 100kg of an assortment of seeds, depending on what they are planning to grow and the mass of each seed. They will need only minimal amounts of fertilizer, if any, because the plants they should be growing are well suited to the current soil and climate. We can project that a 100kg bag of seeds will cost about $100 per farmer. The cost of one kilogram of acacia seeds is 40 US cents (“Australian Acacias,” 2003). Moreover, acacia seeds are easy to harvest, nutritious (“Australian Acacias”, 2003). One report states that the seeds are produced at about 10kg per tree (Harwood, Rinaudo, & Adewusi, 1999).
However, scientific research to better understand the impact of a species in a region, and scientific research in the proposed agricultural technology groups to develop and implement better agricultural techniques will require monetary funding.
Timescale
Developing agroforestry and agriculture will take about 1 to 5 years to start for each region, but will develop infinitely. The implementation time depends on the education of the farmers and government, the development of groups to promote, develop, and help out with desert agriculture and agroforestry, and the amount of time it will take to phase out old crops and grow trees. After implementation, research will continue to evaluate which plant species should be used in each region’s agroforestry and agriculture and develop more efficient and sustainable agricultural techniques. Long term effects, including a better environment overall, most certainly will appear.
Unresolved Issues
While analyzing the traits of certain plants is relatively straight forward, deciding which vegetation should be used to implement desert agriculture and agroforestry and which vegetation should not be is much more difficult.
Some native plants might be more harmful than beneficial to an ecosystem. For example, tamarix trees of North Africa seem detrimental to the environment, since they are salty, water draining trees. However, tamarix are native African trees but only do not compete for water resources with acacia trees because they are distributed so far away from each other (Sher, Wiegand, Ward). In the Americas, tamarix are known weeds that can thrive in a wide range of areas and drain a lot of water (“Non-native”, n.d.). A decision about invasive, though perhaps native plant species needs to be made. A one by one analysis on each species is needed, because, despite being generalized under the same category, each species is different.
Whether or not to introduce non-native crops is also under debate. As mentioned above, several grains easily found in Africa could be introduced to the Middle East or Australia, or vice versa. But the effects the introduced grains will have on the ecosystems there are unknown. One seemingly positive example is given by “Australian acacias” (2008), where Australian acacias are incorporated into Kenyan crops.
However, an example of a debatably negative exotic crop in Africa is the introduced eucalyptus tree. Current research shows that eucalyptus trees, commonly known as “water guzzler,” use up a lot of water when planted near water beds, and can severely drain the water table (Okella, 2009; Lang, 2004). In terms of biodiversity, eucalyptus trees support none (Okella, 2009). In the past, when non-native trees overtook the indigenous specious, several crops failed because of the lowered water resources, and ruined food security (Lang, 2004).
From another perspective, eucalyptus trees grow quickly, so they are a good source of wood for foresters, and are extremely helpful in sequestering carbon dioxide (Holman, 2006). Moreover, only one hectare of trees is planted for every ten cut down, so planting fast-growing trees tackles this issue (Okella, 2009). Also, according to Dregne (1976), eucalyptus trees are able to grow on the edges of the Sahara desert (p. 56). In this case, eucalyptus trees do not seem to be water guzzlers, and can be helpful with controlling desertification.
(Right) In the background, there are mesquite bushes growing in the sand dunes, which shows that they could probably survive in the Sahara desert's climate too. However, the environmental impact of introducing mesquite must be evaluated first. Source: Vijayarajan, 2008
So, as suggested by several supporters of eucalyptus trees, exotic species, even edible desert plants like mesquite, should also be investigated one by one (Okella, 2009). Those that do not devour water sources might be helpful in preventing further desertification, if implemented and planted along the regions becoming uninhabitable by every other plant.
It is also important not to forget the culture of the farmers' and their countries. The seeds and plants provided to the farmers need to match up with the people's lifestyles. If the Masai people survive off their livestock, and need vegetation that would be able to serve as fodder, then they need seeds that will provide them that (Mnzava, 1985).
Works cited:
Adansonia digitatas baobab. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2010, from http://www.cactus-art.biz/schede/ADANSONIA/Adansonia_digitata/Adansonia_digitata/Adansonia_digitata.htm
Australian acacias for Africa. (2008, May). New Agriculturist . Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.new-ag.info/focus/focusItem.php?a=434
Boffa, J. M. (1999). Agroforestry parklands in sub-Saharan Africa . Retrieved November 24, 2010 from http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x3940e/X3940E00.htm#TOC
Cook, B., Pengelly, B., Brown, S., Donnelly, J., Eagles, D., Franco, A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B., Partridge, I., Peters, M., & Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005, June). Astrebla spp. Tropical Forages: an interactive selection tool [Online computer software]. Brisbane, Australia: CSIRO, DPI&F (Qld), CIAT, and ILRI. Retrieved November 24, 2010 from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Astrebla_spp.htm
Desertification. (2006). GreenFacts Scientific Board. Retrieved November 24, 2010 from http://www.greenfacts.org/en/desertification/l-2/6-prevention-desertification.htm
Duffell, J. (2007, December 28). Fertilizer in Malawi [picture]. Retrieved November 26, 2010, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnduffell/2185913128/in/photostream/
Dregne, H.E. (1976). Developments in Soil Science . New York, NY: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
EU firm to ensure food security in Pakistan. (2010, November 20). Daily Times. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010\11\20\story_20-11-2010_pg5_3
Farm Radio International. (2003, September). Rehabilitating degraded land: planting trees in pits. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.farmradio.org/english/radio-scripts/68-3script_en.asp
Government distributes seeds, fertilizers among FATA farmers. (2010, October 15). Business Recorder. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.brecorder.com/section/81/1/1112583:government-distributes-seeds-fertilisers-among-fata-farmers.html
Harwood, C., Rinaudo, T., Adewusi, S. (1999). Developing Australian acacia seeds as a human food for the Sahel. Unaslyva—No. 196, v. 50. Retrieved November 23, 2010, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0963e/x0963e0c.htm
Heimbuch, J. (2009, August 25). Acacia trees could solve Africa’s soil problems, be the future for farms [Supplemental material]. Treehugger. Retrieved November 22, 2010, from http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/08/acacia-trees-could-solve-africas-soil-problems-be-the-future-for-farms.php
Hines, A.D. & Eckman, K. (1993). Species profiles In Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: Uses and economic benefits for people. Retrieved November 23, 2010, from http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5327e/x5327e00.htm#Contents
Holman, M. (2006, December). Trees of Africa. Open Democracy. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-africa_democracy/ugandan_trees_4193.jsp
International Development Research Centre. (1998). Agroforestry technologies in semi-arid areas of eastern Kenya. Retrieved November 23, 2010, from http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-26976-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
Lang, C. (2004a, November). Kenya: biotechnology, eucalyptus but no GM trees. WRM Bulletin, 88. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.africanconservation.org/forum/thread-for-gm-the-environment/11327-kenya-biotechnology-eucalyptus-but-no-gm-trees.html
Lang, C. (2004b, October 9). South Africa [picture]. Retrieved November 27, 2010, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/27886780@N00/84803132/
Le Jardin Naturel. (n.d). Baobabs: The species . Retrieved November 20, 2010, from http://www.baobabs.com/Baobabs_species.htm
Marchante, H. (2006). Acacia dealbata [map]. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories from Europe. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from the DAISIE website http://www.europe-aliens.org/speciesFactsheet.do?speciesId=12749#
Markwei, C., Ndlovu, L., Robinson, E., & Shah, W. P. (2010). International assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development: Summary for decision makers of the Sub-Saharan Africa Report . FAO. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al134e/al134e03.pdf
May, B. M., & Attiwill, P. M. (2003, August 18). Nitrogen fixation by Acacia dealbata and changes in soil properties 5 years after mechanical disturbance or slash-burning following timber harvest [Abstract]. Forest Ecology and Management, 181, 339-355). doi:10.1016/S0378-1127 (03)00006-9
Mbogo, S. (2010, March 31). Small scale farmers in Kenya increasingly look to outgrowers’ contracts. Retrieved November 22, 2010, from http://www.africanagricultureblog.com/2010/03/small-scale-farmers-in-kenya.html.
Mnzava, M. N. (1985). Tanzania tree-planting: A voice from the villages. Unasylva—No. 150—Forestry and the crisis in Africa, 37. Retrieved November 21, 2010 from http://www.fao.org/docrep/r5265e/r5265e05.htm
National Academy of Sciences. (1996). Lost crops of Africa, Volume I: Grains. Retrieved November 22, 2010 from http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=2305
Nix & Austin. (1973). Distribution of mulga (Acacia aneura) in Australia [map]. Retrieved November 21, 2010 from http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e10.gif
Non-native Invasive Freshwater Plants: Salt Cedar (Tamarix) . (n.d.) Washington State Department of Ecology. Retrieved November 21, 2010 from http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua013.html
Okella, E. (2009, August 27). Eucalyptus trees deadly for Africa—Nobel Laureate. Climate Change Media Partnership. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.climatemediapartnership.org/reporting/stories/eucalyptus-trees-deadly-for-africa-nobel-laureate/
Pete Oxford. (n.d.). Baobab (Adansonia digitata) [picture]. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.arkive.org/baobab/adansonia-digitata/image-G50349.html
Raddad, E. A. Y., Salih, A. A., Fadl, M. A. E., Kaarakka, V. & Luukkanen, O. (2005, February 4). Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in eight Acacia senegal provenances in dryland clays of the Blue Nile Sudan estimated by N-15 natural abundance method. Plant and Soil, 275, 261-269. DOI 10.1007/s11104-005-2152-4
Roupsard, O., Ferhi, A., Granier, A., Pallo, F., Depommier, D., Mallet, B., Joly, H., & Dreyer, E. (1999). Reverse Phenology and dry-season water uptake by Faidherbia albida (Del.) A. Chev. In an agroforestry parkland of Sudanese West Africa. Functional Ecology, 13, 460-472. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00345.x
Sher, A.A., Wiegand, K., & Ward, D. (2010, March). Do Acacia and Tamarix trees compete for water in the Negev desert? [Abstract]. Journal of Arid Environments, 74, 338-343. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.09.007
U.S. Grains Council. (2010). Sorghum . Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.grains.org/sorghum
Vijayarajan, R. (2008, December 21). Mesquite Dunes, Death Valley, CA [picture]. Retrieved November 27, 2010, from http://www.flickr.com/photos/rajeshvj/3243367870/in/photostream/
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) (2009, August 26). Unique Acacia Tree's Promise To Revive African Soils. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090824182535.htm
World Agroforestry Centre. (n.d.a) Balanites aegyptiaca. Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=279#Ecology
World Agroforestry Centre. (n.d.b). Capparis tomentosa. Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=439
World Agroforestry Centre. (n.d.c) Capparis decidua. Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 21, 2010, from http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18007
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Hydroponics | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
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Hydroponics
Advantages
Disadvantages
Four main types of hydroponic techniques
Nutrient Film technique
Dynamic root floating technique
Water culture technique
Implementation in developing countries and urban areas.
Costs for building gardens for Asia tropical areas
Successful implementation
1.Uruguay
Funding
Works cited:
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Hydroponics | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
Home » Solutions » Sustainable Agriculture
Hydroponics
Hydroponics is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, in water, without soil. The method can be implemented in places where the soil type is not ideal for the desired crop. In addition, the technique can be used in roof top farming and therefore is very useful in areas with limited space such as urban areas.
Advantages
No soil is needed so there is no crop limitation due to soil type, eroded or diseased soils.
Water can be recycled so it is advantageous in drought prone areas or deserts.
No nutrition waste due to water run-off which in turn can lead to eutrophication.
Higher and stable yields because the plants does not expend too much energy in finding nutrients in the soil thus this energy is invested into the growth of the plant.Also in soil plants compete with weed for food and water but in hydroponics the adequate nutrients are delivered straight to the roots.”
Less frequent occurrence of diseases because of the absence of soil which a bacteria growth media
Due to container mobility hydroponics enables the farmer to grow crops near the area of use thus reducing transportation costs.
Labor intensive work such as tilling, cultivating, fumigation, and watering is not required for hydroponic farming (Jones, 1997). And as for advanced hydroponics the system is usually automated using pumps or even computers, labor costs will decrease dramatically.
The simplified hydroponic technique is easy to understand and does not require any prior knowledge to achieve concrete results.
Disadvantages
Although the use of advanced hydroponics is cheaper in the long run, its initial start up cost is rather high as it is expensive to procure the equipment required.
The hydroponic conditions (presence of fertilizer and high humidity) create an environment that stimulates salmonella growth.
Requires the use of uncontaminated water
Four main types of hydroponic techniques
Nutrient Film technique
It works best with plants that have a long root system. This circulatory system consists of a sloped channel that allows the nutrient water to be continuously pumped in the channel. Plants are suspended are suspended above the solution with their roots dangling into the solution. However it requires constant maintenance as overgrown roots can block the channel and disrupt the whole process. It also requires a constant flow of nutrient solution or else the plant will dry out so the pumps must be very effective.For this reason this method is not advisable for home gardening or developing countries.
Source: Retrieved 1 December 2010 in Basic hydroponics and how they work from http://www.simplyhydro.com/system.htm
Dynamic root floating technique
This non circulatory method can be implemented using simple pumps thus is advisable for developing countries. The pump is not continuously in use but is switched on and off occassionally. The bottom part of the roots dangle in the nutrient solution and specialize in nutrient uptake (nutriroots) whilst the upper part is not in solution and is responsible for oxygen intake (aeroroots).DRFT keeps the temperature constant and so is desirable for tropical and semi-tropical regions of Asia.
“Since oxygen is less soluble in warm water, the DRFT is well-suited for hydroponic farming in tropical and subtropical climates such as those found in Thailand” (Kao, 1991).
Water culture technique
The roots dangle freely in the solution.The problem of root aeration often arises and therefore an air pump is used to supply oxygen.The roots must not however exposed to light as it gives rise to nutrient consuming algae.This technique is ideal for plants that grow fast such as lettuce.
Source: Retrieved 1 December 2010 in Basic hydroponics and how they work from http://www.simplyhydro.com/system.htm
Implementation in developing countries and urban areas.
Advanced hydroponic systems can be intensive and expensive. But simplified hydroponic growing is much simpler and cheaper with low operational and maintenance costs.. Although yields from such systems are lower in comparison to advanced hydroponics the yield still outweighs the regular farming yields. In addition cheap and easily available materials such as fish aquarium tanks, ceramic pots, and aluminum cans can be used.It is also useful in urban areas where there is limited cultivation land.
Simplified hydroponics was developed in the early 1980’s in Colombia.These projects were a success as on average a single garden made a profit of $90 in two to three months with the initial investment being $355. Since 1984, projects have been implemented in 12 Latin American and African countries, mostly funded by the UNDP and the UN FAO.
Costs for building gardens for Asia tropical areas
Of the estimated 790 million people classified as hungry in 2000, 525 million lived in Asian nations (UN FAO, 2000).
This is a rough estimate of what Bradley and Marulanda (2000) estimated would be the cost of setting up a hydroponic garden in Tropical Asia.
The t otal number of beneficiaries would be 232 million for 50million gardens,each garden accomodating an average family unit of 4. Initial cost of setting up a garden amount to $355 including a year supply of nutrients and seeds.The total cost of implementing this plan in Tropical Asia is 20 billion dollars but it generates a revenue of 135 billion per year.Income from each ranges from $329-1405 per year.
From these statistics it can be seen that implementing such a plan would be beneficial as it is self sustainable. The gardens are not only a source of fresh produce rich in vital nutrients but also a source of income thus the beneficiaries can use the money to send their children to schools and cater for other needs. Because this is an income generating project it can still be carried out even if there are no free funds because the farmers can work with private companies to secure micro loans which will be paid back after the produce is sold.
Although these statistics are based on a large scale implementation plan, this plan can also be effected on a small scale range starting with 20 or so gardens.
The estimated cost of this small scale project X will be about $7600 with the same potential income as stated above from each garden. Profits made from project X can then be used to start another hydroponic project elsewhere whilst Project X continues to grow.
Successful implementation
1.Uruguay
2. Ecuador
Funding
Such a project, if successfully implemented, is self sustainable because it leads to increased yields hence increased profits that are ploughed back to improve the project. Therefore, the project only requires funding for the initial start up, and the FAO is an ideal source. Other potential sources include the country’s government or microloans from other organizations.
Works cited:
Oriz, A., Rotatori, H., Schreiber, E., von Roth, G. (March 5, 2009). Hydroponic Farming in Mahasarakham. Retrieved November 23, 2010 from http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-030409-225133/unrestricted....
Stajano, M. C., Cajamarca, I., Erazo, J., Aucatoma, T. & Izquierdo, J. (n.d.). Simplified hydroponics: Improvement of food security and nutrition to children aged 0 to 6, a case study from Ecuador. Retrieved November 23, 2010 from http://www.rlc.fao.org/es/agricultura/aup/pdf/biotecu2.pdf.
Stajano, M. C. (May-June 2004). Simplified hydroponics as an appropriate technology to implement food security in urban agriculture. Retrieved November 23, 2010, from http://www.telus.net/public/a6a47567/Food%20Security.pdf.
Delfin, A. R. (May/June 2008). The Growing Edge. Retrieved November 27, 2010 from http://www.growingedge.com/magazine/pdf/GE_1905_p42.pdf.
Bradley, P. & Marulanda, C. (November 27, 2000). Potential of Simplified Hydroponics to Provide Urban Agriculture Income.
Martin Caldeyro Stajano Ing. Agr. (M.Sc.). (November-December 2003). In THE FAMILY GROWN HYDROPONICS VEGETABLE GARDEN AS A FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION STRATEGY FOR URBAN LOWINCOME POPULATION. A CASE STUDY FROM URUGUAY. Retrieved 27 November 2010, from http://www.chasque.net/frontpage/asudhi/Pagina-Ingles/Simplified%20Hydroponics-Rocha.PDF.
Martin Caldeyro Stajano Ing. Agr. (M.Sc.) ,Ivonne Cajamarca Ing.Agr.,Juan Erazo Ing, Tamara Aucatoma,Lic.,& Juan Izquierdo,Ph.D.. (July/August – 2003). undefined. In SIMPLIFIED HYDROPONICS IN ECUADOR. Retrieved 27 November, from http://www.hydroponics.com.au/free-articles/issue-71-simplified-hydroponics-in-ecuador/.
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http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2014/solutions/organic-industrial-agriculture
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Organic Industrial Agriculture | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
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Organic Industrial Agriculture
Organic Industrial Agriculture
Definition
Pros and Cons
PROBLEM 1: Use of Monoculture
PROBLEM 2: High Reliance on Artificial Pesticides/ Fertilizers
PROBLEM 3: Poor Soil Quality
PROBLEM 4: Extreme Water Consumption and Pollution
SOLUTION 1: Use of Monoculture
SOLUTION 2: High Reliance on Artificial Pesticides/Fertilzers
SOLUTION 3: Poor Soil Quality
SOLUTION 4: Extreme Water Consumption and Pollution
Target Regions
Implementation
Existing Organizations Acting in this Field
What is the Timescale for this?
Works cited:
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Organic Industrial Agriculture | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
Home » Solutions » Sustainable Agriculture
Organic Industrial Agriculture
Definition
To begin to classify modern agriculture, it is imperative to first consider two important categories that have been established in society regarding farming techniques: industrial and organic.
The term "industrial" agriculture is a direct derivative of the Green Revolution that passed across the globe during the mid-20th century. During this period, new advancements in agricultural technologies yielded stronger, more disease-resistant crops. And with this revolution began the trend of genetically modifying farm crops. What began as a small success centralized in Mexico, the birthplace of the "green revolution", soon came to wash over the global community. And today, the term "industrial" farming in society refers to the integration of genetic modification and synthetic fertilizers with conventional farming technologies (Briney, 2010).
The term "organic" agriculture refers to a species cultivated devoid of any synthetic aid, whether that be in the form of genetic modification or applied synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.It is defined that organic is the use of "farming practices that may be agroecological, sustainable, or ecological; utilizing natural (non-synthetic) nutrient-cycling processes; exclude or rarely use synthetic pesticides; and sustain or regenerate soil quality" (Badgley, 2006). Organic agriculture has been around for centuries through small farmers who farmed organically to support their families and their local communities. It was traditionally an interdependent cycle between livestock, animal farming, and crop farming. This process works cyclically; livestock provide food for the family as well as manure, waste products that can fertilize crops that in turn feed the family and the livestock. This essentially makes the process free of any artificial materials and is self-sustainable. Though organic has been known to include not just the farming process, but also packaging, shipping and consumer processes, for the sake of this site, only the farming process will be under consideration with the use of the term "organic".
And therefore it’s clear that there is a well-established dichotomy that exists between "industrial" and "organic" agricultural methods in society.
Now to further characterize, there are four possible farming situations that can be classified regarding the global farming situation. These four categories are based up on size and type.
Large-scale Industrial Agriculture
Small-scale Industrial Agriculture
Large-scale Organic Agriculture
Small-scale Organic Agriculture
(In the classification system above, we can define large-scale and small-scale to be in terms of relative field size.)
This site will aim at improving large-scale agriculture by adopting the benefits of small-scale and large-scale organic farming. The goal of organic farming is to reduce the disastrous effects of industrial chemicals and fertilizers on topsoil while helping “enhance soil fertility, prevent soil erosion, promote and enhance biological diversity, and minimize the risk to human and animal health and natural resources” (Treadwell, Riddle, Barbercheck, Cavanaugh-Grant, & Zaborski, 2010). Creating a hybridized system between the large-scale industrial and organic family will yield much better benefits and make current farming systems much more sustainable.
The reason an hybridization is being proposed is because it is virtually impossible at this time to completely convert all industrial practices into organic ones. Immediately switching to a completely organic system would lead to a dip in agricultural productivity. Switching to organic methods requires many drastic changes within the infrastructure of farming companies, workers, and production methods. For example, organic farming requires a lot more labor and more workers since a lot of it is “weeding” must be done by hand and not by fertilizers. Time is needed to help establish these changes, which cannot be administered immediately. Workers need to be trained and the big companies who hold the reigns over the large industrialized farms must be overcome, which is not an easy task. The industrialized portion of modern agriculture has produced large quantities of food. If all industrial farming was immediately converted into organic methods, the world would not only suffer losses in terms of agricultural yields, but there would also be great debate and complaints from industrialized companies, as well as industrial farm workers.
Pros and Cons
To compare the benefits of switching from certain industrial large-scale processes to more organic processes, the pros and cons of each process should be taken into consideration.
Industrial Large-Scale Processes
PROS: (Chavis, 2010)
Most staple foods are cheaper due to heavy government subsidies.
Due to the large government subsidies that industrial farms receive, producers in the farms can employ genetic modifications in different ways, experimenting with which crop yields the most optimal results.
Less human labor is required, but output is extremely high and output quality is controlled to a desired level.
As a result of various and advanced methods of food production, processing, packaging, preservation and delivery, food supply availability is fast enough to reach the consumer.
CONS: (See problem page)
Organic Processes:
PROS: (Satalkar)
maintains the life of the soil, not only for the current generation, but also for the future generations
Water pollution is reduced with organic farming because the soil in organic farms is more absorptive and can hold more water than industrial farmed soils with high salinity levels.
The rate of soil erosion is reduced drastically because legume-based crop covers and a blanket of dead and live plant materials protect the soil from being eroded extensively by water and wind.
The nutritional quality and micro-nutrients are present in higher quantities in organically produced crops because fertilizers and artificial ingredients are not added into the crops. Overall cost of cultivating the crops reduces as the farmers use green manure or worm farming to replenish the lost nutrients of the soil.
The life of organically grown plants is longer than the plants cultivated by traditional methods.
There is a reduced price tag in how much it takes to farm, as there is no need to purchase artificial pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, or large-scale technological tools that help maintain industrial large-scale lands.
The need for more manual labor increases the number of jobs available in a certain area.
Organically grown crop is more drought tolerant because they have the natural mechanism to protect themselves against harsh conditions. Crops used in mass industrial farming are altered and put in such an artificial environment that they no longer can protect themselves using their natural mechanisms, as their genetic identities have been altered drastically by several different components.
CONS: (Satalkar)
Low productivity when first ad m inistered.
Organic farmers use the cultivation method as opposed to drilling method used by the traditional farmers. The cultivated soil is prone to wind and water erosion.
Organically produced food is expensive. The cost is very often 50-100 percent more than the traditional food. This is because organic crops are not as heavily subsidized as are industrially grown crops.
The organic farmers grow crops in accordance to the season therefore organic food is not always available locally. The crops can, when the climate is harsh, grow using greenhouses, since organic can be grown in small-scale settings fairly productively.
Lots of manual labor needed.
It has been found that "if converted to organic production, the low-intensity agriculture present in much of the developing world would have the same or slight reduction in yields that has been reported for the developed world, where green-revolution methods now dominate." See the graph below.
Graph 1 shows the average yield ratio (organic: non-organic) and standard error. And clearly, the ratio is either very close to 1 or greater than one showing that organic agriculture can be just as productive as non-organic agriculture.
Graph 1 source: (Badgley, 2006)
Graph 2 This graph shows the supply and estimates that organic agriculture has provided and can be expected to provide.
Graph 2 source: (Badgley, 2006)
Although both organic and industrial agriculture have their strengths and weaknesses, there are certain problems with industrial agriculture that necessitate the need to combine both methods.
PROBLEM 1: Use of Monoculture
Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture, the planting of one crop in mass amounts. This decreases biodiversity within the ecosystem within both plants and animals.
"Today as more and more farmers are integrated into international economies, imperatives to diversity disappear and monocultures are rewarded by economies of scale. In turn, lack of rotations and diversification take away key self-regulating mechanisms, turning monocultures into highly vulnerable agroecosystems dependent on high chemical inputs. The technologies allowing the shift toward monoculture were mechanization, the improvement of crop varieties, and the development of agrochemicals to fertilize crops and control weeds and pests. Government commodity policies these past several decades encouraged the acceptance and utilization of these technologies. As a result, farms today are fewer, larger, more specialized and more capital intensive. At the regional level, increases in monoculture farming meant that the whole agricultural support infrastructure (i.e. research, extension, suppliers, storage, transport, markets, etc.) has become more specialized" (Altieri, 2000).
Larger-scaled industrial farms have become so expanded that it is very difficult for there to exist natural links between the soil, the crops, and the animals of a farm. Therefore it has become difficult to farm without the interference of chemical aids (Altieri, 2000).
Though in mass-industrialized large scaled farms there is a plethora of resources available to make the farm self-sustainable, (i.e. there is plenty of animal waste to help the environment), the animal wastes do not have an economically viable way of recycling the nutrients back into the soil. This is because the production systems have due to the large spaced-out scale, become geographically isolated from other farming systems making it extremley difficult to recycle and cycle materials and nutrients within the larger farming system as a whole (Altieri, 2000).
Monocultures act as a specialized "attack zone", as it can be called, for species of pesticides to attack. Because there is little to no diversity among monoculture farms there aren't natural remedies for pests, in other words, there are no predatory species that can naturally elminate a pest species. In this sense monoculture is also very dangerous because if one invincible pest or disease attacks an area it can possibly destroy the whole land area leading to adverse effects adn great economical losses (Altieri, 2000).
The reason for the extensive need of fertilizers to maintain a monoculture farm is due to the fact that the crops are being taken out of their natural habitats. They are being stretched out of their biological niches and cannot be functional to their full extent sans external synthetic aids (Altieri, 2000).
Monoculture relies on one crop for a couple years, around 5-9 years and then the crop is no longer useful. This may be due to insects that have dominated or the crop is no longer efficient. And therefore a new variety must be developed and hence monoculture depends constantly on new developments in resistance and chemically varied crops. What happens when there is no new crop generated? (Altieri, 2000)
Monoculture also has made it okay for industrialized large-scale farms to pour fertilizers on their fields. This is because certain crops grown in large-scale monoculture are genetically modified to be resistant to a certain pest. So to kill the pest they just pour mass amounts of a pesticide on the fields. Though this doesn't damage the crop, it does greatly damage the soil. And herein lies another major problem that gets overseen on a daily basis (Altieri, 2000).
PROBLEM 2: High Reliance on Artificial Pesticides/ Fertilizers
Industrial agriculture utilizes mass amounts of cheap synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to produce high yields. These pollutants greatly reduce the use of the land and causes topsoil degradation. This causes the extreme pollution of local rivers and water sources.
The loss of yields due to pests in many crops (reaching about 20-30% in most crops), despite the substantial increase in the use of pesticides (about 500 million kg of active ingredient worldwide) is a symptom of the environmental crisis affecting agriculture
Due to this lack of natural controls, an investment of about 40 billion dollars in pesticide control is incurred yearly by US farmers, which is estimated to save approximately $16 billion in US crop. (Altieri, 2000)
Image source: (Google, 2009)
PROBLEM 3: Poor Soil Quality
Industrial agriculture also leads to soil erosion, which has reached a dangerously high rate; soil is being degraded much faster than it is being replenished, which deprives the land of fertile soil and nutrient richness. There are several causes of land erosion. " The soil is a vital component of our modern agricultural systems and with soil degrading at a faster rate than ever, we are losing arable land at a faster and faster rate every day. "During the last 40 years, nearly one-third of the world's arable land has been lost by erosion and continues to be lost at a rate of more than 10 million hectares per year". The greater the loss of soil, the smaller the productivity of the land; therefore soone nough the land will become virtually unproductive and infertile. This leads to more expansion and deforestation which again is very unsustainable. "Each year, 75 billion metric tons of soil are removed from the land by wind and water erosion, with most coming from agricultural land" (Pimentel, 1995).
This problem of erosion not only exists in croplands, that are about one-third of global agricultural land, but also in grazing land for livestock, which occupies the other two-thirds of global agricultural land. Croplands experience the highest rates of erosion due to poor farming practices. The "soil is repeatedly tilled and left without protective cover of vegetation" (Pimentel, 1995).
Soil erosion dramatically increases on a sloping surface due to water washing down and sweeing away at the soil. And because of modern agricultural practices, sloping surfaces for farming are becoming increasingly popular. The slopes are being converted from forests to agricultural land due to the rapidly increasing demand for food as a result of the ever-increasing human population. For example, to show the severity of sloped surfaces on soil erosion, "in Nigeria, cassava fields on steep slopes lost 221 tons per hectare per year" whereas cassava fields on flat land showed "an annual loss of 3 tons per hectare per year" (Pimentel, 1995). That is a dramatic difference.
Dead and alive plants wastes that accumulate on the surface of the soil are beneficial to prevent soil erosion. Yet on large-scale industrial farms this covering is being removed as a source for fuel to burn. And therefore erosion is increasing at an accelerate rate" (Pimentel, 1995). Erosion by water and wind adversely affect soil quality and productivity by reducing infiltration rates, water-holding capacity, nutrients, organic matter, soil biota, and soil depth" all of which affect agricultural productivity. And hence we have a problem.
PROBLEM 4: Extreme Water Consumption and Pollution
Industrial agriculture consumes water very quickly and in mass amounts. This is highly unsustainable on a global account. Industrial agriculture also releases mass amounts of pollutants through it's irrigation systems into nearly by lakes, rivers, and groundwater systems which causes major problems worldwide.
Image source: (Shiklomanov, 1999)
Since we have seen and identified these four major problems with organic farming, we can proceed to see how a more organic approach to industrial farming can help make large-scale modern farming practices more sustainable. There is a general organic solution for each of the four general problems posed above. And since it is impossible and impractical for one to expect a sudden change in global farming from majorly industrial and large-scale to organic, it is most efficient for us to consider a sort of hybrid between the two. Organic farming can be a healthy alternative not only for our bodies, but also for our planet as a whole if it joins forces with our modern industrial agriculture. " Organic agriculture has the potential to contribute quite substantially to the global food supply, while reducing the detrimental environmental impacts of conventional agriculture" (Badgley, 2006).
While large industrial farms are excellent at meeting high demand for food and other agricultural products, industrial methods, however, are harmful to the soil. The goal of organic farming is to reduce the disastrous effects of industrial chemicals and fertilizers on topsoil while helping “enhance soil fertility, prevent soil erosion, promote and enhance biological diversity, and minimize the risk to human and animal health and natural resources” (Treadwell, Riddle, Barbercheck, Cavanaugh-Grant, & Zaborski, 2010). We can then combine the two plans into our solution: organic industrial agriculture. Organic industrial agriculture aims to combine the production ability of large industrial farms with the sustainability of organic farms. Farmers would still rely on mechanized processes but would also use natural fertilizers and herbicides. The mechanized processes would still allow for mass production while the new fertilizers would be safer on the soil and the plants
The reason a hybridization is being proposed is because it is virtually impossible at this time, to completely convert all industrial practices into organic ones. The industrialized portion of modern agriculture has led to it's speed in producing large quantities of food. The world would not only be in a dip of losses in terms of agricultural yields if all industrial farming was immediately converted into organic methods, but there would also be great debate and complaints from industrialized companies, as well as industrial farm workers.
SOLUTION 1: Use of Monoculture
Organic farming unlike industrial farming can be more diverse in terms of what can be grown on a given plot of land, “many kinds of farm products [can be] produced organically including: vegetables, fruit, herbs, grains, meat, dairy, eggs, fibers, and flowers” (Treadwell, Riddle, Barbercheck, Cavanaugh-Grant, & Zaborski, 2010). Therefore unlike industrial farming which focuses growing one or two crops in mass amounts on a plot of land using crop rotations, organic agriculture can grow multiple different crops that maintain the crop and ecosystem biodiversity within the farm.
SOLUTION 2: High Reliance on Artificial Pesticides/Fertilzers
Pesticides are not used to control weeds and pests. Pests and diseases result when crops are forced to grow in land that they are not naturally suited for. Organic farming involves the growth of crops in land that they grow best in. Furthermore, crop rotation and the introduction of predators to get rid of pests are methods that make for a clean and sustainable agriculture practice. " Data from temperate and tropical agroecosystems suggest that
leguminous cover crops could fix enough nitrogen to replace the amount of synthetic fertilizer currently in use" (Badgley, 2006).
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a method that reduces the pest populations of a farm in a predominantly natural manner. It involves a series of simple yet effective steps that help maintain healthy levels of pests in a given area. Integrated pest management focuses on keeping insect populations low and not on completely killing off pest populations, as do most industrial pesticides. There are programs of IPM that are customized by region, by land, and by specific characteristics of the land. IPM establishes an "action threshold" that determines what level of population of pests is healthy and when, past a certain point of population levels, action must be taken depending on specific area. This helps prevent the pest population from becoming immune to a certain pesticide. This is greatly helpful because one of the reasons why industrial farming uses such high levels of pesticides is due to the fact that pests become immune to a certain type of mass pesticide, therefore another one must be applied, and then they become resistant again. So therefore there is a huge line of various pesticides that are added indefinitely as pests become more and more resilient to the previous one. And this destroys the soil (Panneton, Vincent, & Fleurat-Lessard, 2001).
IPM uses various methods of measurement to constantly monitor the amounts of bacteria or spores, as well as other pest levels. IPM involves a lot of hands on research and both quantitative and qualitative observations to work efficiently. Diseased crops are often removed to prevent pest populations from growing as well as other methods such as "simple hand-picking, erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to disrupt breeding". Also IPM relies on a variety of natural, biological controls, such as insects that feed on other pests as well as the use of certain microorganisms such as fungi to kill off other kinds of pests. And as a last resort, IPM may use chemical fertilizers to destroy certain pest populations, but in far less amounts than is used today (Panneton, Vincent, & Fleurat-Lessard, 2001). Therefore we can see how pesticides can be replaced by much healthier alternatives by switching to more organic methods.
SOLUTION 3: Poor Soil Quality
Organic Farming poses minimal risk to the environment because it involves the natural growth of produce. This method of farming involves crop rotation, soil surface mulching, and animal manures and recycled crop wastes as compost. Through the use of these natural nutrient recycling methods, organic farming makes soil more sustainable. Because there is no heavy dependence on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, soil salinity is decreased and as a result the soil is more fertile.
SOLUTION 4: Extreme Water Consumption and Pollution
Since the farming practices for organic farming do not involve mass farming everything, water can be resourced and directed in a very efficient manner. Different plants require different watering systems and organic agriculture could accomodate for that. Instead of just pouring hundreds of gallons of water over a field, it is possible to direct x amount of gallons to a specific area, thereby greatly reducing the consumption of water resources. And because organic agriculture does not use synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, pollution of nearby water sources is much less than that caused by industrial farming.
Organic farming offers benefits that are sustainable and long term. Organic farming allows the soil to remains arable for a longer period of time and the water in the area to stay clean and drinkable. The water remains clean because pesticides are not in rain runoff. Furthermore, there are no chemical pesticides to damage the environment and the food is at its best quality because it’s entirely natural.
Current farming methods generate food with traces of chemicals from pesticides and herbicides. Also, pesticides and artificial fertilizers destroy the soil because chemicals kill the micro-organisms in soil. Pests and diseases become immune to some pesticides, thus the pests multiply. And therefore we need a new method of global farming! And this method of new farming comes to us a compromise between the already existing industrial agriculture system and more sustainable organic practices.
Target Regions
Organic farming can be a global solution. Organic farming simply focuses on getting the most out of a piece of land in terms of efficiency and productivity while causing minimal damage to the land itself. Therefore, organic farming can be implemented throughout the world in all regions. About one-third of the world’s organically managed agricultural land – 12 million hectares – is located in developing countries. The regions with the largest areas of organically managed agricultural land are Oceania (12.1 million hectares), Europe (8.2 million hectares) and Latin America (8.1 million hectares). The countries with the most organic agricultural land are Australia, Argentina and China (Research Institute of, 2010). Seeing all these statistics from around the world, not just in developed countries, but also underdeveloped countries shows the versatility and overall benefit of organic farming (Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), 2010).
Implementation
To begin considering how to implement a shift from our current system to a more organic global approach, we must first look at the current mode of agriculture, which is predominantly industrial agriculture. Today’s agricultural practices, reliant heavily on chemicals and genetically modified organisms, are not sustainable agricultural practices. This process has not been sustainable around the world, as it has greatly damaged many of our natural resources, contaminated groundwater from pesticide and fertilizer use, increased the levels of soil salinity as a result of poor farming practices, and consumed too many “petrochemicals” in the process causing overall damage of land and crucial resources. Industrial agriculture has also created a monopoly of farming throughout the world causing major agricultural farms and industries to take over small local farms and farmers whose lives depend on small-scale organic farming. Industrial agriculture has not helped ‘“promote either self-sufficiency [nor] food security in developing countries”’ and has proved to be ‘“clearly [un]sustainable’” (Vasilikiotis).
Though there are so many cons to industrial agriculture, we must acknowledge the fact that industrial agriculture produces mass amounts of food to feed the global public which organic farming cannot immediately mimic. Yet there have been several case studies that show that organic farming can be as fruitful, while being more sustainable.
In one case study conducted by UC, Davis called “Sustainable Agriculture Farming Systems project (SFAS)” we see that organic farming can be equally as productive as industrial or large scale farming. It compared a 2-year and a 4-year crop rotation system with an organic low-input system. After the completion of the 8-year project, they found that “organic and low-input systems had yields comparable to the conventional systems in all crops which were tested - tomato, safflower, corn and bean, and in some instances yielding higher than conventional systems. Tomato yields in the organic system were lower in the first three years, but reached the levels of the conventional tomatoes in the subsequent years and had a higher yield during the last year of the experiment (80 t/ha in the organic compared to 68 t/ha in the conventional in 1996). Corn production in the organic system had a higher variability than conventional systems, with lower yields in some years and higher in others.” This shows that organic systems can be as productive while being more sustainable. Yes, there are fluctuations in yearly growth because the process is natural (and with nature come discrepancies) but in total, organic farming can be as sustainable and produce just as much as industrial agriculture (Vasilikiotis).
Implementing this method would involve reducing the vast use of chemical fertilizers and trading for more organic fertilizers such as manure and on cover crops (Vasilikiotis). In our modern world, it would be an impossible task to immediately switch all farming to organic farming. So our goal now must be to start integrating organic practices into the already existing industrial processes. By reducing the use of fertilizers, and bringing back crop diversity into the mass industrial farms we can start to renew our deteriorating land. And eventually, after introducing crop diversity, we can begin to make the transition to organic farming, which is far more sustainable in terms of maintaining our resources. Another simple solution to ease the transition is to begin composting food scraps in order to create topsoil and fertilizer instead of relying on artificial methods. By bringing together livestock farming and crop farming, we can produce large-scale industrial farming. As the farm can feed the animals, and the manure and waste of the animals can cycle and help the farm once again.
In 2008, according to the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, there were 35,243,265 hectares of agricultural land in the world. And this number can be greatly increased by simply changing a few of our practices in hopes of creating a more sustainable global agricultural practice. There are also over 1,381,154 organic producers today around the world (Research Institute of, 2010), and the number increases, rightly so, daily.
Existing Organizations Acting in this Field
The WWOOF, World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms is an organization that has volunteers around the world who help in organic farms around the world. They have chapters in North and Central America as well as in South America, Europe, The Middle East, Africa, and in Asia-Pacific. They send volunteers out to help on local organic farms around the world. And organizations such as this can encourage the spreading of organic practices.
What is the Timescale for this?
This solution is a progressive solution that has to be implemented now and will yield benefits in the long term. It is not a short-term solution, it will not yield mass amounts of crops immediately as it takes time for these crops to grow in and create a new system. Switching from more industrial to organic practices is a gradual solution that will take time to administer. Most underdeveloped countries are already using organic farming methods, and it is up to large-scale farmers in developed countries to begin switching their practices.
Works cited:
Altieri, M. (2000). Modern agriculture: ecological impacts and the possibilities for truly sustainable farming. Unpublished manuscript, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/~agroeco3/modern_agriculture.html
Badgley, et al. (2006). Organic agriculture and the global food supply . Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 22 (2), Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://agr.wa.gov/FoodAnimal/Organic/Certificate/2008/NewsRelease/BadgleyResearc...
Lebowski, K. (2009, October 18). New series: a strange system: food: the stage is set [Web log message]. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://scienceguy288.wordpress.com/2009/10/18/new-series-a-strange-system-food-t...
Briney, A. (2010, May 5). Green revolution. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/greenrevolution.htm
Panneton, B., Vincent, C., & Fleurat-Lessard, F. (2001). Plaut protection and physical control methods: the need to protect crop plants. In C. Vincent (Ed.), Physical Control Methods in Plant Protection (pp. 15-24). Paris: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from www.bova-university.org/bova/html/education/msccourses/8.../read4.pdf
Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FIBL and International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM, (2010). Organic agricultural land by country, share of total agricultural land 2005-2008 Frick, Switzerland: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.organic-world.net/statistics-world-area-producers.html
Treadwell, D., Riddle, J., Barbercheck, M., Cavanaugh-Grant, D., & Zaborski, E. (2010). What is organic farming?. Unpublished manuscript, Cooperative Extension System, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.extension.org/article/18655
Vasilikiotis, Christos. (n.d.). Can organic farming "feed the world"?. Informally published manuscript, ESPM-Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/~christos/articles/cv_organic_farming.html
Wert-Berater Inc. (2010). Agriculture division. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.wert-berater.com/Agriculture.htm
What is organic farming?. (n.d.). HDRA The Organic Organisation, Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.infonet-biovision.org/res/res/files/488.OrgFarm.pdf
Chavis, J. C. (2010, June 8). Advantages of industrial agriculture. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.brighthub.com/environment/science-environmental/articles/73606.aspx
Shiklomanov, I. A. (Producer). (1999). Evolution of global water use. [Web]. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.bdix.net/sdnbd_org/world_env_day/2003/water_year/image/09-wateruse-se...
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http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2014/solutions/seawater-farming
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Seawater Farming | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
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Seawater Farming
Problem
Implementation
Finances
Proposed pilot projects:
Works cited:
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Seawater Farming | Mission 2014: Feeding the World
Home » Solutions » Sustainable Agriculture
Seawater Farming
Problem
Seawater farming addresses the severe lack of freshwater and undesirable soil conditions for agricultural activities in coastal regions. Saltwater, instead of freshwater, can be used to directly support a wide range of sustainable agricultural activities and enrich the soils in the coastal regions.
Freshwater, which is defined by having much lower salts and ions concentration than seawater and brackish water, only composes about 2.75% out of all water on Earth, and 74.5% of all freshwater are contained in the glaciers, which are not readily available for consumption. Freshwater is not distributed evenly, and in many regions around the world, such as the Sub-Sahara region and the Sub-Indian continent, water is seriously scarce or heavily contaminated. Freshwater plays an important role in the biological system and are used in many human activities: drinking, recreation, industry and most importantly, food production. Food production, such as agriculture, consumes a large body of freshwater and the lack of freshwater poses a grave challenge to food security and the eradication of hunger in many places in the world. Seawater farming directly addresses this problem by proposing a radically different method of agriculture that does not depend on freshwater and thus relieves the existing constraint on the current freshwater body. In addition, field researches and experiments have shown that seawater farming can transform soil conditions and increase humidity and rainfalls, which will help to further increase the body of freshwater for future consumption.
While many projects have demonstrated the viability of seawater farming in specific locations, little researches have been done to study seawater farming in a wide variety of conditions. In addition, existing seawater projects rely on a combination of technology and indigenous socioeconomic factors, which might not be easily replicated elsewhere. Thus, although seawater farming has great potential, we need to proceed with caution to prevent severe disruption to the existing environments, which are often very fragile. Therefore, we propose to implement small-scaled, pilot seawater projects in different locations around the world to do field research and collect data. The timeline for the small pilot project is about 2-5 years. After that period, an evaluation will be done in order to decide upon the implementation of large-scaled seawater farming projects. The specific details of the pilot projects, such as locations, budgets and methodology, will be further elaborated in later section.
Existing pilot projects are running independently in Eritrea ( Seawater Forest Initiative ), Mexico ( Seawater Foundation, Bahia Kino ), the United Arab Emigrate ( UAE University) and Australia ( Seawater Green House ). Those projects are managed by independent private organizations, with funding coming from both the public and private sectors, and are implemented in very different methodologies, which will be elaborated in the next section.
Implementation
There are different techniques in sustainable “seawater farming”. In Australia, as proposed by Seawater Greenhouse Foundation, seawater are evaporated using sunlight in “green-house” to produce freshwater, which are used to support farming crops such as potatoes, cucumbers and fruits. The salts, by products of the process, are collected and processed into gourmet salts. It is estimated that the seawater green-house has a reduced fixed cost of 10-15% less and operational cost of 10-25% less than the conventional green-house while returns 15-35% more. Seawater Greenhouse Foundation who has designed the existing technology has proposed a pilot project to build an experimental station in Sahara, which will be followed by a large-scaled project.
Figure 1. Diagram of a “seawater greenhouse”: the humid conditions inside the greenhouse is created by the evaporation of seawater at the front of the building at the “seawater surface” through porous cardboard. Some evaporated seawater is condensed as freshwater to irrigate the crops or stored away for future usage. When the air leaves the growing area, it passes through the second evaporator over which seawater is flowing. The air is warmed up and humidified since this seawater has been heated by the sun in a network of pipes above the growing area. The humidified air then meets a series of vertical pipes through which cool seawater passes and condense water droplets that run down to the base to be collected. Increased humidity in the air will also help to increase regional rainfalls. The entire operation is run by solar energy, with very little additional electricity input. Retrieved from http://seawatergreenhouse.com on November 24, 2010.
In Eritrea and Mexico, under a different approach proposed by Carl Hodges, astrophysicist-turned environmental entrepreneur, the saltwater is used in a complex system of integrated farming. A key feature of integrated farming is the emphasis on multi-species cultivations: shrimps, fish, mangroves, seaweeds and live-stocks. In such a system, wastes from one species are managed as nutrients for another species and thus effectively minimized to prevent pollution to the environment.
Figure 2. An illustration of the integrated seawater farming. Received from http://www.seawaterfoundation.org on November 24, 2010
There are many stages in Carl Hodges’s proposed farming system. First, seawater is channeled from the sea into shrimps and fish-farms. Rich nutrients from sea-water are used to grow saline-tolerant, profitable species such as white-leg shrimp ( Penaeus vannamei ), Indian prawn ( Penaeus indicus ), tilapia fish and milk-fish ( chanos chanos ). The water from the shrimp and fish farms, enriched with organic matters, are channeled into large farms that grow halophytes (S alicornia )and mangroves. These species of trees are highly tolerant of salt and can remove salt from the water and retain them in the bodies. The bodies and leaves, while processed are suitable for human consumption, can be fed directly to live-stocks such as goats and camels. The left-over roots help to stabilize the soil against erosions. Water evaporation from vast-stretches of seawater farm will increase humidity and rainfalls, bringing desirable conditions for other economic activities. The long-term objective of this farming system is the transforming of the coastal region through sustainable and natural means: increased humidity and enriched soil will eventually be able to support fresh-water farming.
Zanella (2009) succinctly summarized the basic components of seawater farming: a shrimp production facility, a mangrove forest, wetland systems, and field of the halophyte Salicornia. Each component must meet specific criteria in the eco-system of the integrated farm. The shrimp production facility must be made in concrete ponds to prevent the seeping and contamination of saltwater into the aquifer beneath. After the seawater is channeled into the shrimp and fish farm, the mangrove forest is flood-irrigated with the effluent from the shrimp and fish farms. Some water are filtered and return to the sea, while the rest are used to irrigate the wetlands, the Salicornia fields and the mangrove trees.
Unlike the Australian Seawater Greenhouse, Carl Hodges’ seawater integrated farm does not directly produce fruits, vegetables or grains. However, seawater integrated farm indirectly reduces hunger by creatively increasing means of productions, creating jobs and eradicating the poverty problem. Mission 2014 Study has indicated that the world agricultural system is currently producing enough food to feed everyone but the poorest do not have the mean to access them. Thus, when the people are employed through seawater integrated farming, they can use the money to purchase the food that they need.
At the peak of its operations in Eritrea, the farms employed almost 800 local people, shipped one metric ton of premium shrimp a week to Europe or the Middle East and cultivated 100 hectares of the oil seed crop salicornia, and was completing the planting of 100 hectares of seawater forest. Additionally it created a 60 hectare wetland, which welcomed over 200 species of birds and many other animals to a new home in the desert and kept the used aquaculture seawater from returning directly to the sea. (Marty Dickenson, 2008)
In addition to eradicating hunger and poverty, seawater integrated farming holds promise to solve climate and energy problems. Recent studies have also suggested that the farmed halophytes such as Salicornia can be used to make biofuels. A NASA study shows that farming Salicornia on the area equivalent to Sahara desert can meet 90% of the energy demand of the world. Currently, Seawater Global Inc, a for-profit corporation that spins off from Seawater Foundation, is marketing processed biofuels made from Salicornia. OASE ( Organisation for Agriculture in Saline Environments ), a similar organization in Europe, is marketing several Sacorlina-based food products (under trade-marked names as “FreshTips”, “Kelp Chips”, “Zeekraal”, “CHIPS UIT ZEE”) to EU markets.
Finances
Past projects have been successfully funded by FAO, the World Bank and local governments. Private investors have shown increased interest in seawater greenhouse and integrated farming of Sacorlina as biofuel materials.
Estimated cost for a seawater greenhouse: about $140/m2
Estimated area for a seawater greenhouse: ~ 2000 m2 ~ $280000
Seawater integrated farm needs a much larger initial investment of 15-35 million dollars, depending on locations. Budget might include initial purchase/lease of land, purchase/lease of tractors and other heavy machines, purchase of initial seeds of plants and animals.
Proposed pilot projects:
We propose to implement a number of pilot projects to investigate the feasibility of implementing large-scaled seawater greenhouse and seawater farming in specific regions around the world. The conditions for the implementation of the pilot projects include, not limited to: the availability of seawater, land and sunlight, the cooperation from local government and people, committed funding from International organizations.
We propose to resume and increase funding to the successful pilot projects in Eritrea and Mexico while expanding the locations of new projects to India, Pakistan, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, South Africa, Egypt, Libya and Algeria.
Pilot projects will be run from 2-5 years. Preliminary results are collected after two years since complete developments of plants such as mangroves take about two years.
The exact number of pilot projects, as well as the methodologies, is pending discussions and investigations from other branches of Mission 2014. However, from the preliminary cost-analysis, the implementation of seawater greenhouse has lower-risk and can proceed to fieldwork quite readily while the implementation of seawater integrated farming will take a more careful approach.
However, some issues remain with seawater farming:
Currently there is no vegetable or grain crop that has high saline tolerance.
The projects might run out of fund due to its long time-line.
Maintenance requires technical expertise, which necessitates the technology transfer from the designer to local people.
Sustainability depends on the awareness of local population to continuously support and maintain such initiatives. The project in Eritrea was shut down in 2003 mainly due to local political upheaval.
Works cited:
Japan for Sustainability. (2010, November 23). Oyster Farming Method Purifies Seawater. Retrieved November 23, 2010, from Japan for Sustainability: http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/025656.html
Landais, E. (2010, November 23). Researchers explore ways to use sea water for farming. Retrieved November 23, 2010, from gulfnews.com: http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/environment/researchers-explore-ways-to-use-sea-water-for-farming-1.711262
Dickenson, M (July 10, 2008). "The old man who farms with the sea". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-fi-seafarm10-2008jul10,0,1092....
Organisation for Agriculture in Saline Environments. (2010, November 23). Organisation for Agriculture in Saline Environments. Retrieved November 23, 2010, from Organisation for Agriculture in Saline Environments: http://www.oasefoundation.eu/
Seawater Foundation. (n.d.). Seawater Foundation. Retrieved November 23, 2010, from Seawater Foundation: http://www.seawaterfoundation.org
Seawater Greenhouse. (2010, November 23). Seawater Greenhouse. Retrieved November 23, 2010, from Seawater Greenhouse: http://seawatergreenhouse.com
Sustainable farming with saltwater - Africa. (2002). Biodiversity, 3 (1), 34-35. Retrieved November 22, 2010, from ProQuest Environmental Science Journals. (Document ID: 545411911).
Zanella, D. Seawater Forestry Farming: An adaptive management strategy for productive opportunities in "barren" coastal lands. M.A. dissertation, California State University, Fullerton, United States -- California. Retrieved November 22, 2010, from Dissertations & Theses: Full Text. (Publication No. AAT 1470817).
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Water Access in South Africa | Water for all
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Water Access in South Africa
Water Access in South Africa
Background: South Africa’s Current Water Situation
Mission 2017’s Solutions
Addressing Lack of Rural Access
Addressing Inefficient Use of Water and Management
References
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Water Access in South Africa | Water for all
Water Access in South Africa
Background: South Africa’s Current Water Situation
South Africa has a population of 51 million people with 60 percent of the population living in urban environments and 40 percent living in rural settlements. Currently, South Africa has access to surface water (77 percent of total use), groundwater (9 percent of total use), and recycled water (14 percent of total use) [1]. However, the population’s dependence on water is not evenly distributed. Due to a lack of water infrastructure in rural settlements, 74 percent of all rural people are entirely dependent upon groundwater (i.e. local wells and pumps) [1]. On the other hand, cities with universal water distribution systems get most of their water from surface sources like the Limpopo and Komati rivers [1]. Due to immigration and population growth, growth in rural settlements is putting stress on South Africa’s water supply. Currently, 19 percent of the rural population lacks access to a reliable water supply and 33 percent do not have basic sanitation services [1]. While rural citizens suffer the most, over 26 percent of all schools (urban or rural), and 45 percent of clinics, have no water access either [1].
Figure 1: Geographic map of South Africa displaying its major rivers [11]
Despite the apparent lack of water in South Africa, a large portion of South Africa’s GDP is directly dependent upon water. For example, over 15 percent of its GDP comes from agriculture, which uses 60 percent of South Africa’s water supply [1]. Another major use of South Africa’s water is energy production (2 percent of national supply). In fact, South Africa is the world’s fourth largest exporter of coal [1]. Finally, South Africa’s industry sector, which contributes about 29 percent of the nation’s total GDP, uses almost 11 percent of the nations water [1]. However, because a large portion of South Africa’s industry sector is in mining, the sector’s impact on water goes far beyond 11 percent a year. In fact, the National Water Act was created in 1998 to stop the extensive pollution from mine runoff that severely contaminated South African water supplies [1].
Mission 2017’s Solutions
Mission 2017 has identified two parts parts of the water access problem that need to be solved. The first part is to find a way to physically get water to people who need it. The second part is to find an available water source from which water can be given.
Addressing Lack of Rural Access
Currently, South Africa has a policy called Free Basic Water Access. According to the South African Constitution every citizen is entitled to a certain amount of water regardless of his ability to pay for it; this policy defines the amount of entitlement be 6000 liters per household per month [5]. However, the organization in charge of water allocation, the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (SADWAF), is ineffective at determining what amount of water people use per month in rural areas where there is a lack monitoring devices [5]. By not monitoring water usage, SADWAF is unable to determine when a waterline has broken or how much to charge water-users when they go beyond 6000 litres a month. Because broken water lines can be traced to well over 20 percent of all “stolen” or lost water, South Africa loses much of its available water supply due to communication errors [8].
A nationwide installment of water meters, or a device that measures water flow into a household, would help account for missing water. The SADWAF could then bill houses appropriately and begin collecting money for extra water usage. Technicians inside SADWAF would be able to identify if a tap line broke when an erratic drop in water usage occurred. Upon realizing this petrols would be sent out to fix the break and ensure that rural areas have continued access to water. Even though purchasing meters and installing them would cost the South African government money, this money could be raised from the personal income tax [10]. Truthfully, the source of the money does not matter because the cost would be offset by correctly charging for water purchases. Thus, proper management of water will increase Africa’s usable water supply because less of it will be wasted.
The next step is establishing access for people without water. An estimated 7 million people that live in rural settlements do not have access to water [1]. Though building up the necessary tap systems (pipes and other infrastructure that will deliver the villages reliable water) is the long term goal, the short term solution would be to use water trucks to bring these settlements water on a weekly (or if necessary daily) basis similar to how the Ethiopian Government supports the Melbena Village by providing the villagers with 6 cubic meters of water at a time [9]. To do this the SADWAF would set up a registration system where government officials identify and sign up each rural community for a water delivery schedule based on the amount of people living there. Because the standard is 6000 liters for a family of 4 per month [3], trucks would supply each individual with 375 liters of water each week to ensure that quota is met. Not only would this solve the issue of monitoring the amount of water each person has access to but it would also provide the necessary immediate water relief which will saves lives.
The long term solution (within 20 years) would be building a communal tap-water system that could make use of groundwater (i.e. using a well) or rainwater. Communal tap systems would be constructed uniquely for each village but they can be as simple as a series of water storage tanks that feed into households or a communal faucet located at the center of the village. Money would be required to build communal systems but there are various routes for this. The cost could be split up amongst the families in the community or the money could come from Private-Public Partnerships (PPP’s) in which private companies partner with either local or national governments to provide the funds to construct a communal tap system .
Addressing Inefficient Use of Water and Management
Currently, South Africa is using water within their natural supply’s limits (they are using 98 percent of their predicted total resources). Unfortunately, they are not using it efficiently. In addition to the stolen or lost water, South Africa is also losing over 1.5 billion cubic meters of water a year due to faulty piping infrastructure that has outlived its lifespan [7]. Ideally, broken pipes would be replaced and updated as necessary. However, funds may not be available for this all at once. Due to costs and inefficiencies in bureaucracy, Mission 2017 believes that the time it would take to replace all the necessary pipes and water infrastructure could be greatly reduced if the private sector helped with the repairs (both costs and workers) through PPP’s. In this strategy, the South African government would give out several small contracts to local construction companies and have each company replace the pipes in a given region. To ensure that the pipes are replaced quickly incentives can be used that allow the government to pay the company less if they finish beyond a given deadline. With multiple groups working on the project and each group having a small region, the pipes would be replaced faster.
South Africa will face serious water problems if steps are not taken to increase the country’s efficiency of water use or or ability to distribute water to its people. Mission 2017 believes that the solutions outlined above, including the use of water meters and truck delivery routes, will greatly reduce the amount of water being wasted or lost. Though this particular composition of solutions may be unique to South Africa, there are several other countries around the globe that are suffering from similar or related issues to the same or worse extents. Mission 2017 believes it can combat the water issues of any given country by applying the appropriate combination and scale of their solutions.
References
1. UN Water. Water a Shared Responsibility (2006). Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001454/145405e.pdf#page=519
2. Diseko, Lebo. South Africa’s Brain-Drain Generation Returning Home (November 2010). Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/11/18/south.africa.migration/
3. National Water Resource Strategy. National Development Plan (2010). Retrieved from http://www.dwaf.gov.za/nwrs/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JxvvEsGAAm8%3d&tabid=91&mid=496
4. Boccaletti, Guilio. Confronting South Africa’s Water Crisis (2010). Retrieved from http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/sustainability/confronting_south_africas_water_challenge
5. Gothren, Paula G. Understanding Rural Water Supply and Access in South Africa (2013). Retrieved from http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/dr/bitstream/1840.4/8147/1/
6. Department of Water and Forestry. Q & A Brochure (2002). Retrieved from http://www.dwaf.gov.za/documents/fbw/qabrochureaug2002.pdf
7. Sapa. SA Lost 1.58 Billion Kiloliters – Report (2013). Retrieved from http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/sa-lost-1-58-billion-kilolitres-report-1.1536163#.UpqXQMRDtzU
8. The Water Project. Water in Crisis – South Africa (2013). Retrieved from http://thewaterproject.org/water-in-crisis-south-africa.php
9. Getachew, Indrias. In Ethiopia, Water Trucks Provide Essential Life-Line Amidst Drought
(September 2011). Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/ethiopia_59887.html
10. SARS. Personal Income Tax (2013). Retrieved fromm http://www.sars.gov.za/TaxTypes/PIT/Pages/default.aspx
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. South Africa an Overview (2013). Retrieved from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-4-select-destinations/south-africa
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Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all
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Dams and Reservoirs
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Uses of Dams
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
Supply Water
Flood Control
Multipurpose Dams
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Sedimentation
Greenhouse gas emission
Evaporation
Seismic Activity
Social Effects
Displacement of People
Human Health Risks
Steps that must be taken
Timeline of implementation of solution
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Conclusion
References:
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Dams and Reservoirs | Water for all
Dams and Reservoirs
Background
Dams have been used to provide a store of water for agriculture, industrial uses, household uses for thousands of years. Hydroelectric dams, additionally, act as an alternative to non-renewable energy resources that constitutes the majority of the world’s energy [1]. In the 20th century, over $2 trillion was spent on making dams around the world [2]. However, dams have drastic damaging effects on the environment and on the populations that live near the dams and so have become the subject of great scrutiny, with organizations concerned with environmental health such as World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and International Rivers advocating the removal of old dams and the use of alternatives [3] [4]. Initiatives have been taken around the US to remove old, outdated dams [5]. In this article, Mission 2017 looks into the uses of dams and ways of maximizing their efficiency and minimizing their environmental damage. The first part of the article looks into the details of dams and their problems and the second part deals with possible solutions to the problems.
Uses of Dams
Water Dams and Reservoirs have primarily been used to serve four functions [8]:
Irrigate crops
Provide hydroelectric power
Supply water
Control flooding
Out of the 38,000 large scale dams registered by the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), an international organization that sets the standards for dams, 50 percent are used for irrigation, 18 percent for hydropower, 12 percent for water supply and 10 percent for flood control and the rest for other functions [8]
Irrigation
The vast quantities of water in reservoirs allow them to act as effective and steady sources of water for irrigation with minimal seasonal fluctuations. 30 to 40 percent of the 271 million hectares that are irrigated worldwide rely on irrigation dams [2]. A study done by the World Commission on Dams (WCD) [7], a commission organized by the World Bank and the World Conservation Union (IUCN) to assess the effectiveness of large dams, showed that dams built for irrigation typically are unable to provide water for the planned area of land initially, but the performance improves over time [26]. According to the WCD, half of the 52 large water storage projects for irrigation it examined failed to meet the expected goals the dams had been initially planned for. However, the general trend shows irrigated area increasing from 70 percent in five years to 100 percent of the planned area in ten years [8].
The dams examined by the WCD that did not meet their initial goals often had failures at the management or organizational level rather than structural or engineering deficits.
These problems often included poor and insufficient water distribution networks, inefficiencies resulting from a centralized administrative system with unclear distribution of responsibilities, poor coordination within the system and lack of initiative to involve the local stakeholders (the farmers, etc.) [8]. Involving those who run the dam and those in the community could greatly benefit the performance of the dam.
Hydroelectric power
Dams can harvest gravitational potential energy to provide electrical power at low rates. Nineteen percent of world’s electricity supply comes from hydroelectric dams [2]. Hydropower dams are able to reach their targets within five years, and around fifty percent of the hydropower dams worldwide actual exceed their targets [8].
As with irrigation dams, mistakes or changes at early points of project development are strongly correlated with delays in reaching anticipated power generation goals at the initial years of operation [8]. The initial stages of project development are especially important, and improvements and organization at these phases could improve the ability of dams of attaining their set goals within their intended timeframe.
Supply Water
The water in the reservoirs can be sent to treatment plants to make it suitable for drinking. The reservoir already provides some filtration since silts and other particles settle to the base of the reservoir and algae and aerobic bacteria destroy harmful microorganisms [9]. Water supply dams are not very good at reaching their intended levels of operation even after a decade of operation: 70 percent of the WCD’s 52 sample dams did not reach their targets even after long periods of time with around 25 percent of water supply dams have reached less than half their supply goals [8].
Inefficient taxation and pricing of the water is responsible for this issue. In WCD’s examined samples [SM3], 38 of 50 utilities used tariffs to fund their operational and maintenance costs. The funds generated from these tariffs were not high enough, and these dams will not be able to function properly. Studies have shown that even in underdeveloped nations, people are willing to pay to have a steady and good supply of water and sanitation services [8]. For example, according to a study done by Ramnath Subbaraman and his colleagues in a slum in Mumbai, India, the residents paid 33 times more for water from informal vendors than residents in the surrounding areas who were provided with water supplied from the government. The residents told Subbaraman that they were willing to pay for improved water access [10]. People are willing to pay for a stable water supply and better sanitation services provided that their money is used efficiently and effectively. Therefore, Mission 2017 proposes to increase taxation in this sector.
Flood Control
Reservoirs can act to prevent floods downstream by holding and regulating the flow during major flood events. Reservoirs can also be used to balance flow during different weather conditions, such as decreasing the flow by holding water back during heavy rainfall and releasing more water during droughts [8].
Multipurpose Dams
Some dams combine two or more of the uses stated above, but a majority of large dams, as registered by ICOLD, are single purpose. Multi-purpose dams are complex and tend not to perform as well as single-function dams. Also, for certain combination of functions, a delicate balance has to be maintained For example, irrigation, hydroelectric and water supply dams require the reservoir to be at full capacity for efficient functioning while flood control requires water levels to be lower than maximum to hold the extra surging waters [8].
Environmental and Social Costs of Dams
Dams have many uses in the human community, but they also have large impacts on the environment and populations living close to the dams, which can be disastrous. The following discusses these effects.
Environmental Effects
Changing aquatic ecosystems
Habitat loss is the biggest cause of extinction. Freshwater habitats are thought to be the habitats face the highest loss of biodiversity [11]. Building a dam in a river causes great changes within the river and leads to great changes in the river systems, leading to habitat loss. The structure of the dam itself acts as a barrier preventing fish populations from migrating along the river. The formation of a large still body of water in place of a small rapidly moving body of water changes the dynamics of the water system, which makes it less suitable for the original species to survive, which may lead to extinction [8]. The temperature and chemical composition of water in the reservoir is also different from that of the flowing river. The reduced water flowing downstream causes the water downstream to be more saline, making it less suitable for certain fish nurseries and also enables predators to reach them. The water running off from the catchment areas upstream carry with them sediments and nutrients. Human activity upstream can increase the nutrient level in the reservoir with may lead to eutrophication, which eventually leads to the loss of most species in the reservoir [8] [12].
For example, river dolphins of the Yangtze were lead to extinction after the Three Gorges Dam was built; the variety of fishes dolphins in the Mekong region are also at risk or extinction [11]. The Glines Canyon Dams in the Elwha River in Washington, USA, has been responsible for almost wiping out the entire steelhead trout and salmon population [29].
This loss of fish populations can also lead to loss of economy from fisheries [8].
Sedimentation
The decrease in water flow due to the reservoir leads to water losing the sediments it carries, to the bottom of the reservoir. This decreases the water storing potential of the reservoir and also decreases the silt and nutrients from being carried downstream, makes soil downstream less fertile, which harms the plants and animals that live and grow there, since the reduced fertility will reduce the number of plants and trees that can grow downstream and so, cause the number of animal habitat to drop, decreasing the biodiversity of the area. Because of the drop in the number of trees that can grow and hold soil together, the soil is more prone to erosion, meaning the structure of the soil is lost, making it less and less suitable for human or animal habitation [8].
Greenhouse gas emission
The condition at the base of the reservoir is anaerobic, meaning that vegetation under the reservoir are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria that give out greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide [8]. According to the WDC, if the area being flooded during the reservoir filling is not cleared out, the amount of greenhouse gases produced could be higher for the same amount of energy produced by a coal powered station [9]. However, power generation from the dams does not cause emission of gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide which are responsible for acid rain and blood poisoning, making them more eco-friendly in this sense than fossil fuels such as coal, which does produce these gases when burned [9].
Evaporation
Reservoirs have large open surfaces that facilitate water loss by evaporation, and much more water is lost in the same period of time from reservoirs than was originally lost from the river that flowed in its place. Even though the loss mainly depends on the climate of the area, it can also depend on the size, shape and depth of the reservoir, with reservoirs having smaller surfaces or larger depths losing less water [8]. This added evaporation can affect the microclimate of the area as it reduces fluctuations in the extremes temperature [9] and may change the ecosystems that can exist there, since organisms suited to the two extremes of temperatures, or which need the fluctuation as part of their breeding cycles cannot survive.
Seismic Activity
It has been known that the filling of reservoirs of large dams has triggered seismic activity because of the physical change incurred in the area where the reservoir was filled, and the activity of the dam [13]. Scientists have traced the cause of over 100 earthquakes worldwide to dams. In May 2008, the 7.9-magnitude earthquake in Sichuan killed 80,000 people has been linked to the construction of the Zipingpu Dam, and is possibly the most serious earthquake caused by a dam [14].
Social Effects
Displacement of People
An area to be flooded for use as a reservoir has to be cleared of human population [8]. It is estimated that 40 to 80 million people have been displaced by dam construction worldwide [2]. To mitigate relocation damage, such as loss of home and livelihood, governments need to protect both the populations that are being displaced and the ones that accept them. These efforts must be made in conjunction with affected peoples who live downstream. Affected peoples should be compensated. Compensation, however, often is rarely or poorly implemented [8] [15]. For example, in China, populations who were forced to resettle for dam construction became much poorer than they had been previously and worse off than those around them who did not move. Around 70 percent of all re-settlers were living in “extreme poverty” [16].
Human Health Risks
In tropical areas, reservoirs provide a perfect breeding ground for parasitic organisms, especially as mosquitoes [8] [15]. Larger reservoirs have a higher potential for breeding such parasites and spread disease to surrounding populations. Indirectly, infested water is used for irrigation and thus infects crops. If large numbers of people are relocated to areas near the reservoir during the reservoir formation, the increased density of people will make the spread of infectious disease more likely [8].
Now that the effects of dams on the environment and society has been looked at, the next section will deal with the possible solutions to these problems.
Steps that must be taken
The four major steps that need to be taken to in order to lessen the detrimental impacts of dams are as follows:
Disassemble old, outdated dams
Make existing hydroelectric dams more efficient
Research on alternative sources of energy and efficient usage of water in agriculture and alternatives to new proposed dams
Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of environmental and societal damage.
Timeline of implementation of solution
(Short to mid term) Dismantle non-effective, old dams around the world, and improve functioning old ones and making sure proposed dams are efficient. The upper limit for each project is 3 years.
(Mid to long term) Phase out dams in favor of more environmentally and socially friendly alternatives. This depends on increased efficiency in agricultural water uses, alternative sources, etc. For agriculture, water use efficiency can be attained by 2050.
(Mid to long term, simultaneous to 2) Dismantle existing dams as efficiency gets better.
1. Disassemble old, outdated dams
There may be large numbers of dams around the world that, in addition to their environmental effects, no longer serve their purpose, for example, are silted up or are no longer producing hydroelectricity because the economic output of the dam has exceeded the input required in maintaining the dam [29], or have even started to pose threats to safety as failures in structure can lead to massive flooding [29]. These dams can be totally or partially dismantled allowing the river to at least partly return to its original course so that ecosystems can start recovering in the river [3].
Disassembling old dams will be long and costly and will involve diverting rivers. Thus, removing outdated dams can take place over several years [24]. The costs of disassembling dams is largely unknown, but may even exceed the cost of making a new dam [29] – however, studies have found that the costs of removing a dam could be up to 3 to 5 times less than the costs of maintaining it [30]. To alleviate the financial burden, numerous financing options exist. Funding for larger projects could possibly be obtained from the World Bank since these projects deal with restoring the environmental health of a country. The WCD recommends dam owners to set aside funds for future dam decommissioning [31].
Decommissioning involves use of heavy equipment such as wrecking ball, backhoe,and hydraulic hammer, and explosives to dismantle the structure of the dam, along with river diversion [32]. Since no advanced technology is required in the dismantling of the dam, and since river diversion is a component of the actual construction of a dam, a country that was capable of building the dam will have the technology required to demolish it. Decommissioning methods are highly specific to the dam and would depend on the size, type and location of the dam [32], however an upper limit of 3 years can be placed on it. The removal of the dams on the Elwha River, the largest dam removal project in US, is projected to take 3 years [33]. So, typically such projects should take less than 3 years to complete.
2. Make Existing Dams More Efficient
There may be large numbers of dams around the world that, in addition to their environmental effects, no longer serve their original purpose or have even started to pose threats to safety. These dams can be totally or partially dismantled, allowing the river to at least partly return to its original course so that ecosystems can start recovering in the river [3]. Hydropower dams can be made more efficient by replacing its turbines, as was done in Boulder Canyon Hydroelectric Facility in Boulder, Colorado, USA. Of the two turbines replaced in the Boulder Canyon dam, a single turbine was capable of producing 30 percent more energy than both the old turbines combined. The new, efficient turbines also cut electricity requirements to run the dam [17].
Making hydroelectric dams more efficient reduces the operating costs of the dam and reduces the need to construct new dams.
Sedimentation buildup decreases dam capacity. Sediment flushing can prevent large buildups of sedimentation in dam reservoirs. Large gates should be built into the base of dams and opened when the flow rate is high. This allows sediment that had been collecting at the bottom of the dam to flow downriver, thus improving reservoir yield.
Sediment flushing is usually employed in reservoirs that are located in narrow valleys that are supplied by monsoon rains, such as the Himalayas. However, sediment flushing has been found to be extendable to other areas, with benefits seen in the Sefid-Rud reservoir in Iran.
3. Transitioning to Alternative Solutions in the Stead of Dams
Investigations into alternatives should be included in proposals for new dams. Mission 2017 proposes that a small research group be formed by the government or an interested organization in the country where the dam is proposed and undergo a detailed research on the effects of a new dam and alternatives that could serve the same purpose. If the proposed dam is a hydropower dam, it should be investigated if alternative sources of electricity, such as solar power or wind energy, can be used instead; or if there is an older dam already in the area, if increasing the efficiency of the dam can be increased to satisfy the increased energy demand.
If the proposed dam is an irrigation (or water supply) dam, investigations should be done to see if the agricultural water use can be reduced instead. Large quantities of water are lost due to poor, inefficient irrigation methods. Irrigation is responsible for 70 percent of all water usage in the world, so reduction in water usage in this sector will also allow more water to be allocated to other sectors. The WWF suggests the following practices to reduce water use [18]:
Improving management of surface irrigation systems.
Implementing better field application practices, such as ‘bed and furrow’ irrigation or drip irrigation.
Encouraging a cropping pattern adjusted to the local climatic conditions, for instance growing sorghum instead of rice or wheat in drought prone areas.
Enhancing local water storage in ponds or lakes through small structures, connecting channels, and measures to encourage groundwater recharge, such as the traditional ‘tank’ system in Southern India.
Adopting water harvesting techniques.
Water harvesting, one of the techniques suggested by the WWF, can come in many forms. One technique that had been developed two thousand years ago is the sand dam. Sand dams consist of a wall made of concrete with sand-reservoir behind it. This sand collects rain and acts as a filter so that freshwater is stored at the bottom. The water can be extracted months later by inserting pipes. The benefits of sand dams, other than water collection and purification, are that it reduces evaporation and does not allow parasites such as mosquitoes to breed, unlike reservoirs [19]. The rainwater harvesting techniques article discusses this in more depth.
Some other methods of reducing water demand, as suggested by American Rivers, include [20]:
Reuse: Also known as water recycling or reclamation, water reuse refers to the use of treated sewage, graywater, or stormwater for non-potable purposes such as irrigation, industrial processes, fire protection, toilet flushing, among others. Drawbacks of this option can include costs associated with a municipal scale dual distribution system, and water that would have otherwise returned to the source river/water body once treated is now designated for a consumptive use, in the case of irrigation, that will not return to the river and may result in decreased flows.
Groundwater recharge: This involves recharging underground water sources during a wet year or a season (often winter) when water is available. Drawbacks of this option can include costs associated with pumping and piping infrastructure, and the effect on instream flows when water is pumped from a river.
Re-operation of existing dams: Changing the way an existing dam is used is typically cheaper and less environmentally harmful than building a new dam, and in some cases re-operating a dam can provide water for cities, farms, and fish during critical times of year without major environmental, energy-production, or flood protection drawbacks.
Since agriculture is the largest consumer of water worldwide, with 70 percent of the world’s water usage [21], reducing agricultural water usage will have the biggest impact. Agricultural efficiency is expected to increase within 30 years. If the suggestions provided by Mission 2017 are implemented within the coming years, efficiency goals can be attained by 2050.
Another method of moving away from hydroelectric dams is the use of alternative sources of energy. Energy sources such as wind, solar power and biofuels are experiencing increasing use worldwide. However, the subsidies for fossil fuels worldwide is 5 times higher than that for renewable sources, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA) [25]. A potential way to increase the interest in alternative sources is to persuade countries to allow higher subsidies and incentives towards research on making these alternative sources more efficient and viable. For agriculture, the irrigation article discusses way in which the efficiency in irrigation can be increased and ways in which the discussed methods can be implemented.
Other alternatives to large dams could be as follows:
Underground/Groundwater Recharge Dams: Groundwater dams store water in permeable alluvial deposits below riverbeds. They intercept sub-surface water flow, slowing the flow of water away from high demand areas. This allows more water to trickle down into the water table, raising groundwater levels, and increasing the ease of water access at wells.
Groundwater dams have been used successfully in parts of Africa and the Middle East [27].
Small Community Dams: In areas where the ground is composed of a sand layer on top of a rock layer, communities can build small dams to increase their water overall water supply and access. A village in Katuthia in Kenya built a small dam in 15 days that was able to hold enough water to supply the community members for up to three months [28].
Mission 2017 proposes the commission of a small research group to look into the site of the proposed dam and analyze what alternatives could be placed there to serve the same purpose. Governments can appoint and fund the research group.
4. Make sure new proposed dams are built at a site that result in the least amount of damage
The factors responsible for dam inefficiencies (as outlined in the “Uses of Dams” section of this article) should be taken into account, and measures taken to prevent them from happening so that the new dams can function as effectively as possible.
Mitigating environmental and social effects of functioning dams
The following are ways to minimize the environmental and social effects of dams that cannot be altogether removed. For one, to reduce the eutrophication in reservoirs, “floating islands” can be used. A floating island consists of a small buoyant frame on which plants grow. These floating islands can be put into the reservoir where they will compete with algae for the excess nutrients. They can act to remove excess nutrients from the water which will prevent algal bloom and hence water oxygen levels will not be depleted. Floating islands can reduce biochemical and chemical oxygen demands of the water by 80 and 60 percent respectively. They can also provide habitats for fish and nesting sites for birds. Since they can float, they will not be affected by the changing water levels in reservoirs [22].
One way to mitigate the social effects of dams is to add doctors’ clinics around the reservoir area to increase treatment of mosquito related diseases such as malaria [8].
Factors that should be considered when building dams
Dams should be situated at a site which has the least environmental impacts, where, for example, there is no danger of an endangered species dying out. The dimensions of the dam and reservoirs should also be taken into account. Dams should minimize surface area and maximize depth so as to reduce evaporation and the rate of siltation. Thus it is preferable to situate dams in deep gorges that will require little or no flooding of forests, to prevent decay and hence, carbon dioxide and methane production and eutrophication [23]. Simulations should be done by the research group suggested my Mission 2017 or the project developers to project the effects of the dam on the numbers of organisms originally living in the river and also the effects on the people living near the site. The project only approved if it is predicted that the affected individuals will be able to tackle the effect of the dam.
The hydroelectric power article also discusses possible ways in which dams can be made more efficient while being more environmentally friendly.
Ensuring that new dams are built in the least environmentally harmful site will be difficult, since the most environmentally friendly may not be the most economical ( this article goes into more details about why this is so). International, environmentally-minded standards need to be developed that requires sites for new dams to meet certain criteria, such as the rarity of the species of fish found in the river, which will help reduce the effects of the dam on the environment.
The implementation article discusses methods by which any changes made as solutions to the water problem can be made sustainable and work in an integrated way, at the international level.
Conclusion
Dams and reservoirs, though effective sources of water and electricity, are immensely detrimental to the environment. To allay concern over the environment, Mission 2017 proposes to reduce the numbers of dams in the rivers and allow rivers to flow naturally to preserve the environment and biodiversity. At present, it is not possible to eliminate all dams. Still, there must be efforts to take down old, outdated dams and to return as many rivers to their natural state as possible. Mission 2017 also proposes to reduce the number of new proposed projects to the minimum to conserve as many natural river systems as possible.
References:
1. UCSUSA.ORG. (2013, November 23). The Sources of Energy | UCSUSA. Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/the-sources-of-energy.html
2. WWF – Dam facts and figures. (2013, November 23). wwf.panda.org. org. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/water/dams_initiative/quick_facts/
3. International Rivers (Organization). (2013, November 23). Dam Removal. International Rivers. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/dam-removal
4. WWF. (2013, November 23). Dam Solutions – Alternatives & mitigation. WWF. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/water/dams_initiative/dams/alternatives/
5.AmericanRivers (Organization). (2013, November 27). American Rivers | Dams and Hydropower. Retrieved November 27, 2013, from http://www.americanrivers.org/initiatives/dams/
7. World Commission on Dams (2000). Dams and development: A new framework for decision-making. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Retrieved November 27, 2013 from http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/world_commission_on_dams_final_report.pdf
8. Lindström, Andreas; Granit, Jakob (Aug 2012). Large-Scale water storage in the water, energy and food nexus Perspectives on benefits, risks and best Practices. Retrieved from http://www.siwi.org/documents/Resources/Papers/Water_Storage_Paper_21.pdf
9. Wikipedia, (7 Nov 2013). Reservoir. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir
10. Subbaraman, R., Shitole, S., Sawant, K., O’Brien, J., Bloom, D., & Patil-Deshmukh, A. (2013, February 26). The social ecology of water in a mumbai slum: failures in water quality, quantity, and reliability.. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23442300
11.International Rivers (Organization). (2013, November 23). Dams and Extinction: Going, Going, Gone. International Rivers. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/229/dams-and-extinction-going-going-gone
12. Timofti, D., Doltu, C., & Trofin, M. (2013, November 23). Eutrophication Phenomena In Reservoirs. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://aerapa.conference.ubbcluj.ro/2011/PDF/TIMOFTI_CDOLTU_MTROFIN.pdf
13. Houqun, Chen; Zeping, Xu; Ming, Li (8 Feb 2010). The relationship between large reservoirs and seismicity. Retrieved from http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/features/featurethe-relationship-between-large-reservoirs-and-seismicity
14.International Rivers (Organization). (2013, November 23). Earthquakes Triggered by Dams. International Rivers. Organization. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.internationalrivers.org/earthquakes-triggered-by-dams
15. WWF. (2013, November 23). Dam problems – Social impacts. WWF. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/water/dams_initiative/problems/social/
16. The World Bank. The World Bank Group, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINVRES/Resources/DisplacementResettlementRehabilitationChinasoc203.pdf
17. Casey, T. (2013, November 23). How the U.S. Is Getting More Hydropower without Building a Single New Dam. CleanTechnica. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://cleantechnica.com/2012/10/10/doe-hydropower-upgrades-boost-energy-without-new-dams/
18. WWF. (2013, November 23). Dam Solutions – Water Use. WWF. Organization. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/water/dams_initiative/dams/agriculture/
19.Carus, F. (2009, November 20). Sand dams voted best solution in water crisis debate. the Guardian. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/nov/20/sand-dams-water-crisis
20.AmericanRivers (Organization). (2013, November 23). American Rivers | Dam Alternatives. AmericanRivers. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.americanrivers.org/initiatives/water-supply/dam-alternatives/
21. UNWater. (2013, November 27). UN-Water Statistics – Water Use. Retrieved November 27, 2013, from http://www.unwater.org/statistics_use.html
22. Kamble, Rashmi; Patil, Dhawal (2012). Artificial Floating Island: Solution to River Water Pollution in India Case Study: Rivers in Pune City. Retrieved, 8 November, 2013.
23. Ledec, G., & Quintero, J. D. (2013, November 23). Good Dams and Bad Dams: Environmental Criteria for Site Selection of Hydroelectric Projects. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/LACEXT/Resources/258553-1123250606139/Good_and_Bad_Dams_WP16.pdf
24. AmericanRivers (Organization). (2013, November 23). American Rivers | Restoring Rivers. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.americanrivers.org/initiatives/dams/how-removed/
25. van der Hoeven, Maria (2012, March 22). Subsidy cuts show that renewable energy is coming of age. Retrieved December 1, 2012 from http://www.iea.org/media/ieainthenews/2012/mvdh_renewable_subsidies.pdf
26. United Nations Environment Programme (Organization) (2013, December 1). Dams and Development Project. Retrieved December 1 from http://www.unep.org/dams/WCD/
27. Warren, Alan. (2010, June). Water Scarcity Paper on Dams. Retrieved December 2, 2013 from http://www.halcrow.com/Documents/water/Water_scarcity_paper_dams.pdf
28. Njagi, Kagondu. (2013, June 3). Community dams aim to build water security in arid Kenya. Retrieved December 2, 2013 from http://www.trust.org/item/20130603103952-mba98/
29. International Rivers (Organization). (2013, December 2). Dam Decommissioning. Retrieved December 2, 2013 from http://www.internationalrivers.org/dam-decommissioning
30.Michigan Government, Department of Natural Resources. (2013, December 2). Dam Removal. Retrieved December 2, 2013 from http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10364_52259_27415-80303–,00.html
31. International Rivers (Organization). (2013, December 3). Technical Challenges. Retrieved December 3, 2013 form http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/rrdecompt4.pdf
32. International Rivers (Organization). (2013, December 3). Decommissioning Methods. Retrieved December 3, 2013 form http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/attached-files/rrdecompt5.pdf
33. Than, Ker (For National Geographic News). (2011, August 31) Largest U.S. Dam Removal to Restore Salmon Runs. Retrieved December 3, 2013 form http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/08/110831-dam-removal-elwha-freshwater-science-salmon/?rptregcta=reg_free_np&rptregcampaign=20131016_rw_membership_n1p_us_se_w#
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Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all
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Water Treatment in South Africa
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
Growing water resource toxicity
Faulty rural water management system
Mining and water management
References
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Water Treatment in South Africa | Water for all
Water Treatment in South Africa
Background
South Africa faces several problems with ensuring that its water resources are clean and plentiful enough for use. For example, there is a growing problem of toxicity of South Africa’s water resources due to increased bacterial growth, including Escherichia coli, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio spp [1]. The quantity of bacteria found in 2010 was more than five times the amount that the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends [2]. This pathogenic amount of bacteria causes intestinal deterioration, bacterial diarrhea, arthritis, and severe kidney disease [1]. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is also a huge contributor to South Africa’s toxic water. In the last 100 years, more than 120 mining companies have left large tailings dumps, which have been spilling uranium, sulfides, low-grade ores, and other heavy metals. [3]. Since many of the tailings dumps resulted from gold mining, the toxicity from uranium has been a big issue. In 2002, surface water in South African lakes had 40,000 times the natural level of uranium in freshwater, and this is still a problem today [4]. With uranium exposure so high, people are prone to kidney disease and cancer [5].
In addition, rural municipalities lack efficient and effective water cleaning facilities, causing rural areas to not have enough potable water. The small water treatment plants need improvements in their communication and water transfer systems to function at a higher level of efficiency. As of 2005, 60 percent of rural South Africa has been affected by waterborne illnesses.
South Africa also faces challenges with water management and mining. South Africa is the fourth largest mining nation in the world [6]. It is the source of 70 percent of the world’s platinum, and also is a large supplier of gold, diamonds, and other minerals [7]. Mining, however, uses large amounts of water, and because of this, the South African government has limited the amount of water that can be used in the mining industry. From 2011 to 2012, South African mines reduced output by 15 percent [8].
Growing water resource toxicity
Recently, there has been a large growth in biofilm coliforms – layers of bacteria – in South Africa’s water resources. During an eight-month study in 2010 in Limpopo, Africa, water containers had excessive biofilm coliforms. To be safe for consumption, water should have no more than 200 coliform colonies per 100mL, but the actual amount present was more than five times the safe amount [2]. The bacterial growth occurs during the transport of water through pipes and into the households of the people.
Mission 2017 suggests that South Africa should make major modifications to its water distribution systems using pipes. The most cost-effective method of distributing water will depend on the population density. The eastern parts of the nation, including the provinces of Northern Transvaal, Kwa-Zulu Natal, and Eastern Transvaal, are most densely populated. For these areas, it would be more effective for them to have centralized water distribution systems. These centralized water distribution systems would be handled by Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), which put a private operator in charge of building and maintaining the distribution system. The benefit of this would be that the local government will only need to set the guidelines for keeping the pipes clean, and the private operator will be responsible for meeting the guidelines. The provincial governments will have contracts with the IFC (International Finance Corporation, an organization affiliated with the World Bank) or NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), and will distribute the funds to the PPPs to manage the pipes. The projects will be medium-scale, since the highly populated parts of South Africa are not very large. The cost of implementation will be around $15 per person initially for each centralized water treatment distribution system. To make sure that the pipes are clean, the PPPs will disinfect the pipes monthly using chlorine.
Western provinces of South Africa, such as Northern Cape, Western Cape, and Eastern Cape, will need to employ different water distribution systems. Since these regions are more sparsely populated, it will be more expensive to maintain a very large centralized water distribution system between these communities. Therefore, communities in these regions should have their own decentralized water distribution systems. There are several options for decentralized water distribution systems including wells, pumps, and rainwater collection tanks. The local governments will decide which system they want, and community members will be employed to maintain the water systems. Funding will come from NGOs and local businesses. Similar to the PPPs in the eastern part of the nation, the community members will use chlorine to prevent the water from being contaminated.
This will be implemented in the next five to ten years, since forming the PPPs in the communities may take three years, and then reconstructing and fixing the water distribution systems may take another two or three years. Contracts between the local governments and private operators will last anywhere from five to 25 years, depending on the degree of construction.
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is another source of water toxicity. Acid mine drainage is the outflow of water from old, abandoned mines. This contamination has been gradually increasing around multiple dams, such as the Middelburg, Witbank, and Boesmanspruit Dam. A case study conducted in January 2012 looked specifically at the acid mine drainage with the Boesmanspruit Dam, which supplies potable water to the town of Carolina. Chemical analyses from the study showed that during an unusually heavy downpour, tailings ponds containing coalmine runoff overflowed and water contaminants (iron, manganese, and aluminum) flowed into the reservoir behind the dam [9]. These minerals oxidize and greatly lower the water’s pH, resulting in serious biological side effects. Because over 120 major mining companies have worked in the region over the last 100 years, there are many abandoned mines throughout the nation, and therefore there are many sources of acid mine drainage.
South Africa currently has two solutions to this problem. The first is the capping and sealing openings in the mines and monitoring already-contaminated water. Capping and sealing openings prevents flow of toxic water out of the mines. For already-contaminated water, efforts will be made to first neutralize the water through removing heavy metals, and then desalinize the water with chemical treatment [3]. The second is the PUMP (passive underground mine-water purification) system. This system utilizes geo-bio-engineering models with modern technology to reduce sulfate concentrations and increase the pH of water. The projected cost of this plan is 360 billion Rand, or $35.5 billion [10]. South Africa’s Department of Water Affairs, however, currently only has $33 million for funding the project [3].
Mission 2017 suggests that South Africa should instead use passive treatment, as it is a more cost-effective way to solve the acid-mine drainage problem. Passive treatment makes use of already-existing biological and chemical processes. Constructing wetlands near the abandoned mines can be used to mitigate the effects of acid mine drainage. This consists of flooded gravel, soil, organic matter, and wetland plants. When mine water collects in these “wetlands,” the plants oxidize heavy metals and they settle out. Another type of constructed wetland includes a layer of limestone in the organic sediments. This is used to neutralize the acid mine drainage. The cost of implementing this will be $15 for every square meter of wetlands constructed. Constructing two million square meters of wetland will still cost less than South Africa’s current solution described in the previous paragraph. This is because each efficiently constructed wetland will have an area of 2500 square meters [11], and if South Africa deals with the acid mine drainage of mines from the last 100 years, South Africa will need to invest around $5 million into constructing the wetlands. This money will come from the South African government’s Department of Water Affairs, because it has already allocated $33 million into mitigating the effects of acid mine drainage. There will most likely be social implications of pursuing this method of acid mine drainage treatment. People’s surroundings will definitely change to include more biodiversity from the constructed wetlands. The population of mosquitoes and other nuisance organisms will not grow to concerning levels, however. According to a study conducted in southern Sweden, there are fewer mosquitoes present in constructed wetlands than in natural wetlands [12]. In addition, Mission 2017 suggests that the people of the communities decide where wetlands are constructed, as long as they are located where mine water drains. In addition, the leftover money of the government’s $33 million budget can be used towards maintaining the wetlands, compensating the communities, and funding other water management projects.
Faulty rural water management system
In order to improve water quality management, South Africa administered a program in 2009 in which local municipalities monitored and managed water quality policies based on international standards. Under this system, urban municipalities improved their water quality while rural municipalities faced opposite results. A research team from the University of Cape Town’s Department of Civil Engineering conducted a case study to figure out why this was happening. The results of the study showed that the decentralization of water quality monitoring is what caused the rural water quality to decline rather than to improve. The study concluded that this was due to the lack of communication and information flow between the rural municipalities [13].
Mission 2017 suggests that using the Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in rural areas will solve the water management problems. The solution to this problem ties into the solution to the problem of bacterial coliforms in water distribution systems. By maintaining a decentralized water system in the rural areas, South Africa will be distributing water more cost-effectively. The PPPs will ensure that there is no miscommunication between rural municipalities. The local governments will be in charge of making sure that the private operator maintains the water distribution system.
Mining and water management
South Africa is ranked as one of the most important mining nations in the world. South Africa contains 50 percent of the world’s gold reserves and is responsible for one-third of the world’s gold exports [14]. In addition, South Africa holds 80 percent of the world’s manganese reserves and 68 percent of the world’s chromium reserves [15]. Water is essential for mining. By extrapolating data from a study conducted in the United States, it is safe to assume that a large amount of potable water is used for mining in South Africa The study showed that in the United States in 2005, groundwater accounted for roughly 60 percent of water used for mining and 83 percent of the surface water used was fresh water [16]. In addition to the large amounts of water required, water used in mining can be heavily impacted by pollution. Currently, South Africa’s government has reduced the amount of water available for mining, which has decreased mining output. Because mining accounts for almost 20 percent of South Africa’s GDP and provides one million jobs [8], this has impacted the nation’s economy. The METSI Project – management system for the implementation of environmentally sound water supply technologies – aims to address the large water usage and water pollution that result from mining. The project consists of 25 German and South African companies that propose the following objectives and solutions:
Develop mathematical models to consolidate data to help predict mining water amount and quality [6].
Involve all parties and stakeholders, and take all interests into consideration [6].
Address water and water management, mining and use of resources, sustainability, and social development [6].
Overall emphasize large-scale mine rehabilitation with comprehensive planning, with a balance of all interests and by applying proven methods [6].
The METSI Project’s objectives are in parallel with Mission 2017’s objectives, but the Project has neither proposed any concrete solutions nor made any significant impacts. Mission 2017 suggests that the METSI Project should follow its objectives while also proposing a cap and trade program to the South African government. This will allow free trade of water permits amongst the mining companies, which will keep all stakeholders and mining companies satisfied. If mining companies are using less water than what is allocated to them, they can sell their unused permits to other companies. This will limit the amount of water used for mining by incentivizing companies to use less water, and hence, there will be less pollution due to mining as well. To implement this, the South African government will create a committee of government officials and economists who will set the cap slightly lower than society’s ideal level of pollution, which can be calculated with economic models. Then, this committee will constantly monitor the water usage and pollution levels of each company, and will adjust the cap as needed. This plan can be enacted within the next five years, as the MESTI Project’s existence will help accelerate implementation.
References
1. September, S.M., F.A. Els, S.N. Venter, and V.S. Brozel. “Prevalence of bacterial pathogens in biofilms of drinking water distribution systems.” Journal of water and health 5.2 (2007): 219-227. Print.
2. Mellor, J. E., Smith, J. A., Samie, A., & Dillingham, R. A. (2013). Coliform Sources and Mechanisms for Regrowth in Household Drinking Water in Limpopo, South Africa. Journal Of Environmental Engineering,139 (9), 1152-1161
3. Pratt, Sara E.. “All that glitters… Acid mine drainage: The toxic legacy of gold mining in South Africa.” EARTH Magazine. American Geosciences Institute, 23 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/all-glitters-acid-mine-drainage-toxic-legacy-gold-mining-south-africa
4. “Toxic Waters Threaten Johannesburg.” VOA. N.p., 12 Feb. 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. http://www.voanews.com/content/johannesburg-threatened-by-toxic-waters-139219729/159595.html
5. “Dangers of Uranium.” Dangers of Uranium. Global Healing Center, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/toxic-metals/dangers-of-uranium
6. METSI – innovative solutions and technologies for management of mining related water in South Africa. (2012). Mining World, 9 (6), 26-31.
7. Stoddard, Ed. “South Africa platinum mines to face water restrictions.” Reuters. Reuters, 4 Oct. 2013. Web. 26 Nov. 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/04/us-safrica-platinum-water-idUSBRE9930R420131004
8. Greve, Natalie. “Mining sector further stressed by water supply restrictions, astronomical demands on surrendering of water licences.” Mining Weekly. Creamer Media, 23 Dec. 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. http://www.miningweekly.com/article/mining-sector-further-stressed-by-water-supply-restrictions-astronomical-demands-on-surrendering-of-water-licences-2012-11-23
9. McCarthy, T. S., & Humphries, M. S. (2013). Contamination of the water supply to the town of Carolina, Mpumalanga, January 2012. South African Journal Of Science, 109 (9/10), 1-10.
10. Ntholi, Thakane, and Maarten de Wit. “Drilling deep for solutions to mining crisis using a PUMP system.” Africa earth Observatory Network – Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute 1 (0): 1. Print.
11. Skousen, Jeff. “Overview of Passive Systemsfor Treating Acid Mine Drainage.” Overview of Passive Systems for Treating Acid Mine Drainage. West Virginia University, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/landrec/passtrt/passtrt.htm
12. Schafer, M. L., J. O. Lundstrom, M. Pfeffer, E. Lundkvist, and J. Landin. “Biological Diversity Versus Risk For Mosquito Nuisance And Disease Transmission In Constructed Wetlands In Southern Sweden.” Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18.3 (2004): 256-267. Print.
13. Rivett, U., Champanis, M., & Wilson-Jones, T. (2013). Monitoring drinking water quality in South Africa: Designing information systems for local needs. Water SA, 39 (3), 409-414.
14. Kearney, Lorraine. “SouthAfrica.info.” Mining and minerals in South Africa. Big Media Publishers, 8 Aug. 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/sectors/mining.htm#.UpYV_GRDtSh
15. “Base Metals and Minerals.” – Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. http://www.bullion.org.za/content/?pid=81&pagename=Base+Metals+and+Min
16. “Mining water use.” Mining Water Use, the USGS Water Science School. USGS, n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2013. http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wumi.html
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IAAT Practice Test, IAAT sample test, IAAT prepare Test, help your child get into the gifted programs
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http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_clim.html
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Desert-Climate
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CLIMATE
Desert Biomes
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Thar
This desert has an extreme type of climate. During the daytime it is extremely hot and during nights it is cooler. The region is extremely dry and receives about little to no rainfall. This is due to the fact that there are no high hills which may cause rain. Also, the rain bearing winds from the Bay of Bengal almost always lose their moisture by the time they reach this area.
Arabian Desert
Climate of this desert is extremely harsh with summers having temperature as high as 129 ºF
And in winters mercury reaches below 10 ºF .
Karakum Desert
It is just like the other Deserts. It has a very hot climate during day time and chilling climate during the nights.
Sahara Desert
Sahara desert experiences extreme climate. In the last few hundred years climate of the desert has gone rapid change. Sahara tops the list of hottest place in world here temperature goes as high as 56 degree Celsius in summer, although its dryness not the temperature that make Sahara the hottest desert. Now, the desert has become bigger as compared to the size of yesteryear due to lack of precipitation. Sahara's climate is broadly divided into parts: dry subtropical climate and dry tropical climate.
Kalahari Desert
Temperature in summer can reach upto 40ºC. Annual rainfall is around 50-100 mm.
Heavy rainfall in the months of December to April convert the desert into a green oasis with colorful flowers. During winters, climate is pleasant, air is dry and average temperature is 25 degrees Celsius. Nights are very cold (temperature is around -12º C). The northeastern portion receives a lot of rainfall and thus cannot be called a desert. Still it lacks in surface water. The sands drains the water instantly and it leads to drought.
Taklimakan Desert
The Taklamakan Desert has extreme climate conditions. It is the driest and the warmest desert in China, yet extreme low temperatures are recorded in wintertime. It has recorded low temperatures upto -25.7 degrees Fahrenheit during February 2008 and was covered with a thin layer of snow exceeding 1.5 inches in depth. desert is located in a region where the effects of the Asian monsoon are completely cut off. Because of the Taklamakan's severe lack of water, visitors are dissuaded by scientists from trying to cross this seemingly boundless desert. Most explorers venture only in winter, with teams of camels carrying ice blocks
.
North American Desert
The deserts of North America, very much like the other deserts, experience extreme temperatures and distinct seasons. In winters, temperature usually hovers between 27ºC and -7ºC; whereas during summers it is between 32ºC and 54ºC. The annual rainfall received is only about 117.3mm.
South American Desert
The Atacama Desert
The Andes are so high that they block clouds, which may bring precipitation, shaped above the Amazon Basin from entering the desert from the east. The rain that would change the climate of the land mostly falls at sea instead. Largely this is caused by the cold waters of the Humboldt Current just off shore. The temperature change causes most of the clouds and the rain to occur over the ocean instead of over the land. This water that makes the western sea breezes cold, reducing evaporation and creating a thermal inversion -cold air powerless under a cover of lukewarm air--, preventing the formation of large clouds which produce rain.
The Monte Desert
Due to the region lying on the eastern, or lower, side of the Andes and west of the Sierra de Córdoba, it experiences very little rain. These Rain shadow effects are the primary reason for the dryness of the area and the creation of The Monteand other nearby deserts.
The Patagonial Desert
Diverse climates of Patagonial Desertcan be notable: the coast north of the 45th parallel is much milder because of the warm currents from Brazil, and the entire northern half of the region is significantly warmer in the summer, when sunny weather predominates. Daily temperatures in the summer reach 31ºC in the Rio Colorado region
Australian Desert
The Australian Desert experience the average desert climate. Rain fall is low throughout the coast and far north. Many drought years end with a monsoon cloud mass or tropical cyclone. Rainfall does seem high by desert standards, because even in the driest parts rainfalls rarely drop below 250 mm (9.8 in). Almost all rain comes from monsoon thunderstorms, or the occasional tropical cyclone rain depression
On average for most of the area, there are about 20 to 30 days where thunderstorms form. However, in the north bordering the Kimberley, 30-40 per year is the average. Summer daytime temperatures are some of the hottest in Australia. In summers the average temperature ranges from 37-48ºc, while in winters it is 25-30ºc. Frost does not occur in most of the area. The regions bordering the Gibson Desert in the far south east may record a light frost or two every yea]. Away from the coast winter nights can still be chilly in comparison to the warm days.
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Desert-Flora and Fauna
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FLORA AND FAUNA
Desert Biomes
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Flora And Fauna
Thar
The Thar
Flora - The fauna of this area is termed as Northern Desert Thorn Forest, consisting of various trees, shrubs and herbs. These plants are prone to wind erosion. Names of some plants found in this desert- Acacia Jacquemontii, Calligonum Polygonoides, Dactyloctenium Scindicum etc.
Fauna- This region is rich in diversified flora and fauna. Several endemic snakes and lizards are found here. Animals such as the Blackbuck, the Indian Gazelle and the Indian Wild Ass, which are fast declining in other areas, are found in this desert. Camels are one of the most popular means of transport.
Arabian Desert
FLORA
Flora of this desert is such that it can survive in a limited water supply and tolerate salt. Oasis are surrounded by the 'Tamarisk Tree' . It accommodates flowering plants such as convolvulus, mustard, pea, daisy, caper, iris, and milkweed families.
FAUNA
Fauna of this desert includes many different kind of species. It comprises of Insects such as Anopheles mosquito, Caterpillar, Scorpions, Spiders, Lice, Ants, Butterflies, Moths and Roaches. Snakes such as Vipers and Sand Cobra are commonly found. It constitutes of Mammals such as Ratel, Fox, Wild Goat.
Karakum Desert
Flora
The vegetation in the desert is quite diverse, consisting mainly of grass, small shrubs, bushes, and trees. The humid early spring allows the extensive growth of ephemeral plants-the main animal fodder-while in the barchan dune areas the classic vegetation consists of grasses, the wormwood shrub, and trees of the species Ammodendron conollyi. The most widespread bushes are species of Astragalus,Calligonum, and saltwort . In places of deep underground water, white saxaul is the most typical plant, but, in regions where water is nearer to the surface, the black saxaul is found. The plant life of the Turkmen Karakum can be used as food in winter by camels, sheep, and goats.
Fauna
Animals are not abundant in the Karakum, but they are of many kinds. The insects include ants, termites, ticks, beetles, darkling beetles, dung beetles, and spiders. Various species of lizards, snakes, and turtles are also found. The most regular birds are skylarks, saxaul sparrows, wagtails, desert sparrows, and Pander's ground jays .The rodents found are gophers and jerboas. Such mammals as the tolai hare, hedgehog, barchan cat, corsac fox, and goitered gazelle usually exist on the plains.
Sahara Desert
Flora
Due to sparsity of water there is no or small amount of flora present there. Before the Sahara became a desert it was full of Mediterranean vegetation and now only cypruss and laurel can be sighted there. Plants here are adopted such that there is minimum water loss and lot of water absorption takes place. To this they have spines called the modified leaves from which transpiration is very less they have very long and strong so that they can reach the most humid layers of the earth and suck water, their water accumulating tissue is covered with wax layer so that there is less water wastage and also they make their roots uneatable. Date palms trees are essential for the people to live in oasis because they are an energetic source of food, tress are used for making baskets, mats, ropes, covers for the huts and the most essential use that it protects the nomads from the sun's heat.
Fauna
Today, due to abridgement of water and vegetation the scope for the living of animals is infitesmial. There are some exceptions to this this statement: the Nile River valley, northern highland, and some oases where some Mediterranean plants such as olive have been sighted. Around in 200 AD the use of camel was started in region because they were more advantageous than horse they could easily move on sand and could for a rangy period without food and water. The desert is home to multifarious macabre scorpions, snakes and rodents. One of the renowned cadaverous creature found in the desert is the death stalker scorpions which is very venomous. There are 40 plus species of rodents. Screw horn antelope is one of largest indigenous mammal. It remains in herds and the most interesting thing about this animal is that it does not drink water but sucks the moisture from the desert grasses and bushes. The carnivores blotched there are jackals and several types of hyenas. Another carnivores spotted there is Mall Fennec fox who house themselves in the sand dunes during the day and at night they come out to encapture their prey.
Kalahari Desert
Flora
Most common types of trees found in the Kalahari Desert are the camel thorn and shepherd's trees. The southwestern Kalahari, with very low precipitation, has few trees or large bushes. The central Kalahari, with more rain, has scattered trees and some shrubs and grasses. The northern Kalahari has open woodlands, palm trees growing among thorn brush, and forests. It has no apppearence of a desert. One of the largest and most unusual of the trees found here is the baobab. Kalahari desert melon is a valuable, edible resource for humans and other animals in the desert because of its hydrating properties. The seeds can be pressed to make oil, which is used to moisturize skin and hair. The Kalahari melon looks much like watermelon, and it can be eaten raw or cooked. Ghaap, or hoodia cactus, is a flowering cactus that is used by hunters and gatherers to suppress hunger and thirst during hunting trips through the desert. The plant in the Kalahari's harsh conditions are smaller plants such as grasses or the flowering Devil's Claw, which have tubers or corms that remain underground and enable the plant to flourish when water is available. In some areas, larger plants such as the camel thorn and the black thorn have adapted to the climate. Cacti thrive in the heat due to their ability to store moisture.
Fauna
Southern Kalahari is home to multifarious amphibious animals as it recieves satisfactory rain. Bushveldt rain frog and the tremolo sand frog are found in immense numbers. The giant bullfrog buries itself during the dry season, drops its metabolism to one-quarter of the normal rate and sustains itself using moisture stored in its digestive tract. Flamingos and vultures are found close to river areas. Black and white rhinos, elephants and wild dogs, meerkats and lions are also found in this desert. Antelope species gemsbok and springbok are hunted. The Kalahari lion hunts small species, maintains a large territory and lives in a small pride. Males have a black mane instead of a golden mane.
The northern Kalahari has a large number of giraffes, zebras, elephants, buffalo, and antelopes, predators such as lions, cheetahs, leopards, wild hunting dogs, and foxes, mammals such as jackals, hyenas, warthogs, baboons, badgers, anteaters, ant bears, hare, and porcupines, small rodents, several types of snakes and lizards, and a wealth of birdlife.
Taklimakan Desert
Flaura n fauna
• The Taklamakan Desert supports small populations of animals like
wild Bactrian camels,
Asian wild asses,
wolves,
foxes,
gazelles and
wild boars.
• Camels, in particular, can tolerate the dryness of the desert area, and they are able to seal their slit-like nostrils closed, keeping out sand and dust.
• The Taklamakan Desert is almost devoid of vegetation.
Tamarisk,
nitre bushes and
reeds
are the only types of greenery found in the depressions between the dunes; however, plant life is much richer along the edges of the desert area.
• Because the fertility of the soil is so low to begin with, the fallow fields have tended to become desert rather than to revert to grassland.
• In addition, the more recent market-oriented rural reforms have encouraged a rapid expansion of herd sizes, which in turn have led to overgrazing and further intensified the desertification process. in turn have led to overgrazing and further intensified the desertification process.
North American Desert
Flora
Soil of the North American desert is akin to that in humid region but the soil is not blessed with the organisms that enrich the soil. Most of the older surfaces belong to the dry-soil order called arid sols. In this Desert moisture presence in the soil is one of the most significant factor in deciding the texture of the plants communities. Many of the desert plants are xerophytes or phreatophytes. Sagebrush and saltbush are some of the trees found in that region. Sonoran desert has many trees that prevent the moisture from getting lost, one such example is cacti. Arizona desert is known for its massive saguaro and the barrel cacti. Chihuahuan desert is also one of the parts of North American desert which consist of massive scattering of large trees and shrubby undergrowth. Peculiar temperature and moisture conditions make the lichens, mosses and insects more complex.
Fauna
The desert has many of multifarious animals from all around the world. Due to harsh day time climate that occur from the month of May to the month of October, so many animals like the bats, scorpions, screech owls, mice and lizards all comes out to enjoy the coolness of the evening and hunt for their prey. As we go by the pathways in the North American desert we can notice plethora of birds of prey such as hawks, falcons, eagles and vulture. Mammals like badgers, wolves and mountains lions can also be encountered as we approach closer to the eagle canyon. The desert also has Bighorn Mountains that have one of the unusual species of desert big
South American Desert
The Atacama Desert
FLORA
People can observe the pinnacle of Atacama Desert in September and November on the occasions in which earlier it received precipitation. The desert is also home to multifarious cactus, succulents and other species of xerophilous flowers.
The Monte Desert
FLORA AND FAUNA
The flora of the area is much more varied than the close by Patagonian Desert (which contains mainly shrubs and grasses) and the Atacama Desert (which is pretty much devoid of life). Shrubs and grasses are not only widespread, but tall cacti even appear in the more welcoming areas of the desert. The fauna of the area is also very similar to that of the Patagonian Desert, only in greater diversity and number due to the Monte's more open conditions. Small mammals like mice abound and larger animals like the guanaco and burrowing owl can be found as well.
Patagonian Desert
FLORA AND FAUNA
In spite of the harsh desert environment, a number of animals endeavor into and live in the Patagonian. Some only live on the more livable and geographically-varied border of the desert, where food is more plentiful and the environment less hostile, but all are found within the region encompassing the Patagonian. The burrowing owl, lesser rhea , guanaco, pygmy armadillo, Patagonian weasel, puma, and various species of eagle and hawk are a few of the variety of animals living in the region.
The flora of the region is quite common for its climate and includes several species of desert shrubs like tuft grasses like Stipa . Aquatic grasses and larger flora exist on the outskirts of the desert and around the short-lived lakes that form from the Andes' runoff.
Australian Desert
FLORA
Not many species can survive in the harsh desert climate but still the Australian deserts have quite a few species of plants. In the Great Victoria Desert Eucalyptus gongylocarpa, Eucalyptus youngiana and mulga (Acacia aneura) shrubs are scattered over areas of resilient spinifex grasses particularly Triodia basedowii. The same is the case with the Great Sandy desert with vegetation being dominated by spinifex.
FAUNA
Only a few species of animals adapt to the severe climate including species of birds, mammals and lizards. In the Great Victoria Desert the great desert skink (Egernia kintorei) and Crest-tailed Mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda) are some of the lizard species found. Birds like the Chestnut-breasted Whiteface (Aphelocephala pectoralis) is also found. Animals occurring in the The Great Sandy Desert include feral camels, dingos, goannas (including the large Perentie) and numerous species of lizard and birds. Other animal inhabitants include Bilbies, Mulgara, Marsupial mole, Rufous Hare-wallaby, Thorny Devils, Bearded Dragons, and the Red Kangaroo.
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Location
Thar
The Thar Desert is located in the Indian subcontinent, stretching from the Great Rann of Kutch in Rajasthan in India to Sindh in Pakistan.
Arabian Desert
Arabian Desert located in Western Asia occupies a very large area of about 900,000 sq. miles covering almost the entire Arabian Peninsula
Karakum Desert
East of the Caspian Sea Lies The Karakum Desert with the Aral Sea to the north and the Kyzyl Kum desert to the northeast . Aral Karakum has an estimated area of 15,440 sqmi/40,000 km².
Sahara Desert
The largest hot desert of the world is located in Africa. The desert covers a major 10% of the total area. It is surrounded by the red sea in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Northern boundary begins from the Mediterranean Sea and marks at the Sahel, an area where the sandy desert turns into a semi-arid tropical savanna. Sahara covers plethora of African countries including Tunisia, Libya, Mali, Chad, Mauritania, Sudan, Niger, Morocco and Algeria. Plenty of its area is undeveloped and it shows an assorted topography. Wind is the leading factor behind shaping the desert which includes sand seas called ergs, barren stone plateaus, gravel plains, dry valleys, and salt flats.
Kalahari Desert
One of the largest deserts, Kalahari Desert is located in South Africa and covers parts of Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. It lies on a high plateau (910 meters). It is a part of a sand basin from Orange River to Angola, in the west to Namibia and in the east to Zimbabwe. It covers an area of 900,000 square kilometers.
Taklimakan Desert
The Taklamakan Desert, also known as Taklimakan and Teklimakan, is a desert innorthwest China. It is surrounded by the Kunlun Mountains to the south, and the desert Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan (ancient Mount Imeon) to the west and north.
North American Desert
The Chihuahuan Desertis the largest desert in the continent. It is located in the American southwest and northern Mexico.
The Sonoran Desertis the second largest desert in North America. It covers Mexico, Arizona and California.
The Great Basin Desertis located within the Great Basin, it is usually mistaken as the largest desert in North America due to disorientation between the area of the Great Basin and the area of the Great Basin Desert.
The Mojave Desert located fundamentally in southeastern California, the hottest desert in the continent.
South American Desert
The Atacama Desert is located on the lower side of the Chilean coast range, very little amount moisture from the Pacific Ocean can reach the desert.
The Monte Desert is a South American ecoregion, lying completely within Argentina.
Patagonian Desert occupies 673,000 square kilometers (260,000 mi²). It is located mainly in Argentina with small parts in Chile and is bounded by the Andes, to its west, and the Atlantic Ocean to its east, in the state of Patagonia southern Argentina.
Australian Desert
The Great Victoria Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Tanami Desert, Gibson Desert and The Little Sandy Desert lie in western Australia.
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TheBeautifulGrassland
Grassland BIOME climate
NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE
SOUTH AMERICAN PAMPAS
ASIAN STEPPE
AFRICAN SAVANNAH
SOUTH AFRICAN VELDT
NORTHERN AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS
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Grassland BIOME climate
T here is a wild variation in the climate of the Grasslands depending on their distance from the ocean.
NORTH AMERICAN PRAIRIE
As you move from east to west, the rainfall in the prairies decreases. Being located far from the moderating effects of oceans causes a wide
range of temperatures, with hot summers and cold winters. The climate of the prairies is also influenced by the sheltering effect of the Rocky Mountains. Strong winds blow across the endless plains during both summer and winter.
SOUTH AMERICAN PAMPAS
The climate in the pampas is humid and warm. The average temperature in the Pampas is 18° C. The 'high sun' or dry season is in the summer, which is in December in the Southern Hemisphere. There is wind blowing most of the time.
ASIAN STEPPE
There isn't much humidity in the air because Steppe is located away from the ocean and close to mountain barriers. The average rainfall is 10-30 inches per year but in May, June, and August, the Steppe can get up to 4-5 inches a month. If it got more rain, it would become a forest. If it got less, it would become a desert. There is also a lot of wind in the Steppe because there are few trees.
AFRICAN SAVANNAH
Savannas have warm temperatures all year round. There are actually two very different seasons in a savanna; a very long dry season (winter) with temperatures around 21C (70° F) and very little rain, and a very
wet season (summer). The monsoon rains begin in May. It gets hot and very humid during the rainy season.
SOUTH AFRICAN VELDT
The climate of the veld is highly variable, but generally winters from May to September are mild and summers from November to March hot or
very hot. The daily temperatures may vary considerably during the day and there is abundant sunshine. The rainy season is in the summer
months with high-energy thunderstorms.
NORTHERN AUSTRALIAN GRASSLANDS
The climate in the Australian grasslands is very tropical. It tends to be an average of 18C (64F) in the winter but temperatures remain well over 28C (80° F) in the summer. Australian savannas receive only 18 inches (46 centimeters) of rain a year. The summer is considered the rainy season. Rain clouds form over the savanna as warm, moist air arrives from the equator and strong storms.
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INTERESTING FACTS
Intresting Facts
-About one quarter of the earth's land is in the grasslands.
-Grasslands receive about 10 to 30 inches of rain per year, depending ontheir location in the world. If they received more rain, the grasslands wouldbecome a forest. If they received less, they would become a desert.
-Grasslands are often located in the zone between deserts and forests.
-Grasslands are found on every continent except Antarctica.
-Wildfires are a vital life factor for grasslands and local plants haveadapted to them growing extensive underground systems. Fires kill mostsaplings, and remove the thatch of dead grasses, rejuvenating plants and allowingearly flowering spring species to grow.
-Today less than 1% of the native Australian grasslands survive and are nowconsidered one of the most threatened Australian habitats.
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Top 10 Interesting Facts about the Tundra Biome:
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Learn more about the next global warming worry that affects the Tundra Biome.
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Watch a video on Tundra and Swan Migration.
BCC nature
To learn more about Artic Foxes clik here.
Top 10 Interesting Facts about the Tundra Biome:
The Tundra Biome is the 2nd most deadliest environment.
The Tundra Biome has only 6 weeks of summer.
There is little to no precipitation.
The soil has very little nutrients for plants.
It the least inhabited by humans biome.
The Tundra Biome is the biome most affected by human pollution.
The sun is almost 24 hours up a summer day, meaning that there are mostly no nights.
During the winter, this biome has few hours of sunlight.
The Tundra Biome is covered permanently by a frozen layer of soil.
The Tundra Biome is the most vital role in keeping global temperature at a stable place.
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Flora:
ALPINE MOSS VALLEY
ARCTIC GRASSES
TUNDRA BIOME FLORA
TUNDRA BIOME FAUNA
Fauna:
ARCTIC POLAR BEAR
ALPINE BULL ELK
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The Perfect Night
The Snowy Field
Flora:
ALPINE MOSS VALLEY
ARCTIC GRASSES
ANTARCTIC PEARLWORT
TUNDRA BIOME FLORA
Arctic Tundra: Because the climate in the Tundra Biome is particularly inhospitable settings, the flowers found within the biome are very few. Within the Arctic Biome, the majority of plants are mosses, grasses, lichens, sedges, and shrubs. Cotton grass is very common in this region. This vegetation has been able to adapt to its environment.
Alpine Tundra: The plants that grow within this Tundra Biome are called Alpine Plants. It’s primarily consists of mosses, lichens, sedges, perennial grasses, and cushion plants. The most abundant plant is the Caribou moss.
Antarctic Tundra: Because the Arctic Tundra’s climate is very cold and dries, the region is primarily ice fields. Within the Antarctic Peninsula, the plants that grow there are aquatic and terrestrial, for example algae, liverworts, reindeer mosses, sedges, shrubs, pearlwort, hair grass, and lichens.
TUNDRA BIOME FAUNA
Arctic Tundra: Within the Arctic Tundra there are herds of reindeer, polar bears, foxes, wolves, migrating birds, and rabbits. There is only about 48 species, which is very large given their low biodiversity.
Alpine Tundra: The majority of the animals in this specific biome are goats, caribou, marmots, elks and pikas.
Antarctic Tundra: The Antarctic Tundra has several birds and sea animals. These animals include penguins, seals, and a variety of fish species that circulate this Tundra region.
Fauna:
ARCTIC POLAR BEAR
ALPINE BULL ELK
ANTARCTIC PENGUINS
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The Perfect Night
The Snowy Field
Links
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Learn more about the next global warming worry that affects the Tundra Biome.
National Geographic
Watch a video on Tundra and Swan Migration.
BCC nature
To learn more about Artic Foxes clik here.
Tundra lifestyle
The arctic tundra has very little population due to its low temperatures and low vegetation. The people that inhabit this biome made a living from mining, fishing, hunting and nomadic herding. Most people herded animals for a living more specifically the sheep. The most known tribe that inhabits the tundra is the Inuit tribe.This beautiful biome attracts people from different parts of the world because of its unique animals and attraction parks.
In the past, igloos were lived in during the winter months and various animals' skins were wore to keep them warm. Now people in the north wear 'normal' clothes and live in homes like everywhere else. The arctic tundra is a great place for mountain climbing and hiking. Thanks to the Biology 11 class at Attagoyuk Ilisavik High School in Pangnirtung, Nunavut, Canada for the contemporary update.
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The Snowy Field
Links
CNN
Learn more about the next global warming worry that affects the Tundra Biome.
National Geographic
Watch a video on Tundra and Swan Migration.
BCC nature
To learn more about Artic Foxes clik here.
Tundra's Location
The artic tundra’s are mostly found in the Northern Hemisphere but some have been found in the Southern Hemisphere in islands near Antarctica and in the Antarctica Peninsula. There are five main arctic tundra’s in the world and they lie in North America, Northern Europe and Northern Asia. They are called Northern Alaska, Scandinavian, Siberian, Canada and Greenland tundra. The Tundra is about 3 million square miles long and covers about 20% of the earth's surface. The latitude of which the tundra is located is 55 degrees-75 degrees N. They are in one way all connected. They share the same location, climate, flora and fauna.
The Alaskan tundra lies in Northern Alaska covering all of the state of Alaska.
The Scandinavian tundra lies in the largest peninsula in Europe, Scandinavia and it extends from the Arctic Circle to the North and Baltic Sea.
The Siberian tundra lays in Siberia a vast region of Russia. It extends from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.
The Canadian tundra lies in the beautiful country of Canada and the tundra extends from the Mackenzie delta to the Hudson Bay and NE Labrador.
The Greenland tundra lies in Northern Greenland and it’s about 11,563,300 km2 (4,464,600 sq. mi) in space.
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FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang - 12160 Social Network
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FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
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FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from Jewish gang
Posted by truth on November 19, 2013 at 6:35pm in Current News/Events
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On Monday February 27th, 2012, WikiLeaks began publishing The Global Intelligence Files, over five million e-mails from the Texas headquartered "global intelligence" company Stratfor. The e-mails date between July 2004 and late December 2011. They reveal the inner workings of a company that fronts as an intelligence publisher, but provides confidential intelligence services to large corporations, such as Bhopal's Dow Chemical Co., Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon and government agencies, including the US Department of Homeland Security, the US Marines and the US Defence Intelligence Agency. The emails show Stratfor's web of informers, pay-off structure, payment laundering techniques and psychological methods.
[CT] Fw: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he receiveddeath threats from Jewish gang
Released on 2013-10-10 00:00 GMT
Email-ID
1915766
Date
2011-04-14 16:44:28
From
sean.noonan@stratfor.com
To
ct@stratfor.com
RIP. Keep forgetting to look into these
----------------------------------------------------------------------
From: Adam Wagh <adam.wagh@stratfor.com>
Sender: os-bounces@stratfor.com
Date: Thu, 14 Apr 2011 09:42:18 -0500 (CDT)
To: The OS List<os@stratfor.com>
ReplyTo: The OS List <os@stratfor.com>
Subject: [OS] US/CT - FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received
death threats from Jewish gang
FBI files on Tupac Shakur murder show he received death threats from
Jewish gang
http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/fbi-files-on-tupac-shakur-murde...
15:45 14.04.11
Files released Thursday by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on the 1996
murder of rapper Tupac Shakur state that the star had received death
threats from the Jewish Defense League, an organization that has been
characterized as terrorist group.
Shakur was shot dead in Las Vegas in September 1996, in a murder case
which remain unsolved.
Tupac Shakur - AP
Murdered rap star Tupac Shakur.
Photo by: AP
"The JDL... have been extorting money from various rap music stars via
death threats," the FBI file on the case states. The report then goes on
to describe how the group would make the death threats, and then call the
rap star and offer protection for a fee.
According to the documents, Shakur was a victim of this scheme, as was
another late rapper, Eazy-E.
Although the documents refer to the JDL extortion scheme, they don't make
a direct connection between the group and the murder of Shakur.
The FBI files were released as part of the Freedom of Information and
Privacy Acts.
The JDL was founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane, who once served in the Knesset,
but whose party was later banned for its extreme right-wing beliefs, which
included transferring Arabs out of Israel. Kahane was murdered in New York
The Global Intelligence Files,
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emails released so far
Search the GI Files
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:48pm
The year is 2027. The enemies of the rap industry have declared war on hip hop, deploying the classic divide and conquer plan. Those who survived were left with two choice, sell out or be forever silenced.
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:52pm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_%28rapper%29
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EminemVEVO
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Eminem - Like Toy Soldiers (Official Video)
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:56pm
### Unreleased underground bootleg ###
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Eminem ft Tupac 50 Cent & Nate Dogg Till I Collapse remix
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 4:57pm
This last one goes hard as fuck. Been listenin to it for fkin 10+ years now.
The middle is Eminem's song about Proof (murder conspiracy).
The top, behind the scenes, tupac.
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 5:05pm
### Unreleased underground bootleg ###
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46.2K subscribers
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Tupac, Eminem, & 50 Cent - Hail Mary
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Permalink Reply by opt˟ on November 20, 2013 at 5:10pm
Back in the day I used to have to burn this stuff to CD's and pass out copies to friends to get the underground material distributed to sheep.
NOOO, don't listen to backstreet boys, listen to this, its crunk, trust.
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Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
FLASHBACK: Gilgamesh Tomb Found In Iraq, 2003
Magnetic
‘Venice in the desert’
The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God.
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Gilgamesh Tomb Found in Iraq, 2003 (Giant Skeleton Found & Retrieved)
Posted by 14300 on May 28, 2013 at 8:20am in Current News/Events
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FLASHBACK: Gilgamesh Tomb Found In Iraq, 2003
Archaeologists in Iraq believe they may have found the lost tomb of King Gilgamesh – the subject of the oldest “book” in history.
The Epic Of Gilgamesh – written by a Middle Eastern scholar 2,500 years before the birth of Christ – commemorated the life of the ruler of the city of Uruk, from which Iraq gets its name.
Now, a German-led expedition has discovered what is thought to be the entire city of Uruk – including, where the Euphrates once flowed, the last resting place of its famous King.
“I don’t want to say definitely it was the grave of King Gilgamesh, but it looks very similar to that described in the epic,” Jorg Fassbinder, of the Bavarian department of Historical Monuments in Munich, told the BBC World Service’s Science in Action programme.
Magnetic
In the book – actually a set of inscribed clay tablets – Gilgamesh was described as having been buried under the Euphrates, in a tomb apparently constructed when the waters of the ancient river parted following his death.
“We found just outside the city an area in the middle of the former Euphrates river¿ the remains of such a building which could be interpreted as a burial,” Mr Fassbinder said.
Who can compare with him in kingliness? Who can say, like Gilgamesh, I am king?
The Epic Of Gilgamesh
He said the amazing discovery of the ancient city under the Iraqi desert had been made possible by modern technology.
“By differences in magnetisation in the soil, you can look into the ground,” Mr Fassbinder added.
“The difference between mudbricks and sediments in the Euphrates river gives a very detailed structure.”
This creates a magnetogram, which is then digitally mapped, effectively giving a town plan of Uruk.
‘Venice in the desert’
“The most surprising thing was that we found structures already described by Gilgamesh,” Mr Fassbinder stated.
Iraq has long been the site of some of the most important historical finds
“We covered more than 100 hectares. We have found garden structures and field structures as described in the epic, and we found Babylonian houses.”
But he said the most astonishing find was an incredibly sophisticated system of canals.
“Very clearly, we can see in the canals some structures showing that flooding destroyed some houses, which means it was a highly developed system.
“ [It was] like Venice in the desert.”
SOURCE ARTICLE LINK: http://news.bbc.co.
(NOTE FROM AUTHOR: This is particularly interesting considering that Gilgamesh was believed to be part human/part alien/angel; notably what we would call a hybrid. It is also intersting to note that Gilgamesh has been compared to and could very well be King Nimrod; who was the son of Cush and a descendant of Noah and the king of Babylon.
The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God.
I mention this regarding the over whelming amount of information that has come to light recently of DNA genetic manipulation and it’s use in science and technology.
Was the Iraq ‘invasion’ a forward smoke screen for the enablement of Western powers to gain ancient ‘alien’ technologies and possible DNA for ‘future’ engineering and a ‘possible’ resurrection/cloning of angel DNA (Gilgamesh/Nimrod)?)
LINK TO EPIC OF GILGAMESH PDF: eog.pdf
“Keep your nose to the ground and your eyes to the sky.”
JP
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Permalink Reply by 14300 on May 28, 2013 at 8:22am
NOTE FROM AUTHOR: This is particularly interesting considering that Gilgamesh was believed to be part human/part alien/angel; notably what we would call a hybrid. It is also intersting to note that Gilgamesh has been compared to and could very well be King Nimrod; who was the son of Cush and a descendant of Noah and the king of Babylon.
The same Nimrod that built the ‘Tower of Babel’ (translated as ‘Gateway to Heaven’) to defy God.
I mention this regarding the over whelming amount of information that has come to light recently of DNA genetic manipulation and it’s use in science and technology.
Was the Iraq ‘invasion’ a forward smoke screen for the enablement of Western powers to gain ancient ‘alien’ technologies and possible DNA for ‘future’ engineering and a ‘possible’ resurrection/cloning of angel DNA (Gilgamesh/Nimrod)?)
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Permalink Reply by honeygirl on May 28, 2013 at 12:04pm
very pleased to have that copy of the "epic of Gilgamesh" thanks great post
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Permalink Reply by Burbia on May 28, 2013 at 1:00pm
I'm more likely to believe finds in places other than Zionist Israel wasn't Saddam Hussein also building museum that would crumble the foundations of christianity? Other far fetched stories was that he was host to large beings from a stargate and the US wanted that privilege.The Tower of Babel, wasn't that the last time humanity wasn't caught up in a war and worked in harmony?
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Permalink Reply by Tara on May 6, 2015 at 9:55am
This was posted on Steve Quayle's website and is getting some pretty heavy traffic the last couple of days.
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What is the real meaning behind The Number 322 - to The Illuminati
For What Other Reasons Can Civil Society Be Suspended?
Situation Update Jan 8th - Trump fighting from secure location, did NOT concede
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What is the real meaning behind The Number 322 - to The Illuminati
Covenant with Death.
During The Election Of 2004, President George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry were asked numerous questions about their membership within ' The Skull And Bones Society ' - to which they both jokingly responded: " It's A Secret, I can't tell you anything more "; and from the grins on both of their faces, they considered this entire field of questioning to be quite humorous! Meanwhile, the most interesting question put forth was: " What is The Meaning Of 322, which is referenced in all of their organization's symbology ?"
Actually, however, The Meaning Of 322 to the Illuminati is very simple for us to accurately ascertain. While all of The World's Secret Societies are based upon: Satanism, The Kabbala, and Luciferian Teachings - they have always been, strangely enough, drawn to The Bible as their own personal code book! In fact, their affinity for utilizing The Bible - in this way - is actually a seemingly hilarious, exceptionally clever, and closely held insider joke.... All the more so, since they can utilize Yahweh's Prophetical Book against His own children - in these particular spiritual matters.
America In Prophecy
Know Your Enemy: " Skull And Bones " - The Vigilant Guardian.
The Meaning Of 322: Is Very Simple
For an accurate understanding of: " 322 " - we need merely open The Very First Book Of The Bible to Genesis Chapter 3 Verse 22, wherein it states:
" Then The Mighty One said, ' Behold, the man has become like one of Us, to know Good and Evil [ Possessing The Previously Hidden Knowledge - Upon Which It All Works ]. And now, lest he put out his hand and take also of The Tree Of Life, and eat, and live forever [ V22 ] - therefore Yahweh The Mighty One sent him out of The Garden Of Eden to till the ground from which he was taken. [ V23 ] " - Genesis 3:22-23.
{ *** NOTE: They [ merely ] ignore the struck through text within this passage - to factually obtain their own personal interpretation of it! This has only been done, for demonstrations purposes.... *** }
The fact that, They Ignore The Remainder Of The Verse - which is found in Genesis 3:23 [ the second half of the very same sentence ] - is itself a very bold and personal statement! As members of The Illuminati - or, the self-proclaimed: " Illuminated Ones " - they are laying ' A True Spiritual Claim ' to this original act of rebellion against Yahweh. In essence, they are boldly proclaiming that: " We have done this thing, before Yahweh; and We shall complete this deed of rebellion, despite all of His actions! " For they truly believe, that they are smart enough to find some form of loophole - within the rules which so obviously govern our universe....
Do they believe in Yahweh? Most certainly... as do, ' The Fallen Angels ' - who have also rejected God's claim to Universal Authority! However, they believe that Genesis 3:22 is somehow an admission of weakness on Yahweh's part... and that, through their own: Combined, Creative, and Secret Efforts - they can substantially achieve what ' The Fallen Angels ' could not....
Do The Illuminati serve ' Satan ' [ or Lucifer ]? The answer is both: Yes and No. While they do in fact serve Lucifer, they do so only due to A Common Agenda. Ultimately, their intention is to overthrow him as well; by somehow pitting the two opposite forces against each other. After all, their underlying intention is only ' To Serve Themselves ' - just like Lucifer, their original role-model! This is at the very heart of Kabbala.
Which, of course, brings up a highly important question: " Why were the verses of The Bible divided up in the midst of sentences, by whomever devised this particular system for studying it? " Doesn't that ever bug you, like it did for me? The answer, of course, is that This System Of Study was devised by The Illuminati themselves... and then cleverly foisted upon the public, as a more efficient means for studying The Scriptures.
Meanwhile, by dividing these scriptural references appropriately, they're able to utilize: " The Most Commonly Available Book On Earth " - as ' A Cryptographic Key ' - which no one could ever question their possession of! After all, if they're Satanists, then why would they own A Bible? Of course, as we all know, even Lucifer quoted The Scriptures! And now, you know ' The Truth ' behind: The Illuminati, Skull And Bones, and The Meaning Of 322 ....
{ *** NOTE: They have done the very same thing with many of the other religious texts - such as The Koran ... in nations where The Bible, itself, has been legally banned! Just thought, you ought to know.... }.
Posted by Francis Barbour at 9:15 AM
http://usa-prophecies.blogspot.com/2011/06/skull-and-bones-illumina...
Labels: 322, Cryptographic Key, Genesis 3, Genesis 3:22, George W. Bush, Illuminati, John Kerry, Kabbala, Luciferian Teachings, Occult Numerology, Satanism, Secret Meanings, Secret Societies, Skull and Bones
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Permalink Reply by Not mainstreamer on March 23, 2014 at 4:54am
I've studied with: Baptists , Methodists, Lutherans , Episcopals , Catholics, Jehovah Witnesses , Seventh Day Adventists ,
Writer Francis R. Barbour represents Christian interpretation of history - Spiritual Understanding..
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Permalink Reply by 14300 on March 23, 2014 at 10:08am
Do The Illuminati serve ' Satan ' [ or Lucifer ]? The answer is both: Yes and No.
While the Illuminati do in fact serve Lucifer, they do so only due to A Common Agenda.
Ultimately, their intention is to overthrow Lucifer as well; by somehow pitting the two opposite forces against each other.
After all, their underlying intention is only ' To Serve Themselves ' - just like Lucifer, their original role-model!
This is at the very heart of Kabbala.
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Permalink Reply by Not mainstreamer on March 24, 2014 at 5:21am
It has always been thought that the skulls are elongated as a result of cranial deformation, whereby the head has been bound or flattened in order to achieve the unusual shape, however Foerster does not think this is the case with the Paracas skulls.
http://uk.news.yahoo.com/paracas-elongated-skulls-species-aliens-ho...
Interesting news that does not fit into Evolutionism, what we all are told in school.
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Permalink Reply by Burbia on March 20, 2017 at 2:59pm
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http://12160.info/group/exposebarackhusseinobama/forum/topics/report-obama-s-alledged-gay-lover-dead-larry-sinclair-killed-by-h
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report: Obama's alleged gay lover dead - LARRY SINCLAIR KILLED BY HIT AND RUN DRIVER? - 12160 Social Network
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report: Obama's alleged gay lover dead - LARRY SINCLAIR KILLED BY HIT AND RUN DRIVER?
report: Obama's alleged gay lover dead - LARRY SINCLAIR KILLED BY HIT AND RUN DRIVER?
LARRY SINCLAIR KILLED BY HIT AND RUN DRIVER?
LARRY SINCLAIR IS DEAD!
Barack Obama -- Larry Sinclair Press conference Pt 1
Reports of My Death Are FALSE (Unless you consider dead asleep dead)
LARRY SINCLAIR IS DEAD!
Reports of My Death Are FALSE (Unless you consider dead asleep dead)
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report: Obama's alleged gay lover dead - LARRY SINCLAIR KILLED BY HIT AND RUN DRIVER? - 12160 Social Network
report: Obama's alleged gay lover dead - LARRY SINCLAIR KILLED BY HIT AND RUN DRIVER?
Posted by truth on November 14, 2011 at 9:54am in Expose: Barack Hussein Obama
Back to Expose: Barack Hussein Obama Discussions
LARRY SINCLAIR KILLED BY HIT AND RUN DRIVER?
LARRY SINCLAIR IS DEAD!
Posted November 13th 2011 at 11:42 pm by The Editor
Author of “Barack Obama & Larry Sinclair: Cocaine, Sex, Lies & Murder”, Lawrence W. Sinclair has died tonight near his home in Chattanooga in a purported car accident. It was apparently a hit and run. Police say the other driver got away and there was no sign of the other driver or his car.
In a 2009 shocker, Sinclair revealed in his book stunning revelations about Barack Hussein Obama, including that he had had a gay lover in Illinois. Shortly after addressing the National Press Club in Washington, DC in 2008, Sinclair revealed that Senior Advisor David Axelrod spearheaded a vindictive smear campaign against him, while Vice President Joe Biden and his son Beau arranged for his arrest after the NPC speech.
The most shocking claim in his 2009 book was the accusation by Sinclair that Obama and Rev. Jeremiah Wright were involved in the murder of Obama’s former lover, choirmaster Donald Young.
The mysterious circumstances around this accident will surely raise many questions. It is curious that this accident happened late on Sunday night when all the news media is in bed and not paying any attention. We’ll see if it’s reported anywhere tomorrow.
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Permalink Reply by lisa mcconnell on November 14, 2011 at 11:31am
Back when Obama was running for President I found a site where several people were discussing the issue of his homosexuality - folks contributing t0 the site (including Sinclair) were VERY paranoid about revealing their information. One of them was a female proprietor of Chicago's most elite, discreet gay restaurant, which she claimed Obama frequented with a male date whenever he was in town. Sinclair wrote about the alleged murder of male choir member of Wright's church who'd had, according to Sinclair, a gay relationship with Obama. The site was soon taken down (just after the election). I believed these people, they didn't advertise the site and were just talking amongst themselves.
Permalink Reply by Dave Yuhnke on November 14, 2011 at 12:37pm
The whole story has been all along a bunch of horsepucky. Why any of it even makes print is a mystery to me. Other than the obvious crime, there's nothing suspicious about someone driving drunk on a Sunday night. Sinclair (if that was his real name) was looking for attention and a few bucks. He got what he wanted. I've watched the tapes and interviews and he wasn't anywhere near convincing.
Permalink Reply by Carmine Clemente on November 14, 2011 at 1:33pm
Barack Obama -- Larry Sinclair Press conference Pt 1
Permalink Reply by DTOM on November 14, 2011 at 4:03pm
Via: http://www.larrysinclair.org/2011/11/14/reports-of-my-death-are-fal...
---
Reports of My Death Are FALSE (Unless you consider dead asleep dead)
Written By: Larry - Nov• 14•11
First I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to those who have been calling me all night to make sure I am alive and well. Second I would like to apologize for not answering the phone, however when I finally get to sleep I do not awaken easily by the phone. That being said allow me to pass on what little I have been able to gather since being informed that someone published a “ LINK ” on Freerepublic.com claiming I had been killed in a hit & run accident which linked to a story published on a blog site called People in the News.
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2807065/posts
This thread has been pulled.
Pulled on 11/14/2011 5:10:45 AM PST by Admin Moderator, reason:
Hoax
LARRY SINCLAIR IS DEAD!
Posted November 13th 2011 at 11:42 pm by The Editor
Author of “Barack Obama & Larry Sinclair: Cocaine, Sex, Lies & Murder”, Lawrence W. Sinclair has died tonight near his home in a purported car accident. It was apparently a hit and run. Police say the other driver got away and there was no sign of the other driver or his car.
I have no idea who the authors/ editors of this site are, however I have found that the original link posted at FreeRepublic was apparently uploaded from Jackson, Mississippi. Since publication FreeRepublic.com has removed the thread and published the following statement:
Free Republic is NOT Reporting Larry Sinclair is Dead
Posted on Monday, November 14, 2011 7:35:01 AM by icwhatudo
Posted on Monday, 14 November 2011 11:35:01 PM by icwhatudo
Contrary to claims made on HillBuzz and the twitterverse, Free Republic is NOT reporting Larry Sinclair is dead. An “article” written at a blog website (that has 3 articles in its entire history) was linked to on Free Republic. That’s it. It is not written by Free Republic and is not a claim made by Free Republic.
I personally have questions as to the two different time lines which were/are associated with the FR statement above and will send FR an email requesting they provide me with any information they might have on the individual who published the link on FR.
I understand how things are published at Free Republic and I have no reason to believe that “Free Republic” had anything to do with the reporting of the claim other than allowing the individual to link to the story on Free Republic.
This web article reminds me of a 2008 web article which reported that I had been found dead in my Duluth, MN apartment; that police and Duluth Mayor claimed I was originally thought to have committed suicide, but had decided I was a victim of foul play after Police found marks on my apartment door locks indicating the locks had been picked. In the 2008 article the writer claimed to have been given statements by Duluth public officials which did not go over to well with those officials.
While I cannot control the completely fabricated stories people decide to post on the Internet, I can assure you that I am NOT dead.
Permalink Reply by Richard Eline on November 14, 2011 at 8:17pm
Typical of these type of politicians. Notice Axelrod was trying a smear campaign,an Emanuel probably had the hit done in Tennnessee. But don't expect the media to talk about this right now
Permalink Reply by Freedomrox on November 14, 2011 at 8:43pm
Reports of My Death Are FALSE (Unless you consider dead asleep dead)
by Larry Sinclair
irst I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to those who have been calling me all night to make sure I am alive and well. Second I would like to apologize for not answering the phone, however when I finally get to sleep I do not awaken easily by the phone. That being said allow me to pass on what little I have been able to gather since being informed that someone published a “ LINK ” on Freerepublic.com claiming I had been killed in a hit & run accident which linked to a story published on a blog site called People in the News.
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2807065/posts
This thread has been pulled.
Pulled on 11/14/2011 5:10:45 AM PST by Admin Moderator, reason:
Hoax
Permalink Reply by Lisa K on November 19, 2011 at 7:49am
Is that the same guy on "Inside job" at the end where Obama (Barry Soetaro) is holding a glass pipe?
Permalink Reply by Richard Eline on November 19, 2011 at 3:39pm
All right who is this really?
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Angry "It's Ma'am" GameStop Trans Does 1st TV Interview - Video - 12160 Social Network
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Angry "It's Ma'am" GameStop Trans Does 1st TV Interview - Video
Angry "It's Ma'am" GameStop Trans Does 1st TV Interview - Video
Angry GameStop Transgender TV Interview.
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"It's Ma'am"
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Angry "It's Ma'am" GameStop Trans Does 1st TV Interview - Video - 12160 Social Network
Angry "It's Ma'am" GameStop Trans Does 1st TV Interview - Video
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Transgender Tiffany Moore, who became an Internet meme after getting into an argument with an employee at a GameStop store in Albuquerque, New Mexico, has emerged for the first time since the viral incident for an interview with a local news station.
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Comment by Twilight Zone on January 17, 2019 at 8:43am
It's wearing pink, so obviously it's a Ma'am. lol
Comment by Sam Sammy on January 17, 2019 at 7:06am
Quit clearly you are not anything close to a women, mis-gendering NO, you can say you are a tree, doesn't make you a TREE! WE are not bigots, you are insane and we wont go along with your insanity, screw off!!
Comment by Cranford Ducain on January 17, 2019 at 6:59am
Here's a tip. I know it is a radical idea, but the next time you go out and want to be called "mam" , put on a dress and some make up to look the part. A lot of guys have long hair and wearing jeans make some girls look like men. Most people are, like myself, kind of handicapped, you see. We can't even read a blank book so how are we going to be able to read your mind ???
Comment by Timothy Hadfield on January 16, 2019 at 10:22pm
Blatant and malicious mis-gendering? - I don't think so.
Comment by Boris on January 16, 2019 at 7:10pm
there is comedy in the absurd
Comment by Chris of the family Masters on January 16, 2019 at 6:53pm
Exactly, what's a bloody point!
Comment by Twilight Zone on January 16, 2019 at 6:46pm
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"It's Ma'am"
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Florida Governor Introduces “Law Enforcement Protection Act”… - 12160 Social Network
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Florida Governor Introduces “Law Enforcement Protection Act”…
Florida Governor Introduces “Law Enforcement Protection Act”…
Gov. DeSantis announces law enforcement protection act
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Florida Governor Introduces “Law Enforcement Protection Act”…
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Florida Governor Introduces “Law Enforcement Protection Act”…
Posted on September 22, 2020 by sundance
Yesterday Florida Governor Ron DeSantis introduced an absolutely perfect set of guidelines that will frame a new set of laws within Florida called the “Combating Violence, Disorder and Looting and Law Enforcement Protection Act.” The Florida House and Senate will take up the bill as their first order of business. Buckets of common sense.
The legal measures and penalties [ Summary Here] are direct, straight forward, specific to the current situation and absolutely pitch-perfect to immediately stop any civil disorder that would impede, impact or stop the domestic tranquility for Florida residents. This includes the use of RICO statutes to prosecute those who organize chaos.
Hopefully more governors will take this approach. WATCH:
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As released, the basic elements of the new Florida law encompass the following:
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♦ New Criminal Offenses to Combat Rioting, Looting and Violence:
Prohibition on Violent or Disorderly Assemblies: 3rd degree felony when 7 or more persons are involved in an assembly and cause damage to property or injury to other persons.
Prohibition on Obstructing Roadways: 3rd degree felony to obstruct traffic during an unpermitted protest, demonstration or violent or disorderly assembly; driver is NOT liable for injury or death caused if fleeing for safety from a mob.
Prohibition on Destroying or Toppling Monuments: 2nd degree felony to destroy public property during a violent or disorderly assembly.
Prohibition on Harassment in Public Accommodations: 1st degree misdemeanor for a participant in a violent or disorderly assembly to harass or intimidate a person at a public accommodation, such as a restaurant.
RICO Liability: RICO liability attaches to anyone who organizes or funds a violent or disorderly assembly.
♦ Increased Penalties
Mandatory Minimum Jail Sentence: Striking a law enforcement officer (including with a projectile) during a violent or disorderly assembly = 6 months mandatory minimum jail sentence.
Offense Enhancements: Offense and/or sentence enhancements for: (1) throwing an object during a violent or disorderly assembly that strikes a civilian or law enforcement officer; (2) assault/battery of a law enforcement officer during a violent or disorderly assembly; and (3) participation in a violent or disorderly assembly by an individual from another state.
♦ Citizen and Taxpayer Protection Measures
No “Defund the Police” Permitted: Prohibits state grants or aid to any local government that slashes the budget for law enforcement services.
Victim Compensation: Waives sovereign immunity to allow a victim of a crime related to a violent or disorderly assembly to sue local government for damages where the local government is grossly negligent in protecting persons and property.
Government Employment/Benefits: Terminates state benefits and makes anyone ineligible for employment by state/local government if convicted of participating in a violent or disorderly assembly.
Bail: No bond or bail until first appearance in court if charged with a crime related to participating in a violent or disorderly assembly; rebuttable presumption against bond or bail after first appearance.
“Protesting is a basic constitutional right of free speech, which I wholeheartedly support,” said Polk County Sheriff Grady Judd. “Violence, rioting, looting, and vandalism are illegal acts – not rights. Nothing else matters if you and your children aren’t safe. Crime is at a 48-year-low in the state of Florida and we intend to keep it that way. Criminals who destroy and tear down our communities and victimize others must be held accountable, through quick action and swift punishment. We are sending a message that we will not sit back and allow violence to run amuck, and we will arrest violent criminals, and those who loot, riot, and vandalize – guaranteed. I applaud Governor DeSantis’ initiative to ensure that the safety of Florida residents and visitors comes first.”
“It’s my honor to stand in support with Governor DeSantis today,” said Florida Sheriffs Association President and Gilchrist County Sheriff Bobby Schultz. “I’m thankful Governor DeSantis is supplying public safety tools to help ensure that our communities and residents are protected.”
“On behalf of the Florida Police Chiefs Association and over 900 of Florida’s top law enforcement executives from across every region of the state, we thank Governor DeSantis for his strong leadership and dedication to maintaining public order and keeping the peace,” said Florida Police Chiefs Association President and Satellite Beach Police Department Chief Jeff Pearson. “The measures he put forth today are urgently needed to protect the lives and property of every Floridian.” ( more)
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Understanding that media has a tendency to obfuscate terminology, Polk County Sheriff Grady Judd brought visual aids to help the assembled press pool with their reporting.
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Sheriff Grady Judd is somewhat of a rockstar in central Florida. Judd was once asked by a local reporter why a known cop killer was shot 38 times in an exchange of gunfire during his arrest… Judd replied: “because that’s all the bullets we had.”
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Map of Active U.S. FEMA Camps: Is There One Near You? - 12160 Social Network
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Map of Active U.S. FEMA Camps: Is There One Near You?
Map of Active U.S. FEMA Camps: Is There One Near You?
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Map of Active U.S. FEMA Camps: Is There One Near You?
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National Guard Ad for FEMA Prison Camp Positions
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Police State (FEMA Camps) HQ Full length
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I found this info on another site, and am sharing it with you. This is a pic of the active & operational U.S. FEMA camps. If you connect to the link I've added, there is an article that describes each camp state by state. The article also list a number of executive orders that have already been passed to prepare for a future domestic military takeover. I hope everyone can find this useful. Also I want to thank the original author and researcher for locating and sharing this abundance of knowledge (there is alot of good info on this link).
http://www.altnews.info/192/fema-concentration-camps/
FEMA CONCENTRATION CAMPS: Locations and Executive Orders
By Iconoclast, on December 7th, 2010
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There over 800 prison camps in the United States, all fully operational and ready to receive prisoners. They are all staffed and even surrounded by full-time guards, but they mostly empty. These camps are to be operated by FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) should Martial Law need to be implemented in the United States and all it would take is a presidential signature on a proclamation and the attorney general’s signature on a warrant to which a list of names is attached.
The Rex 84 Program was established on the reasoning that if a “mass exodus” of illegal aliens crossed the Mexican/US border, they would be quickly rounded up and detained in detention centers by FEMA. Rex 84 allowed many military bases to be closed down and to be turned into prisons.
Operation Cable Splicer and Garden Plot are the two sub programs which will be implemented once the Rex 84 program is initiated for its proper purpose. Garden Plot is the program to control the population. Cable Splicer is the program for an orderly takeover of the state and local governments by the federal government. FEMA is the executive arm of the coming police state and thus will head up all operations. The Presidential Executive Orders already listed on the Federal Register also are part of the legal framework for this operation.
The camps all have railroad facilities as well as roads leading to and from the detention facilities. Many also have an airport nearby. The majority of the camps can house a population of 20,000 prisoners. Currently, the largest of these facilities is just outside of Fairbanks, Alaska. The Alaskan facility is a massive mental health facility and can hold approximately 2 million people.
Halliburton Subsidiary Gets Contract to Add Temporary Immigration D... – NY Times | February 4, 2006
Now you realize it’s not a thing of conspiracy theorists, it’s mainstream news.
let’s review the justification for any actions taken…
Executive Orders associated with FEMA that would suspend the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. These Executive Orders have been on record for nearly 30 years and could be enacted by the stroke of a Presidential pen:…
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10990
allows the government to take over all modes of transportation and control of highways and seaports.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10995
allows the government to seize and control the communication media.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10997
allows the government to take over all electrical power, gas, petroleum, fuels and minerals.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10998
allows the government to seize all means of transportation, including personal cars, trucks or vehicles of any kind and total control over all highways, seaports, and waterways.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 10999
allows the government to take over all food resources and farms.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11000
allows the government to mobilize civilians into work brigades under government supervision.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11001
allows the government to take over all health, education and welfare functions.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11002
designates the Postmaster General to operate a national registration of all persons.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11003
allows the government to take over all airports and aircraft, including commercial aircraft.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11004
allows the Housing and Finance Authority to relocate communities, build new housing with public funds, designate areas to be abandoned, and establish new locations for populations.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11005
allows the government to take over railroads, inland waterways and public storage facilities.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11051
specifies the responsibility of the Office of Emergency Planning and gives authorization to put all Executive Orders into effect in times of increased international tensions and economic or financial crisis.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11310
grants authority to the Department of Justice to enforce the plans set out in Executive Orders, to institute industrial support, to establish judicial and legislative liaison, to control all aliens, to operate penal and correctional institutions, and to advise and assist the President.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11049
assigns emergency preparedness function to federal departments and agencies, consolidating 21 operative Executive Orders issued over a fifteen year period.
EXECUTIVE ORDER 11921
allows the Federal Emergency Preparedness Agency to develop plans to establish control over the mechanisms of production and distribution, of energy sources, wages, salaries, credit and the flow of money in U.S. financial institution in any undefined national emergency. It also provides that when a state of emergency is declared by the President, Congress cannot review the action for six months. The Federal Emergency Management Agency has broad powers in every aspect of the nation. General Frank Salzedo, chief of FEMA’s Civil Security Division stated in a 1983 conference that he saw FEMA’s role as a “new frontier in the protection of individual and governmental leaders from assassination, and of civil and military installations from sabotage and/or attack, as well as prevention of dissident groups from gaining access to U.S. opinion, or a global audience in times of crisis.” FEMA’s powers were consolidated by President Carter to incorporate the…
National Security Act of 1947
allows for the strategic relocation of industries, services, government and other essential economic activities, and to rationalize the requirements for manpower, resources and production facilities.
1950 Defense Production Act
gives the President sweeping powers over all aspects of the economy.
Act of August 29, 1916
authorizes the Secretary of the Army, in time of war, to take possession of any transportation system for transporting troops, material, or any other purpose related to the emergency.
International Emergency Economic Powers Act
enables the President to seize the property of a foreign country or national. These powers were transferred to FEMA in a sweeping consolidation in 1979.
Where are these camps?
ALABAMA
Opelika – Military compound either in or very near town.
Aliceville – WWII German POW camp – capacity 15,000
Ft. McClellan (Anniston) – Opposite side of town from Army Depot
Maxwell AFB (Montgomery) – Civilian prison camp established under Operation Garden Plot, currently operating with support staff and small inmate population.
Talladega – Federal prison “satellite” camp.
ALASKA
Wilderness – East of Anchorage. No roads, Air & Railroad access only. Estimated capacity of 500,000. Projection:
forced labor camp.
Elmendorf AFB – Northeast area of Anchorage – far end of base. Garden Plot facility, as well as a Circular Disposed Antenna Array (CDAA) used for High Frequency Direction Finding (HFDF) covering 2 to 32 Megahertz that is operated by the United States Navy.
Eielson AFB – Southeast of Fairbanks. Operation Garden Plot facility.
Ft. Wainwright – East of Fairbanks
ARIZONA
Ft. Huachuca – Airbase – 20 miles from Mexican border, 30 miles from Nogales Rex ’84 facility.
Pinal County – on the Gila River – WWII Japanese detention camp. May be renovated.
Yuma County – Colorado River - Site of former Japanese detention camp (near proving grounds). This site was completely removed in 1990 according to some reports.
Phoenix – Federal Prison Satellite Camp – Main federal facility expanded.
Florence – WWII prison camp NOW RENOVATED, OPERATIONAL with staff & 400 prisoners, operational capacity of 3,500.
Wickenburg – Airport is ready for conversion; total capacity unknown.
Davis – Monthan AFB (Tucson) – Fully staffed and presently holding prisoners!!
Sedona – site of possible UN base.
ARKANSAS
Ft. Chaffee (near Fort Smith, Arkansas) - Has new runway for aircraft, new camp facility with cap of 40,000 prisoners
Pine Bluff Arsenal – This location also is the repository for B-Z nerve agent, which causes sleepiness, dizziness, stupor; admitted use is for civilian control.
Jerome – Chicot/Drew Counties - site of WWII Japanese camps
Rohwer – Descha County – site of WWII Japanese camps.
Blytheville AFB - Closed airbase now being used as camp. New wooden barracks have been constructed at this location. Classic decorations – guard towers, barbed wire, high fences.
Berryville – FEMA facility located east of Eureka Springs off Hwy. 62. [near Tyson's property.]
Omaha – Northeast of Berryville near Missouri state line, on Hwy 65 south of old wood processing plant on a dirt road that leads to a toxic waste dump. Possible crematory facility.
CALIFORNIA
Vandenburg AFB – Rex 84 facility, located near Lompoc & Santa Maria on Hwy 1, close to Hwy 101.
Internment facility is located near the oceanside, close to Space Launch Complex #6, also called “Slick Six”. The launch site has had “a flawless failure record” and is rarely used.
Norton AFB – (closed base) now staffed with UN according to some sources.
Tule Lake – area of “wildlife refuge”, accessible by unpaved road, just inside Modoc County.
Fort Ord – Now called Presido of Monterey – Closed in 1994, this facility is now an urban warfare training center for US and foreign troops, and may have some “P.O.W. – C.I.” enclosures.
Twentynine Palms Marine Base – Birthplace of the infamous “Would you shoot American citizens?” Quiz.
New camps being built on “back 40″
Oakdale – Rex 84 camp capable of holding at least 20,000 people. 90 mi east of San Francisco on Hwy 120.
Terminal Island – (Long Beach) – located next to naval shipyards operated by ChiCom shipping interests. Federal prison facility located here. Possible deportation point.
Ft. Irwin – view 2 from higher up – view 3 from higher up with Edwards AFB, George AFB (Closed?) and MCLB Barstow and Ft. Irwin in perspective – Ft. Irwin is a FEMA facility near Barstow. This base is designated inactive but has staffed camp. The surrounding support from Edwards AFB, George AFB, and MCLB Barstow would indicate this is a high importance facility. MCLB Barstow has an interesting mark on its helicoptor pad, which looks suspiciously like an Iron Cross. Check it out. Another view. Irwin is a remote mountain region south of Death Valley National Monument. Designated as inactive, there is a camp at this facility aprox. 30 miles from I-15 in Barstow.
McClellan AFB (Closed) – facility capable for 30,000 – 35,000
Sacramento – Army Depot – The Sacramento Army Depot (SAAD) was a U.S. Army support facility that operated as a repair center for high-tech military hardware, such as night vision goggles, electronic circuit boards, and radium-dial instrumentation. The 1988 Base Closure and Realignment Commission closed Sacramento Army Depot. On March 3, 1995, the Depot officially closed.
In the Fall of 1994 Packard Bell, the computer company whose plant in Northridge was damaged by an earthquake decided to relocate a 3,000 employee assembly plant and distribution center at the Depot. As of April, 1996, Packard Bell had 3,500 employees working at its Depot facility (down from 5,000 in August 1995) and in February 1998 there were 3,100 employees, in October 1998 3,400 employees. This is the only Packard Bell manufacturing plant in the U.S.
In mid-2000, Packard Bell NEC, Inc. announced it would shut down all manufacturing operations by year’s end and layoff 1,400 of its 1,550 workers at the former Sacramento Army Depot.
Mather AFB – Road to facility is blocked off by cement barriers and a stop sign. Sign states area is restricted; as of 1997 there were barbed wire fences pointing inward, a row of stadium lights pointed toward an empty field, etc. Black boxes on poles may have been cameras. Closer examinations reveal black helicopters, and a whole lot more activity than a “closed” base should have. Still more planes and cars at the supposedly closed base including two very large seemingly unmarked jets prepping for takeoff. Also visable was a whole fleet of red tipped planes, which I am told are fire fighting planes.
COLORADO
Trinidad – WWII German/Italian camp being renovated.
Granada – Prowers County – Amache WWII Japanese internment camp.
Ft. Carson – Along route 115 near Canon City
CONNECTICUT, DELAWARE
No data available.
FLORIDA
Avon Park – Air Force gunnery range, Avon Park has an on-base “correctional facility” which was a former WWII detention camp.
Camp Krome – view 2 – DoJ detention/interrogation center, Rex 84 facility.
Eglin AFB – This base is over 30 miles long, from Pensacola to Hwy 331 in De Funiak Springs. High capacity facility, presently manned and populated with some prisoners. Ffighter jets occupying the tarmac, more fighters, fighters and bombers, along with a very unusual swept wing aircraft.
GEORGIA
Ft. Benning – Rex 84 Program Emergency custodial facility east of Columbia, near Georgia/Alabama state line. Prisoners may be brought in via Lawson Army airfield
Oglethorpe, Macon County – FEMA facility 5 miles from Montezuma, 3 miles from Oglethorpe, on west side of Hwy 49. No staff or prisoners yet.
Ft. McPherson – US Force Command – Multiple reports that this will be the national headquarters and coordinating center for foreign/UN troop movement and detainee collection.
Ft. Gordon – West of Augusta - They seem to like Baseball and track a LOT at Ft. Gordon. There’s a strangely shaped building which is reminiscent of the masonic symbol. To the east of the field, is an odd symbology on the ground. Noticeable also is a fleet of black cars in the north parking lot. There a another fleet of black cars in the south parking lot. There is also a strangely shaped complex of buildings that appears to look like Da Vinci’s model of the human body, only depicted as an old Atari 2600 graphic, it appears.
Camilla – Mitchell County, south of Albany - FEMA facility on Mount Zion road aprox. 5.7 miles south of Camilla. From Camilla, take Hwy 19 south, go 5.4 miles from 37/19 Junction to Mount Zion Road, turn left (east) on Mount Zion Road. Not manned or staffed yet.
Hawkinsville – Wilcox County – Five miles east of town, fully manned and staffed but no prisoners. Located on fire road 100/Upper River Road
Abbeville – South of Hawkinsville on US route 129; south of town off route 280 near Ocmulgee River. FEMA facility is staffed but without prisoners.
McRae – Telfair County – 1.5 miles west of McRae on Hwy 23 (8th St). Facility is on Irwinton Avenue off 8th St., manned & staffed – no prisoners.
Fort Gillem – South side of Atlanta – FEMA designated detention facility.
Fort Stewart – Savannah area – FEMA designated detention facility
HAWAII
Halawa Heights area – Crematory facility located in hills above city. Area is marked as a state department of health laboratory.
Barbers Point NAS – There are several military areas that could be equipped for detention / deportation.
Honolulu – Detention transfer facility at the Honolulu airport similar in construction to the one at Will Rogers World Airport. (Federal Transfer Centers look like pentagon-shaped building where airplanes can taxi up to).
IDAHO
Minidoka/Jerome Counties – WWII Japanese-American internment facility possibly under renovation.
Clearwater National Forest – Near Lolo Pass – Just miles from the Montana state line near Moose Creek, this unmanned facility is reported to have a nearby airfield.
ILLINOIS
Marseilles – Located on the Illinois River off Interstate 80 on Hwy 6. It is a relatively small facility with a cap of 1400 prisoners. Though it is small it is designed like prison facilities with barred windows, but the real smoking gun is the presence of military vehicles. Being located on the Illinois River it is possible that prisoners will be brought in by water as well as by road and air. This facility is approximately 75 miles west of Chicago. National Guard training area nearby.
Scott AFB – Barbed wire prisoner enclosure reported to exist just off-base. More info needed, as another facility on-base is beieved to exist.
Pekin – This Federal satellite prison camp is also on the Illinois River, just south of Peoria. It supplements the federal penitentiary in Marion, which is equipped to handle additional population outside on the grounds.
Chanute AFB – Rantoul, near Champaign/Urbana – This closed base had WWII – era barracks that were condemned and torn down, but the medical facility was upgraded and additional fencing put up in the area. More info needed.
Marion – Federal Penitentiary and satellite prison camp inside Crab Orchard Nat’l Wildlife Refuge. Manned, staffed, populated fully.
Greenfield – Two federal correctional “satellite prison camps” serving Marion – populated as above.
Shawnee National Forest – Pope County – This area has seen heavy traffic of foreign military equipment and troops via Illinois Central Railroad, which runs through the area. Suspected location is unknown, but may be close to Vienna and Shawnee correctional centers, located 6 mi. west of Dixon Springs.
Savanna Army Depot – NW area of state on Mississippi River.
Lincoln, Sheridan, Menard, Pontiac, Galesburg – State prison facilities equipped for major expansion and close or adjacent to highways & railroad tracks.
Kankakee – Abandoned industrial area on west side of town (Rt.17 & Main) designated as FEMA detention site. Equipped with water tower, incinerator, a small train yard behind it and the rear of the facility is surrounded by barbed wire facing inwards.
INDIANA
Indianapolis / Marion County – Beech Grove – Amtrak railcar repair facility (closed); controversial site of a major alleged detention / processing center. Although some sources state that this site is a “red herring”, photographic and video evidence suggests otherwise. This large facility contains large 3-4 inch gas mains to large furnaces (crematoria??), helicopter landing pads, railheads for prisoners, Red/Blue/Green zones for classifying/processing incoming personnel, one-way turnstiles, barracks, towers, high fences with razor wire, etc. Personnel with government clearance who are friendly to the patriot movement took a guided tour of the facility to confirm this site. (see video above) This site is located next to a closed refrigeration plant facility.
Ft. Benjamin Harrison – Located in the northeast part of Indianapolis, this base has been decommissioned from “active” use but portions are still ideally converted to hold detainees. Helicopter landing areas still exist for prisoners to be brought in by air, land & rail.
Crown Point – Across street from county jail, former hospital. One wing presently being used for county work-release program, 80% of facility still unused. Possible FEMA detention center or holding facility.
Camp Atterbury - Facility is converted to hold prisoners and boasts two active compounds presently configured for minumum security detainees. Located just west of Interstate 65 near Edinburgh, south of Indianapolis.
Terre Haute – Federal Correctional Institution, Satellite prison camp and death facility. Equipped with crematoria reported to have a capacity of 3,000 people a day. FEMA designated facility located here.
Fort Wayne – This city located in Northeast Indiana has a FEMA designated detention facility, accessible by air, road and nearby rail.
Kingsbury – This “closed” military base is adjacent to a state fish & wildlife preserve. Part of the base is converted to an industrial park, but the southern portion of this property is still used. It is bordered on the south by railroad, and is staffed with some foreign-speaking UN troops. A local police officer who was hunting and camping close to the base in the game preserve was accosted, roughed up, and warned by the English-speaking unit commander to stay away from the area. It was suggested to the officer that the welfare of his family would depend on his “silence”. Located just southeast of LaPorte.
Jasper-Pulaski Wildlife Area – Youth Corrections farm located here. Facility is “closed”, but is still staffed and being “renovated”. Total capacity unknown.
Grissom AFB – This closed airbase still handles a lot of traffic, and has a “state-owned” prison compound on the southern part of the facility.
UNICOR
Jefferson Proving Ground – Southern Indiana – This facility was an active base with test firing occurring daily. Portions of the base have been opened to create an industrial park, but other areas are still highly restricted. A camp is located “downrange”. Facility is equipped with an airfield and has a nearby rail line.
Newport – Army Depot – VX nerve gas storage facility. Secret meetings were held here in 1998 regarding the addition of the Kankakee River watershed to the Heritage Rivers Initiative.
Hammond – large enclosure identified in FEMA-designated city.
IOWA
No data available.
KANSAS
Leavenworth – US Marshal’s Fed Holding Facility, US Penitentiary, Federal Prison Camp.
McConnell Air Force Base – Federal death penalty facility.
Concordia – WWII German POW camp used to exist at this location but there is no facility there at this time.
Ft. Riley – Just north of Interstate 70, airport, near city of Manhattan.
El Dorado – Federal prison converted into forced-labor camp, UNICOR industries.
Topeka – 80 acres has been converted into a temporary holding camp.
KENTUCKY
Ashland – Federal prison camp in Eastern Kentucky near the Ohio River.
Louisville – FEMA detention facility, located near restricted area US naval ordnance plant. Military airfield located at facility, which is on south side of city.
Lexington – FEMA detention facility, National Guard base with adjacent airport facility.
Manchester – Federal prison camp located inside Dan Boone National Forest.
Ft. Knox – Detention center, possibly located near Salt River, in restricted area of base. Local patriots advise that black Special Forces & UN gray helicopters are occasionally seen in area.
Land Between the Lakes - This area was declared a UN biosphere and is an ideal geographic location for detention facilities. Area is an isthmus extending out from Tennessee, between Lake Barkley on the east and Kentucky Lake on the west. Just scant miles from Fort Campbell in Tennessee.
LOUISIANA
Ft. Polk – This is a main base for UN troops & personnel, and a training center for the disarmament of America.
Livingston – WWII German/Italian internment camp being renovated?; halfway between Baton Rouge and Hammond, several miles north of Interstate 12.
Oakdale – Located on US route 165 about 50 miles south of Alexandria; two federal detention centers just southeast of Fort Polk.
MAINE
Houlton – Camp is reported to be a WWII German internment camp in Northern Maine, off US Route 1 but the location and the existence of this camp is still unconfirmed.
MARYLAND and DC
Ft. Meade – Halfway between the District of Criminals and Baltimore.
Ft. Detrick – Biological warfare center for the NWO, located in Frederick.
MASSACHUSETTS
Camp Edwards / Otis AFB – Cape Cod – This “inactive” base is being converted to hold many New Englander patriots. Capacity unknown.
Ft. Devens – Active detention facility. More data needed.
MICHIGAN
Camp Grayling – Michigan Nat’l Guard base has several confirmed detention camps, classic setup with high fences, razor wire, etc. Guard towers are very well-built, sturdy. Multiple compounds within larger enclosures. Facility deep within forest area.
Sawyer AFB – Upper Peninsula – south of Marquette – No data available.
Bay City – Classic enclosure with guard towers, high fence, and close to shipping port on Saginaw Bay, which connects to Lake Huron. Could be a deportation point to overseas via St. Lawrence Seaway.
Southwest – possibly Berrien County – FEMA detention center.
Lansing – FEMA detention facility.
MINNESOTA
Duluth – Federal prison camp facility.
Camp Ripley – new prison facility.
MISSISSIPPI
These sites are confirmed hoaxes.
Hancock County – NASA test site De Soto National Forest. “These two supposed camps in Mississippi do not exist. Members of the Mississippi Militia have checked these out on more than one occasion beginning back when they first appeared on the Internet and throughout the Patriot Movement.” – Commander D. Rayner, Mississippi Militia
MISSOURI
Richards-Gebaur AFB – located in Grandview, near K.C.MO. A very large internment facility has been built on this base, and all base personnel are restricted from coming near it.
Ft. Leonard Wood – Situated in the middle of Mark Twain National Forest in Pulaski County. This site has been known for some UN training, also home to the US Army Urban Warfare Training school “Stem Village”.
Warsaw – Unconfirmed report of a large concentration camp facility.
MONTANA
Malmstrom AFB – UN aircraft groups stationed here, and possibly a detention facility.
NEBRASKA
Scottsbluff – WWII German POW camp (renovated?).
Northwest, Northeast corners of state – FEMA detention facilities – more data needed.
South Central part of state – Many old WWII sites – some may be renovated.
NEVADA
Elko – Ten miles south of town.
Wells – Camp is located in the O’Niel basin area, 40 miles north of Wells, past Thousand Springs, west off Hwy 93 for 25 miles.
Pershing County – Camp is located at I-80 mile marker 112, south side of the highway, about a mile back on the county road and then just off the road about 3/4mi.
Winnemucca – Battle Mountain area - at the base of the mountains.
Nellis Air Force Range – Northwest from Las Vegas on Route 95. Nellis AFB is just north of Las Vegas on Hwy 604.
Stillwater Naval Air Station – east of Reno . No additional data.
NEW HAMPSHIRE / VERMONT
Northern New Hampshire – near Lake Francis. No additional data.
NEW JERSEY
Ft. Dix / McGuire AFB – Possible deportation point for detainees. Lots of pictures taken of detention compounds and posted on Internet, this camp is well-known. Facility is now complete and ready for occupancy.
NEW MEXICO
Ft. Bliss – This base actually straddles Texas state line. Just south of Alomogordo, Ft. Bliss has thousands of acres for people who refuse to go with the “New Order”.
Holloman AFB (Alomogordo) - Home of the German Luftwaffe in Amerika; major UN base. New facility being built on this base, according to recent visitors. Many former USAF buildings have been torn down by the busy and rapidly growing German military force located here.
Fort Stanton – currently being used as a youth detention facility approximately 35 miles north of Ruidoso, New Mexico. Not a great deal of information concerning the Lordsburg location.
White Sands Missile Range – Currently being used as a storage facility for United Nations vehicles and equipment. Observers have seen this material brought in on the Whitesands rail spur in Oro Grande New Mexico about thirty miles from the Texas, New Mexico Border.
NEW YORK
Ft. Drum – two compounds: Rex 84 detention camp and FEMA detention facility.
Albany – FEMA detention facility.
Otisville – Federal correctional facility, near Middletown.
Buffalo – FEMA detention facility.
NORTH CAROLINA
Camp Lejeune / New River Marine Airfield – facility has renovated, occupied WWII detention compounds and “mock city” that closely resembles Anytown, USA.
Fort Bragg - Special Warfare Training Center. Renovated WWII detention facility.
Andrews – Federal experiment in putting a small town under siege. Began with the search/ hunt for survivalist Eric Rudolph. No persons were allowed in or out of town without federal permission and travel through town was highly restricted. Most residents compelled to stay in their homes. Unregistered Baptist pastor from Indiana visiting Andrews affirmed these facts.
NORTH DAKOTA
Minot AFB – Home of UN air group. More data needed on facility.
OHIO
Camp Perry – Site renovated; once used as a POW camp to house German and Italian prisoners of WWII. Some tar paper covered huts built for housing these prisoners are still standing. Recently, the construction of multiple 200-man barracks have replaced most of the huts.
Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus – FEMA detention facilities. Data needed.
Lima – FEMA detention facility. Another facility located in/near old stone quarry near Interstate 75. Railroad access to property, fences etc.
OKLAHOMA
Tinker AFB (OKC) – All base personnel are prohibited from going near civilian detention area, which is under constant guard.
Will Rogers World Airport – FEMA’s main processing center for west of the Mississippi. All personnel are kept out of the security zone. Federal prisoner transfer center located here (A pentagon-shaped building where airplanes can taxi up to).
El Reno – Renovated federal internment facility with CURRENT population of 12,000 on Route 66.
McAlester – near Army Munitions Plant property – former WWII German / Italian POW camp designated for future use.
Ft. Sill (Lawton) – Former WWII detention camps. More data still needed.
OREGON
Sheridan – Federal prison satellite camp northwest of Salem. FEMA detention center.
Josephine County – WWII Japanese internment camp ready for renovation.
Umatilla – New prison spotted.
PENNSYLVANIA
Allenwood – Federal prison camp located south of Williamsport on the Susquehanna River. It has a current inmate population of 300, and is identified by William Pabst as having a capacity in excess of 15,000 on 400 acres.
Indiantown Gap Military Reservation – located north of Harrisburg. Used for WWII POW camp and renovated by Jimmy Carter. Was used to hold Cubans during Mariel boat lift.
Camp Hill – State prison close to Army depot. Lots of room, located in Camp Hill, Pa.
New Cumberland Army Depot – on the Susquehanna River, located off Interstate 83 and Interstate 76.
Schuylkill Haven – Federal prison camp, north of Reading.
SOUTH CAROLINA
Greenville – Unoccupied youth prison camp; total capacity unknown.
Charleston – Naval Reserve & Air Force base, restricted area on naval base.
SOUTH DAKOTA
Yankton – Federal prison camp Black Hills Nat’l Forest – north of Edgemont, southwest part of state. WWII internment camp being renovated.
TENNESSEE
Ft. Campbell - Next to Land Between the Lakes; adjacent to airfield and US Alt. 41.
Millington – Federal prison camp next door to Memphis Naval Air Station.
Crossville – Site of WWII German / Italian prison camp is renovated; completed barracks and behind the camp in the woods is a training facility with high tight ropes and a rappelling deck.
Nashville – There are two buildings built on State property that are definitely built to hold prisoners. They are identical buildings – side by side on Old Briley Parkway. High barbed wire fence that curves inward.
TEXAS
Austin – Robert Mueller Municipal airport has detenion areas inside hangars.
Bastrop – Prison and military vehicle motor pool. Eden – 1500 bed privately run federal center. Currently holds illegal aliens.
Ft. Hood (Killeen) – Newly built concentration camp, with towers, barbed wire etc., just like the one featured in the movie Amerika. Mock city for NWO shock- force training. Some footage of this area was used in “Waco: A New Revelation”
Reese AFB (Lubbock) – FEMA designated detention facility.
Sheppard AFB – in Wichita Falls just south of Ft. Sill, OK – FEMA designated detention facility.
North Dallas – near Carrolton – water treatment plant, close to interstate and railroad.
Mexia – East of Waco 33mi – WWII German facility may be renovated.
Amarillo – FEMA designated detention facility
Ft. Bliss (El Paso) – Extensive renovation of buildings and from what patriots have been able to see, many of these buildings that are being renovated are being surrounded by razor wire.
Beaumont / Port Arthur area – hundreds of acres of federal camps already built on large-scale detention camp design, complete with the double rows of chain link fencing with razor type concertina wire on top of each row. Some (but not all) of these facilities are currently being used for low- risk state prisoners who require a minimum of supervision.
Ft. Worth – Federal prison under construction on the site of Carswell AFB.
UTAH
Millard County – Central Utah – WWII Japanese camp. (Renovated?)
Ft. Douglas – This “inactive” military reservation has a renovated WWII concentration camp.
Migratory Bird Refuge – West of Brigham City – contains a WWII internment camp that was built before the game preserve was established.
Cedar City – east of city – no data available.
Wendover – WWII internment camp may be renovated.
Skull Valley – southwestern Camp William property – east of the old bombing range. Camp was accidentally discovered by a man and his son who were rabbit hunting; they were discovered and apprehended. SW of Tooele.
VIRGINIA
Ft. A.P. Hill (Fredericksburg) – Rex 84 / FEMA facility. Estimated capacity 45,000.
Petersburg – Federal satellite prison camp, south of Richmond.
WEST VIRGINIA
Beckley – Alderson – Lewisburg – Former WWII detention camps that are now converted into active federal prison complexes capable of holding several times their current populations. Alderson is presently a women’s federal reformatory.
Morgantown – Federal prison camp located in northern WV; just north of Kingwood.
Mill Creek – FEMA detention facility.
Kingwood – Newly built detention camp at Camp Dawson Army Reservation. More data needed on Camp Dawson.
WASHINGTON
Seattle/Tacoma – SeaTac Airport – fully operational federal transfer center
Okanogan County – Borders Canada and is a site for a massive concentration camp capable of holding hundreds of thousands of people for slave labor. This is probably one of the locations that will be used to hold hard core patriots who will be held captive for the rest of their lives.
Sand Point Naval Station – Seattle – FEMA detention center used actively during the 1999 WTO protests to classify prisoners.
Ft. Lewis / McChord AFB – near Tacoma – This is one of several sites that may be used to ship prisoners overseas for slave labor.
WISCONSIN
Ft. McCoy – Rex 84 facility with several complete interment compounds.
Oxford – Central part of state – Federal prison & satellite camp and FEMA detention facility.
WYOMING
Heart Mountain – Park County N. of Cody – WWII Japanese interment camp ready for renovation.
Laramie – FEMA detention facility
Southwest – near Lyman – FEMA detention facility
East Yellowstone – Manned internment facility – Investigating patriots were apprehended by European soldiers speaking in an unknown language. Federal government assumed custody of the persons and arranged their release.
OTHER LOCATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
There are many other locations not listed above that are worthy of consideration as a possible detention camp site, but due to space limitations and the time needed to verify, could not be included here. Virtually all military reservations, posts, bases, stations, & depots can be considered highly suspect (because it is “federal” land). Also fitting this category are “Regional Airports” and “International Airports” which also fall under federal jurisdiction and have limited-access areas. Mental hospitals, closed hospitals & nursing homes, closed military bases, wildlife refuges, state prisons, toxic waste dumps, hotels and other areas all have varying degrees of potential for being a detention camp area. The likelihood of a site being suspect increases with transportation access to the site, including airports/airstrips, railheads, navigable waterways & ports, interstate and US highways. Some facilities are “disguised” as industrial or commercial properties, camouflaged or even wholly contained inside large buildings (Indianapolis) or factories. Many inner-city buildings left vacant during the de-industrialization of America have been quietly acquired and held, sometimes retrofitted for their new uses.
CANADA
Our Canadian friends tell us that virtually all Canadian military bases, especially those north of the 50th Parallel, are all set up with concentration camps. Not even half of these can be listed, but here are a few sites with the massive land space to handle any population:
Suffield CFB – just north of Medicine Hat, less than 60 miles from the USA.
Primrose Lake Air Range – 70 miles northeast of Edmonton.
Wainwright CFB – halfway between Medicine Hat and Primrose Lake.
Ft. Nelson – Northernmost point on the BC Railway line.
Ft. McPherson – Very cold territory ~ NW Territories.
Ft. Providence – Located on Great Slave Lake.
Halifax – Nova Scotia – Dept. of National Defense reserve…. And others.
OVERSEAS LOCATIONS
Guayanabo, Puerto Rico – Federal prison camp facility. Capacity unknown.
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba – US Marine Corps Base – Presently home to 30,000 Mariel Cubans and 40,000 Albanians. Total capacity unknown.
*** http://www.sianews.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&s...
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/04/national/04halliburton.html
Memory Hole, Strange Locations continuity of government, Executive Orders, FEMA Camp Locations in America, FEMA Camp Locations with maps, FEMA Camps, fusion centers, ICE, Martial Law, martial law in america, Prison Camps, residential center, Rex 84
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Squalene - A History Of Vaccine Development And The Newest Adjuvant
Posted by Jeff on February 3, 2015 at 5:05pm
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Fish oil vaccine adjuvant programs bodies for "endless loop of self-destruction"
by The Idaho Observer
It’s a race—will we all be injected with substances that program our own bodies to attack us before or after we realize that the newest weapon in the New World arsenal is our own immune system?
The theory that vaccines prevent the spread of infectious disease is based upon the belief that, by injecting a small amount of a disease into the body, it will develop "antibodies" that will prevent the injected person from contracting the disease against which he had been vaccinated.
The theory is complicated by the fact that attenuated doses of pathogens alone will not initiate an "antigenic response." So, vaccines contain compounds known as "adjuvants" to intensify the body’s immune response.
Traditional adjuvants are alum (aluminum hydroxide), and thimerosal—which is 50 percent ethyl mercury and also serves as a vaccine "preservative."
According to Edda West, "A quick read of the scientific literature reveals that the neurotoxic effects of aluminum were recognized 100 years ago."
The neurotoxic affects of mercury are likewise not a secret and have been documented extensively in the scientific and medical literature since the mid-1800s.
More recently, aluminum has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological disorders. Recent medical literature shows that statistically significant numbers of kidney patients and intravenously-fed infants exposed to aluminum suffer neurological complications. Other research shows that pain from muscle diseases is also linked to the presence of aluminum in the body.
Dr. Boyd Haley found that vaccines containing both aluminum and mercury greatly magnify the neurotoxic result of vaccination.
Most people understand that both aluminum and mercury are toxic. It is our body’s reaction to toxic exposure that vaccine advocates measure to determine vaccine efficacy. That elevated levels of mercury and aluminum can cause side-effects worse than the disease is not a consideration for most pro-vaccinators.
The new wave
West, who is director of the Vaccine Risk Awareness Network in Winlaw, BC, Canada, published the comprehensive, well-footnoted article "A Look into the Scary World of Vaccine Adjuvants." The article explains that modern, synthetic or recombinant vaccines are "purer" and less toxic to the body than their live and dead virus predecessors and, therefore, require more potent adjuvants to illicit an immune response. "This has created a major need for improved and more powerful adjuvants for use in these vaccines," the article, Vaccine Adjuvants: current state and future trends, published in the medical journal "Immunology and Cell Biology" stated.
Under this line of logic, alum is scheduled to be phased out and replaced with oil-based adjuvants such as squalene—an essential fatty acid derived from fish.
Squalene
"The most effective adjuvants are formulated with oils but have long been considered too reactive for use in humans. Immunologists have known for decades that a microscopic dose of even a few molecules of adjuvant injected into the body can cause disturbances in the immune system and have known since the 1930s that oil-based adjuvants are particularly dangerous, which is why their use has been restricted to experiments with animals," West wrote.
The following (in italics) is from West’s article. Keep in mind that the FDA determined that squalene was present in varying amounts in specific lots of anthrax vaccine administered to tens of thousands of Desert Storm personnel (without their informed consent). Not surprisingly, tens of thousands of Desert Storm veterans have suffered permanent neurological damage and exhibit symptoms commonly referred to as "Gulf War Illness."
"The classic oil-based adjuvant called Freund’s Complete Adjuvant can cause permanent organ damage and irreversible disease – specifically autoimmune diseases. When scientists want to induce autoimmune disease in a lab animal, they inject it with Freund’s Complete Adjuvant, which causes great suffering and is considered by some too inhumane to even inject into animals.
"Dr. Jules Freund creator of this oil-based adjuvant warned in 1956 that animals injected with his formulation developed terrible, incurable conditions: allergic aspermatogenesis (stoppage of sperm production), experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (the animal version of MS), allergic neuritis (inflammation of the nerves that can lead to paralysis) and other severe autoimmune disorders.
"Adjuvants can break ‘tolerance,’ meaning they can disable the immune system to the degree that it loses its ability to distinguish what is ‘self’ from what is foreign. Normally, the immune system ignores the constituents of one’s own body. Immunologists call this ‘tolerance.’ But if something happens to break tolerance, then the immune system turns relentlessly self-destructive, attacking the body it is supposed to defend."
For national security
The issue becomes more complicated with oil-based adjuvants that resemble oils found in the human body. West reported that seasoned journalist Gary Matsumoto found evidence to suggest that, "…when an oil is injected, the immune system responds to it not only specifically, but with heightened intensity because the oil adjuvant resembles so closely the natural oils found in the body. A ‘cross reaction’ then happens, sending the immune system into chaos destroying any oils found anywhere in the body that resemble the adjuvant oil. Demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis are an example of this destructive autoimmune process."
Matsumoto’s impeccably-referenced and footnoted book is entitled, "Vaccine A-The Covert Government Experiment That’s Killing our Soldiers and Why GI’s are Only the First Victims." West noted that Matsumoto, who was the first journalist to break the story of squalene-containing anthrax vaccine’s link to Gulf War Illness, documented decades of secret medical experimentation on Americans without their knowledge or consent. "The unethical experiments detailed in this book are ongoing, with little prospect of being self-limiting because they have been shielded from scrutiny and public accountability by national security concerns," wrote Matsumoto.
Biological time bomb
Squalene is an oil that is readily digestible if taken orally. However, it behaves much differently when injected. Matsumoto cites data from more than two dozen peer-reviewed scientific papers from 10 labs located in countries all over the world that document how squalene-based adjuvants can trigger the development of autoimmune diseases in lab rats, mice, guinea pigs and rabbits.
Regardless of the known toxic effects on animals and the toxic effects on humans as experienced with squalene-containing vaccines given to Desert Storm personnel, Matsumoto claims, "Squalene adjuvants are a key ingredient in a whole new generation of vaccines intended for mass immunization around the globe."
Among the chronic conditions observed in human and animal test subjects injected with squalene are rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and lupus.
In her article, "The Adverse Effects of Adjuvants in Vaccines" (Nexus Magazine Dec. 2000), Australian vaccine researcher Viera Scheibner, Ph.D., lists the autoimmune diseases that have been linked to squalene injections in humans—arthritis, fibromyalgia, lymphadenopathy, rashes, photosensitive rashes, malar rashes, chronic fatigue, chronic headaches, abnormal body hair loss, non-healing skin lesions, aphthous ulcers, dizziness, weakness, memory loss, seizures, mood changes, neuropsychiatric problems, anti-thyroid effects, anaemia, elevated ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, Raynaud’s phenomenon, Sjorgren’s syndrome, chronic diarrhoea, night sweats and low-grade fevers.
But that, believe it or not, is the good news because its merely describes squalene’s experimental contribution to global epidemics of chronic autoimmune dysfunction. Once it becomes a common ingredient in vaccines (already, the squalene-based adjuvant MF59 is a component of the Italian flu vaccine FLAUD), it will be best described as a biological time bomb.
Our own worst enemy
From Edda West: "The immune system does in fact ‘see’ squalene and recognizes it as an oil molecule native to the body. The key is ‘route of administration.’ As Gary Matsumoto says, ‘Squalene is not just a molecule found in a knee or elbow – it is found throughout the nervous system and the brain.’ When it is injected into the body, the immune system sees it as an enemy to be attacked and eliminated.
"As any immunologist will tell you, the way an antigen encounters the immune system makes all the difference. You can eat squalene – no problem as it is an oil the body can easily digest. But studies in animals and humans show that injecting squalene will ‘galvanize the immune system into attacking it, which can produce a self-destructive cross reaction against the same molecule in the places where it occurs naturally in the body – and where it is critical to the health of the nervous system.’
"This phenomenon is also known as ‘molecular mimicry,’ where the immune system forms antibodies against one of its own structures and will continue to attack the ‘self’ molecule in the body that resembles the one in the germ, or as is the case with squalene, an identical substance that is naturally present in the body. Once this self-destructive process begins, it never stops as the body continues to make the molecule the immune system is now trained to attack.
"Another example involving autoimmune ‘molecular mimicry’ is when the immune system has been sensitized to attack myelin, the insulating fatty coating around nerve fibres which insures the smooth relay of nerve signals. The body would continue to make myelin in order to replenish and repair the protective sheath around its nerve endings. But says Matsumoto, ‘In the act of doing so, the body immunizes itself against itself, administering over and over again what amounts to a booster dose of something that the immune system now wants to get rid of. This vital constituent (myelin) is now the enemy, and the immune system is now programmed to obliterate it in an endless loop of self-destruction—the process involved in MS (multiple sclerosis), and ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease).
"Squalene is a kind of trigger for the real biological weapon: The immune system. When the immune system’s full repertoire of cells and antibodies start attacking the tissues they are supposed to protect, the results can be catastrophic," wrote Matsumoto. Dr. Pam Asa concurs with Matsumoto when she stated," Oil adjuvants are the most insidious chemical weapon ever devised."
West continues, "The main proponents for the use of squalene in vaccines have been the U.S Department of Defense and the NIH. The anti-squalene antibodies found in sick American and British military personnel are evidence that military experimentation has caused an unprecedented health catastrophe in tens of thousands of people onto whom the vaccine was forced and who were denied the right to make an informed decision based on existing scientific knowledge of the dangers of injecting squalene."
Based upon decades of research in animals and humans, once oil-based adjuvants become the most common adjuvant contained in vaccines, there will be no way the pharmaceutical industry will be able to claim mass vaccination is necessary to prevent the spread of infectious diseases—it will be an open declaration of war on mankind. "By adding squalene to their new anthrax vaccine, they did not make a better vaccine, they made a biological weapon," Matsumoto observed.
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Trump Heads Rescue of Thousands of Tortured Children from Underground Tunnels
Posted by Aaron on August 29, 2020 at 2:00pm
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By Judy Byington
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Since April 2019 in secret military operations, thousands of tortured, mutilated babies, children and teens have been rescued or found deceased by the US Military. US Special Operations teams directed by President Trump and his Pentagon Pedophile Task Force have been clearing out the children, corpses, gold, cash and documents from a massive labyrinthine of DUMBS tunnels (Deep Underground Military Bases) that ran beneath the US, Canada and Mexico.
Evidently over centuries the tunnels had been built and used by members of the Illuminati, better known as the Cabal, or Deep State. Global, political and Hollywood elites into Satan worship were known to pay big bucks to drink the blood of a traumatized child (known as Adrenachrome) – reported to create a “high,” along with a supposed reverse of aging. Although, if their “supply” was cut off, the partaker suffered greatly and could even die.
The Pentagon was making sure that supply was never harvested as evidently it had been for centuries. Back in April 2019 the US Military, Interpol and different countries’ local military forces began a concentrated and coordinated effort to rescue children from a huge tunnel network that ran throughout the US from California to New York, to Canada, Mexico, Europe, Italy (the Vatican and Venice), the Hague, New Zealand, South America and the Middle East (Lebanon). Some of the tunnels lay beneath the Vatican, with many reported to be several stories deep – like the one beneath the Denver Airport.
By April 2020 a total of over 50,000 malnourished, caged and tortured children had been reported as rescued or found deceased in the tunnels beneath large US cities including one under New York Central Park. Another tunnel was said to run from the Clinton Foundation building to the New York Harbor as seen in this Military Intel video on the underground tunnels: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5cUsNTr4Yw&feature=youtu.be
The latest horror was uncovered around August 20, 2020 beneath Reno Nevada where thousands of mangled recently deceased corpses of children were discovered. The child captives were believed to have been kidnapped or bred for purposes of sexual abuse, human experimentation and human sacrifice in Satanic rites.
On Wed. Oct. 16 2019 an unbelievable 2,100 children being held in cages in underground tunnels at the California China Lake Military facility were rescued by Navy Seals and US Marines. The children and teens were said to have been sexually abused, tortured and killed to collect their blood. Marines carried out t raumatized children, some of whom have never seen the light of day, pregnant preteens, deformed babies, piles of little corpses whose bodies were apparently used for organ harvesting, children locked in cages, electro-shocked and traumatized in order to harvest their blood – Adrenachrome for the elites to drink.
“In Nevada the child rescue operations moved in earnest… what was amazing is that everyone was thinking Las Vegas would be the horror show of horror shows… there was a horror show but it was Reno… underneath Reno they could not believe the tunnels underneath the ground… the DUMBs… the bulk of the children found in the tunnels under Reno were dead… not only dead folks, they were mangled… they’re trying to do DNA testing to get the pieces back in order… which piece belongs to which other torso… it’s horrific” commented Dr. Charles Ward, who has been in a couple of the tunnels.
A trooper involved in rescue operations said, “On 4 July 2019 at 2 am PDT we surprised personnel at the China Lake Naval Research Base in California. We took over the base and rescued approximately 3,000 children being tortured in ways beyond comprehension. . .The count now of traumatized children (found dead or alive) was more like in the hundreds of thousands – generations who had never seen sunlight.”
Another trooper in rescue efforts reported, “Underground bases trafficking children were destroyed back in 2019. That included a base that was under the Getty Museum. The more recent Utah March 18 2020 earthquake was actually destruction of child trafficking tunnels (under the old Dugway Utah Germ Warfare base also referred to as another Area 51 UFO Base). There was a major battle under the Denver airport. The Illuminati had planned to make Denver the capital of the US after they took over and killed most of us.”
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There was a tunnel system that circled Australia and centered in Melbourne. The military made a massive raid in tunnels beneath the Black Forest in Germany. In Barcelona Spain they rescued over 2,000 women and children, while arresting 13 of their pedophile leaders. There were 30,000 pedophiles arrested out of Germany, and “lots” were arrested in Spain and England.
Charlie Freak from Australia said that the troops went into Melbourne and found a second layer of tunnels beneath an enormous tunnel system in Australia. “It started in Sydney… they described it to us… think arachnid… it’s a web… and it was below… so this second tunnel system goes in a ring around Australia, with a big central line running towards Ayers Rock…One night – 9 p.m. to 6 or 7 a.m. – there were explosions every 2 or 3 seconds that entire time. That’s why there were police out there.”
US Military, Marines, Navy Seals and Special Ops trained for over a year for the special missions under direction of President Trump and the Pentagon Pedophile Task Force. These US Special Forces were working with Interpol and various countries’ militaries to clear out the underground tunnels filled with trafficked children and women. They then blew the tunnels up so they can never be used again for any purpose. The small nuclear explosives used caused small earthquakes in the region.
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Evidently monies to fund the tunnels came from US Taxpayers through the Cabal-owned IRS/Federal Reserve System. An inside source said, “They spent trillions of dollars on these tunnels… that’s where the trillions of dollars that have been missing from the 9-11 building that they took down.”
The operation was ongoing as they discovered even more tunnels deeply buried beneath the earth. Dr. Charles Ward said: “The rescue operations were taking longer than The Alliance thought because the massive labyrinthine illuminati tunnel systems were more vast than anyone had any idea of.
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“They collapsed tunnels in Lebanon,” Ward said. “There was a considerable amount of tunnels under a building there that exploded. I’ve learned an awful lot about these tunnels and I have actually been inside some of these tunnels in my work because they store a huge amount of gold and cash in these tunnels. The ones I’ve been in were 200 Meters below ground level. .. the width of the tunnels would be 30/40 feet, the height would be 15/20 feet, there was electric golf buggies riding around down there like it was a main road; 40 km, 30 km of roads down there, shops down there, living quarters down there, storage facilities, safes, everything down there, and this was in just the two that I’ve visited. . . I think the process has been, from what I understand, once they’ve removed the women and children that were stored down there, they were removing the tunnels so nothing can be ever done there again.”
Ward has personally has been inside two DUMBs that were crammed with cash, gold and valuables. He was part of a team that was moving gold, cash and valuables around the world for the United States Government to back a revaluation of currencies in a Global Currency reset about to take place.
Dr. Ward related that in March 2020 during the child rescue mission at the Vatican they arrested the Pope. Some of Ward’s Security Team watched the arrest. He said that 650 plane loads of gold, cash and documents were flown out of the Vatican to Fort Knox. He regularly used specially trained teams to move money and his teams had been hired to clear out the Vatican of its stolen treasure.
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“I don’t think normal people have any idea or any concept as to how many children disappear every single year…And I’m going to sicken you right now. People that we trusted, organizations that we trusted during times of tragedy were involved, such as Hurricane Katrina where lots of people went missing. They were basically stolen by organizations that we trust to look after us in a time of trouble. Those kids were trafficked.
“That’s pretty damn disgusting… In times of war… the wars in Afghanistan, Syria, Libya, the amount of children that were stolen from those countries is unbelievable. So that the families think that they’ve died and they haven’t. They’ve been stolen… and this is a world that, don’t take my word for it, go and do some homework, because it’s absolutely disgusting
“And you’ll start to wake-up to what Donald Trump is actually doing when he’s draining the swamp…I don’t think… a lot of people have any idea how dirty that swamp is…how contaminated it is…and when you wake up to what he’s actually doing…It doesn’t matter if he has funny hair, it doesn’t matter if he does funny tweets. If he gets rid of one pedophile gang, saves one woman and a child from being trafficked, he’s doing a good job. He’s saved thousands and thousands of children and families, yet there’s NOTHING, NOTHING in the mainstream media. They should be ashamed of themselves, totally ashamed. It’s disgusting.”
Oct. 19 2019: Marines, Navy Seals Rescue 2,100 Caged Children, Teens
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Oct. 31 2019: Thousands of Children Rescued From Torture by Global Elite Pedophiles
April 9 2020: Over 35,000 Malnourished, Caged Children Rescued Out of US Tunnels by Military
April 21 2020: Over 50,000 Traumatized Children Rescued by Military Out of Tunnels Beneath US Cities
May 6 2020: Thousands of Tortured Children Rescued and Found Dead by US Military
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Budd Dwyer Suicide took place during press conference in front of many people and TV cameras. Not being able to handle his corruption and conviction charges, Budd Dwyer pulled out a .357 magnum hand gun from a paper bag, scaring present media representatives but asked them to calm down or else someone would get hurt. The rest went down very quickly. Budd Dwyer committed swift suicide by putting the loaded gun in his mouth and pulling the trigger immediately. The shot took his life as he slid down leaning against the wall, while the camera zooms in to capture the footage of loads of blood spewing out of his nose and mouth. Budd Dwyer death was recorded in real time and below is the original, uncut video footage of it.
R. Budd Dwyer was actually a successful politician. He was intelligent, started out as a school teacher who loved his wife and kids. The political career became his nightmare and eventually cost his life as he committed suicide on live TV.
As he speaks his last words before he shoots a bullet in his head, Budd Dwyer sounds like a man who simply got pushed on the edge, not quite like an emo kid who likes to cut, talks about death a lot and wants to die by committing suicide. Bud Dwyer wanted to live, but had no other choice but to take his own life.
The exact truth behind Budd Dwyer Suicide may never be known. He took it with him to his grave. He was obviously troubled, maybe confused, and hopeless. He worked hard to achieve something in politics and was about to lose it all due to accusations of corruption.
The bio of Robert “Budd” Dwyer is simple. He was born on November 21, 1939 and became a treasurer for the state of Pennsylvania. Televised press conference during which he committed suicide took place on January 22, 1987 at the state capitol in Harrisburg. Members of media gathered around expecting his to resign form office of treasurer, but instead they saw him put a revolver in his mouth and shoot himself to death.
To the last second of his life, Budd Dwyer claim to be innocent and an honest man. He was facing a up to 55 years in prison and an additional $300,000 fine as he was convicted of receiving kickbacks.
By killing himself before he was released form office, Budd Dwyer secured full survivor benefits for his family – over $1.28 million. Before he pulled the revolver form the envelope, he left his wife a suicide note.
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Comment by truth on March 4, 2010 at 11:58pm
Comment by I811st on November 14, 2009 at 3:47am
no , but when my death metal friends send me videos of suicides , i cant post it on Jewtube! so i excercise my 1st amendmet rights at 12160, where Freedom and Liberty go down fighting! And where I am slightly more tolerated.lol
Comment by truth on November 14, 2009 at 1:37am
Ha, I do like the sediment but wow thats pretty sick! Guessing you are a faces of death fan to.
Comment by I811st on November 6, 2009 at 10:28pm
dont you just wish that more politcians had the courage to do that?
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Old and Vintage Cameras – A Classic List
Old and Vintage Cameras – A Classic List
Bolsey C22
Exakta RTL 1000
Oriental Japan Large Format Field Camera
NIKON S3 BODY Black Original
LOMO 135 VS
The Agfa Clack
The Zeiss Ikon Ikoflex IIa
ANSCO Shur-Flash
The Voigtländer Bessa-L
The Zenit-TTL
Lomography Diana+
Yashica D-Twin
Kodak 35
Argus
Pentax K 1000
FUJI TX-2
Kodak Instamatic
Minolta 110 Zoom
Rollei 35
Kodak Brownie Bullet Camera
Wirgin Folding Camera
Mamiya RB67
Crown Graphic
Kodak Colorburst Instant Camera
Minolta Autocord
Canon F1
Kodak Pony
Polaroid SX70
The Univex Mercury
Hasselblad 500 Series (V System)
Graph-Check Sequence Camera
The Action Sampler
Kiev — a Soviet Contax
KING Sequence 8 model X-2
Koni-Omega Rapid M
Lubitel Universal 166
Lubitel+ IS
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Old and Vintage Cameras – A Classic List
1 COMMENT
Here are some collection of Vintage Cameras. Next week, we will post some more collection. Please list your favorite old cameras in comment section.
Bolsey C22
Exakta RTL 1000
Oriental Japan Large Format Field Camera
NIKON S3 BODY Black Original
LOMO 135 VS
The Agfa Clack
The Zeiss Ikon Ikoflex IIa
ANSCO Shur-Flash
The Voigtländer Bessa-L
The Zenit-TTL
Lomography Diana+
Yashica D-Twin
Kodak 35
Argus
Pentax K 1000
FUJI TX-2
Kodak Instamatic
Minolta 110 Zoom
Rollei 35
Kodak Brownie Bullet Camera
Wirgin Folding Camera
Mamiya RB67
Crown Graphic
Kodak Colorburst Instant Camera
Minolta Autocord
Canon F1
Kodak Pony
Polaroid SX70
The Univex Mercury
Hasselblad 500 Series (V System)
Graph-Check Sequence Camera
The Action Sampler
Kiev — a Soviet Contax
KING Sequence 8 model X-2
Koni-Omega Rapid M
Lubitel Universal 166
Lubitel+ IS
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Tags :
Old Cameras
Photo Gallery
Vintage Cameras
Previous Article Famous Portraits of Iconic People
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msmarco_doc_00_3958670
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http://121clicks.com/inspirations/beautiful-and-colorful-autumn-leaves-photography
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Beautiful and Colorful Autumn Leaves Photography - 121Clicks.com
|
Beautiful and Colorful Autumn Leaves Photography
Beautiful and Colorful Autumn Leaves Photography
Take it all or leave me alone
Fallen
A saucerful of secrets
Autumn Color
Hang In There
In Autumn
Solitude
A leaf out of my life
Golden Light
Maple leaf
Autumn Shower
Autumn Leaf
Autumn Colors
Maple Leaf Structure
Translucent
So light that if you leave. You may not return
One last leaf
Historic Highway, Autumn Study
Everything Has an End
Trapped for Winter
Catching the Light
Silent Leaf
Till the coldness comes
Leave Traces
Resting
Autumn leaf hanging by a thread
Pierced
We change, whether we like it or not – Ralph Waldo Emerson
Blue is My Color
Autumn Leave
Colors of my Monday
Veinal
Autumn walk
Heirinji
Golden Drops of Autumn
Autumn colours
When autumn slides into winter
Autumn leaves
Fallen
Frosted Red
Can’t Let Go
Autumn Bokeh
Lay here
Autumn Resurrection
Translucent
Autumn
Autumn leave
The fall
West Burton Falls
Autumn Leaves
Don’t miss to check our previous interesting Photo Galleries:
|
Beautiful and Colorful Autumn Leaves Photography - 121Clicks.com
Inspirations
May 29, 2014
Beautiful and Colorful Autumn Leaves Photography
5 COMMENT
Photographing Autumn leaves are so enjoyable. It will refresh your mind and soul, everyone will inspire the colors of Autumn. If you spend little time with these creative subjects can offer great photographic potential. Here we collect Beautiful and Colorful Autumn Leaves Photographs. Hope you will enjoy this post.
All photos are linked and lead to the sources from which they were taken. Please feel free to explore further works of these photographers on their collections or their personal sites.
Take it all or leave me alone
Photo Credit : Little Thoughts
Fallen
Photo Credit : Ursula I Abresch
A saucerful of secrets
Photo Credit : Dmitriy Mirochnik
Autumn Color
Photo Credit : Edgar Barany
Hang In There
Photo Credit : David C. Schultz
In Autumn
Photo Credit : Ursula I Abresch
Solitude
Photo Credit : Jan Vojtek
A leaf out of my life
Photo Crediit : Magda indigo
Golden Light
Photo Credit : Joni Niemelä
Maple leaf
Photo Credit : Bror Johansson
Autumn Shower
Photo Credit : David C. Schultz
Autumn Leaf
Photo Credit : Orwald
Autumn Colors
Photo Credit : kafka
Maple Leaf Structure
Photo Credit : Steve Jurvetson
Translucent
Photo Credit : David C. Schultz
So light that if you leave. You may not return
Photo Credit : Cristina
One last leaf
Photo Credit : Dirk Wüstenhagen
Historic Highway, Autumn Study
Photo Credit : Greg Lief
Everything Has an End
Photo Credit : Jose Alberto Morales
Trapped for Winter
Photo Credit : Evgeny Tchebotarev
Catching the Light
Photo Credit : Uschi
Silent Leaf
Photo Credit : Kimmo Vornanen
Till the coldness comes
Photo Credit : Ajpscs
Leave Traces
Photo Credit : Navin Sarma
Resting
Photo Credit : Irene Warman
Autumn leaf hanging by a thread
Photo Credit : Peter Funnell
Pierced
Photo Credit : Alex Arnaoudov
We change, whether we like it or not – Ralph Waldo Emerson
Photo Credit : Jacki
Blue is My Color
Photo Credit : Edgar Barrany
Autumn Leave
Photo Credit : Giorgio Cassisi
Colors of my Monday
Photo Credit : Ella
Veinal
Photo Crediit : Rohit Mattoo
Autumn walk
Photo Credit : Sameli Kujala
Heirinji
Photo Credit : Kouji Tomihisa
Golden Drops of Autumn
Photo Credit : Boris Bajcetic
Autumn colours
Photo Credit : Bror Johansson
When autumn slides into winter
Photo Credit : Lnés Montenegro
Autumn leaves
Photo Credit : Jef Van den Houte
Fallen
Photo Credit : Jari Hakala
Frosted Red
Photo Credit : Chis Fenison
Can’t Let Go
Photo Credit : David C. Schultz
Autumn Bokeh
Photo Credit : Éva Szombati
Lay here
Photo Credit : Christos dimitriou
Autumn Resurrection
Photo Credit : Faisal Almalki
Translucent
Photo Credit : David C. Schultz
Autumn
Photo Credit : Dikra
Autumn leave
Photo Credit : Abdulmajeed Al Juhani
The fall
Photo Credit : Mikel Martinez de Osaba
West Burton Falls
Photo Credit : Wolfy
Autumn Leaves
Photo Credit : Nataly Golubeva
Don’t miss to check our previous interesting Photo Galleries:
50 Beautiful Examples Of Bokeh Photography
15 Beautiful Tips And Examples Of Bokeh Photography
Basics Of Photography – Aperture, Shutter Speed And Exposure
Art Of Composition In Photography- Tips And Examples
6 Simple Tips To Take Fantastic Abstract Photography
Tags :
Autumn Colors
Autumn Leaves Photography
Color Photography
Leaves Photography
Nature Photography
Photo Gallery
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msmarco_doc_00_3961057
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http://121clicks.com/tutorials/6-simple-tips-to-take-fantastic-abstract-photography
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6 Simple Tips to take Fantastic Abstract Photography - 121Clicks.com
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6 Simple Tips to take Fantastic Abstract Photography
6 Simple Tips to take Fantastic Abstract Photography
#1 Get Close
#2 Thinking in Tones
#3 Lookout for Interesting Elements
#4 Using Hand-Held Flash and Tripod
#5 Practice and Experiments
#6 Crop and Rotate your Image
You may be interested in the following related topics :
|
6 Simple Tips to take Fantastic Abstract Photography - 121Clicks.com
Tutorials
April 26, 2020
6 Simple Tips to take Fantastic Abstract Photography
3 COMMENT
Most of the categories in photography show the subject clearly. For example, when photographing a portrait or landscape, you try to represent the face and environment. When shooting Abstract Photography, it’s all about ideas and presentation. Whatever subject you choose, you need to bring the essence of what you’re photographing. The below tips will useful for your experiment in Abstract Photography.
Photos by Ursula Abresch
#1 Get Close
An abstract photograph should give the viewer a different perspective of the subject than a normal photograph would. Especially, while you capture textures and patterns get close and fill the frame. So the subject will looks like unimaginable and unfamiliar look.
Photo by: Ursula Abresch
#2 Thinking in Tones
The best photographers are always aware of bright highlight on their subjects and can make exposure adjustments when necessary. This sixth sense can be developed by making a quick, visual check of your subject before pressing the shutter button.
Photo by: Ursula Abresch
#3 Lookout for Interesting Elements
You can find abstract images in nature, such as repeating lines, strange textures, interesting patterns, plants, clouds, rocks, sand, and bodies of water. It’s also possible to create abstract compositions by arranging strange objects in interesting ways.
Photo by: Ursula Abresch
#4 Using Hand-Held Flash and Tripod
If your camera is fitted with a hot shoe flash socket for attaching a powerful flash unit, you can mount a special device to this called a hot shoe adaptor. This enables you to attach a flexible flash cord so the unit can be taken off your camera and held to one side. Angled flash can mimic the look natural light and is great for abstract subjects when available light is bland. Also, it’s very important to use Tripod when you take abstracts in closer format.
Photo by: Ursula Abresch
#5 Practice and Experiments
Practice, practice, practice and do lots of experiments. Sometimes something as minor as changing the while balance and exposure settings can change the whole image. Sometimes the wrong settings may be the right one for the image. So don’t hesitate to do experiments with your gear and as well as your subject.
Photo by: Ursula Abresch
#6 Crop and Rotate your Image
When you ready to do some post processing of your abstract photo, use crop tool to make stronger composition. Rotate your image vertically and horizontally to create an unfamiliar look. Even, you can rotate your image to 180 degrees and see how different it is. For cropping, zoom the image and find that particular part of the image has abstract photograph quality of its own.
Photo by: Ursula Abresch
Conclusion:
Hope the above tips will useful to start your Abstract Photography. Go and Practice now!!
You may be interested in the following related topics :
Candid Photography – How to shoot Excellent Candids
Photographing the Patterns of Nature
Secrets of Shooting Beautiful Landscapes
Tips for Photographing Kids
How to take HDR (High Dynamic Range) Photos
Tags :
Abstract Photography
Learning & Tutorials
Photography Tips
Photography Tutorials
|
msmarco_doc_00_3965903
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http://121clicks.com/tutorials/the-importance-of-lines-in-photography-an-overview-with-superb-examples
|
The Importance of Lines in Photography - An Overview with Superb Examples
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The Importance of Lines in Photography – An Overview with Superb Examples
The Importance of Lines in Photography – An Overview with Superb Examples
#1 Horizontal Lines
#2 Vertical Lines
#3 Diagnoal Lines
#4 Conclusion
|
The Importance of Lines in Photography - An Overview with Superb Examples
Tutorials
April 29, 2020
The Importance of Lines in Photography – An Overview with Superb Examples
3 COMMENT
Almost each one of us knew that geometric shapes forms a prime element in a Photograph. Here I have tried to magnify a little further into the likes of Lines in Photography. Their importance in the art of composition, their representation and the visual feel transference. These straight and parallel lines are phenomenal and one of the fineset element in photography always overlooked onto.
There are always several factors inducing these lines inside your frame. It always occurs in the combination of horizontal, vertical and diagonal lines. When we try to line up with the viewfinder and make it straight and parallel there is always a importance to them, creating a strong flavor to your photograph.
There is no disturbance or unwanted illusion caused as some one might think, it doesnt create any distraction taking away to the viewer’s eye. Always try to balance these lines make them look straight, like how we balance the horizon. Doing this make the subject inside the frame look prettier.
I would like to divide these straight and parallel lines into three specific categories:
Horizontal
Vertical
Diagonal
Photo by: Tarek Zaïgouche
#1 Horizontal Lines
The Horizontal lines are usually interesting and provide a stability and rest to your image and subject involved. It is more of a defined permanancy and consistency to your photographs, they often serve as a dividing line creating an anchor to the subject or object within.
#2 Vertical Lines
Vertical lines are nothing but mood, they makes the photograph even more powerful. Try holding your camera vertically while you spot one or try to shoot these lines. This creates more length to your scene, trying to convey or potray the height in it. You can also feel free to break the rule and a horizontal framing can make one sense the strongness in it.
#3 Diagnoal Lines
They draw the attention of viewer very quickly, its so attractive yes the Diagonal Lines. They usually work by creating point of interest within the frame plus lines of intersection within them to the photographer’s advantage creating stunning perspectives. There is a sense of dynamics to the image as if something is always moving, this illusion is the advantage of diagonal lines. Many studies have revealed that people often emphasis an image by stating the subject travels from frame left to right, hence working to its favour can create some memorable pictures for you.
#4 Conclusion
No need to worry, these lines are not a distraction. try to get them in place, mark them to the axis parallel to the grid lines in camera, or one can always check the horizon in post. Experiment with these lines. Have fun.
5 Questions To Ask Yourself Before Pressing That Shutter
4 Great Factors To Consider While Shooting Low Light Photography
Elevating Yourself – 5 Amazing Tips For Any Photographer
How To Achieve That Perfect Portrait – Effective Tips With Brilliant Examples
Animals & Street Photography – An Ultimate Collection
Tags :
Diagonal Lines in Photography
Horizontal Lines in Photography
Learning & Tutorials
Lines in Photography
Parllel Lines in Photography
Photography Tips
Photography Tutorials
The Importance of Lines in Photography
Vertical Lines in Photography
|
msmarco_doc_00_3969810
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http://121clicks.com/tutorials/what-is-environmental-portrait-tips-examples
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What is An Environmental Portrait - Tips & Examples - 121Clicks.com
|
What is An Environmental Portrait – Tips & Examples
What is An Environmental Portrait – Tips & Examples
#1 The Character
#2 Location And Its Relation
#3 The Wider Frame
#4 What Does It Convey?
|
What is An Environmental Portrait - Tips & Examples - 121Clicks.com
Tutorials
May 2, 2020
What is An Environmental Portrait – Tips & Examples
3 COMMENT
An Environment is something that is totally integrated with the physical and biological factors along with their own chemical interactions which further forms to serve any form of living. So what does it have to do with the word Environmental Portrait – in simpler terms any portrait which gets us to know about the life terms, their physical and biological interactions with the local ecology, showing their nativity can be called an Environmental Portrait.
To further study this interesting aspect let us divide it into 4 classes.
Photos by Akilan Thyagarajan
#1 The Character
The Character of the Portrait. The Importance of every aspect of it, their presence, their forms, and its significance. What makes them special there, the locality their adaptation to that environment, and what changes have this brought into their Physique or Mental ability. To capture these elements makes it very interesting and then it happens to be an Environmental Portrait.
#2 Location And Its Relation
The Place they stay, it can be of wide range anything from a tribal village, duplex apartment, or a typical slum. But one needs to understand to what extent this locality has influenced their attributes. How do they carry them-self when inside their home ground their physical language, since their behavior tends to change when outside their zone. All put together, capturing the essence of any portrait inside their comfort zone with more environmental values constitutes an Environmental Portrait.
#3 The Wider Frame
By the term “Wider Frame” we mean you the photographer to show a lot of it. The details covered are not to be on the face, this story is more about where they belong, how well they have adapted to stay here. And for clearer interactions, it becomes necessary for you to show where they belong. A Small trick is to show it large and wide to get a lot closer to what we call an Environmental Portrait.
#4 What Does It Convey?
What are you trying to convey with this Environmental Portrait? Simple – This is a person who lives, in this locality which is visible itself in the Photograph. He/She belongs there, that is how they dress up, carry themself their food, their family, the weather they live on, the problems they face, their mood, their character it’s all visible in this one single photograph – the Environmental Portrait.
Tags :
Environmental Portrait
Learning & Tutorials
Photography Tips
Photography Tutorials
Portrait Photography
Portrait Photography Tips
Portrait Photography Tutorials
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msmarco_doc_00_3973764
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http://121clicks.com/tutorials/window-lighting-in-photography-tips-examples
|
Window Lighting in Photography - Tips & Examples - 121Clicks.com
|
Window Lighting in Photography – Tips & Examples
Window Lighting in Photography – Tips & Examples
Nature of Light
Camera Settings
Placing your Subject
Conclusion
|
Window Lighting in Photography - Tips & Examples - 121Clicks.com
Tutorials
September 10, 2012
Window Lighting in Photography – Tips & Examples
6 COMMENT
One readily available natural light source irrespective of any other climatic factors and the one which doesn’t cost the photographer any extra bucks would definitely be the Window Lighting. Window lighting has always played a major role in the movies some few decades ago. In Fine art Portraits window light plays a major role in those sensational indoor photographs. We the Photographers should take inspiration from the artists whose splendid paintings were those of models lit by the window light.
Hence in this article we bring you the Merits of Window lighting, the camera settings you would have to adjust and then some theory behind placing your subject accordingly, for the desired result.
Photo Credit : S.C
Nature of Light
So basically window light is the soft light, which comes in through your windows when the sky is slightly on the overcast side. Usually artists don’t prefer to use the direct sunlight through window; it would be harsh and will produce sharp shadows which may not be pleasant for portraits. The Diffused light usually produces less contrast compared to the normal light, here the shadows are gentle and the acquired result is very much close to what we see with our naked eye. Also using backlight in a window light should create wonderful effects to your portrait. And as always one can adjust the curtains if you think the exposure is maximum and place a reflector at the back if you think the subject is dark.
Photo Credit : Siddharthan Raman
Photo Credit : Nima Baharlooie
Photo Credit : Viktoriya Ilina
Photo Credit : Hari Sulistiawan
Photo Credit : Stephanie Beaty
Camera Settings
Making yourself ready to shoot with window lighting can be challenging in terms of various elements. First the exposure techniques have to be thoroughly understood which can later be overcome with the shutter speed.
Taking into account on Ansel Adams Zone system one can experiment with various shades of black with varied exposure or shutter speed. Second make sure you don’t pump up the ISO beyond limits, for this you can always increase the aperture or use a tripod. Thirdly ask any Professional, focusing in lowlight with larger aperture would be a nightmare, here I would ask you to practice more and manual focus on the highlights of the subject say catchlights on eye for better results.
Photo Credit : Jack Burger
Photo Credit : Solecism
Photo Credit : Courtney
Photo Credit : Remus Tiplea
Photo Credit : Emily Soto
Placing your Subject
Believe me, placing your subject or model is absolute fun in Window Lighting. Since we already spoke about backlight, try placing your subject by 45° and the reflector if needed at the same level from the camera, to avoid those contrast shadows. One Basic thing about this lighting is the lightsource remains fixed and the subject has to be rotated to achieve desired effect which is always perfect since there are no adjustments needed for lightsource like in studio setup.
Photo Credit : Maria Gvedashvili
Photo Credit : Izabela Zagaja-Florek
Photo Credit : Gosia Janik
Photo Credit : Bunny Spice
Photo Credit : Anna Shakina
Conclusion
Considering, these keypoints on Window lighting must have made you familiar to this lighting, try to light a still life object using window light. Have fun and keep Clicking!!
Tags :
Learning & Tutorials
Photography Tips
Photography Tutorials
Window Light in Photography
Window Light Photography
Window Lighting
Window Phtography
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msmarco_doc_00_3976920
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http://123-tattoos.blogspot.com/2012/11/santa-muerte-tattoos-2.html
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Tattoo art: Santa Muerte tattoos: several questions
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Santa Muerte tattoos: several questions
Monday, November 19, 2012
Santa Muerte tattoos: several questions
|
Tattoo art: Santa Muerte tattoos: several questions
Monday, November 19, 2012
Santa Muerte tattoos: several questions
Previous posts:
1. Death tattoos: Santa Muerte - origins and significations
2. Death tattoos: portrayals of the Santa Muerte
3. Santa Muerte tattoos: various elements which can occur in these tattoos
What could be the reason for getting a Santa Muerte tattoo? The first reason is the belief that Santa Muerte, being the saint of death, has the right to decide when one should die. By pleasing Santa Muerte, one can delay the moment of his / her death, can escape from deadly problems, etc. Besides, many of those who believe in Santa Muerte think that she can decide not only the moment of one's death but also the way in which a person will die and, consequently, a man need to gain her goodwill in order to receive a peaceful death.
Who are those willing to get a "Santa Muerte" tattoo? Initially, the Santa Muerte tattoos (just as the Santa Muerte worship) were popular only among thieves, drug-dealers, Mexican Mafia members, etc. For a stranger this might appear strange but most Mexicans and other Hispanic people, even though they are involved in gangs or other criminal activities, are deeply religious and rely on their Christian symbols to both identify and protect them. Moreover, they are exactly the people for whom the risk of death is always present and, quite obvious, they were the very first people willing to seek the Santa Muerte's protection. However, with the spread of the Santa Muerte worship, these tattoos ceased to be a symbol of the criminal underworld and nowadays there are hundreds or even thousands of ordinary Mexican Catholics who have an image of Santa Muerte tattooed on their bodies.
Are those tattoos "satanic tattoos"? On this issue, opinions are divided. The Roman Catholic Church has denounced the worship of Santa Muerte, considering it as a black magic and the Santa Muerte's followers as devil worshippers. On the other hand, many, if not all, of the Santa Muerte's followers consider themselves good Catholics. Santa Muerte figurines often stand near the statues of Jesus Christ or the Virgin of Guadalupe because the devotees to Santa Muerte do not see any contradiction between the Catholic faith and the worship of Santa Muerte. In many ways, a ritual dedicated to Santa Muerte is very similar to a Catholic rite, including procession and prayers for power healing, protection and favors.
Although there are many similarities between the two worships, Santa Muerte should not be confused with San la Muerte: San la Muerte is a "he" and is portrayed as a male skeleton, while Santa Muerte is a "she"; San la Muerte is venerated in the South America, not in Mexic; it seems that the San La Muerte cult is based on punishment and submission, etc. For more details about the San la Muerte cult visit this page: San La Muerte - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Posted by Unknown at 1:05 PM
Labels: Death tattoos meaning , mexican tattoos , Santa Muerte
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msmarco_doc_00_3981097
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http://123.physics.ucdavis.edu/week_0_files/ErrorPropagation2A.pdf
|
Error Propagation
Error
Propagation
Multiplying
or
Dividing
Measurements
with
Uncertainties
best
best
+
∆
2
y
=
x
2
0
.
08
cm
+
49
.
52
cm
Uncertainty
for
a
Quantity
Raised
to
a
Power
cm
3
≈
7
cm
3
±
7
cm
|
Error Propagation
Error
Propagation
The
analysis
of
uncertainties
(errors)
in
measurements
and
calculations
is
essential
in
the
physics
laboratory.
For
example,
suppose
you
measure
the
length
of
a
long
rod
by
making
three
measurement
x
=
xbest
±
∆x,
y
=
ybest
±
∆y,
and
z
=
zbest
±
∆z.
Each
of
these
measurements
has
its
own
uncertainty
∆x,
∆y,
and
∆z
respectively.
What
is
the
uncertainty
in
the
length
of
the
rod
L
=
x
+
y
+
z?
When
we
add
the
measurements
do
the
uncertainties
∆x,
∆y,
∆z
cancel,
add,
or
remain
the
same?
Likewise
,
suppose
we
measure
the
dimensions
b
=
bbest
±
∆b,
h
=
hbest
±
∆h,
and
w
=
wbest
±
∆w
of
a
block.
Again,
each
of
these
measurements
has
its
own
uncertainty
∆b,
∆h,
and
∆w
respectively.
What
is
the
uncertainty
in
the
volume
of
the
block
V
=
bhw?
Do
the
uncertainties
add,
cancel,
or
remain
the
same
when
we
calculate
the
volume?
In
order
for
us
to
determine
what
happens
to
the
uncertainty
(error)
in
the
length
of
the
rod
or
volume
of
the
block
we
must
analyze
how
the
error
(uncertainty)
propagates
when
we
do
the
calculation.
In
error
analysis
we
refer
to
this
as
error
propagation.
There
is
an
error
propagation
formula
that
is
used
for
calculating
uncertainties
when
adding
or
subtracting
measurements
with
uncertainties
and
a
different
error
propagation
formula
for
calculating
uncertainties
when
multiplying
or
dividing
measurements
with
uncertainties.
Let’s
first
look
at
the
formula
for
adding
or
subtracting
measurements
with
uncertainties.
Adding
or
Subtracting
Measurements
with
Uncertainties.
Suppose
you
make
two
measurements,
=
xbest
±
∆x
y
=
ybest
±
∆y
What
is
the
uncertainty
in
the
quantity
q
=
x
+
y
or
q
=
x
–
y?
To
obtain
the
uncertainty
we
will
find
the
lowest
and
highest
probable
value
of
q
=
x
+
y.
Note
that
we
would
like
to
state
q
in
the
standard
form
of
q
=
qbest
±
∆q
where
qbest
=
xbest
+
ybest.
(highest
probable
value
of
q
=
x
+
y):
(xbest+
∆x)
+
(ybest
+
∆y)
=
(xbest+
ybest)
+
(∆x
+∆y)
=
qbest
+
∆q
(lowest
probable
value
of
q
=
x
+
y):
(xbest-
∆x)
+
(ybest
-
∆y)
=
(xbest+
ybest)
-
(∆x
+∆y)
=
qbest
–
∆q
Thus,
we
that
∆q
=
∆x
+
∆y
is
the
uncertainty
in
q
=
x
+
y.
A
similar
result
applies
if
we
needed
to
obtain
the
uncertainty
in
the
difference
q
=
x
–
y.
If
we
had
added
or
subtracted
more
than
two
measurements
x,
y,
......,
z
each
with
its
own
uncertainty
∆x,
∆y,
.........
,
∆z
respectively
,
the
result
would
be
∆q
=
∆x
+
∆y
+
.........
+
∆z
Now,
if
the
uncertainties
∆x,
∆y,
.........,
∆z
are
random
and
independent,
the
result
is
=
q
∆
(
∆
x
)
2
+
(
∆
y
)
2
+
.........
+
(
∆
z
)
2
=
3.52
cm
±
0.05
cm
y
=
2.35
cm
±
0.04
cm
Calculate
q
=
x
+
y
We
would
like
to
state
q
in
the
standard
form
of
q
=
qbest
±
∆q
xbest
=
3.52cm,
∆x
=
0.05cm
ybest
=
2.35cm,
∆y
=
0.04cm
qbest
=
xbest
+
ybest
=
3.52cm
+
2.35cm
=
5.87cm
=
q
∆
(
∆
x
)
2
+
(
∆
y
)
2
=
(
2
0
.
05
)
+
(
0
.
04
)
2
=
0
.
06
cm
=
5.87cm
±
0.06cm
Multiplying
or
Dividing
Measurements
with
Uncertainties
Suppose
you
make
two
measurements,
=
xbest
±
∆x
=
ybest
±
∆y
What
is
the
uncertainty
in
the
quantity
q
=
xy
or
q
=
x/y?
To
obtain
the
uncertainty
we
will
find
the
highest
and
lowest
probable
value
of
q
=
xy.
The
result
will
be
the
same
if
we
consider
q
=
x/y.
Again
we
would
like
to
state
q
in
the
standard
form
of
q
=
qbest
±
∆q
where
now
qbest
=
xbest
ybest.
(highest
probable
value
of
q
=
xy):
(xbest+
∆x)(ybest
+
∆y)
=
xbestybest
+
xbest
∆y
+∆x
ybest
+
∆x
∆y
=
qbest
+
∆q
=
xbestybest
+
(xbest
∆y
+
∆x
ybest)
=
qbest
+
∆q
(lowest
probable
value
of
q
=
xy):
(xbest-
∆x)(ybest
-
∆y)
=
xbestybest
-
xbest
∆y
-
∆x
ybest
+
∆x
∆y
=
qbest
–
∆q
=
xbestybest
–
(xbest
∆y
+
∆x
ybest)
=
qbest
–
∆q
Since
the
uncertainties
∆x
and
∆y
are
assumed
to
be
small,
then
the
product
∆x
∆y
≈
0.
Thus,
we
see
that
∆q
=
xbest
∆y
+∆x
ybest
in
either
case.
Dividing
by
xbestybest
gives
∆
q
x
∆
=
+
y
best
best
∆
x
y
x
y
best
best
best
best
x
y
best
best
∆
q
=
∆
y
∆
x
+
q
best
y
best
x
best
Again,
a
similar
result
applies
if
we
needed
to
obtain
the
uncertainty
in
the
division
of
=
x/y.
If
we
had
multiplied
or
divided
more
than
two
measurements
x,
y,
......,
z
each
with
its
own
uncertainty
∆x,
∆y,
.........
,
∆z
respectively,
the
result
would
be
∆
q
=
∆
y
+
∆
x
+
........
+
∆
z
best
y
best
x
best
z
best
Now,
if
the
uncertainties
∆x,
∆y,
.........,
∆z
are
random
and
independent,
the
result
is
∆
=
2
∆
y
∆
+
y
best
2
+
........
2
z
∆
+
q
best
best
z
best
=
49.52cm
±
0.08cm
=
189.53cm
±
0.05cm
Calculate
q
=
xy
We
would
like
to
state
q
in
the
standard
form
of
q
=
qbest
±
∆q
xbest
=
49.52cm,
∆x
=
0.08cm
ybest
=
189.53cm,
∆y
=
0.05cm
qbest
=
xbestybest
=
(49.52cm)(189.53cm)=9.38553
x
103
cm2
∆
q
best
=
∆
2
+
∆
2
y
=
x
best
y
2
0
.
08
cm
+
49
.
52
cm
0
.
05
cm
=
1
.
63691
E
−
3
189
.
53
best
cm
∆q
=
(1.63691
x
10-3)qbest
=
(1.63691
x
10-3)
(9.38553
x
103
cm2)
∆q
=
15.3632cm2
≈
20
cm2
=
9390
cm2
±
20
cm2
Uncertainty
for
a
Quantity
Raised
to
a
Power
If
a
measurement
x
has
uncertainty
∆x,
then
the
uncertainty
in
q
=
xn,
is
given
by
the
expression
∆
q
=
∆
x
x
best
best
Let
q
=
x3
where
x
=
5.75cm
±
0.08
cm.
Calculate
the
uncertainty
∆q
in
the
quantity
q.
We
would
like
to
state
q
in
the
standard
form
of
q
=
qbest
±
∆q
=
3
∆x
=
0.08cm
xbest
=
5.75cm
qbest
=
x
3
=
190
.
best
cm
3
∆
q
=
∆
x
=
q
best
x
best
∆
q
=
0
.
08
cm
(
3
)
190
.
1
cm
3
5
.
75
cm
∆
q
=
7
.
93
cm
3
≈
7
cm
3
=
190
cm
3
±
7
cm
3
|
msmarco_doc_00_3984518
|
|
http://123380.yourkwagent.com/
|
THE MELISSA HEALY GROUP
|
THE MELISSA HEALY GROUP
THE MELISSA HEALY GROUP
Find all your Real Estate Resources on this website!
Voted the "Most Innovative Real Estate Company" by Inman News, Keller Williams® Real Estate takes a different approach, one that is built on personal touches, a professional approach and positive results.
Call The Melissa Healy Group at: 267-218-0000 -or- 215-340-5700, x179
Email at: mhealy@kw.com
___________________________
We are pleased to announce The Melissa Healy Group achieved Top 1% of all Agents in Bucks County for Sales Volume in 2016, 2017 & 2018. Serving Bucks & Montgomery Counties.
ASK US ABOUT REAL ESTATE IN 2019
Find all your Real Estate Resources on this website!
Voted the "Most Innovative Real Estate Company" by Inman News, Keller Williams® Real Estate takes a different approach, one that is built on personal touches, a professional approach and positive results.
|
THE MELISSA HEALY GROUP
THE MELISSA HEALY GROUP
Find all your Real Estate Resources on this website!
Voted the "Most Innovative Real Estate Company" by Inman News, Keller Williams® Real Estate takes a different approach, one that is built on personal touches, a professional approach and positive results.
Call The Melissa Healy Group at: 267-218-0000 -or- 215-340-5700, x179
Email at: mhealy@kw.com
___________________________
We are pleased to announce The Melissa Healy Group achieved Top 1% of all Agents in Bucks County for Sales Volume in 2016, 2017 & 2018. Serving Bucks & Montgomery Counties.
ASK US ABOUT REAL ESTATE IN 2019
Click Here to Review "Testimonials"
Consider Building Your DREAM HOME?
We have the experience to guide you through the process.
Contact us directly at 267-218-0000 or 215-340-5700 x 179.
_____
_____
Exciting News!! Our team is growing to better serve our clients in 2018.
🎉
We proudly welcome Leigh and Jaimie to The Melissa Healy Group at Keller Williams.
Meet the Melissa Healy Group!
The Melissa Healy Connection offers a strong team concept of full-time professionals who focus on being learning based, client centric for our buyers, sellers and investors, as well as creating a fun and competitive environment where we can all grow personally and professionally. We truly believe if we are at "Our Best", our clients will reap the benefits. In 2015, 2016, 2017 & 2018 we have been the #1 Team in our market center and we have our clients to thank for that.
We are proud to have received the "5 Star Professionals Award"
by Philadelphia Magazine in 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 & 2018.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
We're At Your Service!
OUR #1 GOAL IS YOU
The Melissa Healy Connection offers a strong team concept of full-time professionals who focus on being learning based, client centric for our buyers, sellers and investors, as well as creating a fun and competitive environment where we can all grow personally and professionally. We truly believe if we are at "Our Best", our clients will reap the benefits. In 2015, 2016 & 2017 we were the #1 Team in our market center and we have our clients to thank for that. Put us to work for you!
We are proud to have received the "5 Star Professionals Award"
by Philadelphia Magazine in 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 & 2018.
Our focus is Bucks and Montgomery Counties.
Simply give our team a call!
267-218-0000 direct / 215-340-5700 x179 office
email at: mhealy@kw.com
_________________________________________________________________________________________
THE MELISSA HEALY GROUP...Your Connection to Real Estate!!
Top producing Realtors working in Bucks and Montgomery Counties. Voted Five Star Real Estate Agent in 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 & 2018 by Philadelphia Magazine. Our team focuses on residential resale, new construction, luxury homes and first time home buyers.
We have developed a successful marketing plan for our listings which is then customized for each of our seller’s needs. We are constantly looking for ways to improve and stay on the cutting edge of marketing, advertising and networking so our listings get optimal exposure, the highest price the market will allow, and our client’s receive the top notch service they deserve.
We also have enthusiastic Buyer Specialists on our team who focus on providing their knowledge, guidance and time to all our buyers to ensure they find their dream home within the parameters they are looking, and have all their questions answered along the way. Our clients are always our #1 priority.
We are responsible for protecting our clients and have a fiduciary responsibility to them. We take that job very seriously and always have their best interest in mind. We educate and guide our clients throughout the tedious and at times, emotional process. We work with stagers, lenders, home inspectors, contractors, appraisers, title companies, insurance companies and other professional services. Every real estate transaction is a team effort which we orchestrate for all our buyers and sellers, from start to finish.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Melissa Healy, License# RS279481 - mhealy@kw.com
Kathy Wickel, License# RS294808 - healyconnection@kw.com
Vincent Vesci, License# RS310061 - vincevesci@kw.com
Andrea Bennett, License# RS284840 - andreajoanbennett@gmail.com
Michele Welsh, License# RS337061 - mwelsh@healyvescigroup.com
Jaimie Meehan, License# RS309986 - jaimiemeehan@kw.com
Leigh Nunno, License# AB066961 - leighnunno@kw.com
____________________________________________________
Find all your Real Estate Resources on this website!
Voted the "Most Innovative Real Estate Company" by Inman News, Keller Williams® Real Estate takes a different approach, one that is built on personal touches, a professional approach and positive results.
|
msmarco_doc_00_3996025
|
http://123399460202637004.weebly.com/symbols-of-st-anthony.html
|
symbols of St. Anthony. - St. Anthony!
|
symbols of St. Anthony. - St. Anthony!
Symbols of St. Anthony are:
. the lily represents purity and his battle against the demon since childhood.
. the Franciscan habit represents how he was moved by the Franciscan lifestyle and how he received his habit in 1220. It is also a reminder of the Franciscan order.
. the baby Jesus represents his closeness to God and it also expresses his attachment to the humanity of christ.
. the flame represents his love for his neighbors and especially God.
. youth represents St. Anthony as pure, good and receptive to anyone.
. bread represents St. Anthony's charity to the poor.
. the bible represents his preaching and of his teaching, always inspired by the bible.
|
msmarco_doc_00_4002047
|
|
http://1234newyear.com/honolulu-hawaii-chinese-lunar-new-year-celebrations/5015/
|
Honolulu, Hawaii – Chinese Lunar New Year Celebrations 2020 | New Year 2020
|
Honolulu, Hawaii – Chinese Lunar New Year Celebrations 2020
Honolulu, Hawaii – Chinese Lunar New Year Celebrations 2020
Comments
|
Honolulu, Hawaii – Chinese Lunar New Year Celebrations 2020 | New Year 2020
Posted on October 5, 2019October 5, 2019
by admin
Honolulu, Hawaii – Chinese Lunar New Year Celebrations 2020
Chinese New Year is a lunar calendar, which means it falls between mid-January and mid-February.
Chinese New Year is just not celebrated in China, but is also celebrated in other parts of the world, especially where there is a large Chinese Community.
In 2020, Chinese New Year will be celebrated on Saturday, January 25, 2020.
One of the most popular beach is the U.S. state of Hawaii in which Honolulu is the state capital and the most populous city and is situated on the island of Oahu, it is known worldwide as a major tourist destination; Honolulu is the main and major gateway to Hawaii and U.S.A. Honolulu is famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine, and traditions.
The various Honolulu Chinatown celebrations usually span a few weeks, chances of finding Chinese culture related Hawaii activities during your vacation to Hawaii are fairly good.
Chinese New Year Festival is usually held on two weekends, Friday and Saturday from approximately 10am to 10pm at the Chinatown Cultural Plaza Center and it features food vendors, craft booths, and entertainment with parades, dance shows, lots of music and last but not the least the beautiful fire work display which is a real blast to experience.
Comments
comments
|
msmarco_doc_00_4002960
|
http://123certificates.com/formal.php
|
Free printable formal certificate templates - landscape and portrait
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Formal certificate templates
and printable awards with sample wording:
|
Free printable formal certificate templates - landscape and portrait
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Reward somebody today! 123Certificates.com offers free rewards and free printable formal certificates to print with formal award certificate templates and certificates with formal borders and formal backgrounds. I hope you can use them.
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|
msmarco_doc_00_4004820
|
http://123eft.com/release.htm
|
The Award Winning EFT Based Two Minute Release Technique
|
Two Minute Release Technique
The Two Minute Release Technique
|
The Award Winning EFT Based Two Minute Release Technique
Welcome To The Award Winning EFT Based
Two Minute Release Technique
Like EFT, this technique is based on the energy system which transports energy around the body.
Fear and stress results in blockages in this system. When the blockage is softened or removed, energy flows freely and you experience a sense of calm and well being.
Below, you will find the Two Minute Release animation that will take you through a simplified version of stimulating a number of major meridian points by lightly touching or massaging them and breathing deeply at the same time.
Whilst you follow the instructions, hold in your mind something that causes you stress or fear or any form of painful emotion at this time.
Notice how touching these special points lightly whilst you breathe deeply really makes you feel *quite different* - as though a relaxation is taking place, a softening, a *release*.
The "Ambassador of Energy Therapies" EFT uses more points than this abbreviated version and Energy EFT gives you clear and simple instructions on how to use the full EFT protocol for releasing problems such as addictions, anxiety, fears and how to go on to energize your life in a whole new way.
The Two Minute Release Technique is designed to give you a taste of the *immediate benefits* of improving the flow of energy in this gentle and thoughtful manner.
Please note that the animation loops so start your first experience with Modern Energy Therapies at
"Are you ready?"
Enjoy!
The Two Minute Release Technique
Created by Silvia Hartmann
based on techniques by Gary Craig & John Diepold
Go To The Full EFT Protocol
Buy the proper EFT Training Manual and get tapping right!
Facebook | Twitter | Google Plus | Digg | StumbleUpon
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msmarco_doc_00_4005696
|
http://123frame.net/lifibyle.html
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Fillet Picture Frame by Length ,Fillet Molding
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Fillet Picture Frame by Length ,Fillet Molding
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$79.00
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$79.00
1/2" Dark Gold Picture Frame Moulding
$79.00
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$79.00
1/2" Silver Picture Frame Moulding
$49.00
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$49.00
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$49.00
1/2" Fillet Silver Picture Frame Moulding
$49.00
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$49.00
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$79.00
7/16" Silver Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
$79.00
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$79.00
7/16" Fillet Matt Black Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
$49.00
3/8" Fillet Gold Picture Frame Moulding
$49.00
3/8" Fillet Silver Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
$49.00
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$49.00
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$49.00
1/2" Honey Pecan Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
$79.00
1/2" Fillet Cherry Picture Frame Moulding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Walnut Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Mahogany Picture Frame Moulding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Coffee Brown Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Gray Picture Frame Moulding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Opaque Black Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Gold Picture Frame Moulding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Silver Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Dark Gold Picture Frame Moulding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Dark Silver Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Glossy Coffee Brown Picture Frame Moulding
$49.00
1/2" Fillet Glossy Gray Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding
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$49.00
1/2" Fillet Gold Bead Picture Frame Moulding
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3/8" Dark Silver Picture Frame Moulding, Frame molding. MSF85 Fillet
Regular price: $59.00
Sale price: $49.00
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|
msmarco_doc_00_4007743
|
|
http://123frame.net/pifrmobyle.html
|
Picture Frame Moulding in Length,Framing Molding
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Picture Frame Moulding in Length,Framing Molding
Choose from a Largest Selection wood frame mouldings Onlin. Fine quality picture framing products,Frame Molding. Over 9000 frame Moldings since 1989-Phone# 949-2630909 Wood picture frame mouldings in lengths to cut and join yourself. Hundreds of styles to choose from. More than 38 categories listed below. Gold, Silver,Black,White and Ornate Collections
Italian Moldings Section
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Wood & Venners Picture Frame Moulding Section I
Wood & Venners Picture Frame Moulding Section II
Bamboo Picture Frame Mouldings
Modern Picture Frame Moulding Section I
Modern Picture Frame Moulding Section II
Modern Picture Frame Moulding Section III
Modern Picture Frame Moulding,Frame Molding, Section IV
Modern Picture Frame Moulding Section VI
Modern Picture Frame Moulding Section VII
Black and White Wood Picture Frame Moulding Section I
Black and White Wood Picture Frame Moulding Section II
Black and White Wood Picture Frame Moulding Section III
Black and White Wood Picture Frame Moulding Section V
Black and White Wood Picture Frame Moulding Section VI
Fillet Picture Frame by Length ,Fillet Molding
Picture Frame Fabric Liner by Length,Frame Molding
Shadowbox Picture Frame Moulding,Frame Molding
Rustic Barnwood Moulding
Natural Woods Molding Section
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Metal Moulding by lenght profile 99
Metal Moulding by lenght profile 11
Metal Moulding by lenght profile 97
Aluminum molding by length profile 5 by length
$75.00
Picture Frame Moulding, Frame Molding, Color Section I
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msmarco_doc_00_4014211
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http://123freecell.com/
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123 Freecell
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Freecell Games
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Freecell Solitaire is a full screen classic solitaire card game. Just like in kondike solitaire, build stacks of cards in descending order and opposite color (red or black). You can drag-and-drop any card into one of the four "free" cells on the top left, but always try to have an exit-strategy for that card.
Beat free cell solitaire by getting all 52 cards into the four suit-oriented foundations in the top-right.
FreeCell is a fun and challenging skill game. This card game is one that can be won almost every time, if you've got the right moves!
Based on Solitaire, FreeCell is a card game played withe one deck of cards. FreeCell has eight tableau piles, four foundations piles, and four open cells. The four foundations are used to place cards, by suits, from Ace to King. The four open cells can be used to place extra cards. Cards may be moved in and out of these free cells.
FreeCell tableau piles are built downwards by alternating colors. You may only move a pile around the board containing 5 or less cards. This is because the cards below the top card are "placed" in the free cells in order to move them. They will not physically be moved, but there must be space available for the pile move to occur.
Place all the cards into the four foundation piles by suit from Ace to King and you are victorious! FreeCell can be enjoyed by all and this version will keep you running back for more. Challenge yourself to a game of FreeCell every day to keep your mind sharp as a tack!
FreeCell Strategy
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Place all freecell cards into the foundation piles to win
For every open space (free cell or empty column), you may move 1 additional card
Virtually every free cell game can be won--so work on your skills!
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101 Fascinating- Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
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101 Fascinating- Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
101 Fascinating- Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes
<<<<<< See here Heart Touching inspirational Quotes>>>>>
Worlds Most Interesting Man Alive Quotes
Best Most Interesting Man Alive Quotes
Wonderful Most Interesting Man Quotes
Funny Most Interesting Man Quotes
Latest Most Interesting Man Quotes
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Cool Most Interesting Man Alive Quotes
101 Fascinating-The Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
Nice Most Interesting Man Alive Quote
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New Most Interesting Man Alive Quote
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101 Fascinating- Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
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101 Fascinating- Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
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Hi buddies. Here I present a huge collection of awesome Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes. Use these quotes to surprise your man and as a status message in your messenger, facebook, whatsapp and Start your day with a smile on your face. I have a huge collection of these and will get back to you in a short time with more quotes on worlds most interesting man. 123greetingsquotes are here now for you with the best quotes on most interesting man.
Contents [ hide]
1 Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes
1.0.0.1 <<<<<< See here Heart Touching inspirational Quotes>>>>>
2 Worlds Most Interesting Man Alive Quotes
3 Best Most Interesting Man Alive Quotes
4 Wonderful Most Interesting Man Quotes
5 Funny Most Interesting Man Quotes
6 Latest Most Interesting Man Quotes
6.0.1 <<<<Wonderful & Pretty Birthday wishes to your LOVE>>>>>>
7 Cool Most Interesting Man Alive Quotes
7.0.0.1 101 Fascinating-The Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
8 Nice Most Interesting Man Alive Quote
8.0.1 <<<<<< Pictures for your LOVE>>>>>>
8.1 New Most Interesting Man Alive Quote
8.1.0.0.1 101 Fascinating- Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
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Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes
Have you ever wondered what the Most Interesting Man in the World wears?
He probably wears our Limitless Tee.
His Christmas presents unwrap themselves out of respect.
No less than 25 Mexican folk songs have been written about his beard
He once made a weeping willow laugh
He lives vicariously through himself
His business card simply says ‘I’ll Call You”
He once taught a german shepherd how to bark in Spanish
He bowls overhand
In museums, he is allowed to touch the art
He is allowed to talk about the fight club
Chuck Norris is his caddie.
Bigfoot tries to get pictures of him
Werewolves are jealous of his beard
His blood smells like cologne.
When he attends shows, the audience applauds him… Including the performers
Television watches him
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When he attends shows, the audience applauds him… Including the performers
His Air Guitar work has won multiple Grammy’s
Worlds Most Interesting Man Alive Quotes
He never say’s anything taste like chicken… Not even chicken.
He’s so weak, he can lift 1,000,000 pounds
He speeks fluent French, in Russian.
His charm is so contagious, vaccines we’re created for it.
His 5 de Mayo party starts on the 8th of March
His feet don’t get blisters, but his shoes do
The sum of the hexadecimal values for the letters in his name equals 42,the answer to life, the universe and everything.
He once went to the psychic, to warn her
If he were to punch you in the face you would have to fight off a strong urge to thank him
Years ago, he created a city out of blocks. Today over 600,000 people live and work there.
He is the only person to ever ace a Rorschach Test.
Every time he goes for a swim. Dolphins appear.
Alien abductors have asked him, to probe them.
If he we’re to give you directions… You would never get lost. And you’d arive at least 5 minutes early.
His legend precedes him, the way lightning precedes thunder.
His reputation is expanding, faster then the universe.
Best Most Interesting Man Alive Quotes
He once had an akward moment, just to see how it feels.
He gave his father “the talk”
His passport requires no photograph
When he drives a car off the lot, its price increases in value
Once a rattlesnake bit him, after 5 days of excruciating pain, the snake finally died
Whatever side of the tracks he’s currently on is the right side, even if he crosses the tracks he’ll still be on the right side
He can speak Russian… in French
He never says something tastes like chicken.. not even chicken
Superman has pijamas with his logo
His tears can cure cancer, too bad he never cries
“Comets stop to ask him for directions.”
The Pope has a hotline to his phone
Wonderful Most Interesting Man Quotes
His shower water could cure millions
Funny Most Interesting Man Quotes
The circus ran away to join him
His off hand comments have prevented major wars from breaking out.
He got Doyle Brunson to fold a Royal Flush
He cures tone deafness by humming in your ear
He once won the world series of poker using UNO cards
He never wears a watch because time is always on his side
He has taught old dogs a variety of new tricks
He has won the lifetime achievement award… twice
He can scare the pants back on you
He once threw a 99 yard touchdown pass to him self.
He does while he doesn’t
He once landed a 747 on a aircraft carrier
Latest Most Interesting Man Quotes
When he says Never, “Never say Never” is never an option.
When he takes a shit it smells like Roses
He once smoked crack and fell asleep
Batman watches Saturday morning cartoons about him
When he was young he once sent his parents to his room
He once had an awkward moment, just to see how it feels
<<<<Wonderful & Pretty Birthday wishes to your LOVE>>>>>>
His beard alone has experienced more than a lesser man’s entire body
If opportunity knocks, and he’s not at home, opportunity waits
He was asked to run for president but thought it would give him a bad image.
When playing hide and seek, the seekers never found him for 3 years
When buying something, he doesn’t need money, he just winks.
He is a lover but not a fighter, but don’t get any ideas.
He healed Anderson Silva’s leg by looking at him
Pre recorded call in shows take his calls
Bear hugs are what he gives bears
Cool Most Interesting Man Alive Quotes
He has won the lifetime achievement award, twice.
If he were to punch you in the face, you would have to fight off the urge to thank him.
He bowls overhand.
He is fluent in all languages, including three that he only speaks.
He tips an astonishing 100%.
He once brought a knife to a gunfight… just to even the odds
When he meets the Pope, the Pope kisses his ring
His friends call him by his name, his enemies don’t call him anything because they are all dead
He has never waited 15 minutes after finishing a meal before returning to the pool
If he were to visit the dark side of the moon, it wouldn’t be dark
<<<<<< Best Romantic Messages>>>>>
He once won a staring contest with his own reflection
Police often question him, just because they find him interesting.
His beard alone has experienced more than a lesser mans body.
His blood smells like cologne.
He has amassed an amazingly large DVD collection, and has never once alphabetised it.
If he were to mail a letter without postage, it would still get there.
The pheromones he secretes effect people miles away… in a slight, but measurable way.
101 Fascinating-The Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
He once punched a magician. That’s right, you heard me.
His hands feel like rich, brown swede.
He lived in the hills of the Serengeti for a summer after being gifted a wife by a local tribes men.
Nice Most Interesting Man Alive Quote
He owns 4 sports cars, and rents 5.
He taught a horse to read his email for him.
He lives vicariously through himself.
He once had an awkward moment, just to see how it feels.
His beard alone has experienced more than a lesser man’s entire body.
If he were to mail a letter without postage, it would still get there.
The police often question him just because they find him interesting.
<<<<<< Pictures for your LOVE>>>>>>
He almost broke the land speed record in 1977, popular opinion among his team was that is beard caused to much wind resistance. He would have shaved it… No, no he wouldn’t have.
He was the featured man at a bachelorette auction he brought in over 13 million euro, under the table.
His personality is so magnetic, he is unable to carry credit cards.
Even his enemy’s list him as there emergency contact.
He lives vicariously throug himself. It is never too early to start beefing up your obituary (thanks bruce)
He’s been known to cure narcolepsy just by walking into a room.
He’s a lover… Not a fighter, but he’s also a fighter, so Don’t get any ideas.
New Most Interesting Man Alive Quote
He can kill two stones with one bird
His signature won a Pulitzer
He’s counted to infinity….TWICE!
He once won a fist fight, only using his beard
He once won the Tour de France, but was disqualified for riding a unicycle
A bird in his hand is worth three in the bush
His lovemaking has been detected by a seismograph
The Holy Grail is looking for him
Roses stop to smell him
He once started a fire using only dental floss and water
His sweat is the cure for the common cold
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On every continent in the world, there is a sandwich named after him. His hands feel like rich brown suede.
Cuba imports cigars from him. Mosquitos refuse to bite him purely out of respect. In museums, he is allowed to touch the art.
His business card simply says “I’ll call you.”
He once turned a vampire into a vegetarian
When a tree falls in a forest and no one is there, he hears it
He once got pulled over for speeding, and the cop got the ticket
The dark is afraid of him
Sharks have a week dedicated to him
When it is raining, it is because he is thinking of something sad.
101 Fascinating- Most Interesting Man in the World Quotes Sayings Jokes
His shirts never wrinkle.
He is left handed and right handed.
His ten gallon hat holds twenty gallons
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101 Nursing Quotes - Short Funny Inspirational Proud Nursing Florence Nightingale Quotes
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101 Nursing Quotes – Short Funny Inspirational Proud Nursing Florence Nightingale Quotes
101 Nursing Quotes – Short Funny Inspirational Proud Nursing Florence Nightingale Quotes
Short Nursing Quotes
Inspirational nursing quotes
Happiness nurse quote
Motivational nursing quotes
Popular Nursing Quotes
Famous inspirational nursing quotes
Funny Nursing Quotes
Inspirational Quotes on Nursing
Short Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes Nursing Quotes
Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes Quotes
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101 Nursing Quotes - Short Funny Inspirational Proud Nursing Florence Nightingale Quotes
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101 Nursing Quotes – Short Funny Inspirational Proud Nursing Florence Nightingale Quotes
renee 2 years ago No Comments
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Nursing Quotes: If you think that nursing is a very rewarding and challenging job, wait until you read the many nursing quotes you can find in books, magazines, and even in the internet. If you have read any nursing quotes, you can tell that many people, especially the ones who have stayed in the hospital for quite some time, admire this profession. Also, you will notice that there seems to be a lot of nice things to say about nurses.
To give you a clearer picture on this matter, here are examples of some of the inspirational nursing quotes. Most of the nursing quotes you can find over the internet describe the work of a nurse as to how dedicated they are on their job and how important the role of a nurse is in our lives.
Many young girls are…becoming trained nurses, whose gentle ministrations in the sickroom, skilled touch, patient watchfulness and unwearied vigils, are as great factors in the care of the sick, as the professional physicians. – Lydia Hoyt Farmer
Constant attention by a good nurse may be just as important as a major operation by a surgeon. – Dag Hammarskjold
Nursing encompasses an art, humanistic orientation, a feeling for the value of the individual, and an intuitive sense of ethics, and of the appropriateness of action taken. – Myrtle Aydellote
No man, not even a doctor, ever gives any other definition of what a nurse should be than this – ‘devoted and obedient’. This definition would do just as well for a porter. It might even do for a horse. – Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Of all the nursing quotes that best describe a nurse’s job, this could be the one:
Nurses offer knowledge, compassion and courage. As you cope with the life challenge, a nurse is our lifeline, working in partnership with you, providing skilled care that makes difference between life and death, comfort and pain, hope and despair.
It’s surprising to know, though, that despite how many people feel about nurses, there are still few who are not so happy about nurses. This nursing quote can explain that:
I should like the whole race of nurses to be abolished: children should be with their mother as much as possible, in my opinion. – Lewis Caroll
The more you read about nursing quotes, the more impressed you’ll get of a nurse’s job. You can tell in every word of every nursing quote that a lot of people admire the role of a nurse in the care of a patient.
People say the effect is only on the mind. It is no such thing. The effect is on the body, too. Little as we know about the way in which we are affected by form, by color, and light, we do know this, that they have an actual physical effect. Variety of form and brilliancy of color in the objects presented to patients, are actual means of recovery.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
We know nothing of the principle of health, the positive of which pathology is the negative, except from observation and experience. And nothing but observation and experience will teach us the ways to maintain or to bring back the state of health. It is often thought that medicine is the curative process. It is no such thing; … nature alone cures. … And what [true] nursing has to do … is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The account he gives of nurses beats everything that even I know of. This young prophet says that they are all drunkards, without exception, Sisters and all, and that there are but two whom the surgeon can trust to give the patients their medicines.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
No man, not even a doctor, ever gives any other definition of what a nurse should be than this-‘devoted and obedient.’ This definition would do just as well for a porter. It might even do for a horse. It would not do for a policeman.
Many things aren’t equal but everyone gets the same 24 hours, 7 days a week. We make time for what we truly want.
“I attribute my success to this; I never gave nor took any excuse.” —Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Don’t quit. Suffer now and live the rest of your life as a champion. – Muhammad Ali
ali inspirational nursing quotes
Save one life, you’re a hero. Save 100 lives, you’re a nurse.
anon inspirational nursing quotes
A nurse is not what you do. It is what you are… I am a nurse. It’s not what I do, it’s what I AM.
Words are very powerful. They can either inspire you to greatness or make you feel like crap. This is why it’s best to choose the words you hear and the principles you believe. After all, we are all given a choice ever day: to wallow in self-pity or push ourselves to achieve great things despite our imperfections.
Nurses are no exception. One’s success in the nursing profession is not determined by how much theoretical knowledge a nurse possesses, but how resilient you are to apply everything you’ve learned–and that includes the principle of caring.
We are trained to care for strangers. However, there are times when our character is tested and we feel as though every pinch of inspiration to do our job well has left us. This is when inspirational Nursing quotes come into the picture. These quotes are extremely helpful especially during trying times at work, like when we’re dealing with demanding patients or coping with one death after another.
Many things aren’t equal but everyone gets the same 24 hours, 7 days a week. We make time for what we truly want.
Contents [ hide]
1 Short Nursing Quotes
2 Inspirational nursing quotes
3 Happiness nurse quote
4 Motivational nursing quotes
5 Popular Nursing Quotes
6 Famous inspirational nursing quotes
7 Funny Nursing Quotes
8 Inspirational Quotes on Nursing
9 Short Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes Nursing Quotes
10 Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes Quotes
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Short Nursing Quotes
Don’t quit. Suffer now and live the rest of your life as a champion. – Muhammad Ali
Save one life, you’re a hero. Save 100 lives, you’re a nurse.
nurse is not what you do. It is what you are… I am a nurse. It’s not what I do, it’s what I AM.
Where the needs of the world and your talents cross, there lies your vocation. – Aristotle
Constant attention by a good nurse may be just as important as a major operation by a surgeon. -Dag Hammarskjold
Knowing is not enough, we must APPLY. Willing is not enough, we must DO. -Bruce Lee
bruce lee inspiring quote
Too often we underestimate the power of a touch, a smile, a kind word, a listening ear, an honest accomplishment or the smallest act of caring, all of which have the potential to turn a life around. -Leo Buscaglia
Caring inspirational nursing quotes
Bound by paperwork, short on hands, sleep, and energy… nurses are rarely short on caring. -Sharon Hudacek
caring nurses quote
If Christian scientists had more science and doctors more Christianity, it wouldn’t make any difference which you called in- IF YOU HAD A GOOD NURSE. -Finley Peter Dunne
christian nurses quote
Success is not final. Failure is not fatal. It is the courage to continue that counts. -Winston Churchill
churchill inspirational nursing quotes
Nurses are angels in comfortable shoes.
cute nursing quote
Have a heart that never hardens, a temper that never tires, a touch that never hurts. – Charles Dickens
dickens nurse quote
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as if everything is. -Albert Einstein
Inspirational nursing quotes
A problem is a chance for you to do your best. -Duke Ellington
ellington inspirational nursing quotes
God appoints our graces to be NURSES to other men’s weaknesses. -Henry Ward Beecher
graces nurse quote
Knowing is better than wondering, waking is better than sleeping, and even the biggest failure, even the worse, beats the hell out of never trying. -Meredith Grey, Grey’s Anatomy
greys anatomy inspirational nursing quotes
Happiness cannot be traveled to, owned, earned or worn. It is the spiritual experience of living every minute with love, grace and attitude. -Denis Waitley
Happiness nurse quote
Nothing is impossible. The word itself says “I’m possible”! -Audrey Hepburn
Be strong when you are weak. Be brave when you are scared. Be humble when you are victorious. Be badass everyday.
inspirational nurse quote
A nurse is one who opens the eyes of a newborn & gently closes the eyes of a dying man. It is indeed a high blessing to be the first and last to witness the beginning and end of life.
inspirational nursing quotes
Do small things with great love.
inspiring nurse quote
Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is great work. The only way to do great work is to love what you do. -Steve Jobs
jobs inspirational nursing quotes
Tenderness and kindness are not signs of weakness and despair, but manifestation of strength and resolution. -Kahlil Gibran
kindness inspirational nursing quotes
Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed people can change the world, indeed it is the only thing that ever has. -Margaret Mead
mead inspirational nursing quotes
Never give up on anybody. Miracles happen everyday. -H. Jackson Brown Jr.
miracles nurses quote
Kind words can be short and easy to speak but their echoes are truly endless. -Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa Quote
Never give up on a dream just because of the time it will take to accomplish it. The time will pass anyway. -Earl Nightingale
The difference between who you are and who you want to be is what you do.
nurse inspirational quotes
Treat the patient as a whole, not just the hole in the patient.
Value what you do and add value by what you do.
When someone is going through a storm, your silent presence is more powerful than a million empty words.
Nurses are a unique kind. They have this insatiable need to care for others, which is both their greatest strength and fatal flaw. -Dr. Jean Watson, RN, Doctor, Author and Professor
Nurses encompasses an art, a humanistic orientation, a feeling for the value of the individual, and an intuitive sense of ethics, and of the appropriateness of action taken. –Myrtle Aydelotte
To accomplish great things, you must not only act but also dream, not only plan but also believe. -Anatole France
Forgive yourself, you are not perfect. Show yourself grace; you are still learning. Show yourself patience; you are on a journey.
nurses inspiring quotes
When you are a nurse, you know that everyday you will touch a life or a life will touch yours. -Anonymous
nursing inspirational quote
See Also: 20 Greatest Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes Quotes for Nurses
If you can’t figure out your purpose, figure out your passion. For passion will lead you right into your purpose. -Bishop T.D Jakes
nursing inspiring quote
Nurses: one of the few blessings of being ill. -Sara Moss-Wolfe
nursing inspiring quotes
BE KIND for everyone you meet is fighting a BATTLE. -Plato
plato inspirational nursing quotes
Every nurse is an angel with a key for healthy community! All in caring for patients is part of nursing soul! -Alexsandar Radunovic
radunovic inspirational nursing quotes
You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself in any direction you choose. -Dr. Seuss
Motivational nursing quotes
Don’t wish it were easier, wish you were better. Don’t wish for fewer problems, wish for more skills. Don’t wish for less challenges, wish for more wisdom. -Earl Shoaf
shoaf inspirational nursing quotes
To know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived. This is to have succeeded. -Ralp Waldo Emerson
To know even one life has breathed
Fill your mind with truth. Fill your heart with love. Fill your life with service.
truth inspirational nursing quotes
Kindness is a language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see. -Mark Twain
Your profession is not what brings home your paycheck. Your profession is what you were put on Earth to do with such passion and such intensity that it becomes spiritual in calling. -Vincent Van Gogh
Where the needs of the world and your talents cross, there lies your vocation. – Aristotle
aristotle inspirational nursing quotes
Constant attention by a good nurse may be just as important as a major operation by a surgeon. -Dag Hammarskjold
attention nurse quote
See Also: Top 10 Inspirational Nursing Quotes to Live By
Knowing is not enough, we must APPLY. Willing is not enough, we must DO. -Bruce Lee
bruce lee inspiring quote
Too often we underestimate the power of a touch, a smile, a kind word, a listening ear, an honest accomplishment or the smallest act of caring, all of which have the potential to turn a life around. -Leo Buscaglia
buscaglia inspirational nursing quotes
CARING is the essence of NURSING. -Jean Watson
Caring inspirational nursing quotes
Bound by paperwork, short on hands, sleep, and energy… nurses are rarely short on caring. -Sharon Hudacek
caring nurses quote
If Christian scientists had more science and doctors more Christianity, it wouldn’t make any difference which you called in- IF YOU HAD A GOOD NURSE. -Finley Peter Dunne
christian nurses quote
Success is not final. Failure is not fatal. It is the courage to continue that counts. -Winston Churchill
Nurses are angels in comfortable shoes.
cute nursing quote
Have a heart that never hardens, a temper that never tires, a touch that never hurts. – Charles Dickens
dickens nurse quote
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as if everything is. -Albert Einstein
einstein inspirational nursing quotes
A problem is a chance for you to do your best. -Duke Ellington
ellington inspirational nursing quotes
God appoints our graces to be NURSES to other men’s weaknesses. -Henry Ward Beecher
graces nurse quote
Knowing is better than wondering, waking is better than sleeping, and even the biggest failure, even the worse, beats the hell out of never trying. -Meredith Grey, Grey’s Anatomy
greys anatomy inspirational nursing quotes
Happiness cannot be traveled to, owned, earned or worn. It is the spiritual experience of living every minute with love, grace and attitude. -Denis Waitley
happiness nurse quote
Nothing is impossible. The word itself says “I’m possible”! -Audrey Hepburn
hepburn inspirational nursing quotes
Be strong when you are weak. Be brave when you are scared. Be humble when you are victorious. Be badass everyday.
inspirational nurse quote
A nurse is one who opens the eyes of a newborn & gently closes the eyes of a dying man. It is indeed a high blessing to be the first and last to witness the beginning and end of life.
inspirational nursing quotes
Do small things with great love.
inspiring nurse quote
Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is great work. The only way to do great work is to love what you do. -Steve Jobs
jobs inspirational nursing quotes
Tenderness and kindness are not signs of weakness and despair, but manifestation of strength and resolution. -Kahlil Gibran
Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed people can change the world, indeed it is the only thing that ever has. -Margaret Mead
Never give up on anybody. Miracles happen everyday. -H. Jackson Brown Jr.
miracles nurses quote
Kind words can be short and easy to speak but their echoes are truly endless. -Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa Quote
Never give up on a dream just because of the time it will take to accomplish it. The time will pass anyway. -Earl Nightingale
nightingale inspirational nursing quotes
The difference between who you are and who you want to be is what you do.
nurse inspirational quotes
Treat the patient as a whole, not just the hole in the patient.
nurse inspiring quotes
Value what you do and add value by what you do.
When someone is going through a storm, your silent presence is more powerful than a million empty words.
Popular Nursing Quotes
Nurses are a unique kind. They have this insatiable need to care for others, which is both their greatest strength and fatal flaw. -Dr. Jean Watson, RN, Doctor, Author and Professor
inspirational nursing quotes
Nurses encompasses an art, a humanistic orientation, a feeling for the value of the individual, and an intuitive sense of ethics, and of the appropriateness of action taken. –Myrtle Aydelotte
best nursing quotes
To accomplish great things, you must not only act but also dream, not only plan but also believe. -Anatole France
nurses inspiring quote
Forgive yourself, you are not perfect. Show yourself grace; you are still learning. Show yourself patience; you are on a journey.
nurses inspiring quotes
When you are a nurse, you know that everyday you will touch a life or a life will touch yours. -Anonymous
If you can’t figure out your purpose, figure out your passion. For passion will lead you right into your purpose. -Bishop T.D Jakes
Nurses: one of the few blessings of being ill. -Sara Moss-Wolfe
BE KIND for everyone you meet is fighting a BATTLE.
Every nurse is an angel with a key for healthy community! All in caring for patients is part of nursing soul! -Alexsandar Radunovic
You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself in any direction you choose. -Dr. Seuss
Don’t wish it were easier, wish you were better. Don’t wish for fewer problems, wish for more skills. Don’t wish for less challenges, wish for more wisdom. -Earl Shoaf
shoaf inspirational nursing quotes
To know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived. This is to have succeeded. -Ralp Waldo Emerson
To know even one life has breathed
Fill your mind with truth. Fill your heart with love. Fill your life with service.
truth inspirational nursing quotes
Kindness is a language which the deaf can hear and the blind can see. -Mark Twain
twain inspirational nursing quotes
Your profession is not what brings home your paycheck. Your profession is what you were put on Earth to do with such passion and such intensity that it becomes spiritual in calling. -Vincent Van Gogh
Famous inspirational nursing quotes
Work for a cause, not for applause. Live life to express, not to impress. Don’t strive to make your presence noticed, just make your presence felt.
“Sometimes I inspire my patients; more often they inspire me.” —Unknown
“Hardships often prepare people for an extraordinary destiny.” —C.S. Lewis
“Nurse: just another word to describe a person strong enough to tolerate anything and soft enough to understand anyone.”
“I attribute my success to this; I never gave nor took any excuse.” —Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
“Every nurse was drawn to nursing because of a desire to care, to serve, or to help.” —Christina Feist-Heilmeier, RN
“The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.” —Mahatma Ghandi
“When someone is going through a storm, your silent presence is more powerful than a million empty words.”
“Too often we underestimate the power of a touch, a smile, a kind word, a listening ear, an honest compliment, or the smallest act of caring; all of which have the potential to turn a life around.” —Leo Buscaglia
Funny Nursing Quotes
“Nurses dispense comfort, compassion, and caring without even a prescription.”
“When you feel like quitting, remember why you started.”
“Nurses are there when the last breath is taken, and nurses are there when the first breath is taken. Although it is more enjoyable to celebrate the birth, it is just as important to comfort in death.” —Christine Bell
“Care for one…that’s love. Care for hundreds…that’s nursing.”
“May your scrubs be comfy, your coffee be strong, and your Monday be short.”
“When I think about all the patients and their loved ones I have worked with over the years, I know most of them don’t remember me, nor I them. But I do know that I gave a little piece of myself to each of them, and they to me, and those threads make up the tapestry that is my career in nursing.” —Donna Wilk Cardillo
“The bamboo that bends is stronger than the oak that resists.” —Japanese proverb
ttribute my success to this:—I never gave or took an excuse.”
To achieve greatness, one should stop giving excuses. Plain and simple. If you’re going after great things at work and in life, stop plaguing yourself with lame excuses and take responsibility. For sure, it’s the only way to steer clear of roadblocks as you head down the path to greatness.
Rather, ten times, die in the surf, heralding the way to a new world, than stand idly on the shore.”
Whether you’re feeling stuck in your life or just finding you’re stalling instead of killing that to-do list, muster up the courage and motivation to get going. Taking action might seem daunting when you’re at a point to take a big decision. While a bit of planning, preparation and legwork is important, the fact of the matter is that taking the right kind of action will have a great compounding effect to take you through the big decision.
The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm.”
Surely this needs no detailing. Patient care should always be the key objective for any healthcare provider. As simple as that.
Live life when you have it. Life is a splendid gift-there is nothing small about it.”
Living life to the fullest is one of the most common goals- something by which we measure and motivate ourselves. However, figuring out how to do it is a conundrum that has challenged so many people throughout the ages. It may not be a complex problem after all. Treat your life as a gift, appreciate every little thing and develop a sense of purpose- a convincing and fulfilling reason to get out of bed and to keep going.
You ask me why I do not write something…. I think one’s feelings waste themselves in words, they ought all to be distilled into actions and into actions which bring results.”
If thinking about something or writing your to-do lists could solve your problems, they would be gone by now. You change things in your life by taking action and by doing things that matter. “What can I do that will turn things around?” and “What is possible here?” are a few questions to get you started.
If a nurse declines to do these kinds of things for her patient, “because it is not her business,” I should say that nursing was not her calling. I have seen surgical “sisters,” women whose hands were worth to them two or three guineas a-week, down upon their knees scouring a room or hut, because they thought it otherwise not fit for their patients to go into. I am far from wishing nurses to scour. It is a waste of power. But I do say that these women had the true nurse-calling—the good of their sick first, and second only the consideration what it was their “place” to do—and that women who wait for the housemaid to do this, or for the charwoman to do that, when their patients are suffering, have not the making of a nurse in them.”
You’ve always wanted to be a nurse. Great. You found your calling and decided to follow it through. Don’t let anything come in your way that stops you from giving better patient care. Because that’s what matters the most.
If a patient is cold, if a patient is feverish, if a patient is faint, if he is sick after taking food, if he has a bed-sore, it is generally the fault not of the disease, but of the nursing.”
Good quality nursing simply means a fulfilling experience for patients. Your approach and attitude is important in securing this experience for patients, enabling them to be cared for as a human not a case. So be in close contact with patients and deliver effective care with compassion and humanity.
So never lose an opportunity of urging a practical beginning, however small, for it is wonderful how often in such matters the mustard-seed germinates and roots itself.”
All great things have humble beginnings. Be committed, step out and take the journey. Your breakthrough will come along.
Inspirational Quotes on Nursing
Wise and humane management of the patient is the best safeguard against infection.”
Quality nursing ignores infection, except to keep it in check. Unremitting attention to the patient, with effective nursing practices and prompt interventions, are some tools a true nurse needs to have in her repertoire.
Wise and humane management of the patient is the best safeguard against infection.” – Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
I am of certain convinced that the greatest heroes are those who do their duty in the daily grind of domestic affairs whilst the world whirls as a maddening dreidel.”
The real heroes are those who find a way to improve things around them through the course of their daily lives. In the nursing industry, there are many heroes who leave fine imprints of positive change because they deliver exceptional care to patients than what’s expected of them. Keep doing whatever you’re doing and you could be one of them.
So next time when you’re faced with an obstacle on the job, I hope you’ll take inspiration from some of these quotes and think about why you decided to choose one of the most noble and satisfying professions in the first place.
Don’t forget to share some of these Nightingale quotes with your coworkers.
You ask me why I do not write something…. I think one’s feelings waste themselves in words, they ought all to be distilled into actions and into actions which bring results.
Me , Think
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm.
– Notes on Nursing: What It Is, Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Live life when you have it. Life is a splendid gift-there is nothing small about it.
Life
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Let whoever is in charge keep this simple question in her head (not, how can I always do this right thing myself, but) how can I provide for this right thing to be always done?
– Notes on Nursing: What It Is, Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
To understand God’s thoughts we must study statistics, for these are the measure of his purpose.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Were there none who were discontented with what they have, the world would never reach anything better.
Never
Short Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes Nursing Quotes
So never lose an opportunity of urging a practical beginning, however small, for it is wonderful how often in such matters the mustard-seed germinates and roots itself.
Never
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Woman has nothing but her affections,–and this makes her at once more loving and less loved.
– Cassandra, Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very first requirement in a Hospital that it should do the sick no harm. It is quite necessary nevertheless to lay down such a principle …
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
What cruel mistakes are sometimes made by benevolent men and women in matters of business about which they can know nothing and think they know a great deal.
Think
– Notes On Nursing, Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Our first journey is to find that special place for us.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Remember my name– you’ll be screaming it later.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Mysticism: to dwell on the unseen, to withdraw ourselves from the things of sense into communion with God – to endeavour to partake of the Divine nature; that is, of Holiness.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Volumes are now written and spoken upon the effect of the mind upon the body. Much of it is true. But I wish a little more was thought of the effect of the body on the mind.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Apprehension, uncertainty, waiting, expectation, fear of surprise, do a patient more harm than any exertion.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Never give nor take an excuse.
Never
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Jesus Christ raised women above the condition of mere slaves, mere ministers to the passions of the man, raised them by His sympathy, to be Ministers of God.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
By mortifying vanity we do ourselves no good. It is the want of interest in our life which produces it; by filling up that want of interest in our life we can alone remedy it.
Life
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
That Religion is not devotion, but work and suffering for the love of God; this is the true doctrine of Mystics.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
A human being does not cease to exist at death. It is change, not destruction, which takes place.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
To understand God’s thoughts, one must study statistics, for these are the measure of His purpose.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Nursing is an art: and if it is to be made an art, it requires an exclusive devotion as hard a preparation as any painter’s or sculptor’s work.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Life is a hard fight, a struggle, a wrestling with the principle of evil, hand to hand, foot to foot. Every inch of the way is disputed. The night is given us to take breath, to pray, to drink deep at the fountain of power. The day, to use the strength which has been given us, to go forth to work with it till the evening.
Life
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Unnecessary noise is the most cruel abuse of care which can be inflicted on either the sick or the well.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
For the sick it is important to have the best.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The ‘kingdom of heaven is within,’ indeed, but we must also create one without, because we are intended to act upon our circumstances.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Nature alone cures. … what nursing has to do … is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Unless we are making progress in our nursing every year, every month, every week, take my word for it we are going back.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The most important practical lesson than can be given to nurses is to teach them what to observe.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Nursing is a progressive art such that to stand still is to go backwards.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Let us never consider ourselves finished nurses….we must be learning all of our lives.
Never
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
I have learned to know God. I have recast my social belief… All my admirers are married; most of my friends are dead; and I stand with all the world before me, where to choose a path to make in it.
Me
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Sick children, if not too shy to speak, will always express this wish. They invariably prefer a story to be told to them, rather than read to them.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Women have no sympathy and my experience of women is almost as large as Europe.
Experience
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
A hundred struggle and drown in the breakers. One discovers the new world. But rather, ten times rather, die in the surf, heralding the way to that new world, than stand idly on the shore.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Badly constructed houses do for the healthy what badly constructed hospitals do for the sick. Once insure that the air in a house is stagnant, and sickness is certain to follow.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The world is put back by the death of every one who has to sacrifice the development of his or her peculiar gifts to conventionality.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The martyr sacrifices themselves entirely in vain. Or rather not in vain; for they make the selfish more selfish, the lazy more lazy, the narrow narrower.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
God spoke to me and called me to His Service. What form this service was to take the voice did not say.
Me
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
She said the object and color in the materials around us actually have a physical effect on us, on how we feel.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The very elements of what constitutes good nursing are as little understood for the well as for the sick. The same laws of health or of nursing, for they are in reality the same, obtain among the well as among the sick.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Every nurse ought to be careful to wash her hands very frequently during the day. If her face, too, so much the better.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Why do people sit up so late, or, more rarely, get up so early? Not because the day is not long enough, but because they have no time in the day to themselves.
Time
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very first requirement in a hospital that it should do the sick no harm.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
If a patient is cold, if a patient is feverish, if a patient is faint, if he is sick after taking food, if he has a bed-sore, it is generally the fault not of the disease, but of the nursing.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
I have lived and slept in the same bed with English countesses and Prussian farm women… no woman has excited passions among women more than I have.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
How very little can be done under the spirit of fear.
Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes Quotes
Live your life while you have it. Life is a splendid gift. There is nothing small in it. Far the greatest things grow by God’s law out of the smallest. But to live your life, you must discipline it.
Life
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Wise and humane management of the patient is the best safeguard against infection.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
I think one’s feelings waste themselves in words; they ought all to be distilled into actions which bring results.
Think
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The greatest heroes are those who do their duty in the daily grind of domestic affairs whilst the world whirls as a maddening dreidel.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
I attribute my success to this – I never gave or took any excuse.
Never
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
If I could give you information of my life, it would be to show how a woman of very ordinary ability has been led by God in strange and unaccustomed paths to do In His service what He has done in her. And if I could tell you all, you would see how God has done all, and I nothing.
Life
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The most important practical lesson that can be given to nurses is to teach them what to observe – how to observe – what symptoms indicate improvement – what the reverse – which are of importance – which are of none – which are the evidence of neglect – and of what kind of neglect.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
A dark house is always an unhealthy house, always an ill-aired house, always a dirty house. Want of light stops growth and promotes scrofula, rickets, etc., among the children. People lose their health in a dark house, and if they get ill, they cannot get well again in it.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Never speak to an invalid from behind, nor from the door, nor from any distance from him, nor when he is doing anything. The official politeness of servants in these things is so grateful to invalids, that many prefer, without knowing why, having none but servants about them.
Never
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Everything you do in a patient’s room, after he is ‘put up’ for the night, increases tenfold the risk of his having a bad night. But, if you rouse him up after he has fallen asleep, you do not risk – you secure him a bad night.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Do not meet or overtake a patient who is moving about in order to speak to him or to give him any message or letter. You might just as well give him a box on the ear. I have seen a patient fall flat on the ground who was standing when his nurse came into the room.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Nursing is an art: and if it is to be made an art, it requires an exclusive devotion as hard a preparation as any painter’s or sculptor’s work; for what is the having to do with dead canvas or dead marble, compared with having to do with the living body, the temple of God’s spirit? It is one of the Fine Arts: I had almost said, the finest of Fine Arts.
Life
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The symptoms or the sufferings generally considered to be inevitable and incident to the disease are very often not symptoms of the disease at all, but of something quite different-of the want of fresh air, or of light, or of warmth, or of quiet, or of cleanliness, or of punctuality and care in the administration of diet, of each or of all of these.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
I use the word nursing for want of a better. It has been limited to signify little more than the administration of medicines and the application of poultices. It ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet-all at the least expense of vital power to the patient.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
May we hope that, when we are all dead and gone, leaders will arise who have been personally experienced in the hard, practical work, the difficulties, and the joys of organizing nursing reforms, and who will lead far beyond anything we have done!
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Hospitals are only an intermediate stage of civilization, never intended … to take in the whole sick population. May we hope that the day will come … when every poor sick person will have the opportunity of a share in a district sick-nurse at home.
Never
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
A woman cannot live in the light of intellect. Society forbids it. Those conventional frivolities, which are called her ‘duties’, forbid it. Her ‘domestic duties’, high-sounding words, which, for the most part, are but bad habits (which she has not the courage to enfranchise herself from, the strength to break through), forbid it.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
If I could give you information of my life it would be to show how a woman of very ordinary ability has been led by God in strange and unaccustomed paths to do in His service what He has done in her. And if I could tell you all, you would see how God has done all, and I nothing. I have worked hard, very hard, that is all; and I have never refused God anything.
Life , Never
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
People talk about imitating Christ, and imitate Him in the little trifling formal things, such as washing the feet, saying His prayer, and so on; but if anyone attempts the real imitation of Him, there are no bounds to the outcry with which the presumption of that person is condemned.
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Statistics is the most important science in the whole world: for upon it depends the practical application of every other science and of every art: the one science essential to all political and social administration, all education, all organization based on experience, for it only gives results of our experience.
Experience
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
The family uses people, not for what they are, nor for what they are intended to be, but for what it wants them for- its own uses. It thinks of them not as what God has made them, but as the something which it has arranged that they shall be.
Family
– Florence Nightingale Nursing Quotes
Mila Kunis
“Every day may not be wonderful, but there is something wonderful in every day.”
“The meaning of life is to find your gift. The purpose of life is to give it away.” —William Shakespeare
“Have a heart that never hardens, a temper that never tires, a touch that never hurts.” —Charles Dickens
“Your work is going to fill a large part of your life and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. The only way to do great work is to love what you do.” —Steve Jobs
“It is not how much you do, but how much love you put in the doing.” —Mother Teresa
“The character of the nurse is as important as the knowledge she possesses.” —Carolyn Jarvis
“To know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived; that is to have succeeded.” —Ralph Waldo Emerson
“Be the nurse you would want as a patient.”
“Not all angels have wings…some have scrubs.”
“It’s a beautiful thing when a career and a passion come together.”
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30 Best Short and Sweet Birthday Wishes for Your Loved Ones
Happy Birthday wishes with images messages cakes gifts love birthday wishes for whatsapp facebook best cute awesome birthday wishes with images birthday greetings cards 30 Best Short and Sweet Birthday Wishes for Your Loved Ones
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30 Best Short and Sweet Birthday Wishes for Your Loved Ones
Birthday greetings, Birthday Images, Birthday quotes
30 Best Short and Sweet Birthday Wishes for Your Loved Ones
renee4 years ago1 Comment
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Best Short and Sweet Birthday Wishes for Your Loved Ones are here today specially collected for you to share with your family and friends on their special birthday. Cute Happy Birthday Quotes. Here are best wishes Wishing you a day filled with happiness and a year filled with joy on your Happy Birthday. Sending your loved ones smiles for every moment of their special day and to Have a wonderful time. Wish them very happy birthday with a Hope that their special day brings them all that their heart desires!
Contents
1Sweet Birthday Wishes for Friends
230 Best Short and Sweet Birthday Wishes for Your Loved Ones:
3Short &Sweet Birthday Wishes
3.1Share this with friends if you like this:
Sweet Birthday Wishes for Friends
Birthdays are a new start; fresh beginnings, a time to start new endeavors with new goals. Move forward with fresh confidence and courage. You are a special person, may you have an amazing today and year
Its a nice feeling when you know that someone likes you, someone thinks about you, someone needs you;but it feels much better when you know that someone never ever forgets your birthday. “HAPPY BIRTHDAY”.
Count the age, not the wrinkles you have. Count the blessings and the wonderful experience not the mistakes you have made.
Forget the past, look forward to the future for the best things are yet to come.
Happy Birthday to a person that is charming, talented and witty and reminds me a lot of myself.
A birthday is the most special day in one’s life. Enjoy it to the fullest.
‘happy birth day’ wish u a day brings the best in life for u. may life lead u to great happiness and success. have a lovely birth day. ………………………….
This is my earnest prayer for you. may the love of god b with you all day through with his endless, boundless grace may he richly bless your life with much happiness and success. happy birth day
Happy birthday sweetie may all your dreams come true, and on this day of happiness i send my love to you.
My Birthday wish for you is that you continue to love life and never stop dreaming. May beauty and happiness surround you not only on your special day, but always.
Its your Birthday Dear, lets celebrate the happiness, love and memories together. Forget all worries and bad memories of past year and embrace the new exciting and successful coming year of your life. Happy Birthday.
30 Best Short and Sweet Birthday Wishes for Your Loved Ones:
The advantage of old age is that you get many people to love.
Words alone are not enough to express how happy I am you are celebrating another year of your life! My wish for you on your birthday is you are and will always be happy and healthy! Don’t every change.
Have a wonderful happy, healthy birthday and many more to come. Happy Birthday!
Because, today is a special day simply sending birthday wishes, wouldn’t do. So I’m sending you a day when all your dreams come true and, a year that means the most to you!
I hope that your special day is full of fun and happiness and everything that you enjoy.
I’m so glad you were born, because you brighten my life and fill it with joy. Wishing you a day filled with love and cheer. Hoping your day will be as special as you are. Happy Birthday!
Hope your Birthday blossoms into lots of dreams come true
Short &Sweet Birthday Wishes
May u achieve success beyond its bounds, may this year god showers u with all his blessings & love.. Live a long life, happy birthday…Hope your Birthday blossoms into lots of dreams come true
May u achieve sucess bryong its bounds, may this year god showers u with all his blessings & love.. live a long life, happy birthday…
Your birthday is the first day of another 365-day journey. Be the shining thread in the beautiful tapestry of the cosmos to make this year be your best ever. Enjoy the trip!
Be happy! Today is the day you were sent to this world to be a blessing and inspiration to the people around you! You are a wonderful person. May you be given more birthdays to fulfill all of your dreams.
The sun is shining more brightly today as a way to wish you happy birthday.
One Line Sweet Birthday Wishes
Today, I wish all your dreams come true as you walk on your path. Count your blessings day by day, realize there are more than years in your life! So, celebrate your day!
It’s your birthday today! You know what that means? It’s time to wear the hat, blow the candles and cut the cake. But don’t forget to think of all the wishes you want to make! Enjoy your day!
We have been best friends since forever. I’m running out of birthday greetings so what more can I say but a matter-of-fact. Happy Birthday! I wish you a wonderful day today and the coming days as well.
Happy Birthday!! Hope your day is filled with lots of love and laughter! May all your birthday wishes come true.
Birthday is a special occasion for every person. Celebrate the special occasion of your loved ones by sending them these beautiful Birthday quotes and cards. There’s plenty of birthday wishes for your best friend to chose from here. So whether you are looking for something sentimental, funny, weird, casual, or something you can pick from the above 30 Best Short and Sweet Birthday Wishes for Your Loved Ones.
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Best April Fools Pranks & Jokes for School - Practical Ideas for Children (Teenage Kids)
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Best April Fools Pranks & Jokes for School – Practical Ideas for Children (Teenage Kids)
Best April Fools Pranks & Jokes for School – Practical Ideas for Children (Teenage Kids)
Best April Fools Pranks on Principal -1
April Fools Pranks -2
April Fools Pranks for Friends -3
April Fools Pranks for Kindergarten Children-4
April Fools Pranks for School Teachers to play on Students 5
April Fools Pranks for Children-6
Easy April Fools Pranks for Lecturers and Professors: 7
April Fools Pranks for Everyone 8
April Fools Pranks for School girls 9
Collection of 1st April Fools Pranks for School Friends 10
This one is for you my dear TeachersStudents Don’t miss these Pranks
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Best April Fools Pranks & Jokes for School - Practical Ideas for Children (Teenage Kids)
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Best April Fools Pranks & Jokes for School – Practical Ideas for Children (Teenage Kids)
renee 4 years ago No Comments
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Hello Buddies. Here Iam with “Best April Fools Pranks & Jokes for School – Practical Ideas for Children (Teenage Kids)” for this special day of Fools. Make your friends teachers staff and principal laugh with your pranks. Be a mischievous boy or girl this day especially this day and make your identity as a naughty student for this year on this April fools day. I love my school days where i have experimented different pranks on my fellow classmates friends and lecturers. the best prank played is on my principle where i have arranges a foam spray bottle opened under his chair and we went to his room along with him when he entered school then when he sat on the chair the spring in the bottom of the chair pushed up the foam spray bottle and the foam rushed out of the nozzle in a second. then he was surprised what happened and ran out of the room along with us. At last he found out that we are the people who did this and was ready to punish us but when he realized that it was APRIL FIRST he just smiled at us and said GOOD JOKES BUDDIES and left the room. This was my experience and here are few such great April Fools Pranks for you to rock your day. Have a fun filled day.
Contents [ hide]
1 Best April Fools Pranks on Principal -1
2 April Fools Pranks -2
2.1 April Fools Pranks for Friends -3
3 April Fools Pranks for Kindergarten Children-4
4 April Fools Pranks for School Teachers to play on Students 5
5 April Fools Pranks for Children-6
6 Easy April Fools Pranks for Lecturers and Professors: 7
7 April Fools Pranks for Everyone 8
8 April Fools Pranks for School girls 9
9 Collection of 1st April Fools Pranks for School Friends 10
10 This one is for you my dear TeachersStudents Don’t miss these Pranks
10.1 Share this with friends if you like this:
Best April Fools Pranks on Principal -1
April Fools Pranks -2
Spare Change
This April Fool’s practical joke is old but it still works. Superglue some coins to the sidewalk or any spot that has a lot of people walking around. Make sure it’s an appropriate place, then watch people break fingernails to get the coins.
One Sick Joke
April Fools Pranks for Friends -3
Fill a hot water bottle with blended leftovers or even pea soup. Keep the bottle hidden under your shirt near your chest and make a trip to the cafeteria. Your friends need to be in on this prank. When the cafeteria is full, make a loud noise to attract attention, bend over the table and squeeze the bottle. Your sludge should spew out all over the table like you’ve just thrown up.
April Fools Pranks for Kindergarten Children-4
EEK! Buy realistic toy flies, spiders, etc and hid them in your lunches and then offer your friend a meal that day.
April Fools Pranks for School Teachers to play on Students 5
April Fools Pranks for Children-6
Change the language on your friend’s smart devices to a different one. Make sure you know who to change it back though!
Easy April Fools Pranks for Lecturers and Professors: 7
A Not So Squeaky Clean Chalkboard
If you’re lucky enough to go to a school that still uses chalkboards, place a piece of chalk between the sections of an eraser. When the teacher starts to erase the board, the chalk will make it dirty again. Does your school use a whiteboard instead? No worries. Simply remove the tips from a package of dry erase markers, so the markers are empty. Replace the regular markers with your empty ones.
April Fools Pranks for Everyone 8
School for Sale
Buy a large “for sale by owner” yard sign, and put it in front of the school. Put a ridiculous price on it like “$2”. In very small letters on the bottom, put “just kidding.” You don’t really want someone to buy your school for $2 do you? Okay, maybe you do, but the little letters will get you in less trouble.
April Fools Pranks for School girls 9
Weren’t You Wearing a Skirt?
At the start of the school day, stash a couple of changes of clothes in a bathroom near your class. If you are female, you may be able to fit a change of clothes into your purse, if you’re allowed to carry purses in your school. Once the class starts, ask the teacher to allow you to go the bathroom. This trick works best with a teacher who is lenient with bathroom passes. Once you are granted the bathroom pass, rush to the bathroom and change into a new outfit. Make it as different as possible from the first outfit. For example, change from a skirt into slacks or a gray shirt into a lime green one. Return to the classroom. If the teacher notices, you can reply that it is April Fool’s. If she does not notice, ask to go to the bathroom again a bit later and change once again.
Collection of 1st April Fools Pranks for School Friends 10
Put a “Please Use Other Door” sign on the entrance to your school building if it only has one entrance.
Put a balloon on the tailpipe of a someone’s car so it will pop when they start their car.
Glue the headset of your friend’s phone down to the cradle.
Take the door knob off a door and put it back on backwards, then lock it and leave the door open.
Put plastic wrap around the door frame of a commonly used door.
This one is for you my dear TeachersStudents Don’t miss these Pranks
Ransomed Knick Knacks
Take something unimportant from the teacher’s desk, such as an apple paperweight, and leave a ransom note in its place. Hide the item in a different location in the classroom. You don’t want your teacher to think you actually stole the item. The ransom should be for something fun such as no more tests or no homework on Fridays. Whether the teacher responds to the ransom or not, be sure to return the item at the end of the class, or tell her where you relocated it.
Classroom Shuffle
Wait for a teacher to step out of the room to talk to another student or take care of other business. Every student should turn their desks and chairs to face the back of the classroom instead of the front. When the teacher walks back in, everyone should continue to work as though nothing has happened. Wait for the teacher to ask what is going on and then say, “April Fool’s!” as a class.
Let Them Eat Cake
If you’ve ever gotten a glimpse of the teacher’s lounge, then you already know that there are often snacks that others bring in for the teachers. You’ll need a teacher or the principal to help you pull off this prank, as going into the teacher’s lounge without permission could get you into trouble. However, with the right accomplice, you can pull this one off without any trouble.
The night before, take an empty cereal box and glue the lid back down so you have a perfect rectangle.
Place the box on a flat piece of foil-covered cardboard.
Use one and a half to two canisters of icing in the flavor of your choice, and put a thick coating of icing on the box. Make sure you cover every inch of the box, so it looks like a sheet cake and not a cereal box. You can add a little extra icing to the corners to further camouflage the shape of the box.
Have your accomplice place the “cake” in the teacher’s lounge and report back to you about the reactions as the teachers try to cut into the cake.
Loose Thread
If you have a teacher who is observant and would notice a loose thread, this trick works well to prank her. Wear a shirt with a big pocket.
Buy a small, travel-size spool of thread that matches the color of your shirt.
Place the spool deep into the pocket with a piece hanging out of the top of your pocket. The piece should be at least two-inches long so that it will be noticed.
When the teacher tries to pull the thread for you, she will have to keep pulling and pulling from the stash in your pocket.
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odysseus: an epic hero
odysseus: an epic hero
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An Epic Odyssey
Odysseus the Hero
Odysseus Weaknesses
Heroic Qualities of Odysseus by Homer
Odysseus: The Altruistic Hero
Achilles: An Inspiring Hero?
Odysseus' Character as Genuine Hero
Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey
The Amazing Leadership of Odysseus in Homer's The Odyssey
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odysseus: an epic hero
1121 Words5 Pages
Is Odysseus An Epic Hero?
Is Odysseus, the main character of Homer’s The Odyssey, really an epic hero? An epic hero embodies several heroic traits such as; having superior or super-human strength; being intellectual and courageous; and being a strong and responsible leader. An epic hero struggles and is overwhelmed with difficulties. An epic hero is on a quest of self discovery, war or some sort of goal. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is on a quest to return home to Ithaca after ten years of war in Troy. Odysseus, during his quest, is forced to venture through a merciless Cyclops, angered Gods, deeply obstinate Goddesses, the underworld, and determined suitors that are after his wife Penelope. Odysseus surmounts over these obstacles and returns home safely with courage, intelligence, superior strength, brave leadership, and also performs brave deeds.
In his quest, Odysseus uses his superior and super human strength to overcome the suitors. In The Odyssey, Penelope holds a contest for all the suitors. She declares that she will marry the one who can string and shoot Odysseus’s bow through all the twelve axes. None of the suitors were able to bend the bow and string it. Odysseus disguised as a beggar then asks if he can try the bow. “Meantime wise Odysseus, when he handled the great bow and scanned it closely, — even as one well-skilled to play the lyre and sing stretches with ease round its new peg a string, securing at each end the twisted sheep-gut; so without effort did Odysseus string the mighty bow. Holding it now with his right hand, he tried its cord; and clear to the touch it sang, voiced like the swallow…. Then laying the arrow on the arch, he drew the string and arrow notches, and forth from the bench on which he sat let fly the shaft, with careful aim, and did not miss an axe’s ring from first to last, but clean through all sped on the bronze-tipped arrow” (Homer 210-211). Odysseus used his superior strength to bend his bow for he was the only one who was able to bend it and string it.
In his quest, Odysseus uses his superior intellect to outsmart Polyphemus, the Cyclops.
Odysseus and his men arrive on the land of the Cyclops. Odysseus then chooses his twelve best men and travel through the mainland and come across a cave. Odysseus and his men make themselves at ...
... middle of paper ...
... here, could have left his men under the influence and sailed off but instead he dragged all by forced and brought them to order.
Everything Odysseus did wasn’t a quality of an epic hero. For example, Odysseus raided the Ismarus, the city of the Cicones. Odysseus and his men took all the treasures and woman. Odysseus also was dissolute to Penelope. Odysseus was with Circe for one year and with Calypso for seven years. This makes Odysseus seem less of an epic hero, but if you consider the other facts about him you should think otherwise. Odysseus was superior in strength for being the only person to be able to bend and string his bow. Odysseus was intelligent and courageous by standing up to Polyphemus. Odysseus was a responsible and strong leader by forcing his men under the influence to get on the ship and continue their journey home. Therefore, I can conclude that Odysseus is truly an epic hero. Odysseus had many difficulties throughout his journey, but he strived to continue despite his many encounters with gods, goddesses, Cyclops, and suitors.
Works Cited
Homer. The Odyssey. Minneola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1999.
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sdfgsadfg
1220 Words | 5 Pages
In Homer’s The Odyssey, all of the side characters function as foils in some extent to Odysseus. Their differences to him serve to highlight Odysseus’ true greatness and his ability to overcome and outsmart every obstacle placed before him. Odysseus is one of the most heroic and recognizable characters in all of fiction. Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus and his crew are placed into increasingly perilous situations, and throughout all the hardships faced, Odysseus always succeeded. Odysseus is a different kind of Greek hero, however.
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An Epic Odyssey
1546 Words | 7 Pages
Odysseus does not strictly follow this typical structure because his return home is one of the biggest challenges of all. Odysseus meets the first trait of a hero, to begin with, by being highly born. Although Odysseus is not a descendent of the gods, like some epic heroes, he is the King of Ithaca. Odysseus is a strong leader and is loved by his servants, many of whom stay loyal to him while he is gone. Odysseus keeps Ithaca very close to his heart.
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Odysseus the Hero
738 Words | 3 Pages
Instantly Penelope knew it was him and apologize for antagonizing him. Odysseus’ story has been re-told, passed on, and admired for generations on end. This story not only shows a story of doing what you think is right, but it also show the story of one of the worlds most known hero. Odysseus is a strong hero, showing strength, courage, and weakness, which are all traits of many other heroes. Not only does he have these traits, but he is able to understand what is right for the whole group.
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Odysseus Weaknesses
1207 Words | 5 Pages
Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, “Character is higher than intellect. A great soul will be strong to live as well as think.” Odysseus never loses sight of home; he is a great leader and always encourages his men in times of fear and hopelessness. Odysseus’ character gives him strength to keep moving forward in his journey back to Ithaca but his intelligence is a major factor in his survival as well. In the beginning of Odysseus’ journey home, Poseidon changes the course of Odysseus’ ship and leads him to the island of the Cyclopes. While there, his men quickly steal as much food as they can and get back on the boat.
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Heroic Qualities of Odysseus by Homer
1092 Words | 5 Pages
Odysseus' wit, wisdom and courage make him a true hero, yet Homer’s novel indicates that wit overrules all. Throughout his journey home, his wit contributed the greatest to his survival and escape. Whether it be from the Cyclops or killing the Suitors when he came back to Ithica, Orysseus used his wits and cunning to his greatest advantage. Through all the obstacles Odysseus faced on his journey, he used his wits to prove himself by coming up with solutions to reach his goal and reuniting himself with his family and kingdom. The Odyssey is wonderful story as it shows that a true hero isn’t just costumes, good looks and galore, but much more on the inside.
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Odysseus: The Altruistic Hero
993 Words | 4 Pages
Similarly, the epic poem, The Odyssey, by Homer tells the story of Odysseus’s long journey back home while he deals with many adversities along the way. However, he is able to fight over those obstacles by using his intelligence, great leadership and faithfulness. As a result, he is able to return back to Ithaca. Those traits are evidence for his capability of being a true hero. In Homer’s The Odyssey, Odysseus is proven to be a hero with intelligence, leadership and faithfulness, and thus reveal the possible theme that says: what makes a man a hero is his selfless actions for the sake of others, to make the impossible become possible itself.” Odysseus’ heroism is shown through his intelligence.
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Achilles: An Inspiring Hero?
666 Words | 3 Pages
Being born a demigod, he exemplifies the power and leadership of the gods before him (The History Channel, 2014). Of course, he also shows leadership in his moral decisions during the war against the Trojans. This is shown by his sense of grief and mercy when he is faced with the Trojan king, Priam (Fiero, 84). Achilles is also very moral in the way that he strictly follows the rules of the gods. While his story occurred so many years ago, his legacy has come to influence many people in today’s age.
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Odysseus' Character as Genuine Hero
864 Words | 4 Pages
The Iliad & the Odyssey. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1999. Print. Homer, Robert Fagles, and Bernard Knox. The Iliad.
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Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey
945 Words | 4 Pages
Honor is essential to the Homeric heroes, so much that life would be meaningless without it. Thus, honor is more important than life itself. Throughout the Iliad, heroic characters make decisions based on a specific set of principles, which are referred to as the “code of honor.” The heroic code that Homer presents to readers is easy to recognize because the heroic code is the cause for many of the events that take place, but many of the characters have different perceptions of how highly the code should be regarded. Hector, the greatest of the Trojan warriors, begins the poem as a model for a hero. His dedication and firm belief in the code of honor is described many times throughout the course of the Iliad.
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The Amazing Leadership of Odysseus in Homer's The Odyssey
752 Words | 4 Pages
The epic poem The Odyssey by the ancient Greek writer Homer takes us deep into the life of a man called Odysseus. As the reader gets to know Odysseus many sides of his character are exposed through the challenges he faces. Though he and his crew face danger and obstacles every step of the way Odysseus’s character hardly changes. The entire book Odysseus longs to see his wife but he is a good man and a courageous leader. When the times get tough, the tough gets going and that’s exactly what Odysseus did when the Trojan War started.
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msmarco_doc_00_4112739
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http://123kidsfun.com/free-alphabet-practice-letters-preschool-printable-worksheets/
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Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets | 123 Kids Fun Apps
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Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets to Learn Kids.
Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets to Learn Kids.
Alphabet Practice Pages A-Z Letter Worksheets.
Free Learning Games for Kids – Homeschooling & Learning & Free Activities for Kids.
Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Preschool Printable Worksheets to Learn Kids.
Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets
Alphabet Practice Pages A-Z
A-Z Letter Worksheets
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Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets | 123 Kids Fun Apps
Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets to Learn Kids.
Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Preschool Printable Worksheets to Learn Kids
Alphabet Practice Pages A-Z Letter Worksheets.
Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets
Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets
Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets
Free Learning Games for Kids – Homeschooling & Learning & Free Activities for Kids.
Alphabet practice pages A-Z
Alphabet practice pages A-Z
Alphabet practice pages A-Z
Letters A-Z alphabet worksheet
Letters A-Z alphabet worksheet
Letters A-Z alphabet worksheet
Preschool Worksheets & Activities
Preschool Worksheets & Activities
Preschool Worksheets & Activities
Alphabet practice pages A-Z
Alphabet practice pages A-Z
Alphabet practice pages A-Z
Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets
Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets
Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets
Alphabet practice pages A-Z
Alphabet practice pages A-Z
Alphabet practice pages A-Z
Letters A-Z alphabet worksheet
Letters A-Z alphabet worksheet
Letters A-Z alphabet worksheet
Preschool Worksheets & Activities
Preschool Worksheets & Activities
Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Preschool Printable Worksheets to Learn Kids.
We have prepared for you Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets – Preschool Printable to Learn the Alphabet. Our A-Z Letter Worksheets are perfect for any preschooler who is just learning to write and read. These Free alphabet printables will help children practice fine motor skills. Holding the pen correctly is only seemingly easy. Every child have to learn it. Kids need to practice a lot to learn it. Thanks to our Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets, your child will learn how to write each letter correctly.
Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Worksheets
Print all Alphabet Worksheets and work with your preschooler. The main thing is that the kid can not feel pressure. Learning should give children pleasure, because then it brings the best results. Each page of our Alphabet Preschool Printables contains a few simple tasks that will help your child learn the letter.
Alphabet Practice Pages A-Z
The shape of the letter (uppercase and lowercase) is shown at the top of the card. Then the child’s task is uppercase and lowercase letter identification. From among the various litter, the preschooler have to choose those that represent the letter in question and circle it. In the next part, the preschoolers learns to write the letter by the trace, and then writes it by himself. In the meantime, the kid can also color the picture, which begins with the letter in question. For example, Alphabet Worksheets “A” has a picture with an Apple. Finally, the child have to draw by a trace.
A-Z Letter Worksheets
Learning to write at home is the best activity for kids. If you enjoy learning with your child, our Free Alphabet Practice A-Z Letter Preschool Printable Worksheets to Learn the Alphabet is the best solution for you. Print and learn by playing with your preschooler. Look for games that will make your Kids learn many new things.
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http://123landlord.com/
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Rental property management software | 123Landlord.com
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Rental Property Management Software
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Rental property management software | 123Landlord.com
Rental Property Management Software
123Landlord makes it unbelievably easy to manage all of your tenants & properties, collect payments and track rent due, and keep everything accessible any time, from any computer or device!
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Create an unlimited number of documents, or choose from pre-built templates. Personalize with insertable fields from the database.
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Coetta Carr, Office Manager, R&M Management
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