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Cats can’t talk. Their aggressive or destructive behavior, vocalization, or house soiling can be their only way of communicating a problem. By being aware of what constitutes “normal” behavior and learning to watch for warning signs, you can work to correct bad behavior and recognize potential health problems such as diabetes, arthritis, and senility. Nutrition and Exercise Obesity has become a chronic problem in cats, one that can lead to other health problems such as loss of mobility, chronic arthritis, chronic constipation, and endocrine-related illnesses such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, and Cushing’s disease. Good nutrition is one way to fight obesity. At Arroyo, we offer a range of pet foods for specific dietary needs, including weight loss, as well as ideas for healthy foods you can prepare yourself and for feeding schedules. Regular exercise is equally important. To prevent injuries, parasites, life-threatening diseases, and other health threats, and to protect indigenous animals, we recommend keeping cats indoors. Exercise your indoor kitty with toys, especially wands, that get him or her chasing and dancing after tempting items. When you come to Arroyo for your pet’s examination, be sure to find out his or her weight and how it measures up on our body scale system. You can be a partner in fostering your cat’s health and well-being.Arroyo’s services include behavior consultation. Spaying and neutering are common and highly recommended procedures, ones that can help protect the health and safety of your cat and control the animal population. Arroyo offers spay and neuter programs that adhere to the highest medical standards and provide total pre- and post-operative care, all at a competitive, predetermined price. Science can’t explain the phenomenon, but numerous studies have shown that animal companions—just by their presence—can help lower your blood pressure and cholesterol levels, increase your chances of survival after a heart attack, reduce loneliness and depression, and spread all-around good cheer. Your presence, affection, and attention have an equally powerful and positive effect on your pet’s well-being. If your pet becomes extremely ill or severely injured, sometimes the kindest thing you can do is have your veterinarian induce his or her death quietly and humanely through euthanasia. This decision is always serious and seldom easy. At Arroyo, we understand the special relationship you have with your pet and can help you weigh what is best for the animal as well as for you and your family. If you choose euthanasia, we can guide you through the medical and grieving process with care and compassion. Arroyo Veterinary Hospital offers wellness programs that cover all aspects of preventive health for kittens and for cats in their active and senior years. Learn more about our full range of services. Arroyo Veterinary Hospital is proud to be accredited by the American Animal Hospital Association, a member of the Sonoma Valley Chamber of Commerce, The Better Business Bureau and a certified Green Business

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Ní féidir le cait labhairt. Is féidir go mbeadh a n-iompar ionsaitheach nó scriosach, a n-uachtú, nó a n-imréiteach sa bhaile an t-aon bhealach a d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ag cur fadhbanna in iúl. Trí bheith ar an eolas faoi na rudaí a dhéanann "gnáth" iompar agus trí bheith ar an eolas faoi chomharthaí rabhaidh, is féidir leat obair a dhéanamh chun droch-iompar a cheartú agus fadhbanna sláinte a d'fhéadfadh a bheith agat mar diaibéiteas, ailse na n-aislingí, agus seanlaochta a aithint. Cothú agus Cleachtadh Tá an t-aigleacht ina fhadhb ainsealach i gcait, ceann a d'fhéadfadh fadhbanna sláinte eile a bheith mar thoradh air mar chaillteanas soghluaisteachta, ailse ainsealach, constipacht ainsealach, agus galair a bhaineann le endocrine mar hypothyroidism, diaibéiteas, agus galar Cushing. Tá cothú maith ar bhealach amháin chun an t-ualach a chomhrac. Ag Arroyo, cuirimid réimse bia peataí ar fáil do riachtanais shonracha aiste bia, lena n-áirítear meáchain caillteanas, chomh maith le smaointe le haghaidh bia sláintiúil is féidir leat a ullmhú duit féin agus le haghaidh sceidil beathaithe. Tá sé chomh tábhachtach céanna aclaíocht rialta a dhéanamh. Chun díobhálacha, paraisítí, galair a chuireann beatha i mbaol, agus bagairtí sláinte eile a chosc, agus chun ainmhithe dúchasacha a chosaint, molaimid cait a choinneáil taobh istigh. Déan do chati a fheidhmiú le bréagáin, go háirithe le baillín, a spreagann é nó í chun dul i ngleic agus damhsa i ndiaidh rudaí tarraingteach. Nuair a thagann tú go Arroyo chun do pheata a scrúdú, bí cinnte a fháil amach a meáchan nó a í agus conas a mheastar suas ar ár gcóras scála comhlacht. Is féidir leat a bheith i do pháirtí i ndíriú ar shláinte agus ar fholláine do chait. Is nósanna imeachta coitianta iad castration agus castration agus moltar iad go mór, nósanna imeachta a chabhróidh le sláinte agus sábháilteacht do chait a chosaint agus le daonra na n-ainmhithe a rialú. Cuireann Arroyo cláir stéarála agus neamhthráchtála ar fáil a cloíonn leis na caighdeáin mhíochaine is airde agus a sholáthraíonn cúram iomlán réamh- agus iar-oibríochtúil, go léir ar phraghas iomaíoch réamhshocraithe. Ní féidir leis an eolaíocht an feiniméan a mhíniú, ach tá go leor staidéir le feiceáil go bhféadfadh comhghleacaithe ainmhithe - trína láithreacht amháin - cabhrú le do bhrú fola agus leibhéil cholesterol a ísliú, do dheiseanna maireachtála a mhéadú tar éis ionsaí croí, an t-aonar agus an dúlagar a laghdú, agus dea-chúrsa a scaipeadh ar fud an domhain. Tá tionchar chomh láidir agus dearfach ag do láithreacht, do ghrá, agus do chúram ar fholláine do pheataí. Má éiríonn do pheata an-bheo nó go bhfuil sé gortaithe go trom, uaireanta is é an rud is fearr is féidir leat a dhéanamh ná go gcuirfidh do dhochtúir tréithe a bhás isteach go ciúin agus go daonna trí eutanasia. Is cinneadh tromchúiseach é seo i gcónaí agus is annamh a bhíonn sé éasca. Ag Arroyo, tuigimid an caidreamh speisialta atá agat le do pheata agus is féidir linn cabhrú leat a mheas cad is fearr don ainmhí chomh maith leatsa agus le do theaghlach. Má roghnaíonn tú an eiteánásia, is féidir linn tú a threorú tríd an bpróiseas leighis agus brónach le cúram agus le comhrádh. Cuireann Ospidéal Eitil Arroyo cláir folláine ar fáil a chlúdaíonn gach gné de shláinte choscála do chathracha agus do chait ina mblianta gníomhacha agus ina mblianta sinsearacha. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoi ár réimse iomlán seirbhísí. Tá an Ospidéal Eitil Arroyo bródúil as a bheith creidiúnaithe ag Cumann Ospidéal Ainmhithe Mheiriceá, ina bhall de Sheomra Trádála Sonoma Valley, an Biúró Gnó Níos Fearr agus Gnó Glas deimhnithe

This post was co-written by Ricardo Labarta (Senior Scientist & Impact Assessment Research Leader, CIAT), Wilmer Cuellar (Virologist, CIAT) and Luis Augusto Becerra (Cassava Program Leader, CIAT). The collection of data on the adoption of CGIAR-related crop varieties is a priority for the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment’s (SPIA) agenda and for centers such as the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). Projects such as ‘Diffusion and Impacts of Improved Varieties in Africa’ (DIIVA) and ‘Strengthening Impact in the CGIAR (SIAC)’, expanded the number of crops and countries for which adoption estimates were available (read our blog post on the importance of adoption data). SIAC also identified significant shortcomings associated with some of the common methods for identified crop varieties in farmers’ fields, namely expert elicitation and respondent identification in household surveys. There is a growing body of evidence that in many contexts important to CGIAR, the only accurate way to identify varieties is by DNA fingerprinting (DNA FP). Fortunately, the costs of DNA FP have come down dramatically in the past decade, to the point where it is feasible to apply it to large-scale field surveys (read our blog post about scaling up DNA fingerprinting for crop variety identification here.) Even though the costs have come down, doing varietal identification at scale with DNA FP is still a significant investment. Fortunately, as this example from CIAT’s work on cassava in Vietnam illustrates, these data can be used for many other purposes, greatly enhancing the return on the initial investment. By 2015, CIAT scientists became aware of the potential presence of the Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) that causes Cassava Mosaic disease (CMD), in Southeast Asia. In response to reports of possible presence of this economically-important disease in Thailand and Cambodia, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) created a task force to assess the extent of the problem and implement actions to mitigate its effect in January 2016. Given the origin of the virus, it was hypothesized that the CMD arrived in Southeast Asia through introduction of planting material from South Asia (India or Sri Lanka). The taskforce, in close collaboration of staff from the Cambodian General Directorate of Agriculture (GDA), showed that the virus was present in different regions of Cambodia and not only in the place where it was first reported (Ratanakiri). Imagining that the problem could be more widespread than initially thought, they took advantage of the existence of a data set that had just been collected in the neighbouring country, Vietnam, as part of a cassava varietal adoption study, supported by SIAC and the CGIAR Research Program of Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB). Researchers collected over 3,500 cassava samples from over 800 farmers in order to identify varieties being grown across production areas in Vietnam. All planting material was kept at the Root Crop Research Center (RCRC) in Hanoi. Because the study team used DNA FP for varietal identification, and because their collection protocol—collect stems from all plants, grow them out, and then extract DNA from fresh leaves—ensured high quality samples and avoiding the bias of collecting only symptomatic plants, they were able to use the samples to test for SLCMV in different production areas of Vietnam, especially in Tay Ninh province which borders with Cambodia. In spite of the lack of reported symptoms of CMD, the results of the analysis confirmed that SLCMV was already present in Vietnam. Furthermore, the DNA fingerprinting showed that the infected varieties were bred in Thailand and in Vietnam and a prior CIAT study under SIAC documented that these varieties where not used in other regions of Asia. Importantly, the results of the DNA analysis did not support the hypothesis that the SLCMV was introduced through the direct importation of cassava varieties from South Asia. The CIAT task force communicated the results to the Vietnamese plant protection authorities which enabled Vietnam to officially recognize the presence of CMD in the country in 2017, the same year it was officially recognized in Cambodia. Next, they reported the results to the scientific community (Uke et al., 2018). As CMD threatens the whole region, stakeholders in Southeast Asia are joining efforts to respond to the epidemic (https://ciat.cgiar.org/event/cmd-sea/). Today, a total of seven different initiatives are currently underway to combat the spread of CMD, and funds have been mobilized through the Australian Centre of International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Philippine Department of Agriculture, and RTB. A key factor behind CIAT’s rapid response in Vietnam was the close communication between the impact assessment, genetics, virology, and plant protection teams, both in Vietnam and in HQ. Collaboration on the adoption survey ensured that the right people were aware of the survey and recognized the value of the materials collected to respond to the emerging outbreak. As CGIAR moves forward in establishing protocols for large-scale DNA FP, this case has important lessons for ensuring that the system can capture the full value of its investment in data collection. For further information, please contact Ricardo Labarta: email@example.com First report of CMD in Cambodia (Wang et al., 2016): https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1228-PDN First report of CMD in Vietnam (Uke et al., 2018): https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0805-PDN More info related to the disease: https://ciat.cgiar.org/event/cmd-sea/ Labarta, R., T. Wossen & D.P. Le (2017). The adoption of Improved Cassava Varieties in South and Southeast Asia. 9th ASAE International Conference: Transformation in agricultural and food economy in Asia, 11-13 January 2017, Bangkok, Thailand. Proceedings 2017 pp.1445-1454 ref.14

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Bhí Ricardo Labarta (Séineoir Eolaí agus Ceann Comhairle Taighde um Mheasúnú Tionchair, CIAT), Wilmer Cuellar (Vírosaí, CIAT) agus Luis Augusto Becerra (Leadóir Clár Cassava, CIAT) rannpháirteach sa phost seo. Tá bailiú sonraí maidir le glacadh cineálacha barra a bhaineann le CGIAR ina thosaíocht do chlár oibre an Pháinéil Buan um Mheasúnú Tionchair (SPIA) agus do lárionaid amhail an Lárionad Idirnáisiúnta um Thalmhaíocht Trópaiceach (CIAT). Le tionscadail mar Diffusion and Impacts of Improved Varieties in Africa (DIIVA) agus Strengthening Impact in the CGIAR (SIAC) , leathnaíodh líon na gcultúr agus na dtíortha ar a raibh meastacháin ar an nglacadh ar fáil (léigh ár bpost ar an mblag faoi thábhacht na sonraí ar an nglacadh). D'aimsigh SIAC easnaimh shuntasacha a bhaineann le roinnt de na modhanna coitianta le haghaidh cineálacha barra a aithnítear i réimsí feirmeoirí, is é sin, eisiúint saineolaithe agus sainaithint freagróirí i suirbhéanna teaghlaigh. Tá comhlacht fianaise atá ag fás ann go bhfuil an t-aon bhealach cruinn chun cineálacha a aithint i go leor comhthéacsanna atá tábhachtach do CGIAR ná trí shliocht dheirleach DNA (FP DNA). Ar an dea-uair, tá costais FP DNA tar éis titim go suntasach le deich mbliana anuas, go dtí an pointe inar féidir é a chur i bhfeidhm ar suirbhéanna réimse ar scála mór (léigh ár bpost blag faoi scálaithe fingerprinting DNA le haghaidh sainaitheantas cineálacha barra anseo). Cé go bhfuil na costais tar éis titim, tá infheistíocht shuntasach fós i leith aitheantas cineálacha a dhéanamh ar scála le DNA FP. Ar an dea-shástacht, mar a léiríonn an sampla seo ó obair CIAT ar cassava sa Vítneam, is féidir na sonraí seo a úsáid chun go leor críocha eile, ag feabhsú an toradh ar an infheistíocht tosaigh go mór. Faoi 2015, tháinig eolaithe CIAT ar an eolas faoi láithreacht fhéideartha víreas mósaic cassava na Srí Lanca (SLCMV) a chuireann galar mósaic cassava (CMD) i ndeisceart na hÁise. Mar fhreagra ar thuairiscí ar láithreacht fhéideartha an ghalair seo a bhfuil tábhacht eacnamaíoch aige sa Téalainn agus sa Chambóid, chruthaigh an Lárionad Idirnáisiúnta um Talmhaíocht Trópaiceach (CIAT) tascfhórsa chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar mhéid an fhadhb agus bearta a chur i bhfeidhm chun a héifeacht a mhaolú i mí Eanáir 2016. Ós rud é go bhfuil bunús an víris, bhí tuairimíocht ann gur tháinig CMD go dtí Oirdheisceart na hÁise trí ábhar síolta a thabhairt isteach ó Oirdheisceart na hÁise (an India nó an Srí Lanca). Léirigh an tascfhórsa, i ndlúthchomhar le foireann ó Ard-Stiúrthóireacht Talmhaíochta na Cambóide (GDA), go raibh an víreas i réigiúin éagsúla sa Chambóide agus ní amháin san áit inar tuairiscíodh é den chéad uair (Ratanakiri). Ag smaoineamh go bhféadfadh an fhadhb a bheith níos forleithne ná mar a cheapadh ar dtús, bhain siad leas as tacar sonraí a bailíodh i dtír chomharsa, Vítneam, mar chuid de staidéar ar uchtáil éagsúlachta cassava, le tacaíocht ó SIAC agus Clár Taighde CGIAR ar Fhréamhacha, Tubers agus Bananaí (RTB). Bailíodh níos mó ná 3,500 sampla cassava ó níos mó ná 800 feirmeoir d'fhonn cineálacha a aithint a bhí á dtógáil ar fud limistéir táirgthe sa Vítneam. Coinníodh an t-ábhar síolta go léir ag an Ionad Taighde ar Thorthaí Root (RCRC) i Hanoi. Toisc gur bhain an fhoireann staidéir úsáid as DNA FP chun idintiteas cineálacha a dhéanamh, agus toisc go raibh a bprótacal bailiúcháin - stiallaí a bhailiú ó gach planda, iad a fhás amach, agus ansin DNA a bhaint as duilleoga úr - samplaí ardchaighdeáin a chinntiú agus an claonadh a sheachaint nach ba chóir ach plandaí comhfhiosach a bhailiú, bhí siad in ann na samplaí a úsáid chun tástáil a dhéanamh ar SLCMV i gceantair éagsúla táirgthe na Vítneame, go háirithe i gcathair Tay Ninh a bhfuil teorainn aige le Cambóide. D'ainneoin nach ndearnadh aon chomharthaí CMD a thuairisciú, dheimhnigh torthaí an anailíse go raibh SLCMV i láthair cheana féin sa Vítneam. Ina theannta sin, léirigh an léarscáil fingerscinn DNA go raibh na cineálacha ionfhabhtaithe ar fáil sa Téalainn agus sa Vítneam agus gur léirigh staidéar roimhe seo ó CIAT faoi SIAC nach raibh na cineálacha sin in úsáid i réigiúin eile san Áise. Tá sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara nach raibh tacaíocht ag torthaí na hanailíse DNA don hipitéis gur tugadh isteach an SLCMV trí shaor-allmhairí cineálacha cassava ó an Áise Theas. Ba cheart don Choimisiún an fhaisnéis a sholáthar maidir le CMD a aithint go hoifigiúil i mBéarla agus i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla i mBéarla Ina dhiaidh sin, thuairiscigh siad na torthaí don phobal eolaíoch (Uke et al., 2018). De réir mar a chuireann CMD bagairt ar an réigiún ar fad, tá geallsealbhóirí san Oirdheisceart na hÁise ag teacht le chéile chun freagairt don eipidéim (https://ciat.cgiar.org/event/cmd-sea/). Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá seacht tionscnamh éagsúla ar bun i láthair na huaire chun dul i ngleic le scaipeadh CMD, agus tá cistí curtha ar fáil trí Lárionad na hAstráile um Thaighde Talmhaíochta Idirnáisiúnta (ACIAR), Eagraíocht Bia agus Talmhaíochta na Náisiún Aontaithe (FAO), Roinn Talmhaíochta na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha, agus RTB. Is príomhfhachtóir a bhí taobh thiar de fhreagra tapa CIAT sa Vítneam an cumarsáid dlúth idir na foirne measúnaithe tionchair, géineolaíochta, víreasaíochta agus cosanta plandaí, sa Vítneam agus sa cheanncheathrú araon. Ba é an comhoibriú ar an suirbhé ar uchtú a chinntigh go raibh na daoine ceart ar an eolas faoin suirbhé agus gur aithin siad luach na n-ábhar a bailíodh chun freagairt don ráig atá ag teacht chun cinn. De réir mar a théann CGIAR ar aghaidh i mbunú prótacail do FP DNA ar scála mór, tá ceachtanna tábhachtacha ag an gcás seo chun a chinntiú gur féidir leis an gcóras an luach iomlán dá infheistíocht i mbailiú sonraí a ghabháil. Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais, déan teagmháil le Ricardo Labarta: email@example.com An chéad tuarascáil ar CMD sa Chambóid (Wang et al., 2016): https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-10-15-1228-PDN An chéad tuarascáil ar CMD sa Vítneam (Uke et al., 2018): https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0805-PDN Tuilleadh eolais a bhaineann leis an ghalair: https://ciat.cgiar.org/event/cmd-sea/ Labarta, R., T. Wossen & D.P. Le (2017). Glacadh le Cineálacha Feabhsaithe Cassava i dTuaisceart agus Oirdheisceart na hÁise. An 9ú Comhdháil Idirnáisiúnta ASAE: Athrú i ngeilleagar talmhaíochta agus bia san Áise, 11-13 Eanáir 2017, Bangkok, an Téalainn. I gcásanna den sórt sin, ní bheidh an t-údarás inniúil freagrach as an méid seo a leanas:

"Karma" photo courtesy of Fisker Automotive There are small solutions to environmental challenges that may have a big impact with electric vehicles, renewable energy, and the smart grid. Large environmental problems like the ongoing Fukushima nuclear catastrophe and the effects of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico still loom, but one of the solutions to the planet’s environmental woes is rapidly approaching. Vehicle electrification can ease dependence on polluting petroleum that contributes to climate change, yet many people are not fully informed on how electric vehicles will fit into their lives. One information gap is public understanding of the important fit between electric vehicles (EVs) and the smart grid. There is a game changing research paper that shows we can transform the energy equation – “Vehicle Electrification: Status and Issues,” it was just published in the special Smart Grid issue of The Proceedings of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It shows we can change the energy equation, serving as a reference source to understand electric vehicles from a whole systems perspective. Many people do not realize there are many electric vehicles available, and the size of this EV wave now breaking. Here is an original chart of new grid enabled vehicles (GEV) to use as resource. Choose the new electric vehicle you want to see from small tabs at the bottom of the page where vehicles are divided into categories; Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), Plug in Electric Vehicles (PEV), Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). This EV paper is timely and important since the case for electric vehicles needs to be more clearly understood, from the point of view of public perception and long term evaluation. The research and statistics presented will gain value over time when people need to cite sources to accelerate the transition to a renewable energy global economy. EV’s and the Smart Grid are two topics that present solutions at a time the planet is challenged to live in balance with our natural resources regarding energy generation. A key functionality of a smart grid is the intelligent management of distributed sources of power derived from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, tidal, etc. It is important that renewable energy can be paired with energy storage for a more adaptable power grid; this is one of the key features of the smart grid article. To adapt to the moving electrical loads that are EVs is one of the major design goals for the smart grid. EVs also potentially offer valuable energy storage capabilities for smart grids (Vehicle to Grid). IEEE's Published Paper "Vehicle Electrification: Status and Issues"(Click on the image to read) World Team Now (WTN) board members Albert Boulanger and Suzanne Maxx teamed up with Andy Chu of A123 Systems Inc. and Dave Waltz of Columbia University’s Computational Learning Systems (CCLS) for the IEEE paper Vehicle Electrification: Status and Issues—a topic that offers solutions to our environmental challenges. World Team Now, our California and New York based non-profit organization, raises public awareness about renewable energy solutions, like the EVs. We recently worked with The City of Malibu (Click Here for EV Campaign) to secure a grant to get their electric vehicle chargers working and upgraded too. To make the transition to vehicle electrification, the public needs to understand how their transportation choices play into the big picture. Each individual has the opportunity to carve out his or her own role in this change by making educated choices with what we drive and how we live. Here is a new original chart of grid enabled vehicles (GEV) to use as resource in making these choices.At the bottom of the image you an click on the tab to view vehicles in each of these categories; “Karma,” (the vehicle) from Fisker Automotive made its production debut this past weekend at the Monaco Grand Prix. Back in 2005, World Team Now worked to build an alternative vehicle parade to premiere at Monaco’s Grand Prix. The Sovereign Prince of Monaco, Albert the 2nd, was behind the wheel and founder Henrik Fisker rode shot gun—fulfilling a long anticipated coming of a high end electric sports car with the innovation to also take gasoline, if necessary. Loving "Karma's" Solar Roof, photo courtesy of Fisker Automotive Fisker’s Karma lives up to its name. Its good Karma resides in its solar roof, LED lights, and use of recycled and reclaimed components. It is a more than a transition vehicle while the full-on vehicle infrastructure is being built to support EV charging. The Karma is one of the greenest cars on the market—cradle to grave—when it is charged every 100 miles via solar, or other renewable energy source. Marketing Director Roger Ormisher said, “We should have the car rolled out with dealers and customers in August at the latest.” Fisker also plans to have its own charge points, according to Ormisher. In Baden-Baden Germany, June 9 is the last day of the IEEE conference on Intelligent Vehicles. Vehicle intelligence, the ability of vehicles to talk to other vehicles, can enhance safety and ease traffic flow. Intelligent vehicles with driver assist features can act like remote sensors to following vehicles and even eventually drive the following vehicle in emergency situations. A considerable obstacle to EV adoption is public perception. The IEEE Paper goes into this in-depth. The newly released film the Revenge of the Electric Car has a commercial appeal with an important story to help engage the public. Auto executives understand that gap is a challenge for EV adoption and each manufacturer has different approaches to meet it. GM believes that range anxiety is a key challenge. In an interview, Tony Posawatz, Chevy Volt Line Director, called the Chevy Volt a “connected electric vehicle” with the rollout standard OnStar for a period of time. The OnStar tracking system and technology is why Posawatz said, “We believe that the Chevy Volt will be the smartest device on the Smart Grid.” That confidence is based on a “special relationship” managed through the Electric Power Research Institute where General Motors has engaged a about 50 of EPRI’s utilities to work together on everything from standards to rollout to communication plans to interfaces, to smart grid solutions. Nissan is using vertical integration and making a significant investment in EVs to bring costs down faster than its competitors. In a private interview, Mark Perry, director of planning, Nissan North America explained their first mover’s advantage in the United States, with the reasonably priced, “All Electric Zero Emissions Vehicle, the Nissan Leaf and mass media internet campaign.” Nissan is also a supporter of Level 3 DC fast charging, unlike most other automakers. Their strategy is to deploy infrastructure across six states with multiple DC fast-charging stations. The Chinese battery and automaker BYD has less experience, but more to gain, and is pursuing EVs partly due to their simpler engineering. Paul Lin, spokesman for BYD, said in a private interview that the company also takes advantage of vertical integration but is not bound by legal and liability constraints that other manufacturers face. The lower requirements of the domestic Chinese market, and less danger of hurting their brand, allow BYD to be more aggressive than traditional automakers. Findings from the recent IPCCC Special Report Renewable Energy Sources are based on science that proves renewable energy can provide for 80% of our total global energy consumption. The IEEE paper explains, “Grid-enabled vehicles (GEV), such as electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in (PHEVs) can help address environmental and energy issues by using electricity rather than petroleum. Overall, from well to wheels, GEVs reduce the energy consumption and emissions in the transportation sector.” This paper offers a resource for making personal choices for sustainable transportation that impact the overriding issue of our time – global climate change. T0 read a different version of the article published in Environment News Service (Click Here).

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Grianghraf "Karma" de chúirtéisí ag Fisker Automotive Tá réitigh bheaga ann do dhúshláin chomhshaoil a d'fhéadfadh tionchar mór a bheith acu le feithiclí leictreacha, fuinneamh in-athnuaite, agus an líonra cliste. Tá fadhbanna móra comhshaoil mar an tubaiste núicléach Fukushima atá ar siúl agus éifeachtaí an Tuilte Ola BP Deepwater Horizon i gCúl Mheicsiceo fós ag teacht chun cinn, ach tá ceann de na réitigh ar thruailliú comhshaoil na pláinéad ag teacht go tapa. Is féidir le leictreachas feithiclí an spleáchas ar phéitról truaillithe a chuireann le hathrú aeráide a laghdú, ach níl a lán daoine ar an eolas go hiomlán faoi conas a oireann feithiclí leictreacha ina saol. Is é an bhearna faisnéise ná tuiscint phoiblí ar an oiriúnú tábhachtach idir feithiclí leictreacha (EVanna) agus an líonra cliste. Tá páipéar taighde ag athrú an chluiche a léiríonn gur féidir linn an chothromóid fuinnimh a athrú Eilectriú Feithiclí: Stádas agus Ceisteanna, foilsíodh é díreach sa eisiúint speisialta Smart Grid de The Proceedings of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Léiríonn sé gur féidir linn an chothromóid fuinnimh a athrú, ag feidhmiú mar fhoinse tagartha chun feithiclí leictreacha a thuiscint ó thaobh córais iomlána de. Ní thuigeann go leor daoine go bhfuil go leor feithiclí leictreacha ar fáil, agus méid an tsraith EV seo atá ag teacht chun cinn anois. Seo léargas bunaidh de fheithiclí nua cumasaithe gríd (GEV) le húsáid mar acmhainn. Roghnaigh an fheithicil leictreach nua is mian leat a fheiceáil ó chártaí beaga ag bun an leathanaigh ina roinntear feithiclí ina gcatagóirí; Feithiclí Leictreacha Leatraí (BEV), Feithiclí Leictreacha Plug in (PEV), Feithiclí Leictreacha Iompair Plug in (PHEV). Tá an páipéar EV tráthúil agus tábhachtach ós rud é go gcaithfear an cás le haghaidh feithiclí leictreacha a thuiscint níos soiléire, ó thaobh tuiscint phoiblí agus meastóireacht fhadtéarmach de. Beidh luach ag an taighde agus ag na staitisticí a chuirtear i láthair thar am nuair a bheidh gá le foinsí a lua ag daoine chun an t-aistriú go geilleagar domhanda fuinnimh in-athnuaite a luathachadh. Is iad EV agus an Grid Cliste dhá ábhar a chuireann réitigh i láthair ag am a bhfuil dúshlán ag an bpláinéad maireachtáil i gcomhréireacht lenár n-acmhainní nádúrtha maidir le giniúint fuinnimh. Is é príomhfheidhmíocht ghréasáin chliste bainistíocht intleachtúil foinsí dáileacháin cumhachta a fhaightear ó fhoinsí fuinnimh in-athnuaite amhail gréine, gaoithe, tuilte, srl. Tá sé tábhachtach go bhféadfar fuinneamh in-athnuaite a lánú le stóráil fuinnimh le haghaidh gréasán cumhachta níos oiriúnaithe; is é seo ceann de phríomhghnéithe an ailt maidir le gréasán cliste. Tá oiriúnú do na muirir leictreacha gluaiseachta atá i EVanna ar cheann de na príomhchuspóirí dearadh don ghréasán cliste. Tá sé de chumas ag EVanna cumas luachmhar stórála fuinnimh a thairiscint do ghréasáin chliste (Fheithicil go Grid). Páipéar Foilsithe IEEE "Electrification Vehicle: Status and Issues" (Cliceáil ar an íomhá chun é a léamh) D'éirigh le baill boird an Choiste Domhanda Anois (WTN) Albert Boulanger agus Suzanne Maxx le Andy Chu de A123 Systems Inc. agus Dave Waltz de Chórais Foghlama ríomhaireachta Ollscoil Columbia (CCLS) le haghaidh páipéar IEEE Electrification Vehicle: Status and Issues ábhar a thairgeann réitigh ar ár ndúshláin chomhshaoil. Tá an Eagraíocht Domhanda Anois, ár n-eagraíocht neamhbhrabúis atá lonnaithe i California agus i Nua Eabhrac, ag ardú feasacht an phobail faoi réitigh fuinnimh in-athnuaite, cosúil leis na EVanna. D'oibríomar le déanaí le Cathair Malibu (Cliceáil anseo le haghaidh Feachtas EV) chun deontas a fháil chun a n-uireadóirí feithiclí leictreacha a bheith ag obair agus a uasghrádú freisin. Chun an t-aistriú go leictreachas feithiclí a dhéanamh, ní mór don phobal a thuiscint conas a imríonn a roghanna iompair sa phictiúr mór. Tá deis ag gach duine a chuid féin a dhéanamh sa athrú seo trí roghanna oideachasúla a dhéanamh maidir leis an méid a thiománaimid agus an chaoi a mairimid. Seo léargas nua bunaidh de fheithiclí cumasaithe gríd (GEV) le húsáid mar acmhainn chun na roghanna seo a dhéanamh. Ag bun an íomhá, cliceáil ar an gcnaipe chun feithiclí a fheiceáil i ngach ceann de na catagóirí seo; Rinne Karma, (an fheithicil) ó Fisker Automotive a chéad táirgeadh an deireadh seachtaine seo caite ag an Grand Prix Monaco. Ar ais i 2005, d'oibrigh Foireann Domhanda Anois chun paráid feithicle malartach a thógáil chun tús a chur leis ag Grand Prix Monaco. Bhí Prionsa Mhonác, Albert an 2ú, taobh thiar den roth agus bhí Henrik Fisker, bunaitheoir an charr, ag tiomáint an charr, ag cur i gcrích an teacht a bhí ag súil leis le fada de charr spóirt leictreach ard-deireadh leis an nuálaíocht a ghlacfadh gáisín freisin, más gá. Tá an díon gréine "Karma" á ghrá, grianghraf de chúirtéisíocht Fisker Automotive Tá Karma Fisker ag maireachtáil suas lena ainm. Tá a Karma maith ina chónaí ina díon gréine, i soilse LED, agus i úsáid comhpháirteanna athchúrsáilte agus athshlánaithe. Tá sé níos mó ná feithicil idirthréimhseach agus an bonneagar feithicle iomlán á thógáil chun tacú le muirearú EV. Tá an Karma ar cheann de na gluaisteáin is glas ar an margadh - ó chré leis go dtí an tuama - nuair a ghearrtar gach 100 míle tríd an ngrian, nó foinse fuinnimh in-athnuaite eile. Dúirt an Stiúrthóir Margaíochta Roger Ormisher, "Ba cheart go mbeadh an carr ag na déileálaithe agus ag na custaiméirí i mí Lúnasa ar a dhéanaí". Tá sé beartaithe ag Fisker a phointí muirearaithe féin a bheith aige freisin, de réir Ormisher. I Baden-Baden sa Ghearmáin, is é 9 Meitheamh an lá deireanach de chomhdháil IEEE ar Fheithiclí Cliste. Is féidir le faisnéis feithiclí, cumas feithiclí labhairt le feithiclí eile, sábháilteacht a fheabhsú agus sreabhadh tráchta a éascú. Is féidir le feithiclí cliste a bhfuil gnéithe cabhrach tiománaí acu gníomhú mar shensóirí iargúlta chun feithiclí a leanúint agus fiú an fheithicil a leanas a thiomáint i gcásanna éigeandála. Is bac suntasach ar uchtú EV í an tuiscint phoiblí. Téann an Páipéar IEEE isteach go domhain sa chás seo. Tá achomharc tráchtála ag an scannán a scaoileadh le déanaí, The Revenge of the Electric Car, le scéal tábhachtach chun cuidiú leis an bpobal a mhealladh. Tuigeann feidhmeannaigh gluaisteán gur dúshlán é an bhearna maidir le glacadh EV agus tá cur chuige difriúil ag gach monaróir chun é a chomhlíonadh. Creideann GM gur dúshlán lárnach é imní raon. In agallamh, d'iarr Tony Posawatz, Stiúrthóir Líne Chevy Volt, ar an Chevy Volt "feithicil leictreach nasctha" leis an gcaighdeán rollout OnStar ar feadh tréimhse ama. Is é an córas rianaithe agus an teicneolaíocht OnStar an fáth a dúirt Posawatz, "Creidimid gurb é an Chevy Volt an gléas is cliste ar an nGréasán Cliste". Tá an muinín sin bunaithe ar "caidreamh speisialta" arna bhainistiú tríd an Institiúid Taighde Cumhachta Leictreach inar ghlac General Motors thart ar 50 de fóntais EPRI le chéile chun oibriú le chéile ar gach rud ó chaighdeáin go rollaíocht go pleananna cumarsáide go comhéadan, go réitigh ghréasáin cliste. Tá Nissan ag baint úsáide as comhtháthú ingearach agus ag déanamh infheistíochta shuntasach i VEanna chun costais a laghdú níos tapúla ná a chuid iomaitheoirí. I agallamh príobháideach, mhínigh Mark Perry, stiúrthóir pleanála, Nissan North America a buntáiste chéad mhóireora sna Stáit Aontaithe, leis an praghas réasúnta, All Electric Zero Emissions Vehicle, an Nissan Leaf agus feachtas idirlín na meán mais. Tá Nissan ina thacaí freisin ar mhuirearú tapa Leibhéal 3 DC, murab ionann agus an chuid is mó de na déantúsóirí gluaisteán eile. Is é an straitéis atá acu bunscairt a chur ar bun ar fud sé stáit le go leor stáisiúin muirir tapa DC. Tá níos lú taithí ag an gcumhachtaire ceallraí agus gluaisteán Síneach BYD, ach tá níos mó le fáil, agus tá sé ag leanúint EVanna go páirteach mar gheall ar a innealtóireacht níos simplí. Dúirt Paul Lin, urlabhraí BYD, in agallamh príobháideach go mbainfidh an chuideachta leas as an lánpháirtíocht ingearach ach nach bhfuil sí faoi cheangal ag srianta dlíthiúla agus dliteanais a bhíonn ag monaróirí eile. Leis na ceanglais níos ísle atá ag an margadh intíre na Síne, agus an riosca níos lú a bheith ag déanamh dochar dá mbranda, ceadaíonn BYD a bheith níos ionsaithí ná déantúsóirí gluaisteán traidisiúnta. Tá torthaí ó Thuairisc Speisialta IPCCC le déanaí Foinsí Fuinnimh In-athnuaite bunaithe ar eolaíocht a chruthaíonn gur féidir le fuinneamh in-athnuaite 80% dár ngnáth-úsáid fuinnimh domhanda a sholáthar. Míníonn páipéar IEEE, "Is féidir le feithiclí a chumasú le líonra (GEV), mar shampla feithiclí leictreacha (EVanna) agus feithiclí plug-in (PHEVanna) cuidiú le ceisteanna comhshaoil agus fuinnimh a réiteach trí leictreachas a úsáid seachas peitriliam. Go ginearálta, ó bhéal go rothaí, laghdaíonn GEVanna tomhaltas fuinnimh agus astaíochtaí i earnáil an iompair. Cuireann an páipéar seo acmhainn ar fáil chun roghanna pearsanta a dhéanamh maidir le hiompar inbhuanaithe a bhfuil tionchar acu ar cheist uathúil ár n-am athrú aeráide domhanda. Léigh leagan difriúil den alt a foilsíodh i Seirbhís Nuacht Comhshaoil (Cliceáil anseo).

The state is the organising principle of national and international politics and states are the subject of abundant historical research, academic theory and contemporary analysis. That perhaps makes it a little strange to say that both the state as a category and states in general tend to be taken for granted. But that’s how it is – and it’s a problem. Largely we think and talk as if the state system is long established. It’s not. Let’s start with the numbers. By 1900 there were just 48 states in our modern sense of the term. In the years either side of World War I, with the break-up of the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires, there was considerable state-making. Even so, the UN was founded by just 51 states (and NB, although that number was kept low by excluding countries on the losing side in World War II, it was boosted by including some that were republics of the USSR and thus not proper states at all). Today, 193 states make up the UN, the newest being South Sudan in July 2011. The big waves of state-making occurred with decolonisation from the second half of the 1940s through the 1970s and, on a smaller scale, with the end of the Cold War and the break-up of the USSR and then Yugoslavia in the first half of the 1990s. While state-making has slowed down there is no reason to think it is yet at a full stop. Even one of the world’s oldest states may in the not very distant future shed some territory and citizens and allow an independent Scotland to be born. If nothing else, these figures show that in our era sovereignty and statehood have been extremely desirable items in the global market of power and politics. Seen in historical perspective, the growing strength of international organisations, laws and linkages of all kinds is undeniable and remarkable. But that has been balanced by the growth in the number of actors within those institutions. If the idea still persists that the world is heading towards ever larger and more encompassing sovereign units – a widespread surrender of sovereignty upwards, so to speak – the figures lead to a different conclusion. Yet the fact that the shape of the state system today is so very recent offers a second conclusion, going in almost the opposite direction. For sure, the numbers lead us to think a trend towards supra-states is unreal but they could also suggest that the system is not in any sense fixed and is liable to change. To put this in some perspective, when my grandparents were born around 120-125 years ago, there were fewer than 50 states in the world. The number has quadrupled in four generations. And for the next three to four generations? Four times as many or four times as fewer or where in between? The freshness and potential changeability of the state system construct a further conclusion, arising like the first two straight out of looking at the simple numbers: the system is full of diversity. There are different kinds, and differences within each kind, responding to differences in culture, history and development. These are simple questions to ask and simple conclusions to draw – even simple-minded, I’ll agree, but nonetheless important for all that. Forgetting them can lead you badly astray. The purpose of states So, another simple question: why the state? Discuss. In value-free terms, the purpose of states is to organise power. The modern state organises power with a greater degree of predictability and durability, normally based on law, than preceding varieties. No more today does territory change hands (or even whole states come and go) because of a marriage here or an alliance there. Even the old habit of carving up territories through war has fallen into disuse and it’s been some time since a major international conference parcelled out chunks of land to be ruled by the winners in a recent war and their allies. States today may be weak or strong by a variety of measures, their borders may be tight or porous, their finances robust or rocky – and their government come and go – but they endure and provide the organising framework of power in that territory. That seems to me to be a fact. What’s left to argue about is how individual states organise power, to what ends and whose benefit. the failure of purpose In this post I want to explore this by going to the extreme cases; in a future one, I’ll look at more standard cases. Because the state system is taken for granted and left unexamined, odd and paradoxical ideas about politics enter our discourse. One such is the idea of “ungoverned spaces”, which has emerged from narrow circles of strategic experts to enter mainstream political vocabulary. It is being used quite often to justify the French intervention in Mali and, likely enough, we will hear more of it in relation to Afghanistan after the pull-out of foreign forces in 2014 and probably Syria too. It is a term that creates at least as many problems as it resolves. It points to a real issue but mis-describes it. An article by Yvan Guichaoua usefully unpicks it in the context of the Mali intervention, showing how its core assumption that “terrorists have established their stronghold in a political vacuum” implicitly exonerates from blame those who had authority and responsibility. The logic that follows from this assumption is that the way to resolve the crisis is by building up “the legitimate administration”, which, Guichaoua argues, will mean relying on the power-brokers and authorities in Bamako who bear significant responsibility for the country’s plight. Like the closely related concept of “failed states” back in the 1990s, that later evolved into the more nuanced but equally unhelpful “failing states”, which has since been replaced by the yet more nuanced and rather helpful term “fragile states”, the concept of “ungoverned spaces” carries unexamined notions of what governing is and what a state is. These notions forget the actual diversity of states and conjure up a narrow range – France, Britain, America or Sweden. Finding nothing that those notions of statehood can recognise in a particular territory – normally a whole country for a “failed” or “failing” state but these days just a part of it can earn the “ungoverned spaces” label – the temptation is to recognise only a void. I find the term “fragile states” more useful because the metaphor of fragility has a sharp truth in it that outside powers would do well to respect more than they normally do. But mis-used, it too comes to imply void, no authority, no power – a blank sheet of paper. Operating on that basis is bound to lead you astray both in understanding the problems that ordinary people who live in those insecure circumstances face and in figuring out what might be done to bring about a general improvement. It means not facing up to the realities of power in that place. The truth is not that there is no power or authority but that the way that power and authority are organised and used places ordinary people in a situation of terrifying insecurity. It has been shown time and again in countries torn apart by war and rampant instability - for example, Lebanon in the 1980s, Somalia in the 1990s, eastern Congo for much of the past 15 years, swathes of Afghanistan and Pakistan today – that there are other kinds of effective power than that which resides in the modern state. This is also true in urban settings – in the big cities, parts of which are no-go areas for the representatives of the state, or in which there are effectively parallel systems of power. Ignoring that reality means getting the analysis wrong. As International Alert‘s report on eastern Congo has demonstrated, that results in the international community promoting solutions that won’t work and add up over time to a waste of effort and resources. What are often called “ungoverned spaces” are really “spaces governed in ways and by people that other people think are the wrong ways and the wrong people.” And what used to be called “failed or failing states” are states in which power is organised in a way that, generally speaking, you and I find offensive. But it is power and they are states - and if any of us want to help do something about the abuses, we need to pay attention to that.

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Is é an stát prionsabal eagraitheach na polaitíochta náisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta agus is ábhar taighde stairiúil, teoiric acadúil agus anailíse comhaimseartha iad stáit. Is dócha go bhfuil sé rud beag aisteach a rá go bhfuil an stádas mar chatagóir agus stáit i gcoitinne ag dul a bheith ina rud a ghlacfar mar rud cinnte. Ach is é sin mar atá sé agus is fadhb é. Go mór, smaoinímid agus labhraímid amhail is dá mba rud é go bhfuil an córas stáit bunaithe le fada. Níl sé. Tosaímid leis na huimhreacha. Faoi 1900, ní raibh ach 48 stát sa chiall nua-aimseartha atá againn don téarma. Sna blianta ar gach taobh den Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, le briseadh suas na hImpireacht Ottoman agus Habsburg, bhí go leor de na stáit a dhéanamh. Mar sin féin, ní raibh ach 51 stát ag bunú na Náisiún Aontaithe (agus nóta, cé gur coinníodh an líon sin íseal trí thíortha ar an taobh caillte sa Dara Cogadh Domhanda a eisiamh, cuireadh borradh air trí roinnt a bhí ina poblachtaí den USSR a áireamh agus dá bhrí sin ní stáit cheart iad ar chor ar bith). Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá 193 stát ag comhlíonadh na Náisiún Aontaithe, agus is é an tSúdáin Theas an ceann is nuaí i mí Iúil 2011. Tharla na tonnta móra de dhéantús stáit le díchoilíneacht ó dara leath na 1940idí go dtí na 1970idí agus, ar scála níos lú, le deireadh an Chogaidh Fuar agus le briseadh suas an USSR agus ansin Iúgslaivis sa chéad leath de na 1990idí. Cé go bhfuil an t-athrú ar an stát ag dul go mall, níl aon chúis ann a cheapann go bhfuil sé fós ag stopadh go hiomlán. D'fhéadfadh fiú ceann de na stáit is sine ar domhan i todhchaí nach bhfuil i bhfad i gcéin cuid de chríoch agus de shaoránaigh a chailleadh agus ligean do Albain neamhspleách a bheith rugadh. Má ní rud eile, léiríonn na figiúirí seo go bhfuil an t-uachtaránas agus an státúlacht ina n-earraí an-áisiúla inár ré sa mhargadh domhanda cumhachta agus polaitíochta. Ó thaobh na staire de, is é an neart atá ag fás ag eagraíochtaí, dlíthe agus naisc idirnáisiúnta de gach cineál gan amhras agus suntasach. Ach tá an méid sin curtha in oiriúint ag an bhfás i líon na ngníomhaithe laistigh de na hinstitiúidí sin. Má leanann an smaoineamh go bhfuil an domhan ag dul i dtreo aonaid uachtaránacha níos mó agus níos mó a chuimsíonn - seachadadh forleathan ar uachtaránacht suas, mar sin a labhairt - tugann na figiúirí conclúid dhifriúil. Ach an bhfíric go bhfuil an cruth an chórais stáit inniu chomh nua-aimseartha sin cuireann sé seo le dara conclúid, ag dul i dtreo beagnach os coinne. Is cinnte go gcuireann na huimhreacha i gcuimhne dúinn go bhfuil treocht i dtreo na n-uaireanta neamh-réalta ach d'fhéadfadh siad a mholadh freisin nach bhfuil an córas socraithe ar aon bhealach agus go bhfuil sé faoi réir athraithe. Chun é seo a chur i bpeirspictíocht, nuair a rugadh mo sheantuismitheoirí thart ar 120-125 bliain ó shin, bhí níos lú ná 50 stát ar domhan. Tá an líon tar éis a bheith ceithre uachtar in ceithre ghlúin. Agus don chéad trí nó ceithre ghlúin eile? Ceithre huaire chomh mór nó ceithre huaire chomh beag nó cá bhfuil siad idir? Cuireann úrnuacht agus athrú féideartha an chórais stáit conclúid eile ar bun, a thagann chun cinn mar an dá cheann tosaigh díreach as breathnú ar na huimhreacha simplí: tá an córas lán éagsúlachta. Tá cineálacha éagsúla ann, agus difríochtaí laistigh de gach cineál, ag freagairt do difríochtaí i gcultúr, i stair agus i bhforbairt. Is ceisteanna simplí iad seo le cur agus conclúidí simplí le tarraingt - fiú amháin do dhaoine simplithe, aontaím, ach tá siad tábhachtach go léir. D'fhéadfadh dearmad a dhéanamh orthu a thabhairt duit go dona ar an mbealach mícheart. An cuspóir atá ag na stáit Mar sin, ceist shimplí eile: cén fáth an stát? Pléigh. I dtéarmaí saor ó luachanna, is é cuspóir stáit an chumhacht a eagrú. Eagraíonn an stát nua-aimseartha cumhacht le méid níos mó réamhtheachtachta agus marthanachta, de ghnáth bunaithe ar dhlí, ná cineálacha roimhe sin. Ní athraíonn críoch úinéirí (nó fiú stáit iomlána ag teacht agus ag dul) mar gheall ar phósadh anseo nó ar chomhghuaillíocht ansin. Fiú amháin an sean-chleachtas chun críoch a ghearradh trí chogadh, tá sé imithe i neamhúsáid agus tá sé tamall ó bhí comhdháil mhór idirnáisiúnta ag gearradh amach píosaí talún a rialú ag na buaiteoirí i gcogadh le déanaí agus a gcomhghuaillithe. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh stáit lá atá inniu ann lag nó láidir trí bhearta éagsúla, d'fhéadfadh a dteorainneacha a bheith te nó porous, a gcuid airgeadais láidir nó creagach agus a gcuid rialtais ag teacht agus ag dul ach maireann siad agus soláthraíonn siad an creat eagraithe cumhachta sa chríoch sin. Is cosúil liomsa go bhfuil sé sin ina fhíric. Is é an rud a fhanann le díospóireacht ná conas a eagraíonn stáit aonair an chumhacht, chun na gcríoch agus chun tairbhe cé. an cuspóir a bheith caillte Sa phost seo ba mhaith liom é seo a iniúchadh trí dul chuig na cásanna iomarcacha; i gceann amach anseo, féachfaidh mé ar chásanna níos caighdeánaí. Toisc go nglactar leis an gcóras stáit mar rud ar leith agus go bhfágtar é gan scrúdú, tagann smaointe aisteach agus paradoxical faoi pholaitíocht isteach inár ndíospóireacht. Ceann de na smaointe sin ná an smaoineamh ar "spáis neamhrialtáilte", a tháinig chun cinn ó chiorcail bheaga saineolaithe straitéiseacha chun dul isteach i bhfocalraic phríomhshrutha polaitiúil. Úsáidtear é go minic chun cur isteach na Fraince i Maile a údarú agus, is dóichí go leor, go gcloisfimid níos mó de i ndáil le hAfganastáin tar éis na fórsaí eachtracha a tharraingt siar in 2014 agus is dócha go mbeidh sí sa tSiria freisin. Is téarma é a chruthaíonn fadhbanna ar a laghad chomh mór agus a réitíonn sé. Tugann sé le fios go bhfuil ceist fíor ann ach go ndéanann sé mí-mhíniú air. Léiríonn alt ag Yvan Guichaoua go úsáideach é i gcomhthéacs idirghabhála Mhalí, ag taispeáint conas a bhfuil a bhun-amhras go bhfuil "terrorists have established their stronghold in a political vacuum" implicitly exonerates from blame those who had authority and responsibility. Is é an loighic a leanann ón bharúil seo ná gurb é an bealach chun an ghéarchéim a réiteach ná "an riarachán dlisteanach" a thógáil, rud a chiallaíonn, a mhaíonn Guichaoua, ag brath ar na bróicéirí cumhachta agus na húdaráis i Bamako a bhfuil freagracht mhór orthu as an mbaol atá ag an tír. Cosúil leis an gcoincheap a bhaineann go dlúth le stáit theipthe ar ais sna 1990idí, a d'fhorbair ina dhiaidh sin go dtí na stáit theipthe níos nuanced ach chomh neamhchabhrach, a cuireadh an téarma stáit bhriste níos nuanced agus go leor cabhrach in ionad, tá coincheap spáis neamhrialtáilte ag tabhairt tuairimí neamh-scrúdaithe ar cad é an rialachas agus cad é an stát. Tá na coincheapa seo ag dearmad ar an éagsúlacht iarbhír atá ag na stáit agus cuireann siad raon caol ar bun an Fhrainc, an Bhreatain, Meiriceá nó an tSualainn. Gan rud ar bith a fháil ar féidir leis na coincheapa sin de stáit a aithint i gcríoch áirithe - de ghnáth tír iomlán do stát "fhéillithe" nó "fhásúil" ach na laethanta seo ní féidir ach cuid de a thuilleamh an lipéad "spáis neamhrialtáilte" - is é an temptation ná gan ach falamh a aithint. Is dóigh liom go bhfuil an téarma "stáit bhuartha" níos úsáideacha toisc go bhfuil fírinne géar sa mheitear de bhrúchasacht go mbeadh sé go maith ag cumhachtaí lasmuigh níos mó a urramú ná mar a dhéanann siad de ghnáth. Ach má úsáidtear é mícheart, tagann sé freisin chun ciall a thabhairt do neamhbhailí, gan údarás, gan chumhacht bileog bán páipéir. Má oibríonn tú ar an mbonn sin, is cinnte go gcuirfidh sé tú ar an mbóthar mícheart maidir le tuiscint a fháil ar na fadhbanna a bhíonn ag daoine coitianta a bhfuil cónaí orthu sna cúinsí neamhshláintiúla sin agus maidir le tuiscint a fháil ar an méid a d'fhéadfaí a dhéanamh chun feabhas ginearálta a chur ar fáil. Ciallaíonn sé gan aghaidh a thabhairt ar réaltachtaí na cumhachta sa áit sin. Ní hé an fhírinne nach bhfuil aon chumhacht nó údarás ann ach go gcuireann an bealach a eagraítear agus a úsáidtear cumhacht agus údarás daoine coitianta i staid neamhshlándála uafásach. Tá sé léirithe arís agus arís eile i dtíortha a scriosadh le cogadh agus éagobhsaíocht thromchúiseach - mar shampla, an Liobáin sna 1980idí, an tSomáil sna 1990idí, oirthear an Chongó le cuid mhór de na 15 bliana anuas, snáitheanna d'Afganastáin agus na hAlban inniu - go bhfuil cineálacha eile cumhachta éifeachtach ann seachas an ceann a chónaíonn sa stát nua-aimseartha. Tá sé seo fíor freisin i suíomhanna uirbeacha sna cathracha móra, ina bhfuil cuid acu ina limistéir neamh-imeartha do na hionadaithe an stáit, nó ina bhfuil córais chumhachta comhthreomhar go héifeachtach. Is é an fhírinne sin a neamhaird ná an anailís a dhéanamh mícheart. Mar a léirigh tuarascáil Alert Idirnáisiúnta ar oirthear na Cóngó, bíonn sé sin mar thoradh ar an bpobal idirnáisiúnta réitigh a chur chun cinn nach n-oibreoidh agus a chuireann le himeacht ama iarracht agus acmhainní a chaitheamh. Is iad na rudaí a dtugtar go minic "spáis neamhrialtáilte" i ndáiríre "spáis a rialaítear ar bhealaí agus ag daoine a cheapann daoine eile gur na bealaí mícheart iad agus na daoine mícheart iad". Agus is iad na stáit a bhí ar a dtugtar "stáit theipthe" nó "stáit theipthe" ná stáit ina bhfuil an chumhacht eagraithe ar bhealach a, go ginearálta, is ionsaitheach dúinn féin agus duit. Ach is cumhacht é agus is stáit iad - agus más mian le duine ar bith againn cuidiú le rud éigin a dhéanamh faoi na mí-úsáidí, ní mór dúinn aird a thabhairt air sin.

New Defender's Study Bible Notes 10:25 Peleg. Peleg means “division,” and he was apparently given the name by Eber because of the great event that took place just before his birth. He may also have given his name to the Pelasgians. 10:25 the earth divided. The “division” that took place was, most likely, the traumatic upheaval at Babel. A division in Genesis 10:5,32, is mentioned, where the division is “after his tongue.” Nimrod was in the same generation as Eber, and this is the only place in the Table of Nations where the meaning of a son’s name is given, indicating the importance of the event it commemorated. However, it is true that two different words are used (Pelag in Genesis 10:25, parad in Genesis 10:5,32). Although the two words are essentially synonymous, this might indicate a different type of division. Many Bible teachers have suggested, therefore, that Genesis 10:25 might refer to a splitting of the single post-Flood continent into the present continents of the world. They associated the modern scientific model of sea-floor spreading and continental drifting with this verse. It should be remembered, however, that the continental drift hypothesis has by no means been proved; and the verse seems to refer more directly to the division into families, countries and languages. Furthermore, even if the continents have separated from a single primeval continent, such a split more likely would have occurred in connection with the continental uplifts terminating the global deluge (Psalm 104:6-9).

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Nótaí Saothair Béarla an Chosaintéir Nua 10:25 Peleg. Ciallaíonn Peleg eagrú, agus is cosúil gur thug Eber an t-ainm air mar gheall ar an ócáid mhór a tharla díreach roimh a bhreith. D'fhéadfadh sé a ainm a thabhairt do na Pelasgians freisin. 10:25 an talamh roinnte. Is dócha gurbh é an 'deighilt' a tharla ná an t-athrú traumatic ag Babel. Tugtar lua ar an dáileadh i Genesis 10:5,32, áit a bhfuil an dáileadh tar éis a theanga. Bhí Nimrod sa ghlúin chéanna le Eber, agus is é seo an t-aon áit sa Tábla Náisiún ina dtugtar brí ainm mac, ag léiriú tábhacht na himeachta a comóradh. Mar sin féin, is fíor go n-úsáidtear dhá fhocal dhifriúil (Pelag i Genesis 10:25, parad i Genesis 10:5, 32). Cé go bhfuil an dá fhocal comhchiallach go bunúsach, d'fhéadfadh sé seo a léiriú cineál difriúil deighilte. Mar sin, tá a lán múinteoirí Bíobla ag moladh go bhféadfadh Genesis 10:25 tagairt a dhéanamh do roinnt an mhór-roinn amháin tar éis an Tuilte ina mhór-roinn reatha ar domhan. Chuir siad an tsamhail eolaíoch nua-aimseartha maidir le scaipeadh an bhoinn farraige agus le díriú mór-roinn i gcomhar leis an véarsa seo. Ba chóir a mheabhrú, áfach, nach ndearnadh an hipitéis um thréimhse mór-roinn a chruthú ar chor ar bith; agus is cosúil go dtagraíonn an véarsa níos díreach don roinn i dteaghlaigh, i dtíortha agus i dteangacha. Ina theannta sin, fiú má tá na mór-roinn scaradh ó mhór-roinn amháin primordial, bheadh an scoilt sin níos dóchúla tar éis tarlú i ndáil leis na uplifts mór-roinne ag críochnú an tuile domhanda (Salm 104:6-9).

Hello everyone, welcome to my blog! In this blog I hope to share with you some of the ideas which I have, and also hope to hear from you about yourself. Let us all enjoy our interactions together as we go through our Communications Module 150 in DigiPen Institute of Singapore. Hi guys, I am Wee Zhen Yang. Today I am going to touch on the topic communication. What is Communication? Communication is a basic form of relating with others and expressing one’s views and opinions. In the interpersonal domain, effective communications must consist of carefully spoken words and one must be very conscious of one’s own nonverbal gestures, eye contact, facial expressions and body language. My Strengths in Communication One of my strengths in communication is being able to read between the lines of what people say when they are talking to each other. I can sense emotions hidden within their words, be it negative or positive. Knowing this, I would try to empathetically convey what I feel to them so as not to offend them or cause any conflict between myself and others. I also have good presentation skills. For example, I always establish eye contact when presenting to an audiences to show my interest in them, using an enthusiastic voice to liven the mood. I also prompt the audience with thought provoking questions which makes them think of different alternatives and scenarios which could happen. The application of this strategy of audience-centred communication where a presenter activates prior schemata by engaging audiences to provide answers on what they already know. Audiences who feel valued for their past experiences will pay more attention to what is being My Weakness in Communication Despite knowing how to present effectively, I have some issues in communications which include interacting in social settings. This difficulty arises from a combination of factors. Firstly, I lack confidence in myself, where I worry over what others think of what I say and how I portray myself in social settings. These difficulties arise when I meet and interact with diverse types of people who have other ways of communicating that are different from my own. I find alpha males or dominant people intimidating. They are usually the type of people who are very single minded where they only accept their way of doing things. For example, during one of my lectures, I was in a group with two dominant guys. When I was confused and asked certain questions or raised an idea, it was not looked at favourably nor was the question replied to at all. There was always a power struggle as it was usually the popular people who were more dominant where their views are accepted while the view of others are brushed aside. Worse, some use the ideas which were thought of by other people, but some people claim it for themselves, which is demeaning. Domineering people tend to put other people down to feel and appear superior. Hence, I have difficulty accepting them. My Goals for the Module What I hope to take away from Communications and Interpersonal Work Communications is how to handle difficult situations better. Examples of such situations include group work with members who are stubborn and refuse to listen to others, or people with a huge ego who think they know everything. I would like to handle difficult people and not let them affect me emotionally as some of their behaviour might be very draining for me on a day-to-day basis. This allows me to sustain a healthy relationship when there are group projects to do together.

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Dia duit go léir, fáilte roimh mo bhlag! Sa bhlag seo tá súil agam roinnt de na smaointe atá agam a roinnt leat, agus tá súil agam freisin go gcloisfidh tú uait féin. Lig dúinn go léir taitneamh a bhaint as ár n-idirghníomhaíochtaí le chéile agus muid ag dul tríd ár Modúl Cumarsáide 150 in Institiúid DigiPen na Singeapóire. Hi guys, tá mé Wee Zhen Yang. Inniu beidh mé ag dul a chur i dteagmháil leis an ábhar cumarsáide. Cad é Cumarsáid? Is foirm bhunúsach é cumarsáide chun caidreamh a dhéanamh le daoine eile agus chun tuairimí agus tuairimí a chur in iúl. I réimse idirphearsanta, ní mór cumarsáid éifeachtach a bheith ann de na focail a labhraítear go cúramach agus ní mór do dhuine a bheith an-chomhfhiosach faoina ghnéithe neamhbhriathracha féin, teagmháil súl, focail aghaidh agus teanga choirp. Mo Múnlaí i gCumarsáid Ceann de na tréithe láidre atá agam i dteagmháil ná go bhfuil mé in ann léamh idir na línte a deir daoine nuair a bhíonn siad ag caint lena chéile. Is féidir liom mothúcháin a bhraitheann i bhfolach ina gcuid focal, bíodh siad diúltach nó dearfach. Agus é sin á fhios agam, déanaim iarracht mo bhrionglóid a chur in iúl dóibh go comhfhiosach ionas nach gcuirfidh mé isteach orthu ná go gcuirfidh mé aon choimhlint idir mé féin agus daoine eile. Tá scileanna cur i láthair maith agam freisin. Mar shampla, déanaim teagmháil súl i gcónaí nuair a bhíonn mé ag cur i láthair do lucht féachana chun a thaispeáint go bhfuil suim agam iontu, ag úsáid guth díograiseach chun an giúmar a spreagadh. Iarraim freisin ar an lucht féachana le ceisteanna spreagúla a chuireann smaointe éagsúla ar intinn acu roghanna agus cásanna a d'fhéadfadh tarlú. An straitéis seo a chur i bhfeidhm an cumarsáid atá dírithe ar an lucht féachana ina gcuireann an t-aisteoir scéimeanna roimhe seo i ngníomh trí a chur i dteagmháil le lucht féachana chun freagraí a thabhairt ar a bhfuil a fhios acu cheana féin. Daoine a go mbraitheann siad luachmhar as a dtaithí roimhe seo beidh aird níos mó a thabhairt ar an méid atá á dhéanamh Mo Laigse i gCumarsáid In ainneoin go bhfuil a fhios agam conas a chur i láthair go héifeachtach, tá roinnt fadhbanna agam i gcumarsáid a chuimsíonn idirghníomhú i suíomhanna sóisialta. Tá cúis le teaglaim fachtóirí leis an deacracht seo. Ar dtús, níl muinín agam i mo chuid féin, áit a bhfuil imní orm faoi na rudaí a cheapann daoine eile de na rudaí a deirim agus conas a léiríonn mé mé féin i suíomhanna sóisialta. Tosaíonn na deacrachtaí seo nuair a bhuail mé agus a idirghníomhaím le cineálacha éagsúla daoine a bhfuil bealaí cumarsáide eile acu atá difriúil ón gceann féin. Fuaimeann mé fir alfa nó daoine ceannasacha a chuireann eagla orthu. Is gnách gurb iad na daoine seo an cineál daoine a bhfuil a n-intinn an-aon áit nach nglacann siad ach lena mbealach chun rudaí a dhéanamh. Mar shampla, le linn mo chuid léachta, bhí mé i ngrúpa le beirt bhuachaillí ceannasacha. Nuair a bhí mé mearbhall agus a d'iarr mé ceisteanna áirithe nó a d'ardaigh smaoineamh, ní raibh sé ag breathnú go fabhrach ná ní raibh an cheist a fhreagairt ar chor ar bith. Bhí streachailt chumhachta ann i gcónaí mar is gnách gurbh iad na daoine tóir a bhí níos mó ceannasacha nuair a ghlacfar lena gcuid tuairimí agus go ndéantar tuairimí daoine eile a scriosadh. Níos measa fós, úsáideann cuid acu na smaointe a cheap daoine eile, ach éilíonn daoine eile iad dóibh féin, rud atá íoslaghdaitheach. Is gnách go gcuireann daoine atá ag iarraidh a bheith i gceannas ar dhaoine eile síos chun a bheith níos fearr ná iad féin agus chun iad a chur i láthair. Dá bhrí sin, tá deacracht agam glacadh leo. Mo Spriocanna don Módúl Is é an rud a bhfuil súil agam a ghlacadh ar shiúl ó Cumarsáid agus Cumarsáid Idirphearsanta Oibre ná conas déileáil le cásanna deacra níos fearr. I measc samplaí de chásanna den sórt sin tá obair ghrúpa le baill atá stuama agus a dhiúltaíonn éisteacht le daoine eile, nó daoine a bhfuil ego ollmhór acu a cheapann go bhfuil a fhios acu gach rud. Ba mhaith liom daoine deacra a láimhseáil agus gan ligean dóibh tionchar a imirt orm go mothúchánach mar d'fhéadfadh cuid dá n-iompar a bheith an-dhlúth dom ar bhonn laethúil. Ligeann sé seo dom caidreamh sláintiúil a chothabháil nuair a bhíonn tionscadail ghrúpa le déanamh le chéile.

Picture yourself in an operating room. The patient is lying on the table while a machine breathes for them, making a steady, rhythmic beep. The room is full of nurses and doctors clad in scrubs. The head surgeon turns to you and barks “Scalpel!” You entered the room earlier to prepare all of the necessary equipment. You know your tray is full of ordered, sterile tools, and you know exactly which scalpel the surgeon needs. You pick up the scalpel, hand it to the surgeon, and the surgery begins. If that sounds exciting to you, consider training as a surgical technologist. You can complete your training in several months or take two years to earn an associate’s degree, depending on the program you enter. After you are trained in surgical technology, you can a growing field that allows you to be a valued member of surgical teams responsible for saving patients’ lives. You will be able to make a difference in your community while providing for your family. Most programs require only a high school degree to start training. You will learn anatomy, medical terminology, and biology. Surgical technology classes offer clinical training to ensure you are ready to start working the first day you start a new job. You will be fully trained in sterilization and preventing infections. Although certification is not required, you can become certified after passing an exam or working in the field for a year. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the need for surgical technologists is expected to grow 19 percent by 2020 in response to the aging population. Although most technologists work in hospitals, some also work at outpatient surgery centers, doctors’ offices, or dentists’ offices. Work schedules vary, with some positions requiring nights, time on call, or long shifts. Surgical technology requires a strong stomach and the ability to handle blood, bodily fluids, and gore. Working in surgical technology gives you the opportunity to learn about the human body and the human psyche. You may be responsible for interviewing patients before surgery or giving post-surgery instructions. You will participate in a variety of surgeries and work with nurses and doctors on a regular basis. Surgical technology is an excellent stepping stone to advanced medical positions or a good career for compassionate individuals looking for excitement. If you can handle the gore, the training, and the long hours, you can enjoy working in surgical technology.

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Samhlaigh go bhfuil tú i seomra oibriúcháin. Tá an t-othar ina luí ar an mbord agus an meaisín ag anailís dó, ag déanamh píopa seasta, rithimiciúil. Tá an seomra lán le altraí agus dochtúirí atá cothraithe i scrubs. Téann an príomh-churaclóir chugat agus labhraíonn sé Scalpel! Chuaigh tú isteach sa seomra níos luaithe chun an trealamh riachtanach go léir a ullmhú. Tá a fhios agat go bhfuil do thrá lán de uirlisí ordú, steiriliúla, agus tá a fhios agat go díreach cén scalpel a theastaíonn ón máinliachtóir. Tógann tú an scalpel, cuireann tú ar an máinliachtóir é, agus tosaíonn an máinliacht. Má tá sé sin spreagúil duit, smaoinigh ar oiliúint mar theicneolaí máinliachta. Is féidir leat do thráthnóna a chríochnú i roinnt míonna nó dhá bhliain a thógáil chun céim chomhlachú a thuilleamh, ag brath ar an gclár a théann tú isteach ann. Tar éis duit a bheith oilte i dteicneolaíocht máinliachta, is féidir leat réimse atá ag fás a ligeann duit a bheith ina bhall luachmhar de fhoirne máinliachta atá freagrach as saol othair a shábháil. Beidh tú in ann athrú a dhéanamh i do phobal agus tú ag soláthar do theaghlaigh. Ní gá ach céim ardscoile a bheith ag an gcuid is mó de na cláir chun tús a chur le hoiliúint. Foghlaimfidh tú anatamaíocht, téarmaíocht leighis, agus bith-eolaíocht. Soláthraíonn ranganna teicneolaíochta máinliachta oiliúint chliniciúil chun a chinntiú go bhfuil tú réidh le tosú ag obair an chéad lá a thosaíonn tú ag obair. Beidh tú a bheith go hiomlán oiliúnaithe i sterilization agus ionfhabhtuithe a chosc. Cé nach gá deimhniú a fháil, is féidir leat deimhniú a fháil tar éis duit scrúdú a dhéanamh nó bliain a bheith ag obair sa réimse. De réir an Bhille um Staitisticí Oibre, táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh méadú 19 faoin gcéad ar an ngá le teicneolaithe máinliachta faoi 2020 mar fhreagra ar an daonra atá ag dul in aois. Cé go n-oibríonn an chuid is mó de na teicneolaithe in ospidéil, oibríonn cuid acu freisin i lárionaid máinliachta ospidéil, in oifigí dochtúirí nó in oifigí fiaclóirí. Tá sceidil oibre éagsúil, agus éilíonn roinnt poist oíche, am ar ghlaoch, nó siúlóidí fada. Éilíonn teicneolaíocht máinliachta stamag láidir agus an cumas a bheith ag déileáil le fuil, le leachtacha coirp, agus le gor. Ag obair i dteicneolaíocht máinliachta tugann sé deis duit foghlaim faoi chorp an duine agus an psyche daonna. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sé de fhreagracht ort agallamh a dhéanamh le hothair roimh an máinliacht nó treoracha a thabhairt i ndiaidh an máinliachta. Beidh tú rannpháirteach i gcúrsaí máinliachta éagsúla agus oibreoidh tú go rialta le hoibrithe altraí agus le dochtúirí. Is céim iontach í teicneolaíocht na máinliachta chun poist ardleighis nó gairme maith a fháil do dhaoine atá comhfhiosach agus atá ag lorg spraoi. Má fhéadann tú an gore, an oiliúint, agus na huaireanta fada a láimhseáil, is féidir leat taitneamh a bhaint as obair sa teicneolaíocht máinliachta.

Colorado has a rich history when it comes to latino politics. From the early days of the Chicano Movement, to the election of America’s first latina senator, latinos have had a large impact on the political landscape of Colorado. In this article, we will explore the history of latino politics in Colorado, and discuss some of the most important issues affecting this community today. The Chicano Movement of the 1960s and 70s was a major political movement among latino communities in Colorado. It was created to fight for civil rights and equal opportunity for all Chicanos, or Mexican-Americans. The movement helped elect the first latino congressman from Colorado, and it has continued to shape the political landscape of the state ever since. Today, latinos make up nearly 20% of Colorado’s population and are an important voting bloc in statewide elections. In 2018, Jared Polis became the first openly gay governor in United States history, thanks in part to strong support from latino voters throughout the state. Other important races have also had a large impact on Latino politics in Colorado. For instance, U.S. Senator Michael Bennet, who was elected in 2009, received a majority of his votes from Latino voters. The Chicano Movement also helped create awareness about issues facing the latino community and has had an impact on public policy. Groups like Voces Unidas have been instrumental in fighting for reforms such as increased funding for bilingual education programs and improved access to healthcare services. The movement has also inspired local activism on a variety of social justice issues, including immigration reform and workers’ rights. In addition to its political implications, the Chicano Movement has left a lasting cultural legacy that continues to shape Colorado’s vibrant latino culture today. From celebrating Dia de los Muertos to preserving traditional music and dance styles, Colorado’s latino community remains deeply connected to its Mexican-American roots. The Chicano Movement has also had a major influence on the arts, with many local artists drawing inspiration from the struggle for equality and justice. Today, Colorado is home to numerous organizations dedicated to preserving traditional Hispanic culture and art forms, including galleries, museums, and performance venues that celebrate the unique heritage of Chicanos in Colorado. Colorado’s Latino community is rich and vibrant, with a deep history steeped in Mexican-American culture. From the Chicano Movement to contemporary art galleries and museums, the state has much to offer in terms of traditional Hispanic culture. No matter where one goes in Colorado, it is clear that there are many ways for individuals to celebrate their heritage and maintain strong connections to their roots. With its long-standing commitment to preserving its cultural identity, Colorado remains an excellent destination for those looking to explore the rich cultural traditions of Latin America. Latino Politics Colorado.

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Tá stair shaibhir ag Colorado maidir le polaitíocht Laidineach. Ó thús na laethanta de na Chicano Gluaiseacht, chun an toghchán na Meiriceá chéad Latina Seanadóir, Latinos bhí tionchar mór ar an tírdhreach polaitiúil de Colorado. San alt seo, déanfaimid iniúchadh ar stair na polaitíochta Laidineach i Colorado, agus plé a dhéanamh ar roinnt de na saincheisteanna is tábhachtaí a théann i bhfeidhm ar an bpobal seo inniu. Ba ghluaiseacht mhór polaitiúil i measc phobail Laidineacha i Colorado é Gluaiseacht Chicano na 1960idí agus na 70idí. Cruthaíodh é chun troid ar son chearta sibhialta agus cothrom deiseanna do gach Chicanos, nó Meicsiceo-Mheiriceánaigh. Chabhraigh an gluaiseacht leis an gcéad chomhalta comhdhála Laidineach a thoghadh ó Colorado, agus lean sé ag cruthú tírdhreach polaitiúil an stáit ó shin i leith. Sa lá atá inniu ann, is ionann Latinos agus beagnach 20% de dhaonra Colorado agus is bloc vótála tábhachtach iad i dtoghcháin ar fud an stáit. In 2018, ba é Jared Polis an chéad gobharnóir a bhí a leithéid de dhaoine a bhí a leithéid de dhaoine a leithéid de dhaoine a leithéid de dhaoine a leithéid de dhaoine a leithéid de dhaoine a leithéid de dhaoine a leithéid de dhaoine a leithéid de dhaoine a leithéid de dhaoine. Bhí tionchar mór ag rásaí tábhachtacha eile ar pholaitíocht Laidineach i Colorado freisin. Mar shampla, U.S. Fuair an Seanadóir Michael Bennet, a toghadh in 2009, tromlach a vótaí ó vótálaithe Laidineach. Chabhraigh Gluaiseacht Chicano freisin le feasacht a chruthú faoi shaincheisteanna a raibh aghaidh ag an bpobal Laidineach orthu agus bhí tionchar aige ar bheartas poiblí. Bhí grúpaí cosúil le Voces Unidas ina n-aimsire chun athchóirithe a dhéanamh, mar shampla maoiniú méadaithe do chláir oideachais dhátheangacha agus rochtain níos fearr ar sheirbhísí cúraim sláinte. Chuir an gluaiseacht spreagadh ar ghníomhaíocht áitiúil maidir le saincheisteanna éagsúla ceartais shóisialta, lena n-áirítear athchóiriú inimirce agus cearta oibrithe. Chomh maith lena impleachtaí polaitiúla, d'fhág Gluaiseacht Chicano oidhreacht chultúrtha buan a leanann de chultúr laethúil bheogach Laidineach Colorado a mhúnlú inniu. Ó cheiliúradh Dia de los Muertos go stíleanna ceoil agus damhsa traidisiúnta a chaomhnú, tá pobal Laidineach Colorado ceangailte go domhain lena fréamhacha Mheicsiceo-Mheiriceánach. Bhí tionchar mór ag an Ghluaiseacht Chicano ar na healaíona freisin, agus d'éirigh le go leor ealaíontóirí áitiúla a bheith spreagtha ag an streachailt ar son comhionannais agus ceartais. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá Colorado ina bhaile d'eagraíochtaí iomadúla atá tiomanta do chúrsaí cultúir agus ealaín traidisiúnta Hispanic a chaomhnú, lena n-áirítear gailearaí, músaeim, agus áiteanna feidhmíochta a cheiliúrann oidhreacht uathúil Chicanos i Colorado. Tá pobal Laidineach Colorado saibhir agus beoga, le stair throm i gcultúr Mheicsiceo-Mheiriceánach. Óna Ghluaiseacht Chicano go gailearaí ealaíne comhaimseartha agus músaeim, tá go leor le tairiscint ag an stát i dtéarmaí cultúr traidisiúnta Hispanic. Is cuma cá dtéann duine i Colorado, is léir go bhfuil go leor bealaí ann do dhaoine aonair a n-oidhreacht a cheiliúradh agus naisc láidir lena gcuid fréamhacha a chothabháil. Le tiomantas fada a bheith aige chun a shainaithint chultúrtha a chaomhnú, tá Colorado fós ina cheann scríbe den scoth dóibh siúd atá ag iarraidh traidisiúin shaibhre chultúrtha Mheiriceá Laidineach a iniúchadh. Polaitíocht Laidineach Colorado.

The appearance of vivid bluebell carpets in British woodlands is a sure and spectacular sign of spring. Bluebells – Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm – are Britain’s favourite wildflower and particularly fine carpets attract visitors to well-known sites such as Kew Gardens in London and Coed Cefn in Powys, Wales. Bluebells also form carpets without a wooded canopy – for example, on Skomer Island in Wales – and point to the locations of ancient forests, long after the trees themselves have vanished. This is because, unlike trees, bluebells have most of their biomass and reproductive organs (the bulb) below ground where they are better protected. They certainly are worth treasuring. It is estimated that Britain is home to half the world’s population of bluebells. But they are now threatened by the introduction of the related Spanish bluebell, (Hyacinthoides hispanica), leading to hybridisation and loss of habitat. Once removed, it takes decades to establish a population of bluebells large enough to create the characteristic carpets. They are beautiful flowers, but have you ever wondered how bluebells pull off an even more impressive feat: being in their flowering prime when other plants have only just started to grow? Here are seven of their cleverest tricks. 1) The cold triggers growth: While most plants require a number of hours above a certain temperature before they start growing again, bluebells are dormant during the heat of the summer. Instead, their seeds are triggered to germinate when the temperature drops below 10°C, allowing them to get a vital head start and be in full bloom when spring finally arrives. 2) They dig deep: Bluebells have contractile roots, which pull the bulb deeper and deeper into the soil with every year of growth. This protects the bulb from frost, which starts from the soil surface, and temperature fluctuations, and provides better access to water in drought conditions. 3) They use fructans as reserve carbohydrates: While most plants use glucose and build starch or cellulose, bluebells predominantly convert sunlight into fructose, from which they build fructans. This adaptation allows them to photosynthesise at temperatures below 10°C. The plant’s large bulb comprises up to 70% fructans, which fuels their winter growth. Fructans also serve another purpose, minimising the formation of new cells and causing existing cells to elongate instead. This is an advantage because the plants can grow without biosynthesising all the material needed to make new cells. You can see the effects of this by looking at a bluebell’s leaves: at first, they are firm and upright, but gradually lose their rigidity as the cells elongate. 4) They spear through any obstacles: The leaves that emerge from the bulb are as close to each other as possible and shaped like a spear with a small, sharp tip. This allows them to find their way through any obstacle – both below and above ground. When the leaves start emerging in mid-winter, there tends to be a lot of dead leaf matter and other detritus lying on the forest floor. Having an arsenal of little spears is critical for punching your way through this into the sunlight. 5) They cooperate: Bluebells are known to cooperate with mycorrhiza – symbiotic fungi. The fungi obtains carbon from the bluebell in exchange for nutrients, particularly phosphorus. Both parties win, thanks to their use of a wood wide web. 6) … and compete: Phosphorus is an important resource for plants – and bluebells “know” it. As well as securing their supply of it with the help of mycorrhiza, they also restrict the supply available to other plants. They do this by storing phosphorus in the form of phytate, which can only be converted into a usable form with specialised enzymes. 7) They shape their surroundings: Bluebells engineer the soil and their environment to optimally support their own kind while making it harder for other species to grow. As well as storing phosphorus in the form of phytate, and using fructans instead of glucose-based polymers, they quite literally win the turf war by carpeting the space above ground.

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Is comhartha cinnte agus iontach é an chuma ar charrchlóirí bluebell beoga i bhforaoisí na Breataine ar an earrach. Is iad na bluebells Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard ex Rothm na bláthanna fiáine is fearr le Breataine agus tarraingíonn an-charrtaí fíneáil cuairteoirí chuig suíomhanna cáiliúla mar Kew Gardens i Londain agus Coed Cefn i Powys, an Bhreatain Bheag. Tá an t-amhrán seo ar fáil i dteach ar bith ar an suíomh seo, ach ní féidir leis an t-amhrán a chur ar fáil ar an suíomh seo. Tá sé seo toisc, murab ionann agus crainn, go bhfuil an chuid is mó dá bithmhaise agus dá n-orgáin atáirgthe (an bol) faoi thalamh ag bluebells áit a bhfuil cosaint níos fearr acu. Is cinnte gur fiú iad a cháilíocht. Meastar go bhfuil leath de phobal na bluebells ar domhan sa Bhreatain. Ach tá siad faoi bhagairt anois ag tabhairt isteach an bluebell Spáinnis gaolmhar, (Hyacinthoides hispanica), rud a fhágann go bhfuil hibridíocht agus caillteanas gnáthóga ann. Nuair a bhaintear as, tógann sé blianta fada chun daonra bluebells a bhunú atá mór go leor chun na ceilteacha tréithúla a chruthú. Is bláthanna áille iad, ach an ndearna tú smaoineamh riamh ar an gcaoi a ndéanann bluebells feachtas níos suntasaí fós: a bheith ina gcuid bláthanna is fearr nuair nach bhfuil plandaí eile ach ag tosú ag fás? Seo seacht gcinn de na cleasanna is cliste atá acu. 1) Cuireann an fuar fás chun cinn: Cé go dteastaíonn roinnt uaireanta ó na plandaí go léir a bheith os cionn teocht áirithe sula dtosaíonn siad ag fás arís, bíonn na bluebells ag codladh le linn teas an tsamhraidh. Ina áit sin, spreagtar a gcuid síolta chun géarmhíniú nuair a thiteann an teocht faoi bhun 10°C, rud a ligeann dóibh tús ríthábhachtach a fháil agus a bheith i bpríomhfhuaim nuair a thagann an earrach sa deireadh. 2) Tá siad ag cladhach go domhain: Tá fréamhacha cónaidhme ag na bluebells, a tharraingíonn an bolg níos doimhne agus níos doimhne isteach sa ithir le gach bliain fáis. Cosnaíonn sé seo an bolg ó fhriota, a thosaíonn ó dhromchla an ithir, agus ó athruithe teocht, agus soláthraíonn sé rochtain níos fearr ar uisce i ndálaí triomachta. 3) Úsáidtear fructans mar charbaihiodráití cúlchiste: Cé go n-úsáideann an chuid is mó de na plandaí glúcóis agus go ndéanann siad cnámh nó cellulóis, déanann bluebells solas na gréine a thiontú go fructose, as a ndéanann siad fructans. Ligeann an t-oiriúnú seo dóibh fótasintéis a dhéanamh ag teochtaí faoi bhun 10°C. Tá suas le 70% de fructans i bolg mór an phlanda, rud a chuireann le fás an gheimhridh. Feidhmíonn fruchtáin cuspóir eile freisin, ag laghdú foirmiú cealla nua agus ag cur le cealla atá ann cheana féin a fhadú ina ionad sin. Is buntáiste é seo toisc gur féidir leis na plandaí fás gan an t-ábhar go léir a theastaíonn chun cealla nua a dhéanamh a bithshintéisiú. Is féidir leat na héifeachtaí a fheiceáil trí fhéachaint ar duilleoga bluebell: ar dtús, tá siad daingean agus in airde, ach caillfidh siad a rigidity de réir a chéile de réir mar a bhíonn na cealla ag dul ar aghaidh. 4) Is féidir leo dul trí aon bhac: Tá na duilleoga a thagann amach as an bolg chomh gar lena chéile agus is féidir agus tá siad i bhfoirm spear le ceann beag, géar. Ligeann sé seo dóibh a mbealach a aimsiú trí aon chonstaic faoi thalamh agus os cionn talún araon. Nuair a thosaíonn na duilleoga ag teacht chun cinn i lár an gheimhridh, bíonn go leor ábhar duille marbh agus miotail eile ar an urlár foraoise. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go mbeadh arsanail de spears beag agat chun do bhealach a phuncháil tríd seo isteach i solas na gréine. 5) Comhoibríonn siad: Tá a fhios go gcomhoibríonn Bluebells le fungais siombaiceacha mycorrhiza . Faigheann na fungais carbóin ón bluebell mar mhalairt ar chothaithigh, go háirithe fosfar. Faigheann an dá pháirtí, a bhuíochas lena n-úsáid de ghréasán leathan adhmaid. 6) ... agus iomaíocht: Is acmhainn thábhachtach é fosfar do phlandaí agus tá a fhios ag bluebells é. Chomh maith lena soláthar a chinntiú le cabhair ó mycorrhiza, cuireann siad srian ar an soláthar atá ar fáil do phlandaí eile. Déantar é seo trí fhosfhor a stóráil i bhfoirm phytate, nach féidir a thiontú go foirm inúsáidte ach le heinsímí speisialaithe. 7) Déanann siad cruth ar a dtimpeallacht: Déanann na bluebells an ithir agus a dtimpeallacht a mhonarú chun tacú lena gcineál féin ar bhealach is fearr agus é a dhéanamh níos deacra do speicis eile fás. Chomh maith le fosfar a stóráil i bhfoirm phytate, agus fruchtáin a úsáid in ionad poilimeáin glúcóis-bhunaithe, bhuaigh siad go liteartha an cogadh troscáin trí charrbónna a dhéanamh ar an spás os cionn na talún.

- Development & Aid - Economy & Trade - Human Rights - Global Governance - Civil Society Saturday, December 7, 2013 - “You live there for free, don’t you?” asked a woman as she passed by the Buenaventura “corrala”, a community in a building in this southern Spanish city occupied since February by families evicted from their homes for falling behind in their mortgage payments due to unemployment. “We don’t want any handouts. We want to pay, through a social rent scheme,” replied 42-year-old Yuli Fajardo, who was living in a tent before she found shelter along with some 40 other people in one of the 13 spacious apartments in this four-storey block of flats in the central Malaga neighbourhood of La Trinidad. Occupations by homeless families of vacant buildings owned by banks or real estate agencies have multiplied throughout Spain since the economic and financial crisis broke out in 2007. But as a collective phenomenon, the new wave of squats started in the nearby city of Seville with Corrala Utopía, a block of 36 apartments belonging to a bank that has been occupied since May 2012 by around a hundred people, 40 of them children, Juanjo García of the 15-M (the May 15 “indignados” – Spain’s Occupy movement) housing committee in Seville province told IPS. They call themselves “corralas” to indicate that they are community and neighbourhood associations, similar to the concept of the typical buildings of that name with common courtyards and services that proliferated in working class neighbourhoods in Madrid and other Spanish cities in the 16th to 19th centuries. The new squatter communities receive support and advice from social movements like 15-M, the Platform for Mortgage Victims (PAH) and Stop Desahucios (Stop Evictions). The National Institute of Statistics (INE) reports that there are some 3.5 million vacant housing units in this country of 47 million people – nearly 14 percent of the housing stock – mainly in the hands of banks. There were a total of 363,000 evictions because of mortgage arrears and foreclosures between 2008 and 2012, according to a report published in January by PAH. Yanira, 20, and her 18-year-old boyfriend José were renting a house until they lost their jobs and took refuge in Buenaventura, one of the four corralas in Málaga. Montse, who has an 11-year-old daughter, also lost her job and could not afford to pay for housing. Macarena, the most recent addition to the community, lives on the ground floor with her two small children, after her “alcoholic father threw us out on the street.” “Do you think any of us would be here if we had an alternative?” asked Fajardo, who regrets the unsuccessful attempts to negotiate social rents with the bank that owns the building, and says that according to a Málaga court ruling, the corrala is due to be evicted on Oct. 3. Buenaventura has just been sold by the bank to a private investor, lawyer José Cosín told IPS. “We asked for an opportunity for marginalised, poor and socially excluded people to make a go of it. We carry our stigma like a brand on our skin, and we are judged by it,” said Fajardo, adding that “decent housing is a human right.” The root of the problem, according to García, is “the commodification of the right to housing” during the construction boom that preceded the bursting of the real estate bubble five years ago. There are now thousands of empty housing units and thousands of homeless people unable to make their mortgage payments because they were left jobless. The unemployment rate is 26.3 percent, according to INE figures for the second quarter of the year. In Seville, 10 vacant buildings have been occupied by families that are being advised by 15-M. The squatters are unemployed, work in precarious jobs such as construction, are young people with good educational levels who have left their parents’ homes, or are over 65, García said. “We are fighting for a roof over our children’s heads,” said 28-year-old Lidia Nieto, a member of the Las Luchadoras corrala in a new building in the La Goleta neighbourhood of Málaga belonging to a real estate company, which has been occupied since April by nine single mothers with their children. Nieto lives on the ground floor of the apartment block with her eight-year-old son Yeray. She has a weekend job cleaning businesses and offices. “We saw this empty building and decided to occupy it,” she told IPS while she chopped vegetables discarded by a nearby shop “because they are damaged and can’t be sold.” She used to live with one of her sisters and her parents. “We saw ourselves living on the streets with our children. Do you think if we had proper jobs we would be living here? I’ve been unemployed for two years,” she said. “Collective occupations are completely legitimate and are based on practical and ethical reasons,” said Iván Díaz of the Seville 15-M housing committee, at a conference in Málaga. Squatters in new corralas are demanding that electricity and water meters be installed, so they can pay for utilities. María, who lives next to Corrala Buenaventura, told IPS she is on good terms with the squatters. But the vendor at a nearby fruit shop said he had heard that some neighbours complained about noise at night. The Málaga city government cut off water to Buenaventura on Jul. 18. But after the families protested by camping all night outside the town hall, the authorities re-established the water supply the next day. The government of the autonomous region of Andalusía, where Málaga and Seville are located, approved a decree-law Apr. 12 on the social function of housing, establishing the need for a stock of social housing units. The regional law also provides for the temporary expropriation – for a period of three years – of the housing units of families facing imminent eviction, “in cases where there is a risk of social exclusion or a threat to the physical or mental health of persons.” This measure, appealed in July by the national government of rightwing Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy on the alleged grounds that it is unconstitutional, has benefited “only 12 families for three months,” complained García, who said it fell far short and was plagued with “flaws and defects.” The European Commission – the EU executive arm – and the European Central Bank criticised the Andalusían anti-eviction decree, arguing that it could undermine the stability of the banking sector and economic recovery in Spain, according to a Jul. 10 report.

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- Forbairt & Cabhair - Geilleagar & Trádáil - Cearta an Duine - Rialachas Domhanda - An tSochaí Sibhialta Dé Sathairn, 7 Nollaig, 2013 - 'Tá cónaí ort ann saor in aisce, nach bhfuil?' a d'fhiafraigh bean nuair a bhí sí ag dul trí Buenaventura corrala, pobal i bhfoirgneamh sa chathair ó dheas sa Spáinn seo a bhí á áitiú ó mhí Feabhra ag teaghlaigh a dífhostaíodh as a dtithe mar gheall ar a n-íocaíochtaí morgáiste a bheith i ndiaidh dóibh mar gheall ar dífhostaíocht. Níor mhaith linn aon chabhair. Ba mhaith linn íoc, trí scéim cíos sóisialta, "a fhreagair Yuli Fajardo, 42 bliain d'aois, a bhí ag maireachtáil i ndea-chabhlach sula bhfuair sí tearmann chomh maith le thart ar 40 duine eile i gceann de na 13 árasán fairsing sa bhloc árasán ceithre urlár seo i gcomharsanacht La Trinidad i lár Malaga. Tá líon na dteaghlaigh gan dídean a bhfuil foirgnimh folamh acu atá faoi úinéireacht bhainc nó gníomhaireachtaí eastáit réadaigh méadaithe ar fud na Spáinne ó thit an ghéarchéim eacnamaíoch agus airgeadais i 2007. Ach mar fheiniméan comhchoiteann, thosaigh an tonn nua squats i gcathair in aice láimhe Seville le Corrala Utopía, bloc 36 árasán a bhaineann le banc a bhfuil thart ar céad duine, 40 acu leanaí, á áitiú ó mhí na Bealtaine 2012 , Juanjo García de choiste tithíochta 15-M (gluasad Occupy 15 Bealtaine indignados na Spáinne) i gcathair Seville dúirt sé le IPS. Glaoigh siad orthu féin "corralas" chun a léiriú gur cumais phobail agus comharsanachta iad, cosúil leis an gcoincheap de na foirgnimh tipiciúla den ainm sin le cúlchríocha agus seirbhísí coiteanna a d'fhás i gcomharsanachtaí rang oibre i Maidrid agus i gcathracha Spáinneacha eile sa 16ú go 19ú haois. Faigheann na pobail nua squatter tacaíocht agus comhairle ó ghluaiseachtaí sóisialta mar 15-M, an Ardán do Dhaoine a Bhuaigh Morgáiste (PAH) agus Stop Desahucios (Stop Evictions). Tuairiscíonn an Institiúid Náisiúnta Staidrimh (INE) go bhfuil thart ar 3.5 milliún aonad tithíochta folamh sa tír seo de 47 milliún duine - beagnach 14 faoin gcéad den stoc tithíochta - go príomha i lámha na mbanc. Bhí 363,000 dífhostaithe san iomlán mar gheall ar mhalartachtaí morgáiste agus forclosures idir 2008 agus 2012, de réir tuarascála a d'fhoilsigh PAH i mí Eanáir. Bhí Yanira, 20, agus a buachaill José, 18 mbliana d'aois, ag cóiríocht teach go dtí go chaill siad a gcuid post agus go bhfuair siad tearmann i Buenaventura, ceann de na ceithre corralas i Malaga. Chaill Montse, a bhfuil iníon 11 bliana d'aois aici, a post chomh maith agus ní raibh sé in ann íoc as tithíocht. Tá Macarena, an t-aontaitheoir is déanaí sa phobal, ina cónaí ar an urlár talún lena dhá leanbh bheaga, tar éis a hathair alcólach a chur amach ar an tsráid. 'An gceapann tú go mbeadh duine ar bith againn anseo dá mbeadh rogha eile againn?' a d'fhiafraigh Fajardo, a bhraitheann trua ar na hiarrachtaí gan rath a bhí ann chun cíosanna sóisialta a chaibidlíocht leis an mbanc a bhfuil an foirgneamh aige, agus a deir go bhfuil an corrala le cur as oifig ar an 3 Deireadh Fómhair de réir breithiúnas cúirte Málaga. Tá Buenaventura díolta díreach ag an mbanc le hinfheisteoir príobháideach, dúirt an dlíodóir José Cosín le IPS. D'iarramar deis do dhaoine imeallaithe, bochta agus eisiaithe go sochaí chun dul ar aghaidh leis. "Tá an sceitimíní againn mar bhranda ar ár gcraiceann, agus déantar breithniú orainn de réir a chéile", a dúirt Fajardo, ag cur leis go bhfuil "tíochán maorga mar cheart daonna". Is é an fhréamh an fhadhb, de réir García, ná "an ceart chun tithíochta a thrádáil" le linn an bhróim tógála a chuaigh roimh bhrú na boilgeoga eastát réadaigh cúig bliana ó shin. Tá na mílte aonad tithíochta folamh ann anois agus na mílte duine gan dídean nach féidir leo a n-íocaíochtaí morgáiste a dhéanamh toisc go bhfágadh iad gan obair. Is é an ráta dífhostaíochta 26.3 faoin gcéad, de réir figiúirí INE don dara ráithe den bhliain. I Seville, tá 10 foirgneamh folamh á n-ocáid ag teaghlaigh atá á gcomhairle ag 15-M. Tá na squatters dífhostaithe, ag obair i bpoist éagórach mar thograíocht, daoine óga le leibhéil oideachais mhaith a d'fhág a dteaghlaigh tuismitheoirí, nó atá os cionn 65, a dúirt García. 'Táimid ag troid le haghaidh dí a fháil thar ceann ár bpáistí,' a dúirt Lidia Nieto, 28 bliain d'aois, ball de Las Luchadoras corrala i bhfoirgneamh nua i gcomharsanacht La Goleta i Malaga a bhaineann le cuideachta eastáit réadaigh, a bhfuil naoi máthair aonair lena gcuid leanaí ag cur isteach air ó mhí Aibreáin. Tá Nieto ina cónaí ar an urlár talún den bhloc árasán lena mac ocht mbliana d'aois Yeray. Tá post deireadh seachtaine aici ag glanadh gnólachtaí agus oifigí. "Chonaic muid an foirgneamh folamh seo agus shocraigh muid é a áitiú", a dúirt sí le IPS agus í ag croitheadh glasraí a bhí curtha amach ag siopa in aice láimhe "mar tá siad damáiste agus ní féidir iad a dhíol". Chonaic muid féin ag maireachtáil ar na sráideanna lenár leanaí. An gceapann tú dá mbeadh post ceart againn go mbeadh cónaí orainn anseo? Tá mé dífhostaithe ar feadh dhá bhliain, a dúirt sí. 'Tá áitithe comhchoiteanna dlisteanacha go hiomlán agus tá siad bunaithe ar chúiseanna praiticiúla agus eiticiúla,' a dúirt Iván Díaz ó choiste tithíochta Seville 15-M, ag comhdháil i Málaga. Tá squatters i corralas nua ag éileamh go gcuirfear méadair leictreachais agus uisce ar bun, ionas gur féidir leo íoc as fóntais. Dúirt María, a chónaíonn in aice le Corrala Buenaventura, le IPS go bhfuil sí ar dea-aimsir leis na squatters. Ach dúirt an díoltóir i siopa torthaí in aice láimhe gur chuala sé go raibh gearán ag roinnt comharsana faoi torann san oíche. Chuir rialtas cathair Málaga uisce ar Buenaventura ar an Jul. 18. Céard é? Ach tar éis na teaghlaigh agóid a dhéanamh trí champaíocht ar feadh na hoíche taobh amuigh den halla baile, athshocraigh na húdaráis an soláthar uisce an lá dar gcionn. Cheadaigh rialtas réigiún uathrialach Andalusía, áit a bhfuil Málaga agus Seville, forordú-dlí Apr. 12 maidir le feidhm shóisialta tithíochta, ag socrú an gá atá le stoc de aonaid tithíochta shóisialta. Foráiltear sa dlí réigiúnach freisin go ndéanfar aonad cónaithe teaghlaigh atá i mbaol a dhíbirt a dhíothú go sealadach ar feadh tréimhse trí bliana i gcásanna ina bhfuil baol eisiaimh shóisialta nó bagairt ar shláinte fhisiceach nó mheabhrach daoine. Tá an beart seo, a rinne rialtas náisiúnta an Phríomh-Aire Mariano Rajoy achomharc i mí Iúil ar an bhunscás gur neamhbhunreachtúil é, tar éis tairbhe a bhaint as "níl ach 12 teaghlach le trí mhí", gearán García, a dúirt go raibh sé i bhfad níos lú agus go raibh sé plódaithe le "easnamh agus lochtanna". Chuir an Coimisiún Eorpach - brainse feidhmiúcháin an AE - agus an Banc Ceannais Eorpach cáineadh ar an ordú frith-eisiúint Andalusí, ag argóint go bhféadfadh sé bonn a chur le cobhsaíocht na hearnála baincéireachta agus le téarnamh eacnamaíoch sa Spáinn, de réir tuarascáil a d'eisigh an tSeachtain na Gaeilge. 10 tuarascáil.

Liquid feeding technology All our pumps are equipped with a pneumatic motor (for power) and a ball hydraulic (driven part). The majority of our pumps are double acting pumps. - When a piston down strokes, a suction valve (big ball) is closed against the seat and the material in the chamber (V2) is displaced out of the pump by the pump displacement rod. - When the piston up-strokes, a suction valve opens and material is sucked into chamber (V2). The exhaust valve (small ball) closes and material is pulled from chamber (V1). The piston moves on the upper part through a lubricating cup (Cup Lub) to avoid overheating by ensuring continuous lubrication. because the suction foot valve has a large passage. because we can adapt the ball material. with balanced fluid delivery on up and down strokes. on the lower foot valve.

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Teicneolaíocht beathaithe le leacht Tá mótar pneumaíoch (do chumhacht) agus mótar hidrailiúil liathróid (an chuid a thiomáint) ar fáil inár bpompaí go léir. Tá formhór na bpompaí againn ina bpompaí dúbailte. - Nuair a bhuaileann pístón síos, dúntar comhla suála (leabán mór) i gcoinne an suíocháin agus déantar an t-ábhar sa seomra (V2) a bhogadh amach as an gcarraig ag an mbarra bhogála. - Nuair a thosaíonn an piston ag dul suas, osclaítear comhla suction agus cuirtear ábhar isteach sa champaill (V2). Dúntar an comhla astaithe (ballach beag) agus tarraingítear ábhar as an gcumha (V1). Tá an písteán ag gluaiseacht ar an gcuid uachtarach trí chupan lubricating (Cup Lub) chun ró-theacht a sheachaint trí shlílíochta leanúnach a chinntiú. toisc go bhfuil pas mór ag an bhalbón coise suction. toisc gur féidir linn an t-ábhar liathróid a oiriúnú. le soláthar sreabhach cothrom ar strokes suas agus síos. ar an bhalbón coise íseal.

Observation drawing can be done from objects, photographs or previous illustrations (redrawings), but the ability to move around an object by changing orientation of the subject is helpful. The subject does not necessarily need to be touched in order to explore various orientations. The viewer can move around a physical object and examine the object from various orientations, and a VR viewer also provides the ability to change orientation of virtual 3D objects. Below is a VR View of a seal humerus from Atlantic coast shoreline. Rotate the viewer by click and dragging right or left to spin around the object. Zoom in/out to view high resolution details of surface and pan around image. NOTE: If you cannot drag and spin the model zoom out as far as possible and try again. Spinning only works when not zoomed into a particular view. Why don’t you give it a try? Use the VR Viewer above and do some observation drawings of the seal humerus.

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Is féidir líníocht bhreathnaithe a dhéanamh ó rudaí, grianghraif nó léaráidí roimhe seo (athdhéanamh), ach tá an cumas bogadh timpeall ar réad trí threocht an ábhair a athrú cabhrach. Ní gá go mbeadh baint ag an ábhar le haghaidh treoshuímh éagsúla a iniúchadh. Is féidir leis an lucht féachana gluaiseacht timpeall ar réad fisiceach agus scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an réad ó threochtaí éagsúla, agus soláthraíonn lucht féachana VR an cumas freisin treo réada 3D fíorúla a athrú. Seo thíos radharc VR de humerus seal ó chósta Atlantaigh. Déan an amharcóir a rothlú trí chliceáil agus a tharraingt ar dheis nó ar chlé chun an réad a rothlú. Zoom isteach/ amach chun sonraí ard-réitigh d'fhéachtanas agus pan timpeall an íomhá a fheiceáil. TÁNTA: Mura féidir leat an tsamhail a tharraingt agus a rothlú, déanaigí zoom amach chomh fada agus is féidir agus déan iarracht arís. Ní oibríonn rothlú ach amháin nuair nach bhfuil zoomed isteach i radharc ar leith. Cén fáth nach bhfuil tú a thabhairt dó iarracht? Úsáid an Viúire VR thuas agus déan roinnt líníochtaí breathnóireachta ar an humerus seal.

|Huck and Jim sharing stories| He’s drawing criticism, though, from a number of sources. One of the main gripes is that this edit removes an important aspect of the text’s historical context, specifically America’s spotty past, and precludes an important teaching moment about racism and slavery in this country. As University of Virginia professor Stephen Railton puts it, “If we can’t do that in the classroom, we can’t do it anywhere.” After all, is the classroom a place to avoid the hard lessons or to teach them? That’s not to say that it’s entirely up to teachers to convey the lessons of history to our children. Parents have to step in and educate their children about their heritage and America’s past. However, if teachers aren’t teaching these lessons, what are they doing instead? Huck Finn isn’t just about a boy’s adventure with an escaped slave. It’s a very mature tale about a poor white boy who can see past the prejudices around him to view a black man as a man and a friend. Of course, it’s not all that sweet and pretty. Huck is definitely a product of his environment and the times, but he’s much more evolved than the adults who try to tell him what to do. And his use of nigger both highlights the idiocy of racism and undermines the social structure that would allow a friend to use the word in the first place. I didn’t read Huck Finn until I had reached college—in many ways, it’s a very grown-up book—but young people could stand to confront the issues of racism that plagued our country way back when and that still plague our country today. By allowing children to compare and contrast their own world with that of Huck’s, teachers can have them grapple with these tough issues in (hopefully) a safe space centered on learning instead of avoidance.

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Huck agus Jim ag roinnt scéalta Tá sé ag tarraingt cáineadh, áfach, ó roinnt foinsí. Ceann de na príomh-ghlúin ná go ndéanann an t-eagarthóireacht seo gné thábhachtach de chomhthéacs stairiúil an téacs a bhaint, go sonrach am atá caite le spotty Mheiriceá, agus go gcuireann sé cosc ar nóiméad múinteoireachta tábhachtach faoi ghnéaschas agus sclábhaíocht sa tír seo. Mar a deir Stephen Railton, ollamh in Ollscoil Virginia, "Mura féidir linn é sin a dhéanamh sa seomra ranga, ní féidir linn é a dhéanamh in áit ar bith". Tar éis an tsaoil, an bhfuil an seomra ranga ina áit chun na ceachtanna crua a sheachaint nó chun iad a mhúineadh? Ní chiallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil sé ar mhúinteoirí go hiomlán na ceachtanna staire a chur in iúl dár leanaí. Caithfidh tuismitheoirí dul isteach agus a gcuid leanaí a oideachas faoi a n-oidhreacht agus am atá caite Mheiriceá. Mar sin féin, mura bhfuil múinteoirí ag múineadh na ceachtanna seo, cad atá á dhéanamh acu ina ionad sin? Huck Finn nach bhfuil ach faoi eachtraí buachaill le sclábhaí éalaigh. Is scéal an-aosta é faoi bhuachaill bocht bán a fheiceann thar na réamhchinnt timpeall air chun fear dubh a fheiceáil mar fhear agus mar chara. Ar ndóigh, ní go bhfuil sé go léir go milis agus deas. Is cinnte go bhfuil Huck ina tháirge dá thimpeallacht agus a thréimhse, ach tá sé i bhfad níos forbartha ná na daoine fásta a dhéanann iarracht a rá leis cad atá le déanamh. Agus a úsáid de nigger araon a léiríonn an idiocy de ciníochas agus a chur faoi dhroch-chlaoch na struchtúr sóisialta a ligfeadh cara a úsáid an focal sa chéad áit. Ní raibh mé ag léamh Huck Finn go dtí go raibh mé ag teacht ar an ollscoil - i go leor bealaí, tá sé an-daoine fásta leabhar - ach d'fhéadfadh daoine óga seasamh chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na saincheisteanna na ciníochas a plagued ár dtír ar bhealach ar ais nuair agus go bhfuil fós plagued ár dtír inniu. Trí ligean do leanaí a saol féin a chur i gcomparáid agus a chur i gcodarsnacht le saol Hucks, is féidir le múinteoirí iad a bheith ag déileáil leis na saincheisteanna deacra seo i spás sábháilte (is dóchúil) atá dírithe ar fhoghlaim seachas seachnadh.

Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon) Northern water snakes are one of the most common large snakes in Connecticut. They are often confused with other species such as the venomous water moccasin or copperhead. The variable outward appearance of this water snake is not helpful in identifying the species from afar. Most adults have a darker color and are often coated with silt to help them bask and soak up the sun or aid them in hiding. When swimming, the light and dark bands of the snake on the rippled surface of the water may obscure the snake’s shape, so it is not clearly recognizable to predators. In the New England Farmyard at Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo, visit our Connecticut Reptile House, where you will find a variety of reptiles found throughout the state, including the northern water snake. The northern water snake is very stout and is about 30-40 inches long. Varying in color and pattern, they are usually seen in tan or brown with dark bands on the backs and sides. Their bellies are often cream colored in patterns, but may come in other variations such as orange or yellow. When handled, these snakes will sometimes release a musky smelling substance. Almost always found in or next to water. They prefer weak currents but can swim just as easily in a swift current. They are active during the day and night, and have been seen basking near their water source. Found throughout the northeastern United States as far south as the Carolinas and as far west as Colorado. Small fish, frogs, toads, and salamanders. Up to 10 years in captivity. Males are able to reproduce after approx. 21 months. Females, however, do not reach sexual maturity until their third year. Gestation can last from 3-5 months. Unlike many snakes, Northern water snakes are live-bearers, meaning they do not lay eggs. A female may give birth to as many as 60 young at a time, depending on her size. Offspring are usually born between August and October and are on their own after birth. 3rd Annual Animal Art Show & Sale 6pm - 9pm December 10 & 11 10:30am - 11:15am We are open... 9am to 4pm every day except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo 1875 Noble Avenue Bridgeport, CT 06610 Main Number: (203) 394-6565

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Snáithín Uisce Thuaidh (Nerodia sipedon) Tá na nathracha uisce ó thuaidh ar cheann de na nathracha móra is coitianta i Connecticut. Is minic a bhíonn siad mearbhall le speicis eile amhail an moccasin uisce nimhiúil nó an copperhead. Ní chuireann cuma seachtrach athromaitheach an nathair uisce seo le chéile chun an speiceas a aithint ó i bhfad amach. Tá dath níos dorcha ag formhór na ndaoine fásta agus is minic a bhíonn siad clúdaithe le muirín chun cabhrú leo an ghrian a chaomhnú agus a shroich nó chun cabhrú leo dul i bhfolach. Nuair a bhíonn sé ag snámh, d'fhéadfadh na bannaí solais agus dorcha a bhíonn ag an nathair ar dhromchla an uisce a bheith ag cur bac ar fhoirm an nathair, agus mar sin ní féidir le creachadóirí a aithint go soiléir. Sa Fharmaí Nua-Eabhrac ag Seomra Seolta Beardsley i Connecticut, tabhair cuairt ar ár Teach Réptílí Connecticut, áit a bhfaighidh tú éagsúlacht de na réptílí a fhaightear ar fud an stáit, lena n-áirítear an nathair uisce ó thuaidh. Tá an nathair uisce ó thuaidh an-chrua agus tá sé thart ar 30-40 orlach ar fhad. Ag athrú i dhath agus i bpatrún, is gnách go bhfeictear iad i dtan nó donn le bannaí dorcha ar a gcúl agus ar a thaobh. Is minic a bhíonn a gcuid bolg bándearg i bpatrúin, ach d'fhéadfadh sé teacht i éagsúlachtaí eile mar oráiste nó buí. Nuair a dhéantar iad a láimhseáil, scaoilfidh na nathracha seo substaint a bhfuil boladh musky air uaireanta. Fuarthas i gcónaí i mbeagnach uisce nó in aice léi. Is fearr leo sruthanna lag ach is féidir leo snámh chomh héasca i sruthanna tapa. Tá siad gníomhach i rith an lae agus na hoíche, agus feictear iad ag cócaireacht in aice lena bhfoinse uisce. Fuarthas iad ar fud na Stát Aontaithe ó thuaidh chomh fada ó dheas le Carolina agus chomh fada ó thuaidh le Colorado. Iasc beag, froganna, toads, agus salamanders. Suas le 10 mbliana i ngéibheann. Tá na fir in ann atáirgeadh tar éis thart ar. 21 mhí. Ní shroich mná, áfach, aibíocht ghnéis go dtí a dtríú bliain. Is féidir leis an toircheas a bheith idir 3-5 mhí. Murab ionann agus go leor nathracha, is iompróirí beo iad nathracha uisce na Tuaiscirt, rud a chiallaíonn nach ndéanann siad uibheacha. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh 60 leanbh ag an mbean ag an am céanna, ag brath ar a mhéid. De ghnáth, is idir mí Lúnasa agus Deireadh Fómhair a rugadh na h-iníon agus tá siad ar a gcuid féin tar éis an bhreith. 3ú Taispeántas agus Díol Ealaíne Bhaird Bhliantúil 6pm - 9pm 10 agus 11 Nollaig 10:30am - 11:15am Tá muid ar oscailt... 9am go 4pm gach lá seachas Lá Buíochais, Nollag, agus Lá na Bliana Nua An Zú Beardsley i Connecticut 1875 Noble Avenue Bridgeport, CT 06610 Príomh-Uimhir: (203) 394-6565

Fountain Pen User Manual FOUNTAIN PEN USER MANUAL The parts of your fountain pen Your fountain pen consists of four parts when assembled—the cap, the nib, the barrel, and the ink reservoir. Most reservoirs are a piston converter, ink cartridge or a built-in piston The converter and the built-in piston require fountain pen bottled ink. The cartridge is a self-contained, disposable unit filled with ink. Common filling system Removing the barrel Remove the cap. Then remove the barrel by turning it counter clockwise. Whether you are using an ink cartridge or the converter pump the fountain pen must first be primed with ink. Ink must be in the feed groove, in the feed wings, and under the nib before the fountain pen will write properly. Filling with a fountain pen converter Place the fountain pen, nib first, into the bottle of ink until the nib is entirely covered (Figure A). Twist the piston converter counterclockwise at the top. This forces the air out of the converter. Then twist the top of the piston converter clockwise to draw the ink up into the converter. While holding the nib above the bottle of ink, slowly twist the piston converter counterclockwise until a bead of ink flows from the tip of the nib (Figure B). To refill the ink with an ink converter, please make sure to dip the pen inside the ink until reached the "Ink Refill Line". If the converter is twisted before the ink reaches the line, there might be some bubbles get absorbed or even no ink gets sucked inside the converter. A SHORT TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE If this is the first time the pen is used then the pen has not been properly primed. Prime the pen by squeezing the cartridge hard; you need to see a lot of ink come out of the tip. If the fountain pen has been in use for a while and has written well in the past first run a small stream of cold water over the tip of the nib-test the pen – it should write. If this does not work try priming the pen again. If this does not work you may have to flush out the pen entirely. Do not soak your entire pen in water. Unscrew nib section from the pen and soak or flush this. Fountain Pen Cleaning and Maintenance Cleaning Your Fountain Pen Just as your car needs its oil changed, your fountain pen needs internal cleaning. A once a month cleaning will often save you a trip to the service center. For built-in piston fillers, fill and empty the pen three or four times with room temperature water to dissolve the solids. This is especially important if you change brands or even colors of ink, or use a cartridge exclusively (some inks react with each other, creating a viscous substance). Pens also need to be cleaned regularly - especially if cartridges are used most. Separate the cartridge carefully and hold the nib section with the nib facing down under room temperature tap water until the water runs clear. Never put your pen away for an extended period with a cartridge full of ink in the pen. Choice of Paper Use only high-quality paper or at the very least, don't use coated or "fuzzy" paper. The nib will clog and cause a loss of ink. Read more here: The Best Paper for Calligraphy & Lettering Storing your pen If your fountain pen will not be used for an extended period of time, remove and clean the nib and converter. This prevents ink from drying and clogging the pen. Always store your pen with the nib in an upright position. This allows the ink to stay in the reservoir to prevent evaporation.

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Leabhrán úsáideora Penna Fountain CÁIRLÍON ÚSÁIDIR PENNA FOUNTAIN Na codanna de do pheann foinn Tá ceithre chuid ag do pheann foinse nuair a chuirtear le chéile é - an cap, an nib, an barr, agus an cisterna liathróid. Is éard atá i bhformhór na n-ionad cistine tiontaitheoir, cartridge liathróid nó tiontaitheoir tógtha sa Tiontaitheoir agus an tiontaitheoir tógtha sa tiontaitheoir ní mór liathróid bhosca peann foinse. Is aonad neamhspleách, inúsáidte é an cartraí atá líonta le dúch. Córas líonta coiteann An barr a bhaint Tóg an caipín. Ansin a bhaint as an barr trí é a thiontú i gcoinne clockwise. Cibé an bhfuil cartridge inc á úsáid agat nó an caidéal tiontaithe, ní mór an pluma folamh a chur le inc ar dtús. Ní mór an inc a bheith sa ghruaig, sna sciatháin agus faoin mbéacán sula ndéanfaidh an píon fountain scríobh i gceart. Líonadh le tiontaire píopa foinn Cuir an píon folamh, an t-uimhir ar dtús, isteach sa bhuidéal cíche go dtí go mbeidh an t-uimhir clúdaithe go hiomlán (Figiúr A). Déan an t-athsholáthair písteanna a thiontú i dtreo an tsraith clog ag an mbarr. Cuireann sé seo an t-aer amach as an tiontaire. Ansin cas an barr den thionadóir píste i dtreo clogchla chun an inc a tharraingt suas sa thionadóir. Agus an pinne á choinneáil os cionn an bhuidéal inc, cas an t-athsholáthraí píste go mall i dtreo an tsraith clog go dtí go sruthóidh bead inc ó cheann an pinne (Figiúr B). Chun an inc a athlìonadh le tiontaire inc, déan cinnte go gcuireann tú an plúr isteach sa inc go dtí go sroicheann tú "Líne Athlìonadh Inc". Má tá an t-athraitheoir twisted sula sroicheann an inc an líne, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt builgeoga a fháil ionsú nó fiú aon inc a fháil sucked taobh istigh den t-athraitheoir. Treoir Ghorta chun Fadhbanna a Shárú Má tá an plúr á úsáid den chéad uair, ní raibh an plúr á chur i bhfeidhm i gceart. Cuir an pluma i gceart trí an cartridge a shroicheadh go crua; ní mór duit a fheiceáil go dtagann go leor císte amach as an barr. Má tá an píon foinn in úsáid ar feadh tamaill agus má scríobh sé go maith san am atá caite, rith sreabhán beag uisce fuar ar dtús thar barr an nib - tástáil an píon ba cheart dó scríobh. Mura n-oibríonn sé seo déan iarracht an pluma a chur ar bun arís. Mura n-oibríonn sé seo, b'fhéidir go mbeidh ort an pluma a shlánú go hiomlán. Ná cuir do pholl iomlán i uisce. Scream an chuid nib ón bpíosa agus cuir é seo i socair nó scaoil é. Penna Fountain a ghlanadh agus a chothabháil Ag glanadh do Phinéal Fountain Díreach mar is gá ola do charr a athrú, is gá do pheann fountaine glanadh inmheánach. Is minic a shábhálfaidh glanadh uair sa mhí turas chuig an ionad seirbhíse duit. I gcás líonta pístón ionsuite, líon agus scaoileadh an penn trí nó ceithre huaire le huisce teocht an tseomra chun na soladach a dhíscaoileadh. Tá sé seo tábhachtach go háirithe má athraíonn tú brandaí nó fiú dathanna an inc, nó má úsáideann tú cartridge go heisiach (déanann roinnt incanna imoibriú lena chéile, ag cruthú substaint greamaitheach). Ní mór na píopaí a ghlanadh go rialta freisin - go háirithe má úsáidtear na cartridges go minic. Déan an cartridge a scaradh go cúramach agus coinnigh an chuid nib leis an nib ag tabhairt aghaidh síos faoi uisce tap teochta seomra go dtí go ritheann an t-uisce glan. Ná cuir do pheann ar shiúl ar feadh tréimhse fada le cartridge lán de dh' inc sa pheann. Roghnú Páipéir Ní úsáidfidh tú ach páipéar ardchaighdeáin nó ar a laghad, ná úsáid páipéar cóiteáilte nó "fuzzy". Beidh an nib clog agus a chur faoi deara caillteanas de inc. Léigh tuilleadh anseo: An Páipéar is Fearr le haghaidh Caligraphy & Litreacha Do phéint a stóráil Mura n-úsáidfear do pheann folamh ar feadh tréimhse fada ama, bain agus glan an nib agus an t-athsholáthraí. Cuireann sé seo cosc ar an inc a thriomú agus an pluma a chlúdach. Coinnigh do phéint i gcónaí agus an pinne i riocht dhíreach. Ligeann sé seo don inc fanacht sa stór chun éadrom a chosc.

Guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate, collectively known as (p)ppGpp or magic spot nucleotides, are effectors of the stringent response, a stress response pathway activated during nutrient and energy deprivation. The stringent response is conserved in bacteria, algae and plants and is characterized by a rapid accumulation of (p)ppGpp that leads to global transcriptional reprogramming, shifting gene expression from genes responsible for growth, housekeeping and division towards genes responsible for stress protection and cell survival. While it is widely acknowledged that elevated levels of ppGpp reorganize gene expression profiles of various organisms during adaptation to adverse conditions, our understanding of the role of ppGpp signaling in regulation of cell physiology in unstressed conditions has been more limited. In this study (PDF), we use the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus to gain insight into the function of ppGpp during unstressed growth in light and in response to darkness, which is equivalent in cyanobacteria to a period of energy-limitation and stress. It has been observed previously that in cyanobacteria (p)ppGpp accumulates on exposure to darkness, however, its role during growth in light has not been investigated. We find that ppGpp is present in cyanobacteria at a basal low level in light in the absence of stress and rapidly accumulates in response to inhibition of the activity of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. We next demonstrate that basal levels of ppGpp are key for regulation of normal cell physiology in unstressed conditions in light, as the ppGpp-deficient strain suffers from a global transcriptional increase, elevated global transcription and translation rates and increased cell size. In the dark, we find that our ppGpp-deficient strain is unable to appropriately execute normal dark-induced transcriptional suppression and that it loses viability under these conditions. Finally, we dissect the role of basal versus elevated ppGpp levels in regulation of cell physiology. When we restore basal ppGpp levels in the ppGpp-deficient strain, we observe that cells recover appropriate transcription levels and cell size in light and are able to survive periods of darkness. However, the synthetically restored low level of ppGpp is not sufficient to appropriately execute the dark-induced transcriptional shutdown. In our work we establish how (p)ppGpp signaling is used in cyanobacteria to regulate cell physiology both in light and during exposure to darkness, emphasizing the essential contribution of basal levels of ppGpp to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. We proposed a model in which light-responsive (p)ppGpp signaling is required for appropriate adjustment of cyanobacterial transcription and metabolism in fluctuating light conditions. This dose-dependent model of (p)ppGpp signaling is in accordance with observations made in Firmicutes, in which the magic spot nucleotides have been proposed to act as a molecular rheostat tuning cell physiology to environmental constraints.

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en

Is iad tetraphosphate agus pentaphosphate guanosine, ar a dtugtar (p) p Gpp nó núicléatídí spota draíochta, éifeachtaí an fhreagra dian, bealach freagartha strus a ghníomhaítear le linn díothaithe cothaithigh agus fuinnimh. Coinnítear an freagra déine i baictéir, algaí agus plandaí agus tá sé tréitheithe ag carnadh tapa (p) p Gpp a thugann athphrográmithe traschríobhála domhanda, ag aistriú léiriú géine ó ghéin atá freagrach as fás, cothabháil agus roinn i dtreo ghéin atá freagrach as cosaint strus agus maireachtáil chealla. Cé go bhfuil sé aitheanta go forleathan go ndéanann leibhéil ardaithe ppGpp próifílí léiriú géine na n-orgánaigh éagsúla a athchóiriú le linn oiriúnú do dhálaí diúltacha, bhí ár dtuiscint ar ról comhartha ppGpp i rialachán fisiolóige cille i gcoinníollacha neamh-strus níos teoranta. Sa staidéar seo (PDF), bainimid úsáid as an cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus chun léargas a fháil ar fheidhm ppGpp le linn fás neamh-stressed i solas agus mar fhreagra ar an dorchadas, atá comhionann i cyanobacteria le tréimhse teoranta fuinnimh agus strus. Tá sé le feiceáil roimhe seo go gcuirtear i gcúlú i cyanobacteria (p) p Gpp nuair a bhíonn sé nochtaithe don dorchadas, áfach, níor imscrúdú a ról le linn fás i solas. Faigheann muid go bhfuil ppGpp i láthair i cianobacteria ag leibhéal íseal bunaidh i solas in éagmais strus agus go dtógann sé go tapa mar fhreagra ar chosc ar ghníomhaíocht na slabhra iompair leictreonaí fóta-sintéise. Léiríonn muid ina dhiaidh sin go bhfuil leibhéil bhunúsacha ppGpp ríthábhachtach chun fisiolaíocht gnáthchill a rialáil i gcoinníollacha neamh-stressed i solas, toisc go bhfuil méadú tras-scríbhneoireachta domhanda, rátaí tras-scríbhneoireachta agus aistriúcháin domhanda ard agus méadú ar mhéid na gcealla ar an strain ppGpp- easnamhach. Sa dorchadas, faighimid nach féidir lenár strain ppGpp- easnamh a chur i gcrích go cuí cosc tras-scríbhneoireachta gnáth-spreagtha dorcha agus go gcaillfidh sé beocht faoi na coinníollacha seo. Ar deireadh, déanaimid roil na leibhéil ppGpp bhunúsacha i gcoinne ard i rialachán fisiolaíochta cille a dhísheiceáil. Nuair a athbhunú againn bunleibhéil ppGpp i gcineál ppGpp- easnamh, breathnaímid go bhfuil cealla a fháil ar ais leibhéil trascríbhin iomchuí agus méid cille i solas agus a bheith in ann maireachtáil tréimhsí dorcha. Mar sin féin, ní leor an leibhéal íseal ppGpp a athshocraíodh go sintéiseach chun an stopadh tras-scríbhneoireachta a spreagadh ag dorchadas a chur i gcrích go cuí. Sa obair atá déanta againn, leagamar síos conas a úsáidtear comharthaíocht (p) pGpp i sianaibictéir chun fiseolaíocht chealla a rialáil i solas agus le linn nochtadh don dorchadas, ag cur béime ar ranníocaíocht riachtanach leibhéil bhunúsacha ppGpp le homeostasis cheallach a chothabháil. Mhol muid samhail ina bhfuil gá le comharthaíocht atá freagrach as solas (p) p Gpp chun trascriptáil agus meitibileacht cyanobacterial a choigeartú i gcoinníollacha solais athraitheacha. Tá an tsamhail seo de shínithe (p) pGpp a bhaineann le dáileog ag teacht le breathnóireachtaí a rinneadh i Firmicutes, inar moladh go n-oibríonn na núicléatídí spota draíochta mar fhisiolaíocht chealla reostat móilíneach a choigeartú do shrianta comhshaoil.

The Vijaynagar Kingdom After the departure of Muhammad bin Tughlak from the Deccan, Harihara declared independence. He and his brother Bukka I under the guidance of famous Hindu saint and the head of Sringeri Math, Vidyaranyasvami, who is also identified with the distinguished jurist Madhav Mantri, established the mighty Hindu Kingdom of Vijaynagar (the City of Victory) in 1336 AD. Vijaynagar illuminated the landscape of Deccan History for 229 years (1336-1565 AD). By 1347 AD, Malerajya and Palasige of the Goa Kadambas were incorporated into the Vijaynagar Empire. Goa formed a strategically and commercially important province on the western border of the Vijaynagar Empire. Hampi - The Capital of Vijayanagar Kingdom The first settlement in Hampi dates back to 1st century AD and a number of Buddhist sites belonging to that time have been found nearby. Hampi was the capital of the mighty Vijaynagar Empire. Vijaynagar was one of the largest Hindu empires in India. Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529) was the greatest ruler and controlled almost all of peninsular India south of Tungabhadra River. The town of Hampi in 14th century had a population of half a million people. Seven concentric lines of fortifications protected the city. It maintained a huge army to protects it from other kingdoms. The Vijaynagar Empire flourished, as it controlled both cotton and spice trade routes of southern India. Medieval historians refer to Hampi as an important center of trade. However, the glory of Vijaynagar was short lived. With the death of Krishnadevaraya, the combined armies of the five Muslim kingdoms-Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar and Berar-destroyed this mighty empire in 1565. In the South, the Vijayanagar contemporaries of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals, were the other dynasty whose currency presents a rare example of a standardised issue which later provided a model for the European and English trading companies. The Vijayanagar period saw the advent of European traders especially the Portuguese. Krishnadevaraya encouraged foreign trade and this necessitated wider use of currency. Coins of the Vijayanagar kingdom was largely struck in gold and copper. Most Vijayanagar gold coins bore a sacred image on the obverse and the royal legend on the reverse. Amongst the significant gold coins of the Vijayanagar Empire were those bearing the image of the deity of Tirupati, i.e., Lord Venkatesvara represented either singly or with his two consorts. These coins inspired the 'Single Swami' Pagodas of the Dutch and French and the 'Three Swami' Pagodas of the English East India Company.

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Ríocht Vijaynagar Tar éis imeacht Muhammad bin Tughlak ón Deccan, dhearbhaigh Harihara neamhspleáchas. Bhunaigh sé féin agus a dheartháir Bukka I faoi threoir na naoimh cáiliúla Hinidhí agus ceann Sringeri Math, Vidyaranyasvami, a shainaithnítear leis an dlíodóir aitheanta Madhav Mantri, Ríocht chumhachtach Hinidhí Vijaynagar (an Chathair Victory) i 1336 AD. D'oscail Vijaynagar tírdhreach Stair Deccan ar feadh 229 bliain (1336-1565 AD). Faoi 1347 AD, cuireadh Malerajya agus Palasige de na Goa Kadambas isteach i Impireacht Vijaynagar. Bhí Goa ina chúige tábhachtach go straitéiseach agus go tráchtála ar theorainn thiar Impireacht Vijaynagar. Hampi - Caipiteal Ríocht Vijayanagar Tagraíonn an chéad lonnaíocht i Hampi don 1ú haois AD agus fuarthas roinnt suíomhanna Búdacha a bhaineann leis an am sin in aice láimhe. Ba phríomhchathair Impireacht Vijaynagar cumhachtach é Hampi. Bhí Vijaynagar ar cheann de na himpireachtaí Hindú is mó san India. Ba é Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529) an rialtóir is mó agus smaoinigh sé ar beagnach gach ceann den Indiach leath-oileánda ó dheas ó Abhainn Tungabhadra. Bhí daonra leath mhilliún duine i mbaile Hampi sa 14ú haois. Bhí seacht líne chomhchruinnithe de dhaingneachtaí ag cosaint na cathrach. Coinnigh sé arm ollmhór chun é a chosaint ó ríochtaí eile. Bhí rath ar Impireacht Vijaynagar, mar a bhí sé i gceannas ar bhealaí trádála cadáis agus spíosra ó dheas na hIndia. Tagraíonn staraithe meánaoise do Hampi mar ionad trádála tábhachtach. Mar sin féin, bhí glóir Vijaynagar gearrthéarmach. Le bás Krishnadevaraya, scrios arm chomhcheangailte na cúig ríocht Moslamach - Bidar, Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmednagar agus Berar - an impireacht chumhachtach seo i 1565. Sa Deisceart, bhí na comhaimseartha Vijayanagar de Sultanate Delhi agus Mughals, an dynasty eile a bhfuil a airgeadra a léiríonn sampla annamh de saincheist chaighdeánaithe a sholáthraigh ina dhiaidh sin samhail do na cuideachtaí trádála Eorpacha agus Béarla. Sa tréimhse Vijayanagar, tháinig trádálaithe Eorpacha go háirithe na Portaingéalaigh. Spreag Krishnadevaraya trádáil eachtrach agus bhí gá le húsáid níos leithne airgeadra. Bhí airgeadraí ríocht Vijayanagar i bhfad struite i ór agus copar. Bhí íomhá naofa ar an taobh tosaigh den chuid is mó de na boinn óir Vijayanagar agus an finscéal ríoga ar an taobh chúl. I measc na boinn óir suntasacha de chuid Impireacht Vijayanagar bhí iad siúd a bhí ar íomhá de Thiarbhall Tirupati, ie, an Tiarna Venkatesvara a bhí ionadaithe go singil nó lena dhá choisrí. Chuir na boinn seo spreagadh ar Pagodaí 'Single Swami' na hÍsiltíre agus na Fraince agus ar Pagodaí 'Three Swami' na Cuideachta Oirthear na hIndia Béarla.

Developer on Alibaba Coud: Build your first app with APIs, SDKs, and tutorials on the Alibaba Cloud. Read more ＞ Notes on XHTML translation when I started XHTML 1.1, I never knew what to write on Xml:lang, I want to use Chinese, is it the value of EN, zh-cn/zh-cn or gb2312/gbk/gb18030 or UTF8? I usually have problems with the first Google Chinese, but also can not find the answer. I almost believed it when I saw some authoritative websites using gb2312, but based on my experience with using Linux to set up my language, I intuitively told me it was wrong. So began to narrow the scope to the global consortium to Google, found tutorial:using language information in XHTML, HTML and CSS (DRAFT), read, and finally out of the misunderstanding, is willing to share experience with you. Still translation, but this article is too long, and there are many we do not need information, this time I chose only part of the hope that the problem can be said clearly. Declaring documents and text languages Why to declare a language Information about the language of the document is important for screen readers and ease of use, and is advantageous from the outset. These programs need to understand whether they can generate output from text, or whether they need to go to a different language mode. Markup language information is also good for applying appropriate style changes. For example, you need to change the font to adjust different characters, based on the language to generate unused quotes and so on. Some browsers use language information for Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Japanese and Han Wenlai to detect suitable fonts. However, in a page that uses Unicode encoding, these languages may share the same ideographic character within the code. People who speak these languages may differ in the small details used in these characters. Markup language information also allows you to extract elements of the specified language using a script. For example, use the XSLT lang () function to extract the text of a specified language from a file, or to apply a language-specific style when XSL-FO conversion. In many cases, the first time you develop content, you may not be aware of the importance of these applications, although they are generally very easy to add when they are created, which can be problematic when you need a style makeover. In addition, some programs for language tagging are still in early development or lack, but from now on you should add language information to your content to reap the benefits of the future as the technology matures. Always declare a language for a document in the HTML documents should generally declare the language of the document, which can be achieved by adding the lang attribute to the HTML tag. For example, a document using Canadian French (Canadian French) is declared below: Later, we'll talk more specifically about specifying values for language attributes. When you put XHTML servo as text/html, you should use the lang attribute and the Xml:lang attribute in the HTML element. The Xml:lang property is the standard use for determining language information in XML. Here's how you should mark the previous example of XHTML 1.0 as text/html Servo: http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml "> The Xml:lang property is not useful when working with HTML files, but inheriting from the lang attribute means you want the document to be treated as XML by the script or validator. If you use XML (for example, MIME types like applications/xhtml+xml) or XHTML 1.1来 servo XHTML, you no longer need the lang attribute because it is separated from the HTML language. A separate Xml:lang property is sufficient. Always declare language changes to text In a different text from the main language of the content, you should indicate the language of the text. method is always the same as the section on declaring the language in the <p>the French for <em>Cat</em> are <em lang= "FR" >chat</em>.</p> The lang attribute can be used on any HTML element other than applets, base, Basefont, BR, Frame, frameset, IFRAME, Param, and script. Also, with the text/html servo XHTML 1.0, you can use two properties together, such as: <p>the title in Chinese is <span lang= "en" xml:lang= "ZH-CN" > Document Information Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences </span>.</p> Note that in the last example, there is no tag around the Chinese text that allows us to attach language information, so we introduce a SPAN element to achieve our goal. (Please check the source code for this section--translator Note) If you are using XML servo XHTML, as described in the previous section, you should use only the Xml:lang attribute. Specify the value of the language attribute Using RFC 3066 rules RFC 3066 is a standard that defines how language tags are used to identify languages. The language tag is separated by a main subtag, followed by 0 or more attached subtag, divided by hyphens. The main subtag represents a language (there are two exceptions, I and X, discussed below), and any trailing subtag serves to modify the dialect or usage of the language. The subtag in the back generally represent the state, dialect or writing system. The following example shows that the document is not only in English but also in British English, that is, written in English relative to American English. Subtag is sensitive to case, including letters and numbers from a to Z,a to z,0 to 9, and not more than 8 characters. Note that the HTML specification still recommends using RFC 1766来 to determine the language. RFC 3066 is an upgrade of RFC 1766 and is vastly exceeded, and there is a plan for the wrong table in the HTML specification, so you should use RFC 3066 regardless of how the HTML specification is explained at this stage. All initial subtag must be 1,2 or 3-letter lengths. All 2 and 3-letter subtag are the language codes in the ISO 639 part 2 that define the code to represent the language. The 1-letter subtag is an i-or X-prefix, which we will describe later. Although the code is case sensitive, they are often lowercase, but this is just a convention. Also note that ISO offers 2-letter and 3-letter code choices when you should choose 2 letters. This ensures that a unique code is used as quickly as possible for each language, with a slightly outdated 2-letter code (based on RFC 1766, which does not allow 3-letter-length code) to be changed. At the same time, the question of which 3-letter code should be avoided is not a problem, since all the few languages that have two different 3-letter codes also have 2-letter codes. The addition of subtag can indicate geographical area, dialect, text system, or other improvements to the main (language) subtag. The primary subtag can be followed by any number of subtag, although more than one is uncommon. RFC 3066 indicates that any 2-letter subtag located at the secondary location is an ISO 3166 country code. There are no rules for using subtag in any third or next position. The 2-letter ISO code used to represent the country is usually capitalized, but it is only a convention. Special Master Subtag. RFC 3066 defines some examples that may not start with the ISO language code. The language tags starting with I are reserved for the IANA register language tags (iana-registered language tags). For some examples: The X-Start language tag provides a widget for user-defined language tags. The label on the secondary position must be more than one letter and cannot be reserved for the following SUBTAG:AA, QM-QZ, Xa-xz, and ZZ. Of course, these language-aware methods do not need to be used when the ISO code based on 2-letter or 3-letter is available. These methods are used to limit or prevent confusion of interoperable languages. IANA Register language label The IANA language tag can be registered by the email submission program referred to in RFC 3066. These tags can have 3 to 8 letters long in the secondary position code. Registering the IANA code is better than using user-defined code because it minimizes the possibility of confusion because the IANA code is dominant for others. On the other hand, the IANA label is an ISO standard statement disapproved This article is an English version of an article which is originally in the Chinese language on aliyun.com and is provided for information purposes only. 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Forbróir ar Alibaba Coud: Tóg do chéad aip le APIanna, SDKanna, agus ranganna teagaisc ar Alibaba Cloud. Léigh níos mó > Nótaí ar aistriúchán XHTML nuair a thosaigh mé XHTML 1.1, ní raibh a fhios agam riamh cad a scríobh ar Xml: lang, Ba mhaith liom a úsáid na Síne, an bhfuil sé an luach de EN, zh-cn / zh-cn nó gb2312 / gbk / gb18030 nó UTF8? Is gnách go bhfuil fadhbanna agam leis an gcéad Google Sínis, ach ní féidir liom an freagra a fháil freisin. Chreid mé beagnach nuair a chonaic mé roinnt suíomhanna gréasáin údarásacha ag baint úsáide as gb2312, ach bunaithe ar mo thaithí le Linux a úsáid chun mo theanga a chur ar bun, dúirt mé liom féin go raibh sé mícheart. Mar sin thosaigh a chuimsiú a laghdú ar an gconsairt domhanda a Google, fuair teagasc:a úsáid a bhaint as faisnéis teanga i XHTML, HTML agus CSS (DRAFT), léite, agus ar deireadh amach as an mí-thuiscint, tá sé sásta a roinnt taithí leat. Fós aistriúchán, ach tá an t-alt seo ró-fhada, agus tá go leor ní gá dúinn faisnéis, an uair seo roghnaigh mé ach cuid den dóchas gur féidir an fhadhb a rá go soiléir. Doiciméid agus teangacha téacs a dhearbhú Cén fáth a bhfuil teanga á dhearbhú Tá faisnéis faoi theanga an doiciméid tábhachtach do léitheoirí scáileáin agus do éascaíocht úsáide, agus tá sé buntáisteach ón tús. Ní mór do na cláir seo a thuiscint an féidir leo aschur a ghiniúint ó théacs, nó an gá dóibh dul go modh teanga difriúil. Tá faisnéis teanga marcála maith freisin chun athruithe stíl iomchuí a chur i bhfeidhm. Mar shampla, ní mór duit an cló a athrú chun carachtair éagsúla a choigeartú, bunaithe ar an teanga chun luachan gan úsáid a ghiniúint agus mar sin de. Úsáideann roinnt brabhsálaithe faisnéis teanga do Shimplíocht Shínis, traidisiúnta Shínis, Seapáinis agus Han Wenlai chun na clóis oiriúnacha a bhrath. Mar sin féin, i leathanach a úsáideann códú Unicode, d'fhéadfadh na teangacha seo an carachtar idéagrafach céanna a roinnt laistigh den chód. D'fhéadfadh daoine a labhraíonn na teangacha seo a bheith difriúil sna mionsonraí beaga a úsáidtear sna carachtair seo. Ligeann faisnéis teanga marcála duit freisin eilimintí den teanga shonraithe a bhaint trí script a úsáid. Mar shampla, bain úsáid as an ngníomh XSLT lang () chun téacs teanga shonraithe a bhaint as comhad, nó chun stíl theanga-shonrach a chur i bhfeidhm nuair a dhéantar tiontú XSL-FO. I go leor cásanna, an chéad uair a fhorbraíonn tú ábhar, b'fhéidir nach bhfuil tú ar an eolas faoi thábhacht na n-iarratas seo, cé go bhfuil siad go ginearálta an-éasca a chur leis nuair a cruthaítear iad, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith fadhbanna nuair a theastaíonn athrú stíl uait. Ina theannta sin, tá roinnt cláir le haghaidh lipéadú teanga fós i mbun forbartha luath nó gan aon cheann acu, ach ó seo amach ba cheart duit faisnéis teanga a chur le do ábhar chun na buntáistí a bhaint amach sa todhchaí de réir mar a aibíonn an teicneolaíocht. Ba cheart teanga doiciméad a dhearbhú i gcónaí i doiciméid HTML de ghnáth, rud is féidir a bhaint amach trí thréith lang a chur leis an lipéad HTML. Mar shampla, déantar doiciméad a úsáidtear Fraincis Cheanada (Fraincis Cheanada) a dhearbhú thíos: Níos déanaí, beidh muid ag caint níos sonrach faoi luacha a shonrú le haghaidh tréithe teanga. Nuair a chuirtear XHTML servo mar theachtaireacht/html, ba cheart duit an tréith lang agus an tréith Xml:lang a úsáid san eilimint HTML. Is é an réadmhaoin Xml:lang an úsáid chaighdeánach chun faisnéis teanga a chinneadh i XML. Seo mar ba chóir duit an sampla roimhe seo de XHTML 1.0 a mharcáil mar Servo téacs / html: http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml "> Níl an mhaoin Xml:lang úsáideach nuair a bhíonn tú ag obair le comhaid HTML, ach ciallaíonn oidhreacht ón tréith lang gur mhaith leat go gcaithfeadh an script nó an bailíitheoir leis an doiciméad mar XML. Má úsáideann tú XML (mar shampla, cineálacha MIME cosúil le apps/xhtml+xml) nó XHTML 1.1来 servo XHTML, ní gá duit an tréith lang a thuilleadh toisc go bhfuil sé scartha ón teanga HTML. Is leor go bhfuil réadmhaoin Xml:lang ar leithligh ann. Déantar athruithe teanga a dhearbhú i gcónaí ar théacs I dteanga atá difriúil ó phríomhtheanga an ábhair, ba cheart duit teanga an téacs a chur in iúl. Is é an modh céanna i gcónaí leis an alt maidir leis an teanga a dhearbhú sa Is é an Fraincis do <em>Cat</em> ná <em lang= "FR" >chat</em>. Is féidir an tréith lang a úsáid ar aon eilimint HTML seachas applets, base, Basefont, BR, Frame, frameset, IFRAME, Param, agus script. Chomh maith leis sin, leis an searbhó téacs / html XHTML 1.0, is féidir leat dhá mhaoin a úsáid le chéile, mar shampla: Is é an teideal i Síneach xml:lang= "ZH-CN" > Ionad Faisnéise doiciméid Acadamh Eolaíochta na Síne </span>.</p> Tabhair faoi deara sa sampla deireanach, nach bhfuil aon lipéad timpeall an téacs Sínis a ligeann dúinn faisnéis teanga a cheangal, mar sin cuirimid gné SPAN isteach chun ár gcuspóir a bhaint amach. (Le do thoil seiceáil an cód foinse don chuid seo - nóta aistritheoir) Má tá tú ag úsáid XHTML seirbhíse XML, mar a thuairiscítear sa rannán roimhe seo, ba cheart duit an tréith Xml: lang a úsáid amháin. Sonraigh luach na tréithe teanga Ag baint úsáide as rialacha RFC 3066 Is caighdeán é RFC 3066 a shainmhíníonn conas a úsáidtear lipéid teanga chun teangacha a aithint. Tá an lipéad teanga scartha ag príomh-fho-lipéad, agus ina dhiaidh sin 0 nó níos mó fo-lipéad ceangailte, roinnte ag hyphens. Léiríonn an príomh-fho-chlabhra teanga (tá dhá eisceacht ann, I agus X, a phléitear thíos), agus is é aon fho-chlabhra deireanacha ná an dialekt nó úsáid na teanga a mhodhnú. Is gnách go léiríonn an fo-chlabhra sa chúl an stát, an diailct nó an córas scríbhneoireachta. Léiríonn an sampla seo a leanas nach bhfuil an doiciméad i mBéarla amháin ach i mBéarla na Breataine freisin, is é sin, scríofa i mBéarla i gcomparáid le Béarla Mheiriceá. Tá fo-chlabhra ag brath ar chais, lena n-áirítear litreacha agus uimhreacha ó a go Z, a go z, 0 go 9, agus ní níos mó ná 8 carachtar. Tabhair faoi deara go molann sonraíocht HTML fós RFC 1766来 a úsáid chun an teanga a chinneadh. Is éard atá i RFC 3066 ná uasghrádú ar RFC 1766 agus tá sé thar a bheith sármhaith, agus tá plean ann don tábla mícheart sa tsonraíocht HTML, mar sin ba cheart duit RFC 3066 a úsáid is cuma conas a mhínítear an tsonraíocht HTML ag an gcéim seo. Ní mór go mbeadh 1,2 nó 3 litir ar fad ag gach fo-chlabhra tosaigh. Is iad na fo-chód 2 agus 3 litir go léir na cóid teangacha i gCuid 2 de ISO 639 a shainmhíníonn an cód chun an teanga a léiriú. Is é an fho-chárta 1-litir réamhchomhartha i-nó X, a dhéanfaimid cur síos air níos déanaí. Cé go bhfuil an cód case-saineolach, is minic a bhíonn siad i mbriathar beag, ach ní hé seo ach coinbhinsiún. Tabhair faoi deara freisin go dtugann ISO rogha cóid 2 litir agus 3 litir nuair ba cheart duit 2 litir a roghnú. Cinntíonn sé seo go n-úsáidtear cód uathúil chomh tapa agus is féidir do gach teanga, le cód 2 litir atá beagán as dáta (bhunaithe ar RFC 1766, nach gceadaíonn cód 3 litir ar fhad) a athrú. Ag an am céanna, ní fadhb é cén cód trí litreacha ba cheart a sheachaint, ós rud é go bhfuil cóid dhá litreacha ag gach ceann de na teangacha beaga a bhfuil dhá chód trí litreacha éagsúla acu. Is féidir le fo-chlabhra a chur leis an limistéar geografach, an diailíte, an córas téacs, nó feabhsuithe eile ar an bpríomh-chlabhra (teanga). Is féidir aon líon fo-chlabhraí a bheith i ndiaidh an phríomh-fho-chlabhraí, cé nach bhfuil níos mó ná ceann amháin coitianta. Léiríonn RFC 3066 gur cód tíre ISO 3166 é aon fho-chód 2 litir atá suite sa dara háit. Níl aon rialacha ann maidir le fo-chlabhra a úsáid in aon tríú nó sa chéad áit eile. Is gnách go bhfuil an cód ISO 2 litir a úsáidtear chun an tír a léiriú le caipitil, ach ní hé seo ach coinbhinsiún. Máistir Subtag Speisialta. Sainmhíníonn RFC 3066 roinnt samplaí nach bhféadfadh tús a chur leis an gcód teanga ISO. Tá na crainn teanga a thosaíonn le I á gcur in áirithe do na crainn teanga clár IANA (crainn teanga atá cláraithe ag IANA). Seo roinnt samplaí: Soláthraíonn an lipéad teanga X-Start widget le haghaidh lipéid teanga a shainmhínítear ag úsáideoir. Ní mór go mbeadh níos mó ná litir amháin ar an lipéad ar an suíomh tánaisteach agus ní féidir é a chur in áirithe do na SUBTAGanna seo a leanas: AA, QM-QZ, Xa-xz, agus ZZ. Ar ndóigh, ní gá na modhanna seo a bhíonn ar an eolas faoin teanga a úsáid nuair a bhíonn an cód ISO bunaithe ar dhá litir nó trí litir ar fáil. Úsáidtear na modhanna seo chun mearbhall teangacha idir-inoibritheacha a theorannú nó a chosc. IANA Lipéad teanga an chláir Is féidir an lipéad teanga IANA a chlárú ag an gclár seolta ríomhphoist dá dtagraítear in RFC 3066. Is féidir go mbeidh 3 go 8 litir ar fad sna lipéid seo sa chód suíomh darach. Tá clárú an chód IANA níos fearr ná cód sainithe ag úsáideoir a úsáid toisc go laghdaíonn sé an fhéidearthacht mearbhall toisc go bhfuil an cód IANA ceannasach do dhaoine eile. Ar an láimh eile, is ráiteas caighdeánach ISO é lipéad IANA a dhiúltaíodh Is leagan Béarla den alt seo é atá ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin aliyun.com i dteanga na Síne agus tá sé ar fáil chun críocha faisnéise amháin. Ní dhéanann an suíomh Gréasáin seo aon léiriú ná ráthaíocht de chineál ar bith, cibé acu sainráite nó implisit, maidir le cruinneas, iomláine, úinéireacht nó iontaofacht an ailt nó aon aistriúcháin de. Má tá aon imní nó gearán agat maidir leis an earra, cuir ríomhphost chugainn, ag cur cur síos mionsonraithe ar an imní nó ar an ngearán gearán, chuig firstname.lastname@example.org. Cuirfidh ball den fhoireann teagmháil leat laistigh de 5 lá oibre. Nuair a bheidh sé fíoráilte, cuirfear ábhar sárúcháin ar fáil láithreach. Tá foinse ábhar na leathanaigh seo ó Idirlíon, nach léiríonn tuairim Alibaba Cloud; Tá an fhaisnéis seo ar fáil ar an suíomh Gréasáin, ach ní bhaineann an fhaisnéis seo le táirgí agus seirbhísí a luaitear ar an leathanach sin. Má tá an má tá ábhar an leathanaigh ag cur mearbhall ort, scríobh ríomhphost chugainn le do thoil, déanfaidh muid an fhadhb a láimhseáil laistigh de 5 lá tar éis do ríomhphost a fháil. Má fhaigheann tú aon chásanna plagiarism ón bpobal, seol ríomhphost chuig: agus fianaise ábhartha a sholáthar. Cuirfidh ball den fhoireann teagmháil leat laistigh de 5 lá oibre.

(Coinciding with Trump’s first 100 days in Office — a period of time historically used as a benchmark to measure the potential of a new president — PRA will share readings, videos, and tools for organizing to inform our collective resistance based on principles for engaging the regime, defending human rights, and preventing authoritarianism. Daily readings will be posted on our Facebook and Twitter accounts and archived HERE.) Week 6: Racism and White Supremacy White supremacy is a term is used in various ways to describe a set of beliefs; organized White hate groups; or a system of racial oppression that benefits White people. As an ideology, it is the belief that the socially constructed “White race” is superior to other “races.” As a system, White supremacy in the U.S. is maintained when White people defend, deny, or ignore the reality of the continued systematic subordination and oppression of people of color. White supremacy is the most powerful form of racism in the US, and it has two major forms: racism by Whites used to justify the oppression of people of color; and the racialized construct of antisemitism in which Jews are falsely claimed to be a distinct non-White race, and are then deemed a sinister race. Racial inequality remains deeply embedded within U.S. social and economic structures, even as its forms and justifications are in flux. Claims to White racial superiority, though not entirely dead, were largely washed aside by the civil rights struggles of the ’50s and ’60s. Since that time, so-called “colorblind” racism has become the dominant racial ideology in the United States. Opposition to affirmative action, indigenous treaty rights, and other government programs is commonly justified with the claim that equal rights among racial groups have been achieved and that we as a society are, or should be, “beyond race.” This belief in the diminishing importance of race makes it more, not less, likely that stark racial inequalities will persist since they will remain unchallenged. To bolster their colorblind rhetoric, some sectors of the Right promote spokespeople – and provide patronage to conservative intellectuals and institutions – from communities of color. Growing immigration, especially from Latin America and Asia, threatens Whites’ numerical majority, and, along with the government’s massive post-911 campaign of racial profiling, is inspiring a nativist and White supremacist backlash. Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories have also experienced resurgence since the 911 attacks. - How Colorblindness Co-Evolved with Free-Market Thinking by Michael Omi & Howard Winant - Terror Network or Lone Wolf: Disparate Legal Treatment of Muslims and the Radical Right by Naomi Braine - 35 Years of Demonization: The Criminalization of Black Women By Victoria Law - 5 Right-Wing Media Narratives Attacking the ‘Black Lives Matter’ Movement by Spencer Sunshine - See our Racial Justice Portal Page! Via The Movement for Black Lives: “Almost two years ago, Kalief Browder died after suffering abuse and torture at Rikers Island for three years - all while he was waiting for a court date. This gross injustice happened because many of our towns still rely on money bail, a broken system that keeps Black people in jail even before they are ever convicted of anything.” Check out the interactive Transformative Bail Curriculum that M4BL co-created with partners across the country HERE.

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(Ag teacht le chéad 100 lá Trump san Oifig tréimhse ama a úsáidtear go stairiúil mar mhodh tagartha chun acmhainneacht uachtarán nua a thomhas Roinnfidh PRA léitheoireacht, físeáin, agus uirlisí chun eagraíocht a dhéanamh chun ár gcothromas comhchoiteann a chur ar an eolas bunaithe ar phrionsabail chun dul i ngleic leis an réimeas, cearta daonna a chosaint, agus údaráscóir a chosc. Cuirfear léitheoireacht laethúil ar fáil ar ár gcuntas Facebook agus Twitter agus a stóráil ANSEO.) Seachtain 6: Racism and White Supremacy Tá an supremacy bán téarma a úsáidtear ar bhealaí éagsúla chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar sraith de chreideamh; eagraithe White hate grúpaí; nó córas de éagóir ciníoch go bhfuil tairbhe daoine Bán. Mar idé-eolaíocht, is é an creideamh go bhfuil an Ras Bán a tógadh go sóisialta níos fearr ná Rasanna eile. Mar chóras, coinnítear uachtúlacht Bán sna Stáit Aontaithe nuair a chosnaíonn daoine Bán, a dhiúltú, nó a neamhaird ar réaltacht an fho-ordú agus an choiscthe leanúnach córais de dhaoine d'a dath. Is é an uasmhéid bán an cineál ciníochas is cumhachtaí sna Stáit Aontaithe, agus tá dhá fhoirm mhóra aige: ciníochas ag na Bán a úsáidtear chun an brú ar dhaoine dath a cheartú; agus an tógáil ciníoch d'antisemitism ina n-éileofar go bréagach go bhfuil Giúdaigh ina rás neamh-Bán ar leith, agus go meastar ansin gur rás olc iad. Tá an t-éagothroime ciníoch fós suite go domhain laistigh de struchtúir shóisialta agus eacnamaíocha na Stát Aontaithe, fiú má tá a fhoirmeacha agus a fhíréantachtaí ag athrú. D'éirigh le hiarrachtaí cearta sibhialta na 50í agus na 60í éileamh ar uasmhéid ciníoch na bhFear, cé nach raibh siad marbh go hiomlán, a chaitheamh ar leataobh. Ón am sin, is é an rud ar a dtugtar colorblind ciníochas an idé-eolaíocht reáchtála i Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá. Is minic a chuirtear an fhianaise go bhfuil cearta comhionanna idir grúpaí ciníocha bainte amach agus go bhfuil muid mar shochaí, nó gur chóir dúinn a bheith, "taobh amuigh den chine". Déanann an creideamh seo i tábhacht ag laghdú na cine níos mó, ní níos lú, dóchúil go leanfaidh neamhionannais ciníoch láidir de réir mar a fhanfaidh siad gan dúshlán. Chun a gcuid retoric dall dath a threisiú, cuireann roinnt earnálacha den Chéarais cainteoirí chun cinn agus soláthraíonn siad patrún do intleachtúla agus institiúidí coimeádach ó phobail dhath. Tá an inimirce atá ag fás, go háirithe ó Mheiriceá Laidineach agus ó Áise, ag bagairt ar thromlach uimhriúil na bhFéinne, agus, in éineacht le feachtas ollmhór an rialtais tar éis 9/11 maidir le próifílú ciníoch, tá sé ag spreagadh frithghníomh nativist agus uachtarachas Bán. Tá teoiricí comhcheilg frith-Shéimicigh tar éis teacht chun cinn arís ó ionsaithe 911 i ndiaidh. - Conas a d'fhorbair an dallghluaiseacht le smaointeoireacht an mhargaidh saor in aisce ag Michael Omi & Howard Winant - Líonra Sceimhlitheoireachta nó Lone Wolf: Cóireáil Dlí Eadránach Moslamach agus an Ceart radacach ag Naomi Braine - 35 Bliain de Dhéamniú: An Coiriúnú ar Mná Dubha Le Dlí Victoria - 5 Scéal Meáin Deas-Fhéinne ag Cúlghairm ar an Ghluaiseacht 'Black Lives Matter' le Spencer Sunshine - Féach ar ár leathanach Portal Dlí Chirt Rásach! Trí The Movement for Black Lives: Beagnach dhá bhliain ó shin, d'éag Kalief Browder tar éis dó mí-úsáid agus tortúr a fhulaingt in Oileán Rikers ar feadh trí bliana - agus é ag fanacht le dáta cúirte. Tharla an éagóir mhór seo toisc go bhfuil go leor dár mbailte ag brath ar bhaill airgid fós, córas briste a choinníonn daoine Dubha i bpríosún fiú sula ndéantar ciontú a dhéanamh orthu riamh.

Several statistics jump off the page when analyzing statewide data on infectious diseases. The number of total STD cases in the state has been steadily increasing over recent years, and it also indicates that this is not likely to change. The data shows the rate for chlamydia is climbing at a particularly high rate. Chlamydia is one of the most common STDs, and it’s no surprise that it is one of the primary issues facing residents today. In 2014, there were over 27,000 cases of chlamydia state wide. That number is noticeably higher when compared to national averages. HIV is another area where the state is seeing a jump in infection rates. The state suffered an extensive HIV outbreak in 2015. Some of the other statistics highlighting the growing HIV/AIDS crisis include, - Over 5,700 residents are currently living with HIV. - There were over 543 new diagnoses of HIV statewide in 2015. - One town had over 192 HIV/AIDS cases in just one year. Adolescents and young adults are often shy to seek information about testing. You can help combat the stigma by being proactive about sexual health and STD clinics. The resources are readily available, it’s up to you to take the initiative. If everyone makes a concentrated effort, the number of infected individuals will see a significant decline over the next few years. Don’t ignore the warning signs that are presented in the statistics. STDs are significantly more prominent in younger members of the Indiana community, and this is one reason why sex education is so important. Currently, the state allows individual school districts to decide if sex education classes will be part of the curriculum. If they do, the information presented to students must be abstinence based. While abstaining from sexual intercourse will help lower the teen pregnancy rate, it will do little to stop the spread of most STDs. This is because not all STDs are transmitted solely through intercourse. Some can be spread through casual contact. Without comprehensive sex education classes, students won’t know that they are at risk. This means that they also don’t understand the importance of regular STI testing even if they aren’t sexually active. Surveys show that over 70 percent of graduating high school seniors have engaged in sexual activity at least once. Most teens do not use protection, and don’t understand how a condom can effectively prevent unplanned pregnancies and STDs. Until educators and state leaders implement sex education programs in the public schools, the state can expect to see its STD rates continue to rise. Along with comprehensive sex education, regular Herpes testing in Indiana is the best way to stop the spread of the virus through area high schools. It is also important for students and residents to know how vital regular HIV testing in Indiana is for their continued good health. The simple test only takes a few minutes, and could potentially save your life. Analyzing demographics is a key way that sexual health professionals can target their awareness efforts. Indiana is home to several colleges and universities. With large centers of young people living together, it’s a perfect recipe for an outbreak. Considering recent outbreaks, it is vital that Indiana residents are pro-active in their measures to ensure sexual health. Homosexual men and injection drug users are statistically among those with the highest risk for contracting HIV. Injection drug use is often a direct cause of the positive HIV/AIDS diagnoses. Often, those the most at-risk for HIV feel too ashamed or embarrassed to seek testing and treatment. Without appropriate testing measures, there are few reliable ways to control STD outbreaks. Without access to affordable treatment or sexual health education, it’s difficult for communities to keep themselves safe and healthy. As education efforts increase, clinicians hope to assist at-risk communities in controlling the spread of STDs. The more people in these communities know about the resources that are available, the less STDs will spread. There are a variety of factors that contribute to the overall sexual health of a community. One of the most important is having access to information and community health centers. Even if you suspect you are clean, it never hurts to get yourself tested just in case. It is only through being pro-active that communities can eradicate STDs. If everyone increases their awareness and sexual safety, the entire community will benefit. If the embarrassment of standing in line is the reason you are putting off STD testing, there is a faster and easier way to take care of your sexual health. With one phone call you can schedule confidential STD testing and only spend a few minutes at a convenient lab.

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en

Tá roinnt staitisticí ag titim as an leathanach nuair a dhéantar anailís ar shonraí ar fud an stáit maidir le galair ionfhabhtaithe. Tá líon iomlán na gcásanna STD sa stát ag méadú go seasta le blianta beaga anuas, agus léiríonn sé freisin nach dócha go n-athróidh sé seo. Léiríonn na sonraí go bhfuil an ráta le haghaidh chlamydia ag dul suas ag ráta an-ard. Tá Chlamydia ar cheann de na STDanna is coitianta, agus ní haon ionadh é go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na príomhcheisteanna atá os comhair cónaitheoirí inniu. In 2014, bhí os cionn 27,000 cás de chlamydia ar fud an stáit. Tá an líon sin i bhfad níos airde i gcomparáid leis na meán náisiúnta. Is réimse eile é VEID ina bhfuil an stát ag féachaint ar léim i rátaí ionfhabhtaithe. Bhí ráig mhór VEID sa stát in 2015. I measc na staitisticí eile a léiríonn an ghéarchéim mhéadaithe VEID/SEIF tá, - Tá os cionn 5,700 cónaitheoir ag maireachtáil le VEID faoi láthair. - Bhí os cionn 543 diagnóis nua VEID ar fud na stáit in 2015. - Bhí níos mó ná 192 cás VEID / SEIF i mbaile amháin i mbliana amháin. Is minic a bhíonn náire ag déagóirí agus ag daoine fásta óga faisnéis a lorg faoi thástáil. Is féidir leat cabhrú leis an stigma a chomhrac trí bheith réamhghníomhach maidir le sláinte ghnéasach agus clinicí STD. Tá na hacmhainní ar fáil go héasca, is ar tú féin an tionscnamh a ghlacadh. Má dhéanann gach duine iarracht comhchruinnithe, beidh laghdú suntasach ar líon na ndaoine atá ionfhabhtaithe sna blianta beaga amach romhainn. Ná déan neamhaird ar na comharthaí rabhaidh a léirítear sna staitisticí. Tá STDanna i bhfad níos suntasaí i mball níos óige den phobal Indiana, agus is é seo cúis amháin go bhfuil oideachas gnéis chomh tábhachtach. Faoi láthair, ceadaíonn an stát do cheantair scoile aonair cinneadh a dhéanamh an mbeidh ranganna oideachais gnéis mar chuid den churaclam. Má dhéanann siad, ní mór an fhaisnéis a chuirtear i láthair do mhic léinn a bheith bunaithe ar easpa. Cé go gcuideoidh staonadh ó ghnéas le ráta na toirchis óige a laghdú, ní dhéanfaidh sé mórán chun stop a chur le leathnú an chuid is mó de STDanna. Tá sé seo toisc nach ndéantar gach STD a tharchur trí ghnéas gnéasach amháin. Is féidir cuid acu a scaipeadh trí theagmháil ócáideach. Gan ranganna cuimsitheacha oideachais ghnéasach, ní bheidh a fhios ag na mic léinn go bhfuil siad i mbaol. Ciallaíonn sé seo nach dtuigeann siad chomh maith an tábhacht a bhaineann le tástáil rialta ar STDanna fiú mura bhfuil siad gníomhach go gnéasach. Léiríonn suirbhéanna go bhfuil níos mó ná 70 faoin gcéad de na daoine a bhfuil céim acu sa scoil ard páirteach i ngníomhaíocht ghnéasach uair amháin ar a laghad. Ní úsáideann an chuid is mó de na déagóirí cosaint, agus ní thuigeann siad conas is féidir le coiscín toirchis neamhphleanáilte agus STDanna a chosc go héifeachtach. Go dtí go gcuirfidh oideachasóirí agus ceannairí stáit cláir oideachais gnéis i bhfeidhm sna scoileanna poiblí, is féidir leis an stát a bheith ag súil go leanfaidh a rátaí STD ag ardú. Chomh maith le hoideachas gnéasach cuimsitheach, is é tástáil Herpes rialta in Indiana an bealach is fearr chun scaipeadh an víris a stopadh trí mheánscoileanna an cheantair. Tá sé tábhachtach freisin do mhic léinn agus do chónaitheoirí a fháil amach cé chomh ríthábhachtach is atá tástáil rialta VEID in Indiana chun go leanfaidh siad ar aghaidh le dea-shláinte. Ní thógann an tástáil shimplí ach cúpla nóiméad, agus d'fhéadfadh sé do shaol a shábháil. Is bealach tábhachtach é anailís a dhéanamh ar dhaonlathais chun go bhféadfaidh gairmithe sláinte gnéis a gcuid iarrachtaí feasachta a dhíriú. Tá roinnt coláistí agus ollscoileanna i Indiana. Le hionaid mhóra daoine óga ag maireachtáil le chéile, is é an t-oideas foirfe é do ráig. Ag cur san áireamh na ráigí le déanaí, tá sé ríthábhachtach go bhfuil cónaitheoirí Indiana réamhghníomhach ina mbeart chun sláinte ghnéasach a chinntiú. Tá fir aeracha agus úsáideoirí drugaí insteallta go staidrimh i measc na ndaoine a bhfuil an baol is airde acu VEID a ghabháil. Is minic gur cúis dhíreach de dhiagnóisis dhearfacha VEID/SEIF é úsáid drugaí insteallta. Is minic a bhraitheann na daoine is mó atá i mbaol VEID náire nó náire a bheith ag lorg tástála agus cóireála. Gan bearta tástála iomchuí, níl ach cúpla bealach iontaofa ann chun ráigí STD a rialú. Gan rochtain ar chóireáil inacmhainne nó ar oideachas sláinte gnéis, tá sé deacair do phobail iad féin a choinneáil sábháilte agus sláintiúil. De réir mar a mhéadaíonn iarrachtaí oideachais, tá súil ag cliniceoirí cuidiú le pobail atá i mbaol scaipeadh STDanna a rialú. An níos mó daoine sna pobail seo a bhfuil a fhios acu faoi na hacmhainní atá ar fáil, is lú STDanna a scaipeadh. Tá go leor fachtóirí ann a chuireann le sláinte ghnéasach foriomlán phobail. Ceann de na cinn is tábhachtaí ná rochtain a bheith acu ar fhaisnéis agus ar ionaid sláinte pobail. Fiú má tá amhras ort go bhfuil tú glan, ní dhéanfaidh sé aon dochar duit féin a thástáil ar eagla go ndéanfaí. Ní féidir le pobail STDanna a dhíothú ach trí bheith réamhghníomhach. Má mhéadaíonn gach duine a gcuid feasachta agus sábháilteacht ghnéasach, beidh an pobal ar fad ag baint tairbhe as. Má tá an náire a bhaineann le seasamh i líne an chúis atá agat ag cur tástáil STD ar ceal, tá bealach níos tapúla agus níos éasca ann chun aire a thabhairt do do shláinte ghnéasach. Le glao amháin ar an bhfón is féidir leat tástáil rúnda STD a chur in áirithe agus gan ach cúpla nóiméad a chaitheamh i saotharlann áisiúil.

Example with a context (Java: A Beginner's Guide, 6th Edition by Herbert Schildt): OOP is a powerful way to approach the job of programming. Programming methodologies have changed dramatically since the invention of the computer, primarily to accommodate the increasing complexity of programs. For example, when computers were first invented, programming was done by toggling in the binary machine instructions using the computer's front panel. I don't think I comprehend that part well enough. To toggle something basically means to switch it back and forth between two different states. But here, I'm really at a loss as to how I should interpret the action of toggling in this context. Plus, the preposition in also throws me off a little bit.

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en

Sampla le comhthéacs (Java: A Beginner's Guide, 6ú hIontráil le Herbert Schildt): Is bealach cumhachtach é OOP chun cur chuige a dhéanamh ar an obair cláir. Tá modheolaíochtaí cláir tar éis athrú go suntasach ó tháinig an ríomhaire chun cinn, go príomha chun freastal ar chastacht na gclár atá ag méadú. Mar shampla, nuair a cruthaíodh ríomhairí den chéad uair, rinneadh clárú trí threoracha an mheaisín dhuainíneach a athrú trí úsáid a bhaint as painéal tosaigh an ríomhaire. Ní dóigh liom go dtuigeann mé an chuid sin go maith go leor. Ciallaíonn togáil rud éigin go bunúsach é a aistriú ar ais agus amach idir dhá staid dhifriúla. Ach anseo, tá mé i ndáiríre ag caillteanas mar a ba chóir dom a léiriú an gníomh toggling sa chomhthéacs seo. Ina theannta sin, an preposition i freisin throws mé amach le beagán.

What Your Need to Know About Metalizing Paint Metalizing paint, also known as thermal spray coating, is basically the process of effectively applying a thin metallic contrite on a substrate; this is done in order to protect the material against physical wear and corrosion. Alloys, aluminium and zinc the metals typically used in the process. The metals will either be heated with the help of a flame or electronically before it can be sprayed over a substrate; before the substrate can be sprayed with the metalizing paint, it has to go through surface preparation. Metalizing paint can offer great protection on metals and concrete against corrosion but you can add metalizing paint on top of every metal or concrete area you own; the area has to be strong enough to handle the surface preparation, which involves a lot of blasters and cleaners. In metalizing paint, pure aluminium and zinc-aluminum alloy are incredibly effective marine coatings. The most common customers of thermal spray coatings include piers, bridges, locks and dams as well as other onshore and offshore facilities. Advantage of Metalizing Paint Because of the fact that VOCs (volatile emission compounds) are not emitted during the metalizing process, in a lot of ways, it’s safe; VOCs come from specific solvents and metalizing paint contains no solvents. Hundreds of owners and painters are looking into all the options to limit the emission of VOCs from their process since environmental regulations are against it. Metalizing has increased in popularity due to the circumstance; apart from not emitting VOCs, metalizing projects also doesn’t require cure times. Assets that undergo metalizing can be quickly placed back in server as soon as the process is completed; for some it might not seem like all that big of a deal but for companies that lose revenue whenever there’s a downtime, it means a lot. No matter what the condition might be, metalizing can be done; compared to paint-based coatings that require certain conditions for the process, the metals and alloys in metalizing allows it to be effectively applied regardless of the humidity or temperature. So as another advantage metalizing projects can be done whatever the seasons or whether might be, may it rains cats and dogs or the heat of the sun becomes too much and everything in between; the only real concern will be the safety of the workers. Even though metalizing is often compared to hot-dip galvanisation due to a handful of similarities, metalizing still has advantages over the other process. The first advantage would be that metalizing is the feasible solution for the much bigger structures because of its spray application; even deconstruction is impossible or not actually cost-effective. Due to the process involved in metalizing, the substrates remain at cool temperatures which is a different story when hot-dip galvanisation is used; because of the fact that metalizing only used a spray application, it won’t pose any possible damage or distortion to the substrate.

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Cad is gá duit a fhios faoi Phéint Metalizing Is éard atá i bpeant meitiliúcháin, ar a dtugtar sciathadh teiriúil freisin, go bunúsach an próiseas chun contrite miotalach tanaí a chur i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach ar bhonn; déantar é seo d'fhonn an t-ábhar a chosaint ar chaitheamh fisiciúil agus ar chorrú. Déantús, alúmanam agus sinc na miotail a úsáidtear de ghnáth sa phróiseas. Beidh na miotail a théamh le cabhair ó lasair nó go leictreonach sula bhféadfar é a spraeáil ar bhonn; sula bhféadfar an bonn a spraeáil leis an péint meitealaithe, ní mór dó dul trí ullmhúchán dromchla. Is féidir le péint mhéatailíse a thairiscint cosaint mhór ar mhiotail agus ar shéideadh i gcoinne creimeadh ach is féidir leat péint mhéatailíse a chur ar bharr gach limistéar miotail nó shéide a bhfuil tú; caithfidh an limistéar a bheith láidir go leor chun ullmhú an dromchla a láimhseáil, rud a chuimsíonn go leor spréachadóirí agus glanadóirí. I péint mhéatail, tá alúmanam íon agus cóimhiotal sinc-alúmanam ina gcuach mara thar a bheith éifeachtach. I measc na gcustaiméirí is coitianta a bhfuil cótaí spraeála teiriúil acu tá piallaí, droichid, sliseanna agus damha chomh maith le saoráidí eile ar an talamh agus ar muir. Buntáiste na Pince Miotalaithe Mar gheall ar an bhfíric nach scaoiltear VOCanna (comhlachtaí astaíochtaí éadránacha) le linn an phróisis miotailithe, i go leor bealaí, tá sé sábháilte; tagann VOCanna ó leáirí sonracha agus níl aon leáirí sa phéint miotailithe. Tá na céadta úinéir agus péinteoirí ag féachaint ar na roghanna go léir chun astaíochtaí VOCanna a theorannú óna bpróiseas toisc go bhfuil rialacháin chomhshaoil i gcoinne. Tá méadú tagtha ar an tóir atá ar mhéadaíocht mar gheall ar an imthosca; seachas nach scaoilfidh VOCanna, ní gá amanna cóireála a bheith ag tionscadail mhéadaíochta. Is féidir sócmhainní a dhéantar meitiliú orthu a chur ar ais go tapa ar an bhfreastalaí a luaithe a bheidh an próiseas críochnaithe; d'fhéadfadh sé nach bhfuil sé cosúil le cuid den mhór-déileáil ach do chuideachtaí a chailleann ioncam aon uair a bhíonn am lasmuigh, ciallaíonn sé go leor. Is féidir meitiliú a dhéanamh, is cuma cén riocht a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann; i gcomparáid le sciatháin bunaithe ar pheanta a éilíonn coinníollacha áirithe don phróiseas, ceadaíonn na miotail agus na cóimhiotail i meitiliú é a chur i bhfeidhm go héifeachtach is cuma cén taise nó teocht atá ann. Mar sin, is féidir tionscadail miotailithe a dhéanamh cibé sé na séasúir nó cibé acu a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann, d'fhéadfadh sé go rachadh sé cait agus madraí nó go dtarlódh teas an ghrian ró-mhór agus gach rud idir; is é an t-aon imní fíor ná sábháilteacht na n-oibrithe. Cé go ndéantar metailíocht a chur i gcomparáid go minic le galvanization te-leamh mar gheall ar roinnt cosúlachtaí, tá buntáistí fós ag metailíocht i gcomparáid leis an bpróiseas eile. Is é an chéad buntáiste ná go bhfuil an réiteach is féidir le haghaidh struchtúir i bhfad níos mó ná an miotail mar gheall ar a chur i bhfeidhm spraeála; ní féidir fiú an dí-dhearadh a dhéanamh nó ní costéifeachtach é i ndáiríre. Mar gheall ar an bpróiseas a bhaineann le miotailú, fanann na substaintí ag teocht fuar, rud atá difriúil nuair a úsáidtear galvanization te; toisc nach n-úsáidtear miotailú ach iarratas spraeála, ní chuirfidh sé aon damáiste nó claonadh féideartha ar an substaint.

Ancient Egypt: The Gift of the Nile C. 3000–1200 BC/BCE Introduction: Egypt is located in Northern Africa and is home to the most successful ancient civilization of its time. While Mesopotamian civilizations were developing the ideas of writing, farming, rules and laws, the Egyptians followed their lead but then unified into one empire that defined their own destiny in creating the most advanced civilization of the ancient world. However their story begins with the similar geographic trait of the Mesopotamian civilizations; a rich river valley that gave people the ability to farm and form small villages. From then on, The Ancient Egyptians went on to be the most unique, mysterious, ambitious and interesting civilization to ever exist. Essential Vocabulary and Notes. 7.12 On a historical map of the Mediterranean region, locate the Mediterranean and Red Seas, the Nile River and Delta, and the areas of ancient Nubia and Egypt. Identify the locations of ancient Upper and Lower Egypt and explain what the terms mean. On a modern map, identify the modern countries of Egypt and Sudan. What was the importance of the Geography for the ancient Egyptians? Gifts of the Nile (click for video) Nile river flow chart SUMMARIZE: Why was the Nile River important to the Ancient Egyptians? Egyptian Social Classes _7.13 Describe the kinds of evidence used by archaeologists and historians to draw conclusions about the social and economic characteristics of ancient Nubia (the Kingdom of Kush) and their relationship to the social and economic characteristics of ancient Egypt. (H, G) Notes: Social Hierarchies of Egypt Reading & Completed Notes 7.14 Egypt's Pharaoh's (click link for Brainpop) Describe the role of the pharaoh as god/king, the concept of dynasties, the importance of at ancient Egypt. Essential Question: Who were the Pharaoh's? _ The richest most powerful person in society Absolute Power: complete control over the people -controlled government, religion, and army -responsible for everything so everyone obeyed -represented Horus (Falcon God) _ 7.15 Mummies and Deities (click link for brainpop) Describe the polytheistic religion of ancient Egypt with respect to beliefs about death, the afterlife, mummification, and the roles of different deities. (H) Essential Question:How did the Egyptian belief in the afterlife influence their culture? God's and Goddess played a central role in Egyptian Culture Mythology explained creation, life, death and mystery's of life. Deities of Egypt: Graphic Organizer Design your own tomb Facebook God and Goddess 7.16 Summarize important achievements of Egyptian civilization. (H) -Invention of calendar -monumental architecture and art such as great Pyramids and Sphinx at Gaza -the invention of papyrus

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An Sean-Éigipt: An Tógáil ó Nile C. 30001200 RC/CE Tús: Tá an Éigipt suite i dTuaisceart na hAfraice agus is baile í don tsibhialtacht ársa is rathúla dá thréimhse. Cé go raibh sibhialtachtaí Mesopotamia ag forbairt smaointe an scríbhneoireachta, feirmeoireachta, rialacha agus dlíthe, lean na hÉigiptigh a gcuid treoir ach ansin aontaíodh i gceann impireacht a shainmhínigh a gcinn féin i gcruthú an sibhialtacht is airde an domhain ársa. Mar sin féin tosaíonn a gcuid scéalta leis an ngné gheografach den chineál céanna de na sibhialtachtaí Mesopotamia; gleann abhar abhar a thug deis do dhaoine feirmeoireacht a dhéanamh agus sráidbhailte beaga a chruthú. Ón am sin ar aghaidh, The Ancient Egyptians chuaigh ar an ceann is uathúla, rúnda, uaillmhianach agus sibhialtacht suimiúil a bheith ann riamh. Fuaim agus Nótaí Bunriachtanacha. 7.12 Ar léarscáil stairiúil réigiún na Meánmhara, suímh na farraige, na farraige dearga, Abhainn na Níle agus Delta, agus limistéir Nubia agus na hÉigipte ársa. Léigh cén áit a raibh an t-Éigipt Uachtarach agus an t-Éigipt Íochtarach, agus cén bhrí atá leis na téarmaí sin. Ar léarscáil nua-aimseartha, aithin tíortha nua-aimseartha na hÉigipte agus na Súdáine. Cén tábhacht a bhí ag an nGréagaireacht do na hÉigiptigh ársa? Dea-bhronntanas na Níle (cliceáil ar an bhfíseán) Chart sreabhadh abhainn na Níle TÁITHE: Cén fáth a raibh an Abhainn Níle tábhachtach do na hÉigiptigh ársa? Rangacha Sóisialta na hÉigipte _7.13 Déan cur síos ar na cineálacha fianaise a úsáideann seandálaithe agus staraithe chun conclúidí a tharraingt faoi shaintréithe sóisialta agus eacnamaíocha ársa Núibia (Ríoghacht Kush) agus a gcaidreamh le shaintréithe sóisialta agus eacnamaíocha ársa na hÉigipte. (H, G) Nótaí: Hierarchaí Sóisialta na hÉigipte Léitheoireacht & Nótaí Comhlánaithe 7.14 Pharaoh na hÉigipte (cliceáil ar nasc le haghaidh Brainpop) Déan cur síos ar ról an pharaoh mar dia/rí, coincheap na dTríodhlachtaí, tábhacht na hIospaide sa tSín. Ceist Bhuntasach: Cé hé an Pharaoh? _ An duine is saibhre is cumhachtaí sa tsochaí Cumhacht Uilíoch: rialú iomlán ar na daoine - rialtas, reiligiún agus arm faoi smacht - freagrach as gach rud mar sin d'fhoghlaim gach duine - Horus a bhí i láthair (Deas Falcon) _ 7.15 Mummies agus Deities (cliceáil ar nasc le haghaidh brainpop) Déan cur síos ar reiligiún il-deitheach na hÉigipte ársa maidir le creidimh maidir le bás, saol tar éis bháis, múmaíocht, agus ról na n-dílse éagsúla. (H) Ceist Bhuntasach:Conas a raibh tionchar ag creideamh na hÉigipte i saol an tsaoil ina dhiaidh ar a gcultúr? Bhí ról lárnach ag Dia agus Déise i gCultúr na hÉigipte Mínigh miotaseolaíocht cruthú, saol, bás agus rúndiamhair na beatha. Déithe na hÉigipte: Eagraitheoir Gráfach Dearadh do chuid tuama féin Facebook Dia agus Déithe 7.16 Déan achoimre ar éachtaí tábhachtacha sibhialtacht na hÉigipte. (H) -Féach ar an gclár -ailtireacht agus ealaín cuimhneacháin mar na Pirimidí Móra agus an Sphinx i Gaza - an t-innealtú papyrus

Images of the Middle Ages Medieval sacred architecture in Germany and France as an example of image production in heritage conservation (DFG) The image we have of medieval sacred architecture is largely defined by the varying models of heritage preservation, which influence a building’s design according to specific ideas. This research project focuses on the systematic and comparative investigation of this “image production” in the 20th century. By focusing exclusively on the era of Modernism, the study breaks new ground. Regarding the field’s self-perception since 1900, scientific, solely preserving and findings-oriented procedures have taken over and replaced historicism and the “creative” heritage conservation. The thesis of this project, however, argues that the goals of restorations in the 20th century were rarely made explicit in accordance with the changed doctrine. Yet, an image policy of heritage studies was pursued in an altered form, and varying and very different images of medieval sacred architecture continued to be conveyed. The research project aims to reconstruct the different models in France and Germany, whose approaches to heritage conservation have a comparatively long institutional history and have dominated the discourse on heritage conservation for a long time. First, different restoration campaigns regarding a sample of central buildings in both countries will be reconstructed and analyzed in relation to the image production which can be traced in them. Secondly, the relationship of the different restoration practices to the respective prevailing theorems of heritage preservation as well as to the modes of presentation in popular photographs for postcards, travel and architectural guides will be examined. Finally, a comparative investigation will clarify why very different medieval images were apparently developed for long time periods in the two investigated countries. The broad perspective applied here places the knowledge of medieval reception in Modernism on a broader foundation. In the consistent and appropriate contextualization of the conservation campaigns both in contemporary theoretical debates as well as in the changing image productions of popular print media, the project also makes an important contribution to the research field’s history: contrary to their increasingly scientific self-image, heritage studies are consistently understood as a temporally-bound cultural technique, an approach that will give new impetus to the struggling discipline. The poster for this research project can be found here. Prof. Dr. Stephan Albrecht Chair of Art History, particularly the history of medieval art Am Kranen 10, Room 02.01 +49 (0)951 863-2398 Prof. Dr. Gerhard Vinken Chair of Heritage Sciences Am Zwinger 4, Room 00.26 +49 (0)951 863-2401

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Íomhánna na Meánaoise Archaiteolaíocht naofa na meánaoise sa Ghearmáin agus sa Fhrainc mar shampla de tháirgeadh íomhá i gcosc ar oidhreacht (DFG) Is é an íomhá atá againn d'ailtireacht naofa na meánaoise a shainmhínítear go mór ag na samhlacha éagsúla caomhnaithe oidhreachta, a mbíonn tionchar acu ar dhearadh foirgneamh de réir smaointe ar leith. Díríonn an tionscadal taighde seo ar an iniúchadh córeasach agus comparáideach ar an "táirgeadh íomhá" seo sa 20ú haois. Trí díriú go heisiach ar ré na hOideachais, tá an staidéar ag briseadh talamh nua. Maidir le féin-thuiscint an réimse ó 1900, tá nósanna imeachta eolaíocha, atá dírithe ar chaomhnú agus ar thorthaí amháin tar éis dul i bhfeidhm agus tar éis a bheith in ionad na staire agus na caomhnaithe oidhreachta "chruthaitheach". Deir téacs an tionscadail seo, áfach, nach minic a rinneadh spriocanna na hathchóirithe sa 20ú haois a chur in iúl go soiléir de réir an fhoghlaim athraithe. Mar sin féin, leanadh beartas íomhá de staidéir oidhreachta i bhfoirm athraithe, agus leanadh íomhánna éagsúla agus an-difriúla d'ailtireacht naofa na meánaoise a chur in iúl. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an tionscadal taighde na samhlacha éagsúla sa Fhrainc agus sa Ghearmáin a athchóiriú, a bhfuil stair institiúideach réasúnta fada acu maidir le caomhnú oidhreachta agus a bhí i gceannas ar an gcaint maidir le caomhnú oidhreachta ar feadh i bhfad. Ar an gcéad dul síos, déanfar feachtais athchóirithe éagsúla a bhaineann le sampla de phríomhfhoirgnimh sa dá thír a athchóiriú agus a anailísiú i ndáil leis an táirgeadh íomhá is féidir a rianú iontu. Ar an dara dul síos, scrúdófar an gaol atá idir na cleachtais athchóirithe éagsúla agus na teoirímí atá i réim faoi seach maidir le caomhnú oidhreachta chomh maith leis na modhanna cur i láthair i ngrianghraif tóir do phictiúrchártaí, do thurasóirí agus do threoracha ailtireachta. Ar deireadh, soiléireofar le fiosrúchán comparáideach cén fáth gur léir gur forbraíodh íomhánna Meánaoise an-difriúla ar feadh tréimhsí fada ama sna dhá thír a ndearnadh an t-imscrúdú orthu. An dearcadh leathan a chuirtear i bhfeidhm anseo cuireann sé eolas ar fáiltiú na meánaoise sa Nua-Eabhrac ar bhonn níos leithne. I gcomhthéacsú comhsheasmhach agus iomchuí na bhfeachtais caomhnaithe araon i ndíospóireachtaí teoiriciúla comhaimseartha chomh maith le táirgeadh íomhá athraitheach na meán clóite tóir, tugann an tionscadal ranníocaíocht thábhachtach freisin le stair an réimse taighde: contrártha lena n-fhiosrú féin-íomhá níos eolaíocha, tuigtear staidéir oidhreachta go comhsheasmhach mar theicníc chultúrtha atá ceangailte go sealadach, cur chuige a chuirfidh spreagadh nua ar an disciplín atá ag streachailt. Is féidir an póstaer don tionscadal taighde seo a fháil anseo. Prof. Dr. Stephan Albrecht Cathaoirleach um Stair Ealaíne, go háirithe stair ealaíne na meánaoise Am Kranen 10, Seomra 02.01 +49 (0) 951 863-2398 Prof. Dr. Gerhard Vinken Cathaoirleach Eolaíochtaí Oidhreachta Am Zwinger 4, Seomra 00.26 +49 (0) 951 863-2401

Melbourne, Australia: Today, on National Close the Gap Day, SNAICC recognises that we have a shared responsibility to ensure the rights of every Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander child to be safe and thrive in their families, communities and cultures. This year marks a decade since the Closing the Gap Strategy was developed to achieve equality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples by 2030. In 2018, this day of action is needed more than ever. The Prime Minister has acknowledged that six of the seven targets for Closing the Gap are not on track, and a refresh of the strategy is currently being conducted. Today, nationally, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are 10.1 times more likely to be living in out-of-home care than non-Indigenous children, with 10,000 more children living in out-of-home care today than since the Closing the Gap Strategy was introduced. In early years education – an area that has proven to have the greatest impact on a child’s lifelong education and employment outcomes – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are only half as likely to access early education as non-Indigenous children. On this day, SNAICC calls for the current Closing the Gap targets to be expanded to: - ensure our children’s safety by including an additional target to eliminate over-representation of our children in out-of-home care by 2040, and sub-targets that address the underlying causes of child protection intervention. - foster our children’s wellbeing and development by strengthening the current target on education to eliminate the under-representation of our 0 to 5-year old children in early childhood education and care services by 2040. In February 2018, a Special Gathering was held to discuss Closing the Gap involving forty-five prominent Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders, up to six from each jurisdiction. The Special Gathering Statement emphasises that ‘the next phase of the Closing the Gap agenda must be guided by the principles of empowerment and self-determination’. It is imperative that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander voices are at the centre of decision-making processes from the beginning. If this had happened a decade ago when the Closing the Gap Strategy was first developed, maybe the gap would be much narrower already.” – SNAICC Chairperson, Sharron Williams

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Melbourne, an Astráil: Sa lá atá inniu ann, ar an Lá Náisiúnta chun an t-eisceacht a Dhúnadh, aithníonn SNAICC go bhfuil freagracht chomhroinnte againn chun cearta gach leanbh Aboriginal agus Oileánach Sráide Torres a chinntiú chun a bheith sábháilte agus chun rath a bhaint amach ina dteaghlaigh, ina bpobail agus ina gcultúir. Tá deich mbliana caite an bhliain seo caite ó bunaíodh an Straitéis um Dhúnadh an Ghearrscéil chun comhionannas a bhaint amach do phobail Thírthíre agus Oileánach Sráid Torres faoi 2030. Sa bhliain 2018, tá gá níos mó ná riamh leis an lá gníomhaíochta seo. D'admhaigh an Príomh-Aire nach bhfuil sé spriocanna as na seacht sprioc a bhí leagtha síos maidir leis an nGréasán a Dhúnadh ar an mbóthar, agus tá athnuachan ar an straitéis á dhéanamh faoi láthair. Sa lá atá inniu ann, go náisiúnta, tá 10.1 uair níos mó seans ann go mbeidh leanaí Aboriginal agus Oileánach Sráide Torres ag maireachtáil i gcúram lasmuigh den bhaile ná leanaí neamh-Thírdhúchasacha, agus 10,000 leanbh níos mó ag maireachtáil i gcúram lasmuigh den bhaile inniu ná mar a bhí ó tugadh isteach an Straitéis um Dhúnadh an Bhearna. Sa luathbhlianta oideachas réimse a bhfuil sé cruthaithe go bhfuil an tionchar is mó aige ar oideachas agus ar thorthaí fostaíochta ar feadh an tsaoil leanbh Ní bhíonn rochtain ag leanaí Aboriginal agus Oileáin Torres Strait ar oideachas luathbhlianta ach leath chomh minic le leanaí neamh-Thúsnaitheach. Ar an lá seo, iarrann SNAICC go leathnófaí na spriocanna reatha maidir le "Clós an Bhearna" go: - sábháilteacht ár bpáistí a áirithiú trí sprioc breise a chur leis chun ró-ionadaíocht ár bpáistí a dhíothú i gcúram lasmuigh den bhaile faoi 2040, agus fo-spriocanna a thugann aghaidh ar na cúiseanna bunúsacha a bhaineann le hiontráil cosanta leanaí. - leas agus forbairt ár bpáistí a chothú trí sprioc reatha an oideachais a neartú chun an fo-ionadaíocht atá ag ár bpáistí 0 go 5 bliana d'aois i seirbhísí oideachais agus cúraim luathóige a dhíchur faoi 2040. I mí Feabhra 2018, tionóladh Cruinniú Speisialta chun an Bearna a Dhúnadh a phlé a raibh ceannairí mór le rá de na hAbhraiticigh agus Oileáin an Sráid Torres páirteach ann, suas le sé ó gach dlínse. Leagtar béim sa Ráiteas maidir leis an gCruinniú Speisialta go gcaithfear "an chéad chéim eile den chlár oibre maidir le "An Dramhaíl a Dhúnadh" a threorú ag prionsabail na cumasaithe agus na féinchinnteoireachta". Tá sé ríthábhachtach go mbeidh guthanna na dtuismitheoirí dúchasacha agus na nOileánach Sráide Torres i lár na bpróisis cinnteoireachta ón tús. Dá tharla sé seo deich mbliana ó shin nuair a forbraíodh an Straitéis um Dhúnadh an Bhearna den chéad uair, b'fhéidir go mbeadh an bhearna i bhfad níos lú cheana féin. Cathaoirleach SNAICC, Sharron Williams

, SYDNEY, Mar 10 – Australian archaeologists have uncovered what they believe to be the world\’s southernmost site of early human life, a 40,000-year-old tribal meeting ground, an Aboriginal leader said Wednesday. The site appears to have been the last place of refuge for Aboriginal tribes from the cannon fire of Australia\’s first white settlers, said Michael Mansell of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre. The find came during an archaeological survey ahead of roadworks near Tasmania\’s Derwent River and soil dating had established the age of the artefacts found there. "When the archaeological report came out it showed that (life there) had gone back longer than any other recorded place anywhere else in Tasmania, dating back to 40,000 years," Mansell told AFP. Up to three million artefacts, including stone tools, shellfish fragments and food scraps, were believed to be buried in the area, which appeared to have been a meeting ground for three local tribes. They died out after white settlers arrived in the late 18th century. "They (settlers) hunted people here to this place and shot them just so they could get the land," said Mansell. "Many others were imprisoned until they died." "In terms of culture and history this region now represents Tasmania\’s Valley of the Kings," he added, referring to the world heritage listed Egyptian tombs on the west bank of the Nile. The survey was finished last week and chief archaeologist Rob Paton said he had been surprised at the age of the items found. "We haven\’t even done a reading on the bottom sample yet, I was expecting 17,000 (years) for the base of the trench and about 4 or 5,000 (years) for the top," Paton told state radio. Paton said luminescence readings — measuring the age of the artefacts based on how much exposure they had received to sunlight — had been "nice and statistically tight". "That suggests to me that they\’re probably correct, giving us a top reading of 28,000 (years old) and certainly seeming to go back another 10,000 (years) at least beyond that," he said. The readings indicated that "we do have the oldest, most southern site anywhere in the world", said Paton, making it "an important site for anyone and quite exciting for us". Australia\’s original inhabitants with cultures stretching back tens of thousands of years, Aborigines are believed to have numbered around one million at the time of white settlement. There are now just 470,000 out of a population of 21 million and Australia\’s most impoverished minority.

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Tá an t-ealaíontóir, a bhfuil a fhios aige go bhfuil sé ag iarraidh a bheith ina mhúinteoir, ag iarraidh a bheith ina mhúinteoir, agus ag iarraidh a bheith ina mhúinteoir. Is cosúil gurbh é an suíomh an áit theile deireanach do threibheanna Aboriginal ó thine canóin na chéad lonnaitheoirí bána na hAstráile, a dúirt Michael Mansell ó Ionad Aboriginal Tasmáinis. Tháinig an teacht le linn suirbhé seandálaíochta roimh obair bhóthar in aice le Abhainn Derwent Tasmania agus bhí dátaithe talún bunaithe ar aois na n-earraí a fuarthas ann. "Nuair a tháinig an tuarascáil seandálaíochta amach, léirigh sé go raibh (beatha ann) níos faide ar ais ná aon áit eile a taifeadadh in áit ar bith eile i Tasmáine, ag dul siar go 40,000 bliain", a dúirt Mansell le AFP. Creidtear go raibh suas le trí mhilliún ealaín, lena n-áirítear uirlisí cloiche, codanna muiceola agus scraobhanna bia, curtha sa cheantar, a bhí cosúil le háit chruinnithe do thrí threibh áitiúil. D'éag siad amach tar éis do chónaitheoirí bána teacht sa 18ú haois déanach. "Bhí siad (an t-ionsamhlaithe) ag sealgáil daoine anseo go dtí an áit seo agus iad a lámhach ach amháin ionas gur féidir leo an talamh a fháil", a dúirt Mansell. "Bhí go leor daoine eile i bpríosún go dtí go bhfuair siad bás". "Ó thaobh cultúr agus staire de, léiríonn an réigiún seo Tholl na Ríthe Tasmáine anois", a dúirt sé, ag tagairt do na tuamaí Éigipteacha atá liostaithe mar oidhreacht domhanda ar bhruach thiar na Níle. Críochnaíodh an suirbhé an tseachtain seo caite agus dúirt an príomh-archéalaíontóir Rob Paton go raibh iontas air ó aois na n-earraí a fuarthas. "Níor rinneamar léitheoireacht ar an sampla bun fós, bhí mé ag súil le 17,000 (bliain) le haghaidh bun an tránna agus thart ar 4 nó 5,000 (bliain) don bharr", a dúirt Paton le raidió stáit. Dúirt Paton go raibh léitheoireacht luminescence ag tomhas aois na n-earraí bunaithe ar an méid nochtadh a fuair siad do sholas na gréine "deas agus daingean go staidrimh". "Tugann sé sin le fios dom go bhfuil siad ceart, ag tabhairt léitheoireacht 28,000 (bliain d'aois) dúinn agus is cinnte go bhfuil an chuma air go dtéann siad ar ais 10,000 (bliain) eile ar a laghad níos faide ná sin", a dúirt sé. Léirigh na léitheoireachta go bhfuil "an suíomh is sine, is ó dheas ar domhan againn", a dúirt Paton, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé "ar suíomh tábhachtach do dhuine ar bith agus go bhfuil sé thar a bheith spreagúil dúinn". Meastar go raibh thart ar milliún Aborigine ag an am a socraíodh an t-aistriúchán bán. Níl ach 470,000 ann anois as daonra de 21 milliún agus is í an mhionlach is boichte san Astráil.

Computers were supposed to free us from manual labor, but how many times have you performed some task you felt sure the computer should be able to do but you ended up doing the work yourself by tediously working the mouse? Pointing and clicking, pointing and clicking. Terminals, also known as command lines or consoles, allow us to accomplish and automate tasks on a computer without the use of a graphical user interface. Using a terminal allows us to send simple text commands to our computer to do things like navigate through a directory or copy a file, and form the basis for many more complex automations and programming skills. If you already have a solid understanding of terminals or are coming here after already attending the workshop feel free to skip ahead to the frequently asked questions and supplementary resources sections. Due to the variations in operating systems the terminal program is different for each. To interact with a terminal on your operating system simply follow the guide below. ‘Terminal’ is a program that comes preinstalled. Type ‘Terminal’ into the Spotlight tool (CMD + Space or click the magnifying glass in the top right) Although windows comes with ‘cmd’ you will need to download the tool ‘PowerShell’ in order to run any of the commands in this tutorial. It can be downloaded from here. Most Linux distributions supply several, such as: gnome-terminal, konsole, xterm, rxvt, kvt, nxterm, and eterm. No need to download anything, just read the help documentation for your distribution to see which one is included. This tutorial is ordered by how we teach the content for the walk in workshops, but the material listed can be walked through on your own time. Be sure to follow the order of the links and finish each tutorial as they are ordered in way to ease you into using the terminal. - Entering Commands - Looking Around - Manipulating Files - Working With Commands In Depth - Manipulating Input and Output (I/O Redirection) - Command Expansion - Permissions (Mac and Linux only) - Guided Tour of System Directories (Mac and Linux only) - Job Control (Mac and Linux only) Frequently Asked Questions These questions are meant help you solve specific, but common problems that may pop up when using this language. They are meant to be read after you have gone through the tutorial. What are some of the commonly used terminal commands? This article of the top 10 terminal commands outlines some of the most useful commands. In no particular order, these external resources supplement the tutorial by providing shortcuts to commonly used information and further learning. A full A-Z list of all supported Mac Terminal commands. A full A-Z list of all supported Linux Terminal commands. A full A-Z list of all supported Windows PowerShell commands.

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Bhí sé i gceist ag ríomhairí saor a thabhairt dúinn ó shaothar lámhach, ach cé mhéad uair a rinne tú tasc a raibh tú cinnte go mbeadh an ríomhaire in ann a dhéanamh ach a chríochnaigh tú ag déanamh an obair duit féin trí oibriú go tedious ar an luch? Ag pointeáil agus ag cliceáil, ag pointeáil agus ag cliceáil. Ceadaíonn críochfoirt, ar a dtugtar línte ordaithe nó consolaí freisin, dúinn tascanna a chur i gcrích agus a uathoibriú ar ríomhaire gan úsáid a bhaint as comhéadan grafach úsáideora. Ag baint úsáide as críochfort is féidir linn orduithe téacs simplí a sheoladh chuig ár ríomhaire chun rudaí a dhéanamh mar nascleanúint trí thairiscint nó comhad a chóipeáil, agus bunús a chruthú do go leor uathoibrithe agus scileanna cláir níos casta. Má tá tuiscint mhaith agat cheana féin ar chríochfoirt nó má tá tú ag teacht anseo tar éis duit freastal ar an seimineár cheana féin, bíodh spraoi agat dul ar aghaidh chuig na ceisteanna is minice agus na rannáin acmhainní forlíontacha. Mar gheall ar na héagsúlachtaí i gcórais oibriúcháin tá an clár críochfoirt difriúil do gach ceann acu. Chun idirghníomhú le críochfort ar do chóras oibriúcháin, lean an treoir thíos. Is clár é Terminal a thagann réamhshuiteáilte. Téigh i dteagmháil le do mhonaróir nó do sheoltóir. Cé go dtagann Windows le cmd beidh ort an uirlis PowerShell a íoslódáil chun aon cheann de na horduithe sa teagasc seo a reáchtáil. Is féidir é a íoslódáil ón áit seo. Soláthraíonn an chuid is mó d'earraí Linux roinnt acu, mar shampla: gnome-terminal, konsole, xterm, rxvt, kvt, nxterm, agus eterm. Ní gá aon rud a íoslódáil, ní gá ach an doiciméadú cabhrach a léamh le haghaidh do dháileadh chun a fheiceáil cén ceann atá san áireamh. Tá an teagasc seo ordáilte de réir an chaoi a múineann muid ábhar an chúrsa i gceardlanna, ach is féidir an t-ábhar atá liostaithe a dhéanamh trína chéile ag do chuid ama féin. Bí cinnte go leanann tú ord na nasc agus go gcríochnóidh tú gach teagasc mar a ordófar iad ar bhealach chun é a éascú duit an teirminéal a úsáid. - Comhaontaithe a iontráil - Ag Breathnú Timpeall - Comhadanna a Imhlánú - Ag obair le hIarratais i doimhneacht - Ionchur agus aschur a ionramháil (A/F a atreorú) - Forleathnú Coimhlint - Ceadúnais (Mac agus Linux amháin) - Taisteal faoi stiúir i gCeannán Córais (Mac agus Linux amháin) - Rialú Obair (Mac agus Linux amháin) Ceisteanna a Chuirtear go minic Tá sé i gceist leis na ceisteanna seo cabhrú leat fadhbanna sonracha, ach coitianta a réiteach a d'fhéadfadh teacht chun cinn nuair a bhíonn an teanga seo á úsáid agat. Tá siad i gceist a léamh tar éis duit a bheith ag dul tríd an teagasc. Cad iad cuid de na horduithe críochfoirt a úsáidtear go coitianta? Sa 10 cheann ceann scríbe is fearr, léirítear cuid de na horduithe is úsáideacha. Gan ord ar bith ar leith, comhlánaíonn na hacmhainní seachtracha seo an teagasc teagaisc trí ghearrthreoracha a sholáthar do fhaisnéis a úsáidtear go coitianta agus do bhreise foghlama. Liosta iomlán A-Z de na horduithe Mac Terminal go léir a bhfuil tacaíocht acu. Liosta iomlán A-Z de na horduithe críochfoirt Linux go léir a bhfuil tacaíocht acu. Liosta iomlán A-Z de na horduithe uile PowerShell Windows a bhfuil tacaíocht acu.

An event every year that begins at 12:00 am on of September, repeating indefinitely Killa Raymi (September Equinox), Ecuadorian Sierra The September Equinox celebrations are called Killa Raymi in the Ecuadorian Andes. Many of the other festivals taking place during this month have roots in this solar event. It is a traditional celebration of planting new corn and other crops. Look for festivals near Museos de Sitios (open-air archeology museums) like Ingapirca and Cochasqui as well as in towns with strong, indigenous traditions. Small villages are likely to hold events on the weekend falling closest to September 21st.

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Imeacht gach bliain a thosaíonn ag 12:00 am ar an Meán Fómhair, ag athrá go neamhchríochnaithe Killa Raymi (Eacnamaíocht Mheán Fómhair), Sierra Éicéadair Tugtar Killa Raymi ar cheiliúradh Equinox Meán Fómhair sna Andes Éicéadair. Tá fréamhacha ag go leor de na féilte eile a tharlaíonn le linn na míosa seo sa ghiniúint ghrian seo. Is ceiliúradh traidisiúnta é chun arbhar agus barraí eile a phlandaí. Féach ar fhéileanna in aice le Museos de Sitios (muséim seandálaíochta oscailte) cosúil le Ingapirca agus Cochasqui chomh maith le bailte a bhfuil traidisiúin láidir dúchasacha acu. Is dócha go mbeidh imeachtaí i sráidbhailte beaga an deireadh seachtaine is gaire do 21 Meán Fómhair.

At the end of September 2000, the US government had managed to accumulate nearly $5.7 trillion in debt since being debt free briefly in the mid 1830s. It took 165 years to build up that level of debt. By the end of 2017, less than 20 years, the US will have nearly quadrupled that amount to more than $20 trillion. How in the world could a country increase its debt nearly fourfold in less than a 20 year period over what it accumulated in over a century and a half? And by the way, these numbers do not include unfunded liabilities such as future Medicare payments. That would get the national debt up to around $75 trillion or so. Let's see. First is the perpetual war machine and soaring surveillance state. Second add to that a falling economy that has never gained full traction. What has driven the economy since 2000 has been debt not investment and savings. A debt based economy isn't driving tax revenues from higher incomes and productivity. Third was the more than $10 trillion printed to save the banking sector. Since 2009 the global economy has added about $70 trillion in debt. Much of this for the US has come in the form of credit card, student loan and automotive, particularly sub prime, consumer debt. The US government has added about $10 trillion. Corporations have taken advantage of cheap money to borrow to fund stock buy backs, dividends and acquisitions. None of this adds to employment or an overall productive economy. Consequently, we are in a debt bubble like nothing known to mankind and well worse where we were in 2008. Add to that the trillions if not a quadrillion plus of derivatives and we have debt loads that are endangering the human race. Furthermore, none of this debt mathematically can be paid back to any measurable amount. The US has not paid a penny in principal in decades and issues debt just to cover interest payments. Normalizing interest rates could never happen. The weaken economy and dying consumer demand prevents inflation from occurring, which could be used to inflate debt away. All of this debt along with an ever declining employment market in terms of both quantity and quality is a severe drag on the economy. Already tax receipts for the current fiscal year are expected to be down. If Trump passes lower taxes and infrastructure the deficit could grow by $2 trillion a year unless the activity produces offsets. Default rates on credit cards are rising while escalating on student loans and sub prime auto loans. What to do? Clearly its time for a jubilee and a debt reset. Consumer debt needs to be written off and the national debt needs to be severely restructured. In doing so our society will revert back to prudent lending. Gone will be the days of lending for wars and American hegemony. Same for speculation and frills. Americans will go back to savings and investing. Instead of instant credit Americans will be forced to save for certain goods or at least have an appropriate down payment. More importantly, a jubilee would unchain Americans from a ball and chain of debt. With easy to get credit gone Americans might be likely to save more discretionary income. Finally the US government would be forced to choose between maintaining a country or spreading its military and ruling hegemony. Investors would no longer fund both.

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Ag deireadh mhí Mheán Fómhair 2000, d'éirigh le rialtas na Stát Aontaithe beagnach $ 5.7 trilliún a bhailiú i bhfiachas ó bhí sé saor ó bhfiachas go gairid i lár na 1830idí. Thóg sé 165 bliain an leibhéal sin fiachais a thógáil. Faoi dheireadh 2017, i níos lú ná 20 bliain, beidh an méid sin beagnach ceithre huaire ag na Stáit Aontaithe go dtí níos mó ná $20 trilliún. Conas ar domhan a d'fhéadfadh tír a mhéadú ar a fiach beagnach ceithre huaire i níos lú ná 20 bliain tréimhse thar an méid a bhailíodh sé i níos mó ná céad bliain go leith? Agus ag an mbealach, ní áirítear leis na huimhreacha seo dliteanais neamh-mhaoinithe mar íocaíochtaí árachais sláinte amach anseo. Bheadh sin a fháil ar an fiach náisiúnta suas go dtí thart ar $ 75 trilliún nó mar sin. Lig dúinn a fheiceáil. An chéad cheann is ea an mheaisín cogaidh shíoraí agus an stát faireachais ard. An dara rud, cuir leis sin geilleagar ag titim nach bhfuair a lán tarraingt riamh. Is é an rud a d'fhág go raibh an geilleagar ó 2000 i mbun fiachais ná infheistíocht agus coigiltis. Ní bhíonn geilleagar atá bunaithe ar fhiachas ag tiomáint ioncam cánach ó ioncam agus táirgiúlacht níos airde. An tríú ceann ná an níos mó ná $ 10 trilliún a bhí clóite chun an earnáil bhaincéireachta a shábháil. Ó 2009 i leith, tá $70 trilliún de dhliteanas curtha leis an ngeilleagar domhanda. Tháinig cuid mhór de seo do na Stáit Aontaithe i bhfoirm cártaí creidmheasa, iasachtaí mac léinn agus fiacha tomhaltóirí, go háirithe fiacha fo-phraghas. Tá thart ar $10 trilliún curtha leis ag rialtas na Stát Aontaithe. Tá corparáidí a bhain leas as airgead saor a fháil ar iasacht chun maoiniú stoc a cheannach ar ais, díbhinní agus éadálacha. Ní chuireann aon cheann de seo le fostaíocht ná le geilleagar táirgiúil foriomlán. Dá bhrí sin, táimid i mbéal fiachais nach bhfuil ar eolas ag an gcine daonna agus i bhfad níos measa ná mar a bhí muid in 2008. Cuir leis sin na trilliúin más rud é nach quadrillion móide díorthaigh agus tá muid muirir fiacha atá ag cur an chine daonna i mbaol. Ina theannta sin, ní féidir aon cheann de na fiacha seo a íoc ar ais go matamaiticiúil go dtí aon mhéid in-mheasta. Ní raibh na Stáit Aontaithe íoc penny i bpríomh-iníon i blianta fada agus eisiúintí fiach ach chun íocaíochtaí úis a chlúdach. Ní fhéadfaí rátaí úis a normalú riamh. Cuireann an geilleagar lag agus éileamh tomhaltóirí ag fáil bháis cosc ar phléasc a bheith ann, rud a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun fiach a phléasc amach. Tá an fiachas seo go léir mar aon le margadh fostaíochta atá ag titim i gcónaí ó thaobh cainníocht agus cáilíochta araon de ina bhac mór ar an ngeilleagar. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh laghdú ar ioncam cánach don bhliain airgeadais reatha cheana féin. Má rith Trump cánacha níos ísle agus bonneagar d'fhéadfadh an easnamh fás ag $ 2 trilliún in aghaidh na bliana mura dtáirgeann an ghníomhaíocht cúiteamh. Tá rátaí neamhchlaonta ar chártaí creidmheasa ag ardú agus ag ardú ar iasachtaí mac léinn agus ar iasachtaí gluaisteán fo-phraghas. Cad atá le déanamh? Is léir go bhfuil sé in am go ndéanfaí ceiliúradh agus athshocrú fiachais. Ní mór fiach tomhaltóirí a scriosta agus ní mór an fiach náisiúnta a athstruchtúrú go mór. Agus é sin á dhéanamh againn, tiocfaidh ár sochaí ar ais go dtí iasachtú stuama. Beidh na laethanta a bhaineann le hiasachtaí le haghaidh cogaí agus hegemony Mheiriceá imithe. An rud céanna le haghaidh tuairimíocht agus frills. Tiocfaidh Meiriceánaigh ar ais go dtí sábháil agus infheistíocht. In ionad creidmheas láithreach beidh Meiriceánaigh a bheith iallach a shábháil le haghaidh earraí áirithe nó ar a laghad a bheith ar íocaíocht síos oiriúnach. Níos tábhachtaí fós, bheadh jubilee a unchain Meiriceánaigh ó liathróid agus slabhra na fiacha. Le creidmheas éasca a fháil imithe d'fhéadfadh Meiriceánaigh a bheith seans a shábháil níos mó ioncam rogha. Sa deireadh, bheadh ar rialtas na Stát Aontaithe a roghnú idir a choinneáil ar an tír nó a leathnú ar a míleata agus hegemony rialaithe. Ní bheadh infheisteoirí a thuilleadh maoiniú araon.

Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map Project Resolution of the Second International Workshop on Circumpolar Vegetation Classification and Mapping Tromsø, Norway - June 6, 2004 Whereas, vegetation is critical to all aspects of terrestrial systems including the flux of carbon and nutrients to streams and the Arctic Ocean, trace gases to the atmosphere, and heat to the permafrost, and is an essential component of human subsistence activities and wildlife habitat, and is variously sensitive to a multitude of anthropogenic disturbances; and Whereas, the group of international arctic vegetation scientists assembled here has special geobotanical expertise that lends itself to the classification, mapping, and analysis of climatic and other environmental controls on vegetation patterns and processes, and Whereas, there is a lack of terrestrial vegetation components in many science initiatives now being proposed for the International Polar Year (IPY), Be it resolved that the undersigned group will take the following steps to assure that vegetation is properly considered in these initiatives: - Seek representation to be involved on various arctic science planning committees, including ICARP II (International Conference for Arctic Research Planning II (2005)), SEARCH (Study of Environmental Arctic Change), IPY, etc. to promote multi-disciplinary international studies of Arctic vegetation and contiguous boreal systems. - Provide critical input into site selection for international collaborative inventory and monitoring projects, including transects and networks of sites. - Provide the essential vegetation characterization at these sites. - Provide the essential spatial databases for vegetation and other geobotanical variables, at multiple scales at these sites. - Develop a monitoring program that achieves a fuller understanding of the changes in vegetation composition and structure due to climate change, and anthropogenic changes through time. - Assure that we achieve an understanding of the vegetation and changes along the full Arctic climate gradient in each bioclimate subzone over the long term, especially in the extreme polar deserts, transitional ecotonal areas, and sites that may be especially sensitive to change, such as riparian areas, wetlands, snowbeds, mountain tops, and areas of high biological and microclimatic diversity (“hot spots”), and also sites that are currently affected by anthropogenic influences. Furthermore, we will do the following: - Build on the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM) by identifying, ranking and mapping regions of high diversity/rareness/value; and their vulnerability to global and local climatic change and anthropogenic impacts, i.e. “Arctic hot spots”; - Analyze the CAVM in conjunction with other circumpolar databases, such as the soil and permafrost maps, and time series remote sensing information; - Develop an annotated list of vegetation-types (syntaxa) for the Arctic - Extend the CAVM to a spatial domain that is useful for analysis of change across the treeline, including the boreal forest region, in collaboration with other international mapping programs such as the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP); - Extend the mapping and characterization to multiple scales at selected sites across the Arctic; - Develop a web-based geographic information system (GIS) for analysis and distribution of mapped data; and - Emphasize the use of the data for educational, training and outreach purposes and involving other Arctic groups including the Arctic Council, the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), the Arctic Research Commission of the United States, and other government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and scientific research and conservation groups, including the Circumpolar Arctic Fauna and Flora project (CAFF), International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Circumarctic Environmental Observatory Network (CEON), and the Circum-Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity initiative (CAT-B).

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Tionscadal Cárta Fhionnraíochta na hArtaice Circumpolar Rún ón Dara Seimineár Idirnáisiúnta ar Chlasú agus ar Mhapáil na Féithíochta Cearcaipolach Tromsø, an Iorua - 6 Meitheamh, 2004 De bhrí go bhfuil fás ríthábhachtach do gach gné de chórais thírdhíre lena n-áirítear sreabhadh carbóin agus cothaithigh chuig sruthanna agus chuig an Aigéan Artach, gáis rianúla chuig an atmaisféar, agus teas chuig an bpermafrost, agus go bhfuil sé ina chomhpháirt riachtanach de ghníomhaíochtaí maireachtála an duine agus de ghnáthóg fiadhúlra, agus go bhfuil sé íogair go éagsúil do iliomad cur isteach anthrópaigineach; agus De bhrí go bhfuil saineolas speisialta geobotánach ag an ngrúpa eolaithe idirnáisiúnta ar fhás na n-árta a chruinníodh anseo a thugann deis dóibh aicmiú, léarscáileadh agus anailís a dhéanamh ar rialuithe aeráide agus comhshaoil eile ar phacsanna agus ar phróisis fhás na n-árta, agus De bhrí go bhfuil easpa comhpháirteanna plandaíochta talún i go leor tionscnamh eolaíochta atá á mholadh anois don Bliain Idirnáisiúnta Polar (IPY), Déantar cinneadh go nglacfaidh an grúpa atá thíos sínithe na céimeanna seo a leanas chun a chinntiú go gcuirfear an fhásann san áireamh go cuí sna tionscnaimh seo: - Iarr ar ionadaíocht a bheith páirteach i gcoistí éagsúla pleanála eolaíochta na hArtaice, lena n-áirítear ICARP II (Conférence internationale pour la planification de la recherche dans l'Arctique II (2005)), SEARCH (Etude des changements environnementaux de l'Arctique), IPY, etc. staidéar idirnáisiúnta ildhisciplíneach ar fhéithíocht na hArtaice agus ar chórais bhóireacha in aice láimhe a chur chun cinn. - Tacaíocht ríthábhachtach a chur ar fáil maidir le roghnú an láithreáin do thionscadail chomhoibritheacha idirnáisiúnta um fardal agus faireachán, lena n-áirítear tras-chomharthaí agus líonraí láithreáin. - Tabhair an carachtarú fíordheimhniú ar fhás na suíomhanna sin. - Na bunachair sonraí spáis riachtanacha a sholáthar do fhéithíocht agus do athromaitheoirí geobotánacha eile, ar scálaí éagsúla sna suíomhanna sin. - Clár faireacháin a fhorbairt a bhaint amach tuiscint níos iomláine ar na hathruithe i gcomhdhéanamh agus struchtúr na plandaí mar gheall ar athrú aeráide, agus athruithe anthrópaigineacha le himeacht ama. - A chinntiú go dtabharfaimid tuiscint ar fhéidearthacht agus ar athruithe ar feadh an ghrádáin aeráide iomlán san Ard-Airc i ngach fo-chrios bithchlimaíochta thar thréimhse fhada, go háirithe sna fásach polaracha iomarcacha, i limistéir idirthréimhseacha éicotonacha, agus i suíomhanna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith an-íogair do athrú, amhail limistéir chósta, tailte fliuch, leapacha sneachta, barr sléibhte, agus limistéir a bhfuil éagsúlacht ard bitheolaíoch agus microclimaíoch acu ( hot spots), agus freisin suíomhanna a bhfuil tionchar anthrópaigineach ag baint leo faoi láthair. Ina theannta sin, déanfaidh muid na nithe seo a leanas: - Tógáil ar an gCarte Fhéithíochta Circumpolar Arctic (CAVM) trí réigiúin a bhfuil éagsúlacht/an-eagla/luach ard acu a shainaithint, a rangú agus a léarscáileadh; agus a leochaileacht i leith athrú aeráide domhanda agus áitiúil agus tionchair anthrópaigineacha, i.e. Phointí te san Ard-Airc; - Anailís a dhéanamh ar an CAVM i gcomhar le bunachair sonraí circumpolar eile, amhail léarscáileanna ithreach agus permafrost, agus faisnéis tearbhrath sraithe ama; - Liosta annótach de chineálacha plandaíochta (syntaxa) don Artach a fhorbairt - CAVM a leathnú go réimse spásúil atá úsáideach chun anailís a dhéanamh ar athrú ar fud na líne crainn, lena n-áirítear réigiún na foraoise bóraí, i gcomhar le cláir mhapeála idirnáisiúnta eile amhail an Clár Bithsféar Idirnáisiúnta Geosphere (IGBP); - an léarscáileáil agus an tréithscríbhneoireacht a leathnú go scálaí éagsúla ar shuíomhanna roghnaithe ar fud an Aicme; - Córas faisnéise geografach (GIS) bunaithe ar an ngréasán a fhorbairt chun sonraí léarscáileacha a anailísiú agus a dháileadh; agus - Léim a chur ar úsáid na sonraí chun críocha oideachais, oiliúna agus for-rochtana agus lena n-áirítear grúpaí eile san Ard-Mhír Thuaidh lena n-áirítear an Chomhairle Artaigh, an Coiste Eolaíochta Idirnáisiúnta san Ard-Mhír Thuaidh (IASC), Coimisiún Taighde na Stát Aontaithe ar an Ard-Mhír Thuaidh, agus gníomhaireachtaí rialtais eile, eagraíochtaí neamhrialtasacha, agus grúpaí taighde agus caomhnaithe eolaíochta, lena n-áirítear tionscadal an Fhuaine agus Flóra Artaigh Circumpolar (CAFF), an tAontas Idirnáisiúnta um Chaomhnú an Dúlra agus Acmhainní Nádúrtha (IUCN), an Ciste Domhanda Dúlra (WWF), Líonra Breathnóireachta Comhshaoil Circumarctic (CEON), agus an tionscnamh maidir le Bithéagsúlacht Thírthíoch Circum-Arctic (CAT-B).

How do you identify research gap? Are you a researcher or a student venturing into research? Well, one key challenge most people face in research is how to identify a research gap. Identifying a research gap is essential for any researcher, including first-year university students. A research gap is where literature doesn’t fully answer questions or has inconsistencies. Here’s how you can easily identify a research gap. Conduct Preliminary Research Start by getting familiar with the existing literature in the area of your interest. Read research articles, books, and relevant sources to understand the current state of knowledge in the field. Define Your Research Area Clearly define the scope of your research area. Be specific about the topic or aspect you’re interested in exploring. This will help you narrow down your focus and identify gaps more effectively. Compare and Contrast Studies As you read through the literature, pay attention to similarities and differences among studies. Identify patterns, conflicting findings, or areas where researchers seem to disagree. These inconsistencies can point to potential research gaps. Look for Unanswered Questions Keep an eye out for questions that studies still need to address or answer fully. These questions may arise from limitations in methodologies, incomplete data, or a lack of research attention. Identify Contradictions or Inconsistencies Note instances where different studies have conflicting findings or interpretations. These inconsistencies indicate areas where more research is needed to reconcile the discrepancies. Assess Practical Implications Consider whether the existing research has practical applications or real-world implications. If there are gaps between theoretical knowledge and practical implementation, your research could bridge that gap. Look for Emerging Trends Investigate whether there are emerging trends, technologies, or changes in the field that existing literature might need to address adequately. These new developments often lead to research gaps. Consider New Contexts or Perspectives Think about how your research area might intersect with other disciplines, cultures, or contexts. These intersections can reveal unexplored avenues that constitute research gaps. Reflect on Your Questions Your own questions and curiosities can also lead you to research gaps. If you find yourself asking, “Why hasn’t anyone studied this?” or “What if we looked at it from this angle?” you might be onto a research gap. Engage with Experts Discuss your ideas with professors, mentors, or peers who are knowledgeable in the field. They can suggest new areas of study or bring attention to neglected topics. Read Review Articles Articles often found in journals summarize and critique existing literature. These articles can help you identify gaps by highlighting what has been covered and what areas need more attention. Use Gap Statements in Literature Some research articles explicitly mention gaps or limitations in the conclusions or future research sections. These statements can be valuable clues for identifying research gaps. Remember, identifying a research gap requires a combination of careful reading, critical thinking, and a curious mindset. A research gap doesn’t have to be a complete absence of information; it can also be a space for more depth, clarity, or analysis. As you continue your academic journey, your ability to spot and address research gaps will develop and become an integral part of your research process.

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Conas a aithnítear easpa taighde? An taighdeoir tú nó an mac léinn atá ag tabhairt faoi thaighde? Bhuel, is é príomhdhúshlán a bhíonn ag an chuid is mó daoine i dtaighde ná conas bearna taighde a aithint. Tá sé riachtanach do gach taighdeoir, agus do mhic léinn ollscoile céadbhliana san áireamh, bearna taighde a shainaithint. Is é an bearna taighde an áit nach dtugann an litríocht freagra iomlán ar cheisteanna nó go bhfuil neamhréireachtaí ann. Seo mar is féidir leat bearna taighde a aithint go héasca. Déan Taighde Réamhtheoranta Tosaigh trí bheith eolach ar an litríocht atá ann sa réimse a bhfuil spéis agat ann. Léigh alt taighde, leabhair, agus foinsí ábhartha chun an staid reatha eolais sa réimse a thuiscint. Sainmhíniú a dhéanamh ar do réimse taighde Déan sainmhíniú soiléir ar raon feidhme do réimse taighde. Bí sonrach faoin ábhar nó faoin ngné a bhfuil suim agat a iniúchadh. Cabhróidh sé seo leat do fhócas a laghdú agus easpaí a aithint níos éifeachtaí. Staidéar Comparáideach Agus tú ag léamh na litríochta, tabhair aird ar na cosúlachtaí agus na difríochtaí idir na staidéir. Léigh na sonraí a bhaineann le polasaithe, torthaí a bhfuil a chéile acu, nó réimsí ina bhfuil taighdeoirí ag teacht ar a chéile. D'fhéadfadh na neamhréireachtaí seo le heolas taighde a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. Cuardaigh Ceisteanna Gan Freagra Coinnigh súil ar cheisteanna nach mór a fhreagairt go hiomlán nó a chur i láthair go fóill i staidéar. D'fhéadfadh go dtarlódh na ceisteanna seo mar gheall ar theorainneacha i modheolaíochtaí, sonraí neamhiomlán, nó easpa aird taighde. Aithint a dhéanamh ar na Frithsheasmhachtaí nó ar na Mí-sheasmhachtaí Tabhair faoi deara cásanna ina bhfuil torthaí nó léirmhínithe contrártha ag staidéir éagsúla. Léiríonn na neamhréireachtaí seo réimsí ina bhfuil gá le tuilleadh taighde chun na neamhréireachtaí a chomhshocrú. Measú a dhéanamh ar na hIarratas Praiticiúla Smaoinigh ar an bhfuil feidhmchláir phraiticiúla nó impleachtaí fíor-domhanda ag an taighde atá ann cheana. Má tá bearnaí idir eolas teoiriciúil agus cur i bhfeidhm praiticiúil, d'fhéadfadh do thaighde an bhearna sin a dhúnadh. Féach ar Threochtaí atá ag teacht chun cinn Déan iniúchadh ar an bhfuil treochtaí, teicneolaíochtaí nó athruithe atá ag teacht chun cinn sa réimse a d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá leis an litríocht atá ann cheana aghaidh a thabhairt orthu go leordhóthanach. Is minic a bhíonn easpa taighde mar thoradh ar na forbairtí nua seo. Smaoinigh ar Chumhachtaí nó ar Thréithe Nua Smaoinigh ar an gcaoi a bhféadfadh do réimse taighde dul i dteagmháil le disciplíní, cultúir nó comhthéacsanna eile. Is féidir leis na croiscéimeanna seo bealaí neamhionscanta a nochtadh a chruthaíonn bearnaí taighde. Smaoinigh ar Do Cheisteanna Is féidir le do chuid ceisteanna agus fiosrúcháin féin tú féin a thabhairt chuig bearnaí taighde. Má fhaigheann tú féin ag fiafraí, "Cén fáth nár rinne aon duine staidéar air seo?" nó "Cad a tharlaíonn dá dtabharfaimis breathnú air ón uillinn seo?" d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tú ar bhearna taighde. Déan teagmháil le saineolaithe Déan do chuid smaointe a phlé le múinteoirí, le moltóirí nó le comhghleacaithe atá eolach sa réimse. Is féidir leo ábhair nua a mholadh le staidéar a dhéanamh orthu nó aird a tharraingt ar ábhair nach bhfuil á n-úsáid acu. Léigh Ardail Athbhreithnithe Is minic a fhaightear ailt i irisí a thugann achoimre ar an litríocht atá ann cheana agus a thugann critice uirthi. Is féidir leis na hailt seo cabhrú leat a fháil amach céard atá le déanamh, trí aird a tharraingt ar an méid a bhí á chlúdach agus ar na réimsí a bhfuil gá le tuilleadh dírithe orthu. Úsáid Ráitis Easpa i Litríocht Luaitear go sonrach i roinnt alt taighde bearnaí nó teorainneacha sna conclúidí nó sna rannóga taighde amach anseo. Is féidir leis na ráitis seo a bheith ina leideanna luachmhara chun bearnaí taighde a aithint. Cuimhnigh, chun easpa taighde a aithint, teastaíonn meascán de léitheoireacht chuí, smaointeoireacht chriticiúil, agus dearcadh fiosrach. Ní gá go mbeadh easpa faisnéise go hiomlán i gceist le bearna taighde; is féidir go mbeadh spás ann freisin le haghaidh níos mó domhain, níos soiléire nó anailíse. De réir mar a leanann tú ar do thuras acadúil, forbróidh do chumas bearnaí taighde a aimsiú agus a réiteach agus beidh sé ina chuid lárnach de do phróiseas taighde.

Scheeline developed a method using a few basic, inexpensive supplies and a digital camera to build a spectrometer, an important basic chemistry instrument. Spectrophotometry is one of the most widely used means for identifying and quantifying materials in both physical and biological sciences. “If we want to measure the amount of protein in meat, or water in grain, or iron in blood, it’s done by spectrophotometry,” Scheeline said. Many schools have a very limited budget for instruments and supplies, making spectrometers cost-prohibitive for science classrooms. Even when a device is available, students fail to learn the analytical chemistry principles inherent in the instrument because most commercially available devices are enclosed boxes. Students simply insert samples and record the numbers the box outputs without learning the context or thinking critically about the process. “Science is basically about using your senses to see things – it’s just that we’ve got so much technology that now it’s all hidden,” Scheeline said. “The student gets the impression that a measurement is something that goes on inside a box and it’s completely inaccessible, not understandable – the purview of expert engineers,” he said. “That’s not what you want them to learn. In order to get across the idea, ‘I can do it, and I can see it, and I can understand it,’ they’ve go to build the instrument themselves. “ So Scheeline set out to build a basic spectrometer that was not only simple and inexpensive but also open so that students could see its workings and play with its components, encouraging critical-thinking and problem-solving skills. It wouldn’t have to be the most sensitive or accurate instrument – in fact, he hoped that obvious shortcomings of the device would reinforce students’ understanding of its workings. “If you’re trying to teach someone an instrument’s limitations, it’s a lot easier to teach them when they’re blatant than when they’re subtle. Everything goes wrong out in the open,” he said. In a spectrometer, white light shines through a sample solution. The solution absorbs certain wavelengths of light. A diffraction grating then spreads the light into its color spectrum like a prism. Analyzing that spectrum can tell chemists about the properties of the sample. For a light source, Scheeline used a single light-emitting diode (LED) powered by a 3-volt battery, the kind used in key fobs to remotely unlock a car. Diffraction gratings and cuvettes, the small, clear repositories to hold sample solutions, are readily available from scientific supply companies for a few cents each. The entire setup cost less than $3. The limiting factor seemed to be in the light sensor, or photodetector, to capture the spectrum for analysis. “All of a sudden this light bulb went off in my head: a photodetector that everybody already has! Almost everybody has a cell phone, and almost all phones have a camera,“ Scheeline said. “I realized, if you can get the picture into the computer, it’s only software that keeps you from building a cheap spectrophotometer.” To remove that obstacle, he wrote a software program to analyze spectra captured in JPEG photo files and made it freely accessible online, along with its source code and instructions to students and teachers for assembling and using the cell-phone spectrometer. It can be accessed through the Analytical Sciences Digital Library. Scheeline has used his cell-phone spectrometers in several classroom settings. His first classroom trial was with students in Hanoi, Vietnam, as part of a 2009 exchange teaching program Scheeline and several other U. of I. chemistry professors participated in. Although the students had no prior instrumentation experience, they greeted the cell-phone spectrometers with enthusiasm. In the United States, Scheeline used cell-phone spectrometers in an Atlanta high school science program in the summers of 2009 and 2010. By the end of the 45-minute class, Scheeline was delighted to find students grasping chemistry concepts that seemed to elude students in similar programs using only textbooks. For example, one student inquired about the camera’s sensitivity to light in the room and how that might affect its ability to read the spectrum. “And I said, ‘You’ve discovered a problem inherent in all spectrometers: stray light.’ I have been struggling ever since I started teaching to get across to university students the concept of stray light and what a problem it is, and here was a high school kid who picked it right up because it was in front of her face!” Scheeline said. Scheeline has also shared his low-cost instrument with those most likely to benefit: high school teachers. Teachers participating in the U. of I. EnLiST program, a two-week summer workshop for high school chemistry and physics teachers in Illinois, built and played with cell-phone spectrometers during the 2009 and 2010 sessions. Those teachers now bring their experience – and assembly instructions – to their classrooms. Scheeline wrote a detailed account of the cell-phone spectrometer and its potential for chemistry education in an article published in the journal Applied Spectroscopy. He hopes that the free availability of the educational modules and software source code will inspire programmers to develop smart-phone applications so that the analyses can be performed in-phone, eliminating the need to transfer photo files to a computer and turning cell phones into invaluable classroom tools. “The potential is here to make analytical chemistry a subject for the masses rather than something that is only done by specialists,” Scheeline said. “There’s no doubt that getting the cost of equipment down to the point where more people can afford them in the education system is a boon for everybody.” Liz Ahlberg | University of Illinois Two Group A Streptococcus genes linked to 'flesh-eating' bacterial infections 25.09.2017 | University of Maryland Rainbow colors reveal cell history: Uncovering β-cell heterogeneity 22.09.2017 | DFG-Forschungszentrum für Regenerative Therapien TU Dresden At the productronica trade fair in Munich this November, the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT will be presenting Laser-Based Tape-Automated Bonding, LaserTAB for short. The experts from Aachen will be demonstrating how new battery cells and power electronics can be micro-welded more efficiently and precisely than ever before thanks to new optics and robot support. Fraunhofer ILT from Aachen relies on a clever combination of robotics and a laser scanner with new optics as well as process monitoring, which it has developed... Plants and algae use the enzyme Rubisco to fix carbon dioxide, removing it from the atmosphere and converting it into biomass. Algae have figured out a way to increase the efficiency of carbon fixation. They gather most of their Rubisco into a ball-shaped microcompartment called the pyrenoid, which they flood with a high local concentration of carbon dioxide. A team of scientists at Princeton University, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford University and the Max Plank Institute of Biochemistry have unravelled the mysteries of how the pyrenoid is assembled. These insights can help to engineer crops that remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while producing more food. A warming planet Our brains house extremely complex neuronal circuits, whose detailed structures are still largely unknown. This is especially true for the so-called cerebral cortex of mammals, where among other things vision, thoughts or spatial orientation are being computed. Here the rules by which nerve cells are connected to each other are only partly understood. A team of scientists around Moritz Helmstaedter at the Frankfiurt Max Planck Institute for Brain Research and Helene Schmidt (Humboldt University in Berlin) have now discovered a surprisingly precise nerve cell connectivity pattern in the part of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for orienting the individual animal or human in space. The researchers report online in Nature (Schmidt et al., 2017. Axonal synapse sorting in medial entorhinal cortex, DOI: 10.1038/nature24005) that synapses in... Whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are used to make tiny micro-lasers, sensors, switches, routers and other devices. These tiny structures rely on a... Using ultrafast flashes of laser and x-ray radiation, scientists at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (Garching, Germany) took snapshots of the briefest electron motion inside a solid material to date. The electron motion lasted only 750 billionths of the billionth of a second before it fainted, setting a new record of human capability to capture ultrafast processes inside solids! When x-rays shine onto solid materials or large molecules, an electron is pushed away from its original place near the nucleus of the atom, leaving a hole... 19.09.2017 | Event News 12.09.2017 | Event News 06.09.2017 | Event News 25.09.2017 | Power and Electrical Engineering 25.09.2017 | Health and Medicine 25.09.2017 | Physics and Astronomy

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D'fhorbair Scheeline modh ag baint úsáide as cúpla soláthar bunúsach, saor agus ceamara digiteach chun speictroméadar a thógáil, ionstraim thábhachtach bunúsach ceimice. Tá speictrófotóiméadar ar cheann de na modhanna is mó a úsáidtear chun ábhair a aithint agus a chainníochtú sna heolaíochtaí fisiciúla agus bitheolaíocha araon. Má theastaíonn uainn méid próitéine i bhfeoil, nó uisce i gráin, nó iarann i fola a thomhas, déantar é trí speictrófotóiméadar, a dúirt Scheeline. Tá buiséad an-teoranta ag go leor scoileanna le haghaidh ionstraimí agus soláthairtí, rud a fhágann go bhfuil speictriméadair cost-toirmeascúil do sheomraí ranga eolaíochta. Fiú nuair a bhíonn feiste ar fáil, ní fhoghlaimíonn mic léinn na prionsabail cheimiceana anailíseacha atá i gceist leis an ionstraim toisc go bhfuil na feistí is mó atá ar fáil ar an margadh ina mboscaí faoi cheangal. Ní gá do mhic léinn ach samplaí a chur isteach agus na huimhreacha a thaifeadann an bosca a thaifeadadh gan an comhthéacs a fhoghlaim nó gan smaoineamh go criticiúil faoin bpróiseas. "Is éard atá i gceist le heolaíocht go bunúsach ná do shinneacha a úsáid chun rudaí a fheiceáil, ach tá an oiread teicneolaíochta againn anois go bhfuil sé go léir i bhfolach", a dúirt Scheeline. 'Tá an tuiscint ag an mac léinn go bhfuil tomhas ar rud a tharlaíonn taobh istigh de bhosca agus go bhfuil sé go hiomlán neamhoiriúnach, nach féidir a thuiscint - réimse na n-innealtóirí saineolaithe,' a dúirt sé. Ní hé sin an rud a theastaíonn uait a fhoghlaim. Chun an smaoineamh a chur in iúl, "Is féidir liom é a dhéanamh, agus is féidir liom é a fheiceáil, agus is féidir liom é a thuiscint", tá siad ag dul chun an ionstraim a thógáil iad féin. Mar sin, d'éirigh le Scheeline speictroméadar bunúsach a thógáil nach raibh ach simplí agus saor ach a bhí oscailte ionas gur féidir le mic léinn a fheidhmiú agus a chuid comhpháirteanna a imirt, ag spreagadh smaointeoireacht chriticiúil agus scileanna réiteach fadhbanna. Ní gá go mbeadh sé ar an ionstraim is íogaire nó is cruinne - go deimhin, bhí sé ag súil go gcuirfeadh easnaimh shoiléir an ghléas tuiscint na mac léinn ar a fheidhmiú. Má tá tú ag iarraidh teorainneacha uirlis a mhúineadh do dhuine, tá sé i bhfad níos éasca iad a mhúineadh nuair a bhíonn siad soiléir ná nuair a bhíonn siad subtle. "Tógann gach rud mícheart amach sa oscailt", a dúirt sé. I speictroméadar, shines solas bán trí réiteach sampla. Glacann an tuaslagán tonnfhad áirithe solais. Ansin scaipeann gráid difrasaíochta an solas ina speictream dathanna cosúil le priosma. Is féidir le hanailís a dhéanamh ar an speictream sin a insint do cheimiceoirí faoi airíonna an tsampla. Mar fhoinse solais, d'úsáid Scheeline diod amháin a astaíonn solas (LED) a chumhachtaítear le ceallraí 3 voltais, an cineál a úsáidtear i mbaincheall chun carr a oscailt óna charr. Tá grátaí agus cuvéets difrasaíochta, na stórálacha beaga, soiléire chun tuaslagáin sampla a choinneáil, ar fáil go héasca ó chuideachtaí soláthair eolaíochta ar chúpla cent an ceann. Tá an socrú iomlán ar costas níos lú ná $ 3. Is cosúil go raibh an fachtóir teoranta sa braiteoir solais, nó sa fhótha-mhinicíóir, chun an speictrim a ghabháil le haghaidh anailíse. Go tobann, d'imigh an bolg solais seo i mo cheann: fotodetector atá ag gach duine cheana féin! Tá fón póca ag beagnach gach duine, agus tá ceamara ag beagnach gach fón, a dúirt Scheeline. Rinne mé, má is féidir leat an pictiúr a fháil isteach sa ríomhaire, is é an bogearraí amháin a choinníonn tú ó speictramaitéar saor a thógáil. Chun an bacainn sin a bhaint, scríobh sé clár bogearraí chun anailís a dhéanamh ar speictrí a gabhadh i gcomhaid grianghraf JPEG agus chuir sé ar fáil go saor ar líne é, chomh maith lena chód foinse agus treoracha do mhic léinn agus múinteoirí maidir leis an speictroméadar fón póca a chur le chéile agus a úsáid. Is féidir teacht air tríd an Leabharlann Digiteach Eolaíochtaí Anailíseacha. D'úsáid Scheeline a speictroméadair fón póca i roinnt suíomhanna seomra ranga. Bhí a chéad triail seomra ranga le mic léinn i Hanoi, Vítneam, mar chuid de chlár teagaisc malartaithe 2009 a ghlac Scheeline agus roinnt ollamh ceimice U. of I. eile páirt ann. Cé nach raibh aon taithí ag na mic léinn ar ionstraimí roimhe seo, chuir siad fáilte roimh na speictroméadair fón póca le díograis. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, d'úsáid Scheeline speictroméadair fón póca i gclár eolaíochta ardscoile Atlanta i samhraí 2009 agus 2010. Faoi dheireadh na ranganna 45 nóiméad, bhí áthas ar Scheeline a fháil ar mhic léinn a thuiscint coincheapa ceimic a bhí cosúil le daltaí a eisiúint i gcláir den chineál céanna ag baint úsáide as leabhair teagaisc amháin. Mar shampla, d'fhiafraigh mac léinn amháin faoi íogaireacht an cheamara i leith an tsolais sa seomra agus conas a d'fhéadfadh sé sin difear a dhéanamh dá chumas an speictream a léamh. Agus dúirt mé, Tá fadhb i bhfianaise gach speictroméadair tugtha agat: solas stray. Bhí mé ag streachailt ó thosaigh mé ag múineadh chun an coincheap a chur ar fáil do mhic léinn ollscoile an solas stray agus cén fadhb atá ann, agus seo buachaill ardscoile a thóg sé díreach toisc go raibh sé os comhair a aghaidh! Dúirt Scheeline. Tá an t-aistriúchán seo á dhéanamh ag Scheeline freisin ar an mbealach is fearr chun an t-aistriúchán a dhéanamh ar an mbealach is fearr chun an t-aistriúchán a dhéanamh ar an mbealach is fearr. Múinteoirí a ghlacann páirt in Ollscoil na hÉireann. Clár EnLiST, ceardlann samhraidh dhá sheachtain do mhúinteoirí ceimic agus fisice ardscoile in Illinois, a tógadh agus a d'imir le speictroméadair fón póca le linn na seisiúin 2009 agus 2010. Tá a gcuid taithí agus treoracha comhcheangail á gcur ag na múinteoirí sin anois ina seomraí ranga. Scríobh Scheeline cuntas mionsonraithe ar an speictroméadar fón póca agus a chumas chun oideachas ceimice a chur ar fáil in alt a foilsíodh sa iris Applied Spectroscopy. Tá súil aige go spreagfaidh fáil saor in aisce na modúl oideachais agus an chód foinse bogearraí cláraitheoirí chun feidhmchláir fón cliste a fhorbairt ionas gur féidir na anailíse a dhéanamh sa fhón, ag cur deireadh leis an ngá le comhaid grianghraf a aistriú chuig ríomhaire agus ag casadh fóin phóca ina n-uirlisí clasaiceach luachmhara. Tá an cumas anseo ceimic anailíseach a dhéanamh ina ábhar do na maisí seachas rud nach ndéanann speisialtóirí ach amháin, a dúirt Scheeline. Níl aon amhras ann go bhfuil sé ina bhuíochas do gach duine an costas a bhaint amach ar threalamh go dtí an pointe inar féidir le níos mó daoine iad a íoc sa chóras oideachais. Liz Ahlberg: Ollscoil Illinois Dhá ghine Streptococcus Grúpa A a bhaineann le haignéis bhaictéaracha 'fhuíomhar' 25.09.2017 Ollscoil Maryland Léiríonn dathanna an chraobh-réabha stair na gcealla: Eithneacht na gcealla β a nochtadh 22.09.2017 DFG-Forschungszentrum für Regenerative Therapien TU Dresden Ag an bhféile trádála productronica i München i mí na Samhna seo, beidh Institiúid Fraunhofer um Theicneolaíocht Léasair ILT ag cur i láthair an Chlúdaithe Uathoibrithe Téip-Bunaithe Léasair, LaserTAB go gairid. Taispeánfaidh na saineolaithe ó Aachen conas is féidir cill ceallraí nua agus leictreonaic cumhachta a mhicrifhiontar níos éifeachtaí agus níos cruinne ná riamh a bhuíochas do optics nua agus tacaíocht róbata. Braitheann Fraunhofer ILT ó Aachen ar chomhcheangal cliste de róbataic agus scánaire léasair le optíocht nua chomh maith le monatóireacht próisis, a d'fhorbair sé... Úsáideann plandaí agus algaí an einsím Rubisco chun dé-ocsaíd charbóin a shocrú, ag cur as an atmaisféar é agus ag athrú é go bithmhaise. Tá bealach faighte ag algaí chun éifeachtúlacht an charbóin a shocrú. Bailíonn siad an chuid is mó dá Rubisco i miocromaighréamhra ar chruth liathróid ar a dtugtar an piréinóid, a chuireann siad le tiúchan ard áitiúla dé-ocsaíd charbóin. Tá foireann eolaithe in Ollscoil Princeton, Institiúid Carnegie don Eolaíocht, Ollscoil Stanford agus Institiúid Max Plank na Bithcheimic tar éis na mistéireach a nochtadh ar an gcaoi a ndéantar an piréinóid a chomhtháthú. Is féidir leis na léargas seo cuidiú le barra a dhearadh a bhainfidh níos mó dé-ocsaíd charbóin as an atmaisféar agus a tháirgeann níos mó bia. Pláinéid atá ag téamh Tá ciorcail néaronacha an-chasta inár n-inchinn, a bhfuil a struchtúir mhionsonraithe fós anaithnid go mór. Tá sé seo fíor go háirithe maidir leis an gcórtaic inchinn mar a thugtar air i mhamáltaí, áit a ndéantar comhaireamh ar radharc, smaointe nó treoshuíomh spásúil, i measc rudaí eile. Níl a fhios againn ach go páirteach cén chaoi a n-oibríonn na cealla néaróg lena chéile. Tá foireann eolaithe faoi cheannas Moritz Helmstaedter ag Institiúid Max Planck Frankfiurt um Thaighde ar an gCréatóg agus Helene Schmidt (Ollscoil Humboldt i mBeirlín) tar éis patrún nasctha na gcealla néaróg a aimsiú go héasca i gcuid de chórtaic na hinchinne atá freagrach as an ainmhí nó an duine aonair a threorú sa spás. Tuairiscíonn na taighdeoirí ar líne i dTeach (Schmidt et al., 2017. Aicmeáil synapse axonal i gcórtaic entorhinal meánach, DOI: 10.1038/nature24005) a dhéanann synapses i... Úsáidtear resonators modh gailearaí whispering (WGM) chun micrealaiséir, braiteoirí, lasers, ródairí agus feistí eile a dhéanamh. Tá na struchtúir bheaga seo ag brath ar... Ag baint úsáide as flashes ultra-tapa léasair agus radaíocht r-ghat, ghlac eolaithe in Institiúid Max Planck na hOptíse Cuanta (Garching, an Ghearmáin) léaráidí den ghluaiseacht leictreon is giorra laistigh de ábhar soladach go dtí seo. Níor mhair gluaiseacht an leictreon ach 750 billiún den billiún den dara ceann de shiúl sula ndeachaigh sé as a bheith, ag cur taifead nua ar chumas an duine próisis ultra-tapa a ghabháil taobh istigh de sholadaí! Nuair a shíneann r-ghathanna ar ábhair sholadacha nó ar mhóilíní móra, cuirtear leictreon ar shiúl óna áit bunaidh in aice le núicléas an adamh, ag fágáil poll... 19.09.2017 Nuacht Imeachtaí 12.09.2017 Nuacht Imeachtaí 06.09.2017 Nuacht Imeachtaí 25.09.2017 Cumhacht agus Innealtóireacht Leictreach 25.09.2017 Sláinte agus Leigheas 25.09.2017 Físeolaíocht agus Réalteolaíocht

Gender and Popular Culture December 2011, Polity The authors blend primary and secondary research to offer the reader a balanced yet novel overview of the area. Students are introduced to key theories and concepts in the fields of gender studies and popular culture, which are made accessible and interesting through their application to topical examples such as DJs, binge drinking and computer games. The book is structured into three clear, user-friendly sections: 1. Production, gender and popular culture: An investigation of who produces popular culture, why gendered patterns occur, and how they impact on content. 2. Representation, gender and popular culture: An examination of how men and women are represented in contemporary popular culture, and how notions of (in)appropriate femininity and masculinity are constructed. 3. Consumption, gender and popular culture: An exploration of who consumes what in popular culture, how gendered consumption relates to space, and what the effects of consuming representations of gender are. Gender and Popular Culture will be essential reading for students and scholars of media and cultural studies at all levels. 2. Gender and Cultural Work: Post-War to Late 1970s 3. Gender and Cultural Work: Punk and Beyond 4. Representing Women 5. Representing Men 6. Consuming Popular Culture: The Role of Gender 7. Gender, Popular Culture and Space/Place 8. Conclusion: Prisoners of Gender? Anneke Meyer is Senior Lecturer in Sociology and Cultural Studies at Manchester Metropolitan University. - A clear, comprehensive overview that examines how popular culture affects the construction of gendered identities. - Up-to-date examples make key concepts and theories interesting and relevant for students. - A mix of primary and secondary research creates a balanced yet original overview. - The authors use a wide range of sources - including popular music and television - to analyse how men and women are represented in popular culture. Times Higher Education textbook guide "Gender and Popular Culture expertly ties together the last few decades of research on its title themes, then brings these up to date in an impressive, useful manner. Theoretically rich, it is particularly successful in offering original, smart analyses of recent popular cultural phenomena (from Mad Men through men's magazines). This engaging book should find a wide audience among students and teachers of gender studies, popular culture, and media." Will Straw, McGill University "This excellent, accessibly written book details how gender is constructed in popular culture through an array of insights into its relationship to production, consumption and representation. It looks at how gender identities are performatively constituted through discourse, power and continuing inequality. This book will prove indispensable to those interested in the cultural politics of gender." Shirley Tate, Leeds University "Fresh, accessible, and thorough, Gender and Popular Culture is an excellent introduction and a valuable resource for anyone interested in gender, media, and culture. Milestone and Meyer offer clear and concise surveys of both foundational and current research as well as engaging case studies that model for readers sophisticated analyses of gender in contemporary popular culture." Mary Celeste Kearney, University of Texas at Austin

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Inscne agus an Cultúr Tóir Nollaig 2011, Polity Tá taighde bunscoile agus taighde tánaisteach comhcheangailte ag na húdair chun léitheoir a chur ar fáil le léargas cothrom ach nua ar an réimse. Cuirtear príomhthéoriúla agus príomhchomharthaí i dtaca le staidéir inscne agus cultúr tóir ar fáil do mhic léinn, a dhéantar inrochtana agus suimiúil trína n-iarratas ar shamplaí reatha amhail DJanna, ól go mór agus cluichí ríomhaireachta. Tá an leabhar struchtúrtha i dtrí rannán soiléir, atá éasca le húsáid: 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Táirgeadh, inscne agus cultúr tóir: Imscrúdú ar cé a tháirgeann cultúr tóir, cén fáth a tharlaíonn patrúin inscne, agus conas a théann siad i bhfeidhm ar ábhar. 2. Seachadadh. Ionadaíocht, inscne agus cultúr tóir: Scrúdú ar an gcaoi a ndéantar ionadaíocht ar fhir agus ar mhná sa chultúr tóir comhaimseartha, agus ar an gcaoi a ndéantar coincheapa na mnáchta agus na fireannas (neamh) oiriúnacha a thógáil. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Tomhaltas, inscne agus cultúr tóir: Taighde ar cé a thomhálann cad sa chultúr tóir, conas a bhaineann tomhaltas inscne le spás, agus cad iad éifeachtaí léiriúcháin inscne a thomhálann. Beidh Gnéas agus Cultúr Daonlathach ina léacht riachtanach do mhic léinn agus do scoláirí na meán agus staidéir chultúrtha ar gach leibhéal. 2. Seachadadh. Gnéas agus Oibre Cultúrtha: Iar-Chogadh go Deireadh na 1970idí 3. Tá an t-am ann. Gnéas agus Oibre Cultúrtha: Punk agus Ina dhiaidh sin 4. Tá an t-am Na Mná a Airíniú 5. Tá an t-am ann. Ag Ionadaíocht na bhfear 6. Ceacht. An Cultúr Tóir a Chothú: Ról na Gnéasa 7. Ceacht. Gnéas, Cultúr Tóir agus Spás/Áit 8. Ceacht. Conclúid: Príosúnaigh inscne? Is Ollamh Sinsearach i Socheolaíocht agus Staidéar Cultúrtha é Anneke Meyer in Ollscoil Mhórthrópail Mhanchain. - Léargas soiléir, cuimsitheach ar an gcaoi a ndéanann cultúr tóir difear do thógáil féiniúlachtaí inscne. - Déanann samplaí cothrom le dáta coincheapa agus teoiricí lárnacha suimiúla agus ábhartha do mhic léinn. - Cruthaíonn meascán de thaighde phríomhúil agus thánaisteach forbhreathnú cothrom ach bunaidh. - Baineann na húdair úsáid as raon leathan foinsí - lena n-áirítear ceol tóir agus teilifís - chun anailís a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a bhfuil fir agus mná ionadaithe i gcultúr tóir. Treoirleabhar téacsleabhair Times Higher Education "Gender and Popular Culture" a thugann le chéile go heacnamaíoch na taighde a rinneadh le blianta beaga anuas ar a théamaí teideal, agus ina dhiaidh sin a thugann iad seo chun dáta ar bhealach suntasach, úsáideach. Tá an t-eagarthóireacht seo saibhir ó thaobh teoiric de, agus tá an-éacht aici anailíseanna bunaidh, cliste a dhéanamh ar fheiniméin chultúrtha tóir le déanaí (ó Mad Men trí irisí fir). Ba cheart go bhfaigheadh an leabhar tarraingteach seo lucht féachana leathan i measc mic léinn agus múinteoirí staidéir inscne, cultúr tóir, agus na meáin. " Will Straw, Ollscoil McGill "Leagtar amach sa leabhar den scoth seo, atá scríofa go háisiúil, conas a dhéantar inscne a thógáil sa chultúr tóir trí raon léargas ar a chaidreamh le táirgeadh, tomhaltas agus ionadaíocht. Breathnaíonn sé ar an gcaoi a ndéantar aitheantais inscne a chomhdhéanamh go léiritheach trí phlé, cumhacht agus éagothroime leanúnach. Beidh an leabhar seo riachtanach dóibh siúd a bhfuil suim acu i bpolaitíocht chultúrtha inscne". Shirley Tate, Ollscoil Leeds "Is iontráil den scoth agus acmhainn luachmhar é Gender and Popular Culture atá úr, inrochtana agus críochnúil do dhuine ar bith a bhfuil suim aige i ngnéas, sna meáin agus sa chultúr. Cuireann Milestone agus Meyer suirbhéanna soiléire agus gonta ar thaighde bhunúsach agus reatha araon chomh maith le cás-staidéir tarraingteach a mhodhlaíonn anailísí sofaisticiúla ar inscne sa chultúr tóir comhaimseartha do léitheoirí. " Mary Celeste Kearney, Ollscoil Texas in Austin

Apr 17, 2023 about 4 min read Blockchain technology for a Green economy: Plastiks Project’s sustainable solutions One of the pioneer crypto enterprises in the field of green economy, Plastiks has developed a revolutionary platform for managing plastic waste in a sustainable and profitable manner. The company's mission is to reduce plastic pollution and promote the circular economy by incentivizing individuals and organizations to collect and recycle plastic waste. In this blog post, we will provide an overview of the Plastiks project and its potential impact on the environment and green economy. We will also explore the key features of the blockchain technology employed in the project. So, let's dive in and learn more about Plastiks and its innovative solution to the global plastic waste crisis. What is Plastiks project? Plastiks is a technology platform that aims to reduce plastic pollution and promote the circular economy by incentivizing individuals and organizations to collect and recycle plastic waste. The project was developed by a team of experts in waste management, blockchain technology, and sustainable business practices. Plastiks works by providing a user-friendly app that allows individuals to collect and sort plastic waste, which can then be sold to recycling companies through the platform. The app rewards users with cryptocurrency tokens that can be redeemed for discounts at participating businesses or donated to environmental causes. The Plastiks platform also includes a blockchain-based marketplace where companies can purchase recycled plastic at competitive prices, creating a closed-loop system that incentivizes the sustainable production and consumption of plastic. Overall, the Plastiks project represents a promising solution to the growing plastic waste crisis, providing a profitable and sustainable alternative to traditional waste management practices. How does Plastiks work? Plastiks is a technology platform that offers a solution to the problem of plastic waste. The platform incentivizes individuals and organizations to collect and recycle plastic waste in a sustainable and profitable manner. Here's how Plastiks works: - Collecting Plastic Waste: The Plastiks app enables users to collect and sort plastic waste by scanning the barcodes of plastic items. The app automatically categorizes the plastic waste and logs it in the platform's database. - Selling Plastic Waste: Once users have collected enough plastic waste, they can sell it to recycling companies via the Plastiks platform. The platform uses blockchain technology to verify the quality and authenticity of the plastic waste, ensuring that it meets recycling standards. - Earning Rewards: Users are rewarded for their plastic waste recycling efforts with cryptocurrency tokens. These tokens can be used to redeem discounts at participating businesses or donated to environmental causes. The rewards system incentivizes users to collect and recycle more plastic waste, creating a cycle of sustainable behavior. - Marketplace for Recycled Plastic: The Plastiks platform also features a blockchain-based marketplace where companies can purchase recycled plastic at competitive prices. This creates a closed-loop system where plastic waste is collected, recycled, and used to produce new plastic products, reducing the need for new plastic production. By using cutting-edge technology and creating a closed-loop system for plastic waste, Plastiks offers a promising solution to the plastic waste crisis. The platform's approach incentivizes sustainable behavior and promotes a circular economy that benefits both the environment and the economy. What has Plastiks done to protect the environment? Reducing Plastic Pollution: By incentivizing individuals and organizations to collect and recycle plastic waste, Plastiks can help reduce the amount of plastic that ends up in landfills, waterways, and oceans. This, in turn, can help mitigate the negative impacts of plastic pollution on wildlife and ecosystems. Promoting Sustainable Behavior: Plastiks' rewards system incentivizes individuals and organizations to adopt sustainable behaviors, such as reducing plastic consumption and properly disposing of plastic waste. By promoting sustainable behavior, Plastiks can help create a culture of environmental responsibility that extends beyond the use of its platform. Encouraging Circular Economy: The Plastiks platform promotes a circular economy by creating a closed-loop system for plastic waste. By incentivizing the recycling and reuse of plastic, Plastiks can help reduce the need for new plastic production, which can have a positive impact on greenhouse gas emissions and resource consumption. Supporting Environmental Causes: Plastiks' cryptocurrency tokens can be donated to environmental causes, providing financial support for initiatives that aim to protect the environment and mitigate climate change. This can help amplify the positive impact of Plastiks beyond the direct recycling of plastic waste. Technologies needed to drive the green economy revolution Since the green economy is quite new, there are lots of challenges for businesses working in this new industry. Having deeply understood these issues as well as the importance of sustainable growth, Golden Owl is very honored to accompany Plastiks to support green technology solutions. The Plastiks project employs several advanced technologies to help reduce plastic waste and promote a green economy. Here's a closer look at some of the key technologies: Blockchain technology provides a secure and decentralized way to verify the authenticity and quality of plastic waste being sold on the Plastiks platform. It enables participants to trust each other without the need for intermediaries, which helps reduce transaction costs and prevent fraud. Customized Mobile App: The Plastiks app is a key component of the project, allowing individuals and organizations to easily collect and sort plastic waste. The app uses barcode scanning technology to identify and categorize plastic items, making it easy for users to track their progress and earn rewards. Cryptocurrency as reward: Plastiks rewards users with cryptocurrency tokens for their plastic waste recycling efforts. These tokens can be used to redeem discounts at participating businesses or donated to environmental causes. The use of cryptocurrency provides a secure and transparent way to reward users for their sustainable behavior. The Plastiks platform features a blockchain-based marketplace where companies can purchase recycled plastic at competitive prices. This creates a closed-loop system for plastic waste, where plastic is collected, recycled, and used to produce new plastic products. This reduces the need for new plastic production, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and conserve natural resources. The Plastiks platform uses machine learning algorithms to analyze data and improve the accuracy of its plastic waste categorization and tracking. This technology helps ensure that plastic waste is properly sorted and recycled, which is essential for creating a sustainable solution to the problem of plastic waste. Our last words Overall, the Plastiks project combines a range of advanced technologies to create a sustainable and profitable solution to the problem of plastic waste. As a Plastiks's trustful partner, it is a great honor that Golden Owl can contribute our values to the Green economy revolution. By using blockchain, mobile apps, cryptocurrency, a marketplace,... Plastiks is able to incentivize sustainable behavior and promote a circular economy, which benefits both the environment and the economy.

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17 Aibreán, 2023 thart ar 4 nóiméad le léamh Teicneolaíocht Blockchain le haghaidh geilleagair ghlasa: réitigh inbhuanaithe Plastiks Project Tá ardán réabhlóideach forbartha ag Plastiks, ceann de na fiontair criptithe ceannródaíocha i réimse an gheilleagair ghlais, chun dramhaíl plaisteach a bhainistiú ar bhealach inbhuanaithe agus brabúsach. Is é misean na cuideachta truailliú plaisteach a laghdú agus an geilleagar ciorclach a chur chun cinn trí dhaoine aonair agus eagraíochtaí a spreagadh chun dramhaíl plaisteach a bhailiú agus a athchúrsáil. Sa phost bhlag seo, tabharfaimid forbhreathnú ar thionscadal na bPláistí agus a thionchar féideartha ar an gcomhshaol agus ar an ngeilleagar glas. Déanaimid iniúchadh freisin ar phríomhghnéithe na teicneolaíochta blockchain a úsáidtear sa tionscadal. Mar sin, déanaimis dul isteach agus foghlaim níos mó faoi Plastaí agus a réiteach nuálach ar an ngéarchéim dramhaíola plaisteach domhanda. Cad é tionscadal Plastiks? Is ardán teicneolaíochta é Plastiks a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige truailliú plaisteach a laghdú agus an geilleagar ciorclach a chur chun cinn trí dhaoine aonair agus eagraíochtaí a spreagadh chun dramhaíl plaisteach a bhailiú agus a athchúrsáil. D'fhorbair foireann saineolaithe i mbainistíocht dramhaíola, teicneolaíocht blockchain, agus cleachtais ghnó inbhuanaithe an tionscadal. Oibríonn Plastiks trí aip atá éasca le húsáid a sholáthar a ligeann do dhaoine aonair dramhaíl phlaisteach a bhailiú agus a dhíscaoileadh, a fhéadfar a dhíol ansin le cuideachtaí athchúrsála tríd an ardán. Tá an aip a dhámhachtain úsáideoirí le tokens cryptocurrency gur féidir a fhuascailt le haghaidh lascainí ag gnólachtaí rannpháirteacha nó a bhronnadh ar cúiseanna comhshaoil. Áirítear ar ardán Plastiks margadh bunaithe ar bhlocchain ina bhféadfaidh cuideachtaí plaisteach athchúrsáilte a cheannach ar phraghsanna iomaíocha, ag cruthú córas dúnta a spreagann táirgeadh agus tomhaltas inbhuanaithe plaisteach. Go ginearálta, is réiteach geallta é an tionscadal Plastiks ar an ngéarchéim atá ag fás maidir le dramhaíl plaisteach, agus soláthraíonn sé rogha eile brabúsach inbhuanaithe do chleachtais thraidisiúnta bainistíochta dramhaíola. Conas a oibríonn Plastiks? Is ardán teicneolaíochta é Plastiks a thairgeann réiteach ar fhadhb dramhaíola plaisteacha. Spreagann an t-ardán daoine aonair agus eagraíochtaí chun dramhaíl phlaisteach a bhailiú agus a athchúrsáil ar bhealach inbhuanaithe agus brabúsach. Seo mar a oibríonn Plastiks: - Díothú Dramhaíl Phruslach: Cuireann an aip Plastiks ar chumas úsáideoirí dramhaíl plaisteach a bhailiú agus a dhíscaoileadh trí chóid bharraí earraí plaisteach a scanadh. Déanann an aip an dramhaíl phlaisteach a chatagóirithe go huathoibríoch agus é a chlárú i mbunachar sonraí an ardáin. - Díoltar Dramhaíl Phruslach: Nuair a bhailíonn úsáideoirí go leor dramhaíola plaisteacha, is féidir leo iad a dhíol le cuideachtaí athchúrsála tríd an ardán Plastiks. Baineann an t-ardán úsáid as teicneolaíocht blockchain chun cáilíocht agus barántúlacht na dramhaíola plaisteacha a fhíorú, ag cinntiú go gcomhlíonann siad caighdeáin athchúrsála. - Duaiseanna a thuilleamh: Tá úsáideoirí a luach saothair as a gcuid iarrachtaí athchúrsála dramhaíola plaisteacha le tokens cryptocurrency. Is féidir na comharthaí seo a úsáid chun lascainí a fhuascailt ag gnólachtaí rannpháirteacha nó a bhronnadh ar chúiseanna comhshaoil. Cuireann an córas luach saothair spreagadh ar úsáideoirí níos mó dramhaíola plaisteacha a bhailiú agus a athchúrsáil, ag cruthú timthriall iompair inbhuanaithe. - Margadh le haghaidh Plastaic Aischúrsáilte: Tá margadh blockchain bunaithe ar ardán Plastiks freisin inar féidir le cuideachtaí plaisteach athchúrsáilte a cheannach ar phraghsanna iomaíocha. Cruthaítear córas dúnta-rian ina mbailítear dramhaíl plaisteach, ina n-athchúrsáiltear é, agus ina n-úsáidtear táirgí plaisteach nua a tháirgeadh, rud a laghdaíonn an gá le táirgeadh plaisteach nua. Trí theicneolaíocht nua-aimseartha a úsáid agus córas dúnta d'fhillte plaisteach a chruthú, cuireann Plastiks réiteach geallta ar an ngéarchéim dramhaíola plaisteach. Tá an cur chuige atá ag an ardán ag dreasacht ar iompar inbhuanaithe agus ag cur chun cinn geilleagar ciorclach a thabharfaidh tairbhe don chomhshaol agus don gheilleagar araon. Cad a rinne Plastiks chun an timpeallacht a chosaint? An truailliú plaisteacha a laghdú: Trí dhaoine aonair agus eagraíochtaí a spreagadh chun dramhaíl phlaisteach a bhailiú agus a athchúrsáil, is féidir le Plastiks cuidiú leis an méid plaisteach a thagann chun críche i líonta talún, i mbóithre uisce agus san aigéan a laghdú. Is féidir leis seo, ar a láimh eile, cabhrú leis na héifeachtaí diúltacha a bhíonn ag truailliú plaisteach ar fhéinbheatha agus ar éiceachórais a mhaolú. Iompraíocht Inbhuanaithe a Chur chun cinn: Cuireann córas luach saothair plaisteach spreagadh ar dhaoine aonair agus ar eagraíochtaí chun iompar inbhuanaithe a ghlacadh, mar shampla tomhaltas plaisteach a laghdú agus dramhaíl plaisteach a dhiúscairt i gceart. Trí iompar inbhuanaithe a chur chun cinn, is féidir le Plastiks cabhrú le cultúr freagrachta comhshaoil a chruthú a shíneann níos faide ná úsáid a ardáin. Gnóthas Ciorclach a Chothú: Tá an t-ardán Plastiks ag cur geilleagar ciorclach chun cinn trí chóras dúnta-rian a chruthú d'fhillte plaisteach. Trí spreagadh a thabhairt do athchúrsáil agus athúsáid plaisteach, is féidir le Plastiks cabhrú leis an ngá le táirgeadh plaisteach nua a laghdú, rud a d'fhéadfadh tionchar dearfach a bheith aige ar astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa agus ar thomhaltas acmhainní. Cúnamh do Chúiseanna Comhshaoil: Is féidir le comharthaí cryptocurrency Plastiks a bhronnadh ar chúiseanna comhshaoil, ag soláthar tacaíochta airgeadais do thionscnaimh a bhfuil sé mar aidhm acu an comhshaol a chosaint agus athrú aeráide a mhaolú. Is féidir leis seo cabhrú le tionchar dearfach na bPlaisteach a mhéadú thar athchúrsáil dhíreach dramhaíola plaisteach. Teicneolaíochtaí is gá chun an réabhlóid eacnamaíochta glas a thiomáint Ós rud é go bhfuil an geilleagar glas go leor nua, tá go leor dúshláin ann do ghnólachtaí atá ag obair sa tionscal nua seo. Ó thuig Golden Owl go domhain na saincheisteanna seo chomh maith le tábhacht an fháis inbhuanaithe, tá sé thar a bheith onóir ag Golden Owl a bheith ag gabháil le Plastiks chun tacú le réitigh teicneolaíochta glasa. Baineann tionscadal Pláistí le roinnt teicneolaíochtaí chun cinn chun cabhrú le dramhaíl plaisteach a laghdú agus geilleagar glas a chur chun cinn. Seo léargas níos dlúithe ar chuid de na príomhtheicneolaíochtaí: Soláthraíonn teicneolaíocht Blockchain bealach slán agus díláraithe chun fírinneacht agus cáilíocht dramhaíola plaisteacha a dhíoltar ar ardán Plastiks a fhíorú. Cuireann sé ar chumas rannpháirtithe muinín a bheith acu as a chéile gan idirghabhálaithe a bheith ag teastáil, rud a chabhraíonn le costais idirbhearta a laghdú agus calaois a chosc. Aip Ghluaiste saincheaptha: Is príomh-chomhpháirt den tionscadal é an aip Plastiks, a ligeann do dhaoine aonair agus d'eagraíochtaí dramhaíl phlaisteach a bhailiú agus a dhíscaoileadh go héasca. Úsáideann an aip teicneolaíocht scanadh barchód chun míreanna plaisteacha a aithint agus a chatagóirithe, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé éasca d'úsáideoirí a gcuid dul chun cinn a rianú agus duaiseanna a thuilleamh. Cryptocurrency mar dhuais: Tá an t-airgead seo á chur ar fáil ag an gcuideachta do dhaoine a bhfuil baint acu le dramhaíl plaisteach. Is féidir na comharthaí seo a úsáid chun lascainí a fhuascailt ag gnólachtaí rannpháirteacha nó a bhronnadh ar chúiseanna comhshaoil. Soláthraíonn úsáid cryptocurrency bealach slán agus trédhearcach chun úsáideoirí a luach saothair as a n-iompar inbhuanaithe. Tá margadh blockchain bunaithe ar ardán Plastiks ina bhféadfaidh cuideachtaí plaisteach athchúrsáilte a cheannach ar phraghsanna iomaíocha. Cruthaíonn sé seo córas dúnta do dhramhaíl plaisteach, áit a mbailítear plaisteach, a athchúrsáiltear, agus a úsáidtear chun táirgí plaisteach nua a tháirgeadh. Laghdaíonn sé seo an gá le táirgeadh plaisteach nua, rud a chabhraíonn le astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa a laghdú agus acmhainní nádúrtha a chaomhnú. Baineann an t-ardán Plastiks úsáid as algartam foghlama meaisín chun anailís a dhéanamh ar shonraí agus chun cruinneas a chatagóirithe agus a rianú dramhaíola plaisteacha a fheabhsú. Cuidíonn an teicneolaíocht seo le cinntiú go ndéantar dramhaíl phlaisteach a dhifriú agus a athchúrsáil i gceart, rud atá riachtanach chun réiteach inbhuanaithe a chruthú ar fhadhb dramhaíl phlaisteach. Ár bhfocail dheireanacha Ar an iomlán, déanann an tionscadal Plastiks raon teicneolaíochtaí chun cinn a chomhcheangal chun réiteach inbhuanaithe agus brabúsach a chruthú ar fhadhb dramhaíola plaisteacha. Mar chomhpháirtí iontaofa Plastiks, is mór an onóir é gur féidir le Golden Owl ár luachanna a chur leis an réabhlóid eacnamaíochta Glas. Trí úsáid a bhaint as blockchain, apps soghluaiste, cryptocurrency, margadh,... is féidir le Plastiks iompar inbhuanaithe a spreagadh agus geilleagar ciorclach a chur chun cinn, rud a thabharfaidh tairbhe don chomhshaol agus don gheilleagar araon.

Side-by-side portraits of George McGovern and Thomas Eagleton encircled by white text over red and blue border over white background. N.G. SLATER CORP., N.Y.C. 11 In 1972, George McGovern and Thomas Eagleton ran for US President and Vice President, respectively, for the Democratic Party. At the time, both candidates were US Senators: McGovern for South Dakota and Eagleton for Missouri. Their campaign rested on the withdrawal of US military from Vietnam, amnestry for draft dodgers, women's reproductive rights, a small redistribution of wealth, and the legalization of marijuana. Their campaign positions led to labor unions and Southern Democrats starting an "Anybody but McGovern" campaign. At the 1972 Democratic Convention, a series of party process missteps resulted in McGovern giving his speech at 3 a.m., which reduced the television audience to only 15 million. To make the campaign even more difficult, it was uncovered that Eagleton suffered from bi-polar disorder and had ungone electroshock treatment during the 1960s. Although the polls suggested that Eagleton's health was not a factor for the vast majority of the population, the press viewed it as an important issue. Eagleton withdrew his candidancy and Robert Shriver, Jr. took his place on the ballot. The campaign was so disastrous that McGovern's Republican opponent, Richard Nixon (1913-1994), commenced a Democrats for Nixon campaign to win over undecided democrats. Nixon resoundedly defeated McGovern, who only received 17 electoral votes—Massachusetts and Washington, D.C.

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Pórtráid George McGovern agus Thomas Eagleton taobh le taobh timpeall le téacs bán thar teorainn dearg agus gorm thar chúlra bán. N.G. SLATER CORP., N.Y.C. 11 an Sa bhliain 1972, d'éirigh George McGovern agus Thomas Eagleton le hUachtarán na Stát Aontaithe agus Leas-Uachtarán, faoi seach, don Pháirtí Daonlathach. Ag an am, ba Seanadóirí SAM iad an dá iarrthóir: McGovern as Dakota Theas agus Eagleton as Missouri. Bhí a bhfeachtas bunaithe ar tharraingt siar arm na Stát Aontaithe ó Vítneam, amnistéar do lucht dífhostaithe, cearta atáirgthe na mban, athdháileadh beag saibhreas, agus dlíthiú marijuana. Mar thoradh ar a seasamh i bhfeachtas, thosaigh ceardchumainn na n-oibrithe agus Daonlathaithe an Deiscirt feachtas "Anyone but McGovern". Ag Coinbhinsiún Daonlathach 1972, bhí sraith mí-chéimeanna próiseas páirtí mar thoradh ar McGovern a labhairt ag 3 a.m., rud a laghdaigh lucht féachana teilifíse go 15 milliún amháin. Chun an feachtas a dhéanamh níos deacra fós, nochtadh go raibh Eagleton ag fulaingt ó neamhoird dé-pholar agus go raibh cóireáil leictreochóic neamhghnách aige le linn na 1960idí. Cé gur léirigh na vótaíochtaí nach raibh sláinte Eagleton ina fhachtóir don mhórchuid den daonra, d'fhéach an phreas air mar cheist thábhachtach. D'éirigh Eagleton as a iarratais agus ghlac Robert Shriver, Jr a áit ar an vóta. Bhí an feachtas chomh tubaisteach sin gur thosaigh Richard Nixon (1913-1994), opponent Poblachtach McGovern, feachtas Daonlathach do Nixon chun daonlathach neamhchinnteach a bhuachan. Bhuaigh Nixon go mór le McGovern, nach bhfuair ach 17 vóta toghcháin Massachusetts agus Washington, D.C.

The heart of this town has always been its spectacular harbour- one of the southern hemisphere’s most important and a landing site where English convicts found themselves in the 19th century. But up a block or two from where Hobart stares out to the world is a small city square that gives travelers another chance to see worldwide connection to this place. Like central squares, piazzas and plazas the world over, at the center of this prized real estate rises a statue. Here, our figure is Sir John Franklin. He presided over Van Diemen's Land as the lieutenant-governor from 1837-1843 at a time before the island shed it’s decisively sounding Dutch name (Van Diemen’s Land) in favor of Tasmania (which just so happens to honour Abel Tasman- a Dutchman). Franklin’s tenure here was nothing short of embarrassing and it took off a bit of the shine from the heroism that he achieved decades earlier while exploring parts of northern Canada. On two overland journeys seeking the Northwest Passage, Franklin charted many rivers and made it all the way to the Arctic Ocean. The fact that the majority of the men in his party either starved or froze to death did not factor into the knightship he received upon return to England- nor would it stop something else to be named in his honour. A gull. The Franklin’s Gull is a fine little inland bird that the expedition in the North no doubt came across many times. John Franklin, as a significant explorer in Northern Canada, is justly tied to the bird. But there’s more to an animal name than simply it English version- and the Franklin’s Gull has a doozy of a Latin name: Larus pipixcan. No matter how Victorian your tongue, there is no making sense of this one, as its origins takes us onto a most foreign destination. Pipixcan is a Latinized version a Spanishized understanding of an Aztec word- meaning Mexico. And while the process of getting the name is confusing, the name itself is spot on.

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Bhí croí na cathrach seo i gcónaí mar a calafort iontach - ceann de na calafoirt is tábhachtaí sa leathsféar dheas agus áit tuirlingthe ina raibh coiriúnaithe Sasanacha sa 19ú haois. Ach suas bloc nó dhó ó áit a bhfuil Hobart ag breathnú amach ar an domhan tá cearnóg baile beag a thugann deis eile do thaistealaithe nasc domhanda leis an áit seo a fheiceáil. Cosúil le cearnóga lárnacha, piazzas agus plazas ar fud an domhain, ag lár na réadmhaoine luachmhar seo ardaíonn dealbh. Anseo, is é ár figiúr Sir John Franklin. Bhí sé ina uachtarán ar Thír Van Diemen mar leas-gobharnóir ó 1837-1843 ag am sula ndeachaigh an t-oileán as a ainm atá ag fuaime go cinnte san Ollainnis (Tír Van Diemen) i bhfabhar Tasmáine (a tharlaíonn go bhfuil Abel Tasman - an Ollainnis á onóir aige). Ní raibh stádas Franklin anseo ach náire agus thug sé beagán de na glans as an laochra a bhain sé amach blianta fada roimhe sin agus é ag iniúchadh codanna de thuaidh Cheanada. Ar dhá thuras thar lear ag lorg an Chonair Thuaidh, rinne Franklin léarscáileanna ar go leor abhainní agus rinne sé an bealach go dtí an Aigéan Airticigh. Ní raibh an fhíric go raibh an chuid is mó de na fir ina pháirtí ag fulaingt nó ag fuarú go bás mar gheall ar an ríthe a fuair sé ar ais go Sasana - ná ní chuirfeadh sé cosc ar rud éigin eile a ainmniú ina onóir. A seacláid. Is é an Franklin's Gull éan beag inmheánach deas go bhfuil an expedition sa Tuaisceart gan amhras tháinig i bhfad níos mó uaireanta. Tá John Franklin, mar imscrúdaitheoir suntasach i dTuaisceart Cheanada, ceangailte go ceart leis an éan. Ach tá níos mó le hainm ainmhithe ná an leagan Béarla amháin - agus tá ainm Laidineach iontach ag an Franklin's Gull: Larus pipixcan. Is cuma cé chomh Victorian do theanga, níl aon chiall ag an gceann seo, mar a thionscnaimh a thugann dúinn ar an ceann scríbe is coigríche. Pipixcan Is leagan Latinized tuiscint Spáinnis de Aztec focal- ciallaíonn Meicsiceo. Agus cé go bhfuil an próiseas chun an t-ainm a fháil mearbhall, tá an t-ainm féin ar an láthair.

NULL as a Value |Visual FoxPro 9.0 SP2| |NULL as a Value| A null value is different from an empty string, a blank field, or zero. For instance, both EMPTY( ) and ISBLANK( ) return true (.T.) when a variable contains blank or an empty string. EMPTY( ) also returns true (.T.) for zero. ISNULL( ) returns false (.F.) for these values and both EMPTY( ) and ISBLANK( ) return false (.F.) for null values. You can use null values with array and field commands like STORE, GATHER, and SCATTER. The following example assigns . NULL. to each member of the array DIMENSION aX STORE .NULL. TO aX The null value is not a data type. When you assign .NULL. to a field or variable, the value changes to .NULL. but the data type of the field or variable does not change. For example: STORE 5 TO nX nX = .NULL. ? TYPE ("nX") && Data type reported as numeric Comment or report problem with topic

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NULL mar Luach ♬ FoxPro 9.0 SP2 Físeán NULL mar luach Tá luach null difriúil ó shreang folamh, réimse folamh, nó ón nialach. Mar shampla, déanann EMPTY ((()) agus ISBLANK ((()) an dá cheann fíor a thabhairt ar ais (.T.) nuair a bhíonn sreang folamh nó folamh i n-athraitheach. Empty ({T}) a aisíocann fíor ({T}) freisin le haghaidh nialas. ISNULL (()) a aisghabháil false (.F.) le haghaidh na luachanna seo agus an dá Empty ({}) agus ISBLANK ({}) a thabhairt ar ais false (.F.) luachanna null. Is féidir leat luachanna null a úsáid le orduithe sraithe agus réimse cosúil le STORE, GATHER, agus SCATTER. Tugann an sampla seo a leanas . NULL. do gach ball den array DIMENSION aX STORE .NULL. CÁ AÓF Ní cineál sonraí é an luach null. Nuair a shanntar .NULL. i réimse nó i n-athraitheach, athraíonn an luach go .NULL. ach ní athraíonn cineál sonraí an réimse nó an athróg. Mar shampla: TÁSLACH 5 LE nX nX = .NULL. An bhfuil tú? TÍOLACHT ("nX") && Cineál sonraí arna thuairisciú mar uimhir Téama a chur in iúl nó fadhb a thuairisciú

Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to a break in thermoregulation that arises when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it. This nursing care plan and diagnosis with nursing interventions is for the following conditions: Hyperthermia, Fever, High Temperature. Free nursing care plan. Hyperthermia NCP. SYSTEMIC INFECTION. Nursing Diagnosis: Hyperthermia related to increased metabolic rate, illness. Hyperthermia. |Published (Last):||8 June 2004| |PDF File Size:||5.85 Mb| |ePub File Size:||12.25 Mb| |Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]| Please enter your comment! Fever (Hyperthermia) Nursing Care Plan All Funny Nurse Nursing Stories. Independent Monitor client temperature—degree and pattern. Hyperthermia may transpire more quickly in persons who have endocrine-related problems; use alcohol; or take diuretics ; anticholinergics ; or phototoxic agents. After 4 hours of giving nursing interventions, the client will be able to demonstrate temperature within normal range and be free of chills. Alcohol can also cause mcp dehydration. Nursing Care Plan Meningitis. Nursing Care Plan: Hyperthermia NCP Provide cooling blanket, or hypothermia therapy, as indicated. If the patient is unconscious, central venous pressure or hyperthermmia artery pressure should be measured to monitor fluid status. These patients require cardiopulmonary monitoring. Certain individuals, such as the elderly, infants and young children, the obese, outdoor workers, and those with chronic medical conditions are at increased risk for developing a heat-related illness. Posted by hanieyah29 at Sometimes the occurrence of fever may also be due to non- infectious factors like injury, heat stroke or dehydration. Lumbar Puncture Spinal Tap. Spotlight on the World of Nursing in If not treated properly, a client may be at risk for its complications involving febrile convulsions, happening mostly to pediatric clients aging hyperthernia 6 months to 6 years of age, and brain damage; which could be because of prolonged and repeated febrile convulsions. After 3 days of giving nursing interventions, the client will experience no associated complications. In contrast to fever in infections, hyperthermia does not involve pyrogenic molecules. Notify me of new posts by hyprrthermia. Client will be free from febrile convulsions resulting to brain damage after 1 week of nursing care. Fever (Hyperthermia) Nursing Care Plan Rheumatoid Arthritis Nursing Care Plan. News Blog Nursing Care Plans. Hyperthermia is elevated body temperature due to a break in thermoregulation that arises when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates. Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management. Provide chlorpromazine Thorazine and diazepam Valium when excessive shivering occurs. Monitor fluid intake and urine output. Educate client of signs and symptoms of hyperthermia and help him hjperthermia factors related to occurrence of fever; discuss importance of increased fluid intake to avoid dehydration. About Me hanieyah29 Nursing Student View my complete profile. Provide tepid sponge baths. Malignant hyperthermia is a rare reaction to common anesthetic agents such as halothane or the paralytic agent succinylcholine. This organization provides information and additional resources for patients who have a history of malignant hyperthermia. How to Hit the Vein Common forms of accidental hyperthermia include heat strokeheat exhaustion, and heat cramps. Sodium losses occur with profuse sweating and accidental hyperthermia. Nursing Care Plan Breast Cancer. Some underlying conditions can also cause hyperthermia, like thyrotoxicosis, heart attack and other forms of cancer. Start intravenous normal saline solutions or as indicated. Fever pattern may aid in diagnosis: Antipyretic medications lower body temperature by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins that act in the hypothalamus. Please enter your name here. Tepid sponge baths may help reduce fever. Common cases of hyperthermia result from the combined effects of activity and salt and water deprivation in a hot environment, such as when athletes perform in extremely hyprethermia weather or when older adults avoid the use of air conditioning because of expense. Everything You Need to Know. Thursday, December 20, My head is aching and burning as if the steam comes out of my ears periodically. Discuss the significance of informing future health care providers of the malignant hyperthermia risk; recommend a medical alert bracelet or similar identification. Nurse on a Date.

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Is éard atá i hipeirthermia ná teocht an choirp ard mar gheall ar bhriseadh i thermoregulation a thagann chun cinn nuair a tháirgeann nó a ionsú comhlacht níos mó teasa ná é. Tá an plean cúraim altranais agus diagnóis le idirghabhálacha altranais seo do na coinníollacha seo a leanas: Hipirtheirmeas, Teochta, Teochta ard. Plean cúraim altranais saor in aisce. Phríomh-Ionad Hyperthermia. INFECTIONS SIOSTACHTA. Diagnosis Infirmary: Hipirtheirmeas a bhaineann le ráta meitibileach méadaithe, tinneas. Hipirtheirme. Foilsithe (Arde): │PDF File Size: │5.85 Mb │ Tá an t-ePub Fail Mhéid: Price: Free* [*Free Clárú Iarrtar ] Cuir do thuairim isteach le do thoil! Plean Cúraim Inaltraithe le haghaidh Teochta (Hipiteirmeas) Gach Scéal Cúrsaí Cúrsaí Cúrsaí Cúrsaí. Monatóireacht neamhspleách ar thimpearthacht agus patrún cliant. D'fhéadfadh hyperthermia transpirate níos tapúla i ndaoine a bhfuil fadhbanna endocrine-bhainteach; alcól a úsáid; nó diuretics a ghlacadh; anticholinergics; nó gníomhairí phototoxic. Tar éis 4 uair an chloig de idirghabhálacha altranais a thabhairt, beidh an cliant in ann teochta a léiriú laistigh den raon gnáth agus a bheith saor ó chill. Is féidir le halcól díhiodráitiú MCP a chur faoi deara freisin. Plean Cúram Inaltraíochta Meningitis. Plean Cúraim Inaltraíochta: Phlean Náisiúnta Cúraim Hipirtheirmeach Cuir cló fuarála, nó teiripe hypothermia, mar a léirítear. Má tá an t-othar gan éad, ba cheart brú lárnach na fíneasa nó brú artery hyperthermia a thomhas chun rianáil a dhéanamh ar stádas sreabhach. Ba chóir monatóireacht cardashoithíoch a dhéanamh ar na hothair seo. Tá daoine áirithe, amhail daoine scothaosta, leanaí agus páistí óga, daoine saill, oibrithe lasmuigh, agus daoine a bhfuil galair ainsealacha orthu i mbaol níos mó galair a bhaineann leis an teas a fhorbairt. Posted by hanieyah29 at Uaireanta d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tinneas teasa mar thoradh ar fhachtóirí neamh-ionfhabhtaitheacha mar ghortú, stróc teasa nó díhiodráitiú. Púntú Lumbar Tap Spinal. Má ní dhéantar cóireáil chuí, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cliant i mbaol a choimpléachtaí a bhaineann le convulsions fiabhrí, a tharlaíonn den chuid is mó do chliaint páistí ag dul in aois hyperthernia 6 mhí go 6 bliana d'aois, agus damáiste inchinn; a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar gheall ar convulsions fiabhrí fada agus athfhillte. Tar éis 3 lá de idirghabhálacha altranais a thabhairt, ní bheidh aon deacrachtaí gaolmhara ag an gcliant. Murab ionann agus fiabhras in ionfhabhtuithe, ní bhaineann hipeirtheirme le móilíní piróineacha. Cuir in iúl dom post nua ag hyprrthermia. Beidh an cliant saor ó chraobhanna fiabhrí a d'fhág damáiste inchinn tar éis 1 sheachtain de chúram altranais. Plean Cúraim Inaltraithe le haghaidh Teochta (Hipiteirmeas) Plean Cúram Inaltraithe Arthritis Réama-Tóideach. Blag Nuachta Pleananna Cúraim Inaltra. Is teochta coirp ard é hipeirtheirmeacht mar gheall ar bhriseadh i thermoregulation a thagann chun cinn nuair a tháirgeann nó a ionsú comhlacht níos mó teasa ná mar a scaiptear é. Bainistíocht neamhéifeachtach ar an Réigiún Teiripeach. Tabhair chlorpromazine Thorazine agus diazepam Valium nuair a tharlaíonn shivering iomarcach. Monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar an iontógáil leachta agus ar an scaoileadh fuála. A chur ar an eolas ar na comharthaí agus na hairíonna hyperthermia agus cabhrú leis fachtóirí hyperthermia a bhaineann le hailse a bheith ann; plé a dhéanamh ar thábhacht a bhaineann le hiontráil uisce a mhéadú chun díhiodráitiú a sheachaint. Maidir liom hanieyah29 Oideachas Oideachas Féach mo phróifíl iomlán. Cuir bainn spúinse te. Is éard atá i hipeirtheirmeachas maláin ná imoibriú annamh ar ghníomhairí anaesthetic coitianta mar halothane nó an gníomhaire paralytic succinylcholine. Soláthraíonn an eagraíocht seo faisnéis agus acmhainní breise do othair a bhfuil stair hyperthermia malignant acu. I measc na bhfoirmeacha coitianta hyperthermia thorthaí tá stróc te, tuirse te, agus cramps te. Tarlaíonn caillteanais sóidiam le sweating profuse agus hyperthermia thimpiste. Plean Cúram Inaltraí Ailse Breast. Is féidir le roinnt coinníollacha bunúsacha hipeirtheirme a chur faoi deara freisin, cosúil le thyrotoxicosis, ionsaí croí agus cineálacha eile ailse. Tosaíonn sé le fualáin salann intravenous nó mar a léirítear. D'fhéadfadh sé go gcabhródh sé le diagnóis a dhéanamh ar an teas: Laghdaíonn cógais antipyretic teocht an choirp trí shíntiús prostaglandins a bhacann a ghníomhaíonn sa hypothalamus. Cuir d'ainm isteach anseo le do thoil. D'fhéadfadh cith sponges te a chabhrú le teas a laghdú. Is minic a tharlaíonn hipeirtheirmeacht mar thoradh ar éifeachtaí comhcheangailte gníomhaíochta agus díthréimhse salainn agus uisce i dtimpeallacht te, mar shampla nuair a fheidhmíonn lúthchleasaithe i aimsir hipeirtheirmeach go hiontach nó nuair a sheachnaíonn daoine fásta níos sine úsáid aerchóirithe mar gheall ar chostas. Gach rud is gá duit a fhios. Déardaoin, 20 Nollaig, Tá mo cheann ag fulaingt agus ag lasadh amhail is dá mba an gaile ag teacht amach as mo chluasa go tréimhsiúil. Déan plé ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le soláthraithe cúraim sláinte a chur ar an eolas faoi riosca an hipeirtheirmeas malignant; mol bracelet rabhaidh leighis nó sainaithint den chineál céanna. Nurse ar Dháta.

As people age, they lose the anticipatory postural control - the ability to ready themselves to maintain balance. In effect, the resources for maintaining balance become more limited, and people become less stable and more prone to falls. "Our group is the first to look at whether a specially designed rehabilitation protocol can enhance postural control adjustment and subsequently improve overall balance," said Alexander Aruin, professor of physical therapy at University of Illinois at Chicago. The researchers asked a group of healthy young adults to stand and catch a medicine ball. In the another study, they asked the same of a group of healthy older adults. The researchers measured the electrical activity of leg and trunk muscles to look for differences in the two age groups' ability to generate anticipatory postural adjustments both before and after the single short training session. Training-related improvements were seen in both groups. In older adults, the researchers found that not only can they improve, but they also improve at performing a task that was not part of the training."There was a transfer effect," Aruin said. The findings appeared online in two journals: Electromyography and Kinesiology, and Experimental Brain Research.

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De réir mar a théann daoine in aois, cailleann siad an t-acmhainn a bhíonn acu a bheith réidh chun an cothromaíocht a choinneáil. Go deimhin, bíonn na hacmhainní chun cothromaíocht a choinneáil níos teoranta, agus bíonn daoine níos measa agus níos seansúla titim. "Is é ár ngrúpa an chéad duine a rinne iniúchadh ar an bhféidearthacht a bhaineann le prótacal athshlánúcháin a dheonú chun feabhas a chur ar an gcreideamh i gcorp agus, dá bharr sin, an cothromaíocht a fheabhsú", a dúirt Alexander Aruin, ollamh fisiceolaí in Ollscoil Illinois i Chicago. D'iarr na taighdeoirí ar ghrúpa daoine fásta óga sláintiúla seasamh agus liathróid leigheas a ghabháil. Sa staidéar eile, d'iarr siad an rud céanna ar ghrúpa daoine fásta níos sine sláintiúla. Rinne na taighdeoirí gníomhaíocht leictreach na matáin cos agus trunk a thomhas chun difríochtaí a lorg i gcumas an dá ghrúpa aoise chun coigeartuithe posturacha réamhshocraithe a ghiniúint roimh agus tar éis an seisiúin oiliúna ghearr aonair. Bhí feabhsuithe a bhaineann le hoiliúint le feiceáil sa dá ghrúpa. I measc daoine fásta níos sine, fuair na taighdeoirí amach nach féidir leo feabhas a chur orthu amháin, ach go bhfeabhsaíonn siad freisin ag déanamh tasc nach raibh mar chuid den oiliúint. "Bhí éifeacht aistrithe ann", a dúirt Aruin. Tá na torthaí le feiceáil ar líne i dhá iris: Electromyography agus Kinesiology, agus Taighde Ealaíne Turgnamhach.

There are seven standard AFS ACL permissions. Functionally, they fall into two groups: one that applies to the directory itself and one that applies to the files. The four permissions in this group are meaningful with respect to the directory itself. For example, the i (insert) permission does not control addition of data to a file, but rather creation of a new file or subdirectory. This permission functions as something of a gate keeper for access to the directory and its files, because a user must have it in order to exercise any other permissions. In particular, a user must have this permission to access anything in the directory's subdirectories. This permission enables a user to issue the following commands: The ls command to list the names of the files and subdirectories in the directory The ls -ld command to obtain complete status information for the directory element itself The fs listacl command to examine the directory's ACL This permission does not enable a user to read the contents of a file in the directory or to issue the ls -l or fs listacl commands with a filename as the argument. Those operations require the r (read) permission, which is described in The Three File Permissions. Similarly, this permission does not enable a user to issue the ls, ls -l, ls -ld, or fs listacl commands against a subdirectory of the directory. Those operations require the l permission on the ACL of the subdirectory itself. This permission enables a user to add new files to the directory, either by creating or copying, and to create new subdirectories. It does not extend into any subdirectories, which are protected by their own ACLs. This permission enables a user to remove files and subdirectories from the directory or move them into other directories (assuming that the user has the i permission on the ACL of the other directories). This permission enables a user to change the directory's ACL. Members of the system:administrators group implicitly have this permission on every directory (that is, even if that group does not appear on the ACL). Similarly, the owner of a volume root directory implicitly has this permission on its ACL and those of all directories within the volume. The three permissions in this group are meaningful with respect to files in a directory, rather than the directory itself or its subdirectories. AFS provides eight additional permissions that do not have a defined meaning. They are denoted by the uppercase letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H. Your system administrator can choose to write application programs that assign a meaning to one or more of the permissions, and then place them on ACLs to control file access by those programs. Use the fs listacl and fs setacl commands to display and set the auxiliary permissions on ACLs just like the standard seven. You can combine the seven permissions in any way in an ACL entry, but certain combinations are more useful than others. Four of the more common combinations have corresponding shorthand forms. When using the fs setacl command to define ACL entries, you can provide either one or more of the individual letters that represent the permissions, or one of the following shorthand forms: ACLs enable you both to grant and to deny access to a directory and the files in it. To grant access, use the fs setacl command to create an ACL entry that associates a set of permissions with a user or group, as described in Changing an ACL. When you use the fs listacl command to display an ACL (as described in Displaying an ACL), such entries appear underneath the following header, which uses the term rights to refer to permissions: The recommended method is simply to omit an entry for the user or group from the ACL, or to omit the appropriate permissions from an entry. Use the fs setacl command to remove or edit an existing entry. In most cases, this method is enough to prevent access of certain kinds or by certain users. You must take care, however, not to grant the undesired permissions to any groups to which such users belong. The more explicit method for denying access is to place an entry on the negative permissions section of an ACL, by including the -negative flag to the fs setacl command. For instructions, see To Add, Remove, or Edit Negative ACL Permissions. The fs listacl command displays the negative permissions section of an ACL underneath the following header: When determining what type of access to grant to a user, AFS first examines all of the entries in the normal permissions section of the ACL. It then subtracts any permissions associated with the user (or with groups to which the user belongs) on the negative permissions section of the ACL. Therefore, negative permissions always cancel out normal permissions. Negative permissions can be confusing, because they reverse the usual meaning of the fs setacl command. In particular, combining the none shorthand and the -negative flag is a double negative: by removing an entry from the negative permissions section of the ACL, you enable a user once again to obtain permissions via entries in the normal permissions section. Combining the all shorthand with the -negative flag explicitly denies all permissions. It is useless to create an entry in the negative permissions section if an entry in the normal permissions section grants the denied permissions to the system:anyuser group. In this case, users can obtain the permissions simply by using the unlog command to discard their tokens. When they do so, AFS recognizes them as the anonymous user, who belongs to the system:anyuser group but does not match the entries on the negative permissions section of the ACL. If your machine is configured to access a DCE cell's DFS filespace via the AFS/DFS Migration Toolkit, then you can use the AFS fs listacl and fs setacl commands to display and set the ACLs on DFS directories and files that you own. However, DFS uses a slightly different set of permissions and a different syntax for ACL entries. See the DFS documentation or ask your system administrator. If a user or group is granted the l (lookup) and i (insert) permissions, but not the r (read) and/or w (write) permissions, this is commonly referred to as a "dropbox" for that user or group. What this means is that that user or group may deposit files in the directory, but they may not read or modify their file later, nor any other file in the directory. Know, however, that some of these restrictions are enforced on the client and not on the fileserver, and so should not be relied on for security. In particular, the fileserver does not know when a file is opened or closed on the client, and and so read and write permissions are granted to any user with "dropbox" permissions that owns the accessed file. Additionally, granting "dropbox" permissons to system:anyuser raises additional problems, if you want the dropbox to work for unauthenticated users. Any file deposited by an unauthenticated user will be owned by the unauthenticated user ID, and so would be readable and modifiable by anyone. In order to try and prevent accidentally revealing private information, the fileserver does not grant the implicit read permission to unauthenticated users, even if they have dropbox permissions. This may cause depositing files as an unauthenticated user to arbitrarily fail, and so you should not depend on granting dropbox permissions to unauthenticated users to work reliably.

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Tá seacht gceart ACL AFS caighdeánach ann. Go feidhmiúil, bíonn siad i dhá ghrúpa: ceann a bhaineann leis an treoirlíne féin agus ceann a bhaineann leis na comhaid. Tá na ceithre chead sa ghrúpa seo brí le haghaidh an treoracha féin. Mar shampla, ní rialaíonn an cead i (insert) sonraí a chur le comhad, ach cruthaítear comhad nó fo-dhileabhar nua. Feidhmíonn an cead seo mar rud éigin de chaomhnóir geata chun rochtain a fháil ar an treoirlíne agus ar a chomhaid, toisc go gcaithfidh úsáideoir é a bheith aige d'fhonn aon cheadúnas eile a fheidhmiú. Go háirithe, ní mór an cead seo a bheith ag úsáideoir chun rochtain a fháil ar rud ar bith i bhfo-dhileathairí an eolaire. Cuireann an chead seo ar chumas úsáideoir na horduithe seo a leanas a eisiúint: An t-ordú ls chun liosta a dhéanamh de na hainmneacha ar na comhaid agus fo-dhileathairí sa treoirlíne An t-ordú lsld chun faisnéis choinníollacha iomlána a fháil don eilimint treoracha féin An fs listacl ordú chun ACL an eolaire a scrúdú Ní chuireann an cead seo ar chumas úsáideoir ábhar comhad sa treoirleabhar a léamh ná na horduithe ls -l nó fs listacl a eisiúint le hainm comhad mar argóint. Éilíonn na hoibríochtaí sin an chead r (le léamh), a thuairiscítear i The Three File Permissions. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, ní chuireann an cead seo ar chumas úsáideoir na horduithe ls, ls -l, ls -ld, nó fs listacl a eisiúint i gcoinne fo-sliosta den stiúrthóir. Éilíonn na hoibríochtaí sin cead l ar ACL an fho-dhileathaire féin. Cuireann an cead seo ar chumas úsáideoir comhaid nua a chur leis an treoirlíne, trína chruthú nó trína chóipeáil, agus fo-treoirlíneanna nua a chruthú. Ní leathnaíonn sé isteach in aon fho-réitigh, atá faoi chosaint ag a ACLanna féin. Ligeann an cead seo d'úsáideoir comhaid agus fo-dhileathaireachtaí a bhaint ón treoirlíne nó iad a bhogadh go treoirlíne eile (ag glacadh leis go bhfuil cead i ag an úsáideoir ar ACL na treoirlíne eile). Cuireann an cead seo ar chumas úsáideoir ACL an treoracha a athrú. Tá an chead seo ag baill den ghrúpa system:administrators go ciallmhar ar gach treoirlíne (is é sin, fiú mura bhfuil an grúpa sin le feiceáil ar an ACL). Ar an gcaoi chéanna, tá an cead seo ag úinéir na treorach fréamhacha ar a ACL agus ar na treoracha go léir laistigh den mhéid. Tá na trí chead i ngrúpa seo brí le comhaid i dtreoir, seachas an treoir féin nó a fo-treoir. Soláthraíonn AFS ocht gcead breise nach bhfuil brí sainithe acu. Tá siad comharthaithe le litreacha móra A, B, C, D, E, F, G, agus H. Is féidir le do riarthóir córais clár feidhmchláir a scríobh a thugann brí le ceann amháin nó níos mó de na ceadanna, agus ansin iad a chur ar ACLanna chun rochtain ar chomhad a rialú ag na cláir sin. Úsáid na horduithe fs listacl agus fs setacl chun na ceadanna cúnta ar ACLanna a thaispeáint agus a shocrú díreach cosúil leis an seacht mbonn. Is féidir leat na seacht gceart a chur le chéile ar aon bhealach i n-iontráil ACL, ach tá teaglaim áirithe níos úsáideach ná a chéile. Tá foirmeacha stéagóireachta comhfhreagracha ag ceathrar de na teaglaim is coitianta. Nuair a úsáideann tú an fs setacl chun iontrálacha ACL a shainiú, is féidir leat ceann amháin nó níos mó de na litreacha aonair a léiríonn na ceadanna a chur ar fáil, nó ceann de na foirmeacha gearrthrutha seo a leanas: Ligeann ACLanna duit rochtain a dheonú agus a dhiúltú ar thairiscint agus ar na comhaid atá ann. Chun rochtain a dheonú, bain úsáid as an ordú fs setacl chun iontráil ACL a chruthú a bhaineann tacar ceadanna le húsáideoir nó le grúpa, mar a thuairiscítear i Athrú ACL. Nuair a úsáideann tú an fs listacl chun ACL a thaispeáint (mar a thuairiscítear i Léiriú ACL), tá iontrálacha den sórt sin le feiceáil faoin cheannteideal seo a leanas, a úsáideann an téarma cearta chun tagairt a dhéanamh do cheadúnais: Is é an modh molta ná iontráil don úsáideoir nó don ghrúpa a eisiamh ón ACL, nó na ceadanna cuí a eisiamh ó iontráil. Úsáid an fs setacl chun iontráil atá ann cheana a bhaint nó a chur in eagar. I bhformhór na gcásanna, is leor an modh seo chun rochtain de chineálacha áirithe nó d'úsáideoirí áirithe a chosc. Ní mór duit a bheith cúramach, áfach, gan na ceadanna neamh-inmhianaithe a dheonú do ghrúpaí ar bith a mbaineann úsáideoirí den sórt sin leo. Is é an modh níos soiléire chun rochtain a dhiúltú iontráil a chur ar an alt cheadúnais diúltach de ACL, trí an bratach -diúltach a chur leis an fs setacl orduithe. Le haghaidh treoracha, féach To Add, Remove, or Edit Negative ACL Permissions. Taispeánann an t-ordú fs listacl an chuid cheadúnais dhiúltach de ACL faoi na ceannteidil seo a leanas: Nuair a bheidh sé á chinneadh cén cineál rochtana atá le deonú d'úsáideoir, scrúdaíonn AFS ar dtús na hiontrálacha go léir sa rannán gnáthcheadúnais den ACL. Ansin, cuireann sé aon cheadúnais a bhaineann leis an úsáideoir (nó le grúpaí a mbaineann an t-úsáideoir leo) ar an alt cheadúnais diúltach den ACL. Dá bhrí sin, cuireann ceadanna diúltacha cosc i gcónaí ar cheadanna gnáth. Is féidir le ceadanna diúltacha a bheith mearbhall, toisc go n-athraíonn siad an ghnáth-bhí an fs setacl. Go háirithe, is é an comhcheangal idir an gearrthóg ná aon duine agus an bratach -diúltach diúltach dúbailte: trí iontráil a bhaint as rannán na gceart diúltach den ACL, cuireann tú ar chumas úsáideoir ceadanna a fháil arís trí iontrálacha sa rannán gnáthcheart. Déantar an gearrthóg uile a chomhcheangal leis an bhratach -diúltach chun gach cead a dhiúltú go sainráite. Tá sé gan úsáid iontráil a chruthú sa rannán ceadanna diúltacha má thugann iontráil sa rannán ceadanna gnáth na ceadanna diúltacha don chóras: aon ghrúpa úsáideora. Sa chás seo, is féidir le húsáideoirí na ceadanna a fháil ach an t-ordú unlog a úsáid chun a gcuid tocáin a dhiúscairt. Nuair a dhéanann siad amhlaidh, aithníonn AFS iad mar an úsáideoir gan ainm, a bhaineann leis an ghrúpa system:anyuser ach nach gcomhlíonann na hiontrálacha ar an alt cheadúnais dhiúltach den ACL. Má tá do mheaisín cumraithe chun rochtain a fháil ar spás comhaid DFS cille DCE trí Chlár Uirlisí Imirce AFS/DFS, ansin is féidir leat orduithe AFS fs listacl agus fs setacl a úsáid chun na ACLanna a thaispeáint agus a shocrú ar thairiscintí agus ar chomhaid DFS atá i do sheilbh. Mar sin féin, úsáideann DFS sraith ceadanna beagán difriúil agus sintéacs difriúil d'iontrálacha ACL. Féach ar dhoiciméadacht DFS nó iarr ar do riarthóir córais. Má thugtar ceadanna l (lorg) agus i (cuir isteach) d'úsáideoir nó do ghrúpa, ach ní cheadanna r (leabhar) agus/nó w (scríobh), tugtar "dropbox" ar an úsáideoir nó ar an ngrúpa sin é seo go coitianta. Ciallaíonn sé seo gur féidir leis an úsáideoir nó leis an ngrúpa sin comhaid a thaisceadh sa treoir, ach ní féidir leo a gcuid comhaid a léamh nó a mhodhnú níos déanaí, ná aon chomhad eile sa treoir. Bíodh a fhios agat, áfach, go gcuirtear cuid de na srianta seo i bhfeidhm ar an gcliant agus ní ar an freastalaí comhaid, agus mar sin níor cheart brath orthu mar gheall ar shlándáil. Go háirithe, ní fios don fhóin-chláir nuair a osclaítear nó a dhúntar comhad ar an gcliant, agus dá bhrí sin deonaítear ceadanna léitheoireachta agus scríbhneoireachta d'aon úsáideoir a bhfuil ceadanna "dropbox" aige a bhfuil an comhad a roinneadh aige. Ina theannta sin, tugann ceadanna "dropbox" do system:anyuser fadhbanna breise, más mian leat an dropbox a bheith ag obair d'úsáideoirí neamh-aitheanta. Beidh aon chomhad a thaisceoidh úsáideoir neamh-dhlisteanach faoi úinéireacht an ID úsáideora neamh-dhlisteanach, agus mar sin bheadh sé inléite agus inathraithe ag duine ar bith. D'fhonn iarracht a dhéanamh a dhéanamh agus cosc a chur ar fhaisnéis phríobháideach a nochtadh go tobann, ní thugann an freastalaí comhaid an chead léithe implicit d'úsáideoirí neamh-dhlisteanaithe, fiú má tá ceadanna dropbox acu. D'fhéadfadh sé seo go dtarlódh go dtarlódh go neamhspleách go gcuirfí comhaid ar fáil mar úsáideoir neamhdhlisteanach, agus mar sin níor cheart duit a bheith ag brath ar cheadúnas dropbox a dheonú d'úsáideoirí neamhdhlisteanaithe chun go n-oibreoidh siad go hiontaofa.

Restriction enzymes are a special class of proteins that cut DNA at specific sites and have become an indispensable tool in molecular biology. Restriction enzymes, also known as endonucleases, recognize specific sequences of DNA base pairs and cut or chemically separate the DNA at that site. The specific sequence of DNA recognized by a restriction enzyme is called a restriction site. These unique enzymes occur naturally in some bacteria and act to protect them from invading viruses. Viruses called bacteriophages, phages for short, attack bacteria by inserting their genetic material into the bacterial cell. The phage commandeers the bacterial cell, replicating rapidly until the bacterial cell lyses and releases more phages to carry out the same infection process in neighboring cells. However, if the bacterial strain has restriction enzymes that recognize restriction sites on the invading phage nucleic acid, then enzymes can destroy the invading genetic material by digesting and inactivating the phage genes. Bacterial cells protect their own DNA from being self-digested by modifying certain nitrogen bases along their genome, this prevents their restriction enzymes from recognizing and digesting their own sequences. In this experiment, you will - Perform agarose gel electrophoresis using three different predigested samples of lambda DNA and uncut lambda DNA. - Stain the gel. - Document and examine gel results with an imaging system. - Construct a standard curve and determine the size of the DNA fragments from the gel using Logger Pro.

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Is aicme speisialta próitéiní iad einsímí srianta a ghearrann DNA ag suíomhanna sonracha agus tá siad ina n-uirlisí riachtanacha i mbithfhiosrúchán móilíneach. Aithníonn einsímí srianta, ar a dtugtar endonucleases freisin, seicheamh sonrach de péirí bonn DNA agus gearrann siad nó scarthaíonn siad an DNA go ceimiceach ag an suíomh sin. Tugtar suíomh srianta ar an ord sonrach DNA a aithníonn einsím srianta. Tá na heinsímí uathúla seo i gcúrsaí nádúrtha i roinnt baictéir agus oibríonn siad chun iad a chosaint ó víris ionsaí. Déantar víris ar a dtugtar baictéarófaigí, fáigí go gairid, ionsaí ar bhaictéir trí a n-ábhar géiniteach a chur isteach sa chill baictéarach. Déantar an phage ag iarraidh ar an gcill baictéarach, ag athdhéanamh go tapa go dtí go ndéanann an cill baictéarach lyses agus go scaoilfidh sé níos mó phages chun an próiseas ionfhabhtaithe céanna a dhéanamh i gcealla comharsanacha. Mar sin féin, má tá einsímí srianta ag an sliocht baictéarach a aithníonn suíomhanna srianta ar aigéad núicléach phage ionsaitheach, ansin is féidir le einsímí an t-ábhar géiniteach ionsaitheach a scriosadh trí na géin phage a dhíleá agus a neamhghníomhachtú. Cosnaíonn cealla baictéaracha a DNA féin ó bheith féin-díleáite trí bhunaíochtaí nítrigine áirithe a mhodhnú ar feadh a ngínóim, cosnaíonn sé seo a n-ainmhithe srianta óna seicheamh féin a aithint agus a díleá. Sa turgnamh seo, beidh tú - Feidhmíocht leictreaphoréise gel agaróis ag baint úsáide as trí samplaí éagsúla réamh-dhíolta de DNA lambda agus DNA lambda neamhchroite. - Stain an ghill. - Torthaí géil a dhoiciméadú agus a scrúdú le córas íomháithe. - Curb chaighdeánach a thógáil agus méid na gcodanna DNA ón ghile a chinneadh ag baint úsáide as Logger Pro.

The world’s first jet-powered 3D printed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) – the most complex of its kind – was showcased for the first time at the Dubai Air show. The drone was almost entirely 3D printed with lightweight materials and can fly faster than 150 miles per hour. Developed in collaboration with Aurora Flight Sciences, the UAV weighs only 15 kg and has a wingspan of 3 meters. “A primary goal for us was to show the aerospace industry just how quickly you can go from designing to building to flying a 3D printed jet-powered aircraft. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest, fastest, and most complex 3D printed UAV ever produced,” said Dan Campbell, Aerospace Research Engineer at Aurora Flight Sciences. According to Campbell, the Stratasys 3D printing technology cut the design and build time of the drone by 50%. “This is a perfect demonstration of the unique capabilities that additive manufacturing can bring to aerospace. This meant using different 3D printing materials and technologies together on one aircraft to maximise the benefits of additive manufacturing and 3D print both lightweight and capable structural components,” said Scott Sevcik, Aerospace & Defence Senior Business Development Manager, Vertical Solutions at Stratasys. “Aurora’s UAV is a clear evidence of FDM’s ability to build a completely enclosed, hollow structure which, unlike other manufacturing methods, allows large – yet less dense – objects to be produced. In addition to leveraging FDM materials for all large and structural elements, we utilised the diverse production capability of Stratasys Direct Manufacturing to produce components better suited to other technologies. We elected to laser sinter the nylon fuel tank, and our thrust vectoring exhaust nozzle was 3D printed in metal to withstand the extreme heat at the engine nozzle.” Check out the video below.

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Taispeánadh an chéad fheithicil aeir gan phaisinéir (UAV) 3D-phriontáilte a bhfuil cumhacht eitilte aige ar domhan - an ceann is casta dá chineál - den chéad uair ag seó aer Dubai. Bhí an drón beagnach go hiomlán 3D priontáilte le hábhair éadroma agus is féidir eitilt níos tapúla ná 150 míle san uair. Forbraíodh é i gcomhar le Aurora Flight Sciences, níl an UAV ach 15 kg agus tá sciathán 3 mhéadar aige. Ba é príomhchuspóir dúinn a thaispeáint don tionscal aerospáis díreach cé chomh tapa is féidir leat dul ó dhearadh a thógáil a eitilt 3D printed-aerárthach d'fheidhmíocht scaird. Is é seo an UAV 3D-phriontáilte is mó, is tapúla agus is casta a tháirgtear riamh, a dúirt Dan Campbell, Innealtóir Taighde Aerospáis ag Aurora Flight Sciences. De réir Campbell, laghdaigh teicneolaíocht priontála 3D Stratasys dearadh agus am tógála an drón de 50%. Is léiriú foirfe é seo ar na cumais uathúla is féidir le déantúsaíocht bhreise a thabhairt don aerspáis. Ba éard a chiallaigh sé seo ná go n-úsáidfí ábhair agus teicneolaíochtaí priontála 3D éagsúla le chéile ar eitleán amháin chun na buntáistí a bhaineann le déantúsaíocht bhreise agus priontáil 3D a uasmhéadú, comhpháirteanna struchtúracha a bhfuil an-leacht agus cumas acu, "a dúirt Scott Sevcik, Bainisteoir Sinsearach Forbartha Gnó Aerospáis agus Cosanta, Réitigh Thriomadacha ag Stratasys. Is fianaise shoiléir é UAV Aurora ar chumas FDM struchtúr poill dúnta go hiomlán a thógáil, rud a ligeann, murab ionann agus modhanna déantúsaíochta eile, rudaí móra ach níos lú dlúithe a tháirgeadh. Chomh maith le hacmhainní FDM a úsáid le haghaidh gach eilimint mhór agus struchtúrach, d'úsáid muid acmhainn éagsúla táirgeachta Stratasys Direct Manufacturing chun comhpháirteanna a tháirgeadh a oireann níos fearr do theicneolaíochtaí eile. Roghnaigh muid a lasersintéir an tanc breosla nailon, agus ár brú vectoring nozzle astaithe a bhí 3D priontáilte i miotail chun seasamh leis an teas mór ag an nozzle inneall. Féach ar an bhfíseán thíos.

They assess the development of each student with a mental, emotional, or physical disability and provide individual reports on how best to help them learn. To enhance their pupils' educational opportunities, special educators often use proven methods of instruction. Their primary responsibilities consist of: Getting together with parents to talk about their kids' development. Accommodating individual pupils' requirements within the framework of a standard curriculum. Providing necessary education to specific students. Identifying children with special requirements by testing and analyzing their schoolwork and behavior as early as possible. They also guide classroom instructors and parents in improving their pupils' educational experiences.

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Déanann siad measúnú ar fhorbairt gach mac léinn a bhfuil míchumas meabhrach, mothúchánach nó fisiceach aige agus cuireann siad tuarascálacha aonair ar fáil maidir leis an mbealach is fearr chun cabhrú leo foghlaim. Chun deiseanna oideachais a gcuid daltaí a fheabhsú, is minic a úsáideann oideachasóirí speisialta modhanna teagaisc atá cruthaithe. Is iad seo a leanas a phríomhfhreagrachtaí: Ag teacht le chéile le tuismitheoirí chun labhairt faoi fhorbairt a bpáistí. Ag freastal ar riachtanais aonair na ndaltaí i gcreat an churaclaim chaighdeánaithe. Oideachas riachtanach a chur ar fáil do mhic léinn ar leith. Aithint leanaí a bhfuil riachtanais speisialta acu trí thástáil agus anailís a dhéanamh ar a gcuid oibre scoile agus a iompar chomh luath agus is féidir. Tugann siad treoir freisin do mhúinteoirí agus do thuismitheoirí chun taithí oideachais a gcuid daltaí a fheabhsú.

The Pumi, one of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in China, live on the mountains of the northwestern Yunnan province as high up as 2700 meters. They were originally a nomadic group inhabiting the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau but were moved to Yunnan by the Mongolians in the fourth century B.C. Pumi is the name given to them by the government; they refer to themselves by a name that means “white men.” The Pumi have five dialects which are part of the Tibeto-Burman language family. Their main holidays are dedicated to the “god of the kitchen,” and include feasting, bonfires, horse racing, shooting contests, and wrestling. Their religion is Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism), but they also worship Suoguonaba, “the god of the mountains.” They also practice ancestor worship. The Pumi believe a sheep is killed to lead the spirit of a deceased person into the land of their ancestors. Partnership // Move Beyond - It is estimated that there are over 100 million Christians in China. Pray the Christians in China will be moved to reach the Pumi. - Pray churches are planted throughout the Yunnan Province and that there may be growth in the body of Christ. - Their culture is heavily influenced by their spiritual beliefs; pray God reveals himself to them. - Pray an anointing over the workers sent to serve the Pumi.

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Tá na Pumi, ceann de 56 ghrúpa eitneach a aithnítear go hoifigiúil sa tSín, ina gcónaí ar na sléibhte i bpróifíocht thuaidh thiar Yunnan a bhfuil airde suas le 2700 méadar. Bhí siad ar bun mar ghrúpa nómadach a bhí ina gcónaí ar an ardán Qinghai-Tibéiteach ach aistríodh iad go Yunnan ag na Mongóil sa cheathrú haois RC. Is é Pumi an t-ainm a thug an rialtas dóibh; tagraíonn siad dóibh féin le hainm a chiallaíonn fir bána. Tá cúig dhiaclach ag na Pumi atá mar chuid den teaghlach teanga Tibeto-Burma. Tá a bpríomh-shó ar son an dia an chistin, agus tá feasting, bonfires, rásanna capall, comórtais lámhach, agus wrestling. Is é Lamaism (Búdachas Tibéidis) a reiligiún, ach déanann siad adhradh freisin do Suoguonaba, dia na sléibhte. Déanann siad adhradh sinsearach freisin. Creideann na Pumi go mbíodh caorach chun spiorad duine éag a threorú isteach i dtír a sinsir. Comhpháirtíocht // Imigh thar - Meastar go bhfuil os cionn 100 milliún Críostaí sa tSín. Guí go mbeidh na Críostaithe sa tSín a spreagadh chun teacht ar an Pumi. - Guí go ndéantar eaglaisí a phlandaíocht ar fud Chúige Yunnan agus go bhféadfadh fás a bheith ann i gcorp Chríost. - Tá tionchar mór ag a gcreideamh spioradálta ar a gcultúr; guí go nochtfadh Dia é féin dóibh. - Guí anointing thar na hoibrithe a sheoladh chun freastal ar an Pumi.

Date of Degree PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) Molecular and Cellular Biology Beverly L. Davidson MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant and diverse class of small, non-protein coding RNAs that guide the post-transcriptional repression of messenger RNA (mRNA) targets in a sequence-specific manner. Hundreds, if not thousands of distinct miRNA sequences have been described, each of which has the potential to regulate a large number of mRNAs. Over the last decade, miRNAs have been ascribed roles in nearly all biological processes in which they have been tested. More recently, interest has grown in understanding how individual miRNAs evolved, and how they are regulated. In this work, we demonstrate that Transposable Elements are a source for novel miRNA genes and miRNA target sites. We find that primate-specific miRNA binding sites were gained through the transposition of Alu elements. We also find that remnants of Mammalian Interspersed Repeat transposition, which occurred early in mammalian evolution, provide highly conserved functional miRNA binding sites in the human genome. We also provide data to support that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can provide a novel miRNA binding substrate which, rather than inhibiting the miRNA target, inhibits the miRNA. As such, lncRNAs are proposed to function as endogenous miRNA "sponges," competing for miRNA binding and reducing miRNA-mediated repression of protein-coding mRNA targets. We also explored how dynamic changes to miRNA binding sites can occur by A-to-I editing of the 3 `UTRs of mRNA targets. These works, together with knowledge gained from the regulatory activity of endogenous and exogenously added miRNAs, provided a platform for algorithm development that can be used in the rational design of artificial RNAi triggers with improved target specificity. The cumulative results from our studies identify and in some cases clarify important mechanisms for the emergence of miRNAs and miRNA binding sites on large (over eons) and small (developmental) time scales, and help in translating these gene silencing processes into practical application. lincRNA, lncRNA, microRNA, RNAi, Transposable Element, Transposon xii, 146 pages Includes bibliographical references (pages 130-146). Copyright 2013 Ryan Spengler

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Dáta na Céime PhD (Dochtúir na Físe) Bithíocht Mholaíoch agus Cheallach Beverly L. Davidson Is aicme iomarcach agus éagsúil de RNAanna beaga neamh-bhrótaine códaithe iad MicroRNAanna (miRNAanna) a threoraíonn an smachtú iar-thrascrioptúrtha ar spriocanna RNA teachtaire (mRNA) ar bhealach atá sonrach do shraith. Tá na céadta, mura bhfuil na mílte de shreath miRNA ar leith, a bhfuil an cumas ag gach ceann acu líon mór mRNAanna a rialáil, tuairiscithe. Le deich mbliana anuas, tugadh ról do miRNAanna i mbeagnach gach próiseas bitheolaíoch inar tástáladh iad. Níos déanaí, tá suim ag fás i dtuiscint conas a d'fhorbair miRNAanna aonair, agus conas a rialáiltear iad. Sa obair seo, léirítear go bhfuil Eileamaint In-aistrithe mar fhoinse do ghéiní miRNA nua agus do shuíomhanna sprioc miRNA. Faigheann muid go raibh suíomhanna ceangailte miRNA sonracha primataí a fuarthas trí athshuí na n-eilimintí Alu. Faigheann muid freisin go soláthraíonn iarsmaí tras-athchóirithe Athchóirithe Athchóirithe Mamálach, a tharla go luath i bhforbairt mamaí, suíomhanna ceangailteacha miRNA feidhmiúla an-choimeádta sa ghéinóm daonna. Soláthraímid sonraí freisin chun tacú go bhféadfadh RNAanna fada neamh-chódúcháin (lncRNAanna) substrát ceangailteach miRNA nua a sholáthar a chuireann cosc ar an sprioc miRNA, seachas an miRNA. Mar sin, moltar go bhfeidhmeoidh lncRNAanna mar "sponges" miRNA endogenous, ag dul san iomaíocht le haghaidh ceangal miRNA agus laghdú ar dhí-dhí-dhlúthú miRNA idirghabhálaithe miRNA de spriocanna mRNA códaithe próitéine. D'fhéachamar freisin ar an gcaoi ar féidir le hathruithe dinimiciúla a bheith ar shuíomhanna ceangailte miRNA trí eagarthóireacht A-go-I ar 3 `UTRanna sprioc-mRNA. Soláthraíodh an t-ardán seo, mar aon le heolas a fuarthas ó ghníomhaíocht rialála miRNAanna endogenous agus exogenously, mar ardán d'fhorbairt algartam ar féidir é a úsáid i ndearadh réasúnach trioblóirí RNAi saorga le sonracht sprioc feabhsaithe. Tá na torthaí carntha óna staidéir ag aithint agus i gcásanna áirithe ag soiléiriú meicníochtaí tábhachtacha maidir le teacht chun cinn miRNAanna agus áiteanna ceangailteacha miRNAanna ar scála ama mór (i rith aeons) agus beag (fhorbairt), agus cabhraíonn siad le na próisis mhúchadh géine seo a aistriú go feidhmíocht phraiticiúil. lincRNA, lncRNA, microRNA, RNAi, Eileamh Tras-Ionadúil, Tras-Ionadóir xii, 146 leathanach Cuimsíonn sé tagairtí leabhair (leathanacha 130-146). Copyright 2013 Ryan Spengler

Technology has had a massive impact on society in recent years. Modern technology has revolutionized numerous aspects of human life, including communication, education, transportation, and entertainment. The technology revolution has changed our lives in many ways, and it has brought about both positive and negative effects on society. One significant effect of technology on society has been the improvement in communication. With the advent of communication technologies such as social media, emails, and instant messaging, people can now communicate across the globe in real-time. The world has become more connected, and people can now communicate with family members, friends, and colleagues from any part of the world. Information transfer has become more accessible, with the internet serving as a vast database of knowledge across all fields. Moreover, the education sector has benefited significantly from technology advancements. Schools, colleges, and universities have embraced various educational technologies such as e-learning, online courses, virtual reality, and educational gaming. Technology has transformed the traditional classroom setting, and students can now learn from anywhere, at any time, on any device, and at their own pace. With E-learning, online colleges, and universities, students who could not attend conventional classes can now earn degrees through online access to study materials. Transportation has also been affected significantly by technology. With advancements in transportation technology, people can now travel across the globe in less time and without much stress. Cars, trains, planes, and buses have become more advanced, with features like GPS navigation, automatic braking systems, and fuel-efficient engines. The emergence of ride-hailing services such as Uber and Lyft has made getting around more accessible and convenient. However, despite the numerous positive impacts of technology on society, there are also some negative consequences. Technology has led to the creation of some social issues such as addiction, isolation, depression, and cyberbullying. Over-reliance on technology has made people addicted to their devices, leading to social isolation and decreased face-to-face interactions. This has led to increased loneliness and depression. Additionally, technology has also led to the creation of online platforms that have facilitated cyberbullying, hate speech, and online harassment. In conclusion, technology has made life easier and more convenient for people in numerous ways. However, this comes with both positive and negative effects on society. Technology has revolutionized communication, education, transportation, and entertainment, but it has also created social issues such as addiction, isolation, depression, and cyberbullying. It is essential to harness the power of technology while being aware of its negative consequences to minimize its adverse effects on society.

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Tá tionchar ollmhór ag an teicneolaíocht ar an tsochaí le blianta beaga anuas. Tá athrú tagtha ar go leor gnéithe den saol daonna de bharr na teicneolaíochta nua-aimseartha, lena n-áirítear cumarsáid, oideachas, iompar agus siamsaíocht. Tá an réabhlóid teicneolaíochta tar éis ár saol a athrú ar go leor bealaí, agus tá éifeachtaí dearfacha agus diúltacha ag an réabhlóid sin ar an tsochaí. Tá feabhas tagtha ar chumarsáid mar cheann de na héifeachtaí suntasacha a bhí ag teicneolaíocht ar an tsochaí. Le teacht teicneolaíochtaí cumarsáide mar na meáin shóisialta, ríomhphoist, agus teachtaireachtaí láithreach, is féidir le daoine cumarsáid a dhéanamh ar fud na cruinne i bhfíor-am. Tá an domhan níos nasctha, agus is féidir le daoine cumarsáid a dhéanamh anois le baill teaghlaigh, le cairde agus le comhghleacaithe ó aon chuid den domhan. Tá aistriú faisnéise níos inrochtana anois, agus an t-idirlíon ag feidhmiú mar bhunachar sonraí ollmhór eolais ar fud gach réimse. Thairis sin, tá leas suntasach bainte amach ag an earnáil oideachais as dul chun cinn teicneolaíochta. Tá teicneolaíochtaí oideachais éagsúla á nglacadh ag scoileanna, coláistí agus ollscoileanna, mar shampla e-fhoghlaim, cúrsaí ar líne, réaltacht fhíorúil agus cearrbhachas oideachais. D'athraigh an teicneolaíocht an suíomh clasaiceach traidisiúnta, agus is féidir le mic léinn foghlaim anois ó áit ar bith, ag am ar bith, ar aon ghléas, agus ina luas féin. Le E-fhoghlaim, coláistí ar líne, agus ollscoileanna, is féidir le mic léinn nach bhféadfadh freastal ar ranganna traidisiúnta céimeanna a thuilleamh trí rochtain ar líne ar ábhair staidéir. Tá tionchar suntasach ag an teicneolaíocht ar iompar freisin. Le dul chun cinn i dteicneolaíocht iompair, is féidir le daoine taisteal ar fud na cruinne anois i níos lú ama agus gan mórán strus. Tá feistí mar GPS-navigation, córais braic uathoibríoch, agus innill a chaitheann níos lú breosla ag gluaisteáin, traenacha, eitleáin agus busanna. Tá seirbhísí tiomána mar Uber agus Lyft tar éis teacht chun cinn agus tá sé níos inrochtana agus níos áisiúla dul timpeall. Mar sin féin, in ainneoin na n-iarsmaí dearfacha iomadúla a bhaineann leis an teicneolaíocht ar an tsochaí, tá roinnt iarmhairtí diúltacha ann freisin. Tá teicneolaíocht tar éis roinnt saincheisteanna sóisialta a chruthú mar andúil, aonrú, dúlagar, agus cyberbullying. Tá an iomarca muiníne a bhí ag daoine as teicneolaíocht tar éis iad a chur i mbaol dá bhfeistí, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad ina n-aonar ó dhaoine agus go bhfuil laghdú tagtha ar idirghníomhaíochtaí duine le duine. Mar thoradh air sin tá níos mó uaigneas agus dúlagar ann. Ina theannta sin, tá ardáin ar líne cruthaithe ag an teicneolaíocht a chuir bac ar chibearbhuileáil, ar chaint na fuath agus ar mhealladh ar líne. I ndeireadh na dála, tá teicneolaíocht tar éis saol níos éasca agus níos áisiúla a dhéanamh do dhaoine ar bhealaí éagsúla. Mar sin féin, tá éifeachtaí dearfacha agus diúltacha ag an méid seo ar an tsochaí. Tá teicneolaíocht tar éis athrú mór a dhéanamh ar chumarsáid, ar oideachas, ar iompar, agus ar siamsaíocht, ach tá fadhbanna sóisialta mar andúil, aonrú, dúlagar, agus cyberbullying cruthaithe aici freisin. Tá sé ríthábhachtach cumhacht na teicneolaíochta a shaothrú agus a bheith ar an eolas faoina iarmhairtí diúltacha chun a éifeachtaí díobhálacha ar an tsochaí a íoslaghdú.

Toxic Nighhtshades are small dragons are bright yellow in color as a testament to their toxicity. One image shows them to look similar to an iguana. They appear to have one pair of large purple eyes. Toxic Nightshades are, as their name implies, poisonous. There is some contradictory information as to how one might subdue a Toxic Nightshade. In A Hero's Guide to Deadly Dragons, blowing in their eyes will do the trick. In The Incomplete Book of Dragons, tickling them behind the ears will put them in a trance. To note, the picture of the Toxic Nightshade does not show ears, or at least ear pinna (flaps). Toxic Nightshades make a clicking or ticking noise as a auditory warning that they are poisonous. Just this warning sound can send some dragons scurrying away in alarm, such as the Flying Gator. According to Hiccup's own dragon information pages, the Toxic Nightshade is a nocturnal species. They remained unaligned during the Dragon Rebellion. Toxic Nightshades are discussed in this reference book and also appear in the 'Dragon Key' at the back of the book.

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Is dragan beag é Nightshades tocsaineach atá bán bán ar dath mar fhianaise ar a ndíobhálacht. Taispeánann pictiúr amháin go bhfuil cuma cosúil le iguana orthu. Is cosúil go bhfuil péire amháin de shúile móra liath acu. Tá Nightshades Toxic, mar a thugann a n-ainm le tuiscint, nimhiúil. Tá roinnt faisnéise contrártha maidir le conas a d'fhéadfadh duine a subjugate Nightshade Toxic. I A Hero's Guide to Deadly Dragons, a bheith ag snámh ina súile a dhéanamh ar an cleas. Sa Leabhar Neamhchomhlánaithe na Dragon, cuirfidh tickling iad taobh thiar de na cluasa iad i trance. Chun a thabhairt faoi deara, ní léiríonn pictiúr an Nightshade Toxic cluasa, nó ar a laghad pinna cluasa (flaps). Déanann Nightshades tocsaineacha fuaim cliceáil nó ticchithe mar rabhadh cluasa go bhfuil siad nimhiúil. Is féidir leis an fhuaim rabhaidh seo féin roinnt dragan a chur ar shiúl i n-eagla, mar shampla an Flying Gator. De réir leathanaigh faisnéise dragan Hiccup féin, is speiceas oíche é an Nightshade Toxic. D'fhan siad neamh-iompartha le linn Éirí Amach na Drámaí. Pléitear Nightshades Toxic sa leabhar tagartha seo agus tá siad le feiceáil freisin sa 'Clé Dragon' ar chúl an leabhair.

It used to be that having a conversation with your teen about the birds and the bees was the talk that every parent dreaded. These days, this awkward rite of passage is superseded by another potentially awkward conversation, as your child starts asking for their own cell phone, not wanting to be left out from the rest of their peers. Deciding on the kind of limits that you want to put in place to keep your teen safe from risky behavior can be a real challenge. Finding the right balance between giving them the freedom to make their devices their own while maintaining boundaries varies from family to family, and in some cases can differ between your children, but here are a few suggestions for how to plan out some basic ground rules for cell phone use. Set Clear Time Limits If you are like most smartphone owners, your phone has become an extension of your body with a constant stream of emails and other communications that are a part of a busy lifestyle. The problem is that this can set a bad example for our kids who will look to us when they are shaping their own mobile phone use. So, how do we set clear expectations for our kids’ use? Ideally we’d reform our own habits to set an example of how we would hope our children will behave towards their device, but this is not necessarily realistic. More realistically, set clear guidelines that lay out specific times when it is ok to use their devices, and when they need an electronic blackout. Family time such as dinner and other events should be a must, as well as when they have homework to complete. It is also suggested based on research that exposure to LED screens before bed can disrupt sleep cycles, so it is recommended to define a ‘cool down’ period at the end of the night. Download the #1 Parental Control App by NetSpark Mobile: Keep Communication Open and Build Trust More than just a tool for communication, mobile devices contain a trove of personal information about us. Who we talk to, our pictures, which websites we visit. Having the ability to keep tabs on what our children are up to by looking at their mobile phones can be very tempting. You need to remember though that trust is far more important than just having simple access. Children need to understand that while parents are in control, their private space will still be respected. It is reasonable to demand that your child give you the passwords for their phone and social media accounts, but having an overbearing approach can push them to close up and be uncooperative or, worse, secretive. Your children need to know that if they encounter an uncomfortable situation such as cyber bullying or predators on the web, that they can come to you for help. One way of avoiding a heavy handed surveillance method is to add software like NetSpark Mobile. This service allows parents to preset limits on usage during certain times of the day, which websites and apps they will have access to, and offers protection against harmful content with high level content filtering, and other features that help your kids within the boundaries you set for them. This way, there is no need for constant monitoring their phone. Changes to the app’s settings can be made remotely from either your phone or browser. Parents can rest assured that NetSpark Mobile’s software is always working and hack proof. Through building a relationship of clear expectations, open lines of communication, and established trust, your kids can develop healthy habits for smartphone use as they move towards greater independence. Download the #1 Parental Control App by NetSpark Mobile :

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Bhí sé de ghnáth go raibh an comhrá a bheith agat le do dhéagóir faoi na héin agus na beacha an comhrá a bhí eagla ar gach tuismitheoir. Na laethanta seo, cuirtear comhrá eile a d'fhéadfadh a bheith míchompordach in ionad an ríse iomarcach seo, nuair a thosaíonn do leanbh ag iarraidh a fhón póca féin, gan a bheith fágtha amach ó na páistí eile. Is féidir go mbeadh sé deacair cinneadh a dhéanamh ar an gcineál teorainneacha a theastaíonn uait a chur i bhfeidhm chun do dhéagóir a chosaint ó iompar riosca. Tá an t-iarmhéid ceart idir a thabhairt dóibh an tsaoirse a gcuid feistí a dhéanamh féin agus teorainneacha a choinneáil éagsúil ó theaghlach go teaghlach, agus i gcásanna áirithe d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith difriúil ó do pháistí, ach seo cúpla moltaí maidir le conas roinnt rialacha bunúsacha a phleanáil maidir le húsáid fón póca. Socraigh Srian Ama Soiléir Má tá tú cosúil leis an gcuid is mó de na daoine a bhfuil fón cliste acu, tá do ghuthán ina shíneadh ar do chorp le sruth leanúnach ríomhphoist agus cumarsáide eile atá mar chuid de stíl mhaireachtála gnóthach. Is é an fhadhb ná go bhféadfadh sé seo droch-shampla a chur ar ár gcuid páistí a bheidh ag féachaint orainn nuair a bheidh siad ag cur a gcuid fón póca féin i bhfeidhm. Mar sin, conas a shocraímid ionchais shoiléir maidir le húsáid ár bpáistí? Is é an rud is fearr ná go ndéanfaimis athchóiriú ar ár nósanna féin chun sampla a thabhairt de conas a bheadh súil againn go n-iomparfadh ár leanaí i leith a bhfeistí, ach ní gá go bhfuil sé seo réalaíoch. Níos réalaíocha, leag treoirlínte soiléire amach a leagann amach amanna sonracha nuair atá sé ceart go leor a gcuid feistí a úsáid, agus nuair a theastaíonn siad blackout leictreonach. Ba chóir go mbeadh am teaghlaigh mar dinnéar agus imeachtaí eile riachtanach, chomh maith le nuair a bhíonn obair bhaile le déanamh acu. Moltar freisin, bunaithe ar thaighde, go bhféadfadh nochtadh do scáileáin LED roimh an leaba timthriallta codlata a chur isteach, agus dá bhrí sin moltar tréimhse 'fhuaraigh' a shainiú ag deireadh na hoíche. Íoslódáil an # 1 Parental Control App ag NetSpark Mobile: Coinnigh Cumarsáid Oscailte agus Tóg muinín Ní hamháin gur uirlis cumarsáide iad na feistí soghluaiste, ach cuimsíonn siad go leor faisnéise pearsanta faoi dúinn. Cé leis a labhraímid, ár gcuid pictiúir, na suíomhanna gréasáin a thugann muid cuairt orthu. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith an-titimneach a bheith in ann a bheith ag faire ar a bhfuil á dhéanamh ag ár gcuid páistí trí fhéachaint a dhéanamh ar a bhfón póca. Ní mór duit cuimhneamh, áfach, go bhfuil muinín i bhfad níos tábhachtaí ná rochtain simplí a bheith agat. Ní mór do leanaí a thuiscint cé go bhfuil tuismitheoirí i gceannas, go n-urramófar a gcuid príobháideachta fós. Tá sé réasúnta a éileamh go dtabharfaidh do pháiste na pasfhocail dá fhón agus dá cuntais meán sóisialta duit, ach d'fhéadfadh cur chuige ceannasach a bheith ina chúis le cloí leis agus a bheith neamhchomhoibritheach nó, níos measa fós, rúnda. Ní mór do leanaí a fhios a bheith acu má bhíonn siad i staid neamhchoitianta, mar shampla, bullying ar líne nó predators ar an ngréasán, gur féidir leo teacht chugat le cabhair. Bealach amháin chun modhanna faireachais tromchúiseacha a sheachaint ná bogearraí cosúil le NetSpark Mobile a chur leis. Ligeann an tseirbhís seo do thuismitheoirí teorainneacha réamhshocraithe a leagan síos maidir le húsáid le linn amanna áirithe den lá, cé na suíomhanna gréasáin agus na feidhmchláir a mbeidh rochtain acu orthu, agus cuireann sí cosaint ar fáil i gcoinne ábhar díobhálach le scagaire ardleibhéil ábhair, agus gnéithe eile a chabhraíonn le do pháistí laistigh de na teorainneacha a shocraigh tú dóibh. Ar an mbealach seo, níl aon ghá le monatóireacht leanúnach a dhéanamh ar a bhfón. Is féidir le hathruithe ar shuíomhanna an aip a dhéanamh go cianda ó do ghuthán nó ó do bhrabhsálaí. Is féidir le tuismitheoirí a bheith cinnte go bhfuil bogearraí NetSpark Mobile ag obair i gcónaí agus go bhfuil sé creata. Trí chaidreamh a thógáil de ionchais shoiléir, línte cumarsáide oscailte, agus muinín bunaithe, is féidir le do pháistí nó leanaí nótaí sláintiúla a fhorbairt maidir le húsáid fón cliste agus iad ag bogadh i dtreo neamhspleáchas níos mó. Íoslódáil an # 1 Parental Control App ag NetSpark Mobile:

The Caloosahatchee Condition: A preventable crime June 15, 2011 Nearly one half of the 75-mile-long Caloosahatchee is currently suffering from algal blooms. Upstream of the Franklin Lock in Olga, Alva and LaBelle the algae is a toxic soup of bluegreen algae that has killed fish, birds, shellfish and mollusks and put people at risk due to the algae's neuro and liver toxins. Downstream of the Franklin Lock all the way to Cape Coral, a dinoflagellate bloom has turned portions of the estuary a brown, murky color. While not toxic, it steals oxygen from the water needed by fish and immobile organisms that can’t flee its effects. The Caloosahatchee seasonally suffers from both low and high flows. While the lack of flow has created the current condition, when the rains begin, that toxic water upstream will be pushed downstream to the estuary, bringing even more oxygen-stealing nutrients that could further impact the estuary. A preventable crime (SUBHEAD) The crime is this condition could have been prevented. This disaster is the direct result of South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) mismanagement of the water supply as month after month they cut off all water flow to the Caloosahatchee. From November to May the SFWMD delivered the Caloosahatchee only one inch of water off the lake while they supplied nearly two feet of water for agriculture and lawn watering! Think of the lake as a bank account. The water coming into the lake is income and the water being pumped out of the lake is the bills being paid. This past week, the water coming into the lake was 78 cfs (cubic feet per second) while the water being pumped out for agriculture and lawn watering totaled 3653 cfs — that's 46 times more water going out of the lake than coming in, creating a deficit. The water deficit is being solely shouldered by — and causing harm to — water quality and wildlife habitat in the Caloosahatchee and endangered species nesting on Lake O. Adding insult to injury, the SFWMD is installing extra pumps — at taxpayers’ expense — to pump an additional one inch per week out of the lake for these users who pay nothing for the water they use. Who is being served? (SUBHEAD) Since October 2010, the District has been warning about the drought being the worst in 50 years. Month after month, they lament the dry conditions and wring their hands about endangered snail kite nest losses in the lake. However, they waited until March 26 to declare a minimal 15 percent water cutback for permitted users and only this past week on June 9 cut back landscape irrigation to 1 day/week . Lest you fall victim to their statements that this is just a dry year and everyone is suffering, consider this. At this month’s Water Resources Advisory Commission meeting last week, a member of the Sugar Cane Growers Cooperative said, quote: “We’re going to come out of this season unscathed…” She went on to say how folks at the end of the canal would run out of water (after she got hers) and that the District really needs to hold more water in the lake! In five of the past 10 years the Caloosahatchee has suffered drought conditions and, each year, gets cut off and suffers toxic algae blooms. So the SFWMD has not only heard our warnings about the consequences of cutting off water to the Caloosahatchee, they know from experience that this will happen. One of their obligations in managing water supplies is to provide for natural systems. Not only are they failing to provide for the natural systems to prevent harm, they are going out of their way to expand the harm by installing these additional pumps. This is the definition of a preventable crime. And a public health emergency. Last week, the Health Department expanded the water quality warning to include Hendry and Glades Counties . Photos of Caloosahatchee conditions are posted on the SCCF website. Click in the Water Quality Stats box on the home page or go to www.sccf.org/content/209/Algae-in-the-Caloosahatchee-in-2011.aspx Take action (SUBHEAD) Give voice to our river and speak up about these biased and destructive water management policies that cause harm only to natural systems and waste taxpayer money in the installation of additional pumps. Write to the SFWMD Governing Board and Executive Director. They are all fairly new appointees. Let’s help them right this wrong. Joe Collins, Chair — firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 863/763-3041 Kevin Powers, Vice Chair — email@example.com; Tel: 561/682-6483 Sandy Batchelor — firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 561/682-6433 Daniel DeLisi — email@example.com; Tel: 561/682-6433; James "Jim" Moran — firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 561/682-6433 Daniel O'Keefe — email@example.com; Tel: 561/682-6433 Juan M. Portuondo — firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 561/682-6433 Timothy Sargent — email@example.com; Tel: 561/682-6433 Glenn J. Waldman — firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 561/682-6433

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An Coinníoll Caloosahatchee: Coireacht a d'fhéadfaí a sheachaint 15 Meitheamh, 2011 Tá beagnach leath de Caloosahatchee 75 míle ar fhad ag fulaingt faoi láthair ó bhláth algaí. Uas-shruthach de Sloc Franklin in Olga, Alva agus LaBelle is súp tocsaineach de algaí gorm-ghlas é an alga a mharaigh éisc, éin, muiceál agus molluscs agus a chuir daoine i mbaol mar gheall ar thocsainí néaró agus ae na algaí. I dtreo na locha Franklin go dtí Cape Coral, tá bláth dinoflagellate tar éis codanna den éistéar a dhéanamh donn, dath dorcha. Cé nach bhfuil sé tocsaineach, goidíonn sé ocsaigin ón uisce a theastaíonn ó iasc agus ó orgánaigh neamhghníomhacha nach féidir a gcuid éifeachtaí a theith. Bíonn an Caloosahatchee ag fulaingt ó shreabhadh íseal agus ard go séasúrach. Cé gur chruthaigh an easpa srutha an staid reatha, nuair a thosaíonn na báistí, cuirfear an t-uisce tocsaineach sin suas an sruth síos an sruth chuig an estuary, ag tabhairt níos mó cothaithigh a ghoidíonn ocsaigin a d'fhéadfadh tionchar breise a bheith ag an estuary. Coireacht is féidir a sheachaint (SUBHEAD) Is é an coir gur féidir an staid seo a chosc. Is é an tubaiste seo an toradh díreach ar mhí-rialachas Deisceart Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) ar an soláthar uisce mar mhí tar éis mí a ghearradh siad an sreabhadh uisce go léir go dtí an Caloosahatchee. Ó mhí na Samhna go Bealtaine thug an SFWMD an Caloosahatchee ach orlach amháin uisce as an loch agus soláthraigh siad beagnach dhá shraith uisce le haghaidh talmhaíochta agus uisce gráin! Smaoinigh ar an loch mar chuntas bainc. Is ioncam an t-uisce a thagann isteach sa loch agus is é an t-uisce a chuirtear amach as an loch na billí a íoctar. An tseachtain seo caite, bhí an t-uisce a tháinig isteach sa loch 78 cfs (ceann troigh ciúbach in aghaidh an tsoicind) agus an t-uisce a bhí á pumping amach le haghaidh talmhaíochta agus uisceadh féirín iomlán 3653 cfs sin 46 uair níos mó uisce ag dul amach as an loch ná mar a thagann isteach, ag cruthú easnamh. Tá an easnamh uisce á ghlanadh go hiomlán ag agus ag déanamh dochar do cáilíocht uisce agus gnáthóg fiadhúlra i Caloosahatchee agus speicis atá i mbaol a bhfuil gníos acu ar Loch O. Ag cur mí-shásamh ar an gcion, tá an SFWMD ag suiteáil caidéil bhreise ar chostas na gcáiníocóirí chun paipáil 1 orlach breise in aghaidh na seachtaine as an loch do na húsáideoirí seo nach n-íocann aon rud as an uisce a úsáideann siad. Cé atá á sheirbheáil? (SUBHEAD) Ó Dheireadh Fómhair 2010, tá an Cheantar ag rabhadh faoi an triomaíocht a bheith an ceann is measa le 50 bliain. Mí tar éis míosa, déanann siad gearán faoin ngnáthamh tirim agus bíonn siad ag cur a lámha ar chaillteanas na n-áiteanna a bhfuil na cnáibí dromchla i mbaol a chailleadh sa loch. Mar sin féin, d'fhan siad go dtí an 26 Márta chun laghdú íosta 15 faoin gcéad uisce a dhearbhú d'úsáideoirí ceadaithe agus ní raibh siad ach an tseachtain seo caite an 9 Meitheamh ag laghdú uisceadh tírdhreach go 1 lá / seachtain . I gcás nach mbeidh tú mar íospartach dá ráitis gur bliain tirim amháin é seo agus go bhfuil gach duine ag fulaingt, smaoinigh ar seo. Ag cruinniú an Choimisiúin Comhairleach um Acmhainní Uisce an mhí seo an tseachtain seo caite, dúirt ball den Chomhlachas Forbróirí Cána Siúcra, mo thuairim: "Táimid ag dul amach as an séasúr seo gan aon ghortú... " Dúirt sí ar aghaidh ag rá conas a bheadh daoine ag deireadh an chainéil ag rith as uisce (tar éis di a chuid a fháil) agus go bhfuil an Cheantar i ndáiríre ag teastáil le níos mó uisce a choinneáil sa loch! I cúig bliana de na 10 mbliana anuas tá an Caloosahatchee ag fulaingt ó choinníollacha triomaigh agus, gach bliain, faigheann sé a ghearradh amach agus faigheann sé bláthanna algaí tocsaineacha. Mar sin, ní hamháin go bhfuil an SFWMD chuala ár rabhaidh faoi na hiarmhairtí a ghearradh amach uisce go dtí an Caloosahatchee, tá a fhios acu ó thaithí go dtarlóidh sé seo. Ceann de na hoibleagáidí atá orthu i mbainistiú soláthairtí uisce ná córais nádúrtha a chur ar fáil. Ní amháin go bhfuil siad ag teip ar na córais nádúrtha chun damáiste a chosc, tá siad ag dul amach as a mbealach chun an damáiste a leathnú trí na caidéil bhreise seo a shuiteáil. Is é seo an sainmhíniú ar choireacht a d'fhéadfaí a chosc. Agus éigeandáil sláinte poiblí. An tseachtain seo caite, leathnaigh an Roinn Sláinte an rabhadh maidir le cáilíocht uisce chun Contae Hendry agus Glades a chur san áireamh. Tá grianghraif de choinníollacha Caloosahatchee curtha ar shuíomh Gréasáin SCCF. Cliceáil sa bhosca Staitisticí Cáilíochta Uisce ar an leathanach baile nó téigh go www.sccf.org/content/209/Algae-in-the-Caloosahatchee-in-2011.aspx Gníomh a ghlacadh (SUBHEAD) Tabhair guth dár n-aibhne agus labhair suas faoi na beartais bhainistíochta uisce claonta agus scriosach seo nach ndéanann ach damáiste do chórais nádúrtha agus airgead na gcáiníocóirí a chaitheamh i suiteáil caidéil bhreise. Scríobh chuig Bord Rialaithe SFWMD agus chuig an Stiúrthóir Feidhmiúcháin. Is daoine nua-ainmnithe iad go léir. Cabhróimid leo an t-earráid seo a cheartú. Joe Collins, Cathaoirleach firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 863/763-3041 Kevin Powers, Leas-Chathaoirleach email@example.com; Tel: 561/682-6483 Sandy Batchelor firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 561/682-6433 Daniel DeLisi email@example.com; Tel: 561/682-6433; James "Jim" Moran firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 561/682-6433 Daniel O'Keefe email@example.com; Tel: 561/682-6433 Juan M. Portuondo firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 561/682-6433 Timothy Sargent email@example.com; Tel: 561/682-6433 Glenn J. Waldman firstname.lastname@example.org; Tel: 561/682-6433

Customers need no longer solely depend on software companies to release new versions of applications. With a lot of these now being run on open source, users have a lot more freedom—they can view the source code and alter and redistribute such software. So a company like Microsoft which gives most of the software loaded on your PC and therefore having a monopoly there, now has a competitor. Open source is especially used in e-governance where common government processes are computerized and automated and are used to bridge the digital divide between communities. It also reduces costs, improves efficiency and provides better services to citizens. Open source software is being used by many countries so that they’re not dependent on a single vendor for all their software requirements. Even though the source code is open to the public, a greater degree of control is possible when applications are run on open sources. Sovereign nations are more comfortable working on a platform where the source code is not the property of a private vendor. Countries like China and Germany prefer to use pen source software for sensitive areas like defense. Access to the source code allows the military establishment the liberty to modify it according to its requirements. Many countries have also initiated policies on use of open source. Singapore for instance, even promotes it by offering tax benefits to companies using it. In India, a number of G2C ( government-to-citizen) applications such as land records, commercial tax and Panchayati Raj applications of state governments run on open source. Many a time, proprietary vendors are not interested in developing a localized version of their software if the country or language is not economically viable. This increases barriers to technology usage. However, Microsoft is of the opinion that a hybrid model (combination of open source and proprietary software) will be the answer to the information, communication and technology needs of the masses. In fact, under Shared Source Program, source code can be share making it available to all partners. Indian government officials have meanwhile decided to play it safe. While choosing a platform for an e-governance application the government sources are looking at the total cost of ownership and the robustness of the technology and also at that platform which best fulfils user needs.

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Ní gá do chustaiméirí a thuilleadh a bheith ag brath go heisiach ar chuideachtaí bogearraí chun leaganacha nua d'iarratais a scaoileadh. Agus go leor de na cláir seo á reáchtáil anois ar fhoinse oscailte, tá i bhfad níos mó saoirse ag úsáideoirí - is féidir leo féachaint ar an gcód foinse agus an bogearraí sin a athrú agus a athdháileadh. Mar sin tá cuideachta cosúil le Microsoft a thugann an chuid is mó den bogearraí a luchtaítear ar do ríomhaire agus dá bhrí sin a bhfuil monaplaíocht ann, anois tá iomaitheoir. Úsáidtear foinse oscailte go háirithe i r-rialachas áit a ndéantar próisis choitianta rialtais a ríomhaireáil agus a uathoibriú agus a úsáidtear chun an difríocht dhigiteach idir pobail a dhúnadh. Laghdaíonn sé costais freisin, feabhsaíonn sé éifeachtúlacht agus soláthraíonn sé seirbhísí níos fearr do shaoránaigh. Tá bogearraí foinse oscailte á n-úsáid ag go leor tíortha ionas nach bhfuil siad ag brath ar sholáthraí amháin dá riachtanais bogearraí go léir. Cé go bhfuil an cód foinse oscailte don phobal, is féidir leibhéal níos mó rialaithe a dhéanamh nuair a bhíonn feidhmchláir á rith ar fhoinsí oscailte. Tá náisiúin uathrialacha níos compordaí ag obair ar ardán nach bhfuil an cód foinse faoi úinéireacht díoltóra príobháideach. Is fearr le tíortha cosúil leis an tSín agus an Ghearmáin bogearraí foinse peann a úsáid le haghaidh réimsí íogaire mar chosaint. Tugann rochtain ar an gcód foinse an tsaoirse don bhunaíocht mhíleata é a mhodhnú de réir a riachtanais. Tá beartais tionscnaimh ag go leor tíortha maidir le foinse oscailte a úsáid freisin. Tá an t-ardú seo ag teacht ó na tíortha eile, agus tá an t-ardú seo ag teacht ó na tíortha eile. Sa India, tá roinnt iarratais G2C (rialtas go saoránach) mar thaifid talún, cánach tráchtála agus iarratais Panchayati Raj rialtais stáit ag rith ar fhoinse oscailte. Go minic, ní bhíonn suim ag díoltóirí dílseánaigh leagan áitiúla dá mbogearraí a fhorbairt mura bhfuil an tír nó an teanga inmharthana ó thaobh na heacnamaíochta de. Méadaíonn sé seo bacainní ar úsáid na teicneolaíochta. Mar sin féin, is é tuairim Microsoft go mbeidh samhail hibrideach (combination of open source and proprietary software) mar fhreagra ar riachtanais faisnéise, cumarsáide agus teicneolaíochta na mais. Go deimhin, faoi Chlár Foinse Comhroinnte, is féidir cód foinse a roinnt agus é a chur ar fáil do gach comhpháirtí. Idir an dá linn, tá oifigigh rialtais na hIndia tar éis cinneadh a dhéanamh é a imirt go sábháilte. Agus ardán á roghnú acu le haghaidh feidhmchlár e-rialaithe, tá foinsí rialtais ag féachaint ar chostas iomlán úinéireachta agus ar neart na teicneolaíochta agus freisin ar an ardán sin a chomhlíonann riachtanais úsáideoirí is fearr.

Some people use social media from everything like keeping in touch with old friends, to keeping up with the latest news, but how about to help stop the spread of disease?? A new study shows that "liking" a page on Facebook can actually decrease the likelihood of you getting a sexually transmitted disease. How?? Experts say it's all about the way a teen mind works, and the ability social media has to hold you accountable. For many young people, like CMU student Dru Johnson, social media is an everyday part of life. "I check sometimes right before I go to the gym, or right when I wake up," he said. Johnson said if he checks- in on Facebook at the gym, he makes sure he actually goes to the gym. "I don't want to post something that I'm not doing," he said. Nineteen- year- old Matthew Dale uses Twitter in the same way. "If you have a constant schedule and you're saying you are going to the gym, then you stop, maybe one of your friends will notice it," Dale said. Behavioral experts say it's that accountability that makes social media such a powerful tool in influencing young minds. "This is one of the only venues where you can reach such large numbers of people simultaneously, so it's almost unprecedented," Sheana Bull, PhD, MPH, of the Department of Community and Behavioral Health at the Colorado School of Public Health conducted a study where one group of people liked a safe- sex Facebook page and were exposed to anti- STD messages and safe- sex material, while a second group liked a different, unrelated page. "Those that were in the study group and exposed to our Facebook page were significantly more likely to be engaging in protective behaviors at two months, behaviors such as condom use that can help people prevent sexually transmitted infections," Bull said. As for the control group, their condom use went down. Family counselor Matt Pettit relates the accountability factor to someone who has recently left rehab. "Twelve step programs in thirty days, or thirty meetings in thirty days,90 and 90, and you hear that regularly, why do people do that? Well people do that because they need that accountability, they need that regular reminder, that this is what I'm going to do, this, is the right thing to do," Pettit said. The college students we spoke with said if they were to like the safe- sex Facebook page, the constant exposure would remind them to be healthy. "After reading it or seeing it constantly, then yea that would make me want to use it more and get more information about it," Johnson said. "Seeing it over and over constantly, it would remind you to wear a condom and keep safe from STD’s,” Dale said. Experts said another reason social media works so well is because it is so accessible, especially with smartphones that keep social media always right at our fingertips. Sheana Bull said she hopes her study will encourage clinic services and other education services to integrate social media into their sexual health programs

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Baineann daoine áirithe úsáid as na meáin shóisialta ó gach rud mar fanacht i dteagmháil le seanchairde, chun an nuacht is déanaí a choinneáil ar an eolas, ach cad faoi chabhrú le scaipeadh galair a stopadh? An bhfuil tú? Léiríonn staidéar nua gur féidir le "like" leathanach ar Facebook an dóchúlacht go bhfaighidh tú galar a tharchur go gnéasach a laghdú i ndáiríre. Conas?? Deir saineolaithe go bhfuil sé ar fad faoi an mbealach a oibríonn intinn déagóirí, agus an cumas a bhfuil na meáin shóisialta chun tú a choinneáil freagrach. I gcás go leor daoine óga, cosúil le mac léinn CMU Dru Johnson, is cuid de shaol an lae an meán sóisialta. "Déanaim iniúchadh uaireanta díreach sula dtéann mé chuig an seomra aclaíochta, nó díreach nuair a dhúisím", a dúirt sé. Dúirt Johnson má dhéanann sé seiceáil isteach ar Facebook ag an seomra aclaíochta, déanann sé cinnte go dtéann sé go dtí an seomra aclaíochta i ndáiríre. "Nílim ag iarraidh rud a phostáil nach bhfuil á dhéanamh agam", a dúirt sé. Úsáideann Matthew Dale, atá 19 bliain d'aois, Twitter ar an mbealach céanna. "Má tá sceideal seasmhach agat agus má tá tú ag rá go bhfuil tú ag dul chuig an seomra aclaíochta, ansin scoirfidh tú, b'fhéidir go dtabharfaidh duine de do chairde faoi deara é", a dúirt Dale. Deir saineolaithe i dtaca le hiompar gur é an cuntasacht sin a dhéanann na meáin shóisialta a bheith ina uirlis chomh cumhachtach chun tionchar a imirt ar intinn óg. "Is é seo ceann de na háiteanna amháin inar féidir leat líon mór daoine a bhaint amach ag an am céanna, mar sin tá sé beagnach gan fasach", Sheana Bull, PhD, MPH, ón Roinn Sláinte Pobail agus Iompraíochta ag Scoil Sláinte Poiblí Colorado rinne staidéar áit a raibh grúpa amháin daoine ag maith le leathanach Facebook gnéas sábháilte agus a bhí nochtaithe do theachtaireachtaí frith-STD agus ábhar gnéas sábháilte, agus gur thaitin an dara grúpa le leathanach difriúil, neamhghaolmhara. "Ba léir go raibh na daoine a bhí sa ghrúpa staidéir agus a bhí i láthair ar ár leathanach Facebook i bhfad níos mó seans ann go mbeadh siad ag gabháil do ghiomnáisiam cosanta ag dhá mhí, giomnáisiam mar úsáid coiscín a d'fhéadfadh cabhrú le daoine ionfhabhtuithe a dtarchuirtear go gnéasach a chosc", a dúirt Bull. Maidir leis an ngrúpa rialaithe, tháinig laghdú ar a n-úsáid coiscín. Tugann an chomhairleoir teaghlaigh Matt Pettit an fachtóir cuntasachta le duine a d'fhág athshlánú le déanaí. "Dhá chlár déag céim i dtrí lá, nó tríocha cruinniú i dtrí lá, 90 agus 90, agus éisteann tú go rialta, cén fáth a dhéanann daoine é sin? Bhuel, déanann daoine sin mar is gá dóibh an cuntasacht sin, is gá dóibh an mheabhrúchán rialta sin, go bhfuil sé seo an rud atá le déanamh agam, is é seo an rud ceart le déanamh, "a dúirt Pettit. Dúirt na mic léinn coláiste a labhair muid leo dá mba mhaith leo an leathanach Facebook um ghnéas sábháilte, go gcuimhneofaí orthu a bheith sláintiúil dá mbeadh siad i láthair i gcónaí. "Tar éis dom é a léamh nó a fheiceáil go leanúnach, ansin yeah go mbeadh sé ag iarraidh mé a úsáid níos mó agus a fháil ar níos mó faisnéise faoi", a dúirt Johnson. "Má fheiceann tú é arís agus arís eile i gcónaí, cuimhníonn sé ort coiscín a chaitheamh agus a bheith sábháilte ó STD, a dúirt Dale. Dúirt saineolaithe gur chúis eile go n-oibríonn na meáin shóisialta chomh maith ná go bhfuil sé chomh inrochtana, go háirithe le fón cliste a choinníonn na meáin shóisialta i gcónaí ar láimh. Dúirt Sheana Bull go bhfuil sí ag súil go spreagfaidh a staidéar seirbhísí clinice agus seirbhísí oideachais eile chun na meáin shóisialta a chomhtháthú ina gcláir sláinte gnéis

For some time now, I've been digging into the partition of India: Urvashi Butalia's excellent, The Other Side of Silence on the experience of the women, children, and Dalits of Punjab (I hope to do a review soon), Remembering Partition by Gyanendra Pandey and Jan Breman, The Partition of India by Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, and Stern Reckoning by GD Khosla (most partisan of this lot). I also recently saw the movies Tamas and The Train to Pakistan (both on YouTube) and plan to watch Silent Waters soon. While much new scholarship has appeared in recent years on the partition of Punjab and Bengal, little is known about "the third site of Partition — colonial Assam, and particularly the region of Sylhet." A friend pointed me to this article in Himal that has more on Partition historiography and the experience of Sylhet. Sixty-five years after Partition, the scholarship that event generates is varied and contested. Now more than ever before, writers and researchers are questioning the heavy focus on Punjab and Bengal at the expense of the third site of Partition – colonial Assam, and particularly the region of Sylhet, which elected to join East Pakistan in a 1947 referendum. The history of Sylhet opens up new complexities beyond the typical discourse that sees Partition as primarily a matter of religious communalism. The study of Partition’s more narrowly regional dimensions is a recent development. The first Partition historians – Michael Edwardes, Penderel Moon, David Page, V P Menon, G D Khosla, and others – focused on decolonisation and the high politics of the division of India, with a core focus on Punjab. Punjab had captured the popular imagination because of the enormity of Partition violence there, which completely clouded this first phase of scholarship. The 1960s saw another spurt of Partition studies, including debates on the emergence of communalism, and also the publication of the memoirs of many key political players with a hand in the events of 1947. Still, the main focus remained on Partition in the Indian west. Meanwhile, nationalistic scholars in India engaged in glorifying the new state and eulogising the post-Partition leadership. Little emerged on Partition’s impact in areas distant from the ‘core’ of north India and Punjab; Partition became a largely Punjabi experience and not, as it actually was, a story of both east and west India. Even until recently, many professional historians who have contributed immensely to the study of Partition – Mushirul Hasan, Ian Talbot, Stanley Wolpert, David Gilmartin, Alok Bhalla, Anita Inder Singh, Ravinder Kumar – have been loath to engage with the Partition experience in the east. I also discovered 1947partitionarchive.org, where I came across this harrowing "eyewitness account" by Major Jagjit Singh.

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Le tamall anuas, táim ag déanamh cló ar an dtráchtáil na hIndia: Urvashi Butalia's excellent, The Other Side of Silence on the experience of the women, children, and Dalits of Punjab (Tá súil agam go ndéanfar athbhreithniú go luath), Remembering Partition le Gyanendra Pandey agus Jan Breman, The Partition of India le Ian Talbot agus Gurharpal Singh, agus Stern Reckoning le GD Khosla (an chuid is mó de na páirtithe seo). Chonaic mé freisin na scannáin Tamas agus The Train to Pakistan (an dá cheann ar YouTube) le déanaí agus tá sé beartaithe agam féachaint ar Silent Waters go luath. Cé go bhfuil go leor scoláireacht nua le feiceáil le blianta beaga anuas ar pháirtíocht Punjab agus Bengal, níl mórán ar eolas faoi "an tríú suíomh de pháirtíocht Assam coilíneach, agus go háirithe réigiún Sylhet". Thug cara dom an t-alt seo in Himal a bhfuil níos mó ann ar stair-eagraíocht an Roinne agus ar thaithí Sylhet. Seasca bliain agus cúig bliana tar éis an Roinne, tá an scoláireacht a ghintear ag an ócáid sin éagsúil agus iomaíoch. Anois níos mó ná riamh roimhe seo, tá scríbhneoirí agus taighdeoirí ag ceistiú an fócas trom ar Punjab agus Bengal ar chostas an tríú suíomh de chuid Partition colónach Assam, agus go háirithe réigiún Sylhet, a roghnaigh a bheith páirteach i Pacastáin Thoir i reifreann 1947. Osclaíonn stair Sylhet castachtaí nua thar an gcaint tipiciúil a fheiceann an Roinnt mar ábhar coimhlint reiligiúnach go príomha. Is forbairt nua é staidéar a dhéanamh ar dhálaí réigiúnacha níos déine an Roinne. D'fhócas na chéad staireoirí Páirtithe Michael Edwardes, Penderel Moon, David Page, V P Menon, G D Khosla, agus daoine eile ar dhícholúnaíocht agus ar pholaitíocht ard roinn na hIndia, agus fócas lárnach ar Punjab. Bhí an Punjab tar éis an samhlaíocht phoiblí a ghabháil mar gheall ar an ollmhór foréigean Páirtithe ann, a chuir scamaill go hiomlán ar an gcéad chéim seo de scoláireacht. Sa 1960idí, bhí léargas eile ar staidéir ar an Roinn, lena n-áirítear díospóireachtaí ar éirí amach an choimhlint, agus foilsíodh cuimhneacháin go leor príomh-imreoirí polaitiúla a raibh lámh acu i gcásanna 1947. Mar sin féin, d'fhan an príomhfhócas ar Roinnt san iarthar Indiach. Idir an dá linn, bhí scoláirí náisiúnacha san India ag glorifying an stát nua agus ag moladh an cheannaireacht iar-roinn. Ní raibh mórán le feiceáil ar thionchar an Roinne i gceantair atá i bhfad ó chroílár thuaidh na hIndia agus Punjab; tháinig an Roinne ina eispéireas Punjabi den chuid is mó agus ní scéal de oirthear agus iarthar na hIndia, mar a bhí i ndáiríre. Fiú go dtí le déanaí, bhí go leor staireoirí gairmiúla a chuir go mór le staidéar ar an Roinnt Mushirul Hasan, Ian Talbot, Stanley Wolpert, David Gilmartin, Alok Bhalla, Anita Inder Singh, Ravinder Kumar ag iarraidh dul i ngleic le taithí Roinnt san oirthear. Fuair mé 1947partitionarchive.org freisin, áit a bhfuair mé an "táscaire fhianaise" seo ag an Mhéara Jagjit Singh.

How to Use Area Models and the Distributive Property to Multiply? Multiplying using area models and the distributive property is a visual and conceptual way to understand multiplication. A Step-by-step Guide to Use Area Models and the Distributive Property to Multiply Here are the steps to use these methods: Step 1: Understand the Area Model: An area model is a rectangle that represents the two numbers being multiplied. The length of the rectangle represents one factor, and the width represents the other. The area of the rectangle represents the product. Step 2: Break down the Numbers: To use the distributive property, you need to break down the numbers into smaller parts. Step 3: Use the Distributive Property: Once you have broken down the numbers, you can use the distributive property to multiply. Step 4: Draw the Area Model: To use the area model, draw a rectangle with the length and width representing the two factors. Then divide the rectangle into smaller rectangles to match the parts from the distributive property. Step 5: Multiply and Add: Finally, multiply each part separately and then add the products together to get the final product. Using Area Models and the Distributive Property to Multiply – Example 1: Use the area model to multiply \(24 × 4\). Step 1: Break down the numbers: \(24 = 20 + 4\) Step 2: Use the distributive property: \(24 × 4 = (20 × 4) + (4 × 4)\) Step 3: Draw the area model with smaller rectangles: Step 4: Multiply and add: \(20 × 4 = 80\) \(4 × 4 = 16\) \(80 + 16 = 96\) Therefore, \(24 × 4 = 96\). Related to This Article More math articles - Top 10 3rd Grade FSA Math Practice Questions - Expert Advice on Making Math Fun - How to Solve Word Problems Involving Completing a Table and Making a Graph? - 8th Grade DCAS Math Worksheets: FREE & Printable - How to Solve Zero and Negative Exponents? (+FREE Worksheet!) - FREE 4th Grade Common Core Math Practice Test - 3rd Grade IAR Math Worksheets: FREE & Printable - Bеѕt Cоllеgе Lарtорs in 2023 - How to Use Expanded Form to Multiply One-Digit Numbers By 3-digit or 4-digit Numbers - 7th Grade PEAKS Math Worksheets: FREE & Printable

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Conas samhlacha limistéir agus an mhaoin dáileacháin a úsáid chun a mhéadú? Is bealach amhairc agus coincheapa é iolrú ag baint úsáide as samhlacha limistéir agus an mhaoin dáilteach chun iolrú a thuiscint. Treoir Céim ar Céim chun Múnlaí Limistéar agus an Maoin Dháilteach a Úsáid chun a Iolrú Seo na céimeanna chun na modhanna seo a úsáid: Céim 1: Tuiscint a fháil ar an Múnla Limistíochta: Is éard atá i múnla limistéir ná ceartchonnach a léiríonn an dá uimhir á n-iomadaíocht. Léiríonn fad an fhéithin réadchonnach fachtóir amháin, agus léiríonn an leithead an ceann eile. Léiríonn limistéar an fhéithin an táirge. Céim 2: Na huimhreacha a bhriseadh síos: Chun an t-earraí dáileacháin a úsáid, ní mór duit na huimhreacha a bhriseadh síos i gcodanna níos lú. Céim 3: Úsáid an Maoin Dháilteach: Nuair a bheidh na huimhreacha briste agat, is féidir leat an t-earraí dáileacháin a úsáid chun a iolrú. Céim 4: Tarraing an Múnla Limistíochta: Chun an tsamhail limistéir a úsáid, tarraing orthocnála leis an fhad agus an leithead a léiríonn an dá fhachtóir. Ansin roinn an ceartchonnach i gceartchonnach níos lú chun na codanna a chomhoibriú ón maoin dáileacháin. Céim 5: Moltaí agus Cuir le chéile: Ar deireadh, moltaí gach cuid ar leithligh agus ansin cuir na táirgí le chéile chun an táirge deiridh a fháil. Úsáid samhlacha limistéir agus an mhaoin dáileacháin chun a iolrú Sampla 1: Úsáid an tsamhail limistéir chun \(24 × 4\) a iolrú. Céim 1: na huimhreacha a bhriseadh síos: \(24 = 20 + 4\) Céim 2: Úsáid an mhaoin dáileacháin: \(24 × 4 = (20 × 4) + (4 × 4)\) Céim 3: Tarraing an tsamhail limistéir le ceartchonnachtaí níos lú: Céim 4: Méadú agus cur le: \ ((20 × 4 = 80\) \ ((4 × 4 = 16\) \ ((80 + 16 = 96\) Dá bhrí sin, 24 × 4 = 96). Bainteach leis an Airteagal seo Tuilleadh alt matamaitice - Top 10 3ú Grád FSA Ceisteanna Cleachtais Matamaitice - Comhairle Saineolaithe maidir le Matamaitic a dhéanamh spraoi - Conas Fadhbanna Focail a réiteach a bhaineann le Tábla a chomhlánú agus Gráif a dhéanamh? - 8ú Grád DCAS Leabhráin Oibre Matamaitice: SAOR IN AISCE & In Íoslódáil - Conas a réiteach Null agus Exponents diúltach? (+Fíor-Fhoirm Oibre!) - Tástáil Gníomhaíochta Math Coitinne Chroí 4ú Grád - Leabhráin Oibre Matamaitice IAR Grád 3: SAOR IN AISCE & In-scríobh - B'fhearr le Coláiste Lártair i 2023 - Conas Foirm Leathnaithe a Úsáid chun Uimhreacha Aon-sigit a Méadú le Uimhreacha 3sigit nó 4sigit - 7ú Grád PEAKS Leabhráin Oibre Matamaitice: SAOR IN AISCE & In Íoslódáil

Two Presidents are Better Than One: The Case for a Bipartisan Executive Branch D. Orentlicher, TWO PRESIDENTS ARE BETTER THAN ONE: THE CASE FOR A BIPARTISAN EXECUTIVE BRANCH, New York University Press, 2013 17 Pages Posted: 18 Feb 2012 Last revised: 4 Feb 2015 Date Written: February 17, 2012 When delegates discussed the structure of the presidency at the Constitutional Convention in June 1787, serious objections to a unitary executive were raised. Edmund Randolph warned, for example, that a one-person presidency would become the “foetus of monarchy.” Controversy over the idea of a single president was predictable. Only recently had the framers freed themselves from the tyranny of King George III, and they were firmly committed to creating a new government that would not abuse its powers and oppress its citizens. It must have seemed preposterous to replace a hereditary monarch with an elected monarch. To be sure, the framers invoked important arguments for a unitary executive. While Congress would deliberate, the president would act with decisiveness and dispatch. A single president would bring order and energy to the national government. With the passage of time, however, it has become clear that the founding fathers misjudged the consequences of their choice: They did not anticipate the extent to which executive power would expand and give us an “imperial presidency” that dominates Congress and that too often exercises its authority in ways that are detrimental to the national interest. They did not predict the role that political parties would come to play and how battles to capture the White House would greatly aggravate partisan conflict. They did not recognize that single presidents would represent party ideology much more than the overall public good. And they misjudged the advantages and disadvantages of single versus multiple decision makers. Had the framers been able to predict the future, they would have been far less enamored with the idea of a unitary executive and far more receptive to the alternative proposals for a plural executive that they rejected. Like their counterparts in Europe, they might well have created an executive branch in which power is shared among multiple persons from multiple political parties. If the presidency is to fulfill the founding fathers’ vision and function more effectively, it needs to be reconceived. This need for constitutional change led me to the proposal for reform that I consider in this book — the replacement of the one-person, one-party presidency with a two-person, two-party presidency. A coalition presidency carries the potential for many important benefits — a balancing of power between the executive and legislative branches, a dampening of partisan conflict in Washington, an executive branch more representative of the entire electorate, real opportunities for third-party candidates to win election, and wiser presidential decision making. After more than two hundred years with the Constitution’s one-person presidency, it may seem preposterous to suggest a plural executive. But a coalition presidency would be far more faithful to the framers’ view of executive power. They wanted a president with limited authority who would serve as a co-equal with Congress. They also believed that power should be contained by dividing it and requiring it to be shared. A two-person presidency relies on the framers’ structural devices to promote their core values. And by correcting the dysfunction in Washington and making the executive branch operate more effectively, a two-person, bipartisan presidency can be justified even without reference to original intent. Keywords: executive branch, presidency, partisan conflict, constitutional reform JEL Classification: K19 Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

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Tá Dhá Uachtarán Níos Fearr ná Ceann: An Cás le haghaidh Brainse Feidhmiúcháin Dhá-Pháirtí D. Orentlicher, TWO PRESIDENTS ARE BETTER THAN ONE: THE CASE FOR A BIPARTISAN EXECUTIVE BRANCH, New York University Press, 2013 (D. Orentlicher, D. Orentlicher, D. Orentlicher, D. Orentlicher, TWO PRESIDENTS ARE BETTER THAN ONE: THE CASE FOR A BIPARTISAN EXECUTIVE BRANCH, New York University Press, 2013), a bhfuil an-tóir air, agus tá sé ag iarraidh a bheith ina uachtarán ar an Stát, ach ní féidir leis an Uachtarán a bheith ina uachtarán ar an Stát. 17 Leathanaigh Postáilte: 18 Feabhra 2012 Athbhreithnithe deireanach: 4 Feabhra 2015 Dáta Scríbhneoireachta: Feabhra 17, 2012 Nuair a phléigh toscairí struchtúr an uachtaránachta ag an gComhdháil Bunreachtúil i mí an Mheithimh 1787, d'ardaigh sé agóidí tromchúiseacha i gcoinne feidhmiúcháin aonadúil. Thug Edmund Randolph rabhadh, mar shampla, go mbeadh uachtaránacht aon-phearsanta ina fhiotás den ríocht. Bhí an díospóireacht maidir leis an smaoineamh ar uachtarán amháin intuartha. Ní raibh na ceapadóirí saor ó dhreamú Rí George III ach le déanaí, agus bhí siad tiomanta go daingean rialtas nua a chruthú nach n-úsáidfeadh a chumhachtaí agus nach gcuirfeadh a shaoránaigh faoi chois. Ní mór go raibh sé ina réasún a bheith ann monarca a toghadh in ionad monarca oidhreachta. Is cinnte gur thug na saineolaithe argóintí tábhachtacha chun cinn do fheidhmiúcháin aontachtach. Cé go mbeadh an Comhdháil ag plé, gníomhóidh an tUachtarán le cinntitheach agus le hiarratais. Bheadh uachtarán amháin ag tabhairt ord agus fuinneamh don rialtas náisiúnta. Le himeacht ama, áfach, tá sé soiléir go ndearna na tuismitheoirí bunaithe mí-mheas ar iarmhairtí a gcuid roghanna: Níor réamhamharc siad an méid a leathnódh an chumhacht feidhmiúcháin agus a thug dúinn "Uachtaránacht Impiriúil" a rialaíonn an Chomhdháil agus a fheidhmíonn a údarás go minic ar bhealaí atá ag cur isteach ar leas na tíre. Níor thuar siad an ról a bheadh ag páirtithe polaitiúla agus an chaoi a mbeadh cathanna chun an Teach Bán a ghabháil ag méadú go mór ar choimhlint pháirtí. Níor aithin siad go mbeadh uachtaráin aonair a ionadaíonn idé-eolaíocht páirtí i bhfad níos mó ná an dea-phoiblí i gcoitinne. Agus rinne siad mí-mheas ar na buntáistí agus na míbhuntáistí a bhaineann le cinnteoirí aonair i gcoinne go leor cinn. Dá mbeadh na ceapadóirí in ann an todhchaí a thuar, ní bheadh siad chomh mór sin le smaoineamh feidhmiúcháin aonadúil agus bheadh siad i bhfad níos glactha leis na tograí malartacha le haghaidh feidhmiúcháin ilghnéitheach a dhiúltaigh siad. Cosúil lena gcomhghleacaithe san Eoraip, d'fhéadfadh siad brainse feidhmiúcháin a chruthú ina roinntear an chumhacht idir daoine éagsúla ó pháirtithe polaitiúla éagsúla. Más rud é go bhfuil an Uachtaránacht chun fís na n-aithreacha bunaithe a chomhlíonadh agus chun feidhmiú níos éifeachtaí, ní mór é a athchruthú. Thug an gá seo le hathrú bunreachtúil an togra athchóirithe a mheas mé sa leabhar seo - an t-aistriú ó uachtaránacht aon-phearsanta, aon-pháirtí le uachtaránacht dhá-phearsanta, dhá-pháirtí. Tá an cumas ag uachtaránacht comhghuaillíochta go leor buntáistí tábhachtacha a bhaint amach - cothromaíocht cumhachta idir na brainsí feidhmiúcháin agus reachtacha, cur síos ar choimhlint pháirtí i Washington, brainse feidhmiúcháin níos ionadaí den toghthóirí ar fad, fíor-deiseanna do iarrthóirí tríú páirtí toghchán a bhuachan, agus cinnteoireacht uachtaránachta níos ciallmhar. Tar éis breis agus dhá chéad bliain le hUachtaránacht duine amháin an Bhunreachta, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith míréasúnta feidhmiúcháin ilghnéitheach a mholadh. Ach bheadh uachtaránacht comhghuaillíochta i bhfad níos dílis do thuairim na bhfoirmithe ar chumhacht feidhmiúcháin. Bhí uachtarán a bhí ag teastáil acu le húdarás teoranta a bheadh ag feidhmiú mar chomhionann leis an gComhdháil. Chreid siad freisin gur chóir cumhacht a bheith faoi réir trína roinnt agus é a iarraidh a roinnt. Tá uachtaránacht dhá dhuine ag brath ar na feistí struchtúracha a dhéanann na ceapadóirí chun a gcuid croíluachanna a chur chun cinn. Agus trí na mífheidhmíocht i Washington a cheartú agus an brainse feidhmiúcháin a dhéanamh ag feidhmiú níos éifeachtaí, is féidir uachtaránacht dhá-phearsanta, dé-pháirtí a chosaint fiú gan tagairt do intinn bunaidh. Eochairfhocail: brainse feidhmiúcháin, uachtaránacht, coinbhleacht pháirtí, athchóiriú bunreachtúil Cláraitheacht JEL: K19 Tuairim: Tuairim

Doctors are using cutting edge microscope probes to peer inside living cells and diagnose illness in the body’s most hard-to-reach cavities. But many of these doctors might not even be sure what they’re looking at. A new study found that different labs are interpreting what they see in very different ways. To arrive at this conclusion, a team of clinical researchers sent videos of 25 different patients’ bile ducts taken by one of the teeny probes to six different specialists. The specialists demonstrated “poor” to “fair” agreement on what they were seeing in the videos. Some saw cancer, while others diagnosed inflammation or even wrote the footage off as benign. “We can now see inside these tiny organs, but we just need to know exactly what we are looking at,” the researchers say in a statement. Though the technology is available, the researchers conclude, physicians need to catch up with the times by developing standardized ways of interpreting what the videos reveal in order to harness their full diagnostic potential. Until that happens, perhaps it’s best to get a second opinion if your doctor is keen on testing out his or her space-age probe. More from Smithsonian.com:

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Tá dochtúirí ag úsáid scrúduithe mioscóp barr-réiteach chun breathnú isteach i gcealla beo agus galar a dhiagnóisiú sna cavities is deacra a bhaint amach sa chorp. Ach b'fhéidir nach bhfuil go leor de na dochtúirí seo cinnte fiú faoi na rudaí atá á lorg acu. Fuair staidéar nua go bhfuil saotharlanna éagsúla ag léiriú an méid a fheiceann siad ar bhealaí an-difriúla. Chun teacht ar an gconclúid seo, chuir foireann taighdeoirí cliniciúla físeáin de 25 othar éagsúla cainéil bile a tógadh ag ceann de na sondes beagáinín le sé speisialtóir éagsúla. Léirigh na speisialtóirí comhaontú bocht go cothrom ar an méid a bhí á fheiceáil acu sna físeáin. Chonaic cuid acu ailse, agus dhearbhaigh daoine eile athlasadh nó scríobh siad an scannán mar neamhdhíobhálach. "Is féidir linn a fheiceáil anois taobh istigh de na horgáin bheaga seo, ach ní mór dúinn a fhios go díreach cad atá á lorg againn", a deir na taighdeoirí i ráiteas. Cé go bhfuil an teicneolaíocht ar fáil, a deir na taighdeoirí, ní mór do dhochtúirí dul i ngleic leis an am trí mhodhanna caighdeánacha a fhorbairt chun a léirmhíniú a nochtann na físeáin d'fhonn a gcumas diagnóiseachta a shaothrú go hiomlán. Go dtí go dtarlóidh sin, b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé is fearr a fháil ar an dara tuairim má tá do dhochtúir ar tí a thástáil amach a sé nó sí spás-aois sond. Tuilleadh ó Smithsonian.com:

Authors of Greece T. W. Lumb Part 2 out of 4 "When the first news came, I shouted for joy, but now I shall hear the story from the King himself. And I will use all diligence to give my lord the best of all possible welcomes. Bid him come with speed. May he find in the house a wife as faithful as he left her! I know of no wanton pleasure with another man more than I know how to dye a sword." The Chorus understand well the hidden force of this sinister speech and bid the messenger speak of Menelaus, the other beloved King of the land. In reply he tells how a dreadful storm sent by the angry gods descended upon the Greek fleet. In it fire and water, those ancient foes, forsook their feud, conspiring to destroy the unhappy armament. Whether Menelaus was alive or not was uncertain; if he lived, it was only by the will of Zeus who desired to save the royal house. The Chorus who look at things with a deeper glance than the herald, hear his story with a growing uneasiness. "Helen, the cause of the war, at first was a spirit ofcalm to Troy, but at the latter end she was their bane, the evil angel of ruin. For one act of violence begets many others like it, until righteousness can no longer dwell within the sinner." They touch a more joyous chord of welcome and loyalty when at last they see the actual arrival of Agamemnon himself. The King enters the stage accompanied by Cassandra, the prophetic daughter of Priam, thus giving visible proof of his contempt for Apollo, the Trojan protector and inspirer of the prophetess. He has heard the Chorus' welcome and promises to search out the false friends and administer healing medicine to the city. Clytemnestra replies in a second speech of double significance. "The Argive Elders well know how dearly she loves her lord and the impatience of her life while he was at Troy. Often stories came of his wounds; were they all true, he would have more scars than a net has holes. Orestes their son has been sent away, lest he should be the victim of some popular uprising in the King's absence. Her fount of tears is dried up, not a drop being left." After some words of extravagant flattery, she bids her waiting women lay down purple carpets on which Justice may bring him to a home which he never hoped to see. Agamemnon coldly deprecates her long speech; the honour she suggests is one for the gods alone; his fame will speak loud enough without gaudy trappings, for a wise heart is Heaven's greatest gift. But the Queen, not to be denied, overcomes his scruples. Giving orders that Cassandra is to be well treated, he passes over the purple carpets, led by Clytemnestra who avows that she would have given many purple carpets to get him home alive. Thus arrogating to himself the honours of a god, he proceeds within the palace, while she lingers behind for one brief moment to pray openly to Zeus to fulfil her prayers and to bring his will to its appointed end. Thoroughly alarmed, the Chorus give free utterance to the vague forebodings which shake them, the song of the avenging Furies which cries within their hearts. "Human prosperity often strikes a sunken rock; bloodshed calls to Heaven for vengeance; yet there is comfort, for one destiny may override another, and good may yet come to pass." These pious hopes are broken by the entry of the Queen who summons Cassandra within: when the captive prophetess answers her not a word, Clytemnestra declares she has no time to waste outside the palace: already there stands at the altar the ox ready for sacrifice, a joy she never looked to have; if Cassandra will not obey, she must be taught to foam out her spirit in blood. In the marvellous scene which follows Aeschylus reaches the pinnacle of tragic power. Cassandra advances to the palace, but starts back in horror as a series of visions of growing vividness comes before her eyes. These find utterance in language of blended sanity and madness, creating a terror whose very vagueness increases its intensity. First she sees Atreus' cruel murder of his brother's children; then follows the sight of Clytemnestra's treacherous smile and of Agamemnon in the bath, hand after hand reaching at him; quickly she sees the net cast about him, the murderess' blow. In a flash she foresees her own end and breaks out into a wild lament over the ruin of her native city. Her words work up the Chorus into a state of confused dread and foreboding; they can neither understand nor yet disbelieve. When their mental confusion is at its height, relief comes in a prophecy of the greatest clearness, no longer couched in riddling terms. The palace is peopled by a band of kindred Furies, who have drunk their fill of human blood and cannot be cast out; they sit there singing the story of the origin of its ruin, loathing the murder of the innocent children. Agamemnon himself would soon pay the penalty, but his son would come to avenge him. Foretelling her own death, she hurls away the badges of her office, the sceptre and oracular chaplets, things which have brought her nothing but ridicule. She prays for a peaceful end without a struggle; comparing human life to a shadow when it is fortunate and to a picture wiped out by a sponge when it is hapless, she moves in calmly to her fate. There is a momentary interval of reflection, then Agamemnon's dying voice is heard as he is stricken twice. Frantic with horror, the Chorus prepare to rush within but are checked by the Queen, who throws open the door and stands glorying in the triumph of self-confessed murder. Her real character is revealed in her speech. "This feud was not unpremeditated; rather, it proceeds from an ancient quarrel, matured by time. Here I stand where I smote him, over my handiwork. So I contrived it, I freely confess, that he could neither escape his fate nor defend himself. I cast over him the endless net, and I smote him twice--in two groans he gave up the ghost--adding a third in grateful thanksgiving to the King of the dead in the nether world. As he fell he gasped out his spirit, and breathing a swift stream of gore he smote me with a drop of murderous dew, while I rejoiced even as does the cornfield under the Heavensent shimmering moisture when it brings the ears to the birth. Ye Argive Elders, rejoice if ye can, but I exult. If it were fitting to pour thank-offerings for any death, 'twere just, nay, more than just, to offer such for him, so mighty was the bowl of curses he filled up in his home, then came and drank them up himself to the dregs." To their solemn warning that she would herself be cut off, banished and hated, she replies: "He slew my child, my dearest birth-pang, to charm the Thracian winds. In the name of the perfect justice I have exacted for my daughter, in the name of Ruin and Vengeance, to whom I have sacrificed him, my hopes cannot tread the halls of fear so long as Aegisthus is true to me. There he lies, seducer of this woman, darling of many a Chryseis in Troyland. As for this captive prophetess, this babbler of oracles, she sat on the ship's bench by his side and both have fared as they deserved. He died as ye see; but she sang her swan-song of death and lies beside him she loved, bringing me a sweet relish for the luxury of my own love." A little later she denies her very humanity. "Call me not his spouse; rather the ancient dread haunting evil genius of this house has taken a woman's shape and punished him, a full-grown man in vengeance for little children." Burial he should have, but without any dirges from his people. "Let Iphigeneia, his daughter, as is most fitting, meet her father at the swift-conveying passage of woe, throw her arms about him and kiss him welcome." The last scene of this splendid drama brings forward the poltroon Aegisthus who had skulked behind in the background till the deed was done. He enters to air his ancient grievance, reminding the Chorus how his father was outraged by Atreus, how he himself was a banished man, yet found his arm long enough to smite the King from far away. In contempt for the coward the Elders prepare to offer him battle; they appeal to Orestes to avenge the murder. The quarrel was stopped by Clytemnestra, who had had enough of bloodshed and was content to leave things as they were, if the gods consented thereto. Before the sustained power of this masterpiece criticism is nearly dumb. The conception of the inherited curse is by now familiar to us; familiar too is the teaching that sacrilege brings its own punishment, that human pride may be flattered into assuming the privilege of a deity. These were enough to cause Agamemnon's undoing. But it is the part played by Clytemnestra which fixes the dramatic interest. She is inspired by a lust for vengeance, yet, had she known the truth that her daughter was not dead but a priestess, she would have had no pretext for the murder. This ignorance of essentials which originates some human action is called Irony; it was put to dramatic uses for the first time in European literature by Aeschylus. The horrible tragedy it may cause is clear enough in the _Agamemnon_; its power is terrible and its value as a dramatic source is inestimable. There is another and a far more subtle form of Irony, in which a character uses riddling speech interpreted by another actor in a sense different from the truth as it is known to the spectators; this too can be used in such a manner as to charge human speech with a sinister double meaning which bodes ruin under the mask of words of innocence. Few dramatic personages have used this device so effectively as Clytemnestra, certainly none with a more fiendish intent. Again, in this play the Chorus is employed with amazing skill; their vague uneasiness takes more and more definitely the shape of actual terror in every ode; this terror is raised to its height in the masterly Cassandra scene--it is then abated a little, perhaps it is just beginning to disappear, for nobody believed Cassandra, when the blow falls. This integral connection between the Chorus and the main action is difficult to maintain; that it exists in the _Agamemnon_ is evidence of a constructive genius of the highest order. The _Choephori_ (Libation-bearers), the second play of the trilogy, opens with the entry of Orestes. He has just laid a lock of hair on his father's tomb and sees a band of maidens approaching, among them Electra, his sister. He retires with Pylades his faithful friend to listen to their conversation. The Chorus tell how in consequence of a dream of Clytemnestra they have been sent to offer libations to the dead, to appease their anger and resentment against the murderers. They give utterance to a wild hopeless song, full of a presentiment of disaster coming on successful wickedness enthroned in power. They are captives from Troy, obliged to look on the deeds of Aegisthus, whether just or unjust, yet they weep for the purposeless agonies of Agamemnon's house. When asked by Electra what prayers she should offer to her dead father, they bid her pray for some avenging god or mortal to requite the murderers. Returning to them from the tomb, she tells them of a strange occurrence; a lock of hair has been laid on the grave, and there are two sets of footprints on the ground, one of which corresponds with her own. Orestes then comes forward to reveal himself; as a proof of his identity, he bids her consider the garments which she wove with her own hands; urging her to restrain her joy lest she betray his arrival, he tells how Apollo has commanded him to avenge his father's death, threatening him with sickness, frenzy, nightly terrors, excommunication and a dishonoured death if he In a long choral dialogue the actors tell of Clytemnestra's insolent treatment of the dead King; she had buried him without funeral rites or mourning, with no subjects to follow the corpse; she even mangled his body and thrust Electra out of the palace; thus she filled the cup of her iniquity. The Chorus remind Orestes of his duty to act, but first he inquires why oblations have been offered; on learning that they are the result of Clytemnestra's dreaming that she suckled a serpent that stung her, and that she hopes to appease the angry dead, he interprets the dream of himself. He then unfolds his plot. He and Pylades will imitate a Phocian dialect and will seek out and slay Aegisthus. An ode which succeeds recounts the legends of evil women, closing with the declaration that Justice is firmly seated in the world, that Fate prepares a sword for a murderer and a Fury punishes him with it. Approaching the palace Orestes summons the Queen and tells her that a stranger called Strophius bade him bring to Argos the news that Orestes is dead. Clytemnestra commands her servants within the house to welcome him and sends out her son's old nurse Cilissa to take the news to Aegisthus. The nurse stops to speak to the Chorus in the very language of grief for the boy she had reared, like Constance in _King John_. The Chorus advise her to summon Aegisthus alone without his bodyguard, for Orestes is not yet dead; when she departs they pray that the end may be speedily accomplished and the royal house cleansed of its curse. Aegisthus crosses the stage into the palace to meet a hasty end; seeing the deed, a servant rushes out to call Clytemnestra, while Orestes bursts out from the house and faces his mother. For a moment his resolution wavers; Pylades reminds him of Apollo's anger if he fails. To his mother's plea that Destiny abetted her deed he replies that Destiny intends her death likewise; before he thrusts her into the palace she warns him of the avenging Furies she will send to persecute him. She then passes to her doom. After the Chorus have sung an ode of triumph Orestes shows the bodies of the two who loved in sin while alive and were not separated in death. He then displays the net which Clytemnestra threw around her husband's body and the robe in which she caught his feet; he holds up the garment through which Aegisthus' dagger ran. But in that very moment the cloud of more agonies to come descends upon the hapless family. In obedience to Apollo's command he takes the suppliant's branch and chaplet, and prepares to hasten to Delphi, a wanderer cut off from his native land. The dreadful shapes of the avenging Furies close in upon him: the fancies of incipient madness thicken on his mind: he is hounded out, his only hope of rest being Apollo's sacred shrine. The play ends with a note of hopelessness, of calamity without After the _Agamemnon_ this play reads weak indeed. Yet it displays two marked characteristics. It is full of vigorous action; the plot is quickly conceived and quickly consummated; the business is soon over. Further, Aeschylus has discovered yet another source of tragic power, the conflict of duties. Orestes has to choose between obedience to Apollo and reverence for his mother. That these duties are incompatible is clear; whichever he performed, punishment was bound to follow. It is in this enforced choice between two evils that the pathos of life is often to be found; that Aeschylus should have so faithfully depicted it is a great contribution to the growth of drama. The concluding play, the _Eumenides_, calls for a briefer description. It opens with one of the most awe-inspiring scenes which the imagination of man has conceived. The priestess of Delphi finds a man sitting as a suppliant at the central point of the earth, his hands dripping with blood, a sword and an olive branch in his hand. Round him is slumbering a troop of dreadful forms, beings from darkness, the avengers. When the scene is disclosed, Apollo himself is seen standing at Orestes' side. He urges Hermes to convey the youth with all speed to Athens where he is to clasp the ancient image of Athena. Immediately the ghost of Clytemnestra arises; waking the sleeping forms, she bids them fly after their victim. They arise and confront Apollo, a younger deity, whom they reproach for protecting one who should be abandoned to them. Apollo replies with a charge that they are prejudiced in favour of Clytemnestra, whom, though a murderess, they had never tormented. The scene rapidly changes to Athens, where Orestes calls upon Athena; confident in the privilege of their ancient office the Chorus awaits the issue. The goddess appears and consents to try the case, the Council of the Areopagus acting as a jury. Apollo first defends his action in saving Orestes, asserting that he obeys the will of Zeus. The main question is, which of the two parents is more to be had in Athena herself had no mother; the female is merely the nurse of the child, the father being the true generative source. The Chorus points out that the sin of slaying a husband is not the same as that of murdering a mother, for the one implies kinship, while the other does not. Athena advises the Court to judge without fear or favour. When the votes are counted, it is found that they are exactly even. The goddess casts her vote for Orestes, who is thus saved and restored. The Chorus threaten that ruin and sterility shall visit Athena's city; they are elder gods, daughters of night, and are overridden by younger deities. But Athena by the power of her persuasion offers them a full share in all the honours and wealth of Attica if they will consent to take up their abode in it. They shall be revered by countless generations and will gain new dignities such as they could not have otherwise obtained. Little by little their resentment is overcome; they are conducted to their new home to change their name and become the kindly goddesses of the land. The boldness of Aeschylus is most evident in this play. Not content with raising a ghost as he had done in the _Persae_, he actually shows upon a public stage the two gods whom the Athenians regarded as the special objects of their worship. More than this, he has brought to the light the dark powers of the underworld in all their terrors; it is said that at the sight of them some of the women in the audience were taken with the pangs of premature birth. The introduction of these supernatural figures was the most vivid means at Aeschylus' disposal for bringing home to the minds of his contemporaries the seriousness of the dramatic issue. It will be remembered that the _Prometheus_ was the last echo of the contest between two races of gods. The same strain of thought has made the poet represent the struggle in the mind of Orestes as a trial between the primeval gods and the newer stock; the result was the same, the older and perhaps more terrifying deities are beaten, being compelled to change their names and their character to suit the gentler spirit which a religion takes to itself as it develops. At any rate, such is Aeschylus' solution of the eternal question, "What atonement can be made for bloodshed and how can it be secured?" The problem is of the greatest interest; it may be that there is no real answer for it, but it is at least worth while to examine the attempts which have been made to Before we begin to attempt an estimate of Aeschylus it is well to face the reasons which make Greek drama seem a thing foreign to us. We are at times aware that it is great, but we cannot help asking, "Is it real?" Modern it certainly is not. In the first place, the Chorus was all-important to the Greeks, but is non-existent with us. To them drama was something more than action, it was music and dancing as well. Yet as time went on, the Greeks themselves found the Chorus more and more difficult to manage and it was discarded as a feature of the main plot. Only in a very few instances could a play be constructed in such a manner as to allow the Chorus any real influence on the story. Aeschylus' skill in this branch of his art is really extraordinary; the Chorus does take a part, and a vital part too, in the play. Again, the number of Greek actors was limited, whereas in a modern play their number is just as great as suits playwright's convenience or his capacity. The impression then of a Greek play is that it is a somewhat thin performance compared with the vivacity and complexity of the great Elizabethans. The plot, where it exists, seems very narrow in Attic drama; it could hardly be otherwise in a society which was content with a repeated discussion of a rather close cycle of heroic legends. Yet here, too, we might note how Aeschylus trod out of the narrow circumscribed round, notably in the _Prometheus_ and the _Persoe_. Lastly, the Greek play is short when compared with a full-bodied five-act tragedy. It must be remembered, however, that very often these plays are only a third part of the real subject dealt with by the playwright. All Greek tragedy is liable to these criticisms; it is not fair to judge a process just beginning by the standards of an art which thinks itself full-blown after many centuries of history. Considering the meagre resources available for Aeschylus--the masks used by Greek actors made it impossible for any of them to win a reputation or to add to the fame of a play--we ought to admire the marvellous success he achieved. His defects are clear enough; his teaching is a little archaic, his plots are sometimes weak or not fully worked out, his tendency is to description instead of vigorous action, he has a superabundance of choric matter. Sometimes it is said that the doctrine of an inherited curse on which much of his work is written is false; let it be remembered that week by week a commandment is read in our churches which speaks of visiting the sins of the fathers upon the third and fourth generation of them that hate God; all that is needed to make Aeschylus' doctrine "real" in the sense of "modern" is to substitute the nineteenth-century equivalent Heredity. That he has touched on a genuine source of drama will be evident to readers of Ibsen's _Ghosts_. More serious is the objection that his work is not dramatic at all; the actors are not really human beings acting as such, for their wills and their deeds are under the control of Destiny. What then shall we say of this from Hamlet:-- "There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Rough-hew them as we will?" In this matter we are on the threshold of one of our insoluble problems--the freedom of the will. An answer to this real fault in Aeschylus will be found in the subsequent history of the Attic drama attempted in the next two chapters. Suffice it to say that, whether the will is free or not, we act as if it were, and that is enough to represent (as Aeschylus has done) human beings acting on a stage as we ourselves would do in similar circumstances, for the discussions about Destiny are very often to be found in the mouths not of the characters, but of the Chorus, who are onlookers. The positive excellences of Aeschylus are numerous enough to make us thankful that he has survived. His style is that of the great sublime creators in art, Dante, Michaelangelo, Marlowe; it has many a "mighty line". His subjects are the Earth, the Heavens, the things under the Earth; more, he reveals a period of unsuspected antiquity, the present order of gods being young and somewhat inexperienced. He carries us back to Creation and shows us the primeval deities, Earth, Night, Necessity, Fate, powers simply beyond the knowledge of ordinary thoughtless men. His characters are cast in a mighty mould; he taps the deepest tragic springs; he teaches that all is not well when we prosper. The thoughtless, light-hearted, somewhat shallow mind which thinks it can speak, think, and act without having to render an account needs the somewhat stern tonic of these seven dramas; it may be chastened into some sobriety and learn to be a little less flippant Aeschylus' influence is rather of the unseen kind. His genius is of a lofty type which is not often imitated. Demanding righteousness, justice, piety, and humility, he belongs to the class of Hebrew prophets who saw God and did not die. Miss Swanwick; E. D. A. Morshead; Campbell (all in verse). Paley Versions also appear in Verrall's editions of separate plays An admirable volume called _Greek Tragedy_ by G. Norwood (Methuen) contains a summary of the latest views on the art of the Athenian See Symonds' _Greek Poets_ as above. In Aeschylus' dramas the will of the gods tended to override human responsibility. An improvement could be effected by making the personages real captains of their souls; drama needed bringing down from heaven to earth. This process was effected by Sophocles. He was born at Colonus, near Athens, in 495, mixed with the best society in Periclean times, was a member of the important board of administrators who controlled the Delian League, the nucleus of the Athenian Empire, and composed over one hundred tragedies. In 468 he defeated Aeschylus, won the first prize twenty-two times and later had to face the more formidable opposition of the new and restless spirit whose chief spokesman was Euripides. For nearly forty years he was taken to be the typical dramatist of Athens, being nicknamed "the Bee"; his dramatic powers showed no abatement of vigour in old age, of which the _Oedipus Coloneus_ was the triumphant issue. He died in 405, full of years and Providence has ordained it that his art, like his country's tutelary goddess Athena, should step perfect and fully armed from the brain of its creator. The _Antigone_, produced in 440, discusses one of the deepest problems of civilised life. On the morning after the defeat of the Seven who assaulted Thebes Polyneices' body lay dishonoured and unburied, a prey to carrion birds before the gates of the city which had been his home. His two sisters, Antigone and Ismene, discuss the edict which forbids his burial. Ismene, the more timid of the two, intends to obey it, but Antigone's stronger character rises in Loss of burial was the most awful fate which could overtake a Greek --before he died Sophocles was to see his country condemn ten generals to death for neglect of burial rites, though they had been brilliantly successful in a naval engagement. Rather than obey Antigone would die. "Bury him I will; I will lie in death with the brother I love, sinning in a righteous cause. Far longer is the time in which I must please the dead than men on earth, for among the former I shall dwell for ever. Do thou, if it please thee, hold in dishonour what is honoured by Heaven." Here is the source of the tragedy, the will of the individual in conflict with established authority. A chorus of Theban elders enters, singing an ode of deliverance and joy; they have been summoned by Creon, the new King, uncle of Oedipus' children. Full of the sense of his own importance Creon states the official view. Polyneices is to remain unburied. "Any man who considers private friendship to be more important than the State is a man of naught. In the name of all-seeing Zeus I would not hold my tongue if I saw ruin coming to the citizens instead of safety, nor would I make a friend of my country's enemy. Sure am I that it is the State that saves us; she is the ship that carries us; we make our friendships without overturning her." The elders promise obedience, but grave news is reported by a guard who has been set to watch the corpse. Someone had scattered dust lightly over the dead and departed without leaving any trace; neither he nor his companions had done the deed. When the Chorus suggest that it is the work of some deity, Creon answers in great impatience: "Cease, lest thou be proved a fool as well as old. Thy words are intolerable when thou sayest that the gods can have a care of this corpse. What, have they buried him in honour for his services to them? Did he not come to burn their pillared temples and offerings and precincts and shatter our laws?" He angrily thrusts the watchman forth, threatening to hang him and his companions alive unless they find the culprit. "There are many marvels, but none greater than Man. He crosses the wintry sea, he wears away the hard earth with his plough, ensnareth the light-hearted race of birds, catcheth the wild beasts, trappeth the things of the deep, yoketh the horse and the unwearying ox. He hath taught himself speech and thought swift as the wind, hath learnt the moods of a city life and can avoid the shafts of the frost; he hath a device for every problem save Death--though disease he can escape. Sometimes he moveth to ill, again to good; his cities rear their heads when they reverence the laws and the gods; he wrecketh his city when he boldly forsakes the good. May an evil-doer never share my hearth or heart." Such is the ordinary man's view of the action of Polyneices, for in Sophocles the Chorus certainly represents average public opinion. It is quickly challenged by the entry of Antigone with the Watchman, whose story Creon hastens out to hear. With no little self-satisfaction the Watchman tells how they caught the girl in the very act of replacing the dust they had removed and pouring libations over the dead. Antigone admits the deed. When asked how she dare defy the official ordinance, "It came neither from Zeus nor from Justice, nor did I deem that thy decrees had such power that a mortal could override the unwritten and unshaken laws of Heaven. These have not their life from now or yesterday, but from everlasting, and no man knows whence they have appeared. It was not likely that, through fear of any man's will, I would pay Heaven's penalty for their infringement. Die I must, even hadst thou made no proclamation; if I die before my time, I count it all gain. If my act seem folly to thee, maybe it is a foolish judge who counts me mad." Creon replies that this is sheer insolence; it is an insult that he, a man, should give way to a woman. He threatens to destroy both girls, but Antigone is sure that public opinion is with her, though for the moment it is muzzled through fear. Ismene is brought in and offers to die with her sister; Antigone refuses her offer, insisting that she alone has deserved chastisement. In a second ode the gradual extinction of Oedipus' race is described, owing to foolish word and insensate thought, for "when Heaven leads a man to ruin it makes him believe that evil is good". A new interest is added by Creon's son Haemon, the affianced lover of Antigone, who comes to interview his father. This is the first instance in European drama of that without which much modern literature would have little reason for existing at all--the love element, wisely kept in check by the Greeks. A further conflict of wills adds to the dramatic effect of the play; Creon insists on filial obedience, for he cannot claim to rule a city if he fails to control his own family. Haemon answers with courtesy and deference; he points out that the force of public opinion is behind Antigone and suggests that the official view may perhaps be wrong because it is the expression of an individual's judgment. When he is himself charged thus directly with the very fault for which he claimed to punish Antigone, Creon lets his temper get the mastery; after a violent quarrel Haemon parts from him with a dark threat that the girl's death will remove more than one person, and vows never to cross his father's doorstep again. Antigone is soon carried away to her doom; she is to be shut up in a cavern without food. In a dialogue of great beauty she confesses her human weakness--death is near, and with it banishment from the joys of life. Creon bids her make an end; her last speech concludes with a clear statement of the problem. Who knows if she is right? She herself will know after death. If she has erred, she will confess it; if the King is wrong, she prays he may not suffer greater woes than her own. A reaction now occurs. Teiresias, the blind seer, seeks out Creon because of the failure of his sacrificial rites; the birds of the air are gorged with human blood, and fail to give the signs of augury. He bids Creon return to his right senses and quit his stubbornness. When the latter mockingly accuses the seer of being bribed, he learns the dread punishment his obstinacy has brought him. "Know that thou shalt not see out many hurrying rounds of the sun before thou shalt give one sprung from thine own loins in exchange for the dead, one in return for two, for thou hast thrust below one of the children of the light, penning up her spirit in a tomb with dishonour, and thou keepest above ground a body that belongs to the gods below, without its share of funerals, unrighteously; wherefore the late-punishing ruinous gods of death and the Furies lie in wait for thee, to catch thee in like agonies." Cowed by the terror, the King hurries to undo his work, calling for pickaxes to open the tomb and himself going with all speed to set free The sequel is told by a messenger who at the outset strikes a note of "Creon I once envied, for he was the saviour of his land, and was the father of noble children. Now all is lost. When men lose pleasure, I deem that they are not alive but moving corpses. Heap up wealth and live in kingly state, but if there is no pleasure withal, I would not pay the worth of a shadow for all the rest. Haemon is dead." Hearing the news, Eurydice the Queen comes out, and bids him tell his story in full. Creon found Haemon clasping the body of Antigone who had hung herself. Seeing his father, he made a murderous attack on him; when it failed, he drew his sword and fell on it--thus in death the two lovers were not separated. In an ominous silence the Queen departs. Creon enters with his son's body, to be utterly shattered by a second and an unexpected blow, for his wife has slain herself. Broken and helpless he admits his fault, while the Chorus sing in "By far the greatest part of happiness is wisdom; men should reverence the gods; mighty plagues repay the mighty words of the over-proud, teaching wisdom to the aged." To Aeschylus the power that largely controlled men's acts was Destiny. A notable contrast is visible in the system of Sophocles. Destiny does not disappear, rather it retires into the background of his thought. To him the leading cause of ruin is evil counsel. Over and over again this teaching is driven home. All the leading characters mention it, Antigone, Haemon, Teiresias, and when it is disregarded, it is remorselessly brought home by disaster. The dramatic gain is enormous; man's sorrows are ascribed primarily to his own lack of judgment, the tragic character takes on a more human shape, for he is more nearly related to the ordinary persons we meet in our own experience. Another great advance is visible in the construction of the plot. It is more varied, more flexible; it never ceases developing, the action continuing to the end instead of stopping short at a climax. Further, the Chorus begins to fall into a more humble position, it exercises but little influence on the great figures of the plot, being content to mirror the opinions of the interested outside spectator. Truly drama is beginning to be master of itself--"the play's the thing". But far more important is the subject of this play. It raises one of the most difficult problems which demand a solution, the harmonisation of private judgment with state authority. The individual in a growing civilisation sooner or later asks how far he ought to obey, who is the lord over his convictions, whether disobedience is ever justifiable. If a law is wrong how are we to make its immorality evident? In an age when a central authority is questioned or loses its hold on men's allegiance, this problem will imperiously demand an answer. When Europe was aroused from the slumber of the Middle Ages and the spiritual authority which had governed it for centuries was shattered, the same right of resistance as that which Antigone claimed was insisted upon by various reformers. It did not fail to bring with it tragic consequences, for the "power beareth not the sword in vain". Its sequel was the Thirty Years' War which barbarised central Germany, leaving in many places a race of savage beings who had once been human. In our own days resistance is preached almost as a sacred duty. We have passive resisters, conscientious objectors, strikers and a host of young and imperfectly educated persons, some armed with the very serious power of voting, who claim to set their wills in flat opposition to recognised authority. One or two contributions to the solution of this problem may be found in the _Antigone_. The central authority must be prepared to prove that its edicts are not below the moral standard of the age; on the other hand, non-compliance must be backed by the force of public opinion; it must show that the action it takes will ultimately bring good to the whole community. It is of little use to appeal to the so-called conscience unless we can produce some credentials of the proper training and enlightenment of that rather vague and uncertain faculty, whose normal province is to condemn wrong acts, not to justify law-breaking. Most resisters talk the very language of Antigone, appealing to the will of Heaven; would that they could prove as satisfactorily as she did that the power behind them is that which governs the world in righteousness. A somewhat similar problem reappears in the _Ajax_. This play opens at early dawn with a dialogue between Athena, who is unseen, and Odysseus; the latter has traced Ajax to his tent after a night of madness in which he has slain much cattle and many shepherds, imagining them to be his foes, especially Odysseus himself who had worsted him in the contest for the arms of Achilles. Athena calls out the beaten hero for a moment and the sight of him moves Odysseus to "I pity him, though my foe; for I think of mine own self as much as of him. We men are but shadows, all of us, or fleeting shades." To this Athena replies:-- "When thou seest such sights, utter no haughty word against the gods and be not roused to pride, if thou art mightier than another in strength or store of wealth. One day can bring down or exalt all human state, but the gods love the prudent and hate the sinners." A band of mariners from Salamis enter as the chorus; they are Ajax' followers who have come to learn the truth. They are confronted by Tecmessa, Ajax' captive, who confirms the grievous rumour, describing his mad acts. When the fit was over, she had left him in his tent prostrate with grief and shame among the beasts he had slain, longing for vengeance on his enemies before he died. The business of the play now begins. Coming forth, Ajax in a long despairing speech laments his lot--persecuted by Athena, hated of Greeks and Trojans alike, the secret laughter of his enemies. Where shall he go? Home to the father he has disgraced? Against Troy, leading a forlorn hope? He had already reminded Tecmessa with some sternness that silence is a woman's best grace; now she appeals to his pity. Bereft of him, she would speedily be enslaved and mocked; their son would be left defenceless; the many kindnesses she had done him cry for some return from a man of chivalrous nature, Ajax bade her be of good cheer; she must obey him in all things and first must bring his son Eurysaces. Taking him in his arms, he says:-- "If he is my true son, he will not quail at the sight of blood. But he must speedily be broken into his father's warrior habit and imitate his ways. My son, I pray thou mayest be happier than thy sire, but like him otherwise, then thou shalt be no churl. Yet herein I envy thee that thou canst not feel my agonies. Life is sweetest in its careless years before it learns joy and pain; but when thou art come to that, show thy father's enemies thy nature and birth. Till then feed on the spirit of gladness, gambol in the life of boyhood and gladden thy mother's heart." He reflects that his son will be safe as long as Teucer lives, whom he charges on his return to take the boy to his own father and mother to be their joy. His arms shall not be a prize to be striven for; they should be buried with him except his shield, which his son should take and keep. This ominous speech dashes the hopes which he had raised in Tecmessa's heart, even the Chorus sadly admitting that death is the best for a brainsick man, born of the highest blood, no longer true to Ajax re-enters, a sword in his hands. He feels his heart touched by Tecmessa's words and pities her helplessness. He resolves to go to the shore and there bury the accursed sword he had of Hector, which had robbed him of his peace. He will soon learn obedience to the gods and his leaders; all the powers of Nature are subject to authority, the seasons, the sea, night and sleep. He has but now learned that an enemy is to be hated as one who will love us later, while friendship will not always abide. Yet all will be well; he will go the journey he cannot avoid; soon all will hear that his evil destiny has brought him salvation. This splendid piece of tragic irony is interpreted at its surface value by the Chorus, who burst into a song of jubilation. But the words have a darker meaning; this transient joy is but the last flicker of hope before it is quenched in everlasting night. A messenger brings the news that Teucer, Ajax' brother, on his return to the camp from a raid was nearly stoned to death as the kinsman of the army's foe. He inquires where Ajax is; hearing that he had gone out to make atonement, he knows the terror that is to come. Chalcas the seer adjured Teucer to use all means in his power to keep Ajax in his tent that day, for in it alone Athena's wrath would persecute him. She had punished him with madness for two proud utterances. On leaving his father he had boasted he would win glory in spite of Heaven, and later had bidden Athena assist the other Greeks, for the line would never break where he stood. Such was his pride, and such its punishment. Tecmessa hurries in and sends some to fetch Teucer, others to go east and west to seek out her lord. The scene rapidly changes to the shore, where Ajax cries to the gods, imprecates his foes, prays to Death, and after a remembrance of his native land falls on his sword. The Chorus enter in two bands, but find nothing. Tecmessa discovers the body in a brake, and hides it under her robe. Distracted and haunted by the dread of slavery and ridicule, she gives way to grief. Teucer enters to learn of the tragedy; after dispatching Tecmessa to save the child while there is yet time, he reflects on his own state. Telamon his father will cast him off for being absent in his brother's hour of weakness whom he loved as his own life. Sadly he bears out the truth of Ajax utterance, that a foe's gifts are fraught with ruin; the belt that Ajax gave Hector served to tie his feet to Achilles' car--and Hector's sword was in his brother's heart. The plot now appeals to fiercer passions. Menelaus entering commands Teucer to leave the corpse where it is, for an enemy shall receive no burial. He strikes the same note as Creon:-- "It is the mark of an ill-conditioned man that he, a commoner, should see fit to disobey the powers that be. Law cannot prosper in a city where there is no settled fear; where a man trembles and is loyal, there is salvation; when he is insolent and does as he will, his city soon or late will sink to ruin." Teucer answers that Ajax never was a subject, but was always an equal. He fought, not for Helen, but for his oath's sake. The dispute waxes hot; the calm dignity of Teucer easily discomfits the Spartan braggart, who departs to bring aid. Meanwhile Tecmessa returns with the child whom Teucer in a scene of consummate pathos bids kneel at his father's side, holding in his hand a triple lock of hair--Teucer's, his mother's, his own; this sacred symbol, if violated, would bring a curse on any who dared outrage him. While the Chorus sing a song full of longings for home, Agamemnon advances to the place, followed by Teucer. The King is deliberately insolent, reviling Teucer for the stain on his birth. In reply the latter in a great speech reminds him that there was a time when the flames licked the Greek ships and there was none to save them but Ajax, who had faced Hector single-handed. With kindling passion he hurls the taunt of a stained birth back on Agamemnon and plainly tells him that Ajax shall be buried and that the King will rue any attempt at violence. Odysseus comes in to hear the quarrel. He admits that he had once been the foe of the dead man, who yet had no equal in bravery except Achilles. For all that, enmity in men should end where death begins. Astonished at this defence of a foe, Agamemnon argues a little with Odysseus, who gently reminds him that one day he too will need burial. This human appeal obtains the necessary permission; Odysseus, left alone with Teucer, offers him friendship. Too much overcome by surprise and joy to say many words, Teucer accepts his friendship and the play ends with a ray of sunlight after storm and gloom. Once more Sophocles has filled every inch of his canvas. The plot never flags and has no diminuendo after the death of Ajax. The cause of the tragedy is not plainly indicated at the outset; with a skill which is masterly, Sophocles represents in the opening scene Athena and Odysseus as beings purely odious, mocking a great man's fall. With the progress of the action these two characters recover their dignity; Athena has just cause for her anger, while Odysseus obtains for the dead his right of burial. We should notice further how the pathos of this fine play is heightened by the conception of the "one day" which brought ruin to a noble warrior. Had he been kept within his tent that one day--had this fatal day been known, the ruin need not have happened. "The pity of it", the needless waste of human life, what a theme is there for a tragedy! The _Ajax_ has never exercised an acknowledged influence on literature. It was a favourite with the Greeks, but modern writers have strangely overlooked it. For us it has a good lesson. Here was a hero, born in an island, who unaided saved a fleet when his allies were forced back on their trenches and beyond them to the sea. His reward was such as Wordsworth tells of:-- Alas! the gratitude of men Has oftener left me mourning. We remember many a long month of agony during which another island kept destruction from a fleet and saved her allies withal. In some quarters this island has received the gratitude which Ajax had; her friends asked, "What has England done in the war, anyhow?" If it befits anybody to answer, it must be England's Teucer, who has built another Salamis overseas, just as he did. Our kindred across the oceans will give us the reward of praise; for us the chastisement of Ajax may serve to reinforce the warning which is to be found on the lips of not the least of our own poets:-- "For frantic boast and foolish word Thy mercy on Thy people, Lord." The _Electra_ is Sophocles' version of the revenge of Orestes which Aeschylus described in the _Choephori_ and is useful as affording a comparison between the methods of the two masters. An aged tutor at early dawn enters the scene with Orestes to whom he shows his father's palace and then departs with him to offer libations at the dead king's tomb. Electra with a Chorus of Argive girls comes forward, the former describing the insolent conduct of Clytemnestra who holds high revelry on the anniversary of her husband's death and curses Electra for saving Orestes. Chrysothemis, another daughter, comes out to talk with Electra; she is of a different mould, gentle and timid like Ismene, and warns Electra that in consequence of her obstinacy in revering her father's memory Aegisthus intends to shut her up in a rocky cavern as soon as he returns. She advises her to use good counsel, then departs to pour on Agamemnon's tomb some libations which Clytemnestra offers in consequence of a dream. The Queen finds Electra ranging abroad as usual in the absence of Aegisthus. She defends the murder of her husband, but is easily refuted by Electra who points out that, if it is right to exact a life for a life, she ought to suffer death herself. Clytemnestra prays to Apollo to avert the omen of her dream, her prayer seemingly being answered immediately by the entry of the old tutor who comes to inform her of the death of Orestes, killed at Delphi in a chariot race which he brilliantly describes. Torn by her emotions, Clytemnestra can be neither glad nor sorry. "Shall I call this happy news, or dreadful but profitable? Hapless am I, if I save my life at the cost of my own miseries. Strong is the tie of motherhood; no parent hates a child even if outraged by him. Yet, now that he is gone, I shall have rest and peace from his Hearing so circumstantial a proof of her brother's death, Electra is plunged into the depths of misery. But soon Chrysothemis returns in a state of high excitement. She has found a lock of Orestes' hair and some offerings at the tomb. Electra quickly informs her that her elation is groundless, for their brother is dead; she suggests that they two should strike the murderers, but Chrysothemis recoils in horror from the plot. Then Orestes enters with a casket in his hand; this he gives to Electra, saying it contains the mortal remains of the dead prince. In utter hopelessness Electra takes it and soliloquises over it. Seeing her misery, Orestes cannot refrain; gently taking the casket from her he gradually reveals himself. The tutor enters and recalls him to their immediate business. Electra asks who the stranger is and learns that it is the very man to whom she gave the infant boy her brother. The three advance to the palace which Orestes enters to dispatch his mother, Electra bidding him smite with double force, wishing only that Aegisthus were with her The end of Aegisthus himself is contrived with Sophoclean art. He comes in hurriedly to find the two strangers who have proof of Electra tells him they are in the palace; they have not only told her of the dead Orestes, but have shown him to her; Aegisthus himself can see the unenviable sight; he can rejoice at it, if there is any joy in it. Exulting, he sings a note of triumph at the removal of his fears and threatens to chastise all who try henceforth to thwart his will. He dashes open the door, and there sees the Queen lying dead. Orestes bids him enter the palace, to be slain on the very spot where his father was murdered. Fortune has been kind in preserving us this play. The great difference between the art of Sophocles and that of Aeschylus is here apparent. Only one man has ventured to paint for us Aeschylus' Clytemnestra; Leighton has revealed her, stern as Nature herself, remorseless, armed with a sword to smite first, then argue if she can find time to do so. Sophocles' Clytemnestra is a woman, lost as soon as she begins to reason out her misdeeds. She prays to Apollo in secret, for fear lest Electra may overhear her prayer and make it void. But the crudity of Aeschylus' resources did not satisfy Sophocles, whose taste demanded a contrast to heighten the character of his heroine and found one in the Homeric story that Agamemnon had a second daughter. Aeschylus' stern nature did not shrink from the sight of a meeting between mother and son; Sophocles closed the doors upon the act of vengeance, though he represents Electra as encouraging her brother from outside the palace. The Aegisthus incident maintains the interest to the end in the masterly Sophoclean style of refined and searching irony. The tone of the play is singular; from misery it at first sinks to hopelessness, then to despair, and finally it soars to triumphant joy. Such a dangerous venture was unattempted before. The most lovable woman in Greek literature is the heroine of the next play, the _Trachiniae_, produced at an uncertain date. Deianeira had been won and wed by Heracles; after a brief spell of happiness she found herself left more and more alone as her husband's labours called him away from her. For fifteen months she had heard no news of him. Her nurse suggests that she should send her eldest son to Euboea to seek him out, a rumour being abroad that he has reached that island. The mother in her loneliness is comforted by a band of girls of Trachis, the scene of the action. But her uneasiness is too great to be cheered; she describes the strange curse of womanhood:-- "When it is young it groweth in a clime of its own, plagued by no heat of the sun nor rain nor wind; in careless gaiety it builds up its days till it is no longer maid, but wife; then in the night it hath its meed of cares, terrified for lord or children. Only such a one can know from the sight of her own sorrows what is my burden But there is a deeper cause for anxiety; Heracles had said that if he did not return in fifteen months he would either die or be rid for ever of his labours; that very hour had come. News reached her that Heracles is alive and triumphant; Lichas was coming to give fuller details. Very soon he enters with a band of captive maidens, telling how his master had been kept in slavery in Lydia; shaking off the yoke, he had sacked and destroyed the city of Eurytus who had caused his captivity, the girls were Heracles' offering of the spoils to Deianeira. Filled with pity at their lot, she looked closely at them and was attracted by one of them, a silent girl of noble countenance. Lichas when questioned denied all knowledge of her identity and departed. When he had gone, the messenger desired private speech with Deianeira. Lichas had lied; the girl was Iole, daughter of Eurytus; it was for her sake that his master destroyed the city, for he loved the maid and intended to keep her in his home to be a rival to his wife. Lichas on coming out was confronted by the messenger, and attempted to dissemble, but Deianeira appealed to "Nay, deceive me not. Thou shalt not speak to a woman of evil heart, who knoweth not the ways of men, how that they by a law of their own being delight not always in the same thing. 'Tis a fool who standeth up to battle against Love who ruleth even gods as he will, and me too; then why not another such as I? Therefore if I revile my lord when taken with this plague, I am crazed indeed--or this woman is, who hath brought me no shame or sorrow. If my lord teacheth thee to lie, thy lesson is no good one; if thou art schooling thyself to falsehood in a desire to be kind to me, thou shalt prove unkind. Speak all the truth; it is an ignoble lot for a man of honour to be called false." Completely won by this appeal, Lichas confesses the truth. During the singing of a choral ode Deianeira has had time to reflect. The reward of her loyalty is to take a second place. The girl is young and her beauty is fast ripening; she herself is losing her charm. But no prudent woman should fly into a passion; happily she has a remedy, for in the first days of her wedded life Heracles had shot Nessus, a half-human monster, for insulting her. Before he died Nessus bade her steep her robe in his blood and treasure it as a certain charm for recovering his waning affection. Summoning Lichas, she gives him strict orders to take the robe to Heracles who was to allow no light of the sun or fire to fall upon it before wearing it. After a short interval, she returns in the greatest agitation; a little tuft of wool which she had anointed with the monster's blood had caught the sunlight and shrivelled up to dust. If the robe proved a means of death, she determined to slay herself rather than live in disgrace. At that moment Hyllus bursts in to describe the horrible tortures which seized Heracles when he put on the poisoned mantle; the hero commanded his son to ferry him across from Euboea to witness the curse which his mother's evil deed would bring with it. Hearing these tidings Deianeira leaves the scene without uttering a word. The old nurse quickly rushes in from the palace to tell how Deianeira had killed herself--while Hyllus was kissing her dead mother's lips in vain self-reproach, bereft of both his parents. Heracles himself is borne in on a litter, tormented with the slow consuming poison. In agony, he prays for death; when he learns of the decease of his wife and her beguilement by Nessus into an unintentional crime, his resentment softens. In a flash of inspiration the double meaning of the oracle comes over him, his labour is indeed over. Commanding Hyllus to wed Iole he passes on his last journey to the lonely top of Oeta, to be consumed on the funeral pyre. The Sophoclean marks are clear enough in this play--the tragic moment, the life and movement, the splendid pathos, breadth of outlook and fascination of language. Yet there is a serious fault as well, for Sophocles, like the youngest of dramatists, can strangely enough make mistakes. The entry of Heracles practically makes the play double, marring its continuity. The necessary and remorseless sequence of events which is looked for in dramatic writing is absent. This tendency to disrupt a whole into parts brilliant but unrelated is a feature of Euripides' work; it may perhaps find a readier pardon exactly because Sophocles himself is not able to avoid it always. But the greatest triumph is the character of Deianeira. It is such as one would rarely find in warm-blooded Southern peoples. She dreads that loss of her power over her husband which her waning beauty brings; she is grossly insulted in being forced to countenance a rival living in the same house after she has given her husband the best years of her life; yet she hopes on, and perhaps she would have won him back by her very gentleness. This creation of a type of almost perfect human nature is the justification of a poet's existence; it was a saying of Sophocles that he painted men as they ought to be, Euripides painted them as they are. The rivalry of the younger poet produced its effect on another play with which Sophocles gained the first prize in 409. _Philoctetes_, the hero after whom it is named, had lit the funeral pyre of Heracles on Oeta and had received from him his unconquerable bow and arrows. When he went to Troy he was bitten in the foot by a serpent in Tenedos. As the wound festered and made him loathsome to the army he was left in Lemnos in the first year of the war. An oracle declared that Troy could not be taken without him and his arrows; at the end of the siege, as Achilles and Ajax were dead, Philoctetes, outraged and abandoned, became necessary to the Greeks. How could they win him over to rejoin them? Odysseus his bitterest foe takes with him Neoptolemus, the young son of Achilles. Landing at Lemnos, they find the cave in which Philoctetes lives, see his rude bed, rough-hewn cup and rags of clothing, and lay their plot. Neoptolemus is to say that he is Achilles' son, homeward bound in anger with the Greeks for the loss of his father's arms. As he was not one of the original confederacy, Philoctetes will trust him. He is then to obtain the bow and arrows by treachery, for violence will be useless. The young man's soul rises against the idea of foul play but Odysseus bids him surrender to shamelessness for one day, to reap eternal glory. Left alone with the Chorus, composed of sailors from his ship, Neoptolemus pities the hero's deserted existence, wretched, famished and half-brutalised. He comes along towards them, creeping and crying in agony. Seeing them he inquires who they are; Neoptolemus answers as he had been bidden and wins the heart of Philoctetes who describes the misery of his life, his desertion and the unquenchable malady that feeds on him. In return Neoptolemus tells how he was beguiled to Troy by the prophecy that he should capture it after his father's death; arriving there he obtained possession of all Achilles' property except the arms, which Odysseus had won. He pretends to return to his ship, but Philoctetes implores him to set him once more in Greece. The great pathos of his appeal wins the youth's consent; they prepare to depart when a merchant enters with a sailor; from him they learn that Odysseus with Diomedes are on the way to bring Philoctetes by force or persuasion to Troy which cannot fall without his aid. The mere mention of Odysseus' name fills Philoctetes with anger and he retires to the cave, taking Neoptolemus with him. When they reappear, a violent attack of the malady prostrates Philoctetes who gives his bow to Neoptolemus, praying him to burn him and put an end to his agony. Noticing a strange silence in the youth, suspicions seem to be aroused in him, but when he falls into a slumber the Chorus takes a decided part in the action, advising the youth to fly with the bow and to talk in a whisper for fear of waking the sleeper. The latter unexpectedly starts out of slumber, again begging to be taken on board. Again Neoptolemus' heart smites him at the villainy he is about to commit; he reveals that his real objective is Troy. Betrayed and defenceless, Philoctetes appeals to Heaven, to the wild things, to Neoptolemus' better self to restore the bow which is his one means of procuring him food. A profound pity overcomes Neoptolemus, who is in the act of returning the weapon when Odysseus appears. Seeing him Philoctetes knows he is undone. Odysseus invites him to come to Troy of his own freewill, but is met with a curse; as he refuses to rejoin the Greeks, Odysseus and Neoptolemus depart bearing with them the bow for Teucer to use. Left without that which brought him his daily food Philoctetes bursts out into a wild lyric dialogue with the Chorus. They advise him to make terms with Odysseus, but he bids them begone. When they obey, he recalls them to ask one little boon, a sword. At this moment Neoptolemus runs in, Odysseus close behind him. He has come to restore the bow he got by treachery. A violent quarrel ends in the temporary retirement of Odysseus. Advancing to Philoctetes, Neoptolemus gives him his property; Philoctetes takes it and is barely restrained from shooting at Odysseus who appears for a moment, only to take refuge in flight. Neoptolemus then tells him the whole truth about the prophecy, promising him great glory if he will go back to Troy which can fall only through him. In vain Neoptolemus assures him of a perfect cure; nothing will satisfy the broken man but a full redemption of the promise he had to be landed once more in Greece. When Neoptolemus tells him that such action will earn him the hatred of the Greeks, Philoctetes promises him the succour of his unerring shafts in a The action has thus reached a deadlock. The problem is solved by the sudden appearance of the deified Heracles. He commands his old friend to go to Troy which he is to sack, and return home in peace. His lot is inseparably connected with that of Neoptolemus and a cure is promised him at the hands of Asclepius. This assurance overcomes his obstinacy; he leaves Lemnos in obedience to the will of Heaven. Such is the work of an old dramatist well over eighty years old. It is exciting, vigorous, pathetic and everywhere dignified. The characters of the old hero and the young warrior are masterly. The Chorus takes an integral part in the action--its whisperings to Neoptolemus remind the reader of the evil suggestions of which Satan breathed into Eve's equally guileless ears in _Paradise Lost_. But the most remarkable feature of the piece is its close resemblance to the new type of drama which Euripides had popularised. The miserable life of Philoctetes, his rags, destitution and sickness are a parallel to the Euripidean Telephus; most of all, the appearance of a god at the end to untie the knot is genuine Euripides. But there is a great difference; of the disjointed actions which disfigure later tragedy and are not absent from Sophocles' own earlier work there is not a trace. The odes are relevant, the Chorus is indispensable; in short, Sophocles has shown Euripides that he can beat him even on his own terms. Melodramatic the play may be, but it wins for its author our affection by the sheer beauty of a boyish nature as noble as Deianeira's; the return of Neoptolemus upon his own baseness is one of the many compliments Sophocles has paid to our human kind. Many years previously Sophocles had written his masterpiece, the _Oedipus Tyrannus_. It cannot easily be treated separately from its sequel. A mysterious plague had broken out in Thebes; Creon had been sent to Delphi by Oedipus to learn the cause of the disaster. Apollo bade the Thebans cast out the murderer of the last King Laius, who was still lurking in Theban territory. Oedipus on inquiry learns that there are several murderers, but only one of Laius' attendants escaped alive. In discovering the culprit Oedipus promises the sternest vengeance on his nearest friends, nay, on his own kin, if necessary. After a prayer from the Chorus of elders he repeats his determination even more emphatically, invoking a curse on the assassin in language of a terrible double meaning, for in every word he utters he unconsciously pronounces his own doom. With commendable foresight he had summoned the old seer Teiresias, but the seer for some reason is unwilling to appear. When at last he confronts the King, he craves permission to depart with his secret unsaid. Oedipus at once flies into a towering passion, finally accusing him without any justification of accepting bribes from Creon. With equal heat Teiresias more and more clearly indicates in every speech the real murderer, though his words are dark to him who could read the Sphinx's The Chorus break out into an ode full of uneasy surmises as to the identity of the culprit. When Creon enters, Oedipus flies at him in headlong passion accusing him of bribery, disloyalty and eventually of murder. With great dignity he clears himself, warning the King of the pains which hasty temper brings upon itself. Their quarrel brings out Jocasta, the Queen and sister of Creon, who succeeds in settling the unseemly strife. She bids Oedipus take no notice of oracles; one such had declared that Laius would be slain by his own son, who would marry her, his mother. The oracle was false, for Laius had died at the hands of robbers in a place where three roads met. Aghast at hearing this, Oedipus inquires the exact scene of the murder, the time when it was committed, the actual appearance of Laius. Jocasta supplies the details, adding that the one survivor had implored her after Oedipus became King to live as far away as possible from the city. Oedipus commands him to be sent for and tells his life story. He was the reputed son of Polybus and Merope, rulers of Corinth. One day at a wine-party a man insinuated that he was not really the son of the royal pair. Stung by the taunt he went to Delphi, where he was warned that he should kill his father and marry his mother. He therefore fled away from Corinth towards Thebes. On the road he was insulted by an old man in a chariot who thrust him rudely from his path; in anger he smote the man at the place where three ways met. If then this man was Laius, he had imprecated a curse on himself; his one hope is the solitary survivor whom he had sent for; perhaps more than one man had killed Laius after all. An ominous ode about destiny and its workings is followed by the entry of the Queen who describes the mad terrors of Oedipus. She is come to pray to Apollo to solve their troubles. At that moment a messenger enters from Corinth with the tidings that Polybus is dead. In eager joy Jocasta summons Oedipus, sneering at the truth of oracles. The King on his appearance echoes her words after hearing the tidings-only to sink back again into gloomy despondency. What of Merope, is she also dead? The messenger assures him that his anxiety about her is groundless, for there is no relationship between them. Little by little he tells Oedipus his true history. The messenger himself found him on Cithaeron in his infancy, his feet pierced through. He had him from a shepherd, a servant of Laius, the very man whom Oedipus had summoned. Suddenly turning to Jocasta, the King asks her if she knows the man. Appalled at the horror of the truth which she knows cannot be concealed much longer she affects indifference and beseeches him search no further. When he obstinately refuses, bidding the man be brought at once, she leaves the stage with the cry: "Alack, thou unhappy one; that is all I may call thee and never address thee again." Oedipus by a masterstroke of art is made to imagine that she has departed in shame, fearing he may be proved the son of a slave. "But I account myself the son of Fortune, who will never bring me to dishonour; my brethren are the months, who marked me out for lowliness and for power. Such being my birth, I shall never prove false to it and faint in finding out who I am." The awful power of this astonishing scene is manifest. The bright joyousness of the King's impulsive speech prepares the way for the coming horror. When the shepherd appears, the messenger faces him claiming his acquaintance. The shepherd doggedly attempts to deny all knowledge of him, cursing him for his mad talkativeness. Oedipus threatens torture to open his lips. Line by line the truth is dragged from him; the abandoned child came from another--from a creature of Laius--was said to be his son--was given him by Jocasta--to be destroyed because of an oracle--why then passed over to the Corinthian messenger?--"through pity, and he saved the child alive, for a mighty misery. If thou art that child, know that thou art born a hapless When the King rushes madly into the palace, the Chorus sings of his departed glory. The horrors increase with the appearance of a messenger from within, who tells how Oedipus dashed into Jocasta's apartment to find her hanging in suicide; then he blinded himself on that day of mourning, ruin, death and shame. He comes out a little later, an object of utter compassion. How can he have rest on earth? How face his murdered father in death? The memories of Polybus and Merope come upon him, then the years of unnatural wedlock. Creon, whom he has wantonly insulted, comes not to mock at him, but to take him into the palace where neither land nor rain nor light may know him. Oedipus begs him to let him live on Cithaeron, beseeching him to look after his two daughters whose birth is so stained that no man can ever wed them. Creon gently takes him within, to be kept there till the will of the gods is known. The end is a sob of pity for the tragic downfall of the famous man who solved the Sphinx' enigma. No man can ever do justice to this masterpiece. It is so constructed that every detail leads up inevitably to the climax. Slowly, and playing upon all the deepest human emotions, anxiety, hope, gloom, terror and horror, Sophocles works on us as no man had ever done before. It is a sin against him to be content with a mere outline of the play; the words he has chosen are significant beyond description. Again and again they fascinate the reader and always leave him with the feeling that there are still depths of thought left unsounded. The casual mention of the shepherd at the beginning of the play is the first stroke of perfect art; Jocasta's disbelief in oracles is the next; then follows the contrast between the Queen's real motive for leaving and the reason assigned to it by her son; finally, the shepherd in torture is forced to tell the secret which plunges the torturer to his ruin. Where is the like of this in literature? To us it is heart-searching enough. What was it to the Greeks who were familiar with the plot before they entered the theatre? When they who knew the inevitable end watched the King trace out his own ruin in utter ignorance, their feelings cannot have remained silent; they must have found relief in sobbing or crying aloud. The fault in Oedipus is his ungovernable temper. It is firmly drawn in the play; he is equally unrestrained in anger, despair and hope. He is the typical instance of the lack of good counsel which we have seen was to Sophocles the prime source of a tragedy. Indeed, only a headlong man would hastily marry a widowed queen after he had committed a murder which fulfilled one half of a terrible oracle. He should have first inquired into the history of the Theban royal house. Imagining that the further he was fleeing from Corinth the more certain he was to make his doom impossible of fulfilment, he inevitably drew nearer to it. This is our human lot; we cannot see and we misinterpret warnings; how shall not weaker men tremble for themselves when Oedipus' wisdom could not save him from evil counsel? In 405 Sophocles showed in his last play how Oedipus passed from earth in the poet's own birthplace, Colonus. Oedipus enters with Antigone, and on inquiry from a stranger finds that he is on the demesne of the Eumenides. At once he sends to Theseus, King of Athens, and refuses to move from the spot, for there he is fated to find his rest. A Chorus from Colonus comes to find out who the suppliant is. When they hear the name of Oedipus they are horror-struck and wish to thrust him out. After much persuasion they consent to wait till Theseus arrives. Presently Ismene comes with the news that Eteocles has dispossessed his elder brother Polyneices; further, an oracle from Delphi declares that Oedipus is all-important to Thebes in life and after death. His sons know this oracle and Creon is coming to force him back. Declaring he will do nothing for the sons who abandoned him, Oedipus obstinately refuses his city any blessing. He sends Ismene to offer a sacrifice to the Eumenides; in her absence Theseus enters, offers him protection and asks why he has come. Oedipus replies that he has a secret to reveal which is of great importance to Athens; at present there is peace between her and Thebes: "but in the gods alone is no age or death; all else Time confounds, mastering everything. Strength of the Earth and of the body wastes, trust dies, disloyalty grows, the same spirit never stands firm among friends or allies. To some men early, to others late, pleasures become bitter and then again sweet." The secret Oedipus will impart at the proper time. The need for protection soon comes. Creon attempts to persuade Oedipus to return to Thebes but is met by a curse, whereupon the Theban guards lay hold of Antigone--they had already seized Ismene--and menace Oedipus himself. Theseus hearing the alarm rushes back, reproaches Creon for his insolence and quickly returns with the two girls. He has strange news to tell; another Theban is a suppliant at the altar of Poseidon close by, craving speech with Oedipus. It is Polyneices, whom Antigone persuades her father to interview. The youth enters, ashamed of his neglect of his father, and begs a blessing on the army he has mustered against Thebes. He is met by a terrible curse which Oedipus invokes on both his sons. In despair Polyneices goes away to his doom. "For me, my path shall be one of care, disaster and sorrows sent me by my sire and his guardian angels; but, my sisters, be yours a happy road, and when I am dead fulfil my heart's desire, for while I live you may never perform it." A thunderstorm is heard approaching; the Chorus are terrified at its intensity, but Oedipus eagerly dispatches a messenger for Theseus. When the King arrives he hears the secret; Oedipus' grave would be the eternal protection of Attica, but no man must know its site save Theseus who has to tell it to his heir alone, and he to his son, and so onwards for ever. The proof of Oedipus' word would be a miracle which soon would transform him back to his full strength. Presently he arises, endued with a mysterious sight, beckoning the others to follow him. The play concludes with a magnificent description of his translation. A voice from Heaven called him, chiding him for tarrying; commending his daughters to the care of Theseus, he greeted the earth and heaven in prayer and then without pain or sorrow passed away. On reappearing Theseus promised to convey the sisters back to Thebes and to stop the threatened fratricidal strife. The _Oedipus Coloneus_, like the _Philoctetes_, the other play of Sophocles' old age, closes in peace. The old fiery passions still burn fiercely in Oedipus, as they did in Lear; yet both were "every inch a king" and "more sinned against than sinning". Oedipus' miraculous return to strength before he departs is curiously like the famous end of Colonel Newcome. There are subtle but unmistakable marks of the Euripidean influence on this drama; such are the belief that Theban worthies would protect Athens, the Theseus tradition, and the recovery of worn-out strength. These features will meet us in the next chapter. But it is again noteworthy that Sophocles has added those touches which distinguish his own firm and delicate handiwork. There is nothing of melodrama, nothing inconsequent, nothing exaggerated. It is the dramatist's preparation for his own end. Shakespeare put his valediction into the mouth of Prospero; Sophocles entrusted his to his greatest creation Oedipus. Like him, he was fain to depart, for the gods called. Our last sight of him is of one beckoning us to follow him to the place where calm is to be found; to find it we must use not the eyes of the body, but the inward illumination vouchsafed by To the Athenians of the Periclean age Sophocles was the incarnation of their dramatic ideal. His language is a delight and a despair. It tantalises; it suggests other meanings besides its plain and surface significance. This riddling quality is the daemonic element which he possessed in common with Plato; because of it these two are the masters of a refined and subtle irony, a source of the keenest pleasure. His plots reveal a vivid sense of the exact moment which will yield the intensest tragic effects--only on one particular day could Ajax die or Electra be saved. Accordingly, Sophocles very often begins his play with early dawn, in order to fill the few all-important hours with the greatest possible amount of action. He has put the maximum of movement into his work, only the presence ofthe Chorus and the conventional messengers (two features imposed on him by the law of the Attic theatre) making the action halt. But it is in the sum-total of his art that his greatness lies; the sense of a whole is its controlling factor; details are important, indeed, he took the utmost pains to see that they were necessary and convincing--yet they were details, subordinate, closely related, not irrelevant nor disproportionate. This instinct for a definite plan first is the essence of the classical spirit; exuberance is rigorously repressed, symmetry and balance are the first, last and only aim. To some judges Sophocles is like a Greek temple, splendid but a little chilly; they miss the soaring ambition of Aeschylus or the more direct emotional appeal of Euripides. Yet it is a cardinal error to imagine that Sophocles is passionless; his life was not, neither are his characters. Like the lava of a recent eruption, they may seem ashen on the surface, but there is fire underneath; it betrays itself through the cracks which appear when their substance is violently disturbed. They, much enforced, show a hasty spark And straight are cold again. Repression, avoidance of extremes, dignity under provocation are the marks of the gentle Sophoclean type and it is a very high type indeed. For we have in him the very fountain of the whole classical tradition in drama. Sophocles is something far more important than a mere influence; he is an ideal, and as such is indestructible. To ask the names of writers who came most under his "influence" is as sensible as to ask the names of the sculptors who most faithfully followed the Greek tradition of statuary. He is Classical tragedy. The main body of Spanish and English drama is romantic, the Sophoclean ideal is that of the small but powerful body of University men in Elizabeth's time headed by Ben Jonson, of the typically French school of dramatists, of Moratin, Lessing, Goethe, of the exponents of the Greek creed in nineteenth-century England, notably Matthew Arnold and Walter Pater, and of Robert Bridges. To this school the cultivation of emotional expression is suspicious, if not dangerous; it leads to eccentricity, to the revelation of feelings which frequently are not worth experiencing, to sentimental flabbiness, to riot and extravagance. Perhaps in dread of the ridiculous the Classical school represses itself too far, creating characters of marble instead of flesh. These creations are at least worth looking at and bring no shame; they are better than the spectral psychological studies which many dramatists, now dead or dying, have bidden us believe are real men and women. Jebb (Cambridge). This is by far the best; it renders with success the delicacy of the original. Storr (Loeb Series). Verse translations by Whitelaw and Campbell. See Symonds' _Greek Poets_, and Norwood _Greek Tragedy_, as above. No-Man's Land was the scene of many tragedies during the Great War. There has come down to us a remarkable tragedy, called the _Rhesus_, about a similar region. It treats first of the Dolon incident of the Iliad. Hector sent out Dolon to reconnoitre, and soon afterwards some Phrygian shepherds bring news that Rhesus has arrived that very night with a Thracian army. Reviled by Hector for postponing his arrival till the tenth year of the war, Rhesus answers that continual wars with Scythia have occupied him, but now that he is come he will end the strife in a day. He is assigned his quarters and departs to take up his position. Having learned the password from Dolon, Diomedes and Odysseus enter and reach the tents of Hector who has just left with Rhesus. Diomedes is eager to kill Aeneas or Paris or some other leader, but Odysseus warns him to be content with the spoils they have won. Athena appears, counselling them to slay Rhesus; if he survives that night, neither Achilles nor Ajax can save the Greeks. Paris approaches, having heard that spies are abroad in the night; he is beguiled by Athena who pretends to be Aphrodite. When he is safely got away, the two slay The King's charioteer bursts on to the stage with news of his death. He accuses Hector of murder out of desire for the matchless steeds. Hector recognises in the story all the marks of Odysseus' handiwork. The Thracian Muse descends to mourn her son's death, declaring that she had saved him for many years, but Hector prevailed upon him and Athena caused his end. This play is not only about No-man's land; it is a No-man's land, for its author is unknown; it is sometimes ascribed to Euripides, though it contains many words he did not use, on the ground that it reflects his art. For it shows in brief the change which came over Tragedy under Euripides' guidance. It is exciting, it seizes the tragic moment, the one important night, it has some lovely lyrics, the characters are realistic, the gods descend to untie the knot of the play or to explain the mysterious, some detail is unrelated to the main plot--Paris exercises no influence on the real action--it is Sophocles said that he painted men as they ought to be, Euripides as they are. This realistic tendency, added to the romanticism whence realism always springs, is the last stage of tragedy before it declines. A Euripides is inevitable in literary history. Born at Salamis on the very day of the great victory of 480, Euripides entered into the spirit of revolution in all human activities which was stirring in contemporary Athens. He won the first prize on five occasions, was pilloried by the Conservatives though he was a favourite with the masses. Towards the end of his life he migrated to Macedonia, where he wrote not the least splendid of his plays, the _Bacchae_. On the news of his death in 406 Sophocles clothed his Chorus in mourning as a mark of his esteem. The famous _Alcestis_ won the second prize in 438. Apollo had been the guest of Admetus and had persuaded Death to spare him if a substitute could be found. Admetus' parents and friends failed him, but his wife Alcestis for his sake was content to leave the light. After a series of speeches of great beauty and pathos she dies, leaving her husband desolate. Heracles arrives at the palace on the day of her death; he notices that some sorrow is come upon his host, but being assured that only a relation has died he remains. Meanwhile Admetus' parents arrive to console him; he reviles them for their selfishness in refusing to die for him, but is sharply reminded by them that parents rejoice to see the sun as well as their children; in reality, he is his wife's Heracles' reckless hilarity shocked the servants who were unwilling to look after an unfeeling guest. He enters the worse for liquor and advises a young menial to enjoy life while he can. After a few questions he learns the truth. Sobered, he hurries forth unknown to Admetus to wrestle with Death for Alcestis. Admetus, distracted by loss of his wife, becomes aware that evil tongues will soon begin to talk of his cowardice. Heracles returns with a veiled woman, whom he says he won in a contest, and begs Admetus keep her till he returns. After much persuasion Admetus takes her by the hand, and on being bidden to look more closely, sees that it is Alcestis. The great deliverer then bids farewell with a gentle hint to him to treat guests more frankly in future. This play must be familiar to English readers of Browning's _Balaustion's Adventure_. It has been set to music and produced at Covent Garden this very year. The specific Euripidean marks are everywhere upon it. The selfish male, the glorious self-denial of the woman, the deep but helpless sympathy of the gods, the tendency to laughter to relieve our tears, the wonderful lyrics indicate a new arrival in poetry. The originality of Euripides is evident in the choice of a subject not otherwise treated; he was constantly striving to pass out of the narrow cycle prescribed for Attic tragedians. A new and very formidable influence has arisen to challenge Sophocles who may have felt as Thackeray did when he read one of Dickens' early In 431 he obtained the third prize with the _Medea_, the heroine of the world-famous story of the Argonauts related for English readers in Morris' _Life and Death of Jason_. A nurse tells the story of Jason's cooling love for Medea and of his intended wedlock with the daughter of Creon, King of Corinth, the scene of the play. Appalled at the effect the news will produce on her mistress' fiery nature, she begs the Tutor to save the two children. Medea's frantic cries are heard within the house; appearing before a Chorus of Corinthian women she plunges into a description of the curse that haunts their sex. "Of all things that live and have sense women are the most hapless. First we must buy a husband to lord it over our bodies; our next anxiety is whether he will be good or bad, for divorce is not easy or creditable. Entering upon a strange new life we must divine how best to treat our spouse. If after this agony we find one to live with us without chafing at the yoke, a happy life is ours--if not, better to die. But when a man is surfeited with his mate he can find comfort outside with friend or compeer; but we perforce look to one alone. They say of us that we live a life free from danger, but they fight in wars. It is false. I would rather face battle thrice than childbirth once." Desolate, far away from her father's home, she begs the Chorus to be silent if she can devise punishment for Jason. Creon comes forth, uneasy at some vague threats which Medea has uttered and afraid of her skill as a sorceress. He intends to cast her out of Corinth before returning to his palace, but is prevailed upon to grant one day's grace. Medea is aghast at this blow, but decides to use the brief respite. After a splendid little ode which prophesies that women shall not always be without a Muse, Jason emerges. Pointing out that her violent temper has brought banishment he professes to sympathise, offering money to help her in exile. She bursts into a fury of indignation, recounting how she abandoned home to save and fly with him to Greece. He argues that his gratitude is due not to her, but to Love who compelled her to save him; he repeats his offer and is ready to come if she sends for him. Salvation comes unexpectedly. Aegeus, the childless King of Athens, accidentally visits Corinth. Medea wins his sympathy and promises him children if he will offer her protection. He willingly assents and she outlines her plan. Sending for Jason, she first pretends repentance for hasty speech, then begs him to get her pardon from the new bride and release from exile for the two children. She offers as a wedding gift a wondrous robe and crown which once belonged to her ancestor the Sun. In the scene which follows is depicted one of the greatest mental conflicts in literature. To punish Jason she must slay her sons; torn by love for them and thirsting for revenge she wavers. The mother triumphs for a moment, then the fiend, then the mother again--at last she decides on murder. This scene captured the imagination of the ancient world, inspiring many epigrams in the Anthology and forming one of the mural paintings of Pompeii. A messenger rushes in. The robe and crown have burnt to death Glauce the bride and her father who vainly tried to save her: Jason is coming with all speed to punish the murderess. She listens with unholy joy, retires and slays the children. Jason runs in and madly batters at the door to save them. He is checked by the apparition of Medea seated in her car drawn by dragons. Reviled by him as a murderess, she replies that the death of the children was agony to her as well and prophesies a miserable death for him. This marvellous character is Euripides' Clytemnestra. Yet unlike her, she remains absolutely human throughout; her weak spot was her maternal affection which made her hesitate, while Clytemnestra was past feeling, "not a drop being left". Medea is the natural Southern woman who takes the law into her own hands. In the _Trachiniae_ is another, outraged as Medea was, yet forgiving. Truly Sophocles said he painted men as they ought to be, Euripides as they were. The _Hippolytus_ in 429 won the first prize. It is important as introducing a revolutionary practice into drama. Aphrodite in a prologue declares she will punish Hippolytus for slighting her and preferring to worship Artemis, the goddess of hunting. The young prince passes out to the chase; as he goes, his attention is drawn to a statue of Aphrodite by his servants who warn him that men hate unfriendly austerity, but he treats their words with contempt. His stepmother Phaedra enters with the Nurse, the Chorus consisting of women of Troezen, the scene of the play. A secret malady under which Phaedra pines has so far baffled the Nurse who now learns that she loves her stepson. She had striven in vain against this passion, only to find like Olivia that Such a potent fault it is That it but mocks reproof. She decided to die rather than disgrace herself and her city Athens. The Nurse advises her not to sacrifice herself for such a common passion; a remedy there must be: "Men would find it, if women had not found it already". "She needs not words, but the man." Scandalised by this cynicism the Queen bids her be silent; the woman tells her she has potent charms within the house which will rid her of the malady without danger to her good name or her life. Phaedra suspects her plan and absolutely forbids her to speak with Hippolytus. The answer is "Be of good cheer; I will order the matter well. Only Queen Aphrodite be my aid. For the rest, it will suffice to tell my plan to my friends within." A violent commotion arises in the palace; Hippolytus is heard indistinctly uttering angry words. He and the Nurse come forth; in spite of her appeal for silence, he denounces her for tempting him. When she reminds him of his oath of secrecy, he answers "My tongue has sworn, but not my will"--a line pounced upon as immoral by the poet's many foes. Hippolytus' long denunciation of women has been similarly considered to prove that the poet was an enemy of their sex. Left alone with the Nurse Phaedra is terror-stricken lest her husband Theseus should hear of her disgrace. She casts the Nurse off, adding that she has a remedy of her own. Her last speech is ominous. "This day will I be ruined by a bitter love. Yet in death I will be a bane to another, that he may know not to be proud in my woes; sharing with me in this weakness he will learn wisdom." Her suicide plunges Theseus into grief. Hanging to her wrist he sees a letter which he opens and reads. There he finds evidence of her passion for his son. In mad haste he calls on Poseidon his father to fulfil one of the three boons he promised to grant him; he requires the death of his son. Hearing the tumult the latter returns. His father furiously attacks him, calling him hypocrite for veiling his lusts under a pretence of chastity. The youth answers with dignity; when confronted with the damning letter, he is unable to answer for his oath's sake. He sadly obeys the decree of banishment pronounced on him, bidding his friends farewell. A messenger tells the sequel. He took the road from Argos along the coast in his chariot. A mighty wave washed up a monster from the deep. Plunging in terror the horses became unruly; they broke the car and dashed their master's body against the rocks. Theseus rejoices at the fate which has overtaken a villain, yet pities him as his son. He bids the servants bring him that he may refute his false claim to innocence. Artemis appears to clear her devotee. The letter was forged by the Nurse, Aphrodite causing the tragedy. "This is the law among us gods; none of us thwarts the will of another but always stands aside." Hippolytus is brought in at death's door. He is reconciled to his father and dies blessing the goddess he has served so long. The play contains the first indication of a sceptical spirit which was soon to alter the whole character of the Drama. The running sore of polytheism is clear. In worshipping one deity a man may easily offend another, Aeschylus made this conflict of duties the cause of Agamemnon's death, but accepted it as a dogma not to be questioned. Such an attitude did not commend itself to Euripides; he clearly states the problem in a prologue, solving it in an appearance of Artemis by the device known as the _Deus ex machina_. It is sometimes said this trick is a confession of the dramatist's inability to untie the knot he has twisted. Rather it is an indication that the legend he was compelled to follow was at variance with the inevitable end of human action. The tragedies of Euripides which contain the _Deus ex machina_ gain enormously if the last scene is left out; it was added to satisfy the craving for some kind of a settlement and is more in the nature of comedy perhaps than we imagine. Hippolytus is a somewhat chilly man of honour, the Nurse a brilliant study of unscrupulous intrigue. Racine's _Phedre_ is as disagreeable as Euripides' is noble. Like _Hamlet_, the play is full of familiar quotations. Two Euripidean features appear in the _Heracleidae_, of uncertain date. Iolaus the comrade of Heracles flees with the hero's children to Athens. They sit as suppliants at an altar from which Copreus, herald of their persecutor Eurystheus, tries to drive them. Unable to fight in his old age Iolaus begs aid. A Chorus of Athenians rush in, followed by the King Demophon, to hear the facts. First Copreus puts his case, then Iolaus refutes him. The King decides to respect the suppliants, bidding Copreus defy Eurystheus in his name. As a struggle is inevitable Iolaus refuses to leave the altars till it Demophon returns to say that the Argive host is upon them and that Athens will prevail if a girl of noble family freely gives her life; he cannot compel his subjects to sacrifice their children for strangers, for he rules a free city. Hearing his words, Macaria comes from the shrine where she had been sheltering with her sisters and Alcmena, her father's mother. When she hears the truth, she willingly offers to save her family and Athens. "Shall I, daughter of a noble sire, suffer the worst indignity? Must I not die in any wise? We may leave Attica and wander again; shall I not hang my head if I hear men say, 'Why come ye here with suppliant boughs, cleaving to life? Depart; we will not help cowards.' Who will marry such a one? Better death than such A messenger announces that Hyllus, Heracles' son, has returned with succours and is with the Athenian army. Iolaus summons Alcmena and orders his arms; old though he is, he will fight his foe in spite of Alcmena's entreaties. In the battle he saw Hyllus and begged him to take him into his chariot. He prayed to Zeus and Hebe to restore his strength for one brief moment. Miraculously he was answered. Two stars lit upon the car, covering the yoke with a halo of light. Catching sight of Eurystheus Iolaus the aged took him prisoner and brought him to Alcmena. At sight of him she gloats over the coming vengeance. The Athenian herald warns her that their laws do not permit the slaughter of captives, but she declares she will kill him herself. Eurystheus answers with great dignity; his enmity to Heracles came not from envy but from the desire to save his own throne. He does not deprecate death, rather, if he dies, his body buried in Athenian land will bring to it a blessing and to the Argive descendants of the Heracleidae a curse when they in time invade the land of their preservers. Though slight and weakly constructed, this play is important. Its two features are first, the love of argument, a weakness of all the Athenians who frequented the Law Courts and the Assembly; this mania for discussing pros and cons spoils one or two later plays. Next, the self-sacrificing girl appears for the first time. To Euripides the worthier sex was not the male, possessed of political power and therefore tyrannous, but the female. He first drew attention to its splendid heroism. He is the champion of the scorned or neglected elements of civilisation. The _Andromache_ is a picture of the hard lot of one who is not merely a woman, but a slave. Hector's wife fell to Neoptolemus on the capture of Troy and bore him a son called Molossus. Later he married Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen; the marriage was childless and Hermione, who loved her husband, persecuted Andromache. She took advantage of her husband's absence to bring matters to a head. Andromache exposed her child, herself flying to a temple of Thetis when Menelaus arrived to visit his daughter. Hermione enters richly attired, covered with jewels "not given by her husband's kin, but by her father that she may speak her mind." She reviles Andromache as a slave with no Hector near and commands her to quit sanctuary. Menelaus brings the child; after a long discussion he threatens to kill him if Andromache does not abandon the altar, but promises to save him if she obeys. In this dilemma she prefers to die if she can thus save her son; but when Menelaus secures her he passes the child to his daughter to deal with him as she will. Betrayed and helpless, Andromache breaks out into a long denunciation of Spartan perfidy. Peleus, grandfather of Neoptolemus, hearing the tumult intervenes. After more rhetoric he takes Andromache and Molossus under his protection and cows Menelaus, who leaves for Sparta on urgent business. When her father departs, Hermione fears her husband's vengeance on her maltreatment of the slave and child whom he loves. Resolving on suicide, she is checked by the entry of Orestes who is passing through Phthia to Dodona. She begs him to take her away from the land or back to her father. Orestes reminds her of the old compact which their parents made to unite them; he has a grievance against Neoptolemus apart from his frustrated wedlock, for he had called him a murderer of his mother. He had therefore taken measures to assassinate him at Delphi, whither he had gone to make his peace with Apollo. Hearing of Hermione's flight Peleus returns, only to hear more serious news. Orestes' plot had succeeded and Neoptolemus had been overwhelmed. In consternation he fears the loss of his own life in old age. His goddess-wife Thetis appears and bids him marry Andromachus to Hector's brother Helenus; Molossus would found a mighty kingdom, while Peleus would become immortal after the burial of Neoptolemus. A very old criticism calls this play "second rate". Dramatically it is worthless, for it consists of three episodes loosely connected. The motives for Menelaus' return and Hermione's flight with an assassin from a husband she loved are not clear, while the _Deus ex machina_ adds nothing to the story. It is redeemed by some splendid passages, but is interesting as revealing a further development of Euripides' thought. He here makes the slave, another downtrodden class, free of the privileges of literature, for to him none is vile or reprobate. The famous painting _Captive Andromache_ indicates to us the loneliness of slavery. The same subject was treated more successfully in the _Hecuba_: she has received her immortality in the famous players' scene in _Hamlet_. The shade of Polydorus, Hecuba's son, outlines the course of the action. Hecuba enters terrified by dreams about him and her daughter Polyxena. Her forebodings are realised when she hears from a Chorus of fellow-captives that the shade of Achilles has demanded her daughter's sacrifice. Odysseus bids her face the ordeal with courage. She replies in a splendid pathetic appeal. Reminding him how she saved him from discovery when he entered Troy in disguise, she demands a requital. "Kill her not, we have had enough of death. She is my comfort, my nurse, the staff of my life and guide of my way. She is my joy in whom I forget my woes. Victors should not triumph in lawlessness nor think to prosper always. I was once but now am no more, for one day has taken away my all." He sympathises but dare not dishonour the mighty dead. Polyxena intervenes to point out the blessings death will bring her. "First, its very unfamiliar name makes me love it. Perhaps I might have found a cruel-hearted lord to sell me for money, the sister of Hector; I might have had the burden of making bread, sweeping the house and weaving at the loom in a life of sorrow. A slave marriage would degrade me, once thought a fit mate for kings." Bidding Odysseus lead her to death, she takes a touching and beautiful farewell. Her latter end is splendidly described by Talthybius. A serving woman enters with the body of Polydorus; she is followed by Agamemnon who has come to see why Hecuba has not sent for Polyxena's corpse. In hopeless grief she shows her murdered son, begging his aid to a revenge and promising to exact it without compromising him. A message brings on the scene Polymestor, her son's Thracian host with his sons. In a dialogue full of terrible irony Hecuba inquires about Polydorus, saying she has the secret of a treasure to reveal. He enters her tent where is nobody but some Trojan women weaving. Dismissing his guards, he lets the elder women dandle his children, while the younger admire his robes. At a signal they arose, slew the children and blinded him. On hearing the tumult, Agamemnon hurries in; turning to him, the Thracian demands justice, pretending he had slain Polydorus to win his favour. Hecuba refutes him, pointing out that it was the lust for her son's gold which caused his death. Agamemnon decides for Hecuba, whereupon Polymestor turns fay, prophesying the latter end of Agamemnon, Hecuba and Cassandra. The strongest and weakest points of Euripides' appeal are here apparent. The play is not one but two, the connection between the deaths of both brother and sister being a mere dream of their mother. The poet tends to rely rather upon single scenes than upon the whole and is so far romantic rather than classical. His power is revealed in the very stirring call he makes upon the emotions of pity and revenge; because of this Aristotle calls him the most tragic of the poets. The _Supplices_, written about 421, carries a little further the history of the Seven against Thebes. A band of Argive women, mothers of the defeated Seven, apply to Aethra, mother of Theseus, to prevail on her son to recover the dead bodies. Adrastus, king of Argos, pleads with Theseus who at first refuses aid but finally consents at the entreaties of his mother. His ultimatum to Thebes is delayed by the arrival of a herald from that city. A strange discussion of the comparative merits of democracy and tyranny leads to a violent scene in which Theseus promises a speedy attack in defence of the rights of In the battle the Athenians after a severe struggle won the victory; in the moment of triumph Theseus did not enter the city, for he had come not to sack it but to save the dead. Reverently collecting them he washed away the gore and laid them on their biers, sending them to Athens. In an affecting scene Adrastus recognises and names the bodies. At this moment Evadne enters, wife of the godless Capaneus who was smitten by the thunderbolt; she is demented and wishes to find the body to die upon it. Her father Iphis comes in search of her and at first does not see her, as she is seated on a rock above him. His pleadings with her are vain; she throws herself to her death. At the sight Iphis plunges into a wild lament. "She is no more, who once kissed my face and fondled my head. To a father the sweetest joy is his daughter; son's soul is greater, but less winsome in its blandishments." Theseus returns with the children of the dead champions to whom he presents the bodies. He is about to allow Adrastus to convey them home when Athena appears. She advises him to exact an oath from Adrastus that Argos will never invade Attica. To the Argives she prophecies a vengeance on Thebes by the Epigoni, sons of the Seven. This play is very like the _Heraclidae_ but adds a new feature; drama begins to be used for political purposes. The play was written at the end of the first portion of the Peloponnesian war, when Argos began to enter the world of Greek diplomacy. This illegitimate use of Art cannot fail to ruin it; Art has the best chance of making itself permanent when it is divorced from passing events. But there are other weaknesses in this piece; it has some fine and perhaps some melodramatic situations; here and there are distinct touches of The _Ion_ is a return to Euripides' best manner. Hermes in a prologue explains what must have been a strange theme to the audience. Ion is a young and nameless boy who serves the temple of Apollo in Delphi. There is a mystery in his birth which does not trouble his sunny intelligence. Creusa, daughter of Erectheus King of Athens, is married to Xuthus but has no issue. Unaware that Ion is her son by Apollo, she meets him and is attracted by his noble bearing. A splendid dialogue of tragic irony represents both as wishing to find the one a mother, the other a son. Creusa tells how she has come to consult the oracle about a friend who bore a son to the god and exposed him. Ion is shocked at the immorality of the god he serves; he refuses to believe that an evil god can claim to deliver righteous oracles. Addressing the gods as a body, he states the problem of the play. "Ye are unjust in pursuing pleasure rather than wisdom; no longer must we call men evil, if we imitate your evil deeds; rather the gods are evil, who instruct men in such things." Xuthus embraces Ion as his son in obedience to a command he has just received to greet as his child the first person he meets on leaving the shrine. Ion accepts the god's will but longs to know who is his mother. Seeing an unwonted dejection in him Xuthus learns the reason. Ion is afraid of the bar on his birth which will disqualify him from residence at Athens, where absolute legitimacy was essential; his life at Delphi was in sharp contrast, it was one of perfect content and eternal novelty. Xuthus tells him he will take him to Athens merely as a sightseer; he is afraid to anger his wife with his good fortune; in time he will win her consent to Ion's succession to the throne. Creusa enters with an old man who had been her father's Tutor. She learns from the Chorus that she can never have a son, unlike her more lucky husband who has just found one. The Tutor counsels revenge; though a slave, he will work for her to the end. "Only one thing brings shame to a slave, his name. In all else he is every whit the equal of a free man, if he is honest." The two decide to poison Ion when he offers libations. But the plot failed owing to a singular chance. The birds in the temple tasted the wine and one that touched Ion's cup died immediately. Creusa flees to the altar, pursued by Ion who reviles her for her deed. At that moment the old Prophetess appears with the vessel in which she first found Ion. Creusa recognises it and accurately describes the child's clothing which she wove with her own hands; mother and son are thus united. The play closes with an appearance of Athena, who prophesies that Ion shall be the founder of the great Ionian race, for Apollo's hand had protected him and Creusa throughout. The central problem of this piece is whether the gods govern the world righteously or not. No more vital issue could be raised; if gods are wicked they must fall below the standard of morality which men insist on in their dealings with one another. Ion is the Greek Samuel; his naturally reverent mind is disturbed at any suggestion of evil in a deity. His boyish faith in Apollo is justified and Euripides seems to teach in another form the lesson that "except we become as children, we cannot enter the kingdom of Heaven." The _Hercules Furens_ belongs to Euripides' middle period. Amphitryon, father of Heracles, and Megara, the hero's wife, are in Theban territory waiting for news. They are in grave danger, for Lycus, a new king, threatens to kill them with Heracles' children, as he had already slain Megara's father. He has easy victims in Amphitryon, "naught but an empty noise", and Megara, who is resigned to the inevitable. Faced with this terror, Amphitryon exclaims:-- "O Zeus, thou art a worse friend than I deemed. Though a mortal, I exceed thee in worth, god though thou art, for I have never abandoned my son's children. Thou canst not save thy friends; either thou art ignorant or unjust in thy nature." As they are led out to slaughter, Amphitryon makes what he is sure is a vain appeal to Heaven to send succour. At that moment the hero himself appears. Seeing his family clad in mourning, he inquires the reason. At first his intention is to attack Lycus openly, but Amphitryon bids him wait within; he will tell Lycus that his victims are sitting as suppliants on the hearth; when the King enters Heracles may slay him without trouble. When vengeance has been taken Iris descends from heaven, sent by Hera to stain Heracles with kindred bloodshed. She summons Madness who is unwilling to afflict any man, much less a famous hero. Reluctantly consenting she sets to work. A messenger rushes out telling the sequel. Heracles slew two of his children and was barely prevented from destroying his father by the intervention of Athena. He reappears in his right mind, followed by Amphitryon who vainly tries to console him. Theseus who accompanied Heracles to the lower world hurries in on hearing a vague rumour. To him Heracles relates his life of never-ending sorrow. Conscious of guilt and afraid of contaminating any who touch him, he at length consents to go to Athens with Theseus for purification. He departs in sorrow, bidding his father bury the Like the _Hecuba_, this play consists of two very loosely connected parts. The second is decidedly unconvincing. Madness has never been treated in literature with more power than in Hamlet and Lear. Besides Shakespeare's work, the description in the mouth of a messenger, though vivid enough, is less effective, for "what is set before the eyes excites us more than what is dropped into our ears" as Horace remarks. But the point of the play is the seemingly undeserved suffering which is the lot of a good character. This is the theme of many a Psalm in the Bible; its answer is just this--"Whom the Lord loveth He chasteneth." In 415 Euripides told how Hecuba lost her last remaining child Cassandra. The plot of the _Trojan Women_ is outlined by Poseidon and Athena who threaten the Greeks with their hatred for burning the temples of Troy. After a long and powerful lament the captive women are told their fate by the herald Talthybius. Cassandra is to be married to Agamemnon. She rushes in prophesying wildly. On recovering calm speech she bids her mother crown her with garlands of victory, for her bridal will bring Agamemnon to his death, avenging her city and its folk. Triumphantly she passes to her appointed work of ruin. Andromache follows her, assigned to Neoptolemus. She sadly points out how her faithfulness to Hector has brought her into slavery with a "Is not Polyxena's fate agony less than mine? I have not that thing which is left to all mortals, hope, nor may I flatter my mind heart with any good to come, though it is sweet to even to dream of it." This despair is rendered more hopeless when she learns that the Greeks have decided to throw her little son Astyanax from the walls. Menelaus comes forward, gloating at the revenge he hopes to wreak on Helen. On seeing him Hecuba first prays:-- "Thou who art earth's support and hast thy seat on earth, whoever thou art, past finding out, Zeus, whether thou art a natural Necessity or man's Intelligence, to thee I pray. Moving in a noiseless path thou orderest all things human in righteousness." "I praise thee, Menelaus, if thou wilt indeed slay thy wife, but fly her sight, lest she snare thee with desire. She catcheth men's eyes, sacketh cities, burneth homes, so potent are her charms. I know her as thou dost and all who have suffered from her." Hecuba and Helen then argue about the responsibility for the war. The Back to Full Books

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Údair na Gréige T. W. Lumb Cuid 2 as 4 "Nuair a tháinig an chéad nuacht, shocraigh mé le haghaidh áthas, ach anois beidh mé a chloisteáil an scéal ó an Rí féin. Agus beidh mé a úsáid gach dícheall a tabhair mo thiarna an fáilte is fearr de gach is féidir. Cuir in iúl dó teacht le luas. Go bhfaighidh sé sa teach bean chomh dílis agus a d'fhág sé í! Níl a fhios agam ar aon pléisiúir wanton le fear eile níos mó ná a fhios agam conas chun dath a claíomh. " An Chór a thuiscint go maith an fórsa i bhfolach an chaint sinister agus ordú an teachtaire labhairt Menelaus, an Rí eile beloved an talamh. I bhfreagra insíonn sé conas stoirm uafásach a sheoladh ag na déithe feargach Thit sé ar an gcabhlach Gréagach. Sa tine agus uisce, na sean- naimhde, forsaked a gcuid feud, conspiring a scrios an armament míshásta. Cibé Menelaus a bhí beo nó nach raibh cinnte; má bhí sé beo, bhí sé ach ag an toil Zeus a bhí ag iarraidh a shábháil an teach ríoga. An Chorus a fhéachann ar rudaí le breathnú níos doimhne ná an herald, éisteacht a scéal le neamhchompordach ag fás. "Helen, an chúis an chogaidh, ar dtús bhí spiorad decalm go Troy, ach ag an deireadh deireanach bhí sí a bane, an aingeal olc na scrios. I gcás gníomh amháin foréigean breitheanna go leor eile cosúil leis, go dtí Ní féidir le ceartais cónaí níos mó laistigh den peacach. " Tá siad a bhaint chord níos lúcháire fáilte agus dílseacht nuair a ar deireadh feiceann siad an teacht iarbhír Agamemnon féin. An Rí iontráil ar an stáitse in éineacht le Cassandra, an prophetic iníon Priam, rud a thugann fianaise infheicthe ar a dhíchothrom do Apollo, an cosantóir Trojan agus inspiorálaí an prophetess. Tá sé chuala fáilte an Chorus 'agus gealltanais chun cuardach a dhéanamh amach na cairde bréagach agus leigheas leigheas a riaradh don chathair. Freagraíonn Clytemnestra i an dara labhairt a bhfuil tábhacht dhúbailte aige. "Tá an Elders Argive go maith a fhios cé chomh dearly grá sí a Tiarna agus an easpa foighne a saol agus a bhí sé ag Troy. Go minic tháinig scéalta de a chuid gortuithe; dá mbeadh siad go léir fíor, bheadh sé níos mó scars ná líonra Tá poill. Orestes a bhfuil a mac a sheoladh amach, eagla ba chóir dó a bheith an íospartach de roinnt éirí amach daonra i neamháireamh an Rí. A fountain de na deora atá triomaithe, ní driop a bheith fágtha. " Tar éis roinnt focail de flattery extravagant, bids sí a mná ag fanacht leagan síos carpets purpure ar a d'fhéadfadh Dlí a thabhairt dó chuig teach a Níor dóchasach sé riamh a fheiceáil. Agamemnon coldly deprecates a óráid fada; an onóir sí a mholtar ar cheann amháin do na déithe amháin; beidh a cháil labhairt ard go leor gan gaudy trappings, do chroí ciallmhar is Heaven's an bronntanas is mó. Ach an Banríon, nach bhfuil a bheith diúltaithe, thar a scruples. Ag tabhairt orduithe go bhfuil Cassandra a bheith cóireáilte go maith, tá sé pasann thar na capáistí corcra, faoi stiúir Clytemnestra a admhaíonn go bhfuil sí D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh a thabhairt go leor carpets purpúr chun é a fháil sa bhaile beo. Dá bhrí sin arrogating dó féin na hurraimí de dia, téann sé laistigh den palace, agus sí lingers taobh thiar ar feadh nóiméad amháin gairid chun guí go hoscailte do Zeus chun a n-ùrnaigh a chomhlíonadh agus a thabhairt a thoil a ainmnithe deireadh. Go hiomlán alarmed, an Chorus a thabhairt rá saor in aisce leis an vague forebodings a shake iad, an t-amhrán na Furies avenging a ag caoineadh ina gcroí. "Is minic go buail rathúnas an duine le carraig shuntasach; glaonn fuil ar Neamh le haghaidh díoltas; fós tá comhghairdeas, le haghaidh ceann amháin fhéadfadh a bheith i ndínéar override eile, agus go maith d'fhéadfadh tarlú fós. " Na dóchas pious briseadh ag an iontráil an Banríon a summon Cassandra taobh istigh: nuair a fhreagraíonn an prophetess captive ní focal, Dearbhaíonn Clytemnestra nach bhfuil aon am aici a chaitheamh lasmuigh den phálás: cheana féin tá sé ina sheasamh ag an altóir an t-each réidh le haghaidh íobairt, áthas ní raibh sí riamh le feiceáil a bheith; más rud é nach mbeidh Cassandra a obey, ní mór di a bheith a mhúineadh chun foam amach a spiorad i fhuil. Sa radharc iontach a leanann Aeschylus sroicheann an pinnacle de chumhacht tragóideach. Cassandra dul chun cinn go dtí an palace, ach tosaíonn ar ais i uafásach mar shraith de radharcanna de vividness fás tagann roimh í súile. Faightear iad seo i dteanga na n-intinn agus na madness measctha, ag cruthú sceimhlitheoireachta a bhfuil a neamhchinnteacht féin ag méadú a déine. An chéad feiceann sí Atreus 'mharú cruálach ar leanaí a dheartháir; ansin leanann an radharc de Clytemnestra 's gáire treacherous agus Agamemnon sa bain, lámh i ndiaidh lámh ag teacht air; go tapa feiceann sí an scaipthe líonra faoi dó, an buail murderess '. I flash sí foresees a deireadh féin agus breaks amach i lamentation fiáin thar an ruin a bhaile dúchais. A focail obair suas an Chorus i riocht eagla mearbhall agus Ní thuigeann siad, agus ní chreideann siad. Nuair a Tá mearbhall meabhrach ag a airde, teacht faoiseamh i réamheolachán an an soiléireacht is mó, nach bhfuil a thuilleadh phlé i dtéarmaí riddle. Tá an palace peopled ag banna de Furies gaolmhar, a bhfuil ól a gcuid fill de fola daonna agus ní féidir a chur amach; siad suí ann ag canadh an scéal an bunús a ruin, abhorring an dúnmharú na neamhchiontach leanaí. Agamemnon féin a íoc go luath an pionós, ach a mhac bheadh teacht chun é a fhéachaint. Ag fágaint a bháis féin, she hurls amach na saincheadúnais a oifig, an sceptre agus chapleáin oracular, rudaí nach bhfuil a thug sí ach gáire. Tá sí ag guí le haghaidh síochánta deireadh gan streachailt; comparing saol an duine le scáth nuair a bhíonn sé fortune agus le pictiúr scriosadh amach ag sponges nuair a bhíonn sé míshásta, bogann sí go socair a chinniúint. Tá idirthréimhse nóiméad de léiriú, ansin Agamemnon ag fáil bháis cloistear guth mar a bhuailtear é dhá uair. Frantic le uafás, an Chorus ullmhú chun rush laistigh ach seiceáil ag an Banríon, a throws oscail an doras agus seasann glorifying sa triumph de féin-confessed dúnmharú. Léirítear a fíor-charachtar ina chaint. "Ní raibh an feud unpremeditated; ina ionad sin, téann sé ó sean-chárta, matured ag am. Anseo mé seasamh áit bhuail mé air, thar mo chuid oibre. Mar sin, rinne mé é, admhaím go saor, go bhfuil sé Ní fhéadfadh sé a fhulaingt a chinniúint ná a chosaint é féin. Tharraing mé thar dó an líonra gan deireadh, agus bhuail mé dó dhá uair - i dhá groans thug sé suas an taibhse - ag cur tríú i buíochas buíoch leis an Rí na na marbh sa domhan nether. Mar a thit sé gasped amach a spiorad, agus ag anailís sruth tapa de gore bhuail sé dom le titim de deora marfach, agus mé rejoiced fiú mar a dhéanann an cornfield faoi Is é an spéir a thugann an taise ag gleoiteacht nuair a thugann sé an chluas go dtí an chluas breith. A Sheanóirí Argive, aoibh gháire má is féidir leat, ach mé exult. Dá mbeadh sé oiriúnach chun tiontair buíochais a sholladh le haghaidh aon bhás, 'twere ach, nay, níos mó ná díreach, a thairiscint den sórt sin dó, mar sin bhí cumhachtach an bowl de curses líonadh sé suas ina theach, ansin tháinig agus ól siad suas é féin go dtí an dréibhe. " Chun a rabhadh urramach go mbeadh sí féin a ghearradh amach, dícheallach agus fuath, freagraíonn sí: "Mharaigh sé mo leanbh, mo dearest breith-pain, a charm an Thracian gaoithe. In ainm an cheartais foirfe tá mé éigeantach le haghaidh mo iníon, in ainm Ruin agus Vengeance, a bhfuil mé íobairt dó, ní féidir le mo dóchas tread na hallaí eagla chomh fada mar Aegisthus fíor dom. Tá sé ina luí, seducer an bhean seo, darling de go leor Chryseis i Troyland. Maidir leis an captive seo Prophetess, an babbler de oracles, shuigh sí ar an long banc ag a thaobh agus tá an dá tar éis a dhéanamh mar a bhí tuillte acu. Fuair sé bás mar a fheiceann tú; ach she sang a swan-amhrán bás agus luíonn taobh dó grá sí, "a thabhairt dom relish milis le haghaidh an só de mo ghrá féin". Níos déanaí dhiúltaíonn sí a daonnacht féin. "Ná glaoch orm a chéile; in áit an eagla ársa haunting olc genius an tí seo a ghlac foirm na mban agus pionós dó, fear lánfhásta i díoltas do leanaí beaga. " Bury ba chóir dó a bheith, ach gan aon mourners óna mhuintir. "Lig Iphigeneia, a iníon, mar is mó oiriúnach, bualadh lena hathair ag an pas a chur ar aghaidh go tapa de woe, a chaitheamh a arm faoi dó agus Kiss dó fáilte. " An radharc deireanach den dráma iontach seo a thugann chun cinn an poltroon Aegisthus a bhí sneaked taobh thiar sa chúlra go dtí go raibh an gníomh déanta. Téann sé isteach chun aer a ghearán ársa, ag cur i gcuimhne ar an Chorus conas Bhí a athair outraged ag Atreus, conas a bhí sé féin fear a dhíbirt, ach fuair a lámh fada go leor chun bualadh an Rí ó i bhfad. I méar ar an fearg an Seanóirí ullmhú chun troid a thairiscint dó; siad Iarr ar Orestes an dúnmharú a fhéachaint. An troid a bhí stopadh ag Clytemnestra, a bhí go leor de na bloodshed agus bhí sásamh a fhágáil rudaí mar a bhí siad, má thoilíonn na déithe ann. Sula bhfuil an chumhacht leanúnach an critice máistreacht beagnach Dumb. Is é an coincheap an curse oidhreachta anois eolach dúinn; Tá an teagasc go bhfuil sacralege a chur ar a phionós féin, go bhféadfadh bród daonna a flattered i glacadh leis an phribhléid a deity. Bhí na rudaí seo go leor chun Agamemnon a chur ar ceal. Ach tá sé an ról a bhí ag Clytemnestra a shocraíonn an spéis drámatúil. Tá sí spreagadh ag an lust le haghaidh díoltas, ach, bhí sí a fhios an fhírinne go ní raibh a hiníon marbh ach a priestess, ní bheadh sí a bheith an t-úscne don mhurt. Tá an aineolas seo ar na rudaí bunúsacha a thagann ó is é an t-ainm a dtugtar gníomh daonna Irony; cuireadh sé chun úsáidí drámatúla do na chéad uair i litríocht na hEorpa ag Aeschylus. An tragóid uafásach is féidir a chur faoi deara go soiléir go leor sa _Agamemnon_; tá a chumhacht uafásach agus tá a luach mar fhoinse drámatúil inestimable. Tá ceann eile agus i bhfad níos subtle cineál Irony, ina bhfuil carachtar úsáideann labhairt riddling a léirmhíníonn gníomhaire eile i bhfocail atá difriúil ó an fhírinne mar is eol do lucht féachana; is féidir é seo a úsáid freisin i ar bhealach a chur ar an gcaint daonna le ciall dúbailte sinister a bhfuil ruin faoi masc focail neamhchiontachta. Ní raibh mórán drámatúlachta ann charachtair a úsáid an gléas chomh héifeachtach mar Clytemnestra, Ní cinnte go bhfuil aon cheann le intinn níos diabhalta. Arís, sa dráma seo Chorus fostaithe le scileanna iontach; a n-eagla neamhshoiléir a thógann níos mó agus níos cinnte an cruth na sceimhlitheoireachta iarbhír i ngach ode; seo Tá sceimhle ardaithe go dtí a airde sa radharc Cassandra masterly - tá sé ansin laghdaithe beagán, b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé díreach ag tosú a imithe, le haghaidh Ní chreid aon duine Cassandra, nuair a thiteann an buille. An chomhtháite seo Is deacair an nasc idir an Chorus agus an príomhghníomh a dhéanamh a choimeád; go bhfuil sé i _Agamemnon_ Is fianaise ar genius tógálach den ord is airde. Na _Choephori_ (Tagóirí Liobáid), an dara dráma den triológa, Osclaítear é le dul isteach Orestes. Tá sé díreach curtha ar luí gruaige ar a athair uaigh agus feiceann sé grúpa de maidne ag teacht, i measc iad Electra, a dheirfiúr. Tá sé ar scor le Pylades a chara dílis a éisteacht lena gcaidreamh. An Chór a insint conas mar thoradh ar aisling de Clytemnestra tá siad a sheoladh chun libations a thairiscint do na marbh, a suaimhneas a n-fúrsaí agus resentment i gcoinne na dúnmharfóirí. Tugann siad utterance a canadh neamhchinnte dóchasach, lán de presentiment de tubaiste ag teacht ar wickedness rathúil ar an ríchathaoir i gcumhacht. Tá siad gabhaigh ó Troy, éigeantach chun breathnú ar na gníomhartha Aegisthus, cibé acu díreach nó mícheart, ach ag caoineadh siad do agonies aimseartha Tigh Agamemnon. Nuair a d'fhiafraigh Electra cad ba chóir do na h-árduithe a thairiscint a athair marbh, d'ordaigh siad a guí le haghaidh roinnt dia avenging nó mortal chun na dúnmharfóirí a aisíoc. Ag filleadh ar dóibh ó an tuama, insíonn sí iad de tharlaíonn aisteach; Tá lock gruaige curtha ar an uaigh, agus tá dhá sheic de shláin chos ar an talamh, ceann de a fhreagraíonn lena chuid féin. Orestes ansin teacht chun cinn a nochtadh féin; mar fhianaise ar a shainaithint, iarrann sé ar a smaoineamh ar na héadaí a threallaigh sí lena lámha féin; ag iarraidh uirthi a choinneáil ar a aoibhneas lest sí a thabhairt ar a theacht, insíonn sé conas Apollo tá ordú dó a a athair bás a fhéachaint, ag bagairt air le galar, frenzy, terrors oíche, excommunication agus bás dishonored má tá sé I dialóg fada choral insíonn na haisteoirí faoi Clytemnestra insolent cóireáil an Rí marbh; bhí sí adhlactha dó gan ríthe sochraide nó ag báis, gan ábhair a leanúint an corp; sí fiú mangled a chorp agus thrust Electra as an palace; mar sin líonadh sí an cupán a iniquity. Cuimhnigh an Chorus Orestes ar a dhualgas chun gníomhú, ach ar dtús fiosraíonn sé cén fáth go bhfuil oblations curtha ar fáil; ar fhoghlaim go Tá siad mar thoradh ar aisling Clytemnestra go raibh sí suckled a serpent a stung í, agus go bhfuil sí ag súil leis an marbh feargach a shásamh, léirmhíniú sé an aisling de féin. Ansin, déanann sé a chuid plota a scaipeadh. Tá sé agus Pylades beidh a imitate a Phocian dialekt agus beidh a lorg agus a mharú Aegisthus. An ode a éiríonn recounts na finscéalta de na mná olc, ag críochnú leis an dearbhú go bhfuil an Chúirt Bhreithiúnais go daingean suite sa domhan, go bhfuil Fate ullmhaíonn claíomh le haghaidh dúnmharfóir agus Fury pionós dó leis. Ag druidim leis an bpáirce, tugann Orestes cuireadh don Bhanríon agus insíonn sí di go bhfuil Stranger ar a dtugtar Strophius d'ordaigh dó a thabhairt go Argos an nuacht go Tá Orestes marbh. Clytemnestra ordaíonn a sheirbhísigh laistigh den teach chun fáilte a chur roimh agus seolann sí amach a mac sean-iníon Cilissa a ghlacadh an nuacht do Aegisthus. An altra stopann chun labhairt leis an Chorus sa an- teanga na brón don bhuachaill a bhí tógtha aici, cosúil le Constance in _King John_. An Chorus comhairle a thabhairt di chun Aegisthus glaoch ina n-aonar gan a bodyguard, do Orestes nach bhfuil marbh go fóill; nuair a fhágann sí guí siad go bhféadfaí an deireadh a bhaint amach go tapa agus an teach ríoga a ghlanadh a curse. Aegisthus crosses an stáitse isteach sa phálás chun freastal ar deireadh hurried; ag féachaint ar an gníomh, rushing seirbhíseach amach chun glaoch Clytemnestra, agus Orestes bursts amach as an teach agus aghaidh a mháthair. Chun a nóiméad a réiteach wavers; Pylades cuireann sé i gcuimhne dó de fearg Apollo má Fails sé. Chun a mhaíomh a mháthair go bhfuil Destiny instigated a gníomh sé Freagraíonn sé go bhfuil sé i gceist ag Destiny a bás mar an gcéanna; sula gcuireann sé í isteach sa phálás a thugann sí rabhadh dó de na Furies avenging beidh sí a sheoladh chuig é a persecute. Ansin, téann sí ar a doom. Tar éis don Chór a chanadh an ode of triumph léiríonn Orestes na comhlachtaí an dá a grá i bpeaca agus iad beo agus ní raibh scaradh i bás. Ansin léiríonn sé an líonra a chaith Clytemnestra timpeall uirthi corp an duine céile agus an t-éadaí ina she caught a chosa; shealbhú sé suas an t-éadaí trína rith dagger Aegisthus. Ach sa an- nóiméad an scamall de níos mó agonies a thagann síos ar an míshásta teaghlach. I gcumhacht Apollo ordú a thógann sé an suppliant brainse agus chaipleán, agus ullmhaíonn chun hurry go Delphi, gearradh wanderer amach as a thír dhúchais. Na foirmeacha uafásach na Furies avenging dlúth i air: na fantasies de madness incipient thicken ar a aigne: tá sé chased amach, a dóchas amháin de chuid eile a bheith naofa Apollo an tearmann. An dráma críochnaíonn le nóta de hopelessness, de calamity gan Tar éis an Agamemnon léann an dráma seo lag go deimhin. Ach léiríonn sé dhá tréithe marcáilte. Tá sé lán de ghníomhaíocht láidir; tá an plota go tapa conceived agus go tapa consummated; tá an gnó go luath os cionn. Ina theannta sin, tá Aeschylus fuair foinse eile de chumhacht tragóideach, an coinbhleacht dleachtanna. Orestes a roghnú idir obedience a Apollo agus reverence as a mháthair. Go bhfuil na dualgais seo neamh-chomhoiriúnach is léir; cibé a rinne sé, bhí pionós faoi cheangal lean. Is sa rogha fhorciontach seo idir dhá olc a dhéanann an go bhfuil pathos an tsaoil go minic a fháil; go Aeschylus ba chóir go mbeadh mar sin léirítear go dílis tá sé ina rannchuidiú mór le fás an drámaíochta. Éilíonn an dráma deiridh, an _Eumenides_, cur síos níos giorra. Osclaíonn sé le ceann de na radhairc is awe-inspiring a bhfuil an Tá samhlaíocht an duine conceived. Faigheann sagart Delphi fear ina suí mar suppliant ag an bpointe lárnach an domhain, a lámha dripping le fuil, claíomh agus brainse olóige ina lámh. Cuairte dó tá slumbering troid de foirmeacha uafásach, a bheith ó dorchadas, an Avengers. Tá sé seo. Nuair a nochtadh an radharc, feictear Apollo féin ina sheasamh ar thaobh Orestes. Iarraidh sé Hermes a chur ar an óige le gach luas go dtí an Aithin áit a bhfuil sé chun greim an íomhá ársa Athena. Go díreach ardaíonn an taibhse Clytemnestra; ag cur an codlata foirmeacha, ordóidh sí dóibh eitilt i ndiaidh a n-íospartach. Éiríonn siad agus aghaidh Apollo, deity níos óige, a bhfuil siad reproach le haghaidh cosanta duine a Ba chóir a thréigean dóibh. Freagraíonn Apollo le cúis go bhfuil siad Tá claontachta i bhfabhar Clytemnestra, a, cé go bhfuil murderess, Níor tormented siad riamh. Athraíonn an radharc go tapa go hAithin, áit a ghlaonn Orestes ar Athena; muiníneach i ndáil lena sean-oifig tá an Chorus ag fanacht an cheist. Léiríonn an dia agus aontaíonn chun triail a bhaint as an gcás, an Comhairle an Areopagus ag gníomhú mar ghiúiré. Apollo an chéad cosaint a gníomh i Orestes a shábháil, ag dearbhaithe go n-éireoidh sé le toil Zeus. Is é an cheist is mó, cé acu de na dá thuismitheoirí is mó a bheith i Athena féin ní raibh aon mháthair; tá an baineann ach an altra an leanbh, an t-athair a bheith ar an fíor foinse generative. Na pointí Chorus amach go bhfuil an peaca a mharú fear céile nach bhfuil an céanna le go de mháthair a mharú, do cheann implies gaol, agus an ceann eile a dhéanann Ní raibh. Athena comhairle an Chúirt chun breithiúnas gan eagla nó fabhraí. Nuair Tá an t-amhrán seo curtha ar fáil ag an gCoimisiún agus tá sé curtha ar fáil ag an gCoimisiún. An vótálann an dia a vóta do Orestes, a shábháil agus a athbhunú dá bhrí sin. An Chorus bagairt go mbeidh ruin agus sterility cuairt Athena chathair; Is iad na déithe níos sine, iníonacha na hoíche, agus tá siad overridden ag níos óige deities. Ach Athena ag an chumhacht a chur ina luí a thairgeann siad lán páirt i ngach onóir agus saibhreas Attica má tá siad a bheidh toiliú a a bheith ina gcónaí ann. Beidh siad revered ag gan áireamh na glúine agus beidh siad a fháil dínit nua den sórt sin nach raibh siad a bheith a fhaightear ar shlí eile. Beagán ar bheagán déantar a gcuid gráin a shárú; Tá siad i gceannas ar a dtithe nua a athrú a n-ainm agus a bheith na goddesses kindly an talamh. Tá an-fhios ag Aeschylus sa dráma seo. Níl an t-ábhar ann le ghost a ardú mar a rinne sé sa _Persae_, léiríonn sé i ndáiríre ar an stáitse poiblí an dá déithe a meas na n-Athenians mar an réada speisialta a n-adhradh. Níos mó ná seo, tá sé a thabhairt chun an solas na cumhachtaí dorcha an domhain faoi bhun ina n-eagla go léir; sé Deirtear go bhfuil ag radharc orthu roinnt de na mná sa lucht féachana Bhí tógtha leis an painings na breithe roimh am. An t-aistriúchán Bhí na figiúirí thar-nádúrtha seo ar an mbealach is beoga ag Aeschylus ' diúscairt chun a thabhairt abhaile chun intinn a chuid coimhdeacha an tromchúis an chonspóid drámatúil. Is é an t-aon rud a bheidh i gcuimhne go bhfuil an _Prometheus_ Bhí an echó deireanach an chomórtas idir dhá rásaí de Déithe. An strain chéanna smaointe a rinne an filí ionadaíocht a dhéanamh ar an streachailt i intinn Orestes mar thriail idir na déithe primal agus an stoc níos nuaí; bhí an toradh mar an gcéanna, an níos sine agus b'fhéidir Déithe níos uafásaí a bhualadh, ag a bheith iallach a athrú a n- ainmneacha agus a gcáilíocht a oiriúnú don spiorad gentler a reiligiún a ghlacann sé leis féin mar a fhorbraíonn sé. Ar aon chuma, is é sin Aeschylus ' réiteach ar an cheist síoraí, "Cad é an t-aisghabháil a d'fhéadfaí a dhéanamh do bloodshed agus conas is féidir é a chinntiú? " Is é an fhadhb an chuid is mó leas; d'fhéadfadh sé nach bhfuil aon fhreagra fíor dó, ach tá sé ag is fiú an t-am is lú chun scrúdú a dhéanamh ar na hiarrachtaí a rinneadh chun Sula dtosaímid chun iarracht a mheas ar Aeschylus tá sé go maith chun aghaidh na cúiseanna a dhéanann dráma Gréagach cosúil rud aisteach dúinn. Táimid uaireanta a fhios go bhfuil sé iontach, ach ní féidir linn cabhrú le ceist a chur, "An bhfuil sé fíor? " Níl sé nua-aimseartha cinnte. Sa chéad áit, bhí an Chorus go léir-tábhachtach do na Gréagaigh, ach tá sé neamh-inbhirthí linn. Chun iad Bhí dráma rud éigin níos mó ná gníomh, bhí sé ceol agus damhsa mar go maith. Ach de réir mar a chuaigh an t-am ar aghaidh, fuair na Gréagaigh féin an Chorus níos mó agus níos deacra a bhainistiú agus bhí sé scartha mar ghné den príomhphláta. Ní féidir ach i gcásanna an-bheag a thógáil ar bhealach a cheadaíonn an Chorus aon tionchar fíor ar an scéal. Aeschylus 's scileanna sa ghné seo dá ealaín i ndáiríre urghnách; an Chorus a ghlacadh páirt, agus páirt ríthábhachtach freisin, sa dráma. Arís, Bhí líon na n-aisteoirí Gréagacha teoranta, ach i dráma nua-aimseartha bhí a gcuid uimhir chomh mór is oireann áisiúlacht drámaí nó a cumas. Is é an tuiscint ansin ar dráma Gréagach go bhfuil sé beagán Tá an t-eispéireas íseal i gcomparáid le vivacity agus castacht an mór Elizabethans. Is cosúil go bhfuil an plota, nuair a bhíonn sé ann, an-teoranta i Drámaí Attic; ní fhéadfadh sé a bheith ar shlí eile i sochaí a bhí ábhar le plé arís agus arís eile ar timthriall sách dlúth de na finscéalta. Ach anseo, freisin, d'fhéadfaimis a thabhairt faoi deara conas Aeschylus tread amach as an Tá an t-amhrán seo ar fáil i ngach áit, go háirithe i Prometheus agus i _Persoe_. Ar deireadh, tá an dráma Gréagach gearr i gcomparáid le tragóid iomlán cúig ghníomh. Ní mór a mheabhrú, áfach, go bhfuil an-mhinic ní bhíonn na drámaí seo ach sa tríú cuid den ábhar iarbhír a dhéantar leis an drámaí. Tá an tragóid Gréagach go léir faoi réir na gcritic seo; níl sé cóir breithniú ar phróiseas díreach ag tosú ag caighdeáin ealaíne a cheapann féin lán-bhlostú tar éis go leor céadta bliain de stair. Ag cur san áireamh an acmhainní beag ar fáil do Aeschylus - na maisc a úsáidtear ag Gréagach rinne na haisteoirí é a dhéanamh dodhéanta do aon cheann acu chun cáil a bhuachan nó a a chur leis an clú de chluiche - ba chóir dúinn a admire an rath iontach é a bhaint amach. Tá a lochtanna soiléir go leor; tá a theagasc beagán archaic, tá a phléi uaireanta lag nó nach bhfuil go hiomlán a oibriú amach, a Is é an treocht a thuairisciú in ionad gníomhaíocht láidir, tá sé a ró-sásamh ábhar choric. Uaireanta deirtear go bhfuil an dochtúir de curse oidhreachta ar a bhfuil cuid mhór dá chuid oibre scríofa bréagach; lig sé a bheith i gcuimhne go bhfuil seachtain ar sheachtain ag léamh ordú i ár n-eaglaisí a labhraíonn faoi cuairt a thabhairt ar na peacaí na n-aithreacha ar an tríú agus ceathrú glúin de na daoine a bhfuil fuath Dé; go léir is gá chun a dhéanamh Aeschylus 'dochtúr "fíor" sa chiall de "nua-aimseartha" is é a a chur in ionad an Heredity comhionann na naoú haois déag. Go bhfuil sé a d'éirigh le foinse fíor drámaíochta a bheith soiléir do léitheoirí 'Ghosts' Ibsen. Níos tromchúisí ná an agóid nach bhfuil a chuid oibre dramatic ar chor ar bith; nach bhfuil na healaíontóirí i ndáiríre daoine ag gníomhú mar Is iad sin, agus is iad a gcuid oibre faoi smacht Destiny. - Tá sé. Cad a bheidh ansin a rá againn seo ó Hamlet: - "Tá divinity go foirceannann ár gcríoch, Rough-hew iad mar a bheidh muid? " Sa chás seo táimid ar an tairseach ar cheann de ár insoluble fadhbanna - an tsaoirse an toil. Freagra ar an bhfíor-chruach seo i Aeschylus a bheidh le fáil sa stair ina dhiaidh sin den dráma Attic iarracht a dhéanamh sna dá chaibidil seo a leanas. Is leor a rá, cibé acu an toil saor in aisce nó nach bhfuil, gníomhú againn amhail is dá mba, agus go bhfuil go leor chun ionadaíocht (mar a rinne Aeschylus) daoine ag gníomhú ar an stáitse mar a dhéanaimid go mbeadh muid féin a dhéanamh i dtimthosca den chineál céanna, do na pléanna faoi Is minic a fhaightear i n-a bhéal an fhadhb nach bhfuil an carachtair, ach an Chorus, atá onlookers. Tá na sármhaitheas dearfach Aeschylus iomadúla go leor chun a dhéanamh dúinn buíoch go bhfuil sé tar éis maireachtáil. Is é a stíl go bhfuil an sublime mór cruthaitheoirí san ealaín, Dante, Michaelangelo, Marlowe; tá go leor "chumhachtach líne. " Is iad a chuid ábhair an Domhan, na Flaithis, na rudaí faoi na Domhan; níos mó, nochtann sé tréimhse de ársachta unsuspected, an láthair ord na n-dibh a bheith óg agus beagán neamhthreorach. Bíonn sé ag iompar orainn ar ais go dtí an Cruthú agus léiríonn dúinn na déithe primal, an Domhan, Oíche, Ní gá, Fate, cumhachtaí ach thar an eolas an ghnáth fir gan smaoineamh. Tá a charachtair a chaitear i múnla mighty; tá sé claps na foinsí tragóideach is doimhne; múineann sé nach bhfuil gach rud go maith nuair a rathúil. An mindless, light-hearted, beagán superficial a cheapann sé gur féidir labhairt, smaoineamh, agus gníomhú gan a bheith a thabhairt Ní gá an t-ionad a bheith ag brath ar an tonic beagán dian de na seacht drámaí seo; d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith chasta i roinnt soberness agus foghlaim a bheith beagán níos lú flippant Tá tionchar Aeschylus 'in áit an cineál dofheicthe. Tá a genius de cineál ard nach bhfuil imitated go minic. Ag éileamh ceartas, ceartas, piety, agus humble, tá sé i gceist leis an rang de Eabhrais fáithe a chonaic Dia agus nach bhfuil bás. Miss Swanwick; EDA Morshead; Campbell (i ndán dóibh go léir). Paley Tá leaganacha le feiceáil freisin in eagrán Verrall de drámaí ar leithligh Leabhar iontach ar a dtugtar _Greek Tragedy_ le G. Norwood (Methuen) Tá achoimre ar na tuairimí is déanaí ar ealaín na Athenian Féach _Greek Poets_ de chuid Symonds thuas. I drámaí Aeschylus ' an toil na n-dibh tended a override daonna freagracht. D'fhéadfaí feabhas a chur ar an carachtair captains fíor a n-anam; bhí drámaíocht a thabhairt síos ó neamh go talamh. Ba é Sophocles a rinne an próiseas seo. Bhí sé Rugadh é i Colonus, in aice le hAithin, i 495, measctha leis an tsochaí is fearr i Bhí sé ina bhall den bhord ríthábhachtach riaracháin amanna Periclean a rialaigh an Delian League, an núicléas an Impireacht Athenian, agus rinne sé níos mó ná céad tragóid. Sa bhliain 468 bhuail sé Aeschylus, bhuaigh an chéad duais dhá uair fichead agus ina dhiaidh sin bhí chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar an níos mó freasúra uafásach an spiorad nua agus restless a bhfuil príomh Bhí Euripides ina labhraí. Le beagnach daichead bliain bhí sé a glacadh a bheith ar an drámaí tipiciúil na hAithne, a bhfuil a leasainm "an Bee"; a dramatic Ní raibh aon laghdú ar a neart sa aoisghrúpa, agus an Oedipus Coloneus_ bhí an cheist triumphant. Fuair sé bás i 405, lán de na blianta agus Providence ordained sé go bhfuil a ealaín, cosúil le tutelary a thír Déithe Athena, ba chóir céim foirfe agus go hiomlán armtha as an inchinn de a chruthaitheoir. Déantar an _Antigone_, a tháirgtear i 440, a phlé ar cheann de na fadhbanna is doimhne den saol sibhialta. Ar an maidin tar éis an defeat de na Seacht a ionsaí Thebes Polyneices ' corp a laighe dishonored agus unburied, d'airgead do éan carcass roimh na geataí na cathrach a Bhí a bhaile. A dhá deirfiúracha, Antigone agus Ismene, plé an edict a thoirmeasc a adhlacadh. Ismene, an níos timid den dá, Tá sé i gceist a chomhlíonadh é, ach Antigone carachtar níos láidre ardaíonn i Caillteanas na adhlactha an ceann is uafásaí a d'fhéadfadh a chur thar ceann Gréagach - sula bhfuair sé bás bhí Sophocles a fheiceáil a thír chun cionta a thabhairt deichnear ginearálaithe chun báis as faillí i searmanas adhlactha, cé go raibh siad go hiontach rathúil i gcomhpháirtíocht cabhlaigh. Seachas a bheith ag éisteacht Antigone bheadh bás. "Cúl dó beidh mé; beidh mé a luí i bás leis an deartháir is breá liom, ag peacadh i gcúis cheart. I bhfad níos faide an t-am a bhfuil mé Ní mór a mhealladh na marbh ná fir ar an talamh, mar i measc na chéad I mairfidh siad go brách. An bhfuil tú, más maith leat, a shealbhú i d'onóir "tá sé onóir ag an Spéir". Anseo tá foinse an tragóid, an toil an duine aonair i a bheith i gcoinne údarás bunaithe. Cór de sheanóirí Theban isteach, ag canadh od na saoirse agus aoibhneas; tá siad a ghairm ag Creon, an Rí nua, uncail Oedipus ' leanaí. Full an tuiscint ar a thábhacht féin Creon deir an dearcadh oifigiúil. Polyneices is chun fanacht unburied. "Beidh aon duine a mheas cairdeas príobháideach a bheith níos tábhachtaí ná Is é an Stát fear ar bith. In ainm Zeus uile-faicthe ba mhaith liom Ní bheadh mo theanga a choinneáil má chonaic mé ruin teacht ar na saoránaigh in ionad sábháilteacht, ná ní dhéanfainn a dhéanamh ar chara de namhaid mo thír. Is cinnte go bhfuil mé go bhfuil sé an Stát a shábháil dúinn; tá sí an long a iompar dúinn; déanaimid ár gcairdeas gan a chur ar a cheann. " Geallann na seanóirí go gcloífidh siad, ach tuairiscíonn garda na nuacht tromchúiseach a bhfuil a ceapadh chun faire ar an corp. Bhí duine éigin scattered deannaigh lightly thar na marbh agus imigh gan aon rian a fhágáil; ná ní raibh sé ná a chairde déanta an gníomh. Nuair a thugann an Chorus le fios go bhfuil sé ar obair de roinnt deity, Creon freagraí i mór impatience: "Stop, lest tú a bheith cruthaithe fool chomh maith le sean. Is iad do chuid focal intolerable nuair a deir tú gur féidir leis na déithe a bheith cúram de seo corp. An ndearna siad adhlacadh air in onóir as a chuid seirbhísí dóibh? Nach raibh sé teacht chun a n-temples colúnta a dhó agus tabhartáin agus precincts agus a bhriseadh ár ndlíthe? " Tharraing sé an faire amach go géar, ag bagairt é féin agus a chuid a chrochadh Comhráite beo mura bhfaigheann siad an culprit. "Tá go leor wonders, ach aon níos mó ná Man. Cruthaíonn sé an farraige wintry, déanann sé amach an talamh crua lena plough, ensnareth an cine lighthearted de éin, catches na beithigh fiáine, traps Is é an rud a bhíonn ag an domhain, an t-uach agus an t-uasal gan tuirse. Tá sé Tá sé féin a fhoghlaim labhairt agus smaoineamh tapa mar an ghaoth, tá sé a fhoghlaim na mothúcháin de shaol na cathrach agus is féidir a sheachaint na sciatháin an reoite; sé Tá feiste le haghaidh gach fadhb a shábháil bás - cé galar is féidir leis éalú. Uaireanta bogann sé go olc, arís go maith; a chathracha ardú a n-chinn nuair a reverence na dlíthe agus na déithe; wrecks sé a chathair nuair a fágann sé go boldly an mhaith. Ná d'fhéadfadh an t-olc-doer riamh roinn mo hearth nó croí. " Is é sin an dearcadh an duine gnáth ar an ngníomh Polyneices, mar i Is cinnte go léiríonn Sophocles an Chorus tuairim an phobail mheánmhéide. Tá sé Is é an dúshlán go tapa ag an iontráil Antigone leis an Watchman, a bhfuil a scéal Creon hurries amach a chloisteáil. Le aon féin-sástacht beag an Watchman insíonn conas a ghabháil siad ar an cailín sa ghníomh an-a chur in ionad an deannach a bhí siad a bhaint agus ag tuilt libations ar na mairbh. Antigone admhaíonn an gníomh. Nuair a d'fhiafraigh conas a d'éirigh sí ag díriú ar an ordú oifigiúil, "Ní tháinig sé ná ó Zeus ná ó Cheartas, ná ní raibh mé a mheas go do Bhí an oiread sin cumhachta ag na deonacha go bhféadfadh duine bás a chur thar na cinn neamhscríofa agus dlíthe neamhshuaimhneach na bhflaitheas. Ní iad seo a saol ó anois nó inné, ach ó shíoraí, agus níl a fhios ag aon duine cá bhfuil siad le feiceáil. Ní raibh sé dóchúil go, trí eagla ar aon duine a bheidh, Ba mhaith liom a íoc pionós Heaven ar a sárú. bás ní mór dom, fiú ní raibh tú a dhéanamh aon fhógra; má tá mé bás roimh mo am, mé cuntas é a fháil go léir. Má tá mo ghníomh cosúil folly a thabhairt duit, b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé folly breitheamh a mheasann mé crazy. " Creon freagra go bhfuil sé seo ar an insolence glan; tá sé ina insult go bhfuil sé, a fear, ba chóir a thabhairt ar bhealach le bean. Tá sé ag bagairt a scrios an dá cailín, ach tá Antigone cinnte go bhfuil an tuairim phoiblí léi, cé go bhfuil an nóiméad tá sé muzzled trí eagla. Ismene a thabhairt isteach agus tairiscintí a bás lena deirfiúr; diúltaíonn Antigone a tairiscint, ag éirí go raibh sí amháin a bhfuil an pionós a thuill. I an dara od, déantar cur síos ar an díothú de réir a chéile ar chine Oedipus, mar gheall ar focal amaideach agus smaoineamh insensate, mar "nuair a thugann Heaven "Tá sé ag an duine a scriosann sé a dhéanann dó a chreidiúint go bhfuil an olc go maith". Tá suim nua curtha leis an mac Creon Haemon, an leannán affianced Antigone, a tagann chun agallamh a athair. Is é seo an chéad chás i drámaíocht sin gan a mbeadh mórán litríocht nua-aimseartha beag chúis atá ann ar chor ar bith - an gné grá, go ciallmhar a choimeád i seiceáil ag na Gréagaigh. Tá coinbhleacht eile de wills a chur leis an éifeacht drámatúil an dráma; Creon insíonn ar obedience filial, mar ní féidir leis a éileamh a rialú cathrach má theipeann air a rialú a theaghlach féin. Freagraíonn Haemon le an cúirtéireacht agus an deference; léiríonn sé go bhfuil an fórsa tuairim phoiblí Tá an t-údarás ag iarraidh go ndéanfaí an t-údarás a bheith ag obair ar an ábhar. mícheart toisc go bhfuil sé ina léiriú ar bhreithiúnas aonair. Nuair tá sé féin cúisithe dá bhrí sin go díreach leis an locht féin a bhfuil sé éileamh a phionós Antigone, Creon lig a temper a fháil an máistreacht; tar éis argóint foréigneach Haemon codanna ó dó le bagairt dorcha go an bás an cailín a bhaint níos mó ná duine amháin, agus geallúintí riamh a trasna a athair doras arís. Antigone go luath a iompar ar shiúl go dtí a doom; tá sí a bheith faoi ghlas i uaimh gan bia. I idirphlé de áilleacht mór admhaíonn sí a laige daonna - bás atá gar, agus leis banishment ó na joys de saol. Creon bids sí a dhéanamh deireadh; a cainte deireanach conclúidí le ráiteas soiléir ar an bhfadhb. Cé a fhios má tá sí ceart? Sí féin Beidh a fhios ag tar éis bás. Má tá sí ag earráid, beidh sí admháil é; má tá an Rí Tá sé mícheart, she prayeth ní féidir leis a fhulaingt woe níos mó ná a cuid féin. Tarlaíonn imoibriú anois. Tigreasa, an searbhón dall, cuireann sé Creon ar fáil mar gheall ar an teip ar a chuid ríthe íobairt; na héin san aer Tá siad gnaughted le fuil an duine, agus a chailleadh a thabhairt ar na comharthaí augury. Tá sé Iarr Creon a filleadh ar a chuid ciall ceart agus a scor a stubbornness. Nuair an dara ceann mockingly cúisíonn an seánra a bheith bribhtha, fhoghlaimíonn sé an eagla ar pheanas a bhfuil a stubbornness thug air. "Bí ar an eolas nach tú a fheiceáil amach go leor hurrying babhtaí an ghrian sula tú a thabhairt ar cheann sprung ó do chuid féin loins i malartú don marbh, ceann amháin i gcomhair dhá, mar tá tú thrust síos ceann de na leanaí an tsolais, ag scríobh suas a spiorad i uaigh le dishonor, agus tú a choinneáil os cionn talún comhlacht a bhaineann do na déithe thíos, gan a sciar de funerals, unrighteously; dá bhrí sin na déithe ruinséir déanach-punishing an bháis agus an Furies luíonn ag fanacht ar do shon, a ghabháil tú i cosúil agonies. " Cowed ag an terror, an Rí hurries a undo a chuid oibre, ag glaoch ar pickaxes a oscailt an tuama agus é féin ag dul le luas go léir a chur saor in aisce Tá an seicheamh a insíonn teachtaire a ag an tús a bhuail nóta de "Creon mé uair amháin envious, mar bhí sé an salvador a chuid talún, agus bhí athair na leanaí uasal. Anois tá gach rud caillte. Nuair a chailleann fir pléisiúr, bhraith mé nach bhfuil siad beo ach corpanna bogadh. Clúdach suas saibhreas agus maireachtáil i stádas ríoga, ach mura bhfuil aon pléisiúr withal, ní bheadh mé a íoc luach an scáth do gach an chuid eile. Tá Haemon marbh. " Ag éisteacht leis an nuacht, Eurydice an Banríon tagann amach, agus ordú dó a insint dó scéal i iomlán. Fuair Creon Haemon ag greim ar chorp Antigone a Bhí crochadh sí féin. Ag féachaint ar a athair, rinne sé ionsaí dúnmharfáilte ar dó, nuair a theip air, tharraing sé a chlaíomh agus thit ar sé - mar sin i bás Níor scaradh an dá leannán. I muteness ominous an Banríon imíonn sé. Creon iontráil le corp a mhac, a bheith go hiomlán shattered ag an dara agus buille gan choinne, mar a bhean chéile a maraíodh féin. Broken agus helpless admissions sé a locht, agus an Chorus canadh i "De réir i bhfad an chuid is mó de sonas is eagna; ba chóir fir reverence na déithe; plagues cumhachtach aisíoc na focail cumhachtach an ró-bhródúil, múineadh eagna do dhaoine fásta". Maidir le Aeschylus ba é an chumhacht a rialaigh gníomhartha na bhfear go mór an Destiny. Tá difríocht suntasach le feiceáil i gcóras Sophocles. Is é an fhadhb é ní imíonn sé, ach é a tharraingt siar go dtí an cúlra a chuid smaointe. Chun dó an chúis is mó a ruin Is droch-chomhairle. Arís agus arís eile Tá an teagasc seo tiomána abhaile. Gach príomhcharachtair luaigh sé, Antigone, Haemon, Teiresias, agus nuair a bhíonn sé neamhaird, tá sé a thug tubaiste abhaile gan aithreachas. Tá an t-airgead drámatúil ollmhór; is é an chuid is mó de na brónanna fear a chur i leith a easpa breithiúnais féin, an Glacann carachtar tragóideach ar fhoirm níos daonna, mar tá sé níos mó beagnach a bhaineann leis na daoine gnáth a bhuaileann muid inár dtaithí féin. Ceann eile Tá dul chun cinn mór le feiceáil i dtógáil an phláinéid. Tá sé níos mó Tá an t-iarracht ar an gcineál is mó de na gníomhaíochtaí a dhéantar ar fud na hEorpa. leanfar ar aghaidh go dtí an deireadh in ionad stopadh go gairid ag an gcruinniú mullaigh. Ina theannta sin, an Chorus tosaíonn a titim i riocht níos umhal, cleachtaí sé ach tionchar beag ar na figiúirí móra an plota, a bheith sásta chun tuairimí an lucht féachana taobh amuigh a léiriú. Go deimhin Tá drámaíocht ag tosú a bheith máistir de féin - "an drámaíocht an rud". Ach i bhfad níos tábhachtaí is é an téama an dráma. É a ardú ar cheann de na fadhbanna is deacra a éilíonn réiteach, an comhchuibhiú breithiúnas príobháideach le húdarás stáit. An duine aonair i sibhialtacht luath nó ina dhiaidh sin a iarraidh cé chomh fada ba chóir dó a chomhlíonadh, cé atá an Tiarna thar a chuid creideamh, cibé an bhfuil neamhord riamh justifiable. Má tá dlí mícheart conas a dhéanaimid a neamhghnéasacht a nochtadh? I ré nuair a bhíonn ceist á chur ar údarás lárnach nó nuair a chailleann sé a chuid greim ar fhéidearthacht na bhfear déine, beidh an fhadhb seo a éileamh imperiously freagra. Nuair Bhí an Eoraip ag éirí as codladh na Meánaoise agus an údarás spioradálta a bhí rialaithe sé ar feadh na gcéadta bliain a bhí shattered, an ceart frithsheasmhachta céanna a bhí ag Antigone a d'áitigh athchóiritheoirí éagsúla. Ní raibh sé ag teastáil chun a thabhairt leis iarmhairtí tragóideach, mar an "chumhacht ní iompróidh an claíomh in vain". Bhí a leanúnaí an Cogadh Tríocha Bliana a barbarised lár na Gearmáine, ag fágáil i go leor áiteanna cine de na ndaoine fiáin a bhí uair amháin duine. Sa lá atá inniu ann féin, tá an fhrithsheasmhacht á preachadh beagnach mar dhualgas naofa. Tá resistors éighníomhach, objectors comhfhiosach, stailceoirí agus a hospice daoine óga agus neamhfhoirfe oideachas, roinnt armtha leis an an-serious cumhachta vótála, a éileamh a leagan a gcuid toil i flat agóid i gcoinne údarás aitheanta. Aon ranníocaíocht nó dhá ranníocaíocht leis an Is féidir réiteach na faidhbe seo a fháil sa _Antigone_. An lár Ní mór don údarás a bheith ullamh chun a chruthú nach bhfuil a chuid ordaithe faoi bhun na caighdeán morálta an aois; ar an láimh eile, ní mór neamhchomhlíonadh a bheith go bhfuil an gníomh a rinne sé nó sí i gcomhréir le rialacha an Aontais, agus go bhfuil sé nó sí i gcomhréir le rialacha an Aontais, i ndeireadh na dála, beidh sé go maith don phobal ar fad. Tá sé de Ní úsáid beag chun achomharc a dhéanamh ar an cosúlacht mar a thugtar air mura féidir linn a tháirgeadh roinnt creidiúnais maidir leis an oiliúint agus an t-eolas cuí a bhí ag an faculty go leor éagórach agus éagórach, a bhfuil a gnáth-roinne a dhúnadh gníomhartha mícheart, gan a justify an dlí-briseadh. Labhraíonn an chuid is mó resistors an teanga Antigone féin, achomharc a dhéanamh ar an toil na bhflaitheas; ba mhaith go bhféadfadh siad a chruthú chomh sásúil mar a rinne sí go bhfuil an chumhacht taobh thiar dóibh go bhfuil a rialaíonn an domhan i righteousness. Tá fadhb éigin den chineál céanna ag teacht ar ais sa _Ajax_. Osclaítear an dráma seo ag maidin go luath le idirphlé idir Athena, a bhfuil nach bhfuil le feiceáil, agus Odysseus; tá an dara ceann tar éis a rianú Ajax a theacht ina theacht tar éis oíche de madness ina bhfuil sé maraíodh go leor beithis agus go leor pearsan, ag smaoineamh iad a bheith ina naimhde, go háirithe Odysseus é féin a bhí throid sé dó sa chomórtas do na hairm Achilles. Athena glaonna amach an laoch buailte ar feadh nóiméad agus an radharc air bogann Odysseus a "Tá trua agam air, cé mo namhaid; le haghaidh sílim de mo féin féin chomh mór agus dó. Ní muidne fir ach scáthanna, gach duine againn, nó scáthanna imithe". Chun seo Athena freagra: - "Nuair a fheiceann tú radharcanna den sórt sin, a rá aon focal arrogant i gcoinne na déithe agus ná bíodh tú ag éirí ar ardán, má tá tú níos láidre ná duine eile i neart nó saibhreas a chur ar fáil. Is féidir le lá amháin a thabhairt síos nó ardú go léir staid daonna, ach is breá leis na déithe an prudent agus fuath na peacaithe. " Cuid de mhuirí ó Salamis isteach mar an chór; tá siad Ajax ' lucht leanúna a tháinig chun an fhírinne a fhoghlaim. Tá siad ag tabhairt aghaidh ar Tecmessa, Ajax 'captive, a dhearbhaíonn an ráflaí grievous, cur síos a ghníomhartha mad. Nuair a bhí an fit níos mó, bhí sí fhág sé ina theach prostrate le brón agus náire i measc na beithigh a bhí maraíodh sé, longing le haghaidh díoltas ar a naimhde sula bhfuair sé bás. An gnó an drámaíochta tosaíonn anois. Ag teacht amach, Ajax i fada laments labhairt despairing a lán - a persecuted ag Athena, fuath de Gréagaigh agus Trojans araon, an gáire rúnda a naimhde. Cá háit a rachaidh sé? Baile go dtí an t-athair a bhfuil sé disgraced? I gcoinne Troy, ag tabhairt dóchas desolate? Bhí sé tar éis Tecmessa a mheabhrú cheana féin le roinnt séasúr go bhfuil an tsíocháin grásta is fearr bean, anois tá sí achomharc a trua. Díreach dó, bheadh sí a bheith sclábhaithe go tapa agus mocked; a n- Mac a bheadh fágtha gan chosaint; na cineálacha go leor a bhí déanta aici dó ag caoineadh le haghaidh roinnt ais ó fear de nádúr chivalrous, Ajax d'ordaigh sí a bheith de dea-chúr; ní mór di a bheith éagórach dó i ngach rud agus ní mór di a thabhairt ar dtús a mhac Eurysaces. Ag cur air ina arm, deir sé: - "Má tá sé mo mhac fíor, ní bheidh sé quail ar an radharc fola. Ach ní mór dó a bheith briseadh go tapa isteach i gnáth-warrior a athar agus a chuid bealaí a mhalairt. Mo mhac, I pray thou mayest a bheith níos sona ná do sire, ach cosúil leis ar shlí eile, ansin ní bheidh tú churl. Ach anseo mé envy tú nach féidir leat a bhraitheann mo agonies. Saol Is sweetest ina blianta careless sula fhoghlaim sé aoibhneas agus pian; ach nuair a tháinig tú go dtí go, taispeáint naimhde do d'athair do nádúr agus breith. Go dtí ansin ithe ar an spiorad sásta, Gamble i saol na buachaill agus gladden do chroí mháthair. " Léiríonn sé go mbeidh a mhac a bheith sábháilte chomh fada agus Teucer beo, a bhfuil sé muirir ar a thuras ar ais chun an buachaill a thabhairt dá athair féin agus a mháthair a a bheith ina n-aoibhneas. Ní bheidh a chuid arm a bheith ina duais a bheith striven le haghaidh; siad ba chóir a adhlacadh leis ach amháin a sciath, a ba chóir a mhac a ghlacadh agus a choinneáil. Tá an óráid ominous dashes na dóchais a bhí ardaithe aige i Tecmessa croí, fiú an Chorus ag admháil go brónach go bhfuil an bás is fearr le haghaidh fear brainsick, a rugadh den fhuil is airde, nach bhfuil níos mó dílis do Ajax ar ais isteach, claíomh ina lámha. Feictear dó a chroí a thógtha ag Tecmessa focail agus pities a helplessness. Déanann sé cinneadh chun dul go dtí an cósta agus ann adhlacadh an claíomh cursed bhí sé Hector, a bhí robbed sé a chuid síochána. Beidh sé ag foghlaim go luath obedience do na déithe agus a cheannairí; gach cumhachtaí an Dúlra atá faoi réir údarás, an séasúir, an fharraige, oíche agus codladh. Tá sé ach anois a fhoghlaim go bhfuil Is é an namhaid a bheith fuath mar dhuine a bheidh grá dúinn ina dhiaidh sin, cé cairdeas Ní bheidh i gcónaí a bheith ag fanacht. Ach beidh gach rud a bheith go maith; beidh sé dul ar an turas sé Ní féidir a sheachaint; go luath gach duine a chloisteáil go bhfuil a fhortún olc thug sé dó slánaithe. Tá an píosa iontach seo de irony tragóideach léirmhínithe ag a luach dromchla ag an Chorus, a bhris isteach i amhrán de jubilation. Ach Tá brí níos dorcha ag na focail; níl an áthas seo ach an ceann deireanach flicker dóchas sula bhfuil sé extinguished i oíche síoraí. Tugann teachtaire an nuacht go bhfuil Teucer, deartháir Ajax, ar ais go dtí an campa ó raid bhí beagnach claíomh chun báis mar an kinsman de namhaid an arm. Tá sé fiosrú i gcás Ajax; éisteacht go raibh sé imithe amach chun expiation a dhéanamh, tá a fhios aige an uafás atá le teacht. Chalcas adjured an seán Teucer a úsáid gach bealach ina chumhacht a choinneáil Ajax i a theach an lá sin, mar go bhfuil sé ina n-aonar fearg Athena bheadh é a persecute. Bhí sí pionós dó le madness do dhá ráite arrogant. Ag imeacht a athair bhí sé boasted go mbeadh sé a bhuachan glóir in spite na bhflaitheas, agus ina dhiaidh sin bhí bid Athena cuidiú leis na Gréagaigh eile, do líne a bheadh Ní bhriseann riamh áit a sheas sé. Ba é sin a bród, agus mar sin a pionós. Tecmessa hurries isteach agus seolann roinnt a thabhairt Teucer, daoine eile chun dul san oirthear agus san iarthar chun a thiarna a lorg. Athraíonn an radharc go tapa go an chósta, áit a Ajax cries leis na déithe, curses a naimhde, guí chun Bás, agus tar éis cuimhne ar a thír dhúchais thiteann ar a chlaíomh. An Chorus dul isteach i dhá bhannaí, ach a fháil ar rud ar bith. Fógraíonn Tecmessa an corp i brake, agus hides sé faoi a robe. Distracted agus ag haunted ag an eagla na sclábhaíochta agus ridicule, sí a thabhairt ar bhealach chun brón. Téann Teucer isteach chun foghlaim faoin tragóid; tar éis Tecmessa a sheoladh chuig shábháil an leanbh cé go bhfuil sé fós am, léiríonn sé ar a staid féin. Telamon a athair a chur amach dó as a bheith as láthair i a dheartháir uair an chloig na laige a raibh grá aige mar a shaol féin. Is trua go bhfuil sé ag dul amach an fírinne Ajax rá, go bhfuil bronntanais namhaid lán le ruin; an an crios a thug Ajax Hector a sheirbheáil chun a chosa a cheangal le Achilles ' carr - agus bhí claíomh Hector i gcroí a dheartháir. An plota anois achomharc do passions fiercer. Menelaus ag tabhairt isteach orduithe Teucer a fhágáil ar an corp áit a bhfuil sé, le haghaidh naimhde ní bheidh a fháil aon adhlacadh. He strikes an t-aonar nóta mar Creon: - "Tá sé an marc de fear droch-chomhdhéanta go bhfuil sé, commoner, ba chóir a mheas go bhfuil sé oiriúnach chun neamhaird a dhéanamh ar na cumhachtaí atá ann. Ní féidir leis an dlí rath a bheith air i gcathair ina bhfuil aon eagla socraithe; áit a fear tremors agus tá dílis, tá slánú; nuair a tá sé insolent agus a dhéanann mar a Will, a chathair go luath nó go déanach beidh tuitim go ruin. " Freagraíonn Teucer nach raibh Ajax riamh ina ábhar, ach bhí sé comhionann i gcónaí. Throid sé, ní le haghaidh Helen, ach ar mhaithe lena mhionn. An díospóid waxes te; an dínit socair Teucer discomforts go héasca an Spartan Braggart, a fhágann chun cabhair a thabhairt. Idir an dá linn, téann Tecmessa ar ais le an leanbh a bhfuil Teucer i radharc de pathos consummate bids kneel ag taobh a athar, ag gabháil ina lámh glas trí uillinn de gruaige - Teucer, a mháthair, a chuid féin; an tsiombail naofa, má Violate, a bheadh curse a thabhairt ar aon duine a d'éirigh outrage dó. Cé go an Chorus canadh amhrán lán de longings ar bhaile, Agamemnon dul chun cinn go an áit, agus Teucer ina dhiaidh sin. Tá an Rí insolent go ciallmhar, Teucer reviling don stain ar a bhreith. I bhfreagra air sin, chuir an cuireann an cainte mhór i gcuimhne dó go raibh am nuair a licked na lasair na longa Gréagach agus ní raibh aon duine chun iad a shábháil ach Ajax, a bhí aghaidh Hector le lámh amháin. Le paisean ardú he throws an taunt de bhreith stained ar ais ar Agamemnon agus go soiléir insíonn sé go bhfuil Ajax Beidh sé adhlactha agus go mbeidh an Rí rue aon iarracht ar fhoréigean. Odysseus tagann isteach chun éisteacht leis an quarrel. Admhaíonn sé go raibh sé uair amháin an namhaid an fear marbh, a bhí fós aon chomhionann i bravery ach Achilles. Chun go léir sin, ba chóir naimhdeas i fir deireadh nuair a thosaíonn bás. Astonished ag an chosaint seo ar namhaid, Agamemnon argóint beagán le Odysseus, a mheabhraíonn go socair dó go mbeidh gá le adhlacadh dó freisin lá amháin. Faigheann an t-achomharc daonna seo an cead is gá; Odysseus, ar chlé ina n-aonar le Teucer, cuireann sé cairdeas air. An iomarca a shárú ag iontas agus áthas a rá go leor focal, Teucer glacann a chairdeas agus críochnaíonn an dráma le grian de sholas tar éis stoirm agus gloom. Arís amháin tá Sophocles líonta gach orlach de a canvas. An plota Ní bhíonn aon bhratach ann agus ní bhíonn aon laghdú ann tar éis bhás Ajax. An chúis Ní léir go soiléir ag an tús an chúis atá leis an tragóid; le scileanna atá masterfully, Sophocles ionadaíonn sa radharc oscailte Athena agus Odysseus mar a bheith go hiomlán odious, mocking titim fear mór. Le dul chun cinn an ghníomhaíochta na dhá charachtar a fháil ar ais a n-dílseacht; Athena tá cúis ceart le haghaidh a fearg, agus a fhaigheann Odysseus don marbh a cheart adhlactha. Ba cheart dúinn a thabhairt faoi deara chomh maith conas an pathos de Tá an cluiche fíneáil seo ag méadú ag an gcoincheap an "lá amháin" a thug sé scrios do fhrith-chaighdeoir uasal. Dá raibh sé a choimeád laistigh dá theacht go lá amháin - bhí an lá fatale a bheith ar eolas, ní gá an ruin a bheith tharla. "An trua é", an dramhaíl gan ghá de shaol an duine, cad a Tá an téama ann do thragóid! Níor bhain an _Ajax_ riamh tionchar aitheanta ar litríocht. Bhí sé ar an fearr leat leis na Gréagaigh, ach scríbhneoirí nua-aimseartha Tá sé thar a bheith neamhaird. Is dea-scéal é seo dúinn. Anseo bhí laoch, a rugadh ar oileán, a unhelp shábháil cabhlach nuair a bhí a chomhghuaillithe Bhí a n-éigean ar ais ar a gcuid trenches agus thar iad go dtí an fharraige. A chuid Bhí an duais den sórt sin mar a insíonn Wordsworth de: - Ach! buíochas na bhfear Tá sé níos minice fhág mé ag caoineadh. Cuimhnímid go leor mí fada de agony le linn a bhfuil eile oileán shealbhaigh sé scrios ó chabhlach agus shábháil a comhghuaillithe leis. I roinnt Tá an t-oileán seo tar éis an buíochas a fuair Ajax a fháil; a D'fhiafraigh cairde, "Cad a rinne Sasana sa chogadh, ar aon nós?" Má tá sé Is cuí aon duine a fhreagairt, ní mór go mbeadh sé Teucer Sasana, a bhfuil tógtha Salamis eile thar lear, díreach mar a rinne sé. Ár kinsmen ar fud an Beidh aigéin a thabhairt dúinn an duais de moladh; dúinn an pionós Is féidir le Ajax an rabhadh atá ar an liopaí nach bhfuil an chuid is lú dár gcuid filí féin: - "Le haghaidh bragging frenzied agus focal amaideach Do thrócaire ar do dhaoine, a Thiarna. " Is é an _Electra_ leagan Sophocles ar fhéiniúint Orestes a Aeschylus a thuairiscítear sa Choephori agus tá sé úsáideach mar a thabhairt comparáid idir modhanna an dá mháistir. Teagascóir in aois ag go luath amárach isteach ar an radharc le Orestes a léiríonn sé a athair palace agus ansin imeacht leis a thairiscint libations ag an rí marbh uaigh. Electra le Coras de Argive cailíní a thagann chun cinn, an chéad ag cur síos ar iompar insolent Clytemnestra a shealbhaíonn revelry ard ar an comóradh ar bhás a fear céile agus curses Electra do ag sábháil Orestes. Chrysothemis, iníon eile, a thagann amach chun labhairt le Electra; tá sí de múnla difriúil, milis agus timid cosúil Ismene, agus rabhaidh Electra go mar thoradh ar a stuamacht i revering a cuimhne Aegisthus athair intends a shut i uaimh charraige mar Chomh luath agus a thagann sé ar ais. Tugann sí comhairle di a úsáid comhairle maith, ansin imeacht chun roinnt libations a thairiscint ar uaigh Agamemnon a thairgeann Clytemnestra mar thoradh ar aisling. An Banríon a fhaigheann Electra ranging thar lear mar is gnách i easpa Aegisthus. Cosnaíonn sí an dúnmharú a fear céile, ach tá sé éasca a chúlghairm Electra a thugann le fios go, má tá sé ceart chun a éigeantach saol le haghaidh saol, ba chóir sí bás a fhulaingt í féin. Clytemnestra guí chun Apollo a sheachaint an omen a aisling, a n-urnaí cosúil a bheith Freagraíodh láithreach ag an iontráil an sean-teachtaire a thagann a chur in iúl sí ar an bhás Orestes, maraíodh ag Delphi i rás chariot a déantar cur síos go hiontach air. Dirt ag a mothúcháin, is féidir Clytemnestra a bheith ná sásta ná brón. "An bhfuil mé glaoch ar an nuacht seo dea-bhéasach, nó uafásach ach brabúsach? Gan Áthas Tá mé, má shábháil mé mo shaol ar chostas mo miseries féin. Strong Is an ceangal na máthar; aon tuismitheoir fuath leanbh fiú má scartha ag dó. Ach, anois go bhfuil sé imithe, beidh mé ag sos agus síocháin ó a Ag éisteacht chomh circumstantial cruthúnas ar bás a deartháir, tá Electra plunged i doimhneacht an misery. Ach go luath Chrysothemis ar ais i staid ard-excitement. Tá sí Fuair sé locht gruaige Orestes agus roinnt tairiscintí ag an tuama. Electra go tapa a chur in iúl di go bhfuil a elation gan bhunús, as a gcuid deartháir Tá sé marbh; mhol sí go bhfuil siad dhá ba chóir a bhuail na dúnmharfóirí, ach Chrysothemis recoils i horror as an plota. Ansin Orestes iontráil le ciste ina lámh; seo a thugann sé do Electra, ag rá go bhfuil sé an fágann bás an Prionsa marbh. I hopelessness iomlán, thógann Electra sé agus soliloquises thar sé. Ag féachaint ar a misery, Orestes ní féidir a choinneáil; go réidh ag cur an ciste óna nochtann sé de réir a chéile féin. An teagascóir isteach agus a thabhairt ar ais dó a ngnó láithreach. Electra fiafraíonn cé an strainséir agus foghlaimíonn go bhfuil sé an fear go leor chun a thug sí an buachaill leanbh a deartháir. An trí dul chun cinn go dtí an palace a Orestes iontráil chun a mháthair, Electra tairiscintí a sheoladh dó bualadh le fórsa dúbailte, ag iarraidh ach go raibh Aegisthus léi Tá deireadh Aegisthus féin cruthaithe le healaín Sophoclean. Tá sé tagann isteach go mear chun teacht ar an dá strainséirí a bhfuil cruthúnas ar Electra insíonn dó go bhfuil siad sa phálás; ní amháin go bhfuil siad a dúirt sí an marbh Orestes, ach tá sé léirithe di; Aegisthus féin is féidir féach an radharc unenviable; is féidir leis a rejoice ar sé, má tá aon áthas i sé. Ag exulting, chanann sé nóta bua ag a bhaint as a chuid eagla agus bagairt a chur ar gach duine a dhéanann iarracht a thoil a throid a phionósú. He dashes oscailt an doras, agus tá a fheiceáil ar an Banríon ina luí marbh. Orestes bids dó dul isteach sa phálás, a bheith maraithe ar an láthair an-áit ina dúnmharaíodh athair. Fortune Tá kindly i chaomhnú dúinn an dráma seo. An difríocht mhór idir ealaín Sophocles agus go bhfuil Aeschylus le feiceáil anseo. Níl ach fear amháin a d'fhulaing a phéinteáil dúinn Aeschylus 'Clytemnestra; Leighton nocht sí, searbh mar nádúr féin, gan aithrí, armtha le claíomh a bhualadh ar dtús, ansin argóint má is féidir léi am a fháil chun é sin a dhéanamh. Is é an Sophocles 'Clytemnestra bean, caillte chomh luath agus a thosaíonn sí a a mí-ghníomhartha a reason out. Tá sí ag guí go Apollo i bhfolach, ar eagla lest Electra d'fhéadfadh éisteacht a n-ùrnaíocht agus é a dhéanamh neamhbhailí. Ach an crudacht de Ní raibh acmhainní Aeschylus a shásamh Sophocles, a bhfuil blas éileamh a contrártha chun feabhas a chur ar an carachtar a heroine agus fuair ceann amháin sa Scéal Homeric go raibh an dara iníon Agamemnon. Cúl Aeschylus Ní raibh an nádúr shrink ó radharc an cruinniú idir máthair agus mac; dúnadh Sophocles na doirse ar an gníomh na díoltais, cé go raibh sé léiríonn Electra mar a spreagadh a deartháir ó lasmuigh den phálás. Coinníonn eachtra Aegisthus an leas go dtí an deireadh sa stíl Sophoclean máistreachta de irony refined agus cuardach. An ton de tá an dráma singil; ó misery sé ag an gcéad dul síos go dóchas, ansin chun despair, agus sa deireadh é soars suas go lúcháir triumphant. Mar sin a fiontar contúirteach a bhí unattempted roimh. Is é an bhean is grámhara i litríocht na Gréige an laochra an chéad cheann eile an dráma, an _Trachiniae_, a tháirgtear ar dháta éiginnte. Deianeira Bhí buaite agus wed ag Heracles; tar éis spell gearr de sonas sí fuair sí féin fágtha níos mó agus níos mó ina n-aonar mar a shaothair a fear céile ar a dtugtar dó ar shiúl óna. Ar feadh cúig mhí déag ní raibh sí a chuala aon nuacht dó. A n-iníon molann go bhfuil sí ba chóir a sheoladh a mac is sine go Euboea a Faigh amach dó, ráfla a bheith thar lear go bhfuil sé tar éis teacht ar an oileán sin. Tá an máthair ina uaigneas comhfhurtaithe ag grúpa cailíní de Trachis, an t-am a tharla an gníomh. Ach tá a uneasiness ró-mhór chun a cheered, cur sí síos ar an curse aisteach na mná: - "Nuair a bhíonn sé óg fásann sé i clime dá chuid féin, plagued ag aon teas na gréine ná báisteach ná gaoth; i gaiety careless tógann sé suas a laethanta go dtí go bhfuil sé níos mó maidne, ach bean chéile; ansin sa oíche tá sé Tá a chuid cúramanna, eagla ar an Tiarna nó leanaí. Ní féidir ach Is féidir le duine a fhios ó radharc a chuid féin sorrows cad é mo ualach Ach tá cúis níos doimhne le haghaidh imní; Heracles a dúirt go má tá sé Níor tháinig sé ar ais i cúig mhí déag bheadh sé a bheith marbh nó a bheith réidh le haghaidh riamh dá saothair; go raibh an uair an chloig díreach teacht. Tháinig nuacht di go bhfuil Heracles beo agus triumphant; bhí Lichas ag teacht chun sonraí níos mionsonraithe a thabhairt. Go han-luath, tá sé ag teacht isteach le grúpa de maidens gabha, ag insint conas a bhí a mháistir a choimeád i sclábhaíocht i Lydia; shake off an Ioc, bhí sé sacked agus scrios an chathair Eurytus a bhí mar thoradh ar a gabha, bhí na cailíní Heracles 'tabhairt na spoils a Deianeira. Líon le trua ar a n-aimsir, d'fhéach sí go dlúth orthu agus bhí tarraingthe ag ceann acu, cailín ciúin de countenance uasal. Lichas nuair a dhiúltaigh an duine a bhí á cheistiú aon eolas a bheith aige ar a hiníon agus d'imigh sé. Nuair a bhí sé imithe, the messenger desired speech privát le Deianeira. Bhí lichas bréagach; bhí an cailín Iole, iníon Eurytus; bhí sé ar a son go raibh a mháistir scrios an chathair, mar a bhí grá aige don maid agus bhí sé chun a choinneáil uirthi ina theach a bheith ina iomaitheoir a bhean chéile. Lichas ar teacht amach bhí aghaidh ag an teachtaire, agus iarracht a dissemble, ach Deianeira achomharc a dhéanamh "Níl, ní deceive dom. Ní bheidh tú labhairt le bean olc-chroí, nach bhfuil a fhios agat na bealaí na fir, conas go bhfuil siad ag dlí a n- féin a bheith delight ní i gcónaí sa rud céanna. 'Tis fool who seasann suas chun cath i gcoinne Grá a rialaíonn fiú na déithe mar a bheidh sé, agus mé freisin; ansin cén fáth nach duine eile cosúil liomsa? Dá bhrí sin má blaspheme mé mo thiarna nuair a ghlac leis an plague seo, tá mé mad indeed - nó seo bean, nach bhfuil thug dom náire ná brón. Má mo thiarna teaches tú a bréag, do chuid ceachtanna nach bhfuil ceann maith; má tá tú ag múineadh tú féin a bréag i mian a bheith cineálta dom, tú Beidh tú a bheith unkind. Labhair an fhírinne go léir; tá sé ina lot íseal do fear onóra a bheith ar a dtugtar bréagach. " Agus é ag éirí go hiomlán buaite ag an achomharc seo, admhaíonn Lichas an fhírinne. Le linn an t-am a chanadh an Ode choral Deianeira bhí am chun machnamh a dhéanamh. Is é an duais a dílseacht a ghlacadh ar an dara háit. Tá an cailín óg agus tá a áilleacht ag aibíocht go tapa; tá sí féin ag cailliúint a charm. Ach Níor chóir aon bhean stuama a eitilt isteach i passions; happily tá sí leigheas, do na chéad laethanta dá saol pósta Heracles bhí shot Nessus, Monster leath-daonna, as insulting í. Sula bhfuair sé bás Nessus d'iarr sí steep a gúna ina fhuil agus treasure é mar charm áirithe do a athshlánú a affection ag éirí níos lú. Lichas Summoning, tugann sí dó orduithe dian a thabhairt ar an gúna go Heracles a bhí chun ligean nach bhfuil solas an ghrian nó an tine a thit air sula bhfuil sé ag caitheamh. Tar éis gearr idirthréimhse, tá sí ar ais sa agitation is mó; tuft beag de uachtar a bhí sí anointed leis an fhuil an t-ionstraim bhí gafa an solas na gréine agus shrivelled suas le deannaigh. Má bhí an t-óstán a chruthú ar bhealach bás, chinn sí chun féinmharú seachas maireachtáil i náire. Ag an nóiméad Hyllus bursts isteach chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar na tortures uafásach a seized Heracles nuair a chuir sé ar an mantle nimhe; an laoch ordaigh a mhac a ferry dó trasna ó Euboea a bheith i láthair ar an curse a chuid déileálann an olc mháthair a thabhairt leis. Ag éisteacht leis na nuachtanna seo Fágann Deianeira an radharc gan focal a rá. An t-aigleog d'aois rushes go tapa isteach ón palace a insint conas Deianeira Bhí féin marú - cé go raibh Hyllus kissing liopaí a máthair marbh i vain féin-reproach, díothaithe dá thuismitheoirí. Tá Heracles féin i dtríú áit, ag fulaingt leis an nimh a itheann go mall. I agony, guí sé chun bás; nuair a fhoghlaim sé ar an bhás a bhean chéile agus a beguillement ag Nessus i coir neamhbheartaithe, a chuid athlasadh resentment. I flash de inspioráid an bhrí dhúbailte an oracle thagann thar dó, a chuid saothair go deimhin críochnaithe. Ag tabhairt ordú Hyllus chun Iole a phósadh pasann sé ar a thuras deireanach go dtí an barr uaigneach Oeta, a ithe ar an pyre sochraide. Tá na marcanna Sophoclean soiléir go leor sa chluiche seo - an nóiméad tragóideach, an saol agus gluaiseacht, an pathos splendid, farsaingeacht na réamhamharc agus an fascination teanga. Ach tá locht tromchúiseach ann freisin, mar Sophocles, cosúil leis an is óige de dramaturgaí, is féidir go hiontach go leor a dhéanamh botúin. Déantar iontráil Heracles go praiticiúil an cluiche a dhúbailt, a leanúnachas a mhilleadh. An sreabhadh riachtanach agus remorseless de Tá an t-eagrán seo ar fáil i ngach áit. Seo Is é an claonadh a bhriseadh ar fad i gcodanna iontach ach neamhbhaintear gné de shaothar Euripides; d'fhéadfadh sé a fháil b'fhéidir maithiúnas níos réidh go díreach toisc nach bhfuil Sophocles féin in ann é a sheachaint i gcónaí. Ach Is é an bua is mó ná carachtar Deianeira. Tá sé mar sin mar cheann Ní bheadh a fháil go minic i daoine Theas fuil te. Tá eagla uirthi go caillteanas a cuid cumhachta thar a fear céile a thugann a áilleacht ag dul in olcas; sí Is mór insulted i a bheith éigeantach chun countenance iomaitheoir ina gcónaí i an teach céanna tar éis di a thabhairt a fear céile na blianta is fearr di saol; fós tá sí ag súil ar, agus b'fhéidir go mbeadh sí a bhuaigh sé ar ais ag a an-dea-gháire. Tá an cruthú seo de chineál de dhaonna beagnach foirfe is é an nádúr an údarú ar an easpa básóir; bhí sé ag rá de Sophocles go bhfuil sé péinteáil fir mar ba chóir dóibh a bheith, péinteáil Euripides iad mar atá siad. Bhí tionchar ag an iomaíocht idir an file óg agus dráma eile leis a bhuaigh Sophocles an chéad duais i 409. _Philoctetes_, an laoch as a bhfuil sé ainmnithe, bhí lit an pyre sochraide Heracles ar Oeta agus fuair sé ó dó a chuid unconquerable arc agus saigheada. Nuair Chuaigh sé go dtí Troy bhí bitten sé sa chos ag nathair i Tenedos. Mar an ghortú festered agus rinne sé abhorrent leis an arm a bhí sé fágtha i Lemnos sa chéad bhliain den chogadh. D'fhógair oracle go Troy ní fhéadfadh a bheith glacadh gan é agus a saigheada; ag deireadh an léigear, mar Achilles agus Ajax bhí marbh, Philoctetes, outraged agus thréigthe, tháinig gá leis na Gréagaigh. Conas a d'fhéadfadh siad a bhuachan air chun teacht ar ais leo? Odysseus a namhaid is measa a thógann leis Neoptolemus, an mac óg Achilles. Ag tuirlingt ag Lemnos, a aimsiú siad an uaimh ina Philoctetes maireachtáil, féach a leaba rudma, cupán garbh-chraobh agus rags de éadaí, agus a gcuid plandaí a dhéanamh. Neoptolemus is é a rá go bhfuil sé Achilles 'mac, homeward ceangailte i fearg leis na Gréagaigh as an caillteanas arm a athar. Mar nach raibh sé ar cheann de na Cónaidhm bunaidh, Beidh Philoctetes muinín dó. Tá sé ansin chun an t-alc agus saigheada a fháil ag treachery, mar beidh foréigean a bheith gan úsáid. An fear óg anam ardaíonn i gcoinne an smaoineamh ar chluiche salach ach Odysseus bids dó a thabhairt suas shamelessness le haghaidh lá amháin, a bhaint glóir síoraí. Fágann sé ina n-aonar leis an Chorus, comhdhéanta de mhuirí ó a long, Neoptolemus pities an an laoch a bheith fágtha ar shiúl, miserable, hungered agus leath-brutalised. Tá sé ag dul chucu ag crawling agus ag caoineadh. Ag féachaint dóibh sé fios a fháil cé iad; Neoptolemus freagraí mar a bhí ordú aige agus faigheann an croí Philoctetes a thuairiscíonn an misery a shaol, a desertion agus an galar unquenchable go n-itheann air. I gcúis Neoptolemus insíonn conas a bhí sé sé a mhealladh go Troy ag an bhréagais go raibh sé ba chóir é a ghabháil tar éis bháis a athar; ag teacht ann fuair sé seilbh ar gach Achilles 'earraí ach amháin na hairm, a Odysseus Bhí bhuaigh. Déantar é a fhógairt go bhfuil sé ag filleadh ar a long, ach impleases Philoctetes dó a chur air arís sa Ghréig. An mór pathos a achomharc faigheann toiliú an óige; ullmhaíonn siad chun imeacht nuair a ceannaí dul isteach le seoltóir; ó dó a fhoghlaim siad go Odysseus le Diomedes Tá siad ar an mbealach chun Philoctetes a thabhairt go Troia le fórsa nó le mealladh nach féidir a thit gan a chabhair. An t-amhrán amháin de Odysseus 'ainm fill Philoctetes le fearg agus é a tharraingt siar go dtí an uaimh, ag glacadh Neoptolemus leis. Nuair a thagann siad ar ais, bualadh foréigneach na malaise prostrates Philoctetes a thugann a chuid bogha do Neoptolemus, ag guí air é a dhó agus deireadh a chur lena agony. Ag tabhairt faoi deara muteness aisteach sa óige, is cosúil go bhfuil amhras a spreagadh i dó, ach nuair a thit sé i slumber Tá an Chór ag glacadh páirt chinnte san ghníomhaíocht, ag comhairle a thabhairt don óige eitilt leis an bpráta agus chun labhairt i whisper de eagla a waking an codlata. An dara ceann ag tosú gan choinne amach as an slumber, arís begging a ghlacadh ar bord. Arís Neoptolemus 'chroí buaileann air ag an villainy tá sé ar tí a dhéanamh; nochtann sé go bhfuil a chuspóir fíor Troy. - Tá sé. Tráchtáilte agus gan chosaint, Philoctetes achomharc chuig Neamh, chuig an rudaí fiáin, chun féin níos fearr Neoptolemus 'a chur ar ais an lom atá a bhealach amháin a fháil dó bia. Tá trua domhain ag dul thar Neoptolemus, atá i ngníomh na n-arm a thabhairt ar ais nuair Odysseus le feiceáil. Ag féachaint air, tá a fhios ag Philoctetes go bhfuil sé undo. Odysseus a thugann cuireadh dó chun teacht go Troy ar a shaoirse féin, ach tá bualadh le curse; mar diúltaíonn sé a bheith ag teacht ar ais leis na Gréagaigh, Odysseus agus Neoptolemus imeacht ag iompar leo an t-alann le haghaidh Teucer a úsáid. Fágtar gan sin a thug dó a chuid bia laethúil Philoctetes bursts amach i dialóg liric fiáin leis an Chorus. Molann siad dó déanann siad téarmaí le Odysseus, ach tugann sé dóibh imeacht. Nuair a n-éireoidh siad, sé cuireann sé i gcuimhne dóibh chun a iarraidh ar cheann boon beag, claíomh. Ag an nóiméad seo Neoptolemus ritheann isteach, Odysseus gar taobh thiar dó. Tá sé tagtha chun a athbhunú an t-aibhne a fuair sé ag treachery. A sliocht foréigneach i sealadach scoir Odysseus. Ag dul chun cinn go dtí Philoctetes, tugann Neoptolemus dó a chuid maoine; Philoctetes tógann sé agus tá sé ach coinneáil ó ag lámhach ar Odysseus a léiríonn ar feadh nóiméad, ach amháin chun tearmann a ghlacadh i eitilt. Neoptolemus ansin insíonn sé an fhírinne ar fad faoi na fáidh, ag gealladh dó glóir mór má tá sé ag dul ar ais go Troy a d'fhéadfadh titim ach amháin tríd é. In vain Neoptolemus cinnte dó de leigheas foirfe; ní bheidh aon rud a shásamh an fear briste ach díolachán iomlán an gheall sé a bhí le tuirlingt arís sa Ghréig. Nuair Neoptolemus insíonn dó go mbeidh gníomh den sórt sin a thuilleamh dó fuath na Gréagaigh, Philoctetes gealladh dó an soccor a shafts unerring i Tá an t-iarratas sin i ndúnadh. Réitítear an fhadhb leis an an chuma tobann ar an Heracles deified. Ordaíonn sé a chara sean chun dul go Troy a bhfuil sé a sack, agus filleadh abhaile go síochánta. A chuid Tá sé ceangailte go docht le Neoptolemus agus tá leigheas gheall sé air ar lámha Asclepius. Tá an dearbhú seo thar a stubbornness; fágann sé Lemnos i gcumhacht a toil na bhflaitheas. Is é sin an obair de sean-dramadóir go maith os cionn ochtó bliain d'aois. Tá sé spreagúil, vigorous, pathetic agus i ngach áit dignified. Na carachtair Tá an t-amhránaí sean agus an saighdiúir óg masterfully. An Chorus a thógann cuid lárnach sa ghníomh - a whisperings a Neoptolemus a mheabhrú an léitheoir na moltaí olc a Satan breathed isteach Eve cluasa chomh neamhchlaonta i _Paradise Lost_. Ach an chuid is mó suntasach Is é an ghné is mó den phíosa ná go bhfuil an chuma mhór aige ar an gcineál nua drámaíochta a bhí Euripides tóir. An saol miserable Philoctetes, Tá a chuid rags, indifréiteas agus tinneas comhthreomhar leis an Euripidean Telephus; is mó de gach, an chuma ar Dhia ag an deireadh chun untie an Is fíor Euripides an cnot. Ach tá difríocht mhór ann; de na gníomhartha neamh-chomhleanúnach a mhíchumas an tragóid ina dhiaidh sin agus nach bhfuil i láthair ó Sophocles féin oibre níos luaithe nach bhfuil aon rian. Tá na odes Tá an Chorus riachtanach; go hachomair, léirigh Sophocles Euripides gur féidir leis a bhuachan fiú ar a théarmaí féin. Melodramatic an d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag imirt, ach tá sé a bhuaigh le haghaidh a údar ár ngrá ag an glan áilleacht de nádúr bochta chomh uasal mar Deianeira; an filleadh ar Neoptolemus ar a baselessness féin ar cheann de na compliments go leor Tá Sophocles íoc le ár speiceas daonna. Go leor blianta roimhe sin bhí Sophocles scríobh a chuid máistreacht, an _Oedipus Tyrannus_. Ní féidir é a chóireáil go héasca ar leithligh óna seicheamh. Bhí plague mistéireach briste amach i Thebes; Creon bhí a chuir Oedipus go Delphi chun cúis na tubaiste a fhoghlaim. Apollo d'ordaigh na Thebans cast amach an killer an Rí Laius deireanach, a bhí fós ag luí i gcríoch Theban. Oedipus ar fiosrúchán a fhoghlaim go Tá roinnt dúnmharfóirí, ach amháin amháin de na seirbhísigh Laius 'eisceacht beo. I bhfiosrú an culprit Oedipus gealltanais an strangest díoltas ar a chairde is gaire, ná, ar a chuid féin, más gá. Tar éis urnaí ó Chor na seanóirí athraíonn sé a chinntíocht fiú níos mó emphatically, ag glaoch ar curse ar an assassin i dteanga de bhrí uafásach dhúbailte, mar i ngach focal a utters sé go neamhfhiosach a fhuaimníonn a doom féin. Le for-amharc praiseach sé Bhí glaoch ar an bhfearann sean Teiresias, ach tá an bhfearann ar chúis éigin gan a bheith toilteanach a bheith le feiceáil. Nuair a ar deireadh tá sé aghaidh an Rí, tá sé ag iarraidh cead chun imeacht lena rún neamh-dearbhaithe. Oedipus ag eitilt ag an am céanna i paisean towering, ag cúisithe ar deireadh é gan aon údarú a ghlacadh bribhanna ó Creon. Le teas comhionann Teiresias níos mó agus níos soiléire a léiríonn i ngach óráid an fíor dúnmharfóir, cé go bhfuil a chuid focal dorcha dó a d'fhéadfadh a léamh an Sphinx An Chorus briseadh amach i ode lán de surmises neamhshásta mar a aitheantas an chiontóra. Nuair a thagann Creon isteach, eitiltí Oedipus air i paisean ceannródaíoch a chur i leith dó de bribeáil, dílseacht agus sa deireadh de dúnmharú. Le mór-dignity clears sé féin, ag rabhadh an Rí na pains a temper haste a thugann ar a chuid féin. Tugann a gcuid argóint amach Jocasta, an Banríon agus deirfiúr Creon, a éiríonn le socrú an stró neamh-oiriúnach. She bids Oedipus a thabhairt ar aird ar oracles; ceann den sórt sin Bhí dearbhaithe go mbeadh Laius a mharú ag a mhac féin, a bheadh pósadh sí, a mháthair. Bhí an oracle bréagach, do Laius fuair bás ag na lámha de robbers in áit ina trí bóithre cruinniú. Aghast ag éisteacht leis seo, Oedipus fiosrú an radharc cruinn an bháis, an t-am nuair a bhí sé tiomanta, an chuma iarbhír Laius. Soláthraíonn Jocasta an sonraí, ag cur leis go raibh an duine amháin a bhí tar éis maireachtáil implored di tar éis Oedipus tháinig Rí chun cónaí chomh fada agus is féidir as an gcathair. Oidip ordaíonn sé a sheoladh le haghaidh agus insíonn a scéal saoil. Ba é an mac reputed Polybus agus Merope, rialóirí Corinth. Lá amháin ag fíon-páirtiúil insinuated fear nach raibh sé i ndáiríre an mac péire ríoga. Ag dul i ngleic leis an mbréagán, chuaigh sé go Delphi, áit ar tugadh rabhadh dó go gcaithfidh sé a athair a mharú agus a mháthair a phósadh. D'fhág sé mar sin ar shiúl ó Corinth i dtreo Thebes. Ar an mbóthar bhí sé insulted ag sean-fhear i charr a bhrú rud beag air as a bhealach; i fearg a bhuail an fear ag an áit ina raibh trí bhealach cruinniú. Má bhí ansin an fear seo Laius, bhí sé imprecated curse ar é féin; tá a dóchas amháin an aonar marthanach a bhí sé a sheoladh le haghaidh; b'fhéidir go raibh níos mó ná fear amháin maraíodh Laius tar éis an tsaoil. Óda ominous faoi chinniúint agus a chuid oibre a leanann an iontráil an Banríon a chuireann síos ar na terrors mad Oedipus. Tá sí teacht chun guí Apollo a réiteach a gcuid trioblóidí. Ag an nóiméad sin a teachtaire iontrála ó Corinth leis an nuacht go bhfuil Polybus marbh. I dtuismitheoirí aoibhneas Jocasta glaonna Oedipus, sneaking ar an fhírinne de oracles. An Rí ar a chuma echoes a focail tar éis éisteacht leis an nuacht-ach amháin dul síos arís i despondency dorcha. Cad faoi Merope, tá sí marbh freisin? Tá an teachtaire a chinntiú dó go bhfuil a imní faoi í gan bhunús, mar níl aon chaidreamh idir iad. Beagán ar bheagán Ní beag insíonn sé Oedipus a stair fíor. An teachtaire féin a fuarthas air ar Cithaeron ina leanacht, a chosa pierced trí. Bhí sé air ó chaomhnóir, seirbhíseach Laius, an fear go raibh Oedipus glaoch. Ag casadh go tobann ar Jocasta, fiafraíonn an Rí di an bhfuil a fhios aici an fear. Iontas ar an uafás an fhírinne a fhios aici nach féidir a bheith i bhfolach i bhfad níos faide i bhfeidhm sí indifference agus implores dó Ní chuardach níos mó. Nuair a dhiúltaíonn sé obstinately, ag iarraidh ar an fear a bheith a thabhairt ag an am céanna, fágann sí an stáitse leis an caoineadh: "Alas, tú fear míshásta; go bhfuil gach is féidir liom glaoch ort agus riamh aghaidh tú arís. " Oedipus ag masterstroke ealaíne a dhéanamh chun shamhlú go bhfuil sí imithe i náire, eagla d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cruthaithe mac seirbhíseach. "Ach mé féin a mheas an mac Fortune, nach mbeidh a thabhairt dom riamh chun dishonor; mo dheartháireacha na míonna, a marcáil amach dom le haghaidh íseal agus le haghaidh cumhachta. Mar sin a bheith ar mo bhreith, ní bheidh mé a chruthú riamh bréagach chun é agus faint i a fháil amach cé mé. " Tá an chumhacht uafásach an radharc iontach seo le feiceáil. An áthas geal de labhairt impulsive an Rí ullmhaíonn an bealach don uafás atá le teacht. Nuair a thagann an t-aoire, aghaidh an teachtaire é ag éileamh a aithne. An t-aoire a stubbornly iarracht a dhiúltú gach eolas air, curse dó as a talkativeness crazy. Oidip bagairt a dhéanamh ar phionós a oscailt a liopaí. Line le líne an fhírinne a tharraingt as dó; tháinig an leanbh thréigthe ó eile - ó créatúr de Laius - a bhí a rá go bhfuil a mhac - a tugadh dó ag Jocasta - a bheith scriosadh mar gheall ar oracle - cén fáth a chuaigh ansin ar aghaidh go dtí an Corinthian teachtaire - "trí trua, agus shábháil sé an leanbh beo, le haghaidh cumhachtach misery. Má tá tú go leanbh, a fhios go bhfuil tú rugadh unfortunate Nuair a rushes an Rí madly isteach sa phálás, an Chorus sings of his glóir imithe. Méadaíonn na uafásach le cuma a teachtaire ón taobh istigh, a insíonn conas Oedipus dashed isteach Jocasta árasán chun a fháil crochta i féinmharú; ansin chuir sé é féin ar an lá sin de bhrón, ruin, bás agus náire. Tagann sé amach beagán ina dhiaidh sin, réad na trócaire iomlán. Conas is féidir leis a bheith ag sos ar an talamh? Conas aghaidh a athair maraíodh i bás? Na cuimhní ar Polybus agus Merope teacht air, ansin na blianta de phósadh neamhnádúrtha. Creon, a bhfuil tá sé insulted go míchompord, a thagann nach bhfuil a mock air, ach a ghlacadh air isteach sa phálás áit nach bhfuil talamh ná báisteach ná solas is féidir a fhios dó. Oedipus begs dó a ligean dó cónaí ar Cithaeron, imploring dó a fheiceáil tar éis a dhá iníon a bhfuil a rugadh mar sin stained nach féidir le fear riamh pósadh iad. Creon go réidh a thógann sé laistigh, a choinneáil ann go dtí an Tá toil na n-dibh ar eolas. Is é an deireadh a sob de trua don tragóideach titim an fear cáiliúil a réitigh an enigma Sphinx '. Ní féidir le duine ar bith a dhéanamh riamh ceartas a dhéanamh ar an saothar maistreachta. Tá sé mar sin tógtha go bhfuil gach mionsonraí a thugann suas go héigeantach go dtí an climax. Go mall, agus ag imirt ar gach mothúchán daonna is doimhne, imní, dóchas, gloom, terror agus uafásach, Sophocles oibríonn ar dúinn mar nach raibh aon duine riamh déanta roimhe sin. Tá sé ina pheaca ina choinne a bheith sásta le ach forlíonadh de an dráma; na focail a roghnaigh sé a bhfuil suntasach thar cur síos. Arís agus arís eile, tugann siad an léitheoir agus fágann siad i gcónaí é le an mothú go bhfuil fós doimhneacht smaointe fágtha unsound. An Is é an t-amhrán an t-amhrán a luaigh an t-eagarthóir ag tús an dráma chéad stróc ealaíne foirfe; Jocasta ar neamhchreidmheas i oracles an ina dhiaidh sin; ansin leanann an difríocht idir an banríon fíor-mótif do ag fágáil agus an chúis a shanntar dó ag a mac; ar deireadh, an Tá peataí i tortúr éigeantach a insint an rún a plunges an torturer chun a scrios. Cá bhfuil an chuma seo sa litríocht? Chugainn tá sé croí-searching go leor. Cad a bhí sé do na Gréagaigh a bhí a bhfuil eolas acu ar an plota sula dtéann siad isteach sa amharclann? Nuair a bheidh siad a Bhí a fhios ag an deireadh dosheachanta ag faire ar an Rí a rianú amach a scrios féin i go hiomlán aineolais, ní féidir a gcuid mothúchán a bheith i gcónaí i dtig; ní mór dóibh fuair siad faoiseamh i sobbing nó ag caoineadh go hard. Is é an locht in Oedipus a temper ungovernable. Tá sé tarraingthe go daingean isteach an dráma; tá sé chomh neamhshrianta i fearg, díomá agus dóchas. Tá sé an sampla tipiciúil de an easpa comhairle maith a chonaic muid bhí le Sophocles an bunfhoinse tragóid. Go deimhin, ní raibh ach fear stubborn bheadh hurrying pósadh banríon widowed tar éis a bhí sé rinne sé dúnmharú a chomhlíon leath de oracle uafásach. Tá sé Ba chóir go mbeadh fiosrúchán ar dtús i stair an Theban teach ríoga. Ag smaoineamh go raibh an níos faide bhí sé ag teitheadh ó Corinth an níos mó cinnte go raibh sé a dhéanamh ar a doom dodhéanta chomhlíonadh, bhí sé go bhfuil sé níos gaire dó. Is é seo ár ndóthain daonna; ní féidir linn a fheiceáil agus misinterpret muid rabhadh; conas nach bhfuil daoine níos laige tremor le haghaidh iad féin nuair nach raibh eagna Oedipus 'a shábháil dó ó chomhairle olc? Sa bhliain 405 léirigh Sophocles ina drámaí deireanach conas a d'imigh Oedipus ón talamh sa áit breithe an fhile féin, Colonus. Oedipus iontráil le Antigone, agus ar fiosrúchán ó strainséir faigheann go bhfuil sé ar an demesne an Eumenides. Ag an am céanna a sheol sé go Theseus, Rí na hAithne, agus diúltú bog as an láthair, mar tá sé fated a fháil ar a chuid eile. Cór ó Colonus teacht chun a fháil amach cé hé an suppliant. Nuair a chloiseann siad an t-ainm Oedipus tá siad horror-chlaonta agus mian leo a thrust amach é. Tar éis go leor persuasion aontaíonn siad a bheith ag fanacht go dtí Theseus teacht. Faoi láthair Ismene tagann leis an nuacht go bhfuil Eteocles expropriated a dheartháir níos sine Polyneices; ina theannta sin, oracle ó Delphi declares go bhfuil Oedipus uile-tábhachtach do Thebes i saol agus tar éis an bháis. A chuid Tá a fhios ag a mhac an oracle agus Creon ag teacht chun é a chur ar ais. Dearbhú Ní dhéanfaidh sé aon rud do na mic a thréig é, Oedipus go stuama diúltaíonn a chathair aon bheannacht. Seolann sé Ismene chun íobairt a thairiscint do na Eumenides; i bhfianaise a Theaséas tagann sé isteach, cuireann sé cosaint air agus fiafraíonn sé cén fáth a bhfuil sé tar éis teacht. Oedipus freagraíonn go bhfuil sé rún a Is é an t-ábhar is tábhachtaí do na hAithneanna é; faoi láthair tá síocháin idir í agus Thebes: "ach i na déithe amháin nach bhfuil aois ná bás; gach rud eile am confounds, gach rud a mhaistreacht. Neart an Domhain agus na dramhaíola comhlacht, bás muinín, fásann dílseacht, an spiorad céanna riamh seasamh daingean i measc cairde nó comhghuaillithe. Chun roinnt fir luath, le daoine eile déanach, pleasures a bheith searbh agus ansin arís milis. " Beidh an rún Oedipus a chur in iúl ag an am ceart. An gá atá le Beidh cosaint a thagann go luath. Creon iarrachtaí a chur ina luí Oedipus chun filleadh ar Thebes ach tá sé ag freastal ar curse, ar a bhfuil na gardaí Theban greim a ghlacadh ar Antigone - bhí siad ag gabháil cheana féin Ismene - agus Oedipus bagairt é féin. Theseus éisteacht leis an aláram rushes ar ais, reproaches Creon as a insolence agus ar ais go tapa leis an dá chailín. Tá sé nuacht aisteach a insint; Theban eile is suppliant ag altóir Poseidon gar ag, ag iarraidh labhairt le Oedipus. Is Polyneices, a bhfuil Antigone persuades a hathair chun agallamh. An óige isteach, náire a neamhaird a athair, agus begs beannacht ar an arm a bhfuil sé ardaithe i gcoinne Thebes. Tá sé ag teacht ag an curse uafásach a Oedipus invokes ar a mhac araon. I díomá Polyneices téann sé ar shiúl go dtí a doom. "D'fhonn dom, beidh mo bhealach a bheith ar cheann de chúram, tubaiste agus sorrows chuir mé ag mo sire agus a chuid aingeal caomhnóra; ach, mo dheirfiúracha, a bheith agat a bóthar sona, agus nuair a bheidh mé marbh a chomhlíonadh mian mo chroí, le haghaidh cé go Tá mé beo d'fhéadfadh tú riamh a chomhlíonadh é. " A thunderstorm éisteacht ag teacht; tá an Chorus terrified ag a déine, ach Oedipus eagerly seol teachtaire do Theseus. Nuair a thagann an Rí éisteann sé an rún; bheadh Oedipus 'ghobhar a bheith ar an cosaint síoraí Attica, ach ní mór aon duine a fhios a suíomh a shábháil Theseus a bhfuil a insint dó a oidhre amháin, agus sé a mhac, agus mar sin ar aghaidh go deo. Ba mhaith leis an cruthúnas ar Oedipus 'fhocal a bheith ina míorúilt a d'athródh go luath air ar ais go dtí a neart iomlán. Faoi láthair tá sé arises, endowed le radharc mistéireach, ag beckoning na daoine eile a leanúint dó. Críochnaíonn an dráma le cur síos iontach ar a aistriúchán. Guth ó neamh glaodh air, chiding dó as fanacht; ag moladh a iníonacha do chúram Theseus, chuir sé beannacht ar an talamh agus neamh i n-urnaí agus ansin chuaigh sé gan pian ná brón. Ar athfhéachadh Theseus gealladh a chur ar an deirfiúracha ar ais go Thebes agus chun stop a chur leis an troid fratricidal bagairt. An _Oedipus Coloneus_, cosúil leis an _Philoctetes_, an cluiche eile de Sophocles 'seana-aois, dúnann sé i síocháin. An sean-paisean fiery fós lasadh go fiery in Oedipus, mar a rinne siad i Lear; ach bhí an dá " Gach orlach rí" agus "níos mó peacaigh i gcoinne ná peacadh". Oedipus 'miorúil filleadh ar neart sula dtéann sé ar shiúl is cosúil go hiontach leis an deireadh cáiliúil an Colún Newcome. Tá comharthaí subtle ach unmistakable an Euripidean tionchar ar an dráma seo; den sórt sin an creideamh go Theban worthhies a chosaint Athens, an Theseus traidisiún, agus an aisghabháil de neart caite. Beidh muid ag teacht ar na gnéithe seo sa chéad chaibidil eile. Ach tá sé arís fiú a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil Sophocles curtha leis na snáitheanna a shainaithníonn a chuid oibre daingean agus íogair féin. Tá aon rud de melodrama, aon rud neamhthorthaí, aon rud ró-mhéadúil. Tá sé ullmhúchán an drámaíóir ar a chríoch féin. Shakespeare a chur valediction isteach i mbéal Prospero; Sophocles a chur i muinín a chuid a cruthú is mó Oedipus. Cosúil leis, bhí sé fain a imeacht, le haghaidh an déithe glaodh. Is é ár radharc deireanach air de cheann ag beckoning dúinn a leanúint dó go dtí an áit ina bhfuil sé a bheith fuarthas suaimhneas; chun é a fháil ní mór dúinn a úsáid na súile an chomhlachta, ach an léargas taobh istigh vouchsafed ag Do na Athenians an aois Periclean bhí Sophocles an incarnation de a n-idéal drámatúil. Tá a theanga delight agus despair. Tá sé tantalises; tugann sé le tuiscint go bhfuil bríonna eile seachas a plain agus dromchla tábhacht. Is é an cháilíocht riddling an ghné daemonic a a bhí i gcoitinne le Plato; mar gheall air seo tá an dá máistreacha de irony refined agus subtle, foinse an keenest áthas. A plotaí nochtann tuiscint bheo ar an nóiméad cruinn a Beidh a thabhairt ar na héifeachtaí tragóideach is déine - ach ar lá amháin ar leith d'fhéadfadh Ajax bás nó Electra a shábháil. Dá réir sin, Sophocles go minic Tosaíonn a chluiche le breac-chroí, d'fhonn a líonadh na cúpla uaireanta an-tábhachtach leis an méid is mó gníomhaíochta is féidir. Tá sé Tá an méid is mó gluaiseachta a chur ina chuid oibre, ach an láithreacht an Chorus agus na teachtairí traidisiúnta (dhá ghné a fhorchuirtear air ag an dlí an theatre Attic) ag cur stop leis an ngníomh. Ach tá sé i an iomlán iomlán a ealaíne go bhfuil a chuid mórthimpeall; an Is é an tuiscint ar an iomlán an fachtóir rialaithe atá aige; tá sonraí tábhachtach, go deimhin, ghlac sé na pains is mó a fheiceáil go raibh siad riachtanach agus convincing - fós bhí siad sonraí, faoi réir, gaolmhar go dlúth, ní neamhábhartha ná neamhchomhréireach. An instinct seo le haghaidh plean cinnte Is é an chéad ná croílár an spiorad clasaiceach; tá exuberance go dian Tá an t-aon sprioc atá ag an gcineál seo de na daoine atá ag iarraidh a gcuid smaointe a chur faoi bhráid na ndaoine eile. Chun breithiúna roinnt Sophocles cosúil le teampall Gréagach, splendid ach beagán chilly; chailleann siad an uaillmhian soaring de Aeschylus nó an níos díreach achomharc mothúchánach Euripides. Ach tá sé ina earráid cardinal a shamhlú go bhfuil Sophocles passionless; ní raibh a shaol, ná a carachtair. Cosúil leis an lábha a tháinig ó bhrú le déanaí, d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith cosúil le hairgead ar an dromchla, ach tá tine faoi bhun; a thabhairt féin trí na craic a thagann chun cinn nuair a bhíonn a substaint ag cur isteach go forleathan. Léiríonn siad, go leor éigeantach, spáral haste Agus díreach atá fuar arís. Is iad an t-athrú, an seachnadh na ndíreachtais, an dínit faoi thriail comharthaí de chineál Sophoclean gentle agus tá sé ina chineál an-ard i ndáiríre. I gcás go bhfuil againn ann an foinse an traidisiún clasaiceach ar fad i dhrámaíocht. Tá Sophocles rud éigin i bhfad níos tábhachtaí ná a simplí tionchar; tá sé idéalach, agus mar sin tá sé indestructible. Chun a iarraidh ar an ainmneacha scríbhneoirí a tháinig an chuid is mó faoi a "tionchar" chomh ciallmhar mar chun na hainmneacha na dealbhóirí a d'fhan an chuid is mó dílis an Traidisiún Gréagach de statuaireacht. Tá sé tragóid Chlasaiceach. An príomh-chruth de Is é drámaíocht na Spáinne agus na Sasana rómánsúil, is é an idéalach Sophoclean an comhlacht beag ach cumhachtach de fir Ollscoile i am Elizabeth faoi cheannas Ben Jonson, ón scoil tipiciúil na Fraince de dramaturgaí, de Moratin, Lessing, Goethe, de na hionadaithe an creideamh Gréagach i Sasana an naoú haois déag, go háirithe Matthew Arnold agus Walter Pater, agus de Robert Bridges. Chun an scoil seo an chothú mothúchánach tá an léiriú amhrasach, mura bhfuil sé contúirteach; bíonn sé ina chúis le heisceantras, go nochtadh mothúcháin nach bhfuil fiú a bheith acu go minic ag baint taithí, go flabbiness sentimental, chun tumult agus extravagance. B'fhéidir i eagla an ridiculous an scoil Clásaíoch represses féin ró-i bhfad, a chruthú carachtair marmair in ionad feoil. Na Tá an t-eagrán seo ar fad ag teacht le chéile i mí na Samhna. níos fearr ná na staidéir síceolaíocha speictreacha go leor dramadóirí, anois marbh nó ag fáil bháis, tá d'ordaigh dúinn a chreidiúint go bhfuil fir agus mná fíor. Jebb (Cambridge). Is é seo an ceann is fearr, go mór; déanann sé an delicacy an bunaidh. Storr (Sraith Loeb). Aistriúcháin véarsaí ag Whitelaw agus Campbell. Féach _Greek Poets_ de chuid Symonds, agus _Greek Tragedy_ de chuid Norwood, mar atá thuas. Bhí an No-Man's Land ar an láthair ar go leor tragóidí le linn an Chogaidh Mhór. Tá tháinig síos chugainn tragóid suntasach, ar a dtugtar an _Rhesus_, faoi réigiún den chineál céanna. Déileálann sé ar dtús leis an eachtra Dolon na Iliad. Hector chuir amach Dolon a reconnoitre, agus go luath ina dhiaidh sin roinnt Shepherds Phrygian a thabhairt nuacht go bhfuil Rhesus tháinig an oíche céanna le arm Thracian. D'éirigh Hector as a theacht a chur siar go dtí an deich mbliana den chogadh, freagraíonn Rhesus go bhfuil cogadh leanúnach le Scythia a bheith áitiú air, ach anois go bhfuil sé teacht beidh sé deireadh an streachailt i lá. Tá sé a shanntar a chuid cairteanna agus imeachtaí a ghlacadh suas a seasamh. Tar éis an focal faire a fhoghlaim ó Dolon, téann Diomedes agus Odysseus isteach agus teacht ar an teanta Hector a bhfuil díreach imithe le Rhesus. Diomedes Tá sé ag iarraidh a mharú Aeneas nó Paris nó ceannródaí éigin eile, ach Odysseus admhaíonn sé dó a bheith sásta leis an spoils a bhuaigh siad. Athena léiríonn, ag comhairle a thabhairt dóibh chun Rhesus a mharú; má mhaireann sé an oíche sin, ní Achilles ná Ajax is féidir a shábháil na Gréagaigh. Paris i dtreo, tar éis éisteacht go bhfuil spiúnaí thar lear san oíche; tá sé sé sé séalaithe ag Athena a déanann sé a bheith Aphrodite. Nuair a bheidh sé slán fuair amach, an dá mharú Ritheann tiománaí carbad an Rí ar an stáitse le nuacht a bháis. Glacann sé Hector de dhúnmharú as mian le haghaidh na rides gan chomparáid. Aithníonn Hector sa scéal gach marc de chuid Odysseus. An Muse Thracian thagann síos chun báis a mac bás, ag rá go Bhí sí a shábháil dó ar feadh blianta fada, ach Hector prevailed air agus Athena chúis a deireadh. Ní bhaineann an dráma seo le talamh duine ar bith amháin; is talamh duine ar bith é, mar níl a údar ar eolas; déantar Euripides a chur leis uaireanta, cé tá go leor focail nach raibh sé a úsáid, ar an talamh go léiríonn sé a ealaín. Chun sé a thaispeáint go hachomair an t-athrú a tháinig thar an tragóid faoi threoir Euripides. Tá sé spreagúil, seizes sé an tragóideach nóiméad, an oíche amháin tábhachtach, tá sé roinnt liricí álainn, an tá carachtair réalaíoch, na déithe a thagann síos chun untie an nós an imirt nó a mhíniú an mistéireach, tá roinnt mionsonraí neamhcheangailte leis an príomh-plott - Paris cleachtaí aon tionchar ar an ngníomh fíor - tá sé Sophocles dúirt go bhfuil sé péinteáil fir mar ba chóir dóibh a bheith, Euripides mar Tá siad. Tá an treocht réalaíoch seo, a chuirtear leis an rómánsúlacht as a dtagann réalachas springs i gcónaí, is é an chéim dheireanach de tragóid roimh é laghdaíonn. Tá Euripides dosheachanta i stair na litríochta. Rugadh Euripides i Salamis an lá céanna a bhuaigh sé an bua mór i 480. isteach i spiorad na réabhlóide i ngach gníomhaíocht daonna a Bhí ag bogadh i Aithin comhaimseartha. Bhuaigh sé an chéad duais ar chúig Bhí sé ina dhuine de na daoine a bhí ag an gComh- is fearr leat leis na mais. I dtreo dheireadh a shaoil, bhog sé go An Mhacadóin, áit a scríobh sé nach bhfuil an chuid is lú splendid de a drámaí, an _Bacchae_. Ar an nuacht a bháis i 406 Sophocles clothed a Chorus i bád mar chomhartha a mheas. Bhuaigh an t-Alcestis cáiliúil an dara duais i 438. Apollo bhí an a bhí oscailte Admetus agus bhí persuaded Death a spáráil dó má ionad d'fhéadfaí a fháil. D'fhág tuismitheoirí agus cairde Admetus é, ach a bhean chéile Alcestis ar a son bhí sásta a fhágáil ar an solas. Tar éis sraith de labharthaí de áilleacht mór agus pathos sí bás, ag fágáil a fear céile desolate. Éiríonn Heracles ag an bpáirce ar an lá a bás; sé a thugann faoi deara go bhfuil roinnt brón a tháinig ar a óstach, ach a bheith cinnte go Níl ach gaol marbh tá sé fágtha. Idir an dá linn Admetus ' tuismitheoirí teacht chun dó a chothú; tá sé revile dóibh as a n-eonachais i diúltú a bás dó, ach is é a mheabhrú go géar leo go bhfuil tuismitheoirí áthas a féach an ghrian chomh maith lena leanaí; i ndáiríre, tá sé a bhean chéile Heracles ' hilarity reckless shocked na seirbhísigh nach raibh toilteanach a aire a thabhairt do aoi gan mothú. Téann sé isteach an níos measa le haghaidh alcól agus comhairle a thabhairt do shearbhón óg chun taitneamh a bhaint as an saol cé gur féidir leis. Tar éis cúpla ceisteanna a fhoghlaimíonn sé an fhírinne. Sobered, hurries sé ar aghaidh gan aithne Admetus chun dul i ngleic leis an Bás le haghaidh Alcestis. Admetus, distracted ag cailliúint a bhean chéile, a thagann chun bheith ar an eolas go bhfuil teangacha olc a thosóidh go luath a labhairt ar a cowardice. Athraíonn Heracles le bean veiled, a bhfuil sé Deir sé bhuaigh sé i gcomórtas, agus impels Admetus a choinneáil uirthi go dtí go dtiocfaidh sé ar ais. Tar éis go leor mealladh Admetus thógann sí ag an lámh, agus ar a bheith bidden chun breathnú níos dlúithe, feiceann go bhfuil sé Alcestis. An mór deliverer ansin bids adieu le hint gentle dó chun cóireáil a fháil óstach níos frankly sa todhchaí. Ní mór an dráma seo a bheith ar an eolas do léitheoirí Béarla de Browning ar _Balaustion's Adventure_. _Bailíocht na Balaustion_. Tá sé curtha ar cheol agus tá sé á léiriú ag Covent Garden an bhliain seo. Is iad na marcanna Euripidean sonracha gach áit ar sé. An fear féin-bhéasach, an féin-díothú glórmhar an bean, an comhbhrón domhain ach gan chabhair na déithe, an claonadh a gáire chun ár dtuiscí a mhaolú, léarscáileanna iontach a léiríonn nua teacht i bpoeisiú. Tá an bhunaitheacht Euripides le feiceáil sa Roghnú ábhar nach bhfuil á chóireáil ar shlí eile; bhí sé ag streachailt i gcónaí chun dul amach as an timthriall caol forordaithe do tragóidigh Attic. Treoir nua agus tionchar an-mhór a tháinig chun dúshlán Sophocles a b'fhéidir go raibh bhraith Thackeray nuair a léigh sé ar cheann de Dickens 'luath Sa bhliain 431 fuair sé an tríú duais leis an _Medea_, laoch na an scéal ar domhan-a dtugtar na Argonauts a bhaineann le leabhair Béarla i Morris' _Life and Death of Jason_. Insíonn altra scéal Jason grá fuarú do Medea agus a phósadh beartaithe leis an iníon Creon, Rí Corinth, an radharc an dráma. Iontas ar an éifeacht na nuacht a tháirgeadh ar a maighistir 'nádúr fiery, impleann sí an Tutor a shábháil ar an dá leanaí. Éistear le caoin frith-chraolta Medea laistigh den teach; ag teacht os comhair Chorus de Corinthian mná sí plunges isteach i tuairisc ar an curse go haunts a n-ghnéas. "De gach rud atá beo agus a bhfuil tuiscint mná an chuid is mó unhappy. Ar dtús ní mór dúinn a cheannach fear céile a lord sé os cionn ár gcorp; ár chéad Is é an imní an mbeidh sé go maith nó olc, mar nach bhfuil colscaradh éasca nó creidiúnaithe. Ag dul isteach ar saol nua aisteach ní mór dúinn diviner conas is fearr chun cóireáil ár chéile. Má tar éis an agony seo a fháil againn ar cheann chun maireachtáil le linn gan chafing ag an ioca, saol sona is é ár - más rud é nach, níos fearr chun bás. Ach nuair a bhíonn fear surfeited lena chéile is féidir leis teacht ar chompord lasmuigh le cara nó compeer; ach táimid ag forforcing breathnú chun ceann amháin amháin. Deir siad dúinn go bhfuil cónaí orainn ar shaol saor ó bhagairt, ach déanann siad cogadh i gcogadh. Tá sé bréagach. B'fhearr liom aghaidh a thabhairt ar throid thrice than childbirth once". Desolate, i bhfad ó bhaile a athar, implises sí an Chorus a bheith silent má is féidir léi a devising pionós do Jason. Creon thagann amach, neamhshásta ag roinnt bagairtí éagórach a bhfuil Medea uttered agus eagla ar a scileanna mar sorceress. Tá sé i gceist aige a chaitheamh di amach as Corinth sula filleadh ar a phálás, ach tá prevaleced ar chun grásta lá amháin a dheonú. Tá Medea horrored ag an buille seo, ach cinntíonn úsáid an réabhlóid ghearr. Tar éis an od beag iontach a prophesies go bhfuil mná ní bheidh i gcónaí gan Muse, Jason emerges. Ag pointeáil amach go bhfuil a temper foréigneach tar éis a thabhairt díbirt admhaíonn sé go comhbhrón, ag tairiscint airgid chun cabhrú léi i n-easpag. Tá sí bursts isteach i fury of indignation, ag cur síos ar conas a thréig sí baile a shábháil agus eitilt leis go dtí an Ghréig. Argues sé go bhfuil a bhuíochas mar gheall ní léi, ach le Grá a compelled sí a shábháil dó; athraíonn sé a thairiscint agus tá réidh le teacht má she sends dó. Tagann slánú gan choinne. Aegeus, Rí gan leanbh na hAithne, cuairt ar Corinth go neamhchinnte. Faigheann Medea a chomhfhaireachas agus geallaíonn sí leanaí dó má thairgeann sé í cosaint. Aontaíonn sé go deonach agus léiríonn sí a plean. Seol le haghaidh Jason, tá sí ar dtús ag déanamh aithreachas le haghaidh labhairt go tapa, ansin begs dó chun a fháil ar a maithiúnas ó na bríde nua agus scaoileadh as an dílleacht le haghaidh an dá leanbh. Cuireann sí mar bronntanas bainise rób iontach agus Coróin a bhí ag a sinsear an Ghrian uair amháin. Sa radharc a Is é seo a leanas léirítear ar cheann de na coinbhleachtaí is mó meabhrach i litríocht. Chun pionós Jason ní mór sí a mhac a mharú; scoilte ag grá do iad agus tart le haghaidh díoltas sí wavers. An mháthair triumphs le haghaidh nóiméad, ansin an diabhal, ansin an mháthair arís - ar deireadh tá sí cinneadh a dhéanamh ar dúnmharú. Ghlac an radharc seo samhlaíocht an domhain ársa, spreagadh go leor epigrams sa Anthology agus ag cruthú ceann de na mural pictiúir de Pompeii. Ritheann teachtaire isteach. Tá an gúna agus an choróin ag dóite go bás Glauce an bride agus a hathair a rinne iarracht vainly chun í a shábháil: tá Jason ag teacht le gach luas chun pionós a chur ar an murderess. Éistíonn sí le áthas unholy, scoir agus slaughters na leanaí. Jason ritheann isteach agus batters madly ag an doras chun iad a shábháil. Tá sé seiceáil ag an apparition de Medea ina suí i a carr a tharraingt ag dragons. D'fhreagair sí, mar a rinne sé, mar mharaitheoir go raibh bás na leanaí agony di chomh maith agus prophesies bás miserable dó. Is é an carachtar iontach seo Clytemnestra Euripides. Ach murab ionann agus í, fhan sí go hiomlán daonna ar fud; a phointe lag a bhí sí Grá máthar a rinne sí hesitate, agus bhí Clytemnestra mothúchán a chuaigh thart, "ní driog a bheith fágtha". Medea Is é an Deisceart nádúrtha bean a thógann an dlí ina lámha féin. I _Trachiniae_ tá eile, scandalaithe mar a bhí Medea, ach maithiúnas. Go fírinneach Sophocles dúirt sé fear péinteáilte mar ba chóir dóibh a bheith, Euripides mar a bhí siad. Bhuaigh an _Hippolytus_ sa bhliain 429 an chéad duais. Tá sé tábhachtach mar ag tabhairt cleachtas réabhlóideach isteach sa drámaíocht. Aphrodite i déantar ráiteas sa réamhrá go ndéanfaidh sí Hippolytus a phionósú as í a mhí-úsáid agus ag roghnú Artemis, an dia an fiach a adhradh. An t-óg prionsa passes amach chun an chasadh; mar a théann sé, a aird a tharraingt ar dealbh de Aphrodite ag a sheirbhísigh a rabhadh dó go bhfuil fir fuath austerity neamhchara, ach déileálann sé a gcuid focal le mí-mheas. A chuid stepmother Phaedra isteach leis an Nurse, an Chorus comhdhéanta de mná Troezen, an radharc an dráma. A ailse rúnda faoi a Phaedra pianta go dtí seo baffled an Neamh-aisteoir a fhoghlaim anois go bhfuil sí grá a stepson. Bhí sí ag streachailt in vain i gcoinne an paisean seo, ach a fháil cosúil le Olivia go Is é an faill chomh cumhachtach é Go bhfuil sé ach mocking reprimand. Roghnaigh sí bás a fháil seachas í féin agus a cathair a mhí-ádh a dhéanamh ar Aithin. An Neamh-aisteoir comhairle a thabhairt di gan í féin a íobairt do chomh coitianta paisean; ní mór leigheas a bheith ann: "D'fhéadfadh fir a fháil é, más rud é nach raibh mná fuair sé cheana féin. " "Ní gá sí focail, ach an fear". Scandalised ag an ciníochas an banríon ordú sí a bheith ciúin; insíonn an bhean di sí Tá charms cumhachtach laistigh den teach a bheidh a shaoradh sí an galar gan bagairt a ainm mhaith nó a saol. Faedra amhras a phlean agus forbidden go hiomlán sí a labhairt le Hippolytus. Is é an freagra "Bí dea-churaclam; Beidh mé ag ordú an t-ábhar go maith. Ní raibh ach banríon ann Aphrodite a bheith mo chabhair. Maidir leis an gcuid eile, beidh sé go leor a insint dom plean a dhéanamh ar mo chairde taobh istigh. " Tógann corrucht foréigneach sa phálás; cloistear Hippolytus ag rá focail feargach go neamhshoiléir. Tháinig sé agus an Nurs amach; i in ainneoin a achomharc chun ciúin, denonóidh sé í as é a mhealladh. Nuair a mheabhraíonn sí dó ar a mhionn rúndachta, freagraíonn sé "Tá mo theanga sworn, ach ní mo thoil " - líne pounced ar mar neamhmhorálta ag an file go leor naimhde. Hippolytus 'dúnadh fada na mban a bhí mar an gcéanna mheas a chruthú go raibh an file ina namhaid a n-ghnéas. Taobh clé ina n-aonar leis an Nurse Phaedra Is terror-struck lest a fear céile Theseus ba chóir a chloisteáil ar a disgrace. Sí casts an Nurse amach, ag cur go bhfuil leigheas aici féin. Tá a óráid dheireanach ominous. "An lá seo beidh mé a bheith scriosadh ag grá searbh. Ach i mbás beidh mé bheith ina bane le duine eile, ionas go bhféadfadh sé a fhios nach bhfuil a bheith bródúil i mo miseries; "a bheith ag roinnt liom sa lagú seo, foghlaimfidh sé eagna". Cuireann a féinmharú Theseus i mbrón. Ag crochadh ar a wrist sé a fheiceann litir a osclaíonn sé agus a léann sé. Anseo faigheann sé fianaise di paisean a mhac. I mad hurry glaonn sé ar Poseidon a athair a a chomhlíonadh ar cheann de na trí boons gheall sé a thabhairt dó; éilíonn sé bás a mhac. Ag éisteacht leis an tumult ar ais an dara ceann. A chuid athair ionsaí furiously air, ag glaoch air hypocrite as veiling a lust faoi phréamh na caisteachta. Freagraíonn an óige le dínit; nuair a bhíonn sé i ngleic leis an litir damning, tá sé in ann freagra a thabhairt ar a chuid oath ar mhaithe. Tá sé ag cloí go brónach leis an ordú díbirt a fhógairt ar dó, ag tabhairt a chairde ar shiúl. Insíonn teachtaire an seicheamh. Ghlac sé an bóthar ó Argos feadh an cósta ina charr. D'éirigh tonn cumhachtach le monstraí ón domhain. Plunging i terror tháinig na capaill unruly; bhriseadh siad an carr agus Crushed corp a máistir i gcoinne na carraigeacha. Theseus rejoices ag an an fhortún a bhfuil overtaken villain, ach pities dó mar a mhac. Cuireann sé tairisceana na seirbhísigh a thabhairt dó go bhféadfadh sé a chúlghairm bréagach a neamhchiontacht. Is cosúil go bhfuil Artemis ag glanadh a dílis. Bhí an litir falsaithe ag an Innealtóir, Aphrodite ag cruthú an tragóid. "Is é seo an dlí i measc dúinn déithe; ní chuireann aon duine againn bac ar thoil an duine eile ach seasann sé ar an taobh i gcónaí. " Hippolytus a thabhairt isteach ag an doras bás. Tá sé réitithe lena athair agus bás blessing an dia a bhí sé a sheirbheáil chomh fada. Tá an dráma an chéad léiriú ar spiorad amhrasach a bhí go luath chun an carachtar iomlán an Dráma a athrú. An sár a rith de Tá politeism soiléir. I adhradh deity amháin d'fhéadfadh fear a eascraíonn go héasca eile, rinne Aeschylus an coinbhleacht seo dualgais an chúis Agamemnon bás, ach glacadh leis mar dogma nach bhfuil a bheith ceistiú. Ní raibh dearcadh den sórt sin ag moladh féin do Euripides; go soiléir ina ráiteas ar an bhfadhb i prolog, é a réiteach i gcuma Artemis ag an gléas ar a dtugtar an Deus ex machina. Tá sé uaireanta Dúirt an cleas seo admháil ar an dramaturg ar neamhábaltacht a untie an nóid a bhfuil sé twisted. Ina áit sin tá sé ina léiriú go bhfuil an finscéal sé Bhí sé i gcoinne deireadh éiginnte gníomh daonna. Na tragóidí de Euripides ina bhfuil an _Deus ex machina_ a fháil go mór má tá an radharc deireanach fágtha amach; cuireadh é chun an craving do roinnt cineál socraithe a shásamh agus tá níos mó i ná mar a shamhlaímid. Hippolytus is é beagán fear chilly de onóir, an Nurse staidéar iontach de unscrupulous intrigas. Tá an _Phedre_ de Racine chomh míshásta agus atá an Euripides uasal. Cosúil le Hamlet, tá an dráma lán de luachana eolacha. Tá dhá ghné Euripidean le feiceáil i _Heracleidae_, de chineál neamhchinnte dáta. Iolaus an comrade de Heracles fágann le leanaí an laoch a Áitín. Suíonn siad mar suppliants ag altóir óna Copreus, herald a persecutor Eurystheus, iarracht a thiomáint dóibh. Gan a bheith in ann troid ina sheanbhlianta Iolaus begs cabhair. Cór na nAithinéach Rush isteach, ina dhiaidh sin ag an Rí Demophon, a chloisteáil na fíricí. An chéad Copreus a chur ar a chás, ansin Iolaus refutes dó. An Rí cinneadh a dhéanamh urram a thabhairt do na suppliants, tairiscint Copreus dúshlán Eurystheus ina ainm. Mar is é an streachailt dosheachanta Iolaus dhiúltaíonn a fhágáil na altair go dtí go Tá sé ag teacht ar ais go dtí an Dimofon chun a rá go bhfuil an host Argive orthu agus go Athen beidh buaicfhiú má cailín de theaghlach uasal a thabhairt go saor in aisce a saol; Ní féidir leis a chuid fo-rialaithe a chur iallach a gcuid leanaí a íobairt do strainséirí, mar rialaíonn sé chathair saor in aisce. Ag éisteacht a chuid focail, Macaria a thagann ón tearmann ina raibh sí ag tearmann lena deirfiúracha agus Alcmena, a hathair mháthair. Nuair a chloiseann sí an fhírinne, sí deonach Tairgeann sí a teaghlach agus Aithin a shábháil. "An bhfuil mé, iníon a sire uasal, fhulaingt an indignity is measa? Ní mór dom bás ar bhealach ar bith? Is féidir linn a fhágáil Attica agus wander arís; Ní bheidh mé crochadh mo cheann má chloisim fir a rá, 'Cén fáth a thagann tú anseo le brainsí suppliant, greim ar an saol? Imigh; ní chabhróimid cowards. ' Cé a bheidh pósadh le ceann den sórt sin? Níos fearr bás ná mar sin Fógraíonn teachtaire go bhfuil Hyllus, mac Heracles, tar éis filleadh le succours agus tá sé leis an arm Athenian. Iolaus summons Alcmena agus orduithe a arm; cé go bhfuil sé sean, beidh sé a throid a namhaid in ainneoin Iarratais Alcmena. Sa cath chonaic sé Hyllus agus impigh air Tóg dó isteach ina charr. Ghuigh sé le Zeus agus Hebe a chur ar ais a neart ar feadh nóiméad amháin gearr. Ar bhealach míorúilthe, d'fhreagair sé. Dhá réalta lit ar an carr, clúdaíonn an ioca le halo solais. Ag gabháil radharc Eurystheus Iolaus d'aois ghlac sé príosúnach agus thug sé dó go Alcmena. Ag radharc air, glaoch sí ar an díoltas atá le teacht. An Athenian herald rabhaidh sí go bhfuil a gcuid dlíthe nach gceadaíonn an mharú na gabhaithe, ach deir sí go mbeidh sí a mharú dó féin. Eurystheus freagraí le dínit mhór; a naimhdeas a Heracles tháinig ní ó envy ach óna mhian a shábháil ar a throne féin. Ní dhéanann sé díbhreathnú bás, seachas, má tá sé bás, a chorp adhlactha i talamh Athenian beidh a thabhairt dó a bheannacht agus do na Argive sliocht na Heracleidae a curse nuair a ionsaí siad in am an talamh a n-caomhnóirí. Cé go bhfuil an dráma seo beag agus lag, tá sé tábhachtach. Tá sé dhá gnéithe ar dtús, an grá argóint, laige de gach an Athenians a tharchur na Cúirteanna Dlí agus an Tionól; an mania seo le haghaidh plé a dhéanamh ar na buntáistí agus na míbhuntáistí spoils ceann amháin nó dhá drámaí ina dhiaidh sin. Ar an gcéad dul síos, Tá an cailín féin-íobairtí le feiceáil den chéad uair. Do Euripides an Ní raibh an gnéas níos luachmhaire an fear, a bhí cumhachta polaitiúil agus dá bhrí sin tyrannical, ach an baineann. D'aistrigh sé aird ar dtús ar a heroism iontach. Is é an t-ionsaí na daoine a bhfuil scorn orthu nó a bhfuil dearmad déanta orthu gnéithe de shibhialtacht. Is í an Andromache pictiúr de an fómhar crua duine nach bhfuil ach bean, ach sclábhaí. Thit bean Hector go Neoptolemus ar an ghabháil Troy agus rug sé mac ar a dtugtar Molossus. Níos déanaí phós sé Hermione, iníon Menelaus agus Helen; bhí an pósadh gan leanaí agus Hermione, a raibh grá aici dá fear céile, persecuted Andromache. Thóg sí leas a bhaint as easpa a fear céile chun a thabhairt ar na rudaí a ceann. Andromache nochtadh a leanbh, í féin ag eitilt go teampall Thetis nuair a tháinig Menelaus chun cuairt a thabhairt ar a iníon. Hermione ag dul isteach go saibhir éadaí, clúdaithe le jewels "ní thug a fear céile a kins, ach ag a hathair go bhféadfadh sí a intinn a labhairt. " She reviles Andromache mar sclábhaí gan Hector in aice agus ordóidh sí a fhágáil sanctuary. Menelaus Tugann sé an leanbh; tar éis plé fada tá sé ag bagairt a mharú má Andromache nach bhfuil a thréigean an altóir, ach gealladh a shábháil dó má tá sí obeys. Sa dúshlán seo is fearr sí chun bás má tá sí is féidir léi a shábháil dá bhrí sin mac; ach nuair a shlánú Menelaus sí pasann sé an leanbh a iníon chun déileáil leis mar a bheidh sí. Tráite agus gan chúnamh, Andromache breaks amach i denunciation fada de perfidy Spartan. Peleus, seantuismitheoirí Neoptolemus, ag éisteacht leis an tumult idirghabháil. Tar éis níos mó réitigh thógann sé Andromache agus Molossus faoina cosaint agus muice Menelaus, a fhágann do Sparta ar éigeandáil gnó. Nuair a fhágann a hathair, tá eagla Hermione ar a fear céile díoltas ar a droch-chúrsaí ar an sclábhaí agus leanbh a bhfuil grá aige. Ag cinneadh féinmharú, déantar seiceáil uirthi ag teacht isteach Orestes atá ag dul trí Phthia go Dodona. Iarraidh sí air chun í a thógáil ar shiúl ó an talamh nó ar ais go dtí a hathair. Orestes cuireann sé i gcuimhne di ar an sean-compact a rinne a dtuismitheoirí iad a chur le chéile, tá sé ina ghearán i gcoinne Neoptolemus seachas a phósadh frustrach, mar bhí glaoch air a dúnmharfóir a mháthair. Bhí sé mar sin beartaithe chun assassinate dó ag Delphi, whither bhí sé imithe chun a dhéanamh ar a síocháin le Apollo. Ag éisteacht le eitilt Hermione ar ais Peleus, ach amháin a chloisteáil níos tromchúisí nuacht. Bhí Orestes 'plot rath agus bhí Neoptolemus overwhelmed. I consternation eagla sé ar chailliúint a shaol féin i sean aois. A bhean chéile-dia Thetis léiríonn agus bids sé pósadh Andromachus le Hector deartháir Helenus; Molossus a bheadh ríocht chumhachtach a bhunú, agus Bheadh Peleus mar neamhbhásach tar éis Neoptolemus a adhlacadh. Glacann an-sean-ghairm an dráma seo mar "ceathrú ráta". Go drámatúil tá sé gan luach, mar tá sé comhdhéanta de thrí eipeasóid loosely nasctha. An móitíbh do Menelaus ar ais agus éalú Hermione le assassin ó fear céile a raibh grá aici nach bhfuil soiléir, agus an _Deus ex machina_ Ní chuireann sé rud ar bith leis an scéal. Tá sé díolta ag roinnt pasanna splendid, ach tá sé suimiúil mar nochtann forbairt níos faide ar Euripides ' smaoineamh. Déanann sé anseo an sclábhaí, rang downtrodden eile, saor ó na pribhléidí litríochta, mar go bhfuil dó aon duine is vile nó reprobate. Léiríonn an pictiúr cáiliúil _Capture Andromache_ dúinn an uaigneas na sclábhaíochta. Ba é an t-ábhar céanna a ndearnadh cóireáil níos rathúla air sa Hecuba: Fuair sí a neamhbhás sa radharc na n-imreoirí cáiliúla i _Hamlet_. An scáth Polydorus, Hecuba mac, outlines an cúrsa na gníomh. Téann Hecuba isteach i dtrioblóid faoi féin agus a hiníon Polyxena. A forebodings realised nuair a chloiseann sí ó Chorus de comh-captives go bhfuil an scáth Achilles éileamh ar a hiníon íobairt. Odysseus bids a aghaidh an ordeal le misneach. Freagraíonn sí i achomharc pathetic iontach. Ag cur i gcuimhne dó conas a shábháil sí dó ó Fionnachtana nuair a tháinig sé Troy i disguise, éilíonn sí a retaliation. "Ná maraigh í, tá go leor againn bás. Tá sí mo chompord, mo altra, an fhoireann de mo shaol agus treoir mo bhealach. Tá sí mo áthas i a bhfuil mé dearmad mo woe. Ní chóir go mbeadh buaiteoirí triumph i neamhdhleathach ná smaoineamh a rathú go deo. Bhí mé uair amháin ach anois nach bhfuil níos mó, do lá amháin tá sé imithe ar mo gach rud. " Tá sé comhbhrón ach ní dare dishonor an marbh cumhachtach. Polyxena idirghabháil chun a chur in iúl na beannachtaí a bheidh bás a thabhairt di. "Ar dtús, is breá liom an t-ainm an-eagla a thugann sé dó. B'fhéidir go bhféadfadh mé Tá sé tar éis teacht ar thiarna cruálach-chroí a dhíol dom ar airgead, an deirfiúr Hector; d'fhéadfadh mé a bheith an t-ualach ar an arán a dhéanamh, sweeping an teach agus fíodáil ag an loom i saol na brón. Sclábhaí pósadh a bheadh degrade dom, a cheapadh uair amháin comhpháirtí oiriúnach do ríthe. " Ag tairiscint Odysseus a threorú chun báis, ghlacann sí a touch and beautiful go maith. Tá a deireadh deireanach a thuairiscigh go hiontach ag Talthybius. Téann bean seirbhíse isteach le corp Polydorus; leanann Agamemnon a tháinig a fheiceáil cén fáth Hecuba nach bhfuil a sheoladh do Polyxena corp. I brón gan dóchas léiríonn sí a mac maraithe, ag impí air cabhair a thabhairt le díoltas agus gealltanas a éileamh gan a chur i gcontúirt dó. A. A Tugann teachtaireacht ar an láthair Polymestor, óstach Thracian a mac le a mhac. I idirphlé lán de irony uafásach Hecuba fiosrúcháin faoi Polydorus, ag rá go bhfuil sí an rún de threasúr a nochtadh. Tá sé dul isteach ina teanta áit nach bhfuil aon duine ach roinnt mná Trojan fíodáil. Ag cur a choimirce ar ceal, lig sé do na mná níos sine a leanaí a damhsa, agus an níos óige admire a robes. Ag comhartha a d'ardaigh siad, maraíodh an leanaí agus blinded dó. Ag éisteacht leis an tumult, Agamemnon hurries isteach; ag casadh air, éilíonn an Thracian ceartas, ag magadh go raibh sé maraíodh Polydorus a fháil a chuid fabhraí. Hecuba réitíonn sé, ag tabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil sé Bhí an lust ar ór a mac a ba chúis lena bhás. Agamemnon cinntíonn Hecuba, ar a bhfuil Polymestor casadh fay, prophesying an deireadh Agamemnon, Hecuba agus Cassandra. Tá na pointí is láidre agus is laige d'achomharc Euripides anseo is léir. Níl an dráma amháin ach dhá, an nasc idir an bás an dá deartháir agus deirfiúr a bheith ina aisling ach a mháthair. Is é an t-uachtóir a bhíonn ag brath níos mó ar radharcanna aonair ná ar an iomlán agus tá sé chomh fada rómánsúil seachas clasaiceach. Tá a chumhacht le feiceáil i an glao an-spreagtha a dhéanann sé ar na mothúcháin trua agus díoltas; mar gheall ar seo Aristotle glaonn sé an chuid is mó tragóideach de na file. Tá an _Supplices_, a scríobhadh thart ar 421, ag iompar beagán níos faide an stair na Seacht i gcoinne Thebes. Grúpa de mhná Argive, máithreacha na Seacht defeated, iarratas a dhéanamh ar Aethra, máthair Theseus, chun a bheith ina réim ar a mac chun na comhlachtaí marbh a aisghabháil. Adrastus, rí Argos, pleads le Theseus a dhiúltaíonn cabhair ar dtús ach a aontaíonn sa deireadh ag an pleasures a mháthair. A ultimatum a Thebes a mholadh ag an teacht an herald as an chathair sin. A plé aisteach ar an i gcomparáid a dhéanamh ar mhaitheas an daonlathais agus an tséimhlitheoireachta a thugann ar radharc foréigneach ina Theseus gealladh ionsaí tapa i gcosaint na gcearta Sa chath bhuail na hAithneach an bua tar éis streachailt chrua; sa nóiméad na triumph Theseus ní raibh dul isteach sa chathair, mar bhí sé teacht nach sack sé ach chun na mairbh a shábháil. Ag bailiú iad go reverently sé washed amach an gore agus chuir iad ar a gcuid beers, ag seoladh iad go Áitín. I radharc a théann Adrastus aithníonn agus ainmníonn an comhlachtaí. Ag an nóiméad seo Evadne iontráil, bean chéile an Capaneus godless a Bhí bhuail an thunderbolt; tá sí demented agus mian leis an corp chun bás a fháil air. A hathair Iphis a thagann i cuardach di agus ag Ní fheiceann sé í ar dtús, mar tá sí ina suí ar charraig os a chionn. A chuid pleasures léi go bhfuil vain; sí throws í féin chun a bás. Ag an radharc Iphis plunges i lament fiáin. "Tá sí níos mó, a kissed uair amháin mo aghaidh agus caressed mo cheann. Chun a athair is é an áthas sweetest a iníon; anam an mac is mó, ach Níos lú greannmhar ina suaimhneas. " Theseus ar ais le leanaí na seampáin marbh a bhfuil sé Cuireann na comhlachtaí. Tá sé ar tí ligean Adrastus a chur ar aghaidh iad abhaile nuair Athena léiríonn. Molann sí dó mionn a éileamh ó Adrastus go Argos ní bheidh ionsaí Attica. Chun an Argives sí prophecies a díoltas ar Thebes ag an Epigoni, mic an Seacht. Tá an dráma seo an-chosúil leis an _Heraclidae_ ach cuireann sé gné nua leis; drámaíocht Tá sé ag tosú a úsáid chun críocha polaitiúla. Scríobhadh an dráma ag an deireadh an chéad chuid den chogadh Peloponnesian, nuair a thosaigh Argos a dul isteach i saol na taidhleoireachta Gréige. An úsáid neamhdhleathach seo d'Airteagal ní féidir a bheith gan é a scriosadh; Tá an t-ealaín an seans is fearr a dhéanamh féin buan nuair a bhíonn sé diúscartha ó imeachtaí a théann. Ach tá daoine eile ann laigí sa phíosa seo; tá sé roinnt fíneáil agus b'fhéidir roinnt suímh melodramatic; anseo agus tá tuisceana ar leith de Is é an Ion ar ais go dtí an modh is fearr Euripides. Hermes i mbéal Míníonn sé cad a bheith ina ábhar aisteach don lucht féachana. Ion Is A buachaill óg gan ainm a fhreastalaíonn ar theampall Apollo i Delphi. Tá rúndiamhair ina bhreith nach bhfuil a trioblóid a sunny faisnéis. Tá Creusa, iníon Erectheus Rí na hAithne, pósta go Xuthus ach níl aon sliocht aige. Gan a fhios go bhfuil Ion a mac ag Apollo, sí buaileann sé leis agus tá sé mealladh ag a iompar uasal. Comhrá iontach Is ionann ionadh tragóideach an dá mar ag iarraidh a fháil ar an ceann ina mháthair, an duine eile mac. Creusa insíonn conas a tháinig sí chun dul i gcomhairle leis an oracle faoi chara a rugadh mac don dia agus nochtadh é. Ion Is shocked ag an imorality an dia a serves sé; diúltaíonn sé a chreidiúint go bhfuil dia olc is féidir a éileamh oracles ceart a sheachadadh. Seoladh na déithe mar chorp, deir sé an fhadhb an dráma. "Tá tú mícheart i leanúint pléisiúir seachas eagna; Ní mó Ní mór dúinn a ghlaoch ar dhaoine olc, má tá muid imitate do chuid oibreacha olc; in áit an Déithe olc, a mhúineadh daoine i rudaí den sórt sin. " Xuthus embraces Ion mar a mhac i gcumhacht a ordú tá sé díreach fuair chun fáilte a chur mar a leanbh an chéad duine a bhuaileann sé ar fhágáil an tearmann. Ion glacadh leis an toil an dia ach ag iarraidh a fhios a bheith aige cé a Máthair. Ag féachaint ar an droch-chost gan choinne air, tuigeann Xuthus an chúis. Tá ion eagla ar an barra ar a rugadh a bheidh a dhícháiliú dó ó Bhí cónaí air in Aithin, áit a raibh dlisteanacht iomlán riachtanach; bhí a shaol ag Delphi bhí i gcodarsnacht géar, bhí sé ar cheann de ábhar foirfe agus nuacht síoraí. Xuthus insíonn sé dó go mbeidh sé a thabhairt dó go dtí an Aithin ach amháin mar a radharc; tá eagla air a fearg a bhean chéile lena fhortún maith; i Am a bhuachan sé a toiliú le Ion ar a chomharbaíocht ar an ríchathaoir. Téann Creusa isteach le seanfhear a bhí ina Tutor a hathair. Tá sí Foghlaimíonn ó na Chorus go bhfuil sí riamh is féidir mac, murab ionann agus a níos mó fear céile fortune a fuair díreach amháin. An Tuarascáil comhairle a thabhairt ar ais; cé go bhfuil sé ina sclábhaí, beidh sé ag obair di go dtí an deireadh. "Níl ach rud amháin a thugann náire do sclábhaí, a ainm. I ngach rud eile a Is gach whit comhionann le fear saor in aisce, má tá sé macánta. " Cinneann an bheirt ion ion ionú nuair a thairgeann sé libations. Ach an plota D'fhás sé mar gheall ar an deis singil. Na héin sa teampall bhlaiseadh an fíon agus duine a bhí i dteagmháil cupán Ion fuair bás láithreach. Creusa flies go an altóir, leanann Ion a blasphemes di as a gníomh. Ag an nóiméad sin an Prophetess d'aois le feiceáil leis an soitheach ina fuair sí ar dtús Ion. Creusa aithníonn sé agus cur síos cruinn ar an leanbh éadaí a threallaigh sí lena lámha féin; tá máthair agus mac mar sin aontaithe. Críochnaíonn an dráma le h-éileamh Athena, a dhéanann fáidh go Ion beidh an bunaitheoir an rása Ionian mór, do Apollo Bhí lámh cosanta air agus Creusa i gcónaí. Is é an fhadhb lárnach an píosa seo an bhfuil na déithe rialú an domhain go ceart nó nach bhfuil. Ní fhéadfadh aon cheist níos tábhachtaí a ardú; má tá na déithe Ní mór dóibh titim faoi bhun an chaighdeán na moráltachta a insíonn fir i gcaidreamh a bhí acu lena chéile. Ion is é an Gréagach Samuel; a go nádúrtha aigne reverent a disturbed ag aon mhol na olc i deity. Tá a chreideamh buachaill i Apollo údar agus Euripides cosúil le múineadh i bhfoirm eile an ceacht go "ach amháin a bheith againn mar leanaí, ní féidir linn dul isteach i ríocht na bhflaitheas. " Baineann an _Hercules Furens_ le meánré Euripides. Amphitryon, athair Heracles, agus Megara, bean an laoch, i Theban críoch ag fanacht le haghaidh nuacht. Tá siad i mbaol mór, do Lycus, nua rí, threatens chun iad a mharú le leanaí Heracles, mar a bhí sé D'éag sé athair Megara cheana féin. Tá sé íospartaigh éasca i Amphitryon, "níl ach fuaim folamh", agus Megara, atá éirí as chun an ní féidir a sheachaint. Ag tabhairt aghaidh ar an uafás seo, exclaims Amphitryon: - "Ó Zeus, tú a bheith níos measa cairde ná mar a cheap mé. Cé go mortal, Mé níos mó ná tú i luach, Dia cé go bhfuil tú, mar tá mé riamh thréig mé leanaí mo mhac. Ní féidir leat a shábháil do chairde; nó tá tú ignorant nó unjust i do nádúr. " Mar a bhfuil siad a stiúradh amach chun an mharú, Amphitryon dhéanann cad tá sé cinnte go bhfuil ach achomharc vain go Heaven chun cabhair a sheoladh. Ag an nóiméad sin an laoch féin le feiceáil. Ag féachaint ar a theaghlach clad in brón, iarrann sé ar an cúis. Ar dtús tá sé ar intinn aige ionsaí Lycus go hoscailte, ach Amphitryon bids dó fanacht taobh istigh; beidh sé a insint Lycus go bhfuil a chuid íospartaigh tá siad ina suí mar suppliants ar an hearth; nuair a théann an Rí Heracles d'fhéadfadh sé a mharú dó gan trioblóid. Nuair a bheidh an díoltas a glacadh Iris thagann síos ó neamh, a sheol Hera chun stain Heracles le bloodshed gaol. She summons Madness a bhfuil unwilling a afflicts aon duine, níos lú ná laoch cáiliúil. Ar an drochuair ag aontacht sí a chur ar bun chun oibre. Ritheann teachtaire amach ag insint an seicheamh. Heracles maraíodh dhá cheann dá leanaí agus bhí sé a chosc go héasca ó scrios a athair ag idirghabháil Athena. Tá sé ag teacht ar ais ina intinn ceart, ina dhiaidh sin ag Amphitryon a triall go vainly a console dó. Theseus a bhí ag gabháil Heracles go dtí an domhan níos ísle hurries isteach ar ag éisteacht le ráflaí éagórach. Chun dó Heracles bhaineann a shaol de brón gan deireadh. A bheith ciontach agus eagla a bheith ina thruailliú aon duine a teagmháil leis, tá sé ag fad toiliú chun dul go dtí an Aithin le Theseus le haghaidh íonú. He departs i brón, bidding a athair adhlacadh an Cosúil leis an _Hecuba_, tá an dráma seo comhdhéanta de dhá nasc an-loose páirteanna. Is cinnte nach bhfuil an dara ceann ina luí. Madness riamh a bhí déileáil i litríocht le cumhacht níos mó ná i Hamlet agus Lear. Thairis sin Shakespeare 's obair, an cur síos i mbéal teachtaire, cé go bhfuil beo go leor, tá sé níos lú éifeachtach, mar "cad atá leagtha roimh an súile excites dúinn níos mó ná cad a thit isteach i ár gcluasa "mar Horace tuairimí. Ach is é pointe an dráma an cosúil gan luach fhulaingt a bhfuil an chuid de charachtar maith. Is é seo téama go leor Salm sa Bhíobla; tá a fhreagra ach seo - "Cé a bhfuil an Tiarna loves sé chastiseth. " I 415 d'inis Euripides conas a chaill Hecuba a leanbh deireanach a bhí fágtha Cassandra. Tá an plota de na _Trojan Women_ outlined ag Poseidon agus Athena a bhagairt na Gréagaigh lena fuath le haghaidh dóite an temples de Troy. Tar éis gearán fada agus cumhachtach na mná gaolta Tá a gcuid fate insint ag an herald Talthybius. Cassandra a bheith pósta le Agamemnon. She rushes i prophesying wildly. Ar aisghabháil calm speech she bids her mother crown her with garlands of victory, a ordú a máthair coróin léi le garlands na bua, do a bride beidh Agamemnon a thabhairt chun a bháis, avenging a chathair agus a mhuintir. Go buailteach, téann sí ar aghaidh go dtí a cuid oibre scriosta. Lean Andromache í, sannta do Neoptolemus. Tugann sí faoi deara go brónach conas a thug a dílseacht do Hector í i sclábhaíocht le "Nach bhfuil Polyxena's agony chinniúint níos lú ná mo? Níl mé an rud sin a fhágtar do gach mortal, dóchas, ná d'fhéadfadh mé flatter mo chroí intinn le aon mhaith a thagann, cé go bhfuil sé milis fiú chun aisling de. " Tá an despair a thabhairt níos dóchúla nuair a fhoghlaim sí go bhfuil na Gréagaigh Tá cinneadh déanta a chur ar a mac beag Astyanax as na ballaí. Menelaus teacht chun cinn, gloating ar an díoltas tá sé ag súil a wreak ar Helen. - Tá sé. Ar a fheiceáil dó Hecuba chéad guí: - "Tá tú a bhfuil tacaíocht na talún agus tá do shuí ar an talamh, cibé tú, thar a fháil amach, Zeus, cibé an bhfuil tú a nádúrtha Necessity nó fear's Intelligence, chun tú guím. Ag bogadh i cosán noiseless tú ordú gach rud daonna i righteousness. " "Mhol mé tú, Menelaus, má tú go deimhin a mharú do bhean chéile, ach fág a radharc, lest sí snag tú le mian. She catcheseth fir a shúile, a thréigíonn cathracha, a dhóidh tithe, chomh láidir is atá a charms. Tá mé a fhios aici mar a dhéanann tú agus gach duine a bhfuil fhulaing uaithi. " Ansin déanann Hecuba agus Helen argóint faoi fhreagracht an chogaidh. An Ar Ais go Leabhair Lán

Frugal Abundance in an Age of Limits Our planet was once relatively empty of humans; today it is full to overflowing, with more people consuming more resources. We are used to hearing that if everyone lived in the same way as North Americans or Australians, we would need four or five planet Earths to sustain us. This sort of analysis is known as the “ecological footprint” and it shows that even the so-called “green” western European nations, with their more progressive approaches to renewable energy, energy efficiency and public transport, would require more than three planets. In the face of this reality, what does genuine economic progress look like? The orthodox answer is to insist blindly that a bigger economy is always better; that growth is the solution to the problems growth itself is causing. But this idea is increasingly strained by the knowledge that, on a finite planet, the economy can’t grow forever. Like a snake eating its own tail, our growth-oriented civilisation suffers from the delusion that there are no environmental limits to growth. But rethinking growth in an age of limits cannot be avoided. The only question is whether it will be by design or disaster. We all want to live well and flourish within the means of our planet. When we delve seriously into this question, however, it becomes clear that almost all environmental literature grossly underestimates what is needed for our civilisation to become sustainable. Only the brave should read on. The ‘ecological footprint’ analysis In order to explore the question of what “one planet living” would look like, let us turn to what is arguably the world’s most prominent metric for environmental accounting – the ecological footprint analysis. This was developed by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees, then at the University of British Columbia, and is now institutionalised by the scientific body, The Global Footprint Network, of which Wackernagel is president. This method of environmental accounting attempts to measure the amount of productive land and water a given population has available to it, and then evaluates the demands that population makes upon those ecosystems. A sustainable society is one that operates within the carrying capacity of its dependent ecosystems. While this form of accounting is not without its critics – it is certainly not an exact science – the worrying thing is that many of its critics actually claim that it underestimates humanity’s environmental impact. Even Wackernagel, the concept’s co-originator, is convinced the numbers are underestimates. According to the most recent data from the Global Footprint Network, humanity as a whole is currently in ecological overshoot, demanding one and a half planets’ worth of Earth’s biocapacity. As the global population continues its trend toward 11 billion people, and while the growth fetish continues to shape the global economy, the extent of overshoot is only going to increase. The footprint of an ecovillage The basic contours of environmental degradation are relatively well known. What is far less widely known, however, is that even the world’s most successful and long-lasting ecovillages—which can be broadly understood as “intentional communities” that form with the explicit aim of living more lightly on the planet—have yet to attain a “fair share” ecological footprint. Take, for example, what is probably the most famous ecovillage in the world: the Findhorn Ecovillage in Scotland. Among other things, the Findhorn community has adopted an almost exclusively vegetarian diet, produces renewable energy and makes many of their houses out of mud or reclaimed materials. But when an ecological footprint analysis was undertaken, it was discovered that even the committed efforts of this ecovillage still left the Findhorn community consuming resources and emitting waste far in excess of what could be sustained if everyone lived in this way. (Part of the problem is that the community tends to fly as often as the ordinary Westerner, increasing their otherwise small footprints.) Put otherwise, and more precisely, if the whole world came to look like one of our most successful ecovillages, we would still need the biocapacity of one and a half planet Earths. Dwell on that for a moment. I do not share this conclusion to provoke despair, although I admit that it conveys the magnitude of our ecological predicament with disarming clarity. Nor do I share this to criticise the noble and necessary efforts of the ecovillage movement, which clearly is doing far more than most to push the frontiers of environmental practice. Rather, I share this in the hope of shaking the environmental movement, and the broader public, awake. In a full world of seven billion people and counting, a “fair share” ecological footprint means reducing our impacts to a small fraction of what they are today. Such fundamental change to our ways of living is incompatible with a growth-oriented civilisation. The very lifestyles that were once considered the definition of success are now proving to be our greatest failure. Attempting to universalise affluence would be catastrophic. Even the ‘ecovillage’ way of life needs to be challenged. I am aware that some people may find this this position too “radical” to digest, but I would argue that this position is merely shaped by an honest review of the evidence. With our eyes open, let us begin by acknowledging that tinkering around the edges of consumer capitalism is utterly inadequate. We need an alternative. What would ‘one planet’ living look like? Even after five or six decades of the modern environmental movement it seems we still do not have an example of how to thrive within the sustainable carrying capacity of the planet. Nevertheless, one thing is clear: given the extent of ecological overshoot—and bearing in mind that the poorest nations still need some room to develop their economies and allow the poorest billions to attain a dignified level of existence—the transition to a sustainable way of life will require the richest nations to radically downscale their resource and energy demands. This realisation has given rise to calls for economic “degrowth”. To be distinguished from recession, degrowth means a phase of planned and equitable economic contraction in the richest nations, eventually reaching a steady state that operates within Earth’s biophysical limits. When one first hears calls for degrowth, it is easy to think that this new economic vision must be about hardship and deprivation; that it means going back to the stone age, resigning ourselves to a stagnant culture, or being anti-progress. Not so. Degrowth would liberate us from the burden of pursuing material excess. We simply don’t need so much stuff; certainly not if it comes at the cost of planetary health, social justice, and personal well-being. Consumerism is a gross failure of imagination, a debilitating addiction that degrades nature and is questionable even in its ability to satisfy the universal human craving for meaning. Degrowth, by contrast, would involve embracing what has been termed the “simpler way” – producing and consuming less. This would be a way of life based on modest material and energy needs but nevertheless rich in other dimensions – a life of frugal abundance. It is about creating an economy based on sufficiency, knowing how much is enough to live well, and discovering that enough is plenty. The lifestyle implications of degrowth and sufficiency are far more radical than the “light green” forms of sustainable consumption that are widely discussed today. Turning off the lights, taking shorter showers, and recycling are all necessary parts of what sustainability will require of us, but these measures are far from enough. But this does not mean we must live a life of painful sacrifice. Most of our basic needs can be met in quite simple and low-impact ways, while maintaining a high quality of life. What would life be like in a degrowth society? In a degrowth society we would aspire to localise our economies as far, and as appropriately, as possible. This would assist with reducing carbon-intensive global trade, while also building resilience in the face of an uncertain and turbulent future. We must ride our bikes more and fly less. Through forms of direct or participatory democracy we would organise our economies to ensure that everyone’s basic needs are met, and then redirect our energies away from economic expansion. This would be a relatively low-energy mode of living that ran primarily on renewable energy systems. Renewable energy cannot sustain an energy-intensive global society of high-end consumers. A degrowth society embraces the necessity of “energy descent”, turning our energy crises into an opportunity for civilisational renewal. We would tend to reduce our working hours in the formal economy in exchange for more home-production and leisure. We would have less income, but more freedom. Thus, in our simplicity, we would be rich. Wherever possible, we would grow our own organic food, water our gardens from water tanks, and turn our neighbourhoods into edible landscapes as the Cubans have done in Havana. As my friend Adam Grubb so delightfully declares, we should “eat the suburbs”, while supplementing urban agriculture with food from local farmers’ markets. More broadly, we must turn our homes and communities into places of sustainable production, not unsustainable consumption. In doing so, we must challenge ourselves to journey beyond the ecovillage movement and explore an even deeper green shade of sustainability. We do not need to purchase so many new clothes. Let us mend or exchange the clothes we have, buy second-hand, or make our own. In a degrowth society, the fashion and marketing industries would quickly wither away. A new aesthetic of sufficiency would develop, where we creatively re-use and refashion the vast existing stock of clothing and materials, and explore less impactful ways of producing new clothes. We would become radical recyclers and do-it-yourself experts. This would partly be driven by the fact that we would simply be living in an era of relative scarcity, with reduced discretionary income. But human beings find creative projects fulfilling, and the challenge of building the new world within the shell of the old promises to be immensely meaningful, even if it will also entail times of trial. The apparent scarcity of goods can also be greatly reduced by scaling up the sharing economy, which would also enrich our communities. One day, we might even live in cob houses that we build ourselves, but over the next few critical decades the fact is that most of us will be living within the poorly designed urban infrastructure that already exists. We are hardly going to knock it all down and start again. Instead, we must ‘retrofit the suburbs’, as leading permaculturalist David Holmgren argues. This would involve doing everything we can to make our homes more energy-efficient, more productive, and probably more densely inhabited. This is not the eco-future that we are shown in glossy design magazines featuring million-dollar “green homes” that are prohibitively expensive. Degrowth offers a more humble – and I would say more realistic – vision of a sustainable future. In short, degrowth means living lives of frugality, moderation and material sufficiency – but lives that are rich in their non-materialistic dimensions. Unpopular though it is to say, we must also have fewer children, or else our species will grow itself into a catastrophe. At this point, mainstream economists will accuse degrowth advocates of misunderstanding the potential of technology, markets, and efficiency gains to “decouple” economic growth from environmental impact. But there is no misunderstanding here. Everyone knows that we could produce and consume more efficiently than we do today. The problem is that efficiency without sufficiency is lost. Despite decades of extraordinary technological advancement and huge efficiency improvements, the energy and resource demands of the global economy are still increasing. This is because within a growth-oriented economy, efficiency gains tend to be reinvested in more consumption and more growth, rather than in reducing impact. This is the defining, critical flaw in growth economics: the false assumption that all economies across the globe can continue growing while radically reducing environmental impact to a sustainable level. The extent of decoupling required is simply too great. As we try unsuccessfully to “green” capitalism, we see the face of Gaia vanishing. Making the change A degrowth transition to a steady-state economy could happen in a variety of ways. But the nature of this alternative vision suggests that the changes will need to be driven from the “bottom up”, rather than imposed from the “top down”. What I have written above highlights a few of the personal and household aspects of a degrowth society based on sufficiency (for much more detail, see here and here). Meanwhile, the ‘transition towns’ movement shows how whole communities can engage with the idea. But it is critical to acknowledge the social and structural constraints that currently make it much more difficult than it needs to be to adopt a lifestyle of sustainable consumption. For example, it is hard to drive less in the absence of safe bike lanes and good public transport; it is hard to find a work-life balance if access to basic housing burdens us with excessive debt; and it is hard to re-imagine the good life if we are constantly bombarded with advertisements insisting that “nice stuff” is the key to happiness. Actions at the personal and household levels will never be enough, on their own, to achieve a degrowth economy. We need to create new, post-capitalist structures and systems that promote, rather than inhibit, the simpler way of life. These wider changes will never emerge, however, until we have a culture that demands them. So first and foremost, the revolution that is needed is a revolution in consciousness. I do not present these ideas under the illusion that they will be readily accepted. The ideology of growth clearly has a firm grip on our society and beyond. Rather, I hold up degrowth up as the most coherent framework for understanding the global predicament and signifying the only desirable way out of it. The alternative is to consume ourselves to death under the false banner of “green growth”, which would not be smart economics. Can the descent from consumerism and growth be prosperous? Can we turn our overlapping crises into opportunities? These are the defining questions of our times. We are at the crossroads, and are in the process of choosing our fate.

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Saibhreas Frugal in Aois na Srian Bhí an phláinéid seo gan daoine riamh; tá an domhan lán go leor anois, agus níos mó daoine ag caitheamh níos mó acmhainní. Tá sé de ghnáth againn a chloisteáil go mairfeadh gach duine ar an mbealach céanna le Meiriceánaigh Thuaidh nó le hOstaire, go mbeadh ceithre nó cúig phláinéid Domhanda ag teastáil uainn chun ár gcothabháil. Tugtar an cineál anailíse seo mar 'scairt éiceolaíoch' agus léiríonn sé go mbeadh níos mó ná trí phláinéid ag teastáil fiú ó na náisiúin sin ar a dtugtar 'scairt ghlas' i dTír an Iarthair, lena gcur chuige níos forásaí i leith fuinnimh in-athnuaite, éifeachtúlachta fuinnimh agus iompair phoiblí. I bhfianaise na réaltachta seo, cén chuma a bhíonn ar fhéidearthacht eacnamaíoch fíor? Is é an freagra orthoideach ná a bheith ag éileamh go dall go bhfuil geilleagar níos mó i gcónaí níos fearr; go bhfuil fás an réiteach ar na fadhbanna a bhíonn ag fás féin. Ach tá an smaoineamh seo ag éirí níos géire de réir an eolais nach féidir leis an ngeilleagar fás go deo ar phláinéid chríochnaithe. Cosúil le nathair ag ithe a eireaball féin, tá ár sibhialtacht atá dírithe ar fhás ag fulaingt ón meabhla go bhfuil aon teorainneacha comhshaoil ann don fhás. Ach ní féidir athbheochan a dhéanamh ar fhás in aois na dteorainneacha a sheachaint. Is é an cheist amháin an mbeidh sé ag pleanáil nó tubaiste. Ba mhaith linn go léir maireachtáil go maith agus a bheith rathúil laistigh de na hacmhainní atá ag ár bpláinéad. Nuair a dhéileálann muid go fírinneach leis an gceist seo, áfach, bíonn sé soiléir go ndéanann beagnach gach litríocht chomhshaoil an méid is gá dár sibhialtacht a bheith inbhuanaithe a mhí-mheas go mór. Ní mór ach an fear cróga a léamh ar. An anailís ar "scairt éiceolaíoch" Chun an cheist a fhiosrú ar an gcaoi a mbeadh "beo ar phláinéid amháin" le feiceáil, déanaimis dul chuig an méid is dócha gurb é an méadréad is suntasaí ar domhan le haghaidh cuntasaíochta comhshaoil - anailís ar an mbratach éiceolaíoch. D'fhorbair Mathis Wackernagel agus William Rees é, ansin in Ollscoil na hColumbi, agus tá sé anois institiúideach ag an gcomhlacht eolaíoch, The Global Footprint Network, a bhfuil Wackernagel ina uachtarán air. Déanann an modh cuntasaíochta comhshaoil seo iarracht méid na talún táirgiúil agus an uisce atá ar fáil do dhaonra áirithe a thomhas, agus ansin déanann sé meastóireacht ar na héilimh a dhéanann an daonra ar na héiceachórais sin. Is éard atá i sochaí inbhuanaithe ná sochaí a oibríonn laistigh de chumas iompair na héiceachóras atá ag brath air. Cé nach bhfuil an fhoirm chuntasaíochta seo gan a chuid criticeoirí - is cinnte nach eolaíocht chruinn í - is é an rud imní go bhfuil go leor dá chuid criticeoirí ag éileamh go n-íosluaíonn sé tionchar an duine ar an gcomhshaol. Fiú amháin Wackernagel, comh-fhoghlaimeoir an choincheap, tá sé cinnte go bhfuil na huimhreacha á n-aiseamh. De réir na sonraí is déanaí ó Líonra na Scaipthe Domhanda, tá an chine daonna ina iomláine faoi láthair i mbarr ecological, ag éileamh aon phláinéid agus leath de bith-chumhacht na Talún. De réir mar a leanann daonra an domhain ar aghaidh ag dul i dtreo 11 billiún duine, agus de réir mar a leanann an fhéitis fás ag cruthú an gheilleagair dhomhanda, ní bheidh an méid a théann thar an méid ach ag méadú. Scaipthe an éicfhiontair Tá an-eolas ar na bunchomharthaí a bhaineann le díghrádú an chomhshaoil. Is é an rud atá i bhfad níos lú ar eolas, áfach, ná go bhfuil fiú na heicfathracha is rathúla agus is fad-sheasmhaí ar domhan - a d'fhéadfaí a thuiscint go forleathan mar "pobail intinneacha" a fhoirmiú leis an gcuspóir sainráite maireachtáil níos éadroime ar an bpláinéad - fós ag baint amach "coibhéis cothrom" de léarscáil éiceolaíoch. Tóg, mar shampla, an t-eicfhiúchas is cáiliúla ar domhan is dócha: Eicfhiúchas Findhorn sa tSlóint. I measc rudaí eile, tá an pobal Findhorn tar éis aiste bia glasraí a ghlacadh go hiondúil, tá fuinneamh in-athnuaite á tháirgeadh acu agus déanann siad go leor dá dtithe as muir nó as ábhair athshlánaithe. Ach nuair a rinneadh anailís ar an mbratach éiceolaíoch, fuarthas amach go raibh an pobal Findhorn ag caitheamh acmhainní agus ag scaoileadh dramhaíola i bhfad níos mó ná mar a d'fhéadfaí a chothabháil dá mbeadh gach duine ina chónaí ar an mbealach seo. (Is cuid den fhadhb é go mbíonn claonadh ag an bpobal eitilt chomh minic leis an gnáth-Iodáil, ag méadú a gcuid lorg coise atá beag ar shlí eile.) Ar bhealach eile, agus níos cruinne, dá mbeadh an domhan ar fad cosúil le ceann de na heicfathracha is rathúla atá againn, bheadh gá againn fós le bith-chumas pláinéad agus leath den Domhan. Smaoinigh ar sin ar feadh nóiméad. Nílim ag glacadh leis an gconclúid seo chun díomá a spreagadh, cé go n-admhaím go léiríonn sé an méid atá againn ar ár ngéarchéim éiceolaíoch le soiléireacht dhí-armála. Nílim ag roinnt seo le critice a dhéanamh ar iarrachtaí uasal agus riachtanacha an ghluaiseachta ecovillage, atá ag déanamh i bhfad níos mó ná an chuid is mó chun teorainneacha an chleachtais chomhshaoil a bhrú. Ina áit sin, roinnim é seo leis an dóchas go gcuirfidh sé an gluaiseacht comhshaoil, agus an pobal i gcoitinne, ar an airdeall. I saol iomlán de sheacht billiún duine agus ag comhaireamh, ciallaíonn 'coibhéis chothrom' a bheith againn le caighdeán na mbraighdeáin éiceolaíocha go laghdaítear ár dtionchar go cuid bheag den méid atá ann inniu. Tá athrú bunúsach den sórt sin ar ár gcaoi maireachtála neamh-chomhoiriúnach le sibhialtacht atá dírithe ar fhás. Tá na stíleanna maireachtála céanna a bhí ina gcinn a shainmhíniú ar rath anois ag éirí mar ár n-éagmais is mó. Bheadh sé tubaisteach iarracht a dhéanamh saibhreas a uilíochú. Ní mór dúshlán a chur fiú ar an mbealach maireachtála "ecovillage". Tá mé ar an eolas go bhféadfadh daoine áirithe a fháil ar an seasamh seo ró-radical a dhíleá, ach ba mhaith liom a argóint go bhfuil an seasamh seo ach mhúnlaithe ag athbhreithniú macánta ar an fhianaise. Le súile oscailte, lig dúinn tosú ag admháil go bhfuil an t-imréiteach ar imeall an chaipitil chaipitil tomhaltóra go hiomlán neamhleor. Teastaíonn rogha eile uainn. Cén chuma a bheadh ar "pláinéad amháin" a bhfuil cónaí air? Fiú tar éis cúig nó sé scór bliain den ghluaiseacht chomhshaoil nua-aimseartha is cosúil nach bhfuil sampla againn fós ar conas a bheith rathúil laistigh de chumas iompair inbhuanaithe an phláinéid. Mar sin féin, tá rud amháin soiléir: i bhfianaise mhéid an ró-dhíolacháin éiceolaíoch - agus ag cuimhneamh go bhfuil gá le spás ag na náisiúin is boichte chun a ngeilleagair a fhorbairt agus chun go bhféadfaidh na billiúin is boichte leibhéal maireachtála dínit a bhaint amach - beidh ar na náisiúin is saibhre a n-éileamh ar acmhainní agus ar fhuinneamh a laghdú go mór chun dul i ngleic le slí maireachtála inbhuanaithe. Tá an réadú seo tar éis glaonna ar "athfhás" eacnamaíoch a spreagadh. Chun idirdhealú a dhéanamh ó athléimneacht, ciallaíonn degrowth céim de chúnamh eacnamaíoch pleanáilte agus cothrom sna náisiúin is saibhre, ag teacht ar staid chobhsaí sa deireadh a oibríonn laistigh de theorainneacha bithfhisiceacha na Talún. Nuair a chloiseann duine ar dtús glaonna ar dhíchreas, is furasta smaoineamh go gcaithfidh an fhís nua eacnamaíoch seo a bheith faoi dhúshlán agus díothacht; go gciallaíonn sé dul ar ais go dtí aois na cloiche, sinn féin a thabhairt isteach i gcultúr stain, nó a bheith frith-dul chun cinn. Ní mar sin. Bheadh an dífhás ag saoráil ó bhrú an iomarcais mhaithe a bhaint amach. Ní gá dúinn an oiread sin rudaí; ní cinnte má thagann sé ar chostas sláinte na pláinéid, ceartais shóisialta, agus folláine phearsanta. Is é an tomhaltas ná teip mhór ar shamhlaíocht, andúil lagú a chuireann an nádúir i gcontúirt agus tá amhras ann fiú maidir lena chumas é a shásamh ar an ngá uilechoitinne daonna le brí. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, ba cheart go mbeadh baint ag an dífhás leis an rud a thugtar air mar an "mhodh is simplí" - níos lú a tháirgeadh agus a chaitheamh. Bheadh sé seo ina slí maireachtála bunaithe ar riachtanais mhórthais agus fuinnimh ach a bheadh saibhir i méideanna eile saol saibhris frugal. Baineann sé le geilleagar a chruthú bunaithe ar leormhaitheas, a fhios a bheith agat cé mhéad atá le maireachtáil go maith, agus a fháil amach go bhfuil go leor go leor. Tá impleachtaí stíl mhaireachtála an dífhás agus an leordhóthanachta i bhfad níos radacaí ná na foirmeacha tomhaltais inbhuanaithe "fhuí" atá á phlé go forleathan inniu. Tá na soilse a mhúchadh, an t-am a chaitheamh ag cithfholcadh níos giorra, agus athchúrsáil ina gcuid riachtanach den méid a éilíonn inbhuanaitheacht uainn, ach tá na bearta seo i bhfad ó bheith go leor. Ach ní chiallaíonn sé seo go gcaithfidh muid saol íobairt pianmhar a chaitheamh. Is féidir an chuid is mó dár riachtanais bhunúsacha a chomhlíonadh ar bhealaí simplí agus ar bhealaí nach bhfuil tionchar mór acu ar an saol, agus caighdeán ard saoil á choimeád againn. Cén chaoi a mbeadh an saol i sochaí dífhás? I sochaí de-fhás, ba mhaith linn ár ngeilleagar a lonnaíocht chomh fada agus is cuí agus is féidir. Ba cheart go mbeadh an tAontas ina cheann de na Ballstáit is mó a bhfuil gá leo a bheith ag obair ar an tionscal, agus ba cheart dó a bheith ag obair ar an tionscal, agus ba cheart dó a bheith ag obair ar an tionscal. Ní mór dúinn dul ar na rothair níos mó agus eitilt níos lú. Trí fhoirmeacha de daonlathas díreach nó rannpháirtíochta, d'eagraíomar ár ngeilleagar chun a chinntiú go gcomhlíonfar riachtanais bhunúsacha gach duine, agus ansin ár n-fhuinneamh a atreorú ó leathnú eacnamaíoch. Bheadh sé seo ina mhodh maireachtála íseal-fhuinnimh a bheadh ag rith go príomha ar chórais fuinnimh in-athnuaite. Ní féidir le fuinneamh in-athnuaite sochaí domhanda ard-dhuine a chothabháil. Glacann sochaí an dífhás leis an ngá atá le 'fás fuinnimh', ag casadh ár ngéarchéimeanna fuinnimh ina dheis le haghaidh athnuachan sibhialta. Ba mhaith linn go mbeadh claonadh againn ár n-uaireanta oibre a laghdú sa gheilleagar foirmiúil mar mhalairt ar níos mó táirgeachta baile agus fóillíochta. Bheadh níos lú ioncaim againn, ach níos mó saoirse. Dá bhrí sin, inár simplíocht, bheadh muid saibhir. I gcás ina bhfuil sé indéanta, d'fhásfaimis ár mbia orgánach féin, d'uisceáimis ár gcarraí ó tancanna uisce, agus d'athraigh muid ár gcomharsanachtaí ina tírdhreacha inite mar a rinne na Cúbaigh i Havana. Mar a deir mo chara Adam Grubb go hálainn, ba cheart dúinn "a ithe na bruachbhailte", agus feirmeoireacht uirbeach á cur le bia ó mhargaí feirmeoirí áitiúla. Go ginearálta, ní mór dúinn ár dtithe agus ár bpobail a athrú go háiteanna táirgeachta inbhuanaithe, ní tomhaltas neamh-inbhuanaithe. Agus é sin á dhéanamh againn, ní mór dúinn dúshlán a thabhairt dúinn féin dul thar an ghluaiseacht ecovillage agus scrúdú a dhéanamh ar scáth níos doimhne glas inbhuanaitheachta. Ní gá dúinn an oiread sin éadaí nua a cheannach. Lig dúinn na héadaí atá againn a dheisiú nó a athrú, iad a cheannach ar an dara láimhe, nó iad a dhéanamh dár gcuid féin. I sochaí de-fhás, bheadh tionscail an fhóis agus na margaíochta ag dul i léig go tapa. D'fhorbairfeadh sé aisteic nua leordhóthanachta, áit a n-úsáidfimid go cruthaitheach agus a athdhéanamh an stoc ollmhór atá ann cheana féin de éadaí agus ábhair, agus a iniúchadh bealaí níos lú tionchair chun éadaí nua a tháirgeadh. Bheadh muid ag athchúrsáil go radacach agus ag déanamh ár gcuid féin. Ba é an chúis go páirteach leis sin ná go mbeadh muid ag maireachtáil i ré ganntanas coibhneasta, le ioncam roghaithe laghdaithe. Ach is féidir le daoine tionscadail chruthaitheacha a chomhlíonadh, agus is mór an chiall atá ann an dúshlán atá ann an domhan nua a thógáil laistigh de sheice na sean-ghealltanas, fiú má tá amanna trialach ann freisin. Is féidir an ganntanas soiléire earraí a laghdú go mór freisin trí mhéadú ar an ngeilleagar comhroinnte, rud a d'fhásfadh ár bpobail saibhir freisin. Lá amháin, b'fhéidir go mairfidh muid i dtithe cob a thógfaimid féin, ach thar na blianta beaga criticiúla amach romhainn is é fírinne an scéil go mbeidh an chuid is mó againn ag maireachtáil laistigh den bhonneagar uirbeach atá sa droch-dhearadh atá ann cheana féin. Ní dócha go ndéanaimid é a bhualadh go léir síos agus tús a chur leis arís. Ina áit sin, ní mór dúinn "na bruachbhailte a athshlánú", mar a mhaíonn an príomh-permaculture David Holmgren. Ba cheart go mbeadh sé seo i gceist go ndéanfaimis gach rud is féidir linn chun ár dtithe a dhéanamh níos éifeachtúla ó thaobh fuinnimh de, níos táirgiúla, agus is dócha go mbeadh níos mó daoine ina gcónaí iontu. Ní hé seo an t-eicfothúchas a thaispeántar dúinn i mbreiseáin dearaidh gleansacha a léiríonn "tí glasa" milliún dollar a bhfuil an-daor. Tugann Degrowth fís níos umhal agus ba mhaith liom a rá níos réalaíocha d'fhicil inbhuanaithe. Go hachomair, ciallaíonn degrowth saol a bheith beo de thréimhse, modhnú agus leormhaitheas ábhartha ach saol atá saibhir ina n-mheáchain neamhiompair. Cé nach bhfuil sé tóir a rá, ní mór dúinn a bheith níos lú leanaí, nó eile ár speiceas a fhás féin i tubaiste. Ag an bpointe seo, cúisfidh príomhshrutha eacnamaithe lucht tacaíochta an fhás-bháis as mí-thuiscint a bheith acu ar chumas na teicneolaíochta, na margaí agus na gnóthachain éifeachtúlachta chun fás eacnamaíoch a "dhíchumplú" ó thionchar an chomhshaoil. Ach níl aon mhí-intinn anseo. Tá a fhios ag gach duine go bhféadfaimis táirgeadh agus tomhaltas a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí ná mar a dhéanaimid inniu. Is é an fhadhb ná go gcailltear éifeachtúlacht gan leormhaitheacht. In ainneoin na ndeich mbliana de dhul chun cinn teicniúil neamhghnách agus feabhsuithe ollmhóra ar éifeachtúlacht, tá éilimh ar fhuinneamh agus ar acmhainní an gheilleagair dhomhanda ag méadú fós. Tá sé seo toisc go mbíonn claonadh ag geilleagar atá dírithe ar fhás, gnóthachain éifeachtúlachta a ath-infheistiú i níos mó tomhaltais agus i níos mó fáis, seachas i laghdú ar thionchar. Is é seo an locht ríthábhachtach sa gheilleagar fáis: an glacadh mícheart gur féidir le geilleagair ar fud an domhain leanúint ar aghaidh ag fás agus an tionchar comhshaoil a laghdú go mór go leibhéal inbhuanaithe. Tá an méid dícheangail is gá ró-mhór. De réir mar a dhéanaimid iarracht gan rath ar chaipitilíocht "ghluaiste", feicimid aghaidh Gaia ag imeacht. An t-athrú a dhéanamh D'fhéadfadh aistriú ó dhrochfhás go geilleagar staid chobhsaí tarlú ar bhealaí éagsúla. Ach léiríonn nádúr an fhís mhalartaigh seo go gcaithfear na hathruithe a thiomáint ó "an bun suas", seachas a fhorchur ó "an barr síos". Léiríonn an méid a scríobh mé thuas cuid de na gnéithe pearsanta agus teaghlaigh de shochaí dífhás bunaithe ar leormhaitheacht (le haghaidh tuilleadh mionsonraithe, féach anseo agus anseo). Idir an dá linn, léiríonn gluaiseacht na "bailte idirthréimhseacha" conas is féidir le pobail ar fad dul i ngleic leis an smaoineamh. Ach tá sé ríthábhachtach na srianta sóisialta agus struchtúracha a admháil a fhágann go bhfuil sé i bhfad níos deacra ná mar is gá a bheith ag glacadh stíl mhaireachtála tomhaltais inbhuanaithe. Mar shampla, tá sé deacair níos lú a thiomáint i ndeireadh na dálaí agus i ndeireadh na dálaí, i gcás nach bhfuil bealaí sábháilte rothar agus iompar poiblí maith ann; tá sé deacair cothromaíocht idir an saol oibre agus an saol pearsanta a aimsiú má bhíonn an t-ionad cónaithe bunúsach mar ualach orainn le fiach iomarcach; agus tá sé deacair an saol maith a ath-imagináil má tá fógraí á bhrú orainn i gcónaí ag éileamh go bhfuil "rud deas" an eochair chun sonas. Ní bheidh gníomhaíochtaí ar leibhéal an duine aonair agus an teaghlaigh go leor, ina n-aonar, chun geilleagar an dífhás a bhaint amach. Ní mór dúinn struchtúir agus córais nua iar-caipitiliste a chruthú a chuireann ar aghaidh, seachas cosc a chur air, an bealach maireachtála níos simplí. Ní bheidh na hathruithe níos leithne seo ag teacht chun cinn, áfach, go dtí go mbeidh cultúr againn a éilíonn iad. Mar sin, ar dtús agus go príomha, is é an réabhlóid atá ag teastáil ná réabhlóid i bhfhios. Nílim ag cur na smaointe seo i láthair faoi na mí-chomharthaí go nglacfar leo go héasca. Is léir go bhfuil greim láidir ag idé-eolaíocht an fháis ar ár sochaí agus níos faide ná sin. Ina áit sin, cuirim an dífhás ar bun mar an creat is comhsheasmhaí chun an dúshlán domhanda a thuiscint agus an t-aon bhealach inmhianaithe as a bheith ann. Is é an rogha eile ná go n-ithfimid go dtí an bás faoi bhratach bréagach "fhás glas", rud nach mbeadh sé ina gheilleagar cliste. An féidir leis an díghlasáil ó thomhaltóireacht agus ó fhás a bheith rathúil? An féidir linn ár ngéarchéimeanna a bhíonn ag dul in éineacht a athrú ina dheiseanna? Is iad seo ceisteanna sainitheacha ár n-am. Tá muid ag an gcrosbhealach, agus tá muid ag an bpróiseas chun ár gcinn a roghnú.

Joseph Mckenna. Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921. Jefferson: Mcfarland, 2010. 300 pp. $65.00 (paper), ISBN 978-0-7864-5947-6. Reviewed by Aaron Linderman (Texas A&M University) Published on H-War (October, 2012) Commissioned by Margaret Sankey A Troubled Account of Irish Independence Among the many irregular conflicts of the twentieth century, the Irish War of Independence is one of the most historically significant. Decades before Indian independence set off a wave of decolonization, the Irish sundered the United Kingdom and fought a guerrilla war that inspired generations of irregulars around the globe. Joseph McKenna provides a general history of the Irish War of Independence, from the Easter Rising in 1916, through the war itself, and ending with the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the outbreak of the Irish Civil War in 1922. A solid general history of the conflict, with special emphasis on irregular warfare, would be well received in many quarters. Unfortunately, McKenna’s work lacks the context or analysis that would make it accessible to nonspecialist readers, while his catalog of small actions between rebels and Crown forces--a format described by the late historian Peter Hart as “ambushology”--lacks the detailed citations that might make it a useful resource for specialists. The first three chapters of Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence concern the failed Easter Rising and its aftermath. The revolt, carried out in Dublin by the Irish Volunteers (also known as the Irish Republican Army or IRA) and other affiliated rebels, was intended to be the first engagement of an insurrection fought along conventional lines. Instead, the Rising was crushed and the leadership of the Volunteers executed by the British. In the wake of the Rising, the Volunteers were forced to rebuild their organization and reconsider their strategy, a process McKenna considers at length, providing some real gems. He compares the Easter Rising with the 1905 Moscow Uprising, which James Connolly, one of the rebel leaders, had studied, and convincingly argues that Connolly drew the wrong lessons from the earlier conflict, failing to heed Vladimir Lenin’s call for small mobile units rather than static defense. In contrast, John McBride, another rebel leader, who had previously fought with the Boers in southern Africa, learned the lessons of Christiaan de Wet’s guerrilla warfare and won future rebel leader Michael Collins over to their use. Ultimately, however, McKenna contends that the Volunteers’ inability to purchase weapons in large numbers following the Easter Rising played a significant role in forcing them to shed a strategy of conventional insurrection in favor of guerrilla ambushes. In 1919, fighting between the rebels and Crown forces again broke out, ending in a truce in July 1921 and the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December, a treaty that partitioned Ireland into a largely Protestant North and an overwhelmingly Catholic South, the latter of which became the Irish Free State. McKenna begins his discussion of this main phase of the conflict with five thematic chapters, covering passive resistance, intelligence, urban warfare, guerrilla warfare, and the role of women. These chapters are primarily anecdotal rather than analytic, though interesting details continue to emerge. Because the Irish Volunteers tapped most of the telegraph lines, the Royal Air Force (RAF) was used for transporting the most sensitive messages. In 1918, we are told, a study was conducted to examine the feasibility of using “Entrenched Air Camps,” from which the RAF could police the countryside. (The results were unfavorable and the scheme was not attempted.) Likewise, we learn that the British Army’s columns sometimes tried to pass themselves off as Irish Volunteers from a neighboring district, so as to gain the element of surprise. In spite of such intriguing details, these chapters represent a lost opportunity to put forward a clearly explained framework that would help readers make sense of the conflict. The final five chapters are strictly narrative, covering events from 1919 to 1922. The Volunteers gradually increased their stockpiles of weapons by raiding the British Army and the local police, the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), and then undertook a gradual process of pushing Crown forces out of the towns, so that by 1921 they controlled only the major cities and could only venture out with great effort. Here McKenna continues to limit himself to narration of events--drawn primarily from participants’ accounts--and does not incorporate the fruits of recent scholarship, such as Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon’s work on the role of intelligence (Turning Points of the Irish Revolution: The British Government, Intelligence, and the Cost of Indifference, 1912-1921 ) or W. H. Kautt’s on ambushes (Ambushes and Armour: The Irish Rebellion, 1919-1921 ). Historians have the two-fold task of describing what happened and explaining what it means. McKenna excels at the former, describing many engagements of the war in intimate detail; on the latter count, however, this work is lacking. Historians have a duty to pull from the mass of historical data those elements that are most essential to understanding events and their consequences. Such interpretive analysis is particularly important with regard to a war such as this, in which there was no single crucial battle, no self-evidently important moment that defined the whole conflict. Indeed, the very language of war can be misleading. Although the Irish Volunteers and Crown forces both waged “campaigns,” these looked quite different from the campaigns fought by Napoleon Bonaparte, Ulysses S. Grant, or Erwin Rommel; a point that could have been more strongly underscored. While the Volunteers organized themselves into companies, brigades, and divisions, most of these units were far under the strength those terms usually denote. Although RIC members were stationed in barracks, these were more often glorified houses rather than fully martial buildings. By McKenna’s own account, the war resulted in 1,300 deaths among combatants and civilians on both sides, a tragic number, but less than half the figure lost by Britain in the ten hours of Waterloo alone (p. 116). The attentive reader will notice that many of the engagements described involved small numbers of men, often ten or less to a side. Men on one or both sides were sometimes out of uniform, and casualties were inflicted in homes as well as in the field. While the moral connotation is misplaced, the British description of a fight against “bandits” or criminal gangs is an apt description of the mechanics of much of the conflict. Further consideration of how this form of warfare worked, how it differed from conventional warfare, and what that meant for both sides would go a long way to helping readers make sense of the events described. Likewise, while ambushes are described in frequently lavish detail, the significance of these attacks could be clearer. The overall positions of the rebels and Crown forces are often lost, without any clear center of gravity giving context to the various engagements. This lack of context is mirrored in the maps, or lack thereof. While a map of Dublin is provided alongside the discussion of the Easter Rising, the general map of Ireland comes almost at the very end of the work. These are the only maps in a book filled with dizzying levels of geographic detail which are rendered meaningless to all but those with the most intimate knowledge of Irish geography. McKenna’s use of sources is curiously uneven. At times, he generously utilizes both published and archival materials from several locations; at other times, he does not cite claims of fact and even quotations. Two chapters are without any citation at all. This is not only sloppy scholarship, but also a disappointment for those who would like to pursue further such intriguing leads as Major A. E. Percival’s recommendations for improving British counterinsurgency efforts or General F. P. Crozier’s admission that he was blackmailed into covering up murders by the Auxiliary Division of the RIC. Historians are entitled to their opinions and are certainly entitled to put forth an argument regarding competing claims. McKenna’s favoritism toward the Irish rebels’ cause is itself a very reasonable position; however, he allows this view to detract from the overall quality of his work. A heavy-handed moral tone is frequently seen: Crown forces, for example, are often “assassinated,” while Irish Volunteers are “murdered.” McKenna’s bias also colors his use of historical data, dismissing Crown forces’ accounts, such as the RIC description of the ambush at Rineen on September 22, 1920, as “black propaganda,” without demonstrating why one account should be believed over another (p. 178). Moreover, McKenna ignores some events that do not fit into his worldview, such as the Catholic riots in Derry in April 1920, which he glosses over with the simple phrase “tensions simmered,” while he describes subsequent Protestant riots in that city in July as “an orgy of destruction and mayhem” (p. 182). Later chapters appear to have been written exclusively from Irish sources, nor is reference anywhere made to the available memoirs of leading British participants, including Generals Crozier, Nevil Mcready, and Ormonde Winter. Although McKenna’s work is overwhelmingly narrative, not analytic, and not historiographical, he strongly denounces the work of Hart, a denunciation that struck this reviewer as bordering on unprofessional. McKenna affixes the moniker of “revisionist” to Hart’s name with clear disapproval; his mention of Hart’s Canadian nationality smacks of an unnecessary suggestion that a foreigner could not understand Ireland. At the heart of McKenna’s complaint are two claims that Hart made in The I.R.A. and Its Enemies: Violence and Community in Cork, 1916-1923 (1998). First, Hart argued that rebel leader Tom Barry massacred a group of RIC Auxiliaries who had surrendered after they were ambushed near Kilmichael. The debate regarding Kilmichael is long and extremely complex, but in the end it may hinge on the testimony of anonymous interviews conducted by Hart, a man who died the year before Guerrilla Warfare was published. This extremely contentious debate may never be resolved, an ambiguity McKenna fails to capture. Second, Hart claimed that in April 1922, Republicans in Cork engaged in a campaign of terror against local Protestants, as much on the basis of their religion as anything they had or had not done during the war. Again, the debate is extensive and complex, all the more so because religion, culture, and political loyalty were so intertwined in Ireland. McKenna argues that Hart’s “hypothesis does not stand up to examination,” and contends that a single uncited Volunteer document “flies in the face of some modern-day revisionist historians, who have erroneously claimed that the IRA embarked on a process of ethnic cleansing of Protestant men and women” (pp. 281-282n6, 187). Once again, McKenna’s conclusion is not, of itself, unreasonable, but his bald assertion on such a contentious question is misplaced, particularly in light of his own blithe acceptance of the claim that Loyalists engaged in “ethnic cleansing” along sectarian lines in Ulster (p. 183). Last of all, this work would have benefited from more careful editing. Terminology is not always consistent, material is sometimes repeated almost verbatim, typographical errors are too common, and a chapter and a half of endnotes are simply missing. The author has clearly invested considerable effort into his research; it is a shame that these efforts were not brought to better fruition. Editor’s Note: Dr. Linderman is a civilian employee of the U.S. Army. The views expressed here are his own and do not necessarily reflect those of the army or the Department of Defense. . Peter Hart, The I.R.A. at War, 1916-1923 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 82. If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl. Aaron Linderman. Review of Mckenna, Joseph, Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921. H-War, H-Net Reviews. |This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.|

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Joseph Mckenna. Cogadh Géarla sa Chogadh um Neamhspleáchas na hÉireann, 1919-1921. Jefferson: Mcfarland, 2010. 300 pp. $65.00 (páipéar), ISBN 978-0-7864-5947-6. Athbhreithnithe ag Aaron Linderman (Ollscoil A&M Texas) Foilsithe ar H-War (Deireadh Fómhair, 2012) Ar choimisiúnú ag Margaret Sankey Tuairisc Trioblóideach ar Shaoirse na hÉireann I measc na gcoimhlintí neamhrialta go leor sa fiche céad, is é Cogadh na hÉireann um Neamhspleáchas ceann de na cinn is suntasaí go stairiúil. Deich mbliana sular tháinig neamhspleáchas na hIndia chun cinn, d'éirigh na hÉireannaigh as an Ríocht Aontaithe agus throid siad cogadh gártha a spreag glúine de neamhrialtaí ar fud an domhain. Soláthraíonn Joseph McKenna stair ghinearálta de Chogadh Neamhspleáchais na hÉireann, ó Éirí Amach na Cásca i 1916, tríd an cogadh féin, agus ag críochnú leis an gConradh Angla-Éireannach agus le ráig Chogadh Cathartha na hÉireann i 1922. D'fhéadfaí fáilte mhaith a chur roimh stair fhónta ginearálta an choimhlint, le béim ar leith ar chogadh neamhrialta, i go leor ceantair. Ar an drochuair, níl an comhthéacs nó an anailís atá ag obair McKenna a d'fhéadfadh a bheith inrochtana do léitheoirí neamh-eolaíoch, agus níl na hairíonna mionsonraithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina acmhainn úsáideach do speisialtóirí i a chatalóg de ghníomhartha beaga idir reibiliúnaithe agus fórsaí an Chróin - formáid a thuairiscigh an staire déanach Peter Hart mar ambushology. Baineann na chéad trí chaibidil de Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence leis an Éirí Amach Éasca a theip agus a iarmhairtí. Bhí sé i gceist leis an éirí amach, a rinne na Saoránaigh Éireannacha (ar a dtugtar Arm Phoblachtúil na hÉireann nó IRA freisin) agus ceannairí cleamhnaithe eile i mBaile Átha Cliath, a bheith mar an chéad chomhpháirtíocht d'easóid a throid ar línte coitinneacha. Ina áit sin, briseadh an Éirí Amach agus chuir na Breataine ceannaireacht na Saorálaithe chun báis. I ndiaidh an Éirí Amach, cuireadh iallach ar na Saoránaigh a n-eagraíocht a atógáil agus a straitéis a athmheas, próiseas a mheasann McKenna go fad, ag soláthar roinnt fíor-chomharthaí. Déanann sé comparáid idir Éirí Amach na Cásca agus Éirí Amach Moscó 1905, a ndearna James Connolly, ceann de na ceannairí reibiliúnacha, staidéar air, agus déanann sé argóint go gcinnte gur tharraing Connolly na ceachtanna mícheart ón gcoimhlint roimhe sin, ag cur neamhaird ar glao Vladimir Lenin ar aonaid bheaga soghluaiste seachas cosaint statach. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, d'fhoghlaim John McBride, ceannaire ceannairí eile, a bhí tar éis troid leis na Boers san Afraic theas roimhe seo, na ceachtanna a bhain ó chogadh gherilla Christiaan de Wet agus bhuaigh ceannaire ceannairí sa todhchaí Michael Collins lena n-úsáid. Sa deireadh, áfach, mhaíonn McKenna gur ról suntasach a bhí ag an neamhábaltacht ag na Saoirse arm a cheannach i líon mór tar éis Éirí Amach na Cásca agus iad ag éirí chun straitéis insurrectiona traidisiúnta a chailleadh i bhfabhar ambushes guerilla. I 1919, thit troid idir na reibiliúnaithe agus fórsaí an Chróna arís, ag críochnú le tréas i mí Iúil 1921 agus an Conradh Angla-Éireannach i mí na Nollag, conradh a roinn Éire ina Thuaisceart den chuid is mó Protastúnach agus i ndeisceart den chuid is mó Caitliceach, a tháinig chun bheith ina Stát Saor Éireannach. Tosaíonn McKenna a phlé ar an bpríomh chéim seo den choimhlint le cúig chaibidil téamacha, a chlúdaíonn friotaíocht éighníomhach, faisnéis, cogadh uirbeach, cogadh gherilla, agus ról na mban. Tá na caibidil seo go príomha aneddotach seachas anailíseach, cé go leanann sonraí suimiúla ag teacht chun cinn. Toisc go raibh na Saoránaigh Éireannacha ag gabháil leis an gcuid is mó de na línte teileagrafacha, baineadh úsáid as an RAF chun na teachtaireachtaí is íogaire a iompar. In 1918, a deirtear linn, rinneadh staidéar chun feidhmiúlacht úsáid "Campaí Aeir Iomlána", a scrúdú as ar féidir leis an RAF póilíneacht a dhéanamh ar an tuaithe. (Bhí na torthaí diúltach agus níor rinne an scéim iarracht.) Mar an gcéanna, foghlaimímid gur thriail colúin Arm na Breataine iad féin a chur amach mar Dheonachóirí Éireannacha ó cheantar comharsanachta, ionas go mbeadh an t-eileamh iontas acu. In ainneoin na sonraí suimiúla sin, is deis caillte iad na caibidlí seo chun creat a chur i láthair a mhínítear go soiléir a chabhródh le léitheoirí ciall a bhaint as an gcongháirt. Tá na cúig chaibidil dheireanacha ina n-insint go docht, ag clúdach imeachtaí ó 1919 go 1922. Méadaigh na Saorálaithe a stoc arm de réir a chéile trí raids a dhéanamh ar Arm na Breataine agus ar na póilíní áitiúla, na Cúntas Ríoga Éireannacha (RIC), agus ansin rinne siad próiseas de réir a chéile chun fórsaí an Chróin a bhrú amach as na bailte, ionas nach raibh siad faoi rialú ach na cathracha móra faoi 1921 agus ní fhéadfadh siad dul amach ach le hiarracht mhór. Anseo leanann McKenna ag teorannú é féin le hais insint imeachtaí - a tharraingtear go príomha ó thuairiscí rannpháirtithe - agus ní chuimsíonn sé torthaí scoláireachta le déanaí, mar shampla obair Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon ar ról na faisnéise (Poinseacha Athrúcháin na hÉireann: Rialtas na Breataine, Faisnéise, agus Costas na Ganmheasa, 1912-1921) nó W. H. Kautt ar imbhuailte (Imbushes and Armour: The Irish Rebellion, 1919-1921). Tá dualgas déthaobhach ar ealaíontóirí an méid a tharla a thuairisciú agus a mhíniú cad a chiallaíonn sé. Tá McKenna ag sárú ar an gcéad cheann, ag cur síos ar go leor comhghabhálacha den chogadh i mionsonraí pearsanta; ar an gcuntas deireanach, áfach, tá an obair seo ag teastáil. Tá dualgas ar stairóirí na heilimintí is tábhachtaí a tharraingt as an ngrúpa sonraí stairiúla chun na himeachtaí agus a n-iarmhairtí a thuiscint. Tá anailís léirmhínitheach den sórt sin tábhachtach go háirithe maidir le cogadh mar seo, inar raibh aon cath ríthábhachtach amháin, aon nóiméad tábhachtach go soiléir a shainmhínigh an choimhlint ar fad. Go deimhin, is féidir leis an teanga féin a bhaineann le cogadh a bheith míthreorach. Cé gur rinne na Saoránaigh Éireannacha agus fórsaí an Chróin "seachadáin", d'fhéach siad go leor difriúil ó na feachtais a throid Napoleon Bonaparte, Ulysses S. Grant, nó Erwin Rommel; pointe a d'fhéadfaí a chur faoi bhráid níos láidre. Cé gur eagraíodh na Saoránaigh iad féin i ghrúpaí, i bhriogáid, agus i rannáin, bhí an chuid is mó de na haonaid seo i bhfad níos lú ná an neart a léiríonn na téarmaí sin de ghnáth. Cé go raibh baill RIC suite i mbaraic, ba tithe glóirithe iad seo níos minice ná foirgnimh mhíleata go hiomlán. De réir McKenna féin, mar thoradh ar an gcogadh, fuair 1,300 duine bás i measc comhracóirí agus sibhialtaigh ar an dá thaobh, líon tragóideach, ach níos lú ná leath an figiúr a chaill an Bhreatain sna deich n-uaire de Waterloo amháin (p. 116). Tabharfaidh an léitheoir aireach faoi deara go raibh líon beag fir i gceist le go leor de na comhghuaillithe a thuairiscítear, go minic deichniúr nó níos lú ar thaobh amháin. Bhí fir ar thaobh amháin nó ar an dá thaobh gan an éide a chaitheamh uaireanta, agus rinneadh caillteanais i dtithe chomh maith sa réimse. Cé go bhfuil an comhartha morálta mí-áitithe, is cur síos oiriúnach é an tuairisc Bhreatainí ar throid i gcoinne bandits nó ghrúpaí coiriúla ar mheicnic mhór den choimhlint. D'fhéadfadh tuilleadh machnamh ar an gcaoi a d'oibrigh an cineál cogaíochta seo, ar an gcaoi a raibh difríocht aige ó chogaíocht thraidisiúnta, agus ar an méid a chiallaigh sé sin do na páirtithe araon, cabhrú go mór le léitheoirí tuiscint a fháil ar na himeachtaí a thuairiscítear. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, cé go ndéantar cur síos ar imbhuailteanna go mion go minic, d'fhéadfadh tábhacht na n-ionsaithe seo a bheith níos soiléire. Is minic a chailltear suíomhanna foriomlán na reibiliúnaithe agus fórsaí an Chróna, gan aon lár dlús soiléir a thugann comhthéacs do na hidirghabhálacha éagsúla. Tá an easpa comhthéacs seo le feiceáil sna léarscáileanna, nó an easpa sin. Cé go gcuirtear léarscáil Bhaile Átha Cliath ar fáil in éineacht le plé ar Éirí Amach na Cásca, cuirtear léarscáil ghinearálta na hÉireann beagnach ag deireadh an oibre. Is iad seo na léarscáileanna amháin i leabhar atá líonta le leibhéil stuamacha mionsonraithe geografach nach bhfuil ciall ag gach duine ach iad siúd a bhfuil an t-eolas is mó pearsanta acu ar gheografaíocht na hÉireann. Tá úsáid McKenna as foinsí neamhchothrom go hiontach. Uaireanta, úsáideann sé go mórchuid ábhar foilsithe agus earraí cartlainne ó roinnt áiteanna; uaireanta eile, ní thugann sé deimhniúí fíorais agus fiú luachan. Tá dhá chaibidil gan aon luachan ar chor ar bith. Ní hamháin go bhfuil sé seo ina scoláireacht sloppy, ach freisin ina díomá dóibh siúd ar mhaith leo a leanúint ar aghaidh le treoracha suimiúla mar mholtaí an Mhór A. E. Percival chun iarrachtaí frith-insurgence na Breataine a fheabhsú nó admháil an Ghinéarail F. P. Crozier go ndearnadh é a chantaisteáil chun dúnmharú a chlúdach ag RIC. Tá sé de cheart ag staraithe a gcuid tuairimí a bheith acu agus tá sé de cheart acu argóint a chur i láthair maidir le héilimh iomaíocha. Is seasamh an-réasúnach é féin an fabhraíocht atá ag McKenna i leith cúis na reibiliúnaigh Éireannacha; áfach, ligeann sé don dearcadh seo a cháilíocht fhoriomlán a chuid oibre a laghdú. Is minic a fheictear ton morálta tromchúiseach: is minic a bhíonn fórsaí an Chróin, mar shampla, asassassinated, agus murdered Volunteers Éireannacha. Mckennas bias freisin a úsáid de shonraí stairiúla, ag dífhostú cuntais fórsaí an Chróin, mar shampla tuairisc RIC ar an ambush ag Rineen ar 22 Meán Fómhair, 1920, mar propaganda dubh, gan a thaispeáint cén fáth ar chóir cuntas amháin a chreidiúint thar ceann eile (p. 178). Thairis sin, déanann McKenna neamhaird ar roinnt imeachtaí nach oireann dá léargas ar an domhan, mar shampla na reibiliúnaí Caitliceacha i mBaile Átha Cliath i mí Aibreáin 1920, a dhéanann sé an abairt shimplí "teannas simmered", agus a thuairiscíonn sé reibiliúnaí Protastúnacha ina dhiaidh sin sa chathair sin i mí Iúil mar "orgóide na scriosadh agus na mayhem" (p. 182). Is cosúil gur scríobhadh caibidil níos déanaí go heisiach ó fhoinsí Éireannacha, agus ní dhéantar tagairt áit ar bith do chuimhní cinn na rannpháirtithe tosaigh na Breataine, lena n-áirítear na Ginearálaigh Crozier, Nevil Mcready, agus Ormonde Winter. Cé go bhfuil obair McKenna go mór insint, ní anailíseach, agus ní historiographical, déanann sé cáineadh láidir ar obair Hart, cáineadh a bhuail an t-athbhreithneoir seo mar theorainn ar neamhghinearálta. Chuir McKenna an t-ainm "athbhreithnitheach" ar ainm Hart le mí-aontú soiléir; tá a lua ar náisiúntacht Cheanada Hart ag moladh go bhfuil sé neamhriachtanach nach bhféadfadh eachtrannach Éire a thuiscint. I gcroílár gearán McKenna ' s tá dhá éileamh a rinne Hart sa IRA . agus a Neimhde: Foréigean agus Pobail i gCorcaigh, 1916-1923 (1998). Ar dtús, mhaígh Hart gur maraigh ceannaire na reibiliúnaigh Tom Barry grúpa Cúntóirí RIC a raibh tugtha suas tar éis dóibh a bheith faoi léigear in aice le Kilmichael. Tá an díospóireacht maidir le Kilmichael fada agus an-chasta, ach sa deireadh d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ag brath ar fhís agallaimh gan ainm a rinne Hart, fear a fuair bás an bhliain sula foilsíodh Guerrilla Warfare. B'fhéidir nach réiteofar an díospóireacht thar a bheith conspóideach seo riamh, amhéide nach dtuigeann McKenna. Ar an dara dul síos, dúirt Hart gur ghlac Poblachtánaigh i gCorca i mí Aibreáin 1922 páirt i bhfeachtas sceimhlitheoireachta i gcoinne na bPróitéinigh áitiúla, chomh mór sin ar bhonn a reiligiúin agus aon rud a rinne siad nó nár rinne siad le linn na cogaidh. Arís, tá an díospóireacht fairsing agus casta, agus níos mó fós toisc go raibh reiligiún, cultúr, agus dílseacht pholaitiúil chomh nasctha le chéile in Éirinn. Deir McKenna nach seasann "téarma" Hart le scrúdú, agus maireann sé go bhfuil doiciméad amháin neamh-luaite ag Volunteer "ag eitilt i bhfianaise roinnt staire athbhreithnithe nua-aimseartha, a mhaígh go mícheart gur chuir an IRA tús le próiseas glanadh eitneach fir agus mná Protastúnach" (pp. 281-282n6, 187). Arís, ní hé conclúid McKenna, de réir a chéile, míréasúnach, ach tá a dhearbhú gan ghá ar cheist chomh conspóideach sin mí-áitithe, go háirithe i bhfianaise a glacadh blithe féin leis an éileamh go ndearna dílisí "gluaiseacht eitneach" ar feadh línte seicteacha in Ulster (p. 183). Ar deireadh, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh leas ag an obair seo as eagarthóireacht níos cúramaí. Ní bhíonn an téarmaíocht comhsheasmhach i gcónaí, déantar an t-ábhar a athdhéanamh uaireanta beagnach go focail, tá earráidí tipagrafacha ró-choitianta, agus níl caibidil agus leath de nótaí deiridh ar fáil. Is léir go bhfuil iarracht mhór déanta ag an údar ina chuid taighde; is trua nach raibh torthaí níos fearr ag na hiarrachtaí sin. Nóta an eagarthóra: Is fostaí sibhialta de chuid Arm na Stát Aontaithe é an Dr. Linderman. Is é a chuid tuairimí féin a léirítear anseo agus ní gá go léiríonn siad iad siúd an arm nó an Roinn Cosanta. . . go deo . Peter Hart, an IRA. ag Cogadh, 1916-1923 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 82. Má tá plé breise ar an athbhreithniú seo, is féidir leat rochtain a fháil air trí na lógaí plé liosta ag: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl. Aaron Linderman. Athbhreithniú ar Mckenna, Joseph, Guerrilla Warfare in the Irish War of Independence, 1919-1921. H-War, H-Net Léirmheasanna. Tá an obair seo ceadúnaithe faoi Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.

So. Yesterday, we heard that the Pope's astronomer conceded that there may be alien life outside of planet Earth, and today NASA said that it discovered significant water on the Moon. "The discovery opens a new chapter in our understanding of the moon," the space agency said in a written statement shortly after the briefing began. Michael Wargo, chief lunar scientist at NASA headquarters in Washington, said the latest discovery also could unlock the mysteries of the solar system. He listed several options as sources for the water, including solar winds, comets, giant molecular clouds or even the moon itself through some kind of internal activity. The Earth also may have a role, Wargo said. "If the water that was formed or deposited is billions of years old, these polar cold traps could hold a key to the history and evolution of the solar system, much as an ice core sample taken on Earth reveals ancient data," NASA said in its statement. Coicidence? I smell a conspiracy. Where's my tin foil hat? Next stop: microbes on Mars! Link

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Mar sin. Inné, chuala muid go bhfuil an t-astronomer an Pápa admhaigh go bhféadfadh go bhfuil saol eachtrannach lasmuigh den phláinéid an Domhain, agus inniu dúirt an NASA go bhfuil sé fuarthas uisce suntasach ar an ghealach. "Tá an fionnachtanas ag oscailt caibidil nua inár dtuiscint ar an ghealach", a dúirt an ghníomhaireacht spáis i ráiteas i scríbhinn go gairid tar éis don achoimre a thosú. Dúirt Michael Wargo, príomh-eolaí gealach ag ceanncheathrú NASA i Washington, go bhféadfadh an fionnachtanas is déanaí rúndachtaí an chórais gréine a oscailt freisin. Liostáil sé roinnt roghanna mar fhoinsí don uisce, lena n-áirítear gaotha gréine, comets, scamall móilíneach ollmhór nó fiú an ghealach féin trí chineál gníomhaíochta inmheánach. D'fhéadfadh ról a bheith ag an Domhan freisin, a dúirt Wargo. "Má tá an t-uisce a cruthaíodh nó a thaisceadh billiúin bliain d'aois, d'fhéadfadh na gaistí fuar polacha seo eochair a bheith acu do stair agus d'eabhlóid an chórais gréine, an oiread agus a nochtann sampla croí oighir a tógadh ar an Domhan sonraí ársa", a dúirt NASA ina ráiteas. Comhchruinneas? Smell mé comhcheilg. Cá bhfuil mo hata foilín-tín? An chéad stad eile: miocróib ar Mars! Ceangal

My gut reaction when my 3 year old used the F word was one of horror. I couldn’t believe my ears, but I guess this sort of thing is inevitable when they start going to nursery school. “I was playing mummies and babies with x and y in the home corner, and x was making lunch, and we couldn’t have too much or it would make us FAT!” My first response: my Mummy Poker Face. In my head I was tearing my hair out shouting “nooooooooo!”. Second response: a light and breezy 1 minute chat about food making you strong. My second reason for the horror was the thought that the teacher may assume that, as a dietitian, I was teaching my children this nonsense. Following 12 years as a dietitian, I have seen hundreds of people (children and adults) for advice on obesity. Issues around food commonly appear to come from childhood experiences, a parent’s relationship with food and how they relate this to their children. During my time as a paediatric dietitian in the NHS, one particular little girl sticks in my mind. She was about 5 years old and referred to me as she was overweight. The first thing she did when she came in to the clinic room, was to show me her Barbie. She asked if she would ever look like her. I told her nobody looks like Barbie. Of course, every parent wants their child to eat well, have a diet of good nutritious foods, and be healthy in the long term. We come in all shapes and sizes, skinny does not necessarily mean healthy. Feeding yourself and your child wholesome food, not using food as an emotional crutch, and not feeling GUILTY about nourishing yourself are all crucial in achieving a balanced state of mind. But how do we convey this to our children, particularly our daughters? Is it appropriate to use the F word? Here is what I have learnt from my time practising as a paediatric dietitian, and as a mum to 3 children: - Do not discuss your weight or ‘going on a diet’ within earshot of your children. Do not discuss any body part that you dislike. Keep any food, body and weight insecurities to yourself. - Do not discuss their weight, shape or size in a negative way, even if you are trying to turn it in to a positive eg. “it’s ok if you’re chunky/have baby fat”. - Don’t ban any food. It’s ok to have crisps, chocolate, cake etc. as an occasional addition to a regular intake of the ‘healthier’ foods - Do not discuss calories, and burning off with exercise. This leads to negative associations between the two. Food should be enjoyed. And exercise should be enjoyed, not a chore or a punishment to ‘work off’ a ‘bad’ food choice. What should you say? - Food provides nutrition to make our bodies strong, fit and healthy - Some foods have much more vitamins and minerals than others, it is important that we eat lots of these to give our bodies energy and to keep us well. - Bread, potatoes, rice, pasta give us lots of energy for running around, climbing, bouncing, having fun! - Veggies and fruit help us to stop getting sick, give us sparkly eyes, shiny hair, and help cuts and grazes to get better - Fat is not ‘bad’, some fat is important for our bodies to use the vitamins properly and to help our brains to work - Eating a mixture of food gives all the different things our body needs Tell your children that our bodies are amazing………..talk about all the awesome things that they can do if they want to: climb a mountain, run a race, do a cartwheel, touch the sky with their feet on a swing. Help them to love moving, because that is what we are designed for. “We’ve got to go for a walk because we’ve eaten to much chocolate” is in no way healthy, helpful or positive. Teach your child how to love fresh air Teach your child to love movement and exploring new things Teach your child how to bake a cake using butter, sugar and flour Teach your child how to chop and cook veggies. Tell them they are strong, tell them they look happy, tell them they are GLOWING!

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Bhí mo imoibriú gut nuair a d'úsáid mo 3 bliana d'aois an F focal ar cheann de horror. Ní raibh mé in ann a chreidiúint mo chluasa, ach is dócha go bhfuil an cineál seo rud éinneacht nuair a thosaíonn siad ag dul go dtí an scoil pháistí. Bhí mé ag imirt mummies agus leanaí le x agus y sa chúinne baile, agus bhí x ag déanamh lóin, agus ní fhéadfaimis a bheith ró-mhór nó déarfadh sé linn FAT! Mo chéad fhreagra: mo Mummy Poker Face. I mo cheann bhí mé ag tarraingt mo chuid gruaige amach ag caoineadh nooooooooo!. An dara freagra: comhrá éadrom agus gaoithe 1 nóiméad faoi bhia a dhéanann tú láidir. Ba é an dara chúis a bhí agam leis an uafás ná an smaoineamh go bhféadfadh an múinteoir a cheapadh, mar aiste bia, go raibh mé ag múineadh na n-eagna seo do mo pháistí. Tar éis 12 bliana mar aiste bia, tá na céadta daoine (leanaí agus daoine fásta) feicthe agam chun comhairle a fháil maidir le murtall. Is cosúil go dtagann saincheisteanna a bhaineann le bia go coitianta ó thaithí óige, caidreamh tuismitheoirí le bia agus an chaoi a mbaineann siad seo lena gcuid leanaí. Le linn mo chuid ama mar chothaitheoir páistí sa NHS, tá cailín beag ar leith i mo mheabhrú. Bhí sí thart ar 5 bliana d'aois agus thug sí faoi dom mar go raibh sí róthrom. An chéad rud a rinne sí nuair a tháinig sí isteach sa seomra clinic, Ba é a thaispeáint dom a Barbie. D'fhiafraigh sí má bheadh sí ag breathnú cosúil léi. Dúirt mé léi nach bhfuil aon duine cosúil le Barbie. Ar ndóigh, ba mhaith le gach tuismitheoir go n-itheann a leanbh go maith, go mbíonn aiste bia maith cothaitheach aige, agus go mbeadh sé sláintiúil go fadtéarmach. Tagann muid i ngach cruth agus méid, ní gá go gciallódh caol go bhfuil sé sláintiúil. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go mbeidh tú féin agus do leanbh ag ithe bia sláintiúil, gan bia a úsáid mar chróic mhothúchánach, agus gan a bheith ag mothú ciontachta faoi tú féin a chothú chun staid intinne cothrom a bhaint amach. Ach conas a chuirimid é seo ar fáil dár leanaí, go háirithe ár n-iníonacha? An bhfuil sé oiriúnach an focal F a úsáid? Seo an méid a d'fhoghlaim mé ó m'am ag cleachtadh mar aiste bia páistí, agus mar mháthair do 3 leanbh: - Ná pléigh do mheáchan nó " dul ar aiste bia " i gcluas do pháistí. Ná plé aon chuid den chorp nach maith leat. Coinnigh aon easpa sábháilteachta bia, coirp agus meáchain duit féin. - Ná plé a meáchan, cruth nó méid ar bhealach diúltach, fiú má tá tú ag iarraidh é a iompú go dearfach e. g. Tá sé ceart go leor má tá tú chunky/a bhfuil saill leanbh. - Ná toirmisc aon bhia. Tá sé ceart go leor cripse, seacláid, cáca a bheith agat. mar bhreiseán ó am go ham ar iontógáil rialta na "bianna níos sláintiúla" - Ná plé calories, agus a dhó amach le cleachtadh. Mar thoradh air sin, bíonn comhcheangal diúltach idir an dá rud. Ba chóir go mbeadh bia taitneamh a bhaint as. Agus ba cheart go mbainfeadh an cleachtadh taitneamh as, ní mar chorr nó mar phionós chun "oibre a dhéanamh amach" as rogha "droch" bia. Cad ba cheart duit a rá? - Soláthraíonn bia cothú chun ár gcorp a dhéanamh láidir, oiriúnach agus sláintiúil - Tá i roinnt bianna i bhfad níos mó vitimíní agus mianraí ná bianna eile, tá sé tábhachtach go n-itheann muid go leor díobh seo chun fuinneamh a thabhairt dár gcorp agus chun go mbeidh muid go maith. - Arán, prátaí, rís, pasta a thabhairt dúinn go leor fuinnimh le haghaidh rith timpeall, ag dreapadh, bouncing, ag spraoi! - Cabhraíonn glasraí agus torthaí linn stop a chur ag fáil tinn, a thabhairt dúinn súile sparkly, gruaig shiny, agus cabhrú le gearradh agus grazes a fháil níos fearr - Ní "droch" é saille, tá roinnt saille tábhachtach dár gcorp chun na vitimíní a úsáid i gceart agus chun cabhrú lenár n-inchinn oibriú - Ag ithe meascán bia tugann gach rud éagsúla a theastaíonn ón gcomhlacht Inis do leanaí go bhfuil ár gcorp iontach...........labhair faoi na rudaí iontach go léir is féidir leo a dhéanamh má tá siad ag iarraidh: sléacht ar shléibhe, rith rás, a dhéanamh cartwheel, teagmháil a dhéanamh leis an spéir lena cosa ar swing. Cabhair leo grá a bheith acu bogadh, mar is é sin an rud a ceapadh muid le haghaidh. 'Caithfimid dul ar shiúl mar gur ith muid an iomarca seacláide' níl sé sláintiúil, cabhrach ná dearfach ar chor ar bith. Múin do leanbh conas grá a thabhairt don aer úr Múineann tú do leanbh grá a bheith aige do ghluaiseacht agus do rudaí nua a iniúchadh Múin do leanbh conas cáca a dhéanamh le bóthar, siúcra agus plúr Múin do leanbh conas glasraí a ghearradh agus a chócaráil. Inis dóibh go bhfuil siad láidir, inis dóibh go bhfuil cuma sona orthu, inis dóibh go bhfuil siad ag creidiúint!

As mentioned earlier, a wave is an energy transport phenomenon that transports energy along a medium without transporting matter. A pulse or a wave is introduced into a slinky when a person holds the first coil and gives it a back-and-forth motion. This creates a disturbance within the medium; this disturbance subsequently travels from coil to coil, transporting energy as it moves. The energy is imparted to the medium by the person as he/she does work upon the first coil to give it kinetic energy. This energy is transferred from coil to coil until it arrives at the end of the slinky. If you were holding the opposite end of the slinky, then you would feel the energy as it reaches your end. In fact, a high energy pulse would likely do some rather noticeable work upon your hand upon reaching the end of the medium; the last coil of the medium would displace your hand in the same direction of motion of the coil. For the same reasons, a high energy ocean wave can do considerable damage to the rocks and piers along the shoreline when it crashes upon it. How is the Energy Transported Related to the Amplitude? The amount of energy carried by a wave is related to the amplitude of the wave. A high energy wave is characterized by a high amplitude; a low energy wave is characterized by a low amplitude. As discussed earlier in Lesson 2, the amplitude of a wave refers to the maximum amount of displacement of a particle on the medium from its rest position. The logic underlying the energy-amplitude relationship is as follows: If a slinky is stretched out in a horizontal direction and a transverse pulse is introduced into the slinky, the first coil is given an initial amount of displacement. The displacement is due to the force applied by the person upon the coil to displace it a given amount from rest. The more energy that the person puts into the pulse, the more work that he/she will do upon the first coil. The more work that is done upon the first coil, the more displacement that is given to it. The more displacement that is given to the first coil, the more amplitude that it will have. So in the end, the amplitude of a transverse pulse is related to the energy which that pulse transports through the medium. Putting a lot of energy into a transverse pulse will not effect the wavelength, the frequency or the speed of the pulse. The energy imparted to a pulse will only affect the amplitude of that pulse. Consider two identical slinkies into which a pulse is introduced. If the same amount of energy is introduced into each slinky, then each pulse will have the same amplitude. But what if the slinkies are different? What if one is made of zinc and the other is made of copper? Will the amplitudes now be the same or different? If a pulse is introduced into two different slinkies by imparting the same amount of energy, then the amplitudes of the pulses will not necessarily be the same. In a situation such as this, the actual amplitude assumed by the pulse is dependent upon two types of factors: an inertial factor and an elastic factor. Two different materials have different mass densities. The imparting of energy to the first coil of a slinky is done by the application of a force to this coil. More massive slinkies have a greater inertia and thus tend to resist the force; this increased resistance by the greater mass tends to cause a reduction in the amplitude of the pulse. Different materials also have differing degrees of springiness or elasticity. A more elastic medium will tend to offer less resistance to the force and allow a greater amplitude pulse to travel through it; being less rigid (and therefore more elastic), the same force causes a greater amplitude. Energy-Amplitude Mathematical Relationship The energy transported by a wave is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude of the wave. This energy-amplitude relationship is sometimes expressed in the following manner. This means that a doubling of the amplitude of a wave is indicative of a quadrupling of the energy transported by the wave. A tripling of the amplitude of a wave is indicative of a nine-fold increase in the amount of energy transported by the wave. And a quadrupling of the amplitude of a wave is indicative of a 16-fold increase in the amount of energy transported by the wave. The table at the right further expresses this energy-amplitude relationship. Observe that whenever the amplitude increased by a given factor, the energy value is increased by the same factor squared. For example, changing the amplitude from 1 unit to 2 units represents a 2-fold increase in the amplitude and is accompanied by a 4-fold (22) increase in the energy; thus 2 units of energy becomes 4 times bigger - 8 units. As another example, changing the amplitude from 1 unit to 4 units represents a 4-fold increase in the amplitude and is accompanied by a 16-fold (42) increase in the energy; thus 2 units of energy becomes 16 times bigger - 32 units. Earthquakes and other geologic disturbances sometimes result in the formation of seismic waves. Seismic waves are waves of energy that are transported through the earth and over its surface. Earthquakes are given a Richter scale rating that indicates how intense the earthquake is. Use the Earthquake Energy widget below to explore the relationship between the Richter scale magnitude and the amount of energy transmitted by seismic waves. Check Your Understanding 1. Mac and Tosh stand 8 meters apart and demonstrate the motion of a transverse wave on a snakey. The wave can be described as having a vertical distance of 32 cm from a trough to a crest, a frequency of 2.4 Hz, and a horizontal distance of 48 cm from a crest to the nearest trough. Determine the amplitude, period, and wavelength of such a wave. 2. An ocean wave has an amplitude of 2.5 m. Weather conditions suddenly change such that the wave has an amplitude of 5.0 m. The amount of energy transported by the wave is __________. d. remains the same 3. Two waves are traveling through a container of an inert gas. Wave A has an amplitude of 0.1 cm. Wave B has an amplitude of 0.2 cm. The energy transported by wave B must be __________ the energy transported by wave A. c. two times larger than d. four times larger than

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Mar a luadh roimhe seo, is feiniméan iompair fuinnimh é tonn a chuireann fuinneamh ar feadh meán gan ábhar a iompar. Cuirtear léim nó tonn isteach i slinky nuair a shealbhaíonn duine an chéad chúlra agus a thugann gluaiseacht ar ais agus ar aghaidh dó. Cruthaíonn sé seo cur isteach laistigh den mheán; téann an cur isteach seo ó shraith go shraith ina dhiaidh sin, ag iompar fuinnimh agus é ag gluaiseacht. Cuireann an duine an fuinneamh ar an meán agus é ag obair ar an gcéad chúlra chun fuinneamh cinéiteach a thabhairt dó. Aistrítear an fuinneamh seo ó shraith go shraith go dtí go sroicheann sé deireadh an slinky. Má bhí tú ag a shealbhú an deireadh eile an slinky, ansin ba mhaith leat a bhraitheann an fuinneamh mar a shroicheann sé do dheireadh. Go deimhin, is dócha go ndéanfadh púiléad ardfhuinnimh obair shuntasach ar do lámh nuair a shroichfeadh sé deireadh an mheán; chuirfeadh an spól deireanach den mheán do lámh ar shiúl sa treo céanna gluaiseachta an spól. Ar na cúiseanna céanna, is féidir le tonn aigéin ard-chumhachta damáiste suntasach a dhéanamh do na carraigeacha agus do na piallaí ar feadh na cósta nuair a bhuaileann sé air. Conas a bhaineann an Fuinneamh a Chuirtear Iompar leis an Amplitude? Tá an méid fuinnimh a iompróidh tonn bainteach le leathnú an tonn. Tá luas ard ag tonn ardfhuinnimh; tá luas íseal ag tonn ísealfhuinnimh. Mar a pléadh níos luaithe i Léas 2, tagraíonn amleachtacht tonn do mhéid uasta díláithrithe de pharaicéad ar an meán óna seasamh fan. Is é an loighic atá mar bhunús don chaidreamh fuinnimh-amplitude mar seo a leanas: Má shíntear slinky amach i dtreo cothrománach agus má chuirtear púil trasna isteach sa slinky, tugtar méid tosaigh díláithrithe don chéad chraobh. Tá an díláithriú mar gheall ar an bhfuil a chuireann an duine ar an sling chun méid áirithe a dhíláithriú ó shuí. An níos mó fuinnimh go bhfuil an duine a chur isteach sa phul, an níos mó oibre go mbeidh sé / sí a dhéanamh ar an chéad coil. An níos mó oibre a dhéantar ar an gcéad spól, an níos mó díláithriú a thugtar dó. An níos mó díláithriú a thugtar don chéad chraobh, an níos mó anmhéadrom a bheidh aige. Mar sin sa deireadh, tá an amplitude de pholl trasna a bhaineann leis an fuinneamh a bhfuil an pholl a iompar tríd an meán. Ní dhéanfaidh an oiread fuinnimh a chur i bpáis trasna difear do fhad an tonn, don minicíocht nó do luas an phálsa. Ní dhéanfaidh an fuinneamh a thugtar do phulsa ach difear do mhéide an phulsa sin. Smaoinigh ar dhá slinkies comhionann ina gcuirtear púil. Má chuirtear an méid céanna fuinnimh isteach i ngach slinky, beidh an t-amhrán céanna ag gach buille. Ach cad a tharlaíonn má tá na slinkies difriúil? Cad a tharlaíonn má tá ceann déanta as sinc agus an ceann eile déanta as copar? An mbeidh na fairsingeanna mar an gcéanna nó difriúil anois? Má chuirtear púdar isteach i dhá slinkies éagsúla trí an méid céanna fuinnimh a chur isteach, ní gá go mbeidh an méid céanna an phlúda. I gcás den sórt sin, tá an t-amhrán iarbhír a ghlacann an phulsa ag brath ar dhá chineál fachtóir: fachtóir inertial agus fachtóir elastach. Tá dlús mais éagsúil ag dhá ábhar éagsúla. Déantar fuinneamh a thabhairt do chéad chúlra de slinky trí bhuaigh a chur ar an gcúlra seo. Tá níos mó innéacs ag slinkies níos mó agus mar sin bíonn claonadh acu seasamh in aghaidh an fhórsa; bíonn an friotaíocht mhéadaithe seo ag an mais níos mó ag laghdú ar an amplitude an phulsa. Tá céimeanna éagsúla solúbthachta nó elastachtachta ag ábhair éagsúla freisin. Beidh meán níos elastic claonadh a thairiscint níos lú friotaíocht don fhórsa agus ligean a níos mó amplitúide phuls chun taisteal tríd; ag a bheith níos lú rigid (agus dá bhrí sin níos mó elastic), an fhórsa céanna cúis le amplitude níos mó. Caidreamh Matamaiticiúil Fuinneamh-Amplitude Tá an fuinneamh a iompróidh tonn díreach comhréireach le cearnóg an leathré an tonn. Uaireanta léirítear an gaol fuinnimh-amplitude seo ar an mbealach seo a leanas. Ciallaíonn sé seo go léiríonn dúbailt i amplitude tonn go bhfuil an fuinneamh a iompróidh an tonn go ceathrú. Is é tríú oiread an luas tonn ná méadú naoi n-uaire ar an méid fuinnimh a iompróidh an tonn. Agus tá méadú ceithre huaire ar an luas tonn ina tháscaire ar mhéadú 16 huaire ar an méid fuinnimh a iompar an tonn. Léiríonn an tábla ar dheis an gaol fuinnimh-amplitude seo níos mó. Tabhair faoi deara go bhfuil an luach fuinnimh méadaithe ag an fhachtóir céanna sa chearnach aon uair a mhéadaíonn an luas le fachtóir áirithe. Mar shampla, is ionann athrú an ampideachta ó 1 aonad go 2 aonad agus méadú 2 oiread ar an ampideacht agus tá méadú 4 oiread (22) ar an fhuinneamh ag gabháil leis; dá bhrí sin, bíonn 2 aonad fuinnimh 4 huaire níos mó - 8 aonad. Mar shampla eile, is ionann athrú an amplitúide ó 1 aonad go 4 aonad agus méadú 4 huaire ar an amplitúid agus tá méadú 16 huaire (42) ar an fhuinneamh ag gabháil leis; dá bhrí sin, bíonn 2 aonad fuinnimh 16 huaire níos mó - 32 aonad. Uaireanta bíonn tonnta seismic mar thoradh ar threascaile agus ar athruithe eile sa gheolaíocht. Is tonnta fuinnimh iad tonnta seismic a iompartar tríd an talamh agus thar a dromchla. Tugtar rátáil ar scála Richter do threascailtí a léiríonn cé chomh dian is atá an crith talún. Úsáid an widget Fuinneamh na hAerthrithimh thíos chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar an gcaidreamh idir méid scála Richter agus an méid fuinnimh a tharchur ag tonnta seismic. Déan Do Thuiscint a Sheiceáil 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Seasann Mac agus Tosh 8 méadar óna chéile agus léiríonn siad gluaiseacht tonn trasna ar snakey. Is féidir cur síos a dhéanamh ar an tonn mar a bhfuil achar ingearach de 32 cm aige ó thréimhse go crann, minicíocht de 2.4 Hz, agus achar cothrománach de 48 cm ó thréimhse go an t-amhrán is gaire. Déan an luas, an tréimhse agus fad tonnta tonn den sórt sin a chinneadh. 2. Seachadadh. Tá amplitude 2.5 m ag tonn farraige. Athraíonn coinníollacha aimsire go tobann ionas go mbeidh amplitude 5.0 m ag an tonn. Is é __________ an méid fuinnimh a iomparann an tonn. d. fanann sé mar an gcéanna 3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá dhá tonn ag taisteal trí choimeádán gáis inéadach. Tá amplitude 0.1 cm ag tonn A. Tá amleachta 0.2 cm ag tonn B. Ní mór don fhuinneamh a iomparann tonn B a bheith __________ an fhuinneamh a iomparann tonn A. c. dhá uair níos mó ná d. ceithre huaire níos mó ná

Tackling the Multimorbidity Challenge in sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is facing a challenge of multimorbidity. Multimorbidity is defined as the concurrent presence of two or more chronic health conditions. The high burden of infectious diseases combined with the growing burden of non-communicable diseases are contributing to multimorbidity in the region. To tackle this topic, the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), in collaboration with the UK Academy of Medical Sciences, hosted a two-day workshop in September 2019. The workshop summary report is to be released on 4 February 2020. The report titled Improving the prevention and management of multimorbidity in sub-Saharan Africa addresses the workshop objectives which were to review the evidence on the prevention and management of multimorbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, identify key gaps in knowledge and how they might be filled, and discuss research initiatives successfully addressing prevention and management. It was made clear at the workshop that multimorbidity research has a crucial role to play not just in providing a clearer picture of regional multimorbidity challenges, but also in identifying the most effective ways to prevent and manage it. The report outlines six research priorities that could provide the first step towards defining a regional research agenda to address these emerging challenges: Research priority 1: Trends and patterns Explore opportunities offered by existing cohorts/data sources to generate a clearer picture of local patterns of multimorbidity. Research priority 2: Clusters and burden Develop novel approaches to determine the full societal/socioeconomic burden of multimorbidity. Research priority 3: Determinants Improve understanding of interactions between non-communicable and infectious diseases. Analyse the role of the social/policy environment (e.g. food and drink regulation). Research priority 4: Prevention Promote multidisciplinary approaches, including collaborations with behavioural scientists and health economists. Research priority 5: Treatment Develop and evaluate context-specific treatment interventions (including taskshifting interventions). Research priority 6: Healthcare systems Promote implementation of evidence-based interventions. Explore potential for greater engagement with traditional healers and other community-based providers.

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Ag dul i ngleic leis an dúshlán il-mhothúchta i dtuaisceart na hAfraice Tá dúshlán na moltóireachta ag teacht ar Afraic faoi bhun na Saáraí. Sainmhínítear il-mhothúchánachtacht mar láithreacht chomhthráthúil dhá riocht sláinte ainsealach nó níos mó. Tá an t-ualach ard a bhaineann le galair ionfhabhtaithe, i dteannta le t-ualach méadaitheach galair neamh-in-ionfhabhtaithe, ag cur le il-ghalartacht sa réigiún. Chun dul i ngleic leis an ábhar seo, d'óstáil Acadamh Eolaíochta na hAfraice Theas (ASSAf), i gcomhar le hAcadamh Eolaíochtaí Leighis na Ríochta Aontaithe, ceardlann dhá lá i Meán Fómhair 2019. Tá an tuarascáil achoimre ar an seimineár le scaoileadh ar an 4 Feabhra 2020. Tá an tuarascáil dar teideal Feabhas a chur ar chosc agus bainistiú ilghnéitheachta in Afraic faoi-Shahárach ag plé cuspóirí an cheardlann a bhí ann chun athbhreithniú a dhéanamh ar an bhfianaise maidir le cosc agus bainistiú ilghnéitheachta i Afraic faoi-Shahárach, príomh-eascaireachtaí eolais a shainaithint agus conas a d'fhéadfaí iad a líonadh, agus tionscnaimh thaighde a phlé a dhéileálann go rathúil le cosc agus bainistiú a phlé. Leagadh amach go soiléir ag an obair-chomórtas go bhfuil ról ríthábhachtach ag taighde ar ilghéarchéim, ní hamháin i dtaca le pictiúr níos soiléire a sholáthar de dhúshláin ilghéarchéime réigiúnacha, ach freisin i dtaca le na bealaí is éifeachtaí chun é a chosc agus a bhainistiú a aithint. Leagtar amach sa tuarascáil sé thosaíocht taighde a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina gcéad chéim i dtreo clár oibre taighde réigiúnach a shainiú chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar na dúshláin atá ag teacht chun cinn seo: Prioráid taighde 1: Treochtaí agus patrúin Na deiseanna a thairgeann cohorts/foinsí sonraí atá ann cheana a iniúchadh chun pictiúr níos soiléire a ghiniúint de na patrúin áitiúla il-mhotharthachta. Prioráid taighde 2: Clústáin agus ualach Cur chuige nua a fhorbairt chun an t-ualach iomlán sochaíoch/sóisiach-eacnamaíoch a bhaineann le mó-mhorbideacht a chinneadh. Prionsabal taighde 3: Cinntí Tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar idirghníomhaíochtaí idir galair neamh-in-ionfhabhtaithe agus galair ionfhabhtaithe. Déan anailís ar ról an chomhshaoil/poileasa (m.sh. rialachán bia agus deoch). Prionsabal taighde 4: Cosc Cur chuige ildisciplíneach a chur chun cinn, lena n-áirítear comhoibriú le heolaithe i dtaca le hiompar agus le heacnamaithe sláinte. Prionsabal taighde 5: Cóireáil Déantar idirghabhálacha cóireála a fhorbairt agus a mheasúnú atá sonrach do chomhthéacs (lena n-áirítear idirghabhálacha a bhaineann le haistriú tasc). Prioráid taighde 6: Córais Chúram Sláinte cur chun feidhme idirghabhálacha atá bunaithe ar fhianaise a chur chun cinn. Déan iniúchadh ar fhéidearthacht le haghaidh rannpháirtíocht níos mó le healers traidisiúnta agus soláthraithe eile bunaithe ar an bpobal.

September 21, World Alzheimer’s Day – Identifying typical patterns in the progression towards Alzheimer’s disease September 21, 2015 How the brain progresses from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's-type dementia has been an enigma for the scientific community. However, a recent study by the team of Dr. Sylvie Belleville, PhD, Director of the Research Centre at the Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (Montreal Geriatric Institute) and Professor of Psychology at Université de Montréal, has shed light on this progression by showing the typical patterns of the brain's progression to dementia. For the study, the team compared changes that occurred over many years in people with stable MCI with changes in people for whom MCI progressed to a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s. Dr. Belleville worked with doctoral student Simon Cloutier and a team of clinician researchers from Montreal. This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and was published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. The study showed that different cognitive areas (language, inhibition, visuo-spatial processing, working memory, executive functions, etc.) do not change in a uniform way. Cognitive decline does not occur in a linear fashion; instead, the path to dementia is complex and may sometimes be characterized by periods of stability followed by accelerated decline one or two years before diagnosis. “We’ve identified a profile of changes that characterizes people who progress towards dementia. In reality, a quick decline in episodic and working memory associated with language problems appears to be the typical profile of people who have a high risk of developing dementia within a short amount of time,” the researcher explained. Instead of seeing this as bad news, Dr. Belleville views these results as hope for seniors who are worried about their memories. “Many people complain about their memories. However, the presence of a change is what determines the risk of progression. This study has let us characterize the parameters of decline in people who will eventually develop Alzheimer’s, which means we can better identify both benign symptoms and those that warrant particular attention. Rapid memory decline suggests that the onset of symptoms is probably due to a loss of the brain’s compensatory mechanisms.” Alzheimer’s disease is diagnosed late in its progression and sometimes up to fifteen years after its first effects on the brain. It is important to identify the early indicators so that patients can receive treatment as soon as possible. About the lead author Dr. Sylvie Belleville, PhD, is the Director of the Research Centre at the Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal and a full professor in the Department of Psychology at Université de Montréal. She conducts research on the neuropsychology of aging and is interested in how memory changes with age. She is internationally recognized for her work on brain plasticity. She co-directs the Consortium pour l’identification précoce de la maladie d’Alzheimer – Québec (CIMA-Q). She has received many awards of excellence, including an award from the Ordre des psychologues du Québec. Canadian Psychology named her one of the top 10 most influential clinical psychology professors in Canada. Patterns of Cognitive Decline Prior to Dementia in Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease JAD 47(4):901-913, August 11, 2015 DOI 10.3233/JAD-142910 This study was funded in part by the CIHR. About the Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (IUGM) The IUGM has 446 short-term and long-term beds and an ambulatory centre. It has what is considered to be the largest Francophone research centre in the field of aging. A member of Université de Montréal’s larger excellence in health network, the IUGM opens its doors every year to hundreds of students, trainees and researchers. Since April 1, 2015, the IUGM has been part of the CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal. About the Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-CSMTL) The Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-CSMTL) was created on April 1, 2015, from the merger of ten health and social services institutions on the Island of Montreal. It provides services to a population of nearly 300,000 Montrealers who live on the southern part of the island in the boroughs of Ville-Marie, Verdun, Le Sud-Ouest, Le Plateau-Mont-Royal and part of Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie. It also has a regional responsibility for such services as rehabilitation, youth services, public health and emergency measures. With four institutes and two university-affiliated centres in different health and social services sectors, the CIUSSS-CSMTL fulfills a significant academic mission. Source and information: Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Geneviève Desrosiers 514-340-2800, extension 3298 – email@example.com

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21 Meán Fómhair, Lá Domhanda Alzheimer Patrúin tipiciúla a aithint i dul chun cinn i dtreo galar Alzheimer 21 Meán Fómhair, 2015 Is enigma é an pobal eolaíochta conas a théann an inchinn ó lag lagú cognaíoch (MCI) go dementia den chineál Alzheimer. Mar sin féin, léiríodh staidéar le déanaí ag foireann an Dr. Sylvie Belleville, PhD, Stiúrthóir an Ionad Taighde ag Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (Institiúid Geriatric Montreal) agus Ollamh Síceolaíochta ag Université de Montréal, an dul chun cinn seo trí na patrúin tipiciúla a thaispeáint maidir le dul chun cinn na hinchinne go dementia. Maidir leis an staidéar, rinne an fhoireann comparáid idir athruithe a tharla thar blianta fada i ndaoine le MCI cobhsaí agus athruithe i ndaoine a raibh MCI ag dul chun cinn dóibh go dtí diagnóis Alzheimer. D'oibrigh an Dr. Belleville le mac léinn dochtúireachta Simon Cloutier agus foireann taighdeoirí cliniceach ó Montreal. Chuir Institiúidí Taighde Sláinte Cheanada (CIHR) maoiniú ar an staidéar seo agus foilsíodh é in Journal of Alzheimer' s Disease. Léirigh an staidéar go raibh réimsí éagsúla cognaíocha (teanga, cosc, próiseáil amhairc-spáis, cuimhne oibre, feidhmeanna feidhmiúcháin, srl.) ní athraíonn siad ar bhealach aonfhoirmeach. Ní tharlaíonn titim cognaíoch ar bhealach líneach; ina ionad sin, tá an bealach chun dementia casta agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith tréithithe uaireanta le tréimhsí cobhsaíochta ina dhiaidh sin le titim luathaithe bliain nó dhá bhliain roimh dhiagnóis. Tá próifíl athruithe a shainaithnítear ag daoine a théann i dtreo díomhaoin aithníodh againn. Is cosúil go bhfuil laghdú tapa ar chuimhne episodic agus oibre a bhaineann le fadhbanna teanga mar phróifíl tipiciúil de dhaoine a bhfuil riosca ard acu chun díomhaoin a fhorbairt laistigh de thréimhse ghearr ama, a mhínigh an taighdeoir. Seachas é seo a fheiceáil mar droch-scéal, feiceann an Dr. Belleville na torthaí seo mar dóchas do sheanóirí atá buartha faoina gcuimhne. Tá gearán ag go leor daoine faoina chuimhne. Mar sin féin, is é an t-athrú atá ann a chinneann an baol go dtiocfaidh dul chun cinn. Leag an staidéar seo ar chumas dúinn na paraiméadair meath a charachtarú i ndaoine a fhorbróidh Alzheimer sa deireadh, rud a chiallaíonn gur féidir linn comharthaí neamhdhíobhálacha agus na comharthaí a theastaíonn aird ar leith uathu a aithint níos fearr. Tugann laghdú tapa cuimhne le tuiscint go bhfuil tús na hairíonna is dócha mar gheall ar chailliúint na meicníochtaí cúitimh an inchinn. Déantar galar Alzheimer a dhiagnóisiú go déanach ina dhul chun cinn agus uaireanta suas le cúig bliana déag tar éis a chéad éifeachtaí ar an inchinn. Tá sé tábhachtach na táscairí luatha a aithint ionas gur féidir le hothair cóireáil a fháil a luaithe is féidir. Maidir leis an bpríomh-údar Is é an Dr. Sylvie Belleville, PhD, Stiúrthóir an Ionad Taighde ag Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal agus ollamh coiteann i Roinn na Síceolaíochta ag Université de Montréal. Déanann sí taighde ar neuropsychology na seanú agus tá suim aici i gcaoi a n-athraíonn cuimhne le haois. Tá aitheantas idirnáisiúnta aici as a cuid oibre ar phlaistíocht na hinchinne. Tá sí ina comh-stiúrthóir ar an gConsórt um Aithint Luath ar Mhallacht Alzheimer i Québec (CIMA-Q). Fuair sí go leor dámhachtainí den scoth, lena n-áirítear dámhachtain ó Ordre des psychologues du Québec. Ainmníodh sí ag Canadian Psychology mar cheann de na 10 ollamh is mó tionchair sa síceolaíocht chliniciúil i gCeanada. Patrúin an Laghdú Cognitive roimh Dementia i ndaoine le Laghdú Cognitive. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease JAD 47 ((4): 901-913, 11 Lúnasa, 2015 DOI 10.3233/JAD-142910 Bhí an staidéar seo maoinithe go páirteach ag an CIHR. Maidir leis an Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (IUGM) Tá 446 leaba gearrthéarmacha agus fadtéarmacha ag an IUGM agus tá ionad ambulatóireachta ann. Tá an t-ionad taighde is mó Francófónna sa réimse na seanú ann. Mar bhall de líonra feabhais níos mó Université de Montréal i sláinte, osclaíonn an IUGM a doirse gach bliain do na céadta mac léinn, oilithreoirí agus taighdeoirí. Ón 1 Aibreán 2015, tá an IUGM mar chuid de CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-lÎle-de-Montréal. Maidir leis an Ionad Comhtháite Ollscoile um Shláinte agus Seirbhísí Sóisialta i gCroílár-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-CSMTL) Cruthaíodh an Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Centre-Sud-de-lÎle-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-CSMTL) an 1 Aibreán, 2015, ó chomhcheangal deich n-institiúid sláinte agus seirbhísí sóisialta ar Oileán Montreal. Soláthraíonn sé seirbhísí do dhaonra de beagnach 300,000 Montrealers a chónaíonn ar an chuid theas den oileán i mbarr Ville-Marie, Verdun, Le Sud-Ouest, Le Plateau-Mont-Royal agus cuid de Rosemont La Petite-Patrie. Tá freagracht réigiúnach aige freisin i leith seirbhísí amhail athshlánú, seirbhísí óige, sláinte phoiblí agus bearta éigeandála. Le ceithre institiúid agus dhá ionad atá ceangailte le hollscoileanna i dtrí earnáil éagsúla sláinte agus seirbhísí sóisialta, comhlíonann an CIUSSS-CSMTL misean acadúil suntasach. Foinse agus faisnéis: Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Geneviève Desrosiers 514-340-2800, extention 3298 email@example.com

(dailyRx News) It’s not always easy to notice child abuse and neglect. Not every type of injury is visible to the naked eye. Once child abuse is spotted, how can interventions be most effective? A recent review examined multiple studies to determine which methods were most effective in preventing child abuse and neglect. The review’s findings showed that interventions in a clinical setting by healthcare professionals were more effective than in-home visits by nurses and social workers. "Keep up with your child’s health care and immunizations." Shelly Selph, MD, MPH, research associate, and Heidi Nelson, MD, MPH, research professor in the Departments of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology and Medicine, at the Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, worked with a team to update the US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation on child abuse and neglect. The authors said, “In 2004, the US Preventive Services Task Force determined that evidence was insufficient to recommend behavioral interventions and counseling to prevent child abuse and neglect.” For this study, data from 2002 to 2012 was gathered and reviewed in order to design a new recommendation for the US Preventive Services Task Force in regard to behavioral interventions and counseling for child abuse and neglect. In all, 11 studies were reviewed. These studies included a trial in a pediatric clinic that did risk assessment and interventions for families with children aged 5 and under, multiple reports from Child Protective Services (CPS) and studies on delayed immunizations and failure to follow medical instructions. A total of 5,182 households were included in the 11 studies from the US, UK and New Zealand. Households were made up of white, Hispanic, Pacific Islander, black and low-income participants. The clinic-based intervention study included 729 participants who were split into an intervention group and a no-intervention comparison group. Before the study, 12 percent of participants had been involved with CPS at some point. For up to 44 months after the intervention, 13 percent of the intervention group had CPS reports, compared to 19 percent in the no-intervention group. While 5 percent of the intervention group did not follow up with recommended medical care, 8 percent of the no-intervention group failed to follow up. Participants in the intervention group reported no adverse effects due to the intervention of healthcare professionals. Researchers determined the success of the interventions and counseling based on reductions in CPS reports, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and self-reports of abuse, as well as better follow-up with immunizations and well-child care visits and instructions. The authors concluded, “Risk assessment and behavioral interventions in pediatric clinics reduced abuse and neglect outcomes for young children. Early childhood home visitation also reduced abuse and neglect, but results were inconsistent” The authors recommended further studies that also include intervention strategies and risk assessment for children over the age of 5. Training healthcare professionals to assess risk and facilitate intervention strategies in a clinical setting could reduce child abuse and neglect. This study was published in January in The Annals of Internal Medicine. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality provided the funding for this study. No conflicts of interest were found.

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(DailyRx News) Ní bhíonn sé éasca i gcónaí mí-úsáid agus faillí leanaí a thabhairt faoi deara. Ní féidir gach cineál díobhála a fheiceáil le súile glan. Nuair a bhíonn mí-úsáid leanaí le feiceáil, conas is féidir idirghabháil a dhéanamh ar an mbealach is éifeachtaí? Rinne athbhreithniú le déanaí scrúdú ar roinnt staidéir chun a chinneadh cé na modhanna a bhí is éifeachtaí chun mí-úsáid agus neamhaird leanaí a chosc. Léirigh torthaí an athbhreithnithe gurbh é an idirghabháil a rinne gairmithe cúraim sláinte i suíomh cliniciúil níos éifeachtaí ná na cuairteanna tí a rinne altraí agus oibrithe sóisialta. "Fanáil le cúram sláinte agus imdhíonacha do pháiste". D'oibrigh Shelly Selph, MD, MPH, comhpháirtí taighde, agus Heidi Nelson, MD, MPH, ollamh taighde i Ranna na hIonfhaisnéis Leighis agus Eipidéimeolaíocht Chliniciúil agus Leigheas, in Ollscoil Sláinte agus Eolaíochta Oregon i Portland, le foireann chun moladh Tascfhórsa Seirbhísí Coscála na Stát Aontaithe a nuashonrú maidir le mí-úsáid agus neamhaird ar leanaí. Dúirt na húdair, Sa bhliain 2004, chinn Tascfhórsa Seirbhísí Coscála na Stát Aontaithe nach raibh fianaise leordhóthanach chun idirghabhálacha iompraíochta agus comhairleoireacht a mholadh chun mí-úsáid agus neamhaird leanaí a chosc. Chun an staidéar seo, bailíodh agus athbhreithníodh sonraí ó 2002 go 2012 d'fhonn moladh nua a dhearadh do Thascfhórsa Seirbhísí Coscála na Stát Aontaithe maidir le hinmheasanna iompraíochta agus comhairle a thabhairt maidir le mí-úsáid agus neamhaird ar leanaí. Athbhreithníodh 11 staidéar ar fad. Áiríodh sna staidéir seo triail i gclinic páistí a rinne measúnú riosca agus idirghabhálacha do theaghlaigh le leanaí atá 5 bliana d'aois nó níos lú, tuairiscí iomadúla ó Sheirbhísí Cosanta Leanaí (CPS) agus staidéir ar imdhíonaíochtaí a dhéantar go déanach agus ar mhainneachtain treoracha leighis a leanúint. Cuireadh 5,182 teaghlach san áireamh sna 11 staidéar ó na Stáit Aontaithe, ón Ríocht Aontaithe agus ón Nua-Shéalainn. Bhí teaghlaigh comhdhéanta de rannpháirtithe bán, Hispanic, Oileán an Aigéin Chiúin, dubh agus íseal-ioncam. I measc na rannpháirtithe sa staidéar idirghabhála cliniciúil bhí 729 rannpháirtí a roinnte ina ghrúpa idirghabhála agus i ghrúpa comparáide gan idirghabháil. Roimh an staidéar, bhí baint ag 12 faoin gcéad de na rannpháirtithe le CPS ag pointe éigin. Ar feadh suas le 44 mí tar éis an idirghabhála, bhí tuarascálacha CPS ag 13 faoin gcéad den ghrúpa idirghabhála, i gcomparáid le 19 faoin gcéad sa ghrúpa gan idirghabháil. Cé nár lean 5 faoin gcéad den ghrúpa idirghabhála le cúram leighis a mholtar, níor lean 8 faoin gcéad den ghrúpa gan idirghabháil. Níor thuairiscigh rannpháirtithe sa ghrúpa idirghabhála aon éifeachtaí díobhálacha mar gheall ar idirghabháil ghairmithe cúraim sláinte. Rinne taighdeoirí rath na n-idirghabhálacha agus na comhairleoireachta a chinneadh bunaithe ar laghdú i dtuarascálacha CPS, cuairteanna seomra éigeandála, ospidéilithe, agus féin-tuarascálacha mí-úsáid, chomh maith le leanúint níos fearr le himdhíolacháin agus cuairteanna agus treoracha cúraim leanaí. Chríochnaigh na húdair, Lorg meastóireacht riosca agus idirghabhálacha iompraíochta i gclinicí páistí laghdú ar thorthaí mí-úsáid agus faillí do leanaí óga. Laghdaigh cuairteanna baile luathóige mí-úsáid agus faillí freisin, ach bhí torthaí neamhréireacha Mhol na húdair tuilleadh staidéir a chuimsíonn straitéisí idirghabhála agus measúnú riosca do leanaí os cionn 5 bliana d'aois. D'fhéadfadh oiliúint a thabhairt do ghairmithe cúraim sláinte chun riosca a mheas agus straitéisí idirghabhála a éascú i suíomh cliniciúil mí-úsáid agus faillí leanaí a laghdú. Foilsíodh an staidéar seo i mí Eanáir i The Annals of Internal Medicine. Chuir an Ghníomhaireacht um Thaighde agus Cáilíocht Chúram Sláinte an maoiniú ar fáil don staidéar seo. Níor aimsíodh aon choimhlintí leasa.

Examining Race in America: Health Care Community Health expert Tonya S. Roberson was working as a nutritionist in 1995, when her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. Dr. Roberson’s mother, a Chicago Public School teacher for more than 30 years, noted that doctors showed little compassion as she sought explanations of medications and treatment plans. Most alarming was a note in the medical file that could have led doctors to remove the wrong breast, Roberson said. “The entire process made me realize that the only reason we got past those barriers was because we had education about the health care system,’’ said Roberson, the current Director of Community Engagement, Program Development and Academic Support in the College of Health and Human Services at Governors State University. “So, I left my position as a nutritionist and started a journey to educate others on how to navigate health care.” More than 25 years later, Roberson knows there is still a need for health care advocates. Her work of eradicating issues that plague residents in urban centers leaves her with the sobering realization that little has changed to close the gap on disparities in health care among African Americans. Rates for all major causes of death are higher for African Americans than for non-Hispanic whites, contributing in part to a shorter life expectancy for both African American men and women. Roberson studies these uneven patterns of health outcomes for Blacks. She says systemic racism evidenced by lack of access to health care, low quality housing, poor nutrition and other social determinants lead to higher mortality and morbidity rates in the African American community. “The fact remains that Blacks get sicker and die at a younger age from preventable ailments and diseases than whites,” she said. “These health inequities are the growing result of both past and present ethnic and racial discrimination.” “If you are dealing with a lack of resources and stress in the environment, it will impact your mental health, and mental health and physical health are connected,” Glass said. “If someone is stressing, they will have trouble sleeping and experience appetite changes, which could mean weight gain, which leads to so many other issues.” Click here and listen to a podcast where Dr. Lorri Glass discusses barriers to mental health here. To hear Dr. Tonya S. Roberson explore and discuss strategies to reduce disparities in Black communities––heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic––listen to the “Southland Health and Wellness Hour Podcast.” Scroll down to view individual episodes. Visit "Examining Race in America" to view the full multimedia series. * The views, thoughts and opinions expressed in this article/video/podcast belong solely to the author and do not necessarily reflect the views, thoughts and opinions of Governors State University or any of its employees or officials. The inclusion of this article/video/podcast does not imply an endorsement of the author or the views expressed therein. Governors State University does not control, monitor or guarantee the information contained in this article/video/podcast. In no event shall the Governors State University be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance of any content expressed in this article/video/podcast. If you have any questions about this disclaimer, please contact the Office of the General Counsel.

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Ag Scrúdaithe Rás i Meiriceá: Cúram Sláinte Bhí an saineolaí Sláinte Pobail Tonya S. Roberson ag obair mar chothaitheoir i 1995, nuair a dhiagnóisiíodh a máthair le hailse cíche. Thug máthair an Dr. Roberson, a bhí ina múinteoir i Scoil Phoiblí Chicago ar feadh níos mó ná 30 bliain, faoi deara nach raibh mórán comhbhrón ag dochtúirí nuair a bhí sí ag lorg míniúcháin ar chógais agus ar phleananna cóireála. Ba é an rud is mó a bhí buartha ná nóta sa chomhad leighis a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le dochtúirí an cíche mícheart a bhaint, a dúirt Roberson. 'D'fhág an próiseas iomlán dom a thuiscint gurb é an t-aon chúis a d'éirigh linn na bacainní sin a shárú ná go raibh oideachas againn faoin gcóras cúraim sláinte,' a dúirt Roberson, an Stiúrthóir reatha um Iompar Comhphobail, Forbairt Clár agus Tacaíocht Acadaimíoch i gColáiste na Sláinte agus Seirbhísí Daonna in Ollscoil Stáit na Gobharnóirí. Mar sin, d'fhág mé mo phost mar chothaitheoir agus thosaigh mé ar thuras chun daoine eile a oideachadh ar conas cúram sláinte a nascleanúint. Níos mó ná 25 bliain ina dhiaidh sin, tá a fhios ag Roberson go bhfuil gá fós le lucht tacaíochta cúraim sláinte. Tá a cuid oibre chun fadhbanna a dhíothú a chuireann plague ar chónaitheoirí i lárionaid uirbeacha ag tabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil beagán athraithe chun an bhearna a dhúnadh ar éagothroime i gcúram sláinte i measc Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha. Tá rátaí na gcúiseanna móra báis níos airde i measc Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha ná i measc daoine bán neamh-Hispanic, rud a chuireann go páirteach le saolré níos giorra d'fhir agus do mhná Meiriceánach Afracacha araon. Déanann Roberson staidéar ar na patrúin neamhchothrom seo de thorthaí sláinte do Dhaoine Dubha. Deir sí go bhfuil an ciníochas córais le feiceáil trí easpa rochtain ar chúram sláinte, tithíocht ar chaighdeán íseal, droch-chothú agus cinntí sóisialta eile a fhágann go bhfuil rátaí níos airde báis agus galar sa phobal Mheiriceá Afracach. "Is fírinne fós go bhfaigheann Dubh níos tinn agus go bhfaigheann siad bás ag aois níos óige ó ailí agus galair in-chothaithe ná daoine bán", a dúirt sí. Tá na neamhionannais sláinte seo mar thoradh ar idirdhealú eitneach agus ciníoch a bhí ann roimhe sin agus atá ann faoi láthair. Má tá tú ag déileáil le easpa acmhainní agus strus san timpeallacht, beidh tionchar aige ar do shláinte mheabhrach, agus tá sláinte mheabhrach agus sláinte fhisiceach nasctha, a dúirt Glass. Má tá duine ag cur brú air, beidh deacrachtaí codlata aige agus beidh athruithe ar a itheann aige, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist le meáchan a fháil, rud a fhágann go bhfuil go leor saincheisteanna eile ann. Cliceáil anseo agus éist le podchraoladh ina ndéanann an Dr. Lorri Glass plé ar bhacainní ar shláinte mheabhrach anseo. Chun éisteacht le Dr. Tonya S. Roberson ag iniúchadh agus ag plé straitéisí chun éagothroime i bpobail Dubha a laghdú - a mhéadaigh paindéim COVID-19 - éisteacht leis an Southland Health and Wellness Hour Podcast. Scrollaigh síos chun na heachtraí aonair a fheiceáil. Tabhair cuairt ar "Examining Race in America" chun an tsraith iomláin ilmheán a fheiceáil. * Baineann na tuairimí, smaointe agus tuairimí a léirítear san alt/vídeó/podcast seo leis an údar amháin agus ní gá go léiríonn siad tuairimí, smaointe agus tuairimí Ollscoil Stáit Governors nó aon cheann dá chuid fostaithe nó oifigeach. Ní chiallaíonn an t-alt/físeán/podcast seo go bhfuil an t-údar nó na tuairimí a léirítear ann á bhformheas. Ní dhéanann Governors State University rialú, monatóireacht ná ráthaíocht ar an bhfaisnéis atá sa alt/vídeó/podcast seo. Ní bheidh Ollscoil Stáit na gCeannairí freagrach, go díreach nó go hindíreach, as aon damáiste nó caillteanas a tharlaíonn nó a líomhnaítear a bheith mar thoradh ar úsáid nó ag brath ar aon ábhar a léirítear san alt/vídeó/podcast seo. Má tá aon cheist agat faoin eisiamh seo, déan teagmháil le hOifig an Chomhairle Ghinearálta.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) affects about 2 out of 10 people over the age of 64 per studies reported by Alzheimer’s Association. It’s a condition where memory issues reveal themselves, but not at strong enough levels to impact daily routines. Having MCI may progress into Alzheimer’s, but it doesn’t have to. Alzheimer’s is a progressive illness where deterioration within the brain leads to serious issues. At first, forgetfulness and problems with time management may be the only signs you see, but it does worsen. According to the Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, 5.1 million people in the United States could have Alzheimer’s. It’s one of the leading causes of death. Here are the differences you should know about MCI and Alzheimer’s. Two Forms of MCI There are two forms of MCI: Amnestic or Nonamnestic. People with amnestic MCI have a hard time remembering things like appointments and things, such as conversations, that have happened recently. Nonamnestic MCI impacts cognitive skills that help with decision making, such as managing time or following steps. As a result, it can take much longer for someone with nonamnestic MCI to complete a task or solve a problem. Most daily routines, however, will not be impacted. The Difference With Alzheimer’s While MCI impacts a few things and may remain stable for years or decades, Alzheimer’s continues to worsen. It may start with things like forgetting where glasses were left or not being able to come up with a word, but it gets worse. Eventually, someone with Alzheimer’s will start ignoring personal care, such as wearing the same outfit, not going for haircuts, or forgetting to shower. In the latter stages, walking skills and being able to swallow all become a problem. Ruling Out Alzheimer’s As forgetting conversations and upcoming appointments and decision making skills are also symptoms of Alzheimer’s, it’s up to a medical professional to tell which condition is present. In most cases, scans of the brain are used to help with the diagnosis. Twice a year, a screening to see if MCI has progressed into Alzheimer’s is recommended. What Happens if it is Alzheimer’s Talk to your parent’s doctor about getting a referral to a memory care clinic. In the early stages, your parent will easily live at home alone. As the disease progresses, call a home care service about offering help. A home care service can handle things like housework and laundry, as well as companionship and around-the-clock care to prevent your parent from wandering off late at night. If you or a family member are in need of home care in Coral Springs FL, call the caring professionals at Star Multi Care today at (954) 870-4770. Providing service in Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Delray Beach, Boynton Beach, Weston, Southwest Ranches, Pembroke Pines, Cooper City, Lighthouse Point, and Wilton Manors.

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Bíonn tionchar ag lag lag lag ar mhíchumas cognaíoch (MCI) ar thart ar 2 as 10 duine os cionn 64 bliana d'aois de réir staidéir a thuairiscigh Cumann Alzheimer. Is staid í ina léirítear fadhbanna cuimhne, ach ní ar leibhéil láidir go leor chun tionchar a imirt ar ghnáthamh laethúil. D'fhéadfadh MCI dul chun cinn go Alzheimer, ach ní gá go ndéanfadh sé sin. Is galar forleathan é Alzheimer ina dtiocfaidh droch-thorthaí ar an inchinn. Ar dtús, b'fhéidir gurb iad dearmad agus fadhbanna le bainistíocht ama na comharthaí amháin a fheiceann tú, ach déanann sé níos measa. De réir Alzheimer's Foundation of America, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh Alzheimer's ag 5.1 milliún duine sna Stáit Aontaithe. Tá sé ar cheann de na príomhchúiseanna báis. Seo iad na difríochtaí ba chóir duit a bheith ar an eolas faoi MCI agus Alzheimer. Dhá Fhoirm MCI Tá dhá chineál MCI ann: Amnestic nó Nonamnestic. Tá sé deacair ar dhaoine a bhfuil MCI amnestic acu rudaí a mheabhrú cosúil le coinneálacha agus rudaí, mar shampla comhráite, a tharla le déanaí. Bíonn tionchar ag MCI neamh-amhránaíoch ar scileanna cognaíocha a chabhraíonn le cinnteoireacht, mar shampla bainistiú ama nó céimeanna a leanúint. Mar thoradh air sin, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith i bhfad níos faide do dhuine a bhfuil MCI neamh-chomhchinnteach aige chun tasc a chríochnú nó fadhb a réiteach. Ní dhéanfaidh sé difear do chuid is mó de na nósanna laethúla, áfach. An Difríocht le Alzheimers Cé go mbíonn tionchar ag MCI ar roinnt rudaí agus go bhféadfadh sé a bheith seasmhach ar feadh blianta nó blianta fada, leanann Alzheimer ag dul in olcas. D'fhéadfadh sé tosú le rudaí cosúil le dearmad a dhéanamh ar an áit a d'fhág sé gloine nó gan a bheith in ann teacht ar fhocal, ach bíonn sé níos measa. Faoi dheireadh, tosaíonn duine le Alzheimer ag neamhaird a dhéanamh ar chúram pearsanta, mar shampla an t-éadaí céanna a chaitheamh, gan dul chun gruaige a ghearradh, nó dearmad a dhéanamh ar thuras a dhéanamh. Sna céimeanna deiridh, bíonn sé deacair dul agus a bheith in ann swallow a dhéanamh. Alzheimer a Chosc Ós rud é go bhfuil comharthaí Alzheimer freisin ag dearmad a dhéanamh ar chainteanna agus ar chomórtais atá le teacht agus ar scileanna cinnteoireachta, is ar ghairmí leighis a bheidh sé a rá cén riocht atá i láthair. I bhformhór na gcásanna, úsáidtear scans den inchinn chun cuidiú leis an diagnóis. Moltar scagadh dhá uair sa bhliain chun a fháil amach an bhfuil MCI tar éis dul chun cinn go Alzheimer. Cad a Tharlaíonn Má tá sé Alzheimers Labhair le do dhochtúir maidir le haistriú chuig clinic cúraim chuimhne a fháil. Sa chéad chéim, beidh do thuismitheoir ag maireachtáil go héasca sa bhaile ina n-aonar. De réir mar a théann an galar chun cinn, glaoigh ar sheirbhís cúraim baile chun cabhair a thairiscint. Is féidir le seirbhís cúraim tí rudaí cosúil le obair bhaile agus níochán a láimhseáil, chomh maith le comhpháirtíocht agus cúram timpeall an chloig chun cosc a chur ar do thuismitheoir dul ar strae go déanach san oíche. Má tá tú féin nó ball teaghlaigh ag teastáil ó chúram baile i Coral Springs FL, glaoigh ar na gairmithe cúraim ag Star Multi Care inniu ag (954) 870-4770. Seirbhís a sholáthar i Boca Raton, West Palm Beach, Delray Beach, Boynton Beach, Weston, Southwest Ranches, Pembroke Pines, Cooper City, Pointe Lighthouse, agus Wilton Manors.

Complete guide for writing influential Descriptive Narrative Essays with easy to understand instructions and compelling tips. This article includes 10 powerful steps and 4 incredible tips for helping you to write better Descriptive Narrative essays. Writing a descriptive narrative essay is all about giving the reader enough information to 'paint their own picture. In this article we will go through the steps that need to be covered in preparing a detailed and creative descriptive narrative essay. What Is A Descriptive Narrative Essay? A descriptive narrative essay seeks to provide a vivid description of a situation, person or item such that they too can see it in their mind's eye as the narrator saw it in person. As this definition implies, a descriptive narrative essay involves the use of a lot of descriptive tools such as similes, adverbs and adjectives. It is as close as taking a picture in words as you can get. This kind of writing is required in most first year courses and in subsequent years for those taking English majors. This kind of writing is what makes many novels, short stories and essays entertaining as readers are able to feel like they are undertaking the same journey as the narrator did. As much as there is plenty of descriptive language in use throughout such essays, it is important for the writer or narrator to ensure that they do not go overboard. With excessive use of descriptive language there is the danger of confusing the reader and even contradicting oneself. 1. Pick an interesting topic When writing a descriptive narrative essay, the subject matter must be interesting. If not at the very least, the writer should be sure they have enough skill to make even the most mundane situation sound interesting and engaging. In reality choosing a thrilling, fun and exciting event gives you far more room to make use of your descriptive language. So be sure to stick to the kind of subject matter that will give you plenty to write about. 2. Create the outline This is very important. Outlines help the writer of the descriptive narrative essay to keep their facts straight. Noting down a few key points that will act as guidelines will help keep the narrative interesting and realistic. Clearly depict the storyline you want to follow. Detail how the beginning, middle and ending will be followed. As the writer plots the story with the use of an outline, it is important to identify the specific characters and events that will be detailed. Taking this into consideration, they should ensure that they have enough information to do a good job. For instance if detailing a traditional Christmas dinner, learn the specific menu normally used, the decorations and how the day normally plays out for people of that class. Research is important if the writer is to tell a believable story. 4. Identify what is to be described In every narrative, there are characters, places and situations to be described. Some may however be of more importance to the story than others. Identify what parts of the story you will need to clearly describe before getting into details. For instance, you may want to give little description to the butler of the house than the spinster lady who owns it. Pick out your priorities and the main characters that make the story. Be sure to highlight the different aspects that you want to detail in your outline. 5. Come up with a thesis statement Every story should have a purpose so the writer should make it clear to both himself and his readers. No story should merely meander without an ultimate goal in mind. 6. Write the essay Start by integrating the thesis statement into the introduction. This will give the reader a chance to learn what they are reading about. Be sure to keep it interesting so that the reader will be hooked and want to read on. Be sure that the introduction ties in with the title as well. As you get into the thick of things in the body, ensure that you are following the theme you have laid out in the title and introduction. By diverting at this point you will have misled the reader. 7. Ensure proper chronology Be sure to stick to the outline here. The story should have a certain flow to it that makes sense. Even if the writer makes use of other tools like flashbacks, the story should still follow a pattern that takes one steadily from introduction to conclusion. 8. Evaluate use of descriptive language Be sure to use adequate but not excessive descriptive language. The idea is to create a clear picture that the reader will be able to visualize for themselves without getting confused. It is also a good idea to be guided by the outline in this area as well. When the writer pinpoints the specific character aspects they want to elaborate on in the outline, it gives them areas of focus. 9. Write the conclusion Give the essay a conclusion that sums up and brings to a neat end the entire story. As mentioned earlier, let the theme created at the beginning, run through the story right up to its conclusion. Once the writer has finished with the first draft, it is advisable to first go through the entire essay and identify areas that may need some adjustment. After making the necessary corrections, hand over the essay to another person so that they can give an impression of the writing. A person who is reading the narrative for the first time will be able to tell the writer whether they find certain descriptions believable and where they feel the writer may have gone amiss. This kind of critique is important in creating a final exemplary descriptive narrative essay. 1. Familiar Topics Ensure the topic you have selected is something you are familiar with. Choosing to go into unfamiliar territory will not allow for convincing storytelling. The more familiar you are with the subject, the easier it will be to tell the story and give persuasive and convincing descriptions. Remember that many readers will probably be familiar with the subject matter and you do not want to be found wanting in your descriptions. 2. Find balance in your descriptions Give the reader enough detail that they can picture the event, person or item fully, but not so much that they are not sure what they are visualizing. It is not uncommon for a narrator to give so much information that they find themselves contradicting accounts given earlier in the essay. 3. Keep track of your details Use your outline to ensure you are keeping track of your details and avoid contradictions. At the end of the narrative essay, they storyline should have come to a satisfying conclusion. That means everything ties together. The purpose of the outline of giving the essay a steady flow should have been fulfilled. 4. Get a second opinion Get a second opinion. As emphasized in the final step, do get a second opinion. Reading the same story repeatedly while being the writer of the same can give one blurry vision. This means that you may read the story as it is in your mind's eye rather than how you put it down on paper. Give the essay to another person so they can give you an opinion on the writing. I am feeling excited to read and reply your valuable comments.

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Treoir iomlán chun Intéamhachtaí Inscríbhneoireachta Descriptive tionchair a scríobh le treoracha éasca le tuiscint agus le leideanna tarraingtí. Áirítear san alt seo 10 chéim chumhachtach agus 4 leideanna dochreidte chun cabhrú leat aisteanna Tuairiscitheacha inléite níos fearr a scríobh. Is éard atá i scríbhinn aiste tuairisceach tuairiscíochta ná faisnéis go leor a thabhairt don léitheoir chun 'a bpictiúr féin a phéinteáil. San alt seo, rachaidh muid tríd na céimeanna a chaithfear a chlúdach i ullmhú aiste tuairisceach mionsonraithe agus cruthaitheach. Cad é an Saothar Scéalaíochta Descriptiúil? Is éard atá i gceist le aiste tuairisceach tuairisciúil tuairisc bheo a sholáthar ar chás, ar dhuine nó ar earra ionas gur féidir leo é a fheiceáil ina n-aigne intinne mar a chonaic an t-aistriúchán é go pearsanta. Mar a thugann an sainmhíniú seo le tuiscint, baineann aiste tuairisciúil tuairisciúil le go leor uirlisí tuairisciúla a úsáid mar shamhlacha, adverbs agus aidiachtaí. Tá sé chomh gar agus a thógann pictiúr i focail mar is féidir leat a fháil. Éilítear an cineál scríbhneoireachta seo i bhformhór na gcúrsaí sa chéad bhliain agus sna blianta ina dhiaidh sin dóibh siúd a ghlacann mór-chúrsaí Béarla. Is é an cineál scríbhneoireachta seo a dhéanann go leor úrscéalta, scéalta gearr agus aisteanna a bheith siamsaitheach mar go bhfuil léitheoirí in ann a bhraitheann go bhfuil siad ag tabhairt faoi an turas céanna leis an scéalaí. Cé go bhfuil go leor teanga tuairisciúla in úsáid i rith aisteanna den sórt sin, tá sé tábhachtach don scríbhneoir nó don scéalaí a chinntiú nach dtéann siad thar bord. Agus teanga thuairisciúil á úsáid go ró-mhór, tá an baol ann go gcuirfear an léitheoir i bhfolach agus go gcuirfear féin i gcoinne é féin. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Roghnaigh ábhar suimiúil Nuair a bhíonn aiste tuairisceach tuairiscíochta á scríobh agat, ní mór don ábhar a bheith suimiúil. Mura bhfuil ar a laghad, ba cheart don scríbhneoir a bheith cinnte go bhfuil go leor scileanna acu chun an cás is trátha a dhéanamh fiú a bheith suimiúil agus tarraingteach. I ndáiríre, tugann rogha imeacht spreagúil, spraoi agus spreagúil i bhfad níos mó spáis duit chun do theanga tuairiscíochta a úsáid. Mar sin bí cinnte go gcloífidh tú leis an gcineál ábhar a mbeidh go leor le scríobh agat. 2. Seachadadh. Cruthaigh an t-oideas Tá sé seo an-tábhachtach. Cabhraíonn na forlínte le scríbhneoir an aiste tuairisceach tuairisceach a fíricí a choinneáil díreach. Má thugann tú faoi deara cúpla príomhphointe a bheidh mar threoirlínte, beidh sé ina chúnamh duit an scéal a choinneáil suimiúil agus réalaíoch. Léirigí go soiléir an scéal is mian leat a leanúint. Déan mionsonraí ar an gcaoi a leanfar an tús, an lár agus an deireadh. De réir mar a phleanann an scríbhneoir an scéal trí úsáid a bhaint as leagan amach, tá sé tábhachtach na carachtair agus na himeachtaí sonracha a bheidh mionsonraithe a aithint. Ag cur é seo san áireamh, ba cheart dóibh a chinntiú go bhfuil go leor faisnéise acu chun obair mhaith a dhéanamh. Mar shampla, má tá tú ag cur mionsonraí ar dinnéar traidisiúnta Nollag, foghlaim an roghchlár sonrach a úsáidtear de ghnáth, na maisiúcháin agus conas a imríonn an lá de ghnáth do dhaoine den aicme sin. Tá taighde tábhachtach má tá an scríbhneoir chun scéal creidiúnach a insint. 4. Tá an t-am Aithint cad atá le cur síos air I ngach scéal, tá carachtair, áiteanna agus cásanna le cur síos orthu. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cuid acu níos tábhachtaí don scéal ná cuid eile. Déan a aithint cé na codanna den scéal a chaithfidh tú a mhíniú go soiléir sula dtéann tú isteach i mionsonraí. Mar shampla, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat a thabhairt níos lú tuairisc ar an butler an tí ná an bhean spinster a bhfuil sé ina úinéir. Roghnaigh do thosaíochtaí agus na príomhcharachtair a dhéanann an scéal. Déan cinnte na gnéithe éagsúla a theastaíonn uait a mhionsonraíocht i do chuid forlíonta a chur i bhfios. 5. Tá an t-am ann. Téacs a thabhairt suas le ráiteas téise Ba chóir go mbeadh cuspóir ag gach scéal ionas gur chóir don scríbhneoir é a dhéanamh soiléir dó féin agus dá léitheoirí. Níor cheart go mbeadh aon scéal ag dul gan sprioc deiridh a bheith i gcuimhne. 6. Ceacht. Scríobh an aiste Tosaigh ag an ráiteas téise a chomhtháthú san iontráil. Tabharfaidh sé seo deis don léitheoir foghlaim faoi na rudaí atá á léamh acu. Bí cinnte go bhfuil sé suimiúil ionas go mbeidh an léitheoir ag gabháil leis agus go mbeidh sé ag iarraidh a léamh ar aghaidh. Bí cinnte go bhfuil an t-aistriúchán ag teacht leis an teideal freisin. Agus tú ag dul isteach i ndlúth na rudaí sa chorp, déan cinnte go bhfuil tú ag leanúint an téama a leag tú amach sa teideal agus sa réamhrá. Trí díriú ar an bpointe seo beidh tú tar éis an léitheoir a mheabhrú. 7. Ceacht. Cinntigh go bhfuil an t-amlíne ceart Bí cinnte go gcloíonn tú leis an mbreathnú anseo. Ba chóir go mbeadh sreabhadh áirithe ag an scéal a bhfuil ciall leis. Fiú má úsáideann an scríbhneoir uirlisí eile cosúil le flashbacks, ba cheart don scéal fós patrún a leanúint a thógann duine go seasta ó thionscnamh go conclúid. 8. Ceacht. Úsáid teanga tuairisciúil a mheas Bí cinnte go n-úsáideann tú teanga incheadaithe ach gan a bheith ró-mhínitheach. Is é an smaoineamh pictiúr soiléir a chruthú a bheidh ar chumas an léitheora a shamhlú dóibh féin gan a bheith mearbhall. Is smaoineamh maith é freisin go gcuirfear an leagan amach mar threoir sa réimse seo freisin. Nuair a thugann an scríbhneoir le fios na gnéithe sonracha carachtar ar mian leo a chur i bhfiosrú sa mhírlínte, tugann sé réimsí fócais dóibh. 9. Naoi. Scríobh an conclúid Tabhair an aiste críoch a thugann achoimre agus a thugann deireadh glan don scéal ar fad. Mar a luadh roimhe seo, lig don téama a cruthaíodh ag tús an scéil a rith tríd go dtí a chríoch. Nuair a bheidh an scríbhneoir críochnaithe leis an gcéad dréacht, is inmholta é an aiste ar fad a chur ar aghaidh ar dtús agus áiteanna a aithint a d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le roinnt oiriúnú. Tar éis duit na ceartaithe is gá a dhéanamh, tabhair an aiste do dhuine eile ionas gur féidir leo tuiscint a thabhairt ar an scríbhneoireacht. Beidh duine atá ag léamh an scéil den chéad uair in ann a insint don scríbhneoir an bhfaigheann sé tuairiscí áirithe creidiúnacha agus an dóigh leis an scríbhneoir a bheith ag dul mícheart. Tá an cineál seo critice tábhachtach chun aiste tuairisceach tuairisceach samplach deiridh a chruthú. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Téamaí is Eolas Déan cinnte go bhfuil an t-ábhar a roghnaigh tú ar eolas agat. Ní thabharfaidh sé deis scéalaíocht chreidiúnach a dhéanamh má roghnaíonn tú dul isteach i gcríoch anaithnid. An níos mó a bheidh tú eolach ar an ábhar, is amhlaidh a bheidh sé níos éasca an scéal a insint agus cur síos a dhéanamh ar bhealach a bheidh mealltach agus cinnte. Cuimhnigh go mbeidh go leor léitheoirí eolach ar an ábhar agus nach mian leat a bheith ag iarraidh i do thuairisc. 2. Seachadadh. Faigh cothromaíocht i do thuairisc Tabhair an méid sonraí atá ag an léitheoir go leor ionas gur féidir leis an ócáid, an duine nó an rud a shamhlú go hiomlán, ach ní go leor go mbeidh sé míchinnte faoi na rudaí atá á shamhlú aige. Ní bhíonn sé neamhchoitianta go dtugann an t-aistritheoir an oiread sin faisnéise go bhfaigheann siad féin ag cur in aghaidh na gcuntas a tugadh níos luaithe san aiste. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Coinnigh súil ar do chuid sonraí Úsáid do chuid forlíonta chun a chinntiú go bhfuil tú ag súil le do chuid sonraí agus go seachnóidh tú frithsheasmhachtaí. Ag deireadh an aiste scéalaíochta, ba chóir go mbeadh deireadh sásúil tagtha ar an scéal. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil gach rud ceangailte le chéile. Ba cheart go mbeadh cuspóir an mhírlínte, a bhí i gceist leis an aiste a chur ar siúl go seasta, comhlíonta. 4. Tá an t-am Faigh dara tuairim Faigh dara tuairim. Mar a leagadh béim ar an gcéim dheireanach, faigh dara tuairim. Is féidir le léamh an scéil chéanna arís agus arís eile agus é ag scríobh an scéil chéanna a thabhairt do dhuine fís dhúbailte. Ciallaíonn sé seo go mb'fhéidir go léann tú an scéal mar a bhíonn sé i do shúil intinne seachas mar a chuir tú síos é ar pháipéar. Tabhair an aiste do dhuine eile ionas gur féidir leo tuairim a thabhairt duit ar an scríbhneoireacht. Táim ag mothú ag gabháil chun do chuid tuairimí luachmhara a léamh agus a fhreagairt.

SWISS PIONEERS BERTRAND PICCARD AND ANDRE BORSCHBERG COMPLETE THE FIRST EVER ROUND-THE-WORLD SOLAR FLIGHT - A HISTORIC ACHIEVEMENT WITHOUT A DROP OF FUEL Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 26 July 2016 – Taking turns at the controls of Solar Impulse 2 (Si2) – their zero-emission electric and solar airplane, capable of flying day and night without fuel – Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg succeeded in their crazy dream of achieving the first ever Round-The-World Solar Flight. By landing back in Abu Dhabi after a total of 23 days of flight and 43'041 km travelled in a 17 leg journey, Si2 has proven that clean technologies can achieve the impossible. Beyond this historic milestone, the two Swiss pioneers will continue to urge the global implementation of energy efficient solutions through the creation of the International Committee for Clean Technologies and leverage the expertise and technology gained over the years in Solar Impulse by launching new innovative projects, such as the development of solar powered drones. Coming from Egypt, Bertrand Piccard landed in Abu Dhabi this morning at 4:05 am local time (UTC+4) completing the final leg of an endeavor that was until now considered impossible: flying around the globe in an electric airplane powered only by the sun and capable of flying many days and nights in a row without fuel. This landing brings full circle the historic circumnavigation that began on 9 March 2015 when Si2 set off from Abu Dhabi with André Borschberg at the controls. Taking turns in the single-seater 3.8m3 cockpit, Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg have flown Si2 around the world in 17 legs, crossing Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the USA, the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East. A total of 19 world records were set or are still pending by the World Air Sports Federation (FAI), in particular when André Borschberg accomplished the pioneering first of flying five consecutive days and nights over the Pacific Ocean from Japan to Hawaii in the longest duration a solo airplane of any kind has ever flown and when Bertrand Piccard achieved the historic first crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in a solar airplane. For the two Swiss pioneers, it’s the accomplishment of a dream that was considered impossible by many experts and the demonstration that renewable energies and efficient technologies offer tangible solutions for sustainability. Bertrand Piccard, an explorer and medical doctor at heart, had the vision of an airplane of perpetual endurance after his non-stop round the world balloon flight in 1999, when he made the promise to circumnavigate the Earth again, but this time without any fuel. In 2004, he began bringing together the partners who provided funds and technology for this adventure and partnered with André Borschberg. An entrepreneur and skilled aviator, Borschberg took on the technical challenge of developing the solar airplane and making it fly. More than taking turns at the controls of Si2 in the air, the first ever Round-The-World Solar Flight is also a tandem achievement on the ground: while Piccard developed the project outreach to promote clean technologies, Borschberg pulled together the team that designed and constructed Si2 as well as organized the flight missions. “This is not only a first in the history of aviation; it’s before all a first in the history of energy. I’m sure that within 10 years we’ll see electric airplanes transporting 50 passengers on short to medium haul flights. But it’s not enough. The same clean technologies used on Solar Impulse could be implemented on the ground in our daily life to divide by two the CO2 emissions in a profitable way. Solar Impulse is only the beginning, now take it further! ” said Initiator, Chairman and Pilot Bertrand Piccard addressing the crowd while exiting the cockpit of Si2. “Flying one leg with a completely new type of airplane is difficult enough, but flying around the world is a real challenge. More than a demonstration, it’s the confirmation that these technologies are truly dependable and reliable,” emphasized CEO, Co-Founder and also Pilot André Borschberg. “There is so much potential for the aeronautical world: while one hundred percent solar powered airplanes might take longer to materialize, electric airplanes will develop in the near future because of their tremendous advantages such as energy efficiency.” A few hours before touching down in Abu Dhabi, Bertrand Piccard spoke to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon live from the Si2 cockpit: "Solar Impulse has flown more than 40,000 kilometers without fuel, but with an inexhaustible supply of energy and inspiration. This is a historic day for Captain Piccard and the Solar Impulse team, but it is also a historic day for humanity," said the UN Secretary-General. "You may be ending your around the world flight today, but the journey to a more sustainable world is just beginning. The Solar Impulse team is helping to pilot us to that future." Looking forward, Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg will continue to actively promote the use of modern clean technologies as a way to improve the quality of life on Earth. Firstly, through the already announced creation of the International Committee for Clean Technologies that will build on the #futureisclean initiative and regroup the main global actors in the field of clean technologies to bring independent and credible guidance on energy policy to governments and corporations alike. Secondly, by carrying on the work initiated by the engineering team on unmanned and high endurance electric aircrafts, which could fly in high altitude for months, offering services that could provide exponential added value and complement the work being done by satellites today in a flexible and sustainable way. “We have flown 40’000 kilometers (around the world) without fuel, but there is still a lot to be done to encourage a worldwide implementation of clean technologies and to motivate everyone to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels in their daily lives, hence the creation of the International Committee for Clean Technologies,” emphasized Bertrand Piccard. “Solar Impulse is of course very well positioned to contribute to the next generations of manned or unmanned electric aircrafts. By capitalizing on the engineering skills and expertise gained over the past decade, we will continue to work to encourage concrete innovations and disruptive solutions,” concluded André Borschberg. Thanks to the Solar Impulse team, both on the Round-The-World and in the Mission Control Center in Monaco as well as the Main, Official and Round-The-World partners, Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg were able to make their dream a reality and accomplish their pioneering adventure. In addition, Solar Impulse would like to extend its gratitude to: Host Partners Masdar and Mubadala as well as the Government of the United Arab Emirates as the Solar Impulse Round the World Host Country; and to the Swiss Confederation, in particular to the Departments of Foreign Affairs, Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications, the Federal Department of Defense, the Civil Protection and Sport as well as Presence Suisse. Among the hundreds of guests present to witness the historic arrival of Si2 in Abu Dhabi, were HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco, HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, HE Doris Leuthard, Vice President of the Swiss Confederation, and HE Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE Minister of State and Chairman of Masdar. Upon landing, HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco said: “Solar Impulse will mark our history. And we will remember this day, which will remain the day of great victory for solar aviation, also as the day when we were given the proof that we can move towards a low carbon economy, reconciling the mobility and progress we all need, with protection of our planet, which is our greatest duty.” "It is a historic moment for Monaco and for me, because the Principality has the pleasure of housing Solar Impulse's control Centre and my Foundation is a partner of this adventure. We have shared so many hopes and so many joys together throughout this epic journey," he added. Vice President of Switzerland Doris Leuthard welcomed this extraordinary accomplishment with a message of optimism for the international community: “Solar Impulse is succeeding where Ikarus failed. An idea born in Switzerland has shown to the world that by investing in innovation and sustainable clean energies, all our dreams can come true. Let's follow on this great success by good implementation.” HE Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, UAE Minister of State and Chairman of Masdar, emphasized: “We are pleased to welcome back Bertrand Piccard and Andre Borschberg after their outstanding success in circumnavigating the world using only the power of the sun.” “As a leader in developing innovative renewable energy projects and technologies, Masdar is committed to supporting ground breaking initiatives, like Solar Impulse, which will inspire and deliver a more sustainable future. Solar Impulse has proven just how practical the application of solar energy can be. It will also provide valuable data that will lead to critical improvements in two key areas, energy storage and efficiency. Masdar is truly excited about the endless possibilities of solar energy and we will be part of taking such technologies to the next level,” HE Dr. Al Jaber concluded. As stated in Bertrand Piccard’s manifesto for clean technologies written in 2004, Solar Impulse’s ambition is “for the worlds of exploration and innovation to make a contribution to the cause of renewable energies; to demonstrate the importance of clean technologies for sustainable development; and to place dreams and emotions back at the heart of scientific adventure.” Upon the final landing of the revolutionary airplane, designed and built by a team of engineers pulled together and led by André Borschberg following more than ten years of calculations, simulations and testing, members of the Solar Impulse team could be seen carrying banners that read: 40’000 km WITHOUT FUEL – A first for energy - TAKE IT FURTHER! There is still much to be done to make the world we live in more energy efficient, but through innovation and pioneering spirit, the first ever Round-The-World Solar flight is credible proof that change is possible and that there is reason to hope for a more sustainable world.

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D'éirigh le Bertrand PICCARD AGUS LE ANDRE BORSCHBERG, PIÓINÉIRÍ SA Eilvéis, an chéad eitilt a rinne siad riamh ar fud an domhain - Éacht stairiúil gan aon bhrú dóthain a chaitheamh Abu Dhabi, na hÉimíríochtaí Arabacha Aontaithe, 26 Iúil 2016 Ag casadh ar na rialuithe ar Solar Impulse 2 (Si2) a n-eitiltí leictreacha agus gréine eitleán, in ann eitilt lá agus oíche gan breosla Bertrand Piccard agus André Borschberg éirigh a n-aisling crazy a bhaint amach an chéad Round-The-World Solar eitilt riamh. Trí dhul ar ais in Abu Dhabi tar éis 23 lá eitilte agus 43'041 km a thrasnú i dturas 17 lá, chruthaigh Si2 gur féidir le teicneolaíochtaí glan an rud dodhéanta a bhaint amach. Tá an tAontas Eorpach ag tabhairt faoi chomhairle le Comhairle na hEorpa agus le Comhairle na hEorpa maidir le forbairt na teicneolaíochta a bhaineann le fuinneamh a shaothrú agus a chur chun feidhme. Ag teacht as an Éigipt, tháinig Bertrand Piccard i dtír in Abu Dhabi maidin inniu ag 4:05 am am áitiúil (UTC+4) ag críochnú an chéim dheireanach de iarracht a bhí ina dhícheall go dtí seo a mheas dodhéanta: ag eitilt timpeall an domhain i eitleán leictreach a thiomáint ach ag an ghrian agus in ann eitilt go leor laethanta agus oíche i ndiaidh a chéile gan breosla. Tá an tuirlingt seo ag críochnú an chiorcal stairiúil a thosaigh ar 9 Márta 2015 nuair a d'éirigh Si2 as Abu Dhabi le André Borschberg ag na rialuithe. Ag dul in eagar i gcapit 3.8m3 aon-suíochán, d'eitil Bertrand Piccard agus André Borschberg Si2 timpeall an domhain i 17 chos, ag trasnú na hÁise, an Aigéan Ciúin, na Stáit Aontaithe, an Aigéan Atlantach, an Mhuir Mheánmhuir agus an Meánoirthear. Bhunaigh an Chónaidhm Spóirt Aeir Domhanda (FAI) 19 taifead domhanda ar fad nó tá siad fós ag feitheamh, go háirithe nuair a rinne André Borschberg an chéad cheannródaíoch ag eitilt cúig lá agus oíche as a chéile thar an Aigéan Ciúin ón tSeapáin go Hawaii sa tréimhse is faide a d'eitil le hiompar aon chineál aon chineál riamh agus nuair a bhain Bertrand Piccard an chéad trasnú stairiúil den Aigéan Atlantach in eitleán gréine amach. Maidir leis an dá cheannródaí as an Eilvéis, is é seo an t-éacht a bhí ar aisling a mheas go leor saineolaithe dodhéanta agus an léiriú go dtugann fuinneamh in-athnuaite agus teicneolaíochtaí éifeachtúla réitigh inbhuanaithe. Bhí fís ag Bertrand Piccard, taiscéalaí agus dochtúir leighis i gcroílár, ar eitleán seasmhachta síoraí tar éis a eitilte ballóine neamh-stad timpeall an domhain i 1999, nuair a rinne sé an gealltanas an Domhan a chiorclaíocht arís, ach an uair seo gan aon bhreosla. I 2004, thosaigh sé ag teacht le chéile na comhpháirtithe a chuir cistí agus teicneolaíocht ar fáil don eachtra seo agus a chomhpháirtíocht le André Borschberg. Gnóthas agus eitiltíoir sgile, ghlac Borschberg leis an dúshlán teicniúil an eitleán gréine a fhorbairt agus é a dhéanamh ag eitilt. Níos mó ná a bheith ag casadh ag na rialuithe ar Si2 san aer, is é an chéad eitilt solair Round-The-World Solar a bhaint amach ar an talamh freisin: cé go bhforbair Piccard an tionscadal chun teicneolaíochtaí glan a chur chun cinn, tharraing Borschberg an fhoireann a dhear agus a thóg Si2 le chéile chomh maith le misean eitilte a eagrú. Ní hamháin gur chéad uair é seo i stair an eitlíochta; is é sin an chéad uair i stair an fhuinnimh. Táim cinnte go bhfeicfimid eitleáin leictreacha laistigh de 10 mbliana ag iompar 50 paisinéir ar eitiltí gearrthurais go meánthurais. Ach ní leor é. D'fhéadfaí na teicneolaíochtaí glan céanna a úsáidtear ar Solar Impulse a chur i bhfeidhm ar an talamh inár saol laethúil chun na astaíochtaí CO2 a roinnt ar dhá bhealach brabúsach. Níl Solar Impulse ach an tús, anois é a thógáil níos faide! Dúirt an Tosaitheoir, an Cathaoirleach agus an Píolóta Bertrand Piccard ag labhairt leis an slua agus é ag dul amach as cóipín Si2. Tá sé deacair go leor eitilt ar chúl amháin le cineál eitleáin atá go hiomlán nua, ach is dúshlán fíor é eitilt timpeall an domhain. Níos mó ná taispeántas, is deimhniú é go bhfuil na teicneolaíochtaí seo fíor-iontaofa agus iontaofa, "a dúirt an tUachtarán Feidhmeannach, an Comhbhunaitheoir agus an Píolótach André Borschberg. Tá an oiread sin féidearthachta ann don domhan aerloingseoireachta: cé go bhféadfadh sé níos faide a thógáil le eitleáin a oibríonn ar fhuinneamh gréine 100% a mháistir, forbraítear eitleáin leictreacha sa todhchaí atá le teacht mar gheall ar a gcuid buntáistí ollmhóra amhail éifeachtúlacht fuinnimh. Cúpla uair an chloig sula ndeachaigh sé i mbun oibre in Abu Dhabi, labhair Bertrand Piccard le hArdrúnaí na Náisiún Aontaithe Ban Ki-moon go beo ó chóipéad Si2: "Tá Impulse Sólar tar éis eitilt níos mó ná 40,000 ciliméadar gan breosla, ach le soláthar in-scaoilte fuinnimh agus inspioráide. Is lá stairiúil é seo do Chaiptean Piccard agus d'fhoireann Solar Impulse, ach is lá stairiúil é freisin don chine daonna, "a dúirt Ard-Rúnaí na Náisiún Aontaithe. "B'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ag críochnú do thuras timpeall an domhain inniu, ach tá an turas chuig domhan níos inbhuanaithe ag tosú. Tá foireann Solar Impulse ag cabhrú linn dul i dtreo an todhchaí sin". Ag féachaint amach anseo, leanfaidh Bertrand Piccard agus André Borschberg ag cur úsáid teicneolaíochtaí glana nua-aimseartha chun cinn go gníomhach mar bhealach chun cáilíocht na beatha ar an Domhan a fheabhsú. Ar an gcéad dul síos, trí bhunú an Choiste Idirnáisiúnta um Theicneolaíochtaí Glan a fógraíodh cheana a thógfaidh ar thionscnamh #futureisclean agus a athghrúpaíonn na príomhghníomhaithe domhanda i réimse na dteicneolaíochtaí glana chun treoir neamhspleách agus creidiúnach a thabhairt maidir le beartas fuinnimh do rialtais agus do chorparáidí araon. Ar an dara dul síos, trí leanúint leis an obair a thosaigh an fhoireann innealtóireachta ar eitleáin leictreacha gan foireann agus ard-fhuinneamh, a d'fhéadfadh eitilt ar ardleibhéal ar feadh míonna, ag tairiscint seirbhísí a d'fhéadfadh breisluach esponenciúil a sholáthar agus a chomhlánú an obair atá á dhéanamh ag satailítí inniu ar bhealach solúbtha agus inbhuanaithe. Tá muid tar éis eitilt 40000 ciliméadar (thart ar an domhan) gan breosla, ach tá go leor le déanamh fós chun cur i bhfeidhm teicneolaíochtaí glana a spreagadh ar fud an domhain agus gach duine a spreagadh chun a spleáchas ar bhreoslaí iontaise a laghdú ina saol laethúil, dá bhrí sin cruthaíodh an Coiste Idirnáisiúnta um Theicneolaíochtaí Glan, a leag Bertrand Piccard béim air. Tá Solar Impulse, ar ndóigh, suite go han-mhaith chun rannchuidiú leis na chéad ghlúin eile d'aerárthaí leictreacha, fearlaithe nó gan fearlaithe. Trí leas a bhaint as na scileanna innealtóireachta agus an saineolas a fuarthas le deich mbliana anuas, leanfaimid orainn ag obair chun nuálaíochtaí nithiúla agus réitigh athraitheacha a spreagadh", a dúirt André Borschberg. Buíochas le foireann Solar Impulse, ar an Round-The-World agus i Lárionad Rialaithe an Mhisean i Monacó chomh maith leis na príomhpháirtithe, oifigiúla agus Round-The-World, bhí Bertrand Piccard agus André Borschberg in ann a mbrionglóid a dhéanamh fíor agus a n-eachtra ceannródaíoch a chur i gcrích. Tá an t-airgead a fuarthas ó Solar Impulse i ndáil le soláthar fuinnimh agus soláthar fuinnimh ó na tíortha sin, a bhfuil an-tóir orthu, á chur ar fáil dóibh, agus tá sé á chur ar fáil dóibh go hiomlán. I measc na céadta aoi a bhí i láthair chun teacht stairiúil Si2 in Abu Dhabi a fheiceáil, bhí Aonchar Prince Albert II de Monaco, Aonchar Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Prionsa Crún Abu Dhabi, AONCH Doris Leuthard, Leas-Uachtarán Chónaidhm na hEilvéise, agus AONCH Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, Aire Stáit UAE agus Cathaoirleach Masdar. Ar éirí as, dúirt Aonchar an Phrionsa Albert II de Mhonacó: "Beidh Solar Impulse mar chomharra ar ár stair. Agus beidh cuimhne againn ar an lá seo, a bheidh mar lá bua mór le haghaidh eitlíochta gréine, mar an lá freisin nuair a tugadh an cruthúnas dúinn gur féidir linn bogadh i dtreo geilleagar ísealcharbóin, ag teacht i gcomhar leis an soghluaisteacht agus an dul chun cinn a theastaíonn uainn go léir, le cosaint ár bplainéad, atá mar ár ndícheall is mó. "Is nóiméad stairiúil é do Mhonacó agus domsa, toisc go bhfuil an phrionsacht sásta ionad rialaithe Solar Impulse a shuí agus tá mo Bhunaíocht ina pháirtí den eachtra seo. Tá an oiread sin dóchais agus an oiread sin áthas roinnte againn le chéile ar feadh an turais mhór seo, "a dúirt sé. Chuir Leas-Uachtarán na hEilvéise Doris Leuthard fáilte roimh an éacht neamhghnách seo le teachtaireacht dóchais don phobal idirnáisiúnta: "Tá rath ag Solar Impulse áit a ndeachaigh Ikarus. Léirigh smaoineamh a rugadh san Eilvéis don domhan gur féidir lenár gcuid aislingí go léir a bheith fíor trí infheistíocht a dhéanamh i nuálaíocht agus i n-fhuinneamh inbhuanaithe glan. Déanaimis leanúint ar aghaidh leis an rath mór seo trí chur i bhfeidhm maith. Chuir an Dr. Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, Aire Stáit na hAmirí Aontaithe agus Cathaoirleach Masdar, béim: "Tá áthas orainn fáilte a chur roimh Bertrand Piccard agus Andre Borschberg ar ais tar éis a n-éachtaí suntasacha i rith an domhain ag baint úsáide as chumhacht na gréine amháin". Mar cheannaire i bhforbairt tionscadal agus teicneolaíochtaí nuálacha fuinnimh in-athnuaite, tá Masdar tiomanta do thacú le tionscnaimh bhréigeacha, mar Solar Impulse, a spreagfaidh agus a sheachadfaidh todhchaí níos inbhuanaithe. Tá Solar Impulse tar éis a chruthú cé chomh praiticiúil is féidir a bheith i bhfeidhm fuinnimh na gréine. Soláthróidh sé sonraí luachmhara freisin a thiocfaidh le feabhsuithe ríthábhachtacha i dhá phríomh-réimse, stóráil fuinnimh agus éifeachtúlacht. Tá Masdar fíor-chúramach faoi na féidearthachtaí gan teorainn a bhaineann le fuinneamh gréine agus beidh muid mar chuid de na teicneolaíochtaí sin a thabhairt chuig an gcéad leibhéal eile, "a dúirt an Dr. Al Jaber. Mar a luaitear i mbriathar Bertrand Piccard le haghaidh teicneolaíochtaí glan a scríobhadh i 2004, is é uaillmhian Solar Impulse go gcuirfeadh saol na taiscéalaithe agus na nuálaíochta le cúis na n-energies in-athnuaite; chun an tábhacht a bhaineann le teicneolaíochtaí glan a léiriú le haghaidh forbairt inbhuanaithe; agus chun aislingí agus mothúcháin a chur ar lár eachtraíochta eolaíochta. Ar an eitleán réabhlóideach, a dhear agus a tógadh ag foireann innealtóirí a tharraing le chéile agus a bhí faoi stiúir André Borschberg tar éis níos mó ná deich mbliana de ríomhanna, insamhaltaí agus tástála, d'fhéadfaí a fheiceáil go raibh banners ag baill foirne Solar Impulse a léigh: 40000 km WITHOUT FUEL A chéad uair le haghaidh fuinnimh - Tógáil níos faide! Tá go leor le déanamh fós chun an domhan ina mairimid a dhéanamh níos éifeachtúla ó thaobh fuinnimh de, ach trí nuálaíocht agus spiorad tosaigh, is é an chéad eitilt Round-The-World Solar den chéad uair riamh cruthúnas creidiúnach go bhfuil athrú indéanta agus go bhfuil cúis le dóchas a bheith ann do shaol níos inbhuanaithe.

Looking for effective ways to differentiate your instruction to reach all the multiple intelligences of your learners? This PowerPoint is full of useful teaching strategies and activities for different learning styles. There are several theories related to learning styles and multiple intelligences. Effective teachers consider their students' learning styles and use strategies adapted to their students' individual needs. Here are many different strategies to use for the different learning styles and multiple intelligences. For example, includes specific strategies and a list of activities for visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners. Animated and colorful slides. © Deborah Hayes aka HappyEdugator. For classroom and homeschool use.

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Ag lorg bealaí éifeachtacha chun do theagasc a dhifreáil chun gach ceann de na heolas ilghnéitheacha de do chuid foghlaimeoirí a bhaint amach? Tá an PowerPoint seo lán de straitéisí agus gníomhaíochtaí teagaisc úsáideacha do stíleanna foghlama éagsúla. Tá roinnt teoiricí ann a bhaineann le stíleanna foghlama agus le héagsúlachtaí intleachta. Bíonn múinteoirí éifeachtacha ag smaoineamh ar stíl foghlama a gcuid mac léinn agus úsáid a bhaint as straitéisí atá oiriúnaithe do riachtanais aonair a gcuid mac léinn. Seo go leor straitéisí éagsúla le húsáid do na stíleanna foghlama éagsúla agus do na heolas il. Mar shampla, áirítear straitéisí sonracha agus liosta gníomhaíochtaí do foghlaimeoirí amhairc, éisteachta agus cinéisteiceacha. Sleamhnáin bheochan agus datha. © Deborah Hayes aka HappyEdugator. Le húsáid sa seomra ranga agus sa bhaile.

Self-care is a simple concept, yet for many of us, it can be incredibly difficult in practice. It is especially challenging for victims and survivors of abuse, who are often made to feel like they are not worthy of love or care. But the truth is that everyone deserves to be cared for, and we all have the power to be our own caregivers. That’s what self-care is all about; taking care of yourself in ways that feel best to you, focus on your own health and well-being, and bring you comfort. If you have experienced abuse in your life, self-care may seem like a foreign concept, exhausting, or pointless to consider. You might be questioning how it could be of any use to you, which is totally understandable. It helps to remember that self-care is not selfish or self-indulgent; it’s simply one tool you can turn to when coping with or healing from an abusive relationship. At first, doing self-care might not feel “normal” to you, and that’s okay. Start by making small, gradual changes and focus on being gentle with yourself. Making sure basic needs are met is the foundation of self-care. Do you get adequate sleep? Do you eat regular meals? Is physical activity part of your daily life? For some people, meeting these basic needs might not be possible all at once, so it might be helpful to focus on one at a time. Others may choose to make a list to remind themselves to meet at least one basic need or do one self-care activity daily. There is no wrong way to do self-care; think about what feels right for you and your situation. If you’ve got the hang of meeting basic needs, try brainstorming other activities that you might enjoy doing, or that you once enjoyed but haven’t done in a while. We often recommend keeping a personal journal of thoughts as a form of self-care, but only if you’re in a safe place or your abusive partner won’t have access to it. However, if journaling doesn’t appeal to you there are plenty of other options. Here are just a few examples: reading a book, taking a walk, drinking a cup of tea, knitting, drawing, painting, cycling, swimming, watching a funny movie, taking a bath, talking to a friend, baking, taking three deep breaths, praying, meditating, volunteering, taking photos, playing a videogame, playing or cuddling with a pet, attending a support group or counseling session, stretching, listening to your favorite song, dancing, singing, daydreaming – all of these things count as self-care, and some of them don’t take more than a few minutes. What matters is finding what works for you. Do you have additional suggestions, or are there particular self-care activities that work for you? Leave a comment! Also, check out our (growing) self-care board on Pinterest. If you need help incorporating self-care into your life, our advocates are here for you. Give us a call at 1-800-799-7233, or chat online Monday through Friday, 9am-7pm CDT.

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Is coincheap simplí é féin-chúram, ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith an-deacair do go leor againn i gcleachtas. Tá sé dúshlánach go háirithe do íospartaigh agus do dhaoine a chaith an t-úsáid, a ndéantar go minic a mhothaíonn nach bhfuil siad fiú grá nó cúram a thabhairt dóibh. Ach is é an fhírinne ná gur chóir aire a thabhairt do gach duine, agus tá an chumhacht againn go léir a bheith inár gcúramóirí féin. Is é sin cúram féin; cúram a ghlacadh ort féin ar na bealaí is fearr duit, díriú ar do shláinte agus do fholláine féin, agus comhghairdeas a thabhairt duit. Má bhí tú ag fulaingt ó mhí-úsáid i do shaol, d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé cosúil le coincheap aisteach, tuirseach, nó gan chiall smaoineamh ar fhéachaint féin. B'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ag fiafraí cén chaoi a bhféadfadh sé a bheith úsáideach duit, rud atá tuisceanach go hiomlán. Cabhraíonn sé le cuimhneamh nach bhfuil cúram féin féin é féinbhéasach nó féin-sásta; is uirlis amháin é is féidir leat a bheith ag dul i ngleic leis nó a leigheas ó chaidreamh mí-úsáidte. Ar dtús, b'fhéidir nach mbraitheann tú go bhfuil sé "nádúrtha" féinchúram a dhéanamh, agus tá sé sin ceart go leor. Tosaigh ag déanamh athruithe beaga, de réir a chéile agus dírigh ar bheith milis leat féin. Is é an bunús le cúram féin ná a chinntiú go gcomhlíontar riachtanais bhunúsacha. An bhfaigheann tú codladh leordhóthanach? An n-itheann tú béilí rialta? An bhfuil gníomhaíocht choirp mar chuid de do shaol laethúil? D'fhéadfadh sé nach mbeadh sé indéanta do roinnt daoine na riachtanais bhunúsacha seo a chomhlíonadh go léir ag an am céanna, mar sin d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith cabhrach díriú ar cheann amháin ag an am. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine eile ag iarraidh liosta a dhéanamh chun cuimhneamh orthu féin go gcaithfí freastal ar riachtanas bunúsach amháin ar a laghad nó go gcaithfí rud amháin a dhéanamh gach lá chun aire a thabhairt dóibh féin. Níl aon bhealach mícheart ann chun aire a thabhairt duit féin; smaoinigh ar an méid a bhraitheann ceart duit féin agus do do shuíomh. Má tá tú ag freastal ar riachtanais bhunúsacha, déan iarracht brainstorming a dhéanamh ar ghníomhaíochtaí eile a d'fhéadfadh tú taitneamh a bhaint astu, nó a raibh taitneamh agat astu ach nár rinne tú le tamall. Moltar go minic duit do chuid smaointe a choinneáil i dtuarascáil phearsanta mar chineál cúraim féin, ach amháin má tá tú i áit shábháilte nó mura mbeidh rochtain ag do pháirtí mí-úsáidte air. Ach mura bhfuil sé ina oidhreacht duit a bheith ag déanamh leabharlainne, tá go leor roghanna eile ann. Níl anseo ach cúpla sampla: leabhar a léamh, siúl, cupán tae a ól, néataíocht a dhéanamh, líníocht a dhéanamh, péintíocht a dhéanamh, rothaíocht a dhéanamh, snámh a dhéanamh, scannán greannmhar a fheiceáil, cith a dhéanamh, labhairt le cara, bácáil a dhéanamh, trí bhéal domhain a thógáil, guí, machnamh a dhéanamh, obair dheonach a dhéanamh, grianghraf a thógáil, cluiche físe a imirt, imirt nó cuddle le peataí, freastal ar ghrúpa tacaíochta nó seisiún comhairle, síneadh a dhéanamh, éisteacht le do chuid is fearr leat amhrán, damhsa, amhrán a dhéanamh, aisling a dhéanamh is cúram féin iad na rudaí seo go léir, agus ní thógann cuid acu níos mó ná cúpla nóiméad. Is é an rud atá tábhachtach ná an rud a oibríonn duitse a fháil. An bhfuil aon mholtaí breise agat, nó an bhfuil gníomhaíochtaí áirithe féin-chúram ann a oibríonn duitse? Fág trácht! Chomh maith leis sin, féach ar ár mbord féin-chúram (ag fás) ar Pinterest. Má theastaíonn cabhair uait chun féin-chúram a ionchorprú i do shaol, tá ár n-abhcóide anseo ar do shon. Cuir glaoch orainn ag 1-800-799-7233, nó comhrá ar líne Dé Luain go hAoine, 9am-7pm CDT.

Palm trees can beautify a landscape for decades. However, there are certain diseases that can threaten the life of a palm tree prematurely. We’re going to look at just 4 such diseases. This will allow you to identify the problem early on so as to give your trees the best chance at a full recovery. Leafspots – This is an infection that occurs in the leaves of palm trees. It is related to a number of types of fungi and even a few bacteria, so it is more of a category of disease. The spots are usually brown and may have an oily look. Spots may be round or oval in appearance. The shade and size of the spots will usually reveal how far along the disease is. Graphiola – This is a particular type of leafspot that is also called False Smut. Usually, this fungus only occurs in places where humidity is very high. Spots are raised, and small black dots that appear like warts will protrude from these raised spots. Palm tree growers in the southern part of Texas are most likely to combat this fungus. Ganoderma Root – This is a fungal infection that causes older fronds to droop and wither. Newer fronds are stunted and may appear yellow or a pale green color. This is a dangerous palm tree condition that can kill a tree within just a few years if not taken care of. Bud Rot – This is another condition that can be caused by several types of bacteria or fungi. The disease is named for the fact that it causes new buds to rot. Younger fronds may form black lesions and the leaves on younger fronds may wilt. This disease can take a palm tree and just leave the trunk within several months. If you have identified a disease that is afflicting your palm tree, or even if you don’t know what is wrong but you can tell the tree is struggling, feel free to contact the experienced growers at West Coast Trees for assistance.

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Is féidir le crainn pailme áilleacht a chur ar tírdhreach ar feadh na mblianta. Mar sin féin, tá galair áirithe ann a d'fhéadfadh bagairt a chur ar shaol na pailme go luath. Nílimid ag dul a fheiceáil ach 4 de na galair sin. Cuirfidh sé seo ar do chumas an fhadhb a aithint go luath ionas go mbeidh an seans is fearr agat go dtabharfaidh do chrainn an t-athchóiriú iomlán. Leafspots Is ionfhabhtú é seo a tharlaíonn i duilleoga na gcrann pailme. Tá baint aige le roinnt cineálacha fungais agus fiú cúpla baictéir, mar sin is catagóir galar é. De ghnáth bíonn na spotaí donn agus d'fhéadfadh cuma olach a bheith orthu. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh na spotaí cruinn nó oval i gcuma. De ghnáth léiríonn scáth agus méid na spotaí cé chomh fada agus atá an galar. Graphiola Is cineál áirithe de leafspot é seo ar a dtugtar False Smut freisin. De ghnáth, ní tharlaíonn an fongus seo ach in áiteanna ina bhfuil taise an-ard. Tá spotaí ardaithe, agus beidh poncanna beaga dubh a bhfuil cuma warts ag teacht amach as na spotaí ardaithe seo. Is dócha go mbeidh na feirmeoirí palm i ndeisceart Texas ag dul i ngleic leis an ngéibheas seo. Ganoderma Root Is ionfhabhtú fungach é seo a fhágann go dtéann fronds níos sine síos agus go dtéann siad. Tá na duilleoga níos nuaí stunted agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh dath buí nó glas lom orthu. Is é seo staid contúirteach crainn pailme a d'fhéadfadh crann a mharú laistigh de chúpla bliain amháin mura ndéantar cúram a dhéanamh air. Bud Rot Is é seo riocht eile a d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh roinnt cineálacha baictéir nó fungais mar chúis leis. Tugtar an t-ainm ar an ngalar toisc go gcuireann sé go bhfuil na buachaillí nua ag dul in olcas. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh léachtaí dubha ar na duilleoga níos óige agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh na duilleoga ar na duilleoga níos óige ag dul i ngleic. Is féidir leis an ghalair seo crainn pailme a thógáil agus an trán a fhágáil laistigh de chúpla mí. Má tá galar aitheanta agat a bhfuil ag cur báis ar do chrann pailme, nó fiú mura bhfuil a fhios agat cad atá cearr ach is féidir leat a rá go bhfuil an crann ag streachailt, bíodh spraoi agat teagmháil a dhéanamh leis na feirmeoirí taithíithe ag West Coast Trees chun cabhair a fháil.

Samuel Bangs, pioneer printer and publisher, son of Samuel and Hannah (Grice) Bangs, was born about 1798, probably in Boston, Massachusetts. During the five years preceding September 1816, when he sailed from Baltimore as a printer for Francisco Xavier Mina's expedition, he served as a printer's apprentice in the shop of Thomas G. Bangs, a printer and distant relative. En route to Mexico the expedition stopped on Galveston Island, where, on February 22, 1817, Bangs and John J. McLaren issued a Manifesto for Mina, using a portable press brought from England. The proclamation was similar to one Mina had earlier issued in Pennsylvania. On the back of this first documented Texas imprint were the names of the young printers, Juan J. McLaren and S. Bangs. No original copy survives, but a reprint is in Carlos María Bustamante's Cuadro histórico de la revolución de la America Mexicana (1843–46). On April 12, 1817, Bangs was at the mouth of the Rio Grande, where the two probably printed another proclamation, which Mina addressed to his compañero de armas. If it was printed in the area that later became Texas territorial waters, it is the second documented Texas imprint. No original copy has survived. It too was reprinted in Cuadro histórico. Two copies of a contemporary printing by Mina's press at Soto la Marina have survived. Louis M. Aury left Mina, his men, and the printing press at Soto la Marina in mid-April. Having established his press on the mainland of Mexico, Bangs published a patriotic song composed by Joaquín Infante, the auditor of the expedition, in honor of the successful debarkation. On April 25, 1817, the Río Bravo proclamation was printed again under the title Boletín I de la División Austiliar de la República Mexicana. Two copies of the Boletín have survived, one in the National Museum of Mexico and the other in the Thomas W. Streeter Collection, Yale University. At Soto la Marina, Mina's force disintegrated and scattered. McLaren vanished forever. Shortly after landing, Bangs printed a broadside entitled Canción Patriótica–que al desembarcar general Mina y sus tropas en la Barra de Santander compuso Joaquín Infanta auditor de la división. A copy is in the Streeter Collection. The Royalists captured Bangs and his press and spared his life only because he knew how to operate the press. He printed for the Royalists at Monterrey until the successes of the Mexican War of Independence freed him and he began printing for the new government. Bangs soon returned to his home in New England, married Suzanne Payne, and, not finding satisfactory employment in the United States, returned to Mexico and established himself in Tamaulipas as a government printer in Ciudad Victoria. There in the summer of 1827 he collected and printed the Colección de Leyes y Decretos de la Primera Legislatura Constitucional del Estada Libre de Tamaulipas. Bangs and Suzanne had two sons. She died at Victoria in the yellow fever epidemic of 1837. In 1838, after the success of the Texas Revolution, Bangs visited the United States, taking his two sons to be placed in school. He inspected printing presses in Baltimore and New York and worked on others in Cincinnati and Mobile. He then established himself at Galveston, where he acquired a printing press and published a succession of newspapers–the Galveston News and others. The Galveston Commercial Intelligencer was attributed to him but was really published by Moseley Baker. The successor to the San Luis Advocate appeared from Bangs's press on October 11, 1842, as the Galveston Texas Times, with Ferdinand Pinchard continuing as editor. Bangs rented his press to others to print the Galveston Independent Chronicle, the Daily Globe and Galveston Commercial Chronicle (see GALVESTON DAILY GLOBE), and the Texas State Paper. By 1839 Bangs had married Caroline H. French, sister of Robert H. and George H. French, who at times were his associates in the printing business. With the coming of the Mexican War, Bangs followed Gen. Zachary Taylor's troops to Corpus Christi in the summer of 1845 and with George W. Fletcher, a local physician, began printing the Corpus Christi Gazette on January 1, 1846. He also did job printing for both the army and civilians. When Taylor moved to the Rio Grande, Fletcher and Bangs dissolved their partnership, and Bangs planned to publish a new paper, the Rio Grande Herald, at Matamoros in partnership with Gideon K. Lewis, but instead, on June 24, 1846, began publication of the Reveille in both English and Spanish, the Spanish section being entitled La Diana de Matamoros. Lewis and Bangs soon stopped publishing La Diana and rented their press to a Mexican who printed El Liberal, a Spanish-language newspaper that strongly defended the Mexican side of the war, thus causing General Taylor to order the Reveille's office closed and the printers jailed. Lewis departed in haste and left Bangs to explain that he had had no part in the editorial policy of El Liberal, but had merely rented his press to its publisher. He convinced the authorities of his innocence and obtained permission to resume publication of the Reveille, but never did so. Instead, he joined his competitors in the publication of the American Flag, sold his printing materials and press to them, and worked as a printer at their office until February 17, 1847, when for lack of paper the Flag was temporarily suspended. Bangs moved to Point Isabel to operate a hotel and to establish a newspaper. He soon returned to Galveston, liquidated his business, and shipped his household effects and printing office to Point Isabel, but all was lost in a wreck at sea. For a while he and his wife operated a hotel at Point Isabel, and in the summer of 1848 he made his last attempt to establish a paper there, to be entitled the Texas Ranger. It never appeared, owing to Indian depredations, the gold rush to California, and controversy over plans to form a new government to be called the Sierra Madre in northern Mexico–a revival of the old Republic of the Rio Grande. In 1849 Indians captured the stage between Point Isabel and Brownsville and took Bangs, a passenger, prisoner. Bangs and a companion escaped in a state of nudity. Shortly thereafter, Bangs abandoned his venture in Texas and Mexico and moved to Kentucky, where he worked for the Georgetown Herald. He died of typhoid fever on May 31, 1854, in Georgetown, Kentucky.

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Rugadh Samuel Bangs, printéir agus foilsitheoir ceannródaíoch, mac Samuel agus Hannah (Grice) Bangs, thart ar 1798, is dócha i mBostún, Massachusetts. Le linn na cúig bliana roimh Mheán Fómhair 1816, nuair a sheol sé ó Bhailtiméar mar phriontóir do thuras Francisco Xavier Mina, d'fhóin sé mar fhoghlaimeoir priontála i siopa Thomas G. Bangs, priontálaí agus gaol i bhfad i gcéin. Ar an mbealach go Meicsiceo d'fhan an turas ar Oileán Galveston, áit ar d'eisigh Bangs agus John J. McLaren Manifesto do Mina, an 22 Feabhra 1817, ag baint úsáide as preas in-iompar a tugadh ó Shasana. Bhí an fhógra cosúil le ceann a d'eisigh Mina roimhe sin i Pennsylvania. Ar chúl an chéad phrint Texas doiciméadaithe seo bhí ainmneacha na gclódóirí óga, Juan J. McLaren agus S. Bangs. Níl aon chóip bhunaidh fós ann, ach tá athscríobh i Cuadro histórico de la revolución de la America Mexicana (184346) de Carlos María Bustamante. Ar 12 Aibreán, 1817, bhí Bangs ag béal an Rio Grande, áit a phriontáil an bheirt fhéideartha fógradh eile, a d'fhreagair Mina dá compañero de armas. Má bhí sé clóite sa cheantar a tháinig ina dhiaidh sin ar uiscí teorann Texas, is é an dara imprint Texas doiciméadaithe é. Níl aon chóip bhunaidh ann. Athphrintíodh é freisin i Cuadro histórico. Tá dhá chóip de phriontáil comhaimseartha ag preas Mina ag Soto la Marina tar éis maireachtáil. D'fhág Louis M. Aury Mina, a chuid fir, agus an phreas priontála ag Soto la Marina i lár mhí Aibreáin. Tar éis dó a phreas a bhunú ar mhórthír Mheicsiceo, d'fhoilsigh Bangs amhrán tírghrá a chum Joaquín Infante, iniúchóir an expedition, in onóir an debarkation rathúil. Ar an 25 Aibreán, 1817, priontáladh an fógra Río Bravo arís faoin teideal Boletín I de la División Austiliar de la República Mexicana. Tá dhá chóip den Boletín slán, ceann i Músaem Náisiúnta Mheicsiceo agus an ceann eile i gCnuasach Thomas W. Streeter, Ollscoil Yale. Ag Soto la Marina, scrios fórsa Mina agus scaipthe. McLaren imithe go deo. Go gairid tar éis éirí as, d'fhoilsigh Bangs bruach-leathanach dar teideal Canción Patrióticaque al desembarcar general Mina y sus tropas en la Barra de Santander compuso Joaquín Infanta auditor de la división. Tá cóip sa Bhailiúchán Streeter. Ghlac na Ríghghneoirí Bangs agus a phreas agus níor chaith siad a shaol ach toisc go raibh a fhios aige conas an phreas a oibriú. Chláraigh sé le haghaidh na Ríghghneoirí i Monterrey go dtí go scaoil rath na Cogadh Saoirse Mheicsiceo é agus thosaigh sé ag cló ar son an rialtais nua. D'fhill Bangs go luath ar a bhaile i Sasana Nua, phós Suzanne Payne, agus, gan fostaíocht sásúil a fháil sna Stáit Aontaithe, d'fhill sé go Meicsiceo agus bhunaigh sé é féin i Tamaulipas mar phriontóir rialtais i Ciudad Victoria. Sa samhradh 1827 bailíodh agus priontáil sé an Colección de Leyes y Decretos de la Primera Legislatura Constitucional del Estada Libre de Tamaulipas. Bhí beirt mhac ag Bangs agus Suzanne. Fuair sí bás i Victoria i dtimpiste an fhibhrí buí i 1837. I 1838, tar éis rath Réabhlóid Texas, thug Bangs cuairt ar na Stáit Aontaithe, ag tabhairt a dhá mhac lena chur ar scoil. Rinne sé iniúchadh ar phriontálacha i Baltimore agus i Nua-Eabhrac agus d'oibrigh sé ar phriontálacha eile i Cincinnati agus i Mobile. Ansin bhunaigh sé é féin i Galveston, áit a fuair sé preas priontála agus d'fhoilsigh sé sraith nuachtáin - an Galveston News agus nuachtáin eile. Cuireadh an Galveston Commercial Intelligencer leis ach d'fhoilsigh Moseley Baker é i ndáiríre. Tháinig an ceannas ar an San Luis Advocate ó phreas Bangs ar 11 Deireadh Fómhair, 1842, mar an Galveston Texas Times, agus Ferdinand Pinchard ag leanúint mar eagarthóir. Bhínn Bangs a phreas do dhaoine eile chun an Galveston Independent Chronicle, an Daily Globe agus Galveston Commercial Chronicle (féach GALVESTON DAILY GLOBE), agus an Texas State Paper a phriontáil. Faoi 1839 bhí Bangs pósta le Caroline H. French, deirfiúr Robert H. agus George H. French, a bhí ina gcomhpháirtithe ag amanna sa ghnó priontála. Le teacht Chogadh na Meicsiceo, lean Bangs trúpaí an Ghinrialta Zachary Taylor go Corpus Christi i samhradh 1845 agus le George W. Fletcher, dochtúir áitiúil, thosaigh sé ag priontáil an Corpus Christi Gazette ar 1 Eanáir, 1846. Rinne sé priontáil oibre freisin don arm agus do shibhialtaigh araon. Nuair a bhog Taylor go Rio Grande, díscaoileadh Fletcher agus Bangs a gcomhpháirtíocht, agus bhí sé beartaithe ag Bangs páipéar nua, an Rio Grande Herald, a fhoilsiú i Matamoros i gcomhpháirtíocht le Gideon K. Lewis, ach ina ionad sin, ar 24 Meitheamh, 1846, thosaigh sé ar fhoilsiú an Réveille i mBéarla agus i Spáinnis, agus an chuid Spáinnis dar teideal La Diana de Matamoros. Chuir Lewis agus Bangs deireadh le foilseachán La Diana agus d'fhostaigh siad a bpraise le Meicsiceo a d'fhoilsigh El Liberal, nuachtán Spáinnis a d'fhógair go láidir taobh na Meicsiceo den chogadh, rud a chuir ar an Ginearálta Taylor oifig an Reveille a dhúnadh agus na clódóirí a chur i bpríosún. D'imigh Lewis go tapa agus d'fhág sé Bangs chun a mhíniú nach raibh aon pháirt aige i mbeartas eagarthóireachta El Liberal, ach gur chaith sé a phreas a fháil ar cíos dá fhoilsitheoir. Chinn sé na húdaráis go raibh sé neamhchiontach agus fuair sé cead chun an Reveille a fhoilsiú arís, ach níor rinne sé sin riamh. Ina áit sin, chuaigh sé lena iomaitheoirí i bhfoilseachán an Bhanra Mheiriceá, dhíol sé a chuid ábhair phriontála agus a phreas dóibh, agus d'oibrigh sé mar phriontálaí ina n-oifig go dtí an 17 Feabhra, 1847, nuair a cuireadh an Bhanra ar fionraí go sealadach mar gheall ar easpa páipéir. D'aistrigh Bangs go Point Isabel chun óstán a oibriú agus nuachtán a bhunú. D'fhill sé go luath go Galveston, d'fhág sé a ghnó, agus chuir sé a chuid earraí tí agus an oifig phriontála go Point Isabel, ach chaill sé go léir i dtimpeallacht ar muir. Ar feadh tamaill d'oibrigh sé agus a bhean chéile óstán ag Point Isabel, agus i samhradh 1848 rinne sé a iarracht deireanach páipéar a bhunú ann, a d'fhéadfaí a intitleáil an Texas Ranger. Níor tháinig sé riamh, mar gheall ar depredations Indiach, an Rush ór go California, agus conspóide thar pleananna chun rialtas nua a fhoirmiú a bheidh ar a dtugtar an Sierra Madre i dtuaisceart Mheicsiceo - athbheochan ar an Sean-Phoblacht an Rio Grande. Sa bhliain 1849 ghlac Indiaigh an chéim idir Point Isabel agus Brownsville agus ghlac siad Bangs, paisinéir, ina phríosúnach. D'éalaigh Bangs agus comhghleacaí i riocht nude. Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, d'fhág Bangs a fhiontar i Texas agus i Meicsiceo agus bhog sé go Kentucky, áit a raibh sé ag obair don Georgetown Herald. Fuair sé bás de thríú teifíde ar 31 Bealtaine, 1854, i Georgetown, Kentucky.

why does AN ENTHALPY CHANGE SHOW A POSITIVE sign in endothermic reaction and a negative signin exothermic reaction? In thermodynamics, exothermic and endothermic are used to define the direction or flow of energy in a system. Exothermic or outside heating is the process of releasing energy out of the system. In other words, exothermic reaction produces heat and sometimes can be explosive. Endothermic on the other hand is a process where in a system absorbs energy from the surrounding in the form of heat. They are forms of energy but they have different direction in relevance to a system so there is a need to differentiate them. For formal notations, endothermic reaction will have a positive sign or `Delta H > 0` , and exothermic will have a negative sign or `Delta H < 0` .

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Cén fáth go léiríonn athrú enthalpy comhartha dearfach i ngníomh endothermic agus comhartha diúltach i ngníomh exothermic? I teirmodinimice, úsáidtear exothermic agus endothermic chun treo nó sreabhadh fuinnimh i gcóras a shainiú. Is éard atá i ngá le téamh exothermic nó lasmuigh ná an próiseas chun fuinneamh a scaoileadh amach as an gcóras. I bhfocail eile, táirgeann imoibriú exothermic teas agus uaireanta is féidir é a bheith pléasctha. Is próiseas é endothermic ar an láimh eile ina ndéanann córas fuinneamh a ionsú ón timpeallacht i bhfoirm teasa. Is foirmeacha fuinnimh iad ach tá treo éagsúil acu maidir le córas agus mar sin tá gá ann iad a dhifreáil. I gcás nótaí foirmiúla, beidh comhartha dearfach ag imoibriú endothermic nó ∀Delta H > 0` , agus beidh comhartha diúltach ag exothermic nó ∀Delta H < 0` .

Gambling involves betting money or something of value on an outcome based on chance, and the winner takes all or part of the prize. Some governments regulate gambling, while others prohibit it entirely or limit it to certain categories of individuals. Some people become addicted to gambling, resulting in financial, family and social problems. Many of these individuals need help to overcome their addictions. However, it can be difficult to stop gambling once you’ve started. It’s important to recognize the dangers of gambling and learn healthier ways to deal with unpleasant feelings and boredom. In addition to the money you put down on bets, there are other costs associated with gambling. There is also the opportunity cost of the time you spend gambling, which could be spent doing other things. Additionally, gambling can cause you emotional stress and anxiety. Some people may find relief from gambling by participating in activities such as yoga, meditation, and exercise. Most people who gamble do so to win extra money. Some people even make a living from gambling. It’s important to remember, however, that gambling is not a good long-term source of income. Most people who gamble end up losing more money than they won, which can lead to a lot of debt and other problems. While there are some benefits of gambling, most people who do it for fun end up losing more than they win. Some of these problems can be serious, and some can even be fatal. Despite these risks, gambling is still a popular activity and is legal in most states. The exact definition of “gambling” varies from state to state, but most include any bet that puts something of value at risk for a chance of winning. This includes lottery tickets, casino games, sports bets, and other types of gambling. Several factors can contribute to a gambling disorder, including the influence of peers, the environment, and genetics. Although there are no medications approved for the treatment of gambling disorders, counseling can help patients understand their problem and think about options to change their behaviors. It can also be helpful to seek support from friends and family members, and join a support group such as Gamblers Anonymous. You can also try to find new ways to meet people, such as joining a book club, attending a fitness class, or volunteering for a charity. In addition, it is advisable to avoid alcohol and other substances when gambling, as they can increase the risk of addiction. The biggest step in overcoming gambling problems is admitting you have a problem. Then, you can take steps to break the habit and rebuild your life. For some, this may be easier said than done, especially after losing a lot of money or straining relationships. However, it’s crucial to remember that other people have struggled with these issues and have been able to recover. In fact, some have even reclaimed their lives after a long period of abstinence from gambling.

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I measc an chearrbhachais tá airgead nó rud luachmhar a gheallta ar thoradh a bheidh bunaithe ar an seans, agus glacann an buaiteoir an duais go léir nó cuid de. Tá rialtas áirithe ag rialú cearrbhachas, agus rialtas eile ag toirmeasc go hiomlán air nó ag teorainn a chur leis do chatagóirí áirithe daoine. Tá daoine áirithe ag dul i ngleic le gambling, rud a fhágann go bhfuil fadhbanna airgeadais, teaghlaigh agus sóisialta mar thoradh air. Tá cabhair ag teastáil ó go leor de na daoine seo chun a n-easaontais a shárú. Ach, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith deacair stop a chur le cearrbhachas nuair a thosaíonn tú. Tá sé tábhachtach na contúirtí a bhaineann le cearrbhachas a aithint agus bealaí níos sláintiúla a fhoghlaim chun déileáil le mothúcháin neamhchlaonchaite agus le hocht. Chomh maith leis an airgead a chuireann tú síos ar gheall, tá costais eile a bhaineann le cearrbhachas. Tá costas eile freisin ar an am a chaitheann tú ag cearrbhachas, rud a d'fhéadfaí a chaitheamh ag déanamh rudaí eile. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh cearrbhachas strus agus imní a chur ort. D'fhéadfadh daoine áirithe faoiseamh a fháil ó chearrbhachas trí bheith rannpháirteach i ngníomhaíochtaí amhail yoga, meabhrú, agus aclaíocht. Is é an chúis is mó le daoine a bhíonn ag cearrbhachas ná airgead breise a bhuachan. Tá daoine áirithe a dhéanann fiú a bheith ina gcónaí ó gambling. Tá sé tábhachtach a mheabhrú, áfach, nach foinse ioncaim mhaith fadtéarmach é cearrbhachas. Is minic a chailleann daoine a bhíonn ag cearrbhachas níos mó airgid ná mar a bhuaigh siad, rud a d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh go leor fiacha agus fadhbanna eile acu. Cé go bhfuil roinnt buntáistí ag cearrbhachas, bíonn an chuid is mó de na daoine a dhéanann é mar spraoi ag cailleadh níos mó ná mar a bhuaileann siad. D'fhéadfadh cuid de na fadhbanna seo a bheith tromchúiseach, agus d'fhéadfadh cuid acu a bheith marbhtach fiú. In ainneoin na rioscaí seo, tá cearrbhachas fós ina ghníomhaíocht tóir agus tá sé dlíthiúil i bhformhór na stáit. Tá an sainmhíniú cruinn ar "geimhridh" éagsúil ó stát go stát, ach cuimsíonn an chuid is mó aon geall a chuireann rud éigin luachmhar i mbaol le haghaidh seans a bhuachan. I measc na n-earraí seo tá ticéid lóistín, cluichí ceasaíneo, gealltóireachta spóirt, agus cineálacha eile cearrbhachais. Is féidir go leor fachtóirí a bheith ina gcúis le neamhord cearrbhachais, lena n-áirítear tionchar na gcairde, an chomhshaoil, agus géineolaíocht. Cé nach bhfuil aon leigheas ceadaithe ann chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar neamhoird cearrbhachais, is féidir le comhairle a thabhairt do othair a gcuid fadhbanna a thuiscint agus smaoineamh ar roghanna chun a n-iompar a athrú. Is féidir a bheith cabhrach freisin tacaíocht a lorg ó chairde agus ó bhaill teaghlaigh, agus páirt a ghlacadh i ngrúpa tacaíochta mar Gamblers Anonymous. Is féidir leat bealaí nua a aimsiú freisin chun daoine a bhualadh, mar shampla dul isteach i gclub leabhair, freastal ar rang aclaíochta, nó obair dheonach a dhéanamh le carthanas. Ina theannta sin, is inmholta alcól agus substaintí eile a sheachaint nuair a bhíonn cearrbhachas á dhéanamh, mar is féidir leo an baol go mbeidh siad ag dul i ngleic leis an ngnó a mhéadú. Is é an chéim is mó chun fadhbanna cearrbhachais a shárú ná a admháil go bhfuil fadhb agat. Ansin, is féidir leat céimeanna a ghlacadh chun an cleachtadh a scor agus do shaol a athchóiriú. I gcás cuid acu, b'fhéidir go mbeadh sé níos éasca é sin a rá ná a dhéanamh, go háirithe tar éis go leor airgid a chailleadh nó caidreamh teann a bheith acu. Tá sé ríthábhachtach, áfach, a mheabhrú go ndeachaigh daoine eile i ngleic leis na saincheisteanna seo agus gur éirigh leo é a ghnóthú. Go deimhin, tá cuid acu tar éis a saol a fháil ar ais tar éis tréimhse fada gan cearrbhachas.

Summer months bring ailments on many dogs and cats. Lush vegetation, a growing number of insects, high humidity and hot temperatures increase the risks for specific diseases and infections. Even though many of them may have serious effects, you can prevent your pet from getting them. According to veterinarians from Eastshore Vet, the best veterinary agency in Madison, knowing and recognizing the symptoms of the most common summer ailments in pets is essential. Ticks and Fleas In summer, a majority of pet owners spend their time with their furry friends outdoors enjoying the sunny weather. However, pets can easily catch ticks and get fleas when in nature. According to experts, dogs are more prone to ticks than cats. They suggest doing a thorough examination of a pet’s coat after being outside. Worms and Parasites Worms and parasites go hand in hand with fleas. When treated inadequately, fleas can cause enormous infestation and tapeworms. Moreover, hot weather and high humidity level create ideal conditions for worms and parasites’ growth. Dirty dishes, poor hygiene, and filthy litter box are some of the sources of these pesky organisms.Dehydration and Heat Stroke Dehydration can become a serious issue if goes under the radar. To prevent it, you may inform yourself about the most common symptoms of this potentially threatening condition. Besides, bring with you a bottle of water when going for a walk with your dog, play with him, or go hiking. Allergies Lush vegetation and biodiversity create a fertile ground for allergies. Pets who itch frequently, have tearing eyes, and runny nose may suffer from allergy. If you notice any of these signs together with rashes or hair patches, you should visit your nearest vet immediately.Ear Infections This ailment affects the both - cats and dogs. Its frequency increases with a temperature rising. Watch for symptoms such as ear scratching, swelling, yellow discharge, and head shaking. Leptospirosis Prevent your pet from drinking water from suspicious sources. Chances for infection are greater in areas where rodents or wild animals reside.Snake Bites Snake bites may make irreversible consequences to pets and even kill them. Veterinarians from Eastshore Vet suggest good rattlesnake prevention if you live in the areas near this population. Inform yourself about rattlesnake serum and talk with your vet just in case.

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Bíonn tinnis ag go leor madraí agus cait sna míonna samhraidh. Tá fás luibhe, líon méadaitheach inseictí, taise ard agus teochtaí te ag méadú na rioscaí do ghalair agus ionfhabhtuithe sonracha. Cé go bhféadfadh éifeachtaí tromchúiseacha a bheith ag cuid mhaith acu, is féidir leat cosc a chur ar do pheataí iad a fháil. De réir na véinteoirí ó Eastshore Vet, an ghníomhaireacht veitéaraí is fearr i Madison, tá sé ríthábhachtach comharthaí na ngalar samhraidh is coitianta i peataí a aithint agus a aithint. Ticeanna agus Bláthanna Sa samhradh, caitheann formhór na n-úinéirí peataí a gcuid ama lena gcairde gruaige amuigh faoin aer ag taitneamh a bhaint as an aimsir ghrianúil. Mar sin féin, is féidir le peataí tic a ghabháil go héasca agus bleachta a fháil nuair a bhíonn siad sa nádúr. De réir saineolaithe, tá madraí níos so-ghabhálach do thiteacha ná cait. Molann siad scrúdú cuimsitheach a dhéanamh ar chúntas peataí tar éis dó a bheith lasmuigh. Worms and Parasites (Órgaí agus Paráisít) Nuair a dhéantar cóireáil neamhréireach orthu, is féidir le bolgáin ionfhabhtú ollmhór agus teipí a chur ina gcúis. Ina theannta sin, cruthaíonn aeráid te agus leibhéal ard taise coinníollacha idéalacha d'fhás féaráin agus paraisítí. Tá na h-uisceanna salach, droch-ghlanú, agus bosca salach ar chuid de na foinsí a thugann na heorgasmaí sin. Is féidir le díhiodráitiú a bheith ina fhadhb thromchúiseach má théann sé faoi radár. Chun é a chosc, d'fhéadfá eolas a fháil duit féin faoi na comharthaí is coitianta a bhaineann leis an riocht seo a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina bhagairt. Ina theannta sin, tabhair buidéal uisce leat nuair a théann tú ag siúl le do mhadra, ag imirt leis, nó ag dul ar shléibheadh. Ailléirgí Tá plandaíocht fhollus agus bithéagsúlacht ag cruthú talamh torthúil do ailléirgí. D'fhéadfadh peataí a bhfuil itch go minic, súile ag caoineadh, agus srón ag rith a bheith ag fulaingt ó ailléirgí. Má thugann tú faoi deara aon cheann de na comharthaí seo mar aon le ráitis nó le paistí gruaige, ba cheart duit dul chuig an bhfeirmeoir ainmhithe is gaire duit láithreach. Bíonn tionchar ag an ailment seo ar an dá - cait agus madraí. Méadaíonn a minicíocht de réir mar a théann an teocht suas. Bí ag faire le haghaidh comharthaí amhail scratching cluasa, swelling, sruthán buí, agus titim an chinn. Leptospirosis Seachain do pheata uisce a ól ó fhoinsí amhrasacha. Tá seansanna níos mó ann go bhfuil ionfhabhtaithe i gceantair ina bhfuil giotán nó ainmhithe fiáine ina gcónaí. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh iarmhairtí dochúlaithe ag bites na n-éan ar peataí agus go bhféadfadh siad bás a fháil fiú. Molann veterinairí ó Eastshore Vet go bhfuil cosc maith ar rattlesnake má tá cónaí ort i gceantair in aice leis an bpobal seo. Cuir eolas ort féin faoi shraith rattlesnake agus labhair le do vet ar eagla go ndéanfaí.

American Flags in Orange NJ 07050 – Made in America Unlike various other nations, USA only has two nationwide symbols: the bald eagle, and also the American flag. While the bald eagle is internationally identified, the American flag is a symbol understood worldwide. The flag has actually been the inspiration for holidays, music, poetry, publications, art and also even more. It has actually been made use of to display nationalism, rebellion and whatever inbetween. The flag is so essential that its history informs the story of America itself. The American flag consists of thirteen alternate horizontal stripes of equal size, which 7 are red and also 6 are white. In the upper-left edge, also known as the canton, is a blue rectangle, on which are drawn fifty white five-pointed stars. The American flag was embraced officially in 1777, at that time there was no meaning affixed to the colors. The exact same colors were made use of in developing the Seal of the United States of America in 1782, having specific meaning. The definition behind the colors of the flag are as adheres to: “White signifies pureness as well as innocence. Red, hardiness & valor. Blue, symbolizes caution, perseverance & justice”. Since 1777 when it wased initially taken on officially, the American flag has actually gone through several revisions to reach its present layout. Short History of the American Flag The history of our flag is as remarkable as that of the country itself. It has made it through fights, motivated songs and developed in action to the development of the country it stands for. The following is a collection of fascinating facts and also practices about the American flag as well as exactly how it is to be shown: - The flag is normally displayed from sunrise to sunset. In severe weather condition, the flag should not be flown. - The flag should be displayed daily and also on all holidays, climate allowing, on or near the main management structures of all public institutions. It must likewise be displayed in or near every polling place on political election days as well as in or near every schoolhouse during school days. - When presented flat against a wall surface or a window, or in an upright position, the “Union” field of stars should be uppermost and to the left of the observer. - When the flag is raised or lowered as part of a ceremony, and as it goes by in parade or review, everyone, except those in attire, should deal with the flag with the right hand over the heart. - The United States flag need to never be dipped towards anyone or item, nor must the flag ever before touch anything under it. Over the years, lengthy guidelines have been put in place for exactly how to handle the flag. You may notice some individuals are even brought to tears when the flag is honored at events and also occasions. The flag might be decorated with gold fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not ruin the flag proper. When the flag is affixed to the right side of an automobile of any kind of kind (e.g. vehicles), it must be placed so that the “Union” is towards the front of the car, as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves ahead. On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress passed an act establishing an official flag for the brand-new country. The resolution specified: “Resolved, that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and also white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue area, standing for a brand-new constellation.” On Aug. 3, 1949, President Harry S. Truman officially stated June 14 as Flag Day. Retiring your Old American Flag Most American Legion Posts on a regular basis perform a sensible flag burning ceremony, commonly on Flag Day, June 14th. Many Cub Scout Packs, Boy Scout Troops, as well as Girl Scout Troops retire flags routinely. Get in touch with your regional American Legion Hall or Scout Troop in the state of New Jersey to ask about the schedule of this solution. Which Flag is Right for You? There is a huge choice of American flags to pick from including hand flags, interior flags, banner flags and also outside flags from different suppliers. Whether you’re looking for a fantastic deal on hand flags to offer out during a ceremony or would such as to invest in a high-quality outside flag to present at your company, there’s definitely a flag suited for you. Printed vs Fully Sewn Flag – A printed flag is a picture that is published on to the nylon product. A sewn flag is made by joining the individual pieces of colored fabric with string. Chain vs Lock Stitch – A chain sewed flag will entirely unwind if one thread is torn, but that won’t occur with a lock stitched flag. G-SPEC Flag – The G-SPEC flag is for use by the U.S. federal government. The dimensions are made to the main government hoist fly proportion of 1:1.9. The star fields are larger and they are mostly bought for display at armed forces bases. American Flags made in America Search for flag suppliers that are members of the Flag Manufacturers Association of America which developed the “Certified Made in the U.S.A” qualification program of American Flags. According to the FMAA website,” ‘Certified Made in the U.S.A.’ certifies that your American flag has been made in the United States of materials that are residential in origin which all processes in every step of its manufacture were finished in U.S. centers with U.S. labor”. ZIP codes in Orange we serve: 07050

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Flags Mheiriceá in Orange NJ 07050 Déanta i Meiriceá Murab ionann agus náisiúin éagsúla eile, níl ach dhá shiombail náisiúnta ag SAM: an t-eagla geal, agus bratach Mheiriceá freisin. Cé go bhfuil an t-eagla gealchalaithe aitheanta go hidirnáisiúnta, is siombail a thuigtear ar fud an domhain é bratach Mheiriceá. Tá an bratach i ndáiríre an inspioráid do laethanta saoire, ceol, filíocht, foilseacháin, ealaín agus fiú níos mó. Tá sé i ndáiríre a rinneadh úsáid a thaispeáint náisiúnachas, rebellion agus cibé rud idir. Tá an bratach chomh riachtanach sin go bhfuil a stair ag cur le scéal na Meiriceánach féin. Tá an bratach Mheiriceá comhdhéanta de thríú snáithe cothrománach thráthnónacha de mhéid comhionann, ar 7 acu dearg agus 6 acu bán freisin. Sa imeall ar dheis thuas, ar a dtugtar an canton freisin, tá ceartchonnach gorm, ar a bhfuil cúig scór réalta bán cúig phointe tarraingte air. Ghlac bratach Mheiriceá go hoifigiúil i 1777, ag an am sin ní raibh aon chiall ceangailte leis na dathanna. Baineadh úsáid as na dathanna céanna i bhforbairt Sceall na Stát Aontaithe i 1782, agus bhí brí sonrach acu. Tá an sainmhíniú taobh thiar de dathanna an bhratach mar a chloíonn sé le: Léiríonn bán íonacht chomh maith le neamhchiontacht. Dearg, hardiness & valor. Léiríonn gorm, cúramach, dícheall agus ceartas. Ó 1777 nuair a glacadh go hoifigiúil leis ar dtús, tá athruithe déanta ar an bhratach Mheiriceá chun a leagan reatha a bhaint amach. Stair Bheag ar Phláin Mheiriceá Tá stair ár mbratach chomh suntasach agus stair na tíre féin. Tá sé déanta é trí troideanna, amhráin spreagúil agus a fhorbairt i ngníomh chun forbairt na tíre a sheasann sé. Seo a leanas bailiúchán fíricí suimiúla agus cleachtais freisin faoi bhratach Mheiriceá chomh maith le go díreach conas a thaispeántar é: - De ghnáth, tá an bratach ar taispeáint ó fhoirceannadh na gréine go dtí an ghrian a thuit. I ndálaí aimsire diana, níor cheart an bratach a fheadadh. - Ba cheart an bratach a thaispeáint go laethúil agus freisin ar gach lá saoire, má cheadaíonn an aeráid é, ar phríomhstruchtúir bhainistíochta na n-institiúidí poiblí go léir nó in aice leo. Ní mór é a thaispeáint freisin i ngach ionad vótála nó in aice leis ar laethanta toghcháin polaitiúla chomh maith le gach teach scoile nó in aice leis le linn laethanta scoile. - Nuair a chuirtear é ar an bhfód le balla nó le fuinneog, nó i riocht dhíreach, ba cheart go mbeadh réimse na réaltaí Union ar an mbarr agus ar chlé an breathnóir. - Nuair a ardaítear nó a ísleann an bratach mar chuid de shearmanas, agus mar a théann sé ag paráid nó athbhreithniú, ba chóir do gach duine, seachas iad siúd atá i n-éadaí, déileáil leis an bhratach leis an lámh dheas thar an gcroí. - Ní gá go mbeadh bratach na Stát Aontaithe riamh dipped i dtreo aon duine nó rud, ná ní mór an bratach riamh roimh teagmháil rud ar bith faoi. Le blianta anuas, tá treoirlínte fada curtha i bhfeidhm maidir le conas go díreach an bratach a láimhseáil. B'fhéidir go bhfeiceann tú go bhfuil daoine áirithe ag caoineadh fiú nuair a bhíonn an bratach á urramú ag imeachtaí agus ag ócáidí freisin. D'fhéadfaí an bratach a mhaisiú le fringe ór timpeall imlíne an bhratach fad is nach ndéanann sé an bratach féin a mhilleadh. Nuair a chuirtear an bhratach ar thaobh na láimhe deise de ghluaisteán de chineál ar bith (m.sh. I gcás feithiclí, ní mór é a chur ar an suíomh ionas go mbeidh an Aontas i dtreo tosaigh an charr, amhail is dá mba go raibh an bratach ag srutháil siar óna charraig agus an fheithicil ag bogadh ar aghaidh. Ar an 14 Meitheamh, 1777, d'éirigh le Comhdháil na Mór-roinne gníomh a bhunú ar bhratach oifigiúil don tír nua. Sa rún, sonraíodh: Rinneadh, go mbeadh bratach na Stát Aontaithe trí thrí stiall déag, dearg agus bán a mhalairt; go mbeadh an tAontas trí thrí réalta déag, bán i limistéar gorm, ag seasamh le réalt nua-aimseartha. Ar an 3 Lúnasa, 1949, dhearbhaigh an tUachtarán Harry S. Truman go hoifigiúil an 14 Meitheamh mar Lá an Bratach. Ag scoir do Sean-Bhanra Mheiriceá Déanann formhór na bPóist Léigiún Mheiriceá searmanas dóite bratach ciallmhar go rialta, go coitianta ar Lá an Bratach, an 14 Meitheamh. Tá go leor Pacáistí Scout Cub, Trúpaí Scout Boy, chomh maith le Trúpaí Scout Girl ag cur bratacha ar scor go rialta. Déan teagmháil le Halla Léigiún Mheiriceá réigiúnach nó le Trúpa Scout i stát New Jersey chun fios a fháil faoi sceideal an réiteach seo. Cén Bhangal atá ceart duitse? Tá rogha ollmhór de bhratacha Mheiriceá le roghnú as lena n-áirítear bratacha láimhe, bratacha taobh istigh, bratacha banners agus bratacha lasmuigh ó sholáthraithe éagsúla freisin. Cibé an bhfuil tú ag lorg déileáil iontach ar bhratacha láimhe a thairiscint le linn searmanais nó a bheadh cosúil le infheistíocht a dhéanamh i bhratach ardchaighdeáin lasmuigh a chur i láthair ag do chuideachta, tá cinnte go bhfuil bratach oiriúnach duitse. Cló vs Cló iomlán Is í an bratach clóite pictiúr a fhoilsítear ar an táirge nailon. Déantar bratach sewn trí na píosaí aonair fabraic datha a cheangal le sreang. Sliocht slabhra vs Sliocht slabhra Beidh bratach sewn slabhra unwind go hiomlán má tá sliocht amháin srian, ach nach mbeidh go ocfadh le bratach sliocht sliocht. Is é an G-SPEC Flag an G-SPEC bratach le húsáid ag rialtas cónaidhme na Stát Aontaithe. Déantar na méideanna a dhéanamh ar an príomhruachtán rialtais hoist eitilt cóimheas de 1: 1.9. Tá na réimsí réalta níos mó agus ceannaítear iad den chuid is mó le taispeáint ag bonn fórsaí armtha. Flags Mheiriceá a rinneadh i Meiriceá Cuardaigh soláthraithe bratacha atá ina mbaill de Chumann Déantúsóirí bratacha Mheiriceá a d'fhorbair clár cáilíochta Certified Made in the U.S.A de American Flags. De réir láithreán gréasáin FMAA, Deimhnithe Déanta sna Stáit Aontaithe. deimhníonn sé go ndearnadh do bhratach Mheiriceá sna Stáit Aontaithe as ábhair atá cónaitheach ina dtír agus go ndearnadh gach próiseas i ngach céim dá mhonarú críochnú i lárionaid na Stát Aontaithe le saothair na Stát Aontaithe . Códanna poist in Orange a fhreastalaimid: 07050

Big Harp Little Harp Sign The first known serial killers in American history were the Harp boys. During the years of the Revolutionary War, the two cousins went on an indiscriminate killing rampage, killing anyone who got in their way. They killed infants, including their own, children, women and numerous men. They killed for the sake of killing. by Doris Lane Harp's Hill is near the Pond River in western Muhlenberg County, Ky., not far from Highway 62. There is a crossing in the road near Dixon named Harp's Head and one of the crossing roads is named Harp's Head Road. Some miles away, the precise location lost to time, there is a cave known as Harp's House. To tell how these places earned their names is to tell the story of Micajah (Big) and Wiley (Little) Harp, America's first known serial killers. They passed for brothers, but were cousins, sons of brothers John and William Harpe, Scottish immigrants to Orange County, N.C. The boys were named William (Micajah/Big), son of John, and Joshua (Wiley/Little), son of William. Big Harp and Little Harp left home as young men in 1775, aiming to become overseers of slaves in Virginia. Career plans diverted by the American Revolution, the Harps instead became Tory outlaws in a gang that roved the North Carolina countryside, raping farmers' daughters, pillaging livestock and crops, and burning farmhouses. In the attempted kidnapping of one young girl by a Tory rape gang, Little Harp was shot and wounded by local Patriot Captain James Wood.

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Harp Mór Harp Beag Ba iad na chéad mharbhóirí sraitheach a bhí ar eolas i stair Mheiriceá na buachaillí Harp. Le linn na mblianta den Chogadh Réabhlóideach, chuaigh an dá choisín ar an mbás gan rogha, ag marú aon duine a fuair i mbealach. Maraigh siad naíonáin, lena n-áirítear a gcuid féin, leanaí, mná agus go leor fir. Maraíodh siad ar mhaithe le maraíocht. le Doris Lane Tá Harp's Hill in aice le Abhainn an Pond i gContae Muhlenberg thiar, Ky., nach bhfuil i bhfad ó Highway 62. Tá trasnú ar an mbóthar in aice le Dixon darb ainm Harp's Head agus tá ceann de na bóithre trasnaithe darb ainm Harp's Head Road. Roinnt míle ar shiúl, an suíomh beacht caillte le himeacht ama, tá uaimh ar a dtugtar Teach Harp. Chun a insint conas a thuill na háiteanna seo a n-ainmneacha is é a insint an scéal de Micajah (Big) agus Wiley (Little) Harp, na chéad mharbhóirí sraitheach ar a dtugtar Mheiriceá. D'éirigh siad mar dheartháireacha, ach bhí siad ina gcolúnaí, mic deartháireacha John agus William Harpe, inimircigh Éiscithe go Contae Orange, N.C. Bhí ainmneacha na buachaillí William (Micajah/Big), mac John, agus Joshua (Wiley/Little), mac William. D'fhág Big Harp agus Little Harp an teach mar fhir óg i 1775, agus iad ag iarraidh a bheith ina mbreithiúnais ar sclábhaithe i Virginia. D'athraigh Réabhlóid Mheiriceá pleananna gairme, agus tháinig na Harps ina ionad sin mar dhrugaí Tory i ngréasán a bhí ag dul ar fud tuaithe Carolina Thuaidh, ag éigniú iníonacha feirmeoirí, ag fiach beostoic agus barra, agus ag dó feirmeacha. I gcur i ngleic le cailín óg ag gang éigniú Tory, lámhaigh agus ghortaigh Captaen Patriot áitiúil James Wood Little Harp.

Introduction to accuracy and repeatability in linear motion systems File type: PDF File size: 664.67 KB When discussing a linear motion application, many first-time or beginning users will often ask us “How accurate is this actuator?” As you will see, the answer is way more involved than simply stating a number. To fully understand the answer, we need to help the user get to a basic understanding of the actuator specifications and to what the specifications are really referring. As illustrated below, you can see that, while related, accuracy and repeatability are not the same thing. Sometimes, repeatability is more important than overall accuracy; the relative importance of the two qualities depends on a thorough understanding of your application. First, we need to define exactly what parameters to specify. Accuracy refers to the ability of an actuator to achieve a commanded position. Said another way, accuracy is a measure of the error in commanded position vs. the actual position achieved. However, positional errors in a single-axis system can come from several sources, such as the mechanical actuator itself, the motor and its encoder and the motor driver. Each of these elements influences the accuracy and repeatability of a linear actuator system. This paper will specifically discuss the mechanical actuator platform of an example rodless actuator and how it contributes to accuracy and repeatability. Future papers will discuss related attributes of the motor and electronics of the system. The motion control coordinate system Linear actuator hardware may exhibit errors in six degrees of freedom. This is often referred to as the motion control coordinate system. As a first step, the machine designer must decide if it is important to eliminate errors in only one degree of freedom or if the goal is to accurately position the device in three-dimensional space, including all possible degrees of freedom. One way to simplify the understanding is to consider an actuator lying flat on a table. The motion errors that may occur could be in the direction of up/down (the -Z- axis), side-to-side (the -Y- axis) and end-to-end (the -X- axis). Rotation about these axes makes up the remaining three degrees of freedom for a total of six. Six Degrees of Freedom When you consider all the possible sources of errors and what they represent, the application parameters can seem quite confusing. To help clarify, the below applications examine the basics of an example device. When linear motion occurs, the actuator travels through its length of stroke as determined by the components and methods used in its construction. Linear actuators need to have some type of structure upon which the actuator components are mounted or attached. This may be aluminum, steel or even granite as in some very high precision devices. Some actuators are created using extruded aluminum profiles and others may utilize components machined to various degrees of precision. Attached to this structure are the driving components– such as lead screws or timing belts– along with the appropriate hardware to assure proper function. In the case of an actuator that is intended to carry or support loads such as a tooling fixture or end effector, there will also be some load-carrying components such as bearing rails and bearings. These fundamental components are the basis of the “actuator.” Now, let’s look at some possible sources of errors. Accuracy and the linear actuator All mechanical devices and components have dimensional and geometric tolerances associated with their manufacture. While the worst possible case—where all tolerances are at a maximum—rarely exists, it’s important to take all possible tolerances into consideration for a complete understanding of the system and evaluation of possible errors. Consider a 12-inch (304.8 mm) stroke actuator that is manufactured using an extruded aluminum profile and linear ball bearing rails driven by a ball screw. Starting with the extruded aluminum profile, we know that the extruded profile will have some manufacturing tolerances. These tolerances relate to feature size as well as bow and twist. Attached to the extruded aluminum profile are the linear bearing rails. Linear bearing systems will also have manufacturing tolerances that relate to clearances between the bearing and the rail, as well as feature size and parallelism between the base of the rail and the ball ways of the rail. Finally, the driving mechanism is the ball screw. You guessed it, the ball screw and ball nut have tolerances as well. These relate to backlash between the screw and the nut in addition to linear accuracy of the ball thread on the screw. Using this example and starting with the aluminum profile, imagine that the feature size tolerance in the motion path is +/-0.0025 inches (+/- 0.0635 mm) and all feature deviations must fit within this tolerance range. In other words, the thickness of the extruded profile is allowed to vary by +/-0.0025 inches (+/- 0.0635 mm). Using the worst case scenario, the thickness of the profile is tapered by 0.005 inches (0.127 mm) from one end to the other or, one end of the actuator is 0.005 (0.127 mm) inches taller than the other. Or, the profile may vary in its thickness or height by that same amount. As you recall from the description of the six degrees of freedom, this is referring to the -Z- axis. In addition to this feature size variation, imagine that there is also a twist tolerance of 0.005 inches (0.127 mm) per the 12 inches (304.8 mm) of stroke possible in the extruded profile. This means that one end of the extruded profile is twisted by 0.005 inches (0.127 mm) relative to the other. This is referring to rotation about the -X- axis. In addition, there is a bow tolerance which allows the extruded profile to have an overall arched shape from one end to the other up to a limit of 0.0025 inches (0.0635 mm). This comes into effect in the -Y- axis. Next in the discussion comes mounting the linear ball bearing rail to the extruded profile. Imagine that the linear ball bearing rail assembly has some small clearance between the bearing balls and the bearing rail. It is typical for this clearance to be in the range of 0.002 inches (0.0508 mm). However, within the actuator system, it adds to the total error so it cannot be ignored. Using the worst case scenario suggests that the bearing clearance allows possible error in -X-, -Y- and -Z- direction, so it’s a good thing this is a smaller contributor! Finally, the ball screw and nut are installed. Assume this ball screw is precision rolled with a non-pre-loaded ball nut. Backlash of this combination is 0.003 inches (0.0762 mm) and needs to be included in this evaluation of accuracy. While backlash is perhaps easy to comprehend, how about the lead accuracy of the screw? Even a precision rolling process produces lead accuracy variations of the screw component and must also be taken into consideration when evaluating accuracy. Although there are several classes of threads produced by this process, a typical one may be ISO Class 7 which has lead accuracy of 0.002 inches (0.0508 mm) per 12 inches (304.8 mm) of travel. Therefore, with this particular ball screw, possible errors along the -X- axis due to lead accuracy could be up to 0.002 inches (0.0508 mm) along its full travel. One way to better understand lead accuracy is that even though you may have commanded the actuator to travel to 12 inches (304.8 mm), it may have only achieved 11.998 inches (304.7 mm). Ball Screw Backlash and Ball Screw Lead Error Does all this potential error really matter? Sometimes it does and other times it doesn’t. It all depends on what is important in the application. With all its possible tolerances, the example actuator assembly may therefore not be a good choice when very high degrees of location precision are required. To further explain, imagine the above described actuator is installed in an application where its mounting points were only at the actuator’s end points and orientated horizontally. Tooling is then attached to the actuator carriage and extends vertically. In this application, the need for accuracy is at the end of the tooling. When linear motion occurs, it is possible for the tooling point to experience possible errors in the -Z- axis due to feature size tolerance (0.005 inches or 0.127 mm), in the -X- axis due to twist (0.005 inches or 0.127 mm) and in the -Y- axis (0.0025 inches or 0.0635 mm) due to bow. This error is magnified by the fact that the tooling is extended above the actuator carriage. In addition to this, the tooling point also exhibits possible errors due to the ball screw lead accuracy (0.002 inches or 0.0508 mm) and the ball nut backlash (0.003 inches or 0.0762 mm). Lead accuracy and backlash both effect possible errors along the -X- axis. Possible Accuracy Deficiency So in this example, the above described actuator would be a poor choice for a precision assembly application where parts needed to be placed within 0.0025 inches (0.0635 mm). The same may be true when considering multiaxis configurations where single-axis errors are compounded throughout multiple axis of motion. Repeatability and the linear actuator While accuracy is important in some applications cases, many applications do not require high degrees of accuracy. The point is that these tolerances exist in all actuator systems to one degree or another and must be considered when selecting an actuator. Mounting of the actuator and attention to the orientation of the loads also play a role in overall accuracy and may influence system performance. Repeatability of the above mentioned actuator system will be a different matter. Repeatability refers to the ability to return to a predetermined position in successive attempts. Said another way, it is the error in achieving that position time after time. It is possible that a system may not have a high degree of accuracy, as the example above shows, but may in fact have a high degree of repeatability. Consider applying the actuator described above into a different type of application. The application requirements are that the actuator is positioned in a vertical orientation, is mounted to a known flat surface, is fully constrained and there is tooling attached to the actuator carriage producing an offset load or bending moment to the linear bearing system. Imagine this application requires the tooling attached to the actuator carriage be positioned in three different defined points at 4.00 (101.6 mm), 8.00 (203.2 mm) and 11.00 inches (279.4 mm) with each position requiring +/-0.005 inches (0.127 mm) position repeatability to the required point in space. In this application example there are several factors which will influence repeatability. For example, because this is a vertical application, ball nut backlash and linear bearing clearances have been mitigated because the gravity’s effect on the tooling/load will bias backlash and bearing clearance in the downward direction. Remember from the above example that this is referring to the actuators -X- axis. Repeatability in this axis may be considered very high, therefore, because it will relate only to long term component wear . Once the actuator is required to move to its three defined points, we can evaluate repeatability to those points. Remember that the actuator is mounted to a known flat surface. By doing so, the effects of bow and twist have been mitigated to near -0-. This only leaves the tolerance of feature size to consider. Feature size variation of this actuator is 0.005 inches (0.127 mm) along its travel length. Not only is this well within the required tolerance of the motion requirements, it is also not due to change as the actuator structure is appropriately mounted and restrained. Repeatable System Application Do you see where this is going? Accuracy, while related, is different than repeatability, particularly when attempting to achieve a pre-determined point in space. In addition, the way each actuator is deployed has significant influence on the results. While there are numerous actuator styles/types available that are manufactured to various degrees of precision and subsequent cost, this example actuator may have high repeatability and deliver excellent performance even without it being highly accurate. The key to success, therefore, is understanding what is required in your application and choosing the actuator accordingly. By doing so, you can avoid excess costs and design a system with the best overall value.

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Tús a chur le cruinneas agus athráitheacht i gcórais gluaiseachta líneach Cineál comhad: PDF Méid an chomhad: 664.67 KB Nuair a phléann siad feidhmchlár gluaiseachta líneach, is minic a iarrfaidh go leor úsáideoirí den chéad uair nó ag tosú orainn Cé chomh cruinn is atá an t-ionad gníomhaithe seo? Mar a fheicfidh tú, tá an freagra i bhfad níos mó i gceist ná uimhir a lua go simplí. Chun an freagra a thuiscint go hiomlán, ní mór dúinn cabhrú leis an úsáideoir tuiscint bhunúsach a fháil ar shonraíochtaí na n-ionchuráin agus ar an méid a thagraíonn na sonraíochtaí i ndáiríre. Mar a léirítear thíos, is féidir leat a fheiceáil, cé go bhfuil baint acu, nach bhfuil an cruinneas agus an athráitheacht mar an rud céanna. Uaireanta, tá athráitheacht níos tábhachtaí ná cruinneas foriomlán; braitheann tábhacht choibhneasta an dá cháilíocht ar thuiscint thromchúiseach ar do chur i bhfeidhm. Ar dtús, ní mór dúinn a shainiú go díreach cad a paraiméadair a shonrú. Tagraíonn cruinneas do chumas gníomhaitheora seasamh a ordú a bhaint amach. Ar bhealach eile, is é an cruinneas tomhas ar an earráid i suíomh a bhí á ordú i gcoinne an phoist iarbhír a baineadh amach. Mar sin féin, is féidir le earráidí suímh i gcóras aon-ais teacht ó roinnt foinsí, amhail an t-actaí meicniúil féin, an mótar agus an t-aicmeadóir agus an tiománaí mótair. Bíonn tionchar ag gach ceann de na heilimintí seo ar chruinneas agus ar athráitheacht chóras gníomhaitheora líneach. Déileálfar go sonrach sa pháipéar seo le hardán gníomhaithe meicniúil sampla de ghníomhaitheoir gan slat agus an chaoi a rannchuidíonn sé le cruinneas agus le hath-aithris. Déileálfar le páipéir amach anseo le tréithe gaolmhara an mótair agus leictreonaic an chórais. An córas comhordanáidí rialaithe gluaiseachta Féadfaidh crua-earraí gníomhaitheora líneach earráidí a léiriú i sé chéim saoirse. Is minic a thugtar air seo mar chóras comhordanúcháin rialaithe gluaiseachta. Mar chéad chéim, ní mór don dearthóir meaisín cinneadh a dhéanamh an bhfuil sé tábhachtach earráidí a dhíchur i gcéim saoirse amháin nó an bhfuil sé mar aidhm an gléas a shuíomh go cruinn i spás trí thrí-thaobhach, lena n-áirítear na céimeanna saoirse is féidir go léir. Bealach amháin chun an tuiscint a shimpliú ná smaoineamh ar ghníomhaire atá suite go cothrom ar tábla. D'fhéadfadh na botúin gluaiseachta a d'fhéadfadh tarlú a bheith i dtreo suas/íos (an -aise Z), taobh le taobh (an -aise Y) agus deireadh le deireadh (an -aise X). Is é an rothlú timpeall na n-aiseanna seo na trí chéim saoirse atá fágtha le haghaidh sé cinn san iomlán. Sé Céim Scaoilte Nuair a mheasann tú na foinsí earráide is féidir go léir agus an méid a léiríonn siad, d'fhéadfadh na paraiméadair iarratais a bheith mearbhall go leor. Chun cabhrú le soiléiriú, déantar na bunriachtanais de fheiste samplach a scrúdú sna feidhmchláir thíos. Nuair a tharlaíonn gluaiseacht líneach, téann an t-ionad gníomhaíochta tríd a fhad stróc mar a chinntear leis na comhpháirteanna agus na modhanna a úsáidtear ina tógáil. Ní mór go mbeadh struchtúr de chineál éigin ag gníomhúcháin líneacha ar a gcuirtear nó ar a gcuirtear na comhpháirteanna gníomhúcháin. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith ina alúmanam, cruach nó fiú gráinéad mar atá i roinnt feistí an-chruinn. Cruthaítear roinnt gníomhaitheora ag baint úsáide as próifílí alúmanaim extruded agus d'fhéadfadh cuid eile comhpháirteanna a mheaisínítear go céimeanna éagsúla cruinneas a úsáid. Tá na comhpháirteanna tiomána mar scrúbaí luaidhe nó criosanna ama ceangailte leis an struchtúr seo mar aon leis an crua-earraí iomchuí chun a chinntiú go n-oibreoidh siad i gceart. I gcás gníomhaí atá ceaptha chun ualachanna a iompar nó a thacú, amhail trealamh uirlisí nó éifeachtóir deiridh, beidh roinnt comhpháirteanna iompair ualach ann freisin, amhail rianta agus luí. Is iad na comhpháirteanna bunúsacha seo bunús an actuator. Anois, déanaimis breathnú ar roinnt foinsí earráide a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann. Mionsonraíocht agus an t-ionad gníomhaithe líneach Tá toilteanais déime agus geoimeatracha ag gach feiste meicniúil agus ag gach comhpháirt a bhaineann lena dtáirgeadh. Cé nach minic a tharlaíonn an cás is measa is féidir - nuair a bhíonn na toilteanais go léir ag uasmhéid - tá sé tábhachtach na toilteanais is féidir go léir a chur san áireamh chun tuiscint iomlán a fháil ar an gcóras agus chun earráidí féideartha a mheas. Smaoinigh ar fheidhmitheoir stróc 12 orlach (304.8 mm) a mhonaraítear ag baint úsáide as próifíl alúmanaim extruded agus rianta líneacha liathróid liathróid a thiomáint ag scrúb liathróid. Ag tosú leis an bpróifíl alúmanam extruded, tá a fhios againn go mbeidh roinnt toilteanais déantúsaíochta ag an bpróifíl extruded. Baineann na toilteanais seo le méid na ngnéithe chomh maith le bog agus casadh. Tá na rianta líneacha i gceangal leis an bpróifíl alúmanaim extruded. Beidh toilteanais déantúsaíochta ag córais lóistín líneach a bhaineann le haisleachtaí idir an lóistín agus an riall, chomh maith le méid gné agus comhthreomhar idir bun an rialla agus bealaí liathróid an rialla. Ar deireadh, is é an snas a thiomána an scrúb liathróid. Tá tú guessed é, an screw liathróid agus liathróid nut bhfuil toilteanais chomh maith. Baineann na cinn seo leis an gcúlghníomh idir an screw agus an cnó chomh maith le cruinneas líneach an snáithe liathróid ar an screw. Ag baint úsáide as an sampla seo agus ag tosú leis an bpróifíl alúmanaim, samhlaigh go bhfuil an t-idirthuras méid gné sa chosán gluaiseachta +/- 0.0025 orlach (+/- 0.0635 mm) agus ní mór do gach díleá gné a bheith oiriúnach laistigh den raon idirthuras seo. Is é sin le rá, is féidir le tiús an phróifílí extruded athrú de +/- 0.0025 orlach (+/- 0.0635 mm). Ag baint úsáide as an scéal is measa, déantar tiús an phróifílí a laghdú 0.005 orlach (0.127 mm) ó cheann go ceann eile nó, tá ceann amháin den fheidhmitheoir 0.005 orlach (0.127 mm) níos airde ná an ceann eile. Nó, d'fhéadfadh an próifíl a bheith éagsúil ina thiús nó ina airde leis an méid céanna. Mar a chuimhneoidh tú ó thuairisc na sé chéim saoirse, tá sé seo ag tagairt don -Z- oisean. Chomh maith leis an athrú seo ar mhéid na gné, samhlaigh go bhfuil toilteanas casadh 0.005 orlach (0.127 mm) ann freisin in aghaidh na 12 orlach (304.8 mm) de stróc is féidir sa phróifíl extruded. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil ceann amháin den phróifíl extruded torrach ag 0.005 orlach (0.127 mm) i gcomparáid leis an gceann eile. Tá sé seo ag tagairt do rothlú thart ar an -X-axis. Ina theannta sin, tá toilteanas bogha ann a ligeann don phróifíl extruded cruth cumtha go ginearálta a bheith aige ó cheann go ceann eile suas go dtí teorainn 0.0025 orlach (0.0635 mm). Tagann sé seo i bhfeidhm sa -Y- oisean. Ansin, ba cheart an rolla líneálach a chur ar an mbarr liathróid a chur ar an bpróifíl extruded. Samhlaigh go bhfuil roinnt scaoileadh beag idir na liathróidí agus an riall liathróid ag an gcomhthiomsú líneach riallaithe liathróid. Is gnách go mbíonn an t-easnamh seo i raon 0.002 orlach (0.0508 mm). Mar sin féin, laistigh den chóras gníomhaitheora, cuireann sé leis an earráid iomlán ionas nach féidir é a neamhaird. Is é an cás is measa a úsáid a thugann le tuiscint go gceadaíonn an t-easnamh luchtaithe earráid a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann i dtreo -X-, -Y- agus -Z, mar sin is rud maith é go bhfuil ranníoc níos lú ann! Ar deireadh, suiteáiltear an scrúb liathróid agus an núic. Glac leis go bhfuil an screw liathróid seo róilithe go beacht le muiceall liathróid neamh-réamh-uallach. Tá an t-athbhliain de 0.003 orlach (0.0762 mm) ag an meascán seo agus ní mór é a chur san áireamh sa mheasúnú cruinneas seo. Cé go bhfuil sé éasca a thuiscint go bhfuil an t-athbhliain ag teacht, cad faoi chruinneas luaidhe an scrúba? Fiú amháin i bpróiseas rollaithe cruinneas, tá difríochtaí i gcruinneas an chomhpháirte screw agus ní mór iad a chur san áireamh freisin nuair a bhíonn an cruinneas á mheas. Cé go bhfuil roinnt aicmí snáitheanna a tháirgtear leis an bpróiseas seo, is féidir le ceann tipiciúil a bheith ina aicme ISO 7 a bhfuil cruinneas luaidhe de 0.002 orlach (0.0508 mm) in aghaidh 12 orlach (304.8 mm) de thuras. Dá bhrí sin, leis an scrúb liathróid áirithe seo, d'fhéadfadh earráidí féideartha ar feadh an -X-aise mar gheall ar chruinneas luaidhe a bheith suas le 0.002 orlach (0.0508 mm) ar feadh a thuras iomlán. Bealach amháin chun cruinneas luaidhe a thuiscint níos fearr ná cé go bhféadfadh tú an t-ionad gníomhaithe a ordú chun taisteal go 12 orlach (304.8 mm), b'fhéidir nach bhfuil sé ach 11.998 orlach (304.7 mm) bainte amach. Athbhliain Screw Ball agus Screw Ball Lead Error An bhfuil an t-earráid féideartha seo go léir tábhachtach i ndáiríre? Uaireanta tá sé agus uaireanta eile nach bhfuil sé. Braitheann sé ar fad ar an méid atá tábhachtach sa iarratas. Is féidir leis an gcomhlacht gníomhaitheora samplach, lena n-idirthurasanna uile is féidir, a bheith ina rogha maith dá bhrí sin nuair a éilítear céimeanna an-ard de chruinneas suímh. Chun tuilleadh míniú a thabhairt, samhlaigh go bhfuil an t-ionad gníomhaíochta a thuairiscítear thuas suiteáilte i bhfeidhmchlár ina raibh a phointí suiteála ach ag pointí deiridh an fheidhmíochta agus a bhí dírithe go cothrománach. Déantar uirlisí a cheangal ansin ar an iompar gníomhaitheora agus cuirtear ar aghaidh iad go ingearach. Sa iarratas seo, tá an gá le cruinneas ag deireadh an uirlisí. Nuair a tharlaíonn gluaiseacht líneach, is féidir go bhfuil earráidí féideartha ag an bpointe uirlisíochta in oisean -Z mar gheall ar tholais méid gné (0.005 or 0.127 mm), in oisean -X mar gheall ar thriomú (0.005 or 0.127 mm) agus in oisean -Y (0.0025 or 0.0635 mm) mar gheall ar chúl. Tá an t-earráid seo méadaithe ag an bhfíric go bhfuil an uirlisí leathnaithe os cionn an iompair gníomhaitheora. Ina theannta sin, léiríonn an pointe uirlisí earráidí féideartha mar gheall ar chruinneas luaidhe an scrúba liathróid (0.002 or 0.0508 mm) agus an aisghabháil núic liathróid (0.003 or 0.0762 mm). Tá an cruinneas luaidhe agus an t-athbhliain ag cur le botúin féideartha ar feadh an -X-aise. Deiseanna le haghaidh an t-iarsma Mar sin sa sampla seo, bheadh an t-ionad feidhmiúcháin a thuairiscítear thuas ina rogha bocht le haghaidh feidhmchlár tionóil cruinneas nuair a chaithfear páirteanna a chur laistigh de 0.0025 orlach (0.0635 mm). Is féidir an rud céanna a bheith fíor nuair a dhéantar cumraíochtaí il-ais a mheas nuair a bhíonn earráidí aon-ais comhcheangailte ar fud a lán aisi gluaiseachta. Athdhéantacht agus an t-ionad gníomhaithe líneach Cé go bhfuil cruinneas tábhachtach i gcásanna áirithe iarratais, ní éilíonn go leor iarratais ardleibhéil cruinneas. Is é an pointe ná go bhfuil na toilteanais seo i ngach córas gníomhaitheora go céim amháin nó go céim eile agus caithfear iad a chur san áireamh nuair a roghnaítear gníomhaitheoir. Tá ról ag feistiú an fheidhmfheidhm agus aird a thabhairt ar threo na n-ualach freisin i ndíreacht iomlán agus d'fhéadfadh sé tionchar a bheith aige ar fheidhmíocht an chórais. Beidh athdhéantacht an chórais gníomhaitheora thuasluaite ina ábhar difriúil. Tagraíonn athráitheacht don chumas filleadh ar shuíomh réamhshocraithe i ndea-thrialacha. Ar bhealach eile, is é an botún a bhaint amach go bhfuil an seasamh arís agus arís eile. Is féidir nach bhfuil ardleibhéal cruinneas ag córas, mar a léiríonn an sampla thuas, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh ardleibhéal athráitheachta aige i ndáiríre. Déan cur i bhfeidhm an fheidhmfheidhmitheora a thuairiscítear thuas i gcineál eile feidhmíochta. Is iad na ceanglais iarratais ná go bhfuil an t-oibrí suite i dtreocht ingearach, go bhfuil sé suite ar dhromchla phláinithe ar eolas, go bhfuil sé lán-chomhshéadaithe agus go bhfuil uirlisí ceangailte leis an iompar oibrí a tháirgeann ualach offset nó nóiméad cúlchiste don chóras líneála láimhseála. Is féidir leis an iarratas seo a shamhlú go bhfuil an uirlisí atá ceangailte leis an iompar gníomhaitheora suite i dtrí phointe shainithe éagsúla ag 4.00 (101.6 mm), 8.00 (203.2 mm) agus 11.00 orlach (279.4 mm) agus go dteastaíonn +/- 0.005 orlach (0.127 mm) de athráchtú seasamh ó gach seasamh go dtí an pointe riachtanach sa spás. Sa sampla feidhmíochta seo tá roinnt fachtóirí a bheidh tionchar ag repeatability. Mar shampla, toisc gur feidhmíocht dhíreacha é seo, tá an t-athbhás ar an nát liath agus na clearanceanna luchtaithe líneacha laghdaithe toisc go ndéanfaidh éifeacht na mearbhall ar an uirlisí/ualach an t-athbhás agus an clearance luchtaithe a shaincheapadh sa treo síos. Cuimhnigh ón sampla thuas go bhfuil sé seo ag tagairt do na hiompróirí -X- oisean. Is féidir an t-ath-aithríocht sa oisean seo a mheas go bhfuil sé an-ard, mar sin, toisc nach mbaineann sé ach le caitheamh fada ama comhpháirteanna . Nuair a éilítear ar an gníomhaitheoir bogadh go dtí a thrí phointe sainithe, is féidir linn a mheasú repeatability go dtí na pointí. Cuimhnigh go bhfuil an t-ionad gníomhaithe ar uachtar cothrom ar a dtugtar. Trí é sin a dhéanamh, laghdaíodh éifeachtaí an bhróga agus an chraobh go -0-. Ní fhágann sé sin ach an t-idirthuras maidir le méid na gnéithe le breithniú. Is é an t-athrú méid gné den fheidhmitheoir seo 0.005 orlach (0.127 mm) ar feadh a fhad taistil. Ní amháin go bhfuil sé seo laistigh den chothromú a theastaíonn ó na ceanglais gluaiseachta, ní gá é a athrú toisc go bhfuil an struchtúr gníomhaitheora suite go cuí agus faoi choimeád. Iarratais Córais Athbhunaithe An bhfeiceann tú cá bhfuil sé seo ag dul? Cé go bhfuil baint ag cruinneas, tá sé difriúil ó athrá, go háirithe nuair a dhéantar iarracht pointe réamhchinnithe sa spás a bhaint amach. Ina theannta sin, tá tionchar suntasach ag an mbealach a bhfuil gach gníomhaitheoir imscaradh ar na torthaí. Cé go bhfuil go leor stíleanna / cineálacha gníomhaitheora ar fáil a dhéantar go leibhéil éagsúla cruinneas agus costas ina dhiaidh sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an-ath-aithris ag an gcumhachtóir samplach seo agus go dtabharfadh sé feidhmíocht den scoth fiú gan a bheith an-chruinn. Is é an eochair chun rath, dá bhrí sin, tuiscint a fháil ar na riachtanais atá i do chur i bhfeidhm agus an t-ionad gníomhaithe a roghnú dá réir sin. Trí sin a dhéanamh, is féidir leat costais iomarcacha a sheachaint agus córas a dhearadh a bhfuil an luach foriomlán is fearr aige.

While the heart rate is routinely examined by your doctor, you can also measure your heart rate. With the help of your middle finger and index finger, you have to first try to feel and locate your pulse at any of the following places include the wrist, the inner side of your elbow, the base of the toe, and the side of your neck. Read more: What Is a Good Heart Rate for My Age? Article Multimedia: Slideshows, Images & Quizzes Sudden Cardiac Arrest - Test Your Heart Health IQ Take the Sudden Cardiac Arrest Quiz. Learning about this potentially deadly condition may save a life. Heart Failure Quiz What is heart failure? Learn about this dangerous condition, as well as who is at risk, and what to do about it. Picture of Heart Detail The heart is composed of specialized cardiac muscle, and it is four-chambered, with a right atrium and ventricle, and an... Picture of Heart Catheter Catheter procedures are much easier than surgery on patients because they involve only a needle puncture in the skin where the... Picture of Heart The muscle that pumps blood received from veins into arteries throughout the body. See a picture of the Heart and learn more... How to Lower Your Cholesterol & Save Your Heart Need to lower your cholesterol levels? Use these smart diet tips to quickly and easily lower your blood cholesterol levels.... Cholesterol Drugs: What to Expect With Heart Medication When diet and exercise aren't enough, should you turn to drugs? Learn cholesterol basics, drug classes, and available drugs along... Heart Healthy Diet: 25 Foods You Should Eat What foods are heart healthy? Learn what foods help protect your cardiovascular system from heart attack, coronary heart disease,... Heart Health Pictures: How to Lower Triglycerides Learn 14 ways to lower triglycerides. Learn to keep your heart healthy and triglyceride levels in check with these diet,... Cardiac Arrest: What You Should Know Cardiac arrest is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate medical care. Use this WebMD slideshow to know whether you... Cardio Exercise: Good for More Than Your Heart You might have guessed that cardio, or aerobic, exercise helps to strengthen your heart. But did you know it's good for your... Related Disease Conditions Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) A heart attack happens when a blood clot completely obstructs a coronary artery supplying blood to the heart muscle. A heart attack can cause chest pain, heart failure, and electrical instability of the heart. Heart Attack Symptoms and Early Warning Signs Recognizing heart attack symptoms and signs can help save your life or that of someone you love. Some heart attack symptoms, including left arm pain and chest pain, are well known but other, more nonspecific symptoms may be associated with a heart attack. Nausea, vomiting, malaise, indigestion, sweating, shortness of breath, and fatigue may signal a heart attack. Heart attack symptoms and signs in women may differ from those in men. An arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm. With an arrhythmia, the heartbeats may be irregular or too slow (bradycardia), to rapid (tachycardia), or too early. When a single heartbeat occurs earlier than normal, it is called a premature contraction. How the Heart Works: Sides, Chambers, and Function The heart is a very important organ in the body. It is responsible for continuously pumping oxygen and nutrient-rich blood throughout your body to sustain life. It is a fist-sized muscle that beats (expands and contracts) 100,000 times per day, pumping a total of five or six quarts of blood each minute, or about 2,000 gallons per day. Fitness: Exercise for a Healthy Heart Regular exercise can help reduce the risk of heart disease. To achieve maximum benefits, do a mix of stretching exercise, aerobic activity, and strengthening exercise. Aim to get 20 to 30 minutes of aerobic exercise at least three to four times a week. Consult a doctor before exercising for the first time, especially if you have health problems. Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders) Heart rhythm disorders vary from minor palpitations, premature atrial contractions (PACs), premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), sinus tachycardia, and sinus brachycardia, to abnormal heart rhythms such as tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular flutter, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome, brachycardia, or heart blocks. Treatment is dependent upon the type of heart rhythm disorder. Treatment & Diagnosis Prevention & Wellness - Severe COVID-19 Raises Odds for Dangerous Heart Conditions 10-Fold - Woman With COVID-19 Develops Serious Heart Ailment After Taking Chloroquine - Is COVID-19 Causing More People to Suffer Heart Attacks at Home? - An Aging Heart May Weaken Memory - Healthy Heart in 20s, Better Brain in 40s? - Exercise Benefits Aging Hearts, Even Those of the Obese - Health Tip: When Baby is Born With a Heart Murmur - Young Women Don't Spot Heart Symptoms

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Cé go ndéanann do dhochtúir scrúdú ar an ráta croí go rialta, is féidir leat do ráta croí a thomhas freisin. Le cabhair ó do mheán-mhéar agus do mhéar táscaire, ní mór duit iarracht a dhéanamh ar dtús do phulsa a bhraitheann agus a aimsiú in aon cheann de na háiteanna seo a leanas: an láimhe, taobh istigh de do chúl, bun an mháille, agus taobh do mhuineál. Léigh tuilleadh: Cad é an ráta croí maith do mo aois? Airteagal Ilmheán: Taispeántais sleamhnáin, Íomhánna & Físeáin Stop Cardiac tobann - Déan tástáil ar do IQ Sláinte Chroí Tóg an Cuardach ar Chéile Chardiach tobann. D'fhéadfadh go gcosnódh eolas faoin riocht seo a d'fhéadfadh a bheith marbhtach beatha. Quiz Failure Heart Cad é teip croí? Foghlaim faoi an staid thromchúiseach seo, chomh maith leis an duine atá i mbaol, agus cad atá le déanamh faoi. Grianghraf den Chroí go Mionsonraithe Tá an croí comhdhéanta de muscle cardiac speisialaithe, agus tá sé ceithre-champaill, le atrium ceart agus ventricle, agus... Grianghraf de Catheter Chroí Tá nósanna imeachta catheter i bhfad níos éasca ná máinliacht ar othair toisc nach bhfuil iontu ach piocáil snáthaid sa chraiceann áit a bhfuil an... Grianghraf den Chroí An muscle a chuireann fuil a fhaightear ó fhéithe isteach i dtromchúiseanna ar fud an choirp. Féach ar phictiúr den Chroí agus foghlaim níos mó... Conas do Choilesterol a Laghdú & do Chroí a Shábháil Ar mhaith leat do leibhéil choilesterol a ísliú? Úsáid na leideanna aiste bia cliste seo chun leibhéil cholesterol fola a ísliú go tapa agus go héasca.... Drugaí Cholesterol: Cad is féidir a bheith ag súil leis le cógais croí Nuair nach leor aiste bia agus aclaíocht, ba cheart duit dul i ngleic le drugaí? Foghlaim bunriachtanais cholesterol, ranganna drugaí, agus drugaí atá ar fáil chomh maith... Bia Sláintiúil don Chroí: 25 Bhia Ba chóir duit a ithe Cad iad na bianna atá sláintiúil don chroí? Foghlaim cad iad na bianna a chabhraíonn le do chóras cardashoithíoch a chosaint ó ionsaí croí, galar croí corónach,... Pictiúir Sláinte an Chroí: Conas Triglycerides a Laghdú Foghlaim 14 bhealach chun triglycerides a ísliú. Foghlaim do chroí a choinneáil sláintiúil agus leibhéil triglyceride a sheiceáil leis na haistí bia seo,... Stop Cardiac: Cad ba chóir duit a fhios Is éard atá i ngéarchéim thrialaíoch sláinte ná stopadh croí a éilíonn cúram leighis láithreach. Úsáid an taispeántas sleamhnáin seo WebMD chun a fháil amach an bhfuil tú... Cleachtadh Cardio: Ní amháin go bhfuil sé go maith do do chroí B'fhéidir go raibh a fhios agat go gcuireann cleachtadh cardio, nó aeróbach, le do chroí a neartú. Ach an raibh a fhios agat go bhfuil sé go maith le haghaidh do... Coinníollacha Galar a bhaineann leo An t- Infartacht Mhiocardaigh Tarlaíonn ionsaí croí nuair a stopann clúdach fola go hiomlán ar an artery corónach a sholáthraíonn fuil don fhíochán croí. Is féidir le croí-ionsaí pian toraidh, teip croí, agus neamhsheasmhacht leictreach an chroí a chur faoi deara. Síomna Ionfhabhtú Croí agus Comharthaí Réamhachta Is féidir le comharthaí agus comharthaí ionsaí croí a aithint cabhrú leat do shaol féin nó an duine is breá leat a shábháil. Tá roinnt comharthaí ionsaí croí, lena n-áirítear pian ar an lámh chlé agus pian ar an gciste, ar eolas go maith ach d'fhéadfadh comharthaí eile, níos neamhshonracha a bheith bainteach le ionsaí croí. D'fhéadfadh nausea, vomiting, malaise, indigestion, sweating, shortness of breath, agus tuirse a bheith ina chomhartha ar ionsaí croí. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh comharthaí agus comharthaí ionsaí croí ag mná difriúil ó na comharthaí agus na comharthaí sin ag fir. Is éarráid neamhghnácha croí é arrhythmia. Le arrhythmia, d'fhéadfadh na builleanna croí a bheith neamhrialta nó ró-mhall (bradycardia), go tapa (tachycardia), nó ró-luath. Nuair a tharlaíonn croí amháin níos luaithe ná mar is gnáth, tugtar coimhlint roimh am air. Conas a Oibríonn an Croí: Taobhanna, Seomraí, agus Feidhm Is orgán an-tábhachtach é an croí sa chorp. Tá sé freagrach as fuil ocsaigin agus cothaitheach a phumpáil go leanúnach ar fud do chorp chun an saol a chothabháil. Is muscle chomh mór le fist é a bhuaileann (a leathnaíonn agus a chúnann) 100,000 uair in aghaidh an lae, ag pumpaíocht cúig nó sé cheathrú ceathrú de fhuil gach nóiméad, nó thart ar 2,000 galún in aghaidh an lae. Folláine: Cleachtadh le haghaidh croí sláintiúil Is féidir le cleachtadh rialta cabhrú leis an mbaol galar croí a laghdú. Chun na buntáistí is mó a bhaint amach, déan meascán de chleachtaí síneadh, gníomhaíocht aeróbach, agus cleachtaí neartúcháin. Déan iarracht 20 go 30 nóiméad de fheidhmiú aeróbach a fháil trí nó ceithre huaire ar a laghad sa tseachtain. Déan dul i gcomhairle le dochtúir sula ndéanann tú aclaíocht den chéad uair, go háirithe má tá fadhbanna sláinte agat. Athrú ar Rith Chroí (Aithris Rith Chroí) Athruithe ar rithim croí a bheith éagsúil ó palpitations beag, contractions atrial premature (PACs), contractions ventricular premature (PVCs), sinus tachycardia, agus sinus brachycardia, go ritimí croí neamhghnácha mar tachycardia, fibrillation ventricular, flutter ventricular, fibrillation atrial, flutter atrial, tachycardia supraventricular paroxysmal (PSVT), siondróm Wolf- Parkinson- White, brachycardia, nó blocanna croí. Braitheann an cóireáil ar an gcineál neamhoird ritim croí. Cóireáil agus Diagnosis Cosc agus Folláine - Tá COVID-19 tromchúiseach ag ardú na seansanna do choinníollacha croí contúirteacha 10 uair - Tógann bean le COVID-19 tinnis chridhe tromchúiseach tar éis di Chloroquine a ghlacadh - An bhfuil COVID-19 ag cur níos mó daoine a bheith ag fulaingt ó ionsaithe croí sa bhaile? - D'fhéadfadh Cuimhne a Laghdú le Croí atá ag Dul in Aosta - Heart Sláintiúil i 20s, Brain níos fearr i 40s? - Sochair a bhaineann le cleachtadh do chroí atá ag dul in aois, fiú do chroí na ndaoine saill - Leideanna Sláinte: Nuair a Rugtar an Leanaí le Murmur Croí - Ní Fhios ag Ban óg na Síomptóim Chroí

Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger - Web sites Submit a new Web site for review and accepted updates will be published to the site. Britannica Web sites Articles from Britannica encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. - Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) (1779-1850). Considered the great Danish national poet, Adam Gottlob Oehlenschlager was a leader of the Romantic movement in 19th-century Denmark. His most famous poem, Guldhornene, was a milestone in Danish literature.

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Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger - Suímh ghréasáin Cuir suíomh gréasáin nua isteach le haghaidh athbhreithnithe agus foilseofar nuashonruithe a ghlacfar leis ar an suíomh. Suímh Gréasáin Britannica Artaigílí ó encyclopedias Britannica do mhic léinn bunscoile agus ardscoile. - Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger - Saineolaíocht do Mhic Léinn (11 bliain d'aois agus níos sine) (1779-1850). Meastar gurb é Adam Gottlob Oehlenschlager an file mór náisiúnta na Danmhairge, ceannródaí an ghluaiseachta Rómhánach sa Danmhairg sa 19ú haois. Ba é a chuid filíochta is cáiliúla, Guldhornene, cloch mhíle i litríocht na Danmhairge.

Putting together an argumentative essay outline is the perfect way to get started on your argumentative essay check out these argumentative essay examples. What's working well in your essay 2 using sample essays: the following are argument papers written by students from previous years. Below are examples of research paper outlines start with a strong argument research paper outline examples. To write a strong argumentative essay some of the more frequently discussed ones include sample essays middle and high school level topics. Classic model for an argument below is a basic outline for an argumentative or persuasive essay b sample argumentative thesis. Types of essays analysis argumentative research paper plagiarism types of papers & student samples analysis essays argumentative essay. When writing a research paper these are very general examples adapted from seyler's understanding argument. Argumentative research paper examples section features research papers on various argumentative topics the argumentative research paper requires the. Sample argumentative research paper apa apa professional writing an evaluation essay writers fromour service, sample sample argumentative research paper apa. We are glad to introduce you our database of free argumentative essay samples these examples of argumentative essays are to help you understanding how to write this. Thesis statement for argumentative essay how to write an argumentative thesis statement argument thesis statements. Argumentative essay subject examples ask another person to verify the coherence of your argument argumentative essay tips provided by our team of experts. Argumentative essay topics list click to see examples of argumentative writing when it comes to essay writing professors usually supply students with topics to write. Polito 1 chris polito paola brown eng102 25 march 2008 argument what people must understand is that properly raising a child does not rely on. What is an argumentative essay the argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic collect, generate, and evaluate. How to write an argumentative research paper an argumentative essay requires you to make an argument about something and sample argumentative research paper. Downloadable argumentative essay templates and samples there are various forms of argumentative essays basing on the debated topic by definition, an argumentative. Topic suggestions for argumentative research paper: (and for the success of your argument paper) (examples include the crucible or huck finn. The argumentative essay can simply be defined as a composition intended to make someone visualize things like you do. Writing an argument or position essay need an idea to get you started, i give you 100 great ideas on how to write that essay, along with links to additional resources. You may also use the following purdue owl resources to help you with your argument paper: when writing a research paper these are very general examples. In an argumentative essay, the writer is taking a position, or a side, related to a topic about which opinions could vary the position of the writer is established. Essay examples - welcome to our essays section, with an extensive repository of over 300,000 essays categorized by subject area - no registration required. 3 the following is a sample argumentative essay that follows option 2 the guiding ideas of the paper are highlighted in gray and explained in footnotes.

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Is é an bealach is fearr chun tús a chur le do aiste argóideach ná dul i dteagmháil le chéile ar an gcur síos ar aiste argóideach. Féach ar na samplaí seo d'eispéiris aiste argóideach. Cad atá ag obair go maith i do chuid aiste 2 ag baint úsáide as samplaí aiste: tá na páipéir argóint seo a leanas scríofa ag mic léinn ó bhlianta roimhe seo. Anseo thíos tá samplaí de phéipéar taighde a thosaíonn le huimhreacha láidir. Chun aiste argóideach láidir a scríobh, tá cuid de na cinn is minice a phlé áirítear leo samplaí de aisteanna ábhar ar leibhéal na meánscoile agus ar an ardscoile. Is é an tsamhail clasaiceach le haghaidh argóint thíos ná an leagan amach bunúsach le haghaidh aiste argóintiúil nó mealltach b sampla téise argóintiúil. Cineálacha aisteanna anailís argóintúil páipéar taighde plagiarism cineálacha páipéir & samplaí mac léinn anailís aisteanna argóintúil aiste. Nuair a scríobhann tú páipéar taighde, is samplaí an-choitianta iad seo a oiriúnaíodh ó argóint thuigse Seyler. Tá páipéir taighde ar ábhair argóintiúla éagsúla sa rannóg samplaí páipéir taighde argóintiúla. Tá an t-eolaí ag iarraidh go mbeadh an t-eolaí ag obair ar an bpróiseas a bhaineann le scrúdú agus le scrúdú a dhéanamh ar an bpróiseas a bhaineann le scrúdú agus le scrúdú. Tá áthas orainn ár mbunachar sonraí de samplaí saor in aisce de aiste argóintiúil a thabhairt isteach duit. Is iad na samplaí seo de aiste argóintiúla chun cabhrú leat tuiscint a fháil ar conas é seo a scríobh. Dearbhú téise le haghaidh aiste argóintiúil conas ráiteas téise argóintiúil a scríobh argóint ráitis téise. Iarr ar dhuine eile comhsheasmhacht do chuid argóint a fhíorú le treoracha aiste argóintiúil a sholáthraíonn ár bhfoireann saineolaithe. Tá liosta ábhar aiste argóintiúil ann cliceáil chun samplaí de scríbhneoireacht argóintiúil a fheiceáil nuair a thagann sé le scríbhneoireacht aiste is gnách go soláthraíonn ollamh ábhar do mhic léinn a scríobh. Polito 1 chris polito paola brown eng102 25 Márta 2008 argóint ní mór do dhaoine a thuiscint go bhfuil a chur suas go ceart leanbh nach bhfuil ag brath ar. Is cineál scríbhneoireachta é an aiste argóideach a éilíonn ar an mac léinn ábhar a iniúchadh, a bhailiú, a ghiniúint agus a mheas. Conas páipéar taighde argóintiúil a scríobh Éilíonn aiste argóintiúil ort argóint a dhéanamh faoi rud éigin agus páipéar taighde argóintiúil samplach a dhéanamh. Tá cineálacha éagsúla aisteanna argóintiúla ann bunaithe ar an ábhar díospóireachta de réir sainmhíniú, argóintiúil. Tograí téamaí le haghaidh páipéar taighde argóintiúil: (agus le haghaidh rath do pháipéir argóintiúil) (cuimsíonn samplaí an t-eagla nó an huck finn. Is féidir an aiste argóideach a shainmhíniú go simplí mar chomhdhéanamh atá ceaptha chun rud éigin a shamhlú mar a dhéanann tú. Ag scríobh argóint nó aiste seasamh gá smaoineamh a fháil tú a thosú, mé a thabhairt duit 100 smaointe iontach ar conas a scríobh go aiste, chomh maith le naisc go dtí acmhainní breise. Is féidir leat na hacmhainní seo a leanas a úsáid freisin chun cabhrú leat le do pháipéar argóint: nuair a bhíonn páipéar taighde á scríobh tá na samplaí seo an-ghinearálta. I aiste argóideach, tá an scríbhneoir ag glacadh seasamh, nó taobh, a bhaineann le hábhar a bhféadfadh tuairimí a bheith éagsúil faoi. Samplaí de aiste - fáilte roimh ár rannóg aiste, le stór fairsing de níos mó ná 300,000 aiste a chatagóiriú de réir réimse ábhair - níl aon chlárú ag teastáil. 3 tá sampla de aiste argóintiúil seo a leanas a leanann rogha 2 tá smaointe treorach an pháipéir leagtha amach i ngrá agus míniúithe i nótaí thíos.

Why do the lights dim during a wind storm? It's windy in Seattle this evening with gusts of 45-50 mph predicted over night. With the snow and freezing rain of last week there were some 250,000 residents without power and the local power utilities do great work in restoring service as quickly as possible in rather unpleasant conditions. Back to tonight, as often happens during windy weather, the power stays on but the lights dim, brighten and flash at random intervals. The reason for this, it turns out, is the autorecloser, a device which complements protection devices like circuit breakers by restoring a breaker if the fault is purely transient (e.g. a falling branch temporarily short circuits a power line on its way from tree to ground). Residential customers in areas fed by affected overhead power lines can occasionally see the effects of an autorecloser in action. If the fault affects the customer's own distribution circuit, they may see one or several brief, complete outages followed by either normal operation (as the autorecloser succeeds in restoring power after a transient fault has cleared) or a complete outage of service (as the autorecloser exhausts its retries). If the fault is on an adjacent circuit, the customer may see several brief "dips" (sags) in voltage as the heavy fault current flows into the adjacent circuit and is interrupted one or more times. A typical manifestation would be the dip, or intermittent black-out, of domestic lighting during an electrical storm. Autorecloser action may result in electronic devices losing time settings, losing data in volatile memory, halting, restarting, or suffering damage due to power interruption. Owners of such equipment may need to protect electronic devices against the consequences of power interruptions.

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Cén fáth a mbíonn na soilse ag dul i léig le linn stoirm gaoithe? Tá sé gaoithe i Seattle an tráthnóna seo le breacanna 45-50 mph réamh-mheasta thar oíche. Leis an sneachta agus an báisteach fuar an tseachtain seo caite bhí thart ar 250,000 cónaitheoir gan chumhacht agus déanann na húsáidí cumhachta áitiúla obair mhór chun seirbhís a athbhunú chomh tapa agus is féidir i ndálaí nach bhfuil go leor taitneamhach. Ar ais go dtí an oíche inniu, mar a tharlaíonn go minic le linn aimsir gaoithe, an chumhacht fanacht ar ach na soilse dim, a bhlais agus flash ag eatraimh randamach. Is é an chúis leis seo, is cosúil, an autorecloser, gléas a chomhlánaíonn feistí cosanta cosúil le briseadhóirí ciorcaid trí bhriseadhóir a athbhunú má tá an locht thar a bheith réamhtheoranta (m.sh. go gcuirtear brainse ag titim ciorcal gearr go sealadach ar líne cumhachta ar a bhealach ón gcrann go dtí an talamh). Is féidir le custaiméirí cónaithe i gceantair a bhfuil líne leictreachais uachtarach díobhálach acu a fheiceáil ó am go ham éifeachtaí an fhuaimín uathoibríoch i ngníomh. Má dhéanann an locht difear do chiorcaid dáileacháin an chustaiméara féin, d'fhéadfadh siad go bhfeicfeadh siad aon chúrsa nó roinnt chúrsa gearr, iomlán ina dhiaidh sin oibriú gnáth (mar a éiríonn leis an autorecloser fuinneamh a athbhunú tar éis locht thréimhseach a ghlanadh) nó dífhostaíocht iomlán seirbhíse (mar a eisiann an autorecloser a aththrialacha). Má tá an locht ar chiorcad in aice láimhe, d'fhéadfadh an custaiméir roinnt "titimí" gearr (saigs) a fheiceáil i voltas de réir mar a shreabhann an sruth locht trom isteach sa chiorcad in aice láimhe agus go gcuirtear isteach air uair amháin nó níos mó. Is léiriú tipiciúil é an cúl, nó an dorchadas tréimhsiúil, ar sholas intíre le linn stoirm leictreach. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sé mar thoradh ar ghníomhaíocht Autorecloser go gcaillfidh feistí leictreonacha socruithe ama, go gcaillfidh siad sonraí i gcuimhne éadrom, go stopfaidh siad, go dtosóidh siad arís, nó go ndéanfaidh siad damáiste mar gheall ar bhriseadh cumhachta. Féadfaidh sé go mbeidh ar úinéirí trealaimh den sórt sin feistí leictreonacha a chosaint i gcoinne iarmhairtí scor cumhachta.

the iron ore magnetite consists of. crushing equipment Co.,Ltd. iron ore magnetite consists Caiman beneficiation of magnetite iron ore consists of Other sources of magnetite iron ore Lower-grade sources of iron ore generally require beneficiation, The primary use of iron ore is in the production of iron. Beneficiation Plants and Pelletizing Plants for Utilizing Low Grade Iron Ore of separation is widely used for the beneficiation of magnetite ore. beneficiation of magnetite iron ore consists of titanium and. electric smelting of titaniferous iron ores from alaska, montana. The work on Wyoming titaniferous Iron Ore Beneficiation Testwork. for other iron ore types, SRK has looked at a deposit where the mineralogy consists of ten micron plates of hematite cemented The basic mine plant for underground mining operations consists of headframe, process of beneficiation of magnitite iron ore. Magnetite ore and hematite iron ore Conspectus of Mineral Processing Magnetite ore is the main mineral of iron ore beneficiation, In domestic iron ore concentrate production, it accounts The magnetite ore beneficiation process includes magnetite ore crushing and magnetic separation. This passages tells you how to produce iron ore concentrate and the Iron Ore Beneficiation Process Of Magnetite Feed Back. Nickel ore mainly consists of copper-nickel sulfide ore and nickel oxide ore, beneficiation and proc . A kind of wet and dry combined magnetite beneficiation Home Process flow and production line Beneficiation process of magnetite ore product of iron ore DRY PROCESS OF MAGNETITE IRON ORE BENEFICIATION Feb 23, 2017 Iron formation consists of iron ore such as siderite, magnetite, and hematite, Ore beneficiation line consists of jaw crusher,, Iron Ore Jigging Plant,, Magnetite ore beneficiation process,Magnetic separation Beneficiation process of titanium vanadium iron ore . beneficiation of iron ore consists of titanium and vanadium. beneficiation of magnetite iron ore consists of titanium and . Magnetite ore is a ferromagnetic material, with the chemical formula Fe3O4, and is one of several types of iron oxide. It is a ubiquitous mineral in many parts of the Application in Qi Dashan Mineral processing Plant in Anshan The iron ore consists of magnetite and solutions for Hematite Iron Ore Beneficiation beneficiation of magnetite iron ore consists of titanium and vanadium. the ilmenite beneficiation process employed by the Indian industries generates solid and the iron ore magnetite consists of crusher machine. beneficiation of magnetite iron ore consists of titanium titanium,vanadium and iron ore processing beneficiation process of magnetite ore . of magnetite iron ore beneficiation plant The operations consists of Concentrates Iron ore that From large primary jaw crusher and impact crusher, beneficiation of magnetite iron ore Magnetite beneficiation line consists of jaw crusher, ball mill, Utilization Of Iron Ore Fines Beneficiation process is generally customized as per Nickel ore mainly consists of copper-nickel Magnetite Iron Ore, Hematite Iron ore beneficiation process flow. Beneficiation process of magnetite ore 2. Beneficiation of hematite iron ore 3. Magnetite Beneficiation Processing Fundamentals is what makes it a saleable iron ore that's of market Magnetite almost always needs Other sources of magnetite iron ore include metamorphic Lower-grade sources of iron ore generally require beneficiation, Iron ores consist of oxygen and the iron ore beneficiation africa magnetite iron ore, extraction is the first phase of hardrock mining which consists of the initial removal of ore from the beneficiation of iron ore which will consist of the primary and secondary crushing and screening circuits. Process for beneficiating magnetite iron ore . Magnetite Iron Ore Beneficiation Magnetite project description. tthe project consists of the setting-up and operation of a stone crushing plant and of Magnetite Flows in the . In the iron ore beneficiation process where magnetite is present in the ore, an accurate volumetric flow rate is necessary in order to beneficiation of magnetite iron ore consists of titanium. magnetite is an iron oxide mineral which is generally black in colour and highly magnetic, The main iron mineral in magnetite ore is the ferrous iron oxide magnetite (Fe 3 O 4). Magnetite beneficiation diagram (click image for larger version) beneficiation of iron ore consists of titanium and vanadium. magnetite iron ore benefication YouTube Feb 13, The Iron Ore Magnetite Consists Of A Fe2O3 B Fe3, consist ofC for the proposed magnetite iron ore beneficiation plant for iron The low grade Magnetite Iron ore deposits with 22 to 35% Influence of beneficiation plant pellet grade iron ore fines size on consist of iron ore fines, With increase in iron ore fineness the magnetite phase Iron ore beneficiation plant,iron ore dressing plant, iron Iron ore beneficiation plant for iron ore processing Crushing equipment, screening equipment and The iron ore with industrial application mainly consists of magnetite in How Much Crusher magnetite iron ore beneficiation any project CCM Company © 2000-2020 Copyrights.sitemap

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an rud a bhfuil an maighnéadtaigh óir iarnróid air. Crusher equipment Co., Ltd. Is éard atá i magnetiet mianad iarainn Caiman beneficiation mianad iarainn magnetite Foinsí eile mianraí iarann maighnéitíteacha Ní mór mianraí iarann de ghrád níos ísle a shaothrú de ghnáth. Tá an t-ionad seo ar fáil i ngach tír agus tá sé ar fáil i ngach tír. Is éard atá i ndíolú mianach iarann magnetite ná tíotáiniam agus miotail iarainn titaniferous a leá le leictreach ó Alasca, Montana. An obair ar titaniferous Wyoming Tá an t-earraí seo a leanas ar fáil: Maidir le cineálacha eile mianraí iarainn, d'fhéach SRK ar thaisce ina bhfuil an mianraí comhdhéanta de plátaí deich micron de hematít cimentáilte Is éard atá sa phlanda mianadóireachta bunúsach le haghaidh oibríochtaí mianadóireachta faoi thalamh ná ceannframe, próiseas chun mionn iarann magnite a mhaoiniú. Is é mionn maighnéite an príomh-mhionnraic i ndeisiú mionn iarann, i dtáirgeadh dírithe mionn iarann intíre, cuireann sé Tá an próiseas chun cróis mhágnéitíte a bhaint de mheánmhóirithe i gceist le crúis mhágnéitíte agus le scaradh maighnéadach. Seo pasanna insíonn tú conas a tháirgeadh tiúchan mianraí iarann agus an Próiseas Beneficiation Míre Iarainn de Magnetite Feedback. Is éard atá i miotal nicil go príomha miotal sulfíd copar-nicil agus miotal ocsaíd nicil, agus tá sé ag baint leasa as agus ag baint leasa as. Gné de úll agus tirim comhcheangailte magnetite tairbheach Home Sliocht próiseas agus líne táirgeachta Is éard atá i bhfoirmíocht iarann ná miotal iarann mar siderite, magnetite, agus hematite, Is éard atá i líne leasaithe mianraí brúiteoir jaw,, Iron Ore Jigging Plant,, próiseas leasaithe mianraí Magnetite,proiseas leasaithe scaradh maighnéadach de titanium vanadium mionn iarann . Is éard atá i gceist le bainneáil úis iarnróid ná tíotáiniam agus vanadium. Is éard atá i ndíolú úis iarann magnetite tíotáiniam agus . Is ábhar féirimaighnéadach é mionn maighnéadtaigh, leis an bhfoirmle ceimiceach Fe3O4, agus tá sé ar cheann de roinnt cineálacha ocsaíd iarann. Tá sé ina mianraí uileláithreach i go leor codanna den Tá an rud iarnróid comhdhéanta de magnetiit agus réitigh do Hematite Tá an t-airgead iarnróid magnetite dírithe ar titanium agus vanadium. Tá an próiseas ilmenite a úsáideann tionscail na hIndia ag táirgeadh sóid agus Tá an t-airgead iarainn magnetite comhdhéanta de mheaisín crusher. Is éard atá i gceist le próiseáil mianraí iarann agus titanium, titanium, vanadium agus mianraí iarann ná an mhaoinithe a bhaineann le mianraí iarann agus magnetite próiseas leasaithe mianraí maighnéadaigh . Tá an t-oibríochtaí comhdhéanta de Concentrates Ó crusher mór primár jaw agus crusher tionchar, beneficiation de mianraí iarann magnetite Is éard atá i líne beneficiation Magnetite crusher jaw, muileann liathróid, Úsáid Mionáin Mionáin Iarainn Tá próiseas tairbheála saincheaptha de ghnáth de réir Mionán Niocal a chuimsítear go príomha as Mionán Iarainn Magnéitíde Cúpár-niocal, Tá an t-ábhar seo a leanas ar fáil: Próiseas leasaithe ar mhionn maighnéadít 2. Faomhadh miotal iarann hematite 3. Is é an bunscoileanna próiseála Magnetite Tairbhe cad a dhéanann sé rud a bántar miotal iarann go bhfuil an margadh Magnetite beagnach i gcónaí riachtanais I measc foinsí eile mianraí iarann maighnéitíteacha tá foinsí níos ísle mianraí iarann a éilíonn breisithe de ghnáth. Is é an rud is mó a bhaineann le mianach cruach a bhaint as an mbonn cruach, ná an mianach cruach a bhaint as an mbonn cruach. Is é an t-airgead iarainn a shaothrú, a bheidh comhdhéanta de na ciorcail phríomhacha agus an t-airgead iarainn a phríomh-chruthaithe agus an chrianta scagála. Próiseas chun mionn iarann magnetice a shaothrú . Tuairisc ar thionscadal Magnetite. Is éard atá sa tionscadal ná gléasra brúite cloiche a chur ar bun agus a oibriú agus Tá Maighnéitít ag sreabhadh isteach sa . Tá an t-uasmhéid de na meáin a úsáidtear chun an t-uasmhéid a bhaint amach, a bhfuil an t-uasmhéid a úsáidtear chun an t-uasmhéid a bhaint amach, faoi réir na rialacha seo a leanas: Is éard atá i ndíolachán mianach iarann magnetite tíotáiniam. Is mianraí ocsaíd iarann é maighnéadít a bhfuil dath dubh aige de ghnáth agus a bhfuil maighnéadacht ard aige, Is é an príomh-mhionnraí iarnróid i mionn maighnéadít an maighnéadít ocsaíd iarann ferrous (Fe 3 O 4). Diagram fóirgnithe maighnéite (cliceáil ar an íomhá le haghaidh leagan níos mó) Is éard atá i gceist le bainneáil úis iarnróid ná tíotáiniam agus vanadium. Is éard atá i Magnetite Ore Iron Iron A Fe2O3 B Fe3, Tá an t-ionad i gceist chun mionn íocúcháin iarann maighnéite a dhéanamh ar mhionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann le mionn íocúcháin iarann Iontaobhas grád grád feine miotal iarann grád feine miotal iarann a bheith ar an bpróiseas feine miotal iarann Feadán díolacháin miotal iarann, feadán díolacháin miotal iarann, feadán díolacháin miotal iarann do phróiseáil miotal iarann An mianad iolracha le feidhm tionsclaíoch comhdhéanta den chuid is mó de magnetite i Cé mhéad Crusher beneficiation mianad iolracha magnetite aon tionscadal CCM Company © 2000-2020 Copyrights.sitemap

The industrial boomtown of Dongguan in southeast China’s Pearl River Delta could soon host one of the country’s most sophisticated power plants, one that uses an unconventional coal-gasification technology to make the dirtiest coal behave like clean-burning natural gas. Its developers, Atlanta-based utility Southern Company and Houston-based engineering firm KBR, announced the licensing deal with Dongguan Power and Chemical Company this month. Dongguan Power plans to implement the gasification scheme at an existing 120-megawatt natural-gas-fired power plant, turning it into an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant that uses cheap, moisture-laden lignite coal. The retrofit should be operating in 2011. That will provide its developers with a demonstration to determine whether technology will work in larger IGCC plants and whether it is a process suitable to integrate carbon capture and storage technology, according to John Thompson, director of the Coal Transition Program for the Clean Air Task Force, a nonprofit environmental consulting firm based in Boston. “They want to show that this works,” says Thompson. Southern and KBR’s gasification design can use dirty coal because, compared to other gasification reactors, it uses a relatively slow, low-temperature process. Conventional gasifiers, such as General Electric’s and Shell’s, rely on temperatures around 1,500 ºC to turn finely ground coal into a combustible mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen known as syngas. Unfortunately, such temperatures melt ash and other mineral contaminants in the coal, forming a glassy slag that eventually eats through the ceramic tiles that protect the reactors’ steel walls. Even reactors using high-quality coal have to be taken out of service for installation of new tiles at least every three years. They are thus ill-adapted for lower-quality coals that would produce several times more slag. Dongguan’s gasifier will sidestep those issues by operating at just 925 ºC to 980 ºC, below the contaminant melting temperature, explains Randall Rush, Southern Company’s general manager for gasification systems. Coal nevertheless gasifies completely at these lower temperatures because it spends twice as long in Southern and KBR’s process. The technology is an adaptation of the fluidized catalytic cracking employed in refineries since the 1940s, which processes petroleum by “transporting” it around a loop along with solid catalyst particles. In the gasification reactor, the incoming feed of fresh coal is transported with a looping flow of solid coal contaminants, primarily ash. The hot mass drives off most of the coal’s energy content as syngas. The solids left over simply join the flow. Southern and KBR began designing the technology in 1988 and, with support from the U.S. Department of Energy, started up a demonstration reactor at Wilsonville, AL, in 1996 that can gasify two tons of coal per hour. Four years ago they redesigned it, incorporating what they’d learned at Wilsonville. Rush says the result will be a comparatively reliable and affordable IGCC design. In the absence of slag, a reactor’s ceramic lining should last 10 to 20 years, says Rush. The technology is attractive to Dongguan Power because it can use coal that is cheaper and less desirable. Presentations by the firm note that a doubling in fuel costs between 2004 and 2006 eliminated the company’s profit margin. And while Dongguan Power initially commissioned a reactor from the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, which built a demonstration-scale transport gasifier last year, the firm has now opted for KBR and Southern’s design.

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D'fhéadfadh ceann de na gléasraí cumhachta is sofistice sa tír a bheith ag baile tionsclaíoch Dongguan i Delta Pearl River ó dheas ó thuaidh na Síne go luath, ceann a úsáideann teicneolaíocht neamhchoinbhinsiúnach gásúcháin guail chun an guail is salacha a dhéanamh iompú mar ghás nádúrtha glan-loiscthe. D'fhógair a fhorbróirí, Southern Company, úsáideoireacht Atlanta agus KBR, gnólacht innealtóireachta Houston, an comhaontú ceadúnaithe le Dongguan Power and Chemical Company an mhí seo. Tá sé beartaithe ag Dongguan Power an scéim gáisitheoireachta a chur i bhfeidhm ag gléasra cumhachta 120 meigwatt atá ann cheana a thiomáineann gáis nádúrtha, ag casadh é ina gléasra comhcheangailte gáisitheoireachta comhtháite (IGCC) a úsáideann guail lignite saor, atá lán taise. Ba cheart go mbeadh an t-athchóiriú ag feidhmiú i 2011. Cuirfidh sé sin taispeántas ar fáil dá fhorbróirí chun a chinneadh an oibreoidh an teicneolaíocht i gléasraí níos mó IGCC agus an bhfuil sé ina phróiseas oiriúnach chun teicneolaíocht ghabháil agus stórála carbóin a chomhtháthú, de réir John Thompson, stiúrthóir an Chláir Aistriú Charbóin do Tascfhórsa Aer Glan, gnólacht comhairleoireachta comhshaoil neamhbhrabúis atá lonnaithe i mBostún. "Ba mhaith leo a thaispeáint go n-oibríonn sé seo", a deir Thompson. Is féidir le dearadh gásaithe Southern agus KBR gual salach a úsáid toisc, i gcomparáid le imoibreoirí gásaithe eile, go n-úsáideann sé próiseas réasúnta mall, ísealteochta. Tá gásaithe traidisiúnta, amhail General Electric agus Shell, ag brath ar thimpeallachtaí timpeall 1,500 oC chun guail mhionsmhionta a thiontú ina meascán dóthain de mhonócsaíd charbóin agus hidrigine ar a dtugtar syngas. Ar an drochuair, le teochtaí den sórt sin, leáíonn an luaithín agus truailleáin mhínearacha eile sa guail, ag cruthú scrag glassy a itheann go deireanach trí na tíleanna ceirmeacha a chosnaíonn ballaí cruach na n-imreoir. Fiú amháin réadóirí a úsáideann guail ardchaighdeáin ní mór iad a chur as feidhm chun tíleanna nua a shuiteáil gach trí bliana ar a laghad. Dá bhrí sin, níl siad oiriúnach do ghual de chaighdeán níos ísle a d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh níos mó sclábhaí ann. Beidh gáisitheoir Dongguan ag dul timpeall ar na saincheisteanna sin trí oibriú ag díreach 925 oC go 980 oC, faoi bhun teocht leá na truailleán, a mhíníonn Randall Rush, bainisteoir ginearálta na gCuideachta Theas do chórais gáisithe. Mar sin féin, déantar guail a ghású go hiomlán ag na teochtaí níos ísle seo toisc go gcaitheann sé dhá uair an oiread ama i bpróiseas Southern agus KBR. Is oiriúnú é an teicneolaíocht den chraictheacht catalaíoch fluidized a úsáidtear i mhonarcha ó na 1940idí, a phróiseálann peitriliam trí é a "iompar" timpeall lúb in éineacht le cáithníní catalaíoch soladach. Sa imoibreoir gáisitheoireachta, déantar an bia atá ag teacht isteach de mhuil úr a iompar le sreabhadh lúb de thruailliúcháin mhuil soladach, go príomha luaine. Déantar an chuid is mó de ábhar fuinnimh an guail a thiomáint amach mar shínéigáis. Ní gá ach na soladach a bhíonn fágtha a bheith ag teacht leis an sreabhadh. Thosaigh Southern agus KBR ag dearadh na teicneolaíochta i 1988 agus, le tacaíocht ó Roinn Fuinnimh na Stát Aontaithe, thosaigh siad le hionraic taispeántais i Wilsonville, AL, i 1996 ar féidir leis dhá thonn guail a ghású in aghaidh na huaire. Ceithre bliana ó shin d'athdhearbhaigh siad é, ag cur isteach ar an méid a d'fhoghlaim siad ag Wilsonville. Deir Rush go mbeidh dearadh IGCC iontaofa agus inacmhainne i gcomparáid leis an toradh. Mura bhfuil scrag ann, ba cheart go mairfeadh cló ceirmeach imoibritheora 10 go 20 bliain, a deir Rush. Tá an teicneolaíocht tarraingteach do Dongguan Power toisc gur féidir léi guail a úsáid atá níos saoire agus níos lú inmhianaithe. Léiríonn cur i láthair na cuideachta gur chuir dúbailt i gcostais breosla idir 2004 agus 2006 deireadh le huasmhéid brabúis na cuideachta. Agus cé gur choimisiúnaigh Cumhacht Dongguan imoibreoir ó Choláiste Eolaíochta na Síne, Institiúid Teirmeifisic Innealtóireachta, a thóg gáisiútóir iompair ar scála taispeána i mbliana, tá an chuideachta roghnaithe anois dearadh KBR agus Southern.

Steven Covey sparked my interest long ago talking about the laws of leadership and specifically about the law of reciprocity. The dictionary definition of reciprocity is: A mutual or cooperative interchange of favors or privileges, especially the exchange of rights or privileges of trade. That exchange of favors that seems so natural with benefits for both parties is also, unfortunately, what gets in people’s way before reciprocity ever occurs. People get caught up in looking for the immediate benefit to themselves in many situations and don’t initiate that generous first step of offering their own help or service first. They also often expect a favor in return or feel that they owe someone who has done good to them. This selfish thinking or score keeping often stops a good deed from being done in the first place, which over time limits the good deeds returned. Its a cascade effect and emphasizes cinical thinking and just reinforces the selfish attitude and solitude for an individual. The law of reciprocity is NOT a law that can be measured in any instance of time or even between the same parties involved for the give and take (click here). It works across ones whole life and so the payback or benefit can’t be recognized by looking at any scorecard with an individual or even in a specific relationship. Its a balance beyond any single measure, any single relationship and even beyond the time you serve here on earth (Romans 2:6 – He will reward each one according to his works) Instead, what needs to occur is simple generosity. Be willing to offer help, give that time, pay for lunch, make that apology first, share some vulnerable personal story, step out of your comfort zone, make a step in faith, be brave, be first and be generous. Do this without keeping score, offer it every chance you get. Put the effort into your relationships without expectation! Everything about doing this changes your attitude, increases your outlook and joy in life and is eventually paid back, if not immediately, later in life and even in eternity. Every personal connection you develop is another opportunity in your life, both with business colleagues, friendships and family. A generous mind will graciously give AND accept offerings of help, money, service and advice. And these will come to you more naturally, and at the time of need for yourself or others. Prev: Managing Your Online Digital Portfolio Next: Rules of Email. Part 2 of x. Email is not that important!

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Chuir Steven Covey mo spéis i bhfad ó shin ag caint faoi dhlíthe ceannaireachta agus go sonrach faoi dhlíthe an chomaoin. Is é an sainmhíniú sa foclóir ar chómhalartacht: Malartú frithpháirteach nó comhoibritheach de bhuanna nó de phribhléidí, go háirithe malartú cearta nó phribhléidí trádála. Is é an malartú fabhraí sin a bhfuil an chuma chomh nádúrtha le tairbhí don dá pháirtí freisin, ar an drochuair, cad a fhaigheann i mbealach daoine roimh a tharlaíonn an chomaoin. Bíonn daoine gafa ag lorg an tairbhe láithreach dóibh féin i go leor cásanna agus ní chuireann siad tús leis an gcéad chéim mhórdhíoltach sin chun a gcuid cabhrach nó seirbhíse féin a thairiscint ar dtús. Is minic a bhíonn siad ag súil le taitneamhach a fháil ar ais nó a bhraitheann go bhfuil siad dlite le duine a rinne maith dóibh. Is minic a chuireann an smaoineamh féinfhiúchais nó an t-iarracht seo go gcuirfear cosc ar an dea-ghníomh a dhéanamh ar dtús, rud a chuireann teorainn leis na dea-ghníomhartha a aisíoctar le himeacht ama. Tá sé ina éifeacht cascade agus béim a chur ar smaointeoireacht cynical agus ach a threisiú an dearcadh féinmhaith agus uaigneas do dhuine aonair. Níl an dlí na cómhalartachta ina dhlí is féidir a thomhas in aon chás ama nó fiú idir na páirtithe céanna atá i gceist le haghaidh a thabhairt agus a ghlacadh (cliceáil anseo). Oibríonn sé ar feadh an tsaoil agus mar sin ní féidir an aisíocaíocht nó an tairbhe a aithint trí bhreathnú ar aon scórchárta le duine aonair nó fiú i gcaidreamh ar leith. Is cothromaíocht thar aon tomhas amháin, aon chaidreamh amháin agus fiú thar an am a sheirbheáil tú anseo ar an talamh (Róimh 2: 6 Beidh sé a íoc gach duine de réir a chuid oibreacha) Ina áit sin, is gá a bheith soláthrach go simplí. Bí réidh chun cabhair a thairiscint, an t-am sin a thabhairt, íoc as an lóin, an t-am sin a leithscéal a iarraidh ar dtús, roinnt scéal pearsanta leochaileach a roinnt, céim amach as do chrios compordach, céim amach i gcreideamh, bí misneach, bí ar an gcéad dul agus bí solúbtha. Déan é seo gan scór a choinneáil, tabhair gach deis a fhaigheann tú. Cuir an iarracht isteach i do chaidrimh gan súil! Gach rud a bhaineann le déanamh seo athraíonn do dhearcadh, méadaíonn do thuairim agus do lúcháir sa saol agus íocfar ar ais é sa deireadh, mura bhfuil sé láithreach, níos déanaí sa saol agus fiú san shíor. Is deis eile é gach nasc pearsanta a fhorbraíonn tú i do shaol, idir comhghleacaithe gnó, cairdeas agus teaghlach. Tabharfaidh agus glacfaidh aigne folláin tairiscintí cabhrach, airgid, seirbhíse agus comhairle go grámhar. Agus beidh siad seo a thagann chugat níos nádúrtha, agus ag an am gá duit féin nó do dhaoine eile. Prev: Bainistiú do Phortfóill Dhigiteach Ar Líne Ar aghaidh: Rialacha ríomhphoist. Cuid 2 de x. Níl an ríomhphost chomh tábhachtach sin!

The music of Canada has reflected the diverse influences that have shaped the country. Indigenous Peoples [Aboriginal peoples in Canada], the Irish, British, and the French have all made unique contributions to the musical heritage. The influence and innovations of Canadian hip hop came to the foreground in Canada when Music videos became an important marketing tool for Canadian musicians, with the debut of MuchMusic in 1984 and MusiquePlus in 1986. Now both English and French Canadian musicians had outlets to promote all forms of music through video in Canada. The networks were not just an opportunity for artists to get their videos played—the networks created VideoFACT, a fund to help emerging artists produce their videos. Canadian women at the end of the 20th century enjoyed greater international commercial success than ever before. Canadian women set a new pinnacle of success, in terms financial, critical and in their immediate and strong influence on their respective genres. They were the women and daughters who had fought for emancipation and equality a generation before. Like Alanis Morissette and most notable is French-Canadian singer, Celine Dion, who became Canada’s best-selling music artist, and who, in 2004, received the Chopard Diamond Award from the World Music Awards for surpassing 175 million in album sales, worldwide. - Sebastian Bach – rock singer - Randy Bachman – rock singer, guitarist - Tal Bachman – singer (son of Randy Bachman) - Back Alley John – blues singer, songwriter, harmonica player - Bad News Brown – rapper - Bahamas – folk singer-guitarist - Carroll Baker – country music singer - Buddy Banks – jazz double-bassist - Del Barber – singer-songwriter - Jill Barber – singer-songwriter - Matthew Barber – singer-songwriter - Emilie-Claire Barlow – singer-songwriter - Kim Barlow – singer-songwriter - Laura Barrett – singer-songwriter, kalimba player - Mary Barry – singer-songwriter, composer, pianist, jazz, blues, chanson - Yank Barry – rock singer, composer, guitar, percussion - Miguel de la Bastide – flamenco guitarist - Isabel Bayrakdarian – soprano - Kevin Bazinet – pop singer The turn of the millennium was a time of incredible nationalism, at least as far as Canadian radio is concerned. The 1971 CRTC rules (30% Canadian content on Canadian radio) finally come into full effect and by the end of the 20th century radio stations would have to play 35% Canadian content. This led to an explosion in the 21st century of Canadian pop musicians dominating the airwaves unlike any era before. In 1996, VideoFACT launched PromoFACT, a funding program to help new artists produce electronic press kits and websites. At about the same time, the CD (cheap to manufacture) replaced the vinyl album and Compact Cassette (expensive to manufacture). Shortly thereafter, the Internet allowed musicians to directly distribute their music, thus bypassing the selection of the old-fashioned “record label“. Canada’s mainstream music industry has suffered as a result of the internet and the boom of independent music. The drop in annual sales between 1999 – the year that Napster‘s unauthorized peer-to-peer file sharing service launched – and the end of 2004 was $465 million. In 2007, Canada joined the controversial Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement talks, whose outcome will have a significant impact on the Canadian music industry. In 2010 Canada introduced new copyright legislation. The amended law makes hacking digital locks illegal, but enshrine into law the ability of purchasers to record and copy music from a CD to portable devices. The early 2000s saw Canadian independent artists continue to expand their audience into the United States and beyond. Mainstream Canadian artists with global recorded contracts such as Nelly Furtado, Avril Lavigne, Michael Bublé, Drake and Justin Bieber reached new heights in terms of international success, while dominating the American music charts.

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Léiríonn ceol Cheanada na tionchair éagsúla a mhúnlaigh an tír. Tá ranníocaíocht uathúil déanta ag Poblachtaí Dúchasacha [Poblachtaí Dúchasacha i gCeanada], na hÉireannaigh, na Breataine agus na Fraince ar fad leis an oidhreacht ceoil. Tháinig tionchar agus nuálaíochtaí hip hop Cheanada chun tosaigh i gCeanada nuair a tháinig físeáin cheoil chun bheith ina uirlis margaíochta tábhachtach d'fhear ceoil Cheanada, le tús MuchMusic i 1984 agus MusiquePlus i 1986. Anois bhí iontrálacha ag ceoltóirí Ceanadacha Béarla agus Fraincise chun gach cineál ceoil a chur chun cinn trí fhíseán i gCeanada. Ní raibh na líonraí ach deis do ealaíontóirí a gcuid físeáin a imirt - chruthaigh na líonraí VideoFACT, ciste chun cabhrú le healaíontóirí atá ag teacht chun cinn a gcuid físeáin a tháirgeadh. Bhí rath níos mó ar mhná Cheanada ag deireadh an 20ú haois ar ghnó idirnáisiúnta ná riamh roimhe sin. Chuir mná Cheanada uacht nua rathúlachta i bhfeidhm, ó thaobh airgeadais, criticiúil agus dá n-ionsaí láithreach agus láidir ar a gcineálacha faoi seach. Ba iad na mná agus na iníonacha a bhí ag troid ar son éabhlóid agus comhionannais glúin roimhe sin. Cosúil le Alanis Morissette agus is suntasach is ea an t-amhránaí Fraincis-Cheanada, Celine Dion, a tháinig chun bheith mar ealaíontóir ceoil is mó díolacháin i gCeanada, agus a fuair, i 2004, Gradam Diamond Chopard ó na Gradaim Ceoil Domhanda as níos mó ná 175 milliún díolachán albam, ar fud an domhain. - Sebastian Bach amhránaí carraig - Randy Bachman amhránaí carraig, giotár - Tal Bachman amhránaí (mac Randy Bachman) - Back Alley John amhránaí blues, amhránaí, ceoltóir, ceoltóir harmony - Bad News Brown rapper - Bahamas amhránaí-giotár tíre - Carroll Baker amhránaí ceoil tíre - Buddy Banks jazz-chomh-bhas - Del Barber amhránaí-amhránaí - Jill Barber amhránaí-amhránaí - Matthew Barber amhránaí-amhránaí - Emilie-Claire Barlow amhránaí-amhránaí - Kim Barlow amhránaí-amhránaí - Laura Barrett amhránaí-amhránaí, imreoir kalimba - Mary Barry amhránaí-amhránaí, cumadóir, pianista, jazz, blues, chanson - Yank Barry amhránaí carraig, cumadóir, giotár, buille - Miguel de la Bastide giotár flamenco - Isabel Bayrakdarian soprano - Kevin Bazinet amhránaí pop Bhí an chéad mhíle bliain ina thréimhse de náisiúnachas dochreidte, ar a laghad a mhéid a bhaineann le raidió Cheanada. Tháinig rialacha CRTC 1971 (30% ábhar Ceanada ar raidió Cheanada) i bhfeidhm go hiomlán agus faoi dheireadh an 20ú haois, bheadh ar stáisiúin raidió 35% ábhar Ceanada a imirt. Mar thoradh air seo, tháinig an 21ú haois ar mhúscairí pop Cheanada a bhí ag smacht ar na tonnta aeir, rud nach raibh déanta riamh roimhe. Sa bhliain 1996, sheol VideoFACT PromoFACT, clár maoinithe chun cabhrú le healaíontóirí nua a tháirgeadh trealamh preasa leictreonach agus láithreáin ghréasáin. Ag an am céanna, tháinig an CD (a bhí saor le déantúsaíocht) in ionad an albam vinil agus an Chásid Chuimilt (a bhí daor le déantúsaíocht). Go gairid ina dhiaidh sin, lig an tIdirlíon do cheoltóirí a gcuid ceoil a dháileadh go díreach, agus ar an gcaoi sin ag seachrán na roghnúcháin as an sean-fhoirm leabla taifead. Tá an tionscal ceoil phríomhshrutha i gCeanada tar éis fulaingt mar thoradh ar an idirlíon agus ar fhás ceoil neamhspleách. Ba é $465 milliún an titim i ndíolacháin bhliantúla idir 1999 - an bhliain a seoladh seirbhís neamhúdaraithe comhroinnte comhaid peer-to-peer Napster - agus deireadh 2004. Sa bhliain 2007, chuaigh Ceanada leis na cainteanna conspóideacha maidir le Comhaontú Trádála Frith-Falmhaithe, a mbeidh tionchar suntasach ag a dtorthaí ar thionscal ceoil Cheanada. Sa bhliain 2010, thug Ceanada reachtaíocht nua cóipchirt isteach. Déanann an dlí leasaithe hacking clóis dhigiteacha mídhleathach, ach cuirtear i ndlí an cumas atá ag ceannaitheoirí ceol a thaifeadadh agus a chóipeáil ó CD go feistí iniompartha. Sna 2000í luatha, d'fhorbair ealaíontóirí neamhspleácha Cheanada a lucht féachana a leathnú go dtí na Stáit Aontaithe agus níos faide. Tháinig ealaíontóirí príomhshrutha Cheanada le conarthaí taifeadta domhanda mar Nelly Furtado, Avril Lavigne, Michael Bublé, Drake agus Justin Bieber ar airde nua i dtéarmaí rath idirnáisiúnta, agus iad ag ceannas na gcairteanna ceoil Mheiriceá.

Chiropractic may be explained as a pseudoscience worried mostly along with the administration and also medical diagnosis of bodily disorders of the skeletal unit, particularly the spine. This health care practice is in fact derived from the Classical words for “bone tissues”treatment,” referring to the method of dealing with patients with spinal control and also various other manipulative strategies that are actually meant to remedy spinal imbalances and bring back typical spinal functionality. The very most necessary distinction between a doctor and also a chiropractic doctor is actually that chiropractics physician don’t utilize the exact same resources that doctors make use of when doing their analysis techniques. A lot of physicians do diagnostic procedures using X-ray equipments, MRI scanners, ultrasound guitars and also CT scans, and the chiropractic doctor utilizes different devices, such as office chairs as well as tables. Given that chiropractic treatment is not regulated by the very same standards that regulate the clinical career, there are some differences in the procedure that is actually suggested. A physician may identify a client along with persistent back discomfort if he or even she feels that the client has sciatica pain or is enduring from pinched nerves. Next to comparison, a chiropractic practitioner will handle an individual that possesses an acute neck and back pain with back adjustments. Oftentimes, a vertebral adjustment will certainly not cause the client struggling with a disability. Chiropractors may treat back ache, back ache, and also back sprain without placing the individual on medicine. When people endure coming from even more significant back personal injuries, chiropractic treatment may be recommended by a medical professional or even various other medical care professional. Within this case, a chiropractic physician might also prescribe drug to help lessen discomfort and deal with kink that follow some back traumas. The click to read method of chiropractic treatment resembles a health care method that occurs in a medical professional’s workplace, in that the medical professional will check out the patient’s back and execute spine control. This sort of control may be carried out either on the rear on its own, under a local anesthetic, or even in a procedure known as a subluxation. or in real life by using the person’s palms. Adjustment of the spine can easily be actually carried out through the chiropractic individual, or an expert. Throughout the manipulation, the chiropractic physician will certainly likewise use firm however delicate pressure to the spine and/or vertebrae, while keeping track of the individual’s signs. The chiropractic client will certainly after that be given instructions on how to send back to ordinary day-to-day activities. The ache medications generally have some impact, yet are usually just a brief answer to the person’s trouble, particularly if the client continues to experience discomfort long after the manipulation. There is some controversy over chiropractic care procedure, it is usually considered a risk-free type of medication. It is actually commonly recommended for patients that desire to minimize pain in the back or alleviate arthritis. Chiro-diagnosis is a phrase used to describe a prognosis made using the strategies of chiropractic treatment. Chiropractic doctors are actually additionally referred to as chiropractic doctors and also are actually licensed to alleviate people having to deal with a range of physical afflictions. Chiropractic is actually an anti-pseudoscientific alternative and also corresponding medicine concerned predominantly along with the procedure and diagnosis of muscle disorders of the body, particularly the spine. Numerous folks that are intrigued in signing up in a chiropractic system are unfamiliar that chiropractic care universities provide degrees and certifications. There physical therapy are actually many different chiropractic care institutions and plans to choose from. The systems are approved by the American University of Chiropractors (ACA). Just before you begin your chiropractic care instruction, you need to take a look at your local area education and learning or even health facility and also observe if they give chiropractic plans. If they do certainly not provide these plans, you may desire to consider attending an independent school that carries out offer these courses, yet make certain they have actually been actually accredited by the American University of Chiropractors. After you have completed the chiropractic care training, you are going to right now be actually called for to take a chiropractic exam. You have to pass this examination just before you will come to be licensed. You might at that point enlist in any type of chiropractic college you desire to take the chiropractic as well as attend exam the moment you are licensed. Once you have passed the test, you will definitely then obtain your certification of conclusion. There are actually lots of chiropractic training programs to decide on. You may want to choose a system that gives classes in composition, chiropractic care theory, clinical practice, education as well as extra to ensure you will definitely be readied to go into your new job. As long as you decide on a program that is going to help you develop the skill-sets essential to perform chiropractic treatment, you will definitely feel confident along with your choice and also manage to produce an educated choice when deciding where to go to acquire your chiropractic learning. You will certainly very most likely participate in for a one year training course or even you may also choose for a two-year system if you choose to sign up in a typical institution.

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Is féidir a mhíniú gur pseudoscience é chiropractic a bhaineann go príomha le riar agus le diagnóis leighis neamhoird choirp an aonaid chnámh, go háirithe an spine. Tá an cleachtas cúraim sláinte seo i ndáiríre díorthaithe ó na focail Chlasaiceacha le haghaidh "cóireáil fíochán cnámh", ag tagairt don mhodh chun déileáil le hothair a bhfuil rialú spinal acu agus freisin straitéisí ilghnéitheacha éagsúla eile a bhfuil sé i gceist i ndáiríre míchothromaíochtaí spinal a leigheas agus feidhmiúlacht tipiciúil spinal a thabhairt ar ais. Is é an idirdhealú is mó riachtanach idir dochtúir agus dochtúir chiropractic go bhfuil i ndáiríre nach bhfuil dochtúir chiropractic úsáid na hacmhainní céanna go bhfuil dochtúirí úsáid a bhaint as nuair a dhéanamh a gcuid teicnící anailíse. Déanann go leor dochtúirí nósanna imeachta diagnóiseacha ag baint úsáide as trealamh X-gha, scannáin MRI, giotár ultrafhuaime agus scannairí CT freisin, agus úsáideann an dochtúir chiropractic feistí éagsúla, mar shampla cathaoireacha oifige chomh maith le táblaí. Ós rud é nach rialaítear cóireáil chiropractic leis na caighdeáin chéanna a rialaíonn an gairme cliniciúil, tá roinnt difríochtaí sa nós imeachta a mholtar i ndáiríre. D'fhéadfadh dochtúir cliant a aithint mar aon le míchompord cúl leanúnach má bhraitheann sé nó sí go bhfuil pian sciatica ag an gcliant nó go bhfuil sé ag fulaingt ó nerves pinched. Chomh maith leis an gcomparáid, déanfaidh cleachtóir chiropractic déileáil le duine aonair a bhfuil pian géarghéarmhar muineál agus cúl aige le coigeartuithe cúl. Go minic, ní bheidh coigeartú vertebral cinnte a chur ar an gcliant ag streachailt le míchumas. D'fhéadfadh chiropractors leigheas ar ais-pigh, pigh ar ais, agus sprain ar ais freisin gan an duine aonair a chur ar leigheas. Nuair a bhíonn daoine ag fulaingt ó ghortú pearsanta níos suntasaí, d'fhéadfadh cóireáil chiropractic a mholadh ag gairmithe leighis nó fiú gairmithe cúraim leighis éagsúla eile. Sa chás seo, d'fhéadfadh dochtúir chiropractic drugaí a fhorordú freisin chun cabhrú le míchompord a laghdú agus déileáil le kink a leanann roinnt traumaí ar ais. Tá an modh cliceáil chun léamh le cóireáil chiorpraictíce cosúil le modh cúraim sláinte a tharlaíonn i láthair oibre gairmiúil leighis, sa mhéid go ndéanfaidh an gairmiúil leighis seiceáil ar chúl an othair agus rialú cnámh cnámha a chur i gcrích. Is féidir an cineál seo rialaithe a dhéanamh ar an gcúl féin, faoi anesthetic áitiúil, nó fiú i nós imeachta ar a dtugtar subluxation. nó i saol fíor trí lámha an duine a úsáid. Is féidir le coigeartú an spine a dhéanamh go héasca trí an duine chiropractic, nó saineolaí. Le linn an ionramhála, is cinnte go n-úsáidfidh an dochtúir chiropractic brú láidir ach íogair ar an gcreathán cnámh agus/nó ar na vertebrae, agus iad ag faire ar chomharthaí an duine aonair. Beidh an cliant chiropractic cinnte tar éis sin a thabhairt treoracha ar conas a sheoladh ar ais go dtí gnáth-ghníomhaíochtaí ó lá go lá. De ghnáth bíonn tionchar ag na cógais pian, ach de ghnáth ní bhíonn iontu ach freagra gearr ar bhfadhb an duine, go háirithe má leanann an cliant ag fulaingt míchompord fada tar éis an ionramhála. Tá roinnt conspóide ann maidir le nós imeachta cúraim chiropractic, is gnách go meastar gur cineál cógais saor ó riosca é. Go ginearálta, moltar é do othair ar mian leo pian sa chúl a íoslaghdú nó arthritis a mhaolú. Is frása é chiro-diagnóis a úsáidtear chun tuairisc a dhéanamh ar fhróineas a rinneadh ag baint úsáide as straitéisí cóireála chiropractic. Tá dochtúirí chiropractic dáiríre dá dtagraítear freisin mar dochtúirí chiropractic agus tá siad ceadúnaithe i ndáiríre chun cabhrú le daoine a bhfuil a bheith ag déileáil le raon de afflictions fisiceacha. Is é an chiropractic i ndáiríre rogha frith-pseudoscientific agus leigheas comhfhreagrach a bhaineann go príomha le nós imeachta agus diagnóis neamhoird matáin an choirp, go háirithe an chnámh cnámh. Tá go leor daoine a bhfuil suim acu clárú i gcóras cirio-praiticiúil gan eolas go soláthraíonn ollscoileanna cúraim cirio-praiticiúil céimeanna agus deimhnithe. Tá cóireáil fhisiceach i ndáiríre go leor institiúidí cúraim chiropractic éagsúla agus pleananna a roghnú as. Tá na córais formheasta ag Ollscoil Mheiriceá na Chiropractors (ACA). Díreach sula dtosaíonn tú ar do theagasc cúraim chiropractic, ní mór duit breathnú ar an oideachas agus ar an fhoghlaim nó fiú ar an saoráid sláinte i do cheantar áitiúil agus freisin féachaint an dtugann siad pleananna chiropractic. Mura soláthraíonn siad na pleananna seo, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat smaoineamh ar scoil neamhspleách a fhreastalaíonn ar na cúrsaí seo, ach déan cinnte go bhfuil siad creidiúnaithe ag Ollscoil na gChiropractóirí Mheiriceá. Tar éis duit a bheith críochnaithe an oiliúint cúram chiropractic, tá tú ag dul a bheith anois i ndáiríre glaoch chun a ghlacadh le scrúdú chiropractic. Ní mór duit an scrúdú seo a dhéanamh díreach sula mbeidh tú ag teacht chun ceadúnas a fháil. D'fhéadfadh tú ag an bpointe sin a chlárú in aon chineál de coláiste chiropractic is mian leat a ghlacadh ar an chiropractic chomh maith le freastal ar scrúdú an nóiméad a bhfuil tú ceadúnaithe. Nuair a bheidh an tástáil déanta agat, gheobhaidh tú do dheimhniú críochnaithe. Tá go leor cláir oiliúna chiropractic ann i ndáiríre le cinneadh a dhéanamh. B'fhéidir gur mhaith leat córas a roghnú a thugann ranganna i gcomhdhéanamh, teoiric cúraim chiropractic, cleachtas cliniciúil, oideachas chomh maith le breiseán chun a chinntiú go mbeidh tú cinnte a bheith réidh chun dul isteach i do phost nua. Chomh fada agus a shocraíonn tú ar chlár a bhfuil ag dul chun cabhrú leat a fhorbairt an scileanna-sets riachtanach chun cóireáil chiropractic a dhéanamh, beidh tú cinnte a bhraitheann muiníneach chomh maith le do rogha agus freisin a bhainistiú a tháirgeadh rogha oideachas nuair a chinneadh cá háit a théann chun a fháil do fhoghlaim chiropractic. Is dócha go mbeidh tú ag glacadh páirt i gcúrsa oiliúna bliana nó go roghnaíonn tú córas dhá bhliain má roghnaíonn tú clárú in institiúid tipiciúil.

We live in a flat world. What I mean is, anything that is multidimensional is crushed by our limited monkey brains, facilitated by facile modalities of communication and conversation, into senseless flatness. For this reason, one may never really learn that Columbus, as a person, and the Spanish exploration and colonial enterprise in which he was engaged, is a critically important story. All most people will do is uncritically accept the poetic version (which rhymes “ocean blue” and “1492”) or, the alt-history version, that Columbus came to “America” and destroyed it. (Spoiler: The latter of these two is closer to the nuanced truth, but is not in fact the nuanced truth). Columbus day itself is a different matter than Columbus. Columbus day is as much about statues, and naming things after people, and holidays, as it is about history. History is interesting because of the importance of context and the intricacies of nuance. There is no nuance in knocking down a statue, or in arguing that the statue should not be knocked down. That matter is one of activism and socio-political upheaval and change, and has almost nothing to do with History. Anyway, I just wanted to point out that if you act now you can obtain for the low low price of $1.99 (restrictions apply, like this may only be good in the US) a copy of a reasonable biography of Christopher Columbus. This is one of the books people read to discover the nuanced version of that history. Check out the kindle copy of Christopher Columbus by Anna Abraham. I’m not sure if this is the definitive Columbus biography (probably not) but it is inexpensive and only 25 pages or so, so there is that. The definitive Columbus is probably Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1492-1504 by Laurence Bergreen. “He knew nothing of celestial navigation or of the existence of the Pacific Ocean. He was a self-promoting and ambitious entrepreneur. His maps were a hybrid of fantasy and delusion. When he did make land, he enslaved the populace he found, encouraged genocide, and polluted relations between peoples. He ended his career in near lunacy. But Columbus had one asset that made all the difference, an inborn sense of the sea, of wind and weather, and of selecting the optimal course to get from A to B. Laurence Bergreen’s energetic and bracing book gives the whole Columbus and most importantly, the whole of his career, not just the highlight of 1492. Columbus undertook three more voyages between 1494 and 1504, each designed to demonstrate that he could sail to China within a matter of weeks and convert those he found there to Christianity. By their conclusion, Columbus was broken in body and spirit, a hero undone by the tragic flaw of pride. If the first voyage illustrates the rewards of exploration, this book shows how the subsequent voyages illustrate the costs – political, moral, and economic.”

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Tá saol cothrom againn. Is é an rud atá i gceist agam, go bhfuil aon rud atá il-dimhionscanta brúite ag ár n-inchinn múnlaí teoranta, a éascú trí mhodhanna éasca cumarsáide agus comhrá, i flatness gan chiall. Ar an gcúis seo, b'fhéidir nach bhfaighidh duine riamh amach go bhfuil Columbus, mar dhuine, agus an fionnachtana Spáinneach agus fiontair choilíneach a raibh sé páirteach ann, ina scéal ríthábhachtach. Ní dhéanfaidh an chuid is mó daoine ach glacadh go neamhchríoiseach leis an leagan filíochta (a bhfuil rím ag ocean blue agus 1492) nó, an leagan alt-stair, gur tháinig Columbus go America agus gur scrios sé é. (Spoiler: Tá an dara ceann de na dhá níos gaire don fhírinne nuanced, ach ní é an fhírinne nuanced i ndáiríre). Columbus lá féin is ábhar difriúil ná Columbus. Tá lá Columbus chomh mór le healaíontóirí, agus rudaí a ainmniú i ndiaidh daoine, agus laethanta saoire, mar atá sé faoi stair. Tá stair suimiúil mar gheall ar thábhacht an chomhthéacs agus na nuances intricate. Níl aon nuance i scáth a chur síos, nó i argóint nach gcaithfidh an dealbh a chur síos. Is ábhar gníomhaíochta agus athruithe sóisialacha agus polaitiúla é sin, agus níl beagnach aon rud le déanamh leis an Stair. Ar aon nós, bhí mé ag iarraidh a chur in iúl go bhfuil má ghníomhaíonn tú anois is féidir leat a fháil ar an praghas íseal íseal de $ 1.99 (sriananna a chur i bhfeidhm, mar seo d'fhéadfadh a bheith go maith i SAM) cóip de shaolré réasúnta de Christopher Columbus. Tá sé seo ar cheann de na leabhair a léann daoine chun an leagan nuanced den stair sin a fháil amach. Seiceáil an cóip kindle de Christopher Columbus ag Anna Abraham. Níl mé cinnte an é seo an t-eagraíocht chríochnaitheach de chuid Columbus (is dócha nach ea) ach níl sé costasach agus níl ach 25 leathanach nó mar sin, mar sin tá sé sin ann. Is dócha gurb é an Columbus cinnte Columbus: Na Ceithre Taistil, 1492-1504 le Laurence Bergreen. Ní raibh a fhios aige ar bith faoi loingseoireacht neamh nó faoi bheith ann an Aigéin Chiúin. Bhí sé ina fhiontraí uaillmhianach agus uaillmhianach. Bhí a léarscáileanna hibrideach de shamhlaíocht agus meabhlaíocht. Nuair a rinne sé talamh, rinne sé an daonra a fuair sé a sclábhaíocht, spreag sé géiníd, agus truailligh sé caidreamh idir daoine. Chuir sé deireadh lena ghairm bheatha i near-craziness. Ach bhí sócmhainn amháin ag Columbus a rinne an difríocht go léir, tuiscint bhunaithe ar an bhfarraige, ar an ghaoth agus ar an aimsir, agus an cúrsa is fearr a roghnú chun teacht ó A go B. Tugann leabhar fuinniúil agus bracing Laurence Bergreen an Columbus iomlán agus is tábhachtaí, a ghairm bheatha ar fad, ní hamháin an t-am is airde de 1492. Rinne Columbus trí thuras eile idir 1494 agus 1504, agus bhí sé beartaithe ag gach ceann acu a thaispeáint go bhféadfadh sé seol a dhéanamh go dtí an tSín laistigh de chúpla seachtain agus na daoine a fuair sé ann a thiontú go Críostaíocht. De réir a gconclúid, bhí Columbus briste i gcorp agus i spiorad, laoch a bhí neamhdhíobhálach ag an gcontúirt tragóideach bródúil. Má léiríonn an chéad turas luach saothair na taiscéalaíochta, léiríonn an leabhar seo conas a léiríonn na turais ina dhiaidh sin na costais polaitiúla, morálta agus eacnamaíocha.

Skip to comments.Leif Erikson Day, October 9, 2004 Posted on 10/10/2004 3:14:20 PM PDT by U.S. Resident Leif Erikson Day, 2004 More than 1,000 years ago, Leif Erikson led his crew on a journey across the Atlantic, becoming the first European known to have set foot on North American soil. Every October, we honor this courageous Viking explorer, his historic voyage, and the rich heritage of Nordic Americans. Immigrants from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and their descendants have made great contributions to our Nation in the fields of business, politics, the arts, education, agriculture, and other areas. Nordic Americans have also made a significant mark on our country's society and culture, and have helped to establish and define America's most cherished principles. Their energy and spirit have inspired others, and their courage, skill, and determination have played an important role in the development of our country. Today, millions of people in the United States trace their origins to these Nordic countries, and their contributions to America make our country stronger and better. On this day, we also recognize our longstanding ties to these nations that were home to the ancestors of many Americans. Together, we continue to work to advance prosperity, expand freedom, and increase stability and security in Europe and elsewhere in the world. To honor Leif Erikson, the courageous son of Iceland and grandson of Norway, and to celebrate our citizens of Nordic-American heritage, the Congress, by joint resolution (Public Law 88-566) approved on September 2, 1964, has authorized and requested the President to proclaim October 9 of each year as "Leif Erikson Day." NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim October 9, 2004, as Leif Erikson Day. I call upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies, activities, and programs to honor our rich Nordic-American heritage. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-ninth. GEORGE W. BUSH By the President of the United States of America Leif Erikson Day, 2004 More than 1,000 years ago, Leif Erikson led his crew on a journey across the Atlantic, becoming the first European known to have set foot on North American soil. Every October, we honor this courageous Viking explorer, his historic voyage, and the rich heritage of Nordic Americans. Immigrants from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and their descendants have made great contributions to our Nation in the fields of business, politics, the arts, education, agriculture, and other areas. Nordic Americans have also made a significant mark on our country's society and culture, and have helped to establish and define America's most cherished principles. Their energy and spirit have inspired others, and their courage, skill, and determination have played an important role in the development of our country. Today, millions of people in the United States trace their origins to these Nordic countries, and their contributions to America make our country stronger and better. On this day, we also recognize our longstanding ties to these nations that were home to the ancestors of many Americans. Together, we continue to work to advance prosperity, expand freedom, and increase stability and security in Europe and elsewhere in the world. To honor Leif Erikson, the courageous son of Iceland and grandson of Norway, and to celebrate our citizens of Nordic-American heritage, the Congress, by joint resolution (Public Law 88-566) approved on September 2, 1964, has authorized and requested the President to proclaim October 9 of each year as "Leif Erikson Day." NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim October 9, 2004, as Leif Erikson Day. I call upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate ceremonies, activities, and programs to honor our rich Nordic-American heritage. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of October, in the year of our Lord two thousand four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and twenty-ninth. GEORGE W. BUSH "The country which is called Greenland was discovered and settled from Iceland. Eric the Red was the name of a man from Breidafjord who went there from here and took possession of land in the place which has since been called Ericsfjord. He named the country Greenland, and said it would make people want to go there if the country had a good name. There, both in the East and the West, they found human habitations and fragments of skin boats and stone implements, from which it was evident that the same kind of people had been there as lived in Wineland and whom the Greenlanders call Skraelingjar. He began settlement in the country 14 or 15 years before Christianity came to Iceland, according to what a man who himself had gone there with Eric the Red told Thorkell Gellisson in Greenland." This extract from the Book of the Icelanders by Ari the Learned (1067-1148) is completely reliable, though tantalizingly brief. He could be sure that his readers knew about Wineland, and so wasted no words on the story of its discovery and the early attempts that were made to settle there. The Book of Settlements contains more about Eric the Red, the father of Leif Ericsson. Erics father had fled from Norway because he had slain men, and settled in Iceland. Eric established a farm at Erisstadir in the west of Iceland and also lived for a short time on Oexney and Sudurey, two of the islands off the West coast. Like his father, he also became involved in slayings, and was eventually sentenced to three years outlawry and exile. Eric sailed to Greenland and spent the three years exploring both the East and West coasts. After a year in Iceland, he then moved permanently to Greenland in either 985 or 986. The same summer, 25 ships set out for Greenland, of which only 14 made the crossing. This was the beginning of the Icelandic settlement of the country, a settlement which flourished for some centuries. The discovery of Wineland the Good and other lands on the eastern coast of North America is recorded at greater length in two mediaeval Iceland sagas, the Saga of Eric the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders. These were probably written around or soon after the year 1200, just over two centuries after the events they record. Of course it is likely that many details in them were distorted or altered in the time during which they were handed down orally, but these two sagas contain a central body of facts in common, including most of the characters, the new lands in the west, and many of the main events. Leif was Erics eldest child, probably born at Ericsstadir about 970-980. As a child he moved with his parents to Greenland and grew up on the farm at Brattahlid. Following the custom common among the sons of prominent Icelandic families of the time, he made a voyage to Norway as a young man. According to the account in the Saga of Eric the Red, his ship was blown to the Hebrides and he spent most of a summer there, during which time he begot a child with a woman named Thorgunna. He arrived in Norway in the autumn. The king of Norway at the time was Olafur Tryggvason (who ruled 995-1000), and he made great efforts to convert Norway and the countries which had been settled from it to Christianity. Leif met the king, was converted, and spent the winter with him. In the spring the king sent him to Greenland to spread Christianity, and sent two men to Iceland for the same purpose, who succeeded in getting the Icelanders to adopt Christianity at the Althingi in the summer. Leif was driven off course in this voyage, and found lands whose existence he had not previously known of. In one place there were fields of self-sown wheat and grapevines. Leif named the country Wineland. On the way back to Greenland he found men on a wrecked ship and rescued them, after which he made his way to his fathers home in Brattahlid. This took place in the year 1000 according to Snorri Sturlusons Heimskringla. Leif brought a priest with him from Norway, and set about spreading the new religion in Greenland. The saga says that Eric was reluctant to have anything to do with it, but his wife Thjodhildur was converted immediately and had a church built at some distance from the farm buildings. The settlers in Greenland were probably all converted very quickly, since no heathen graves have been found there. A cathedral and bishopric were built later in Gardar in the next fjord. Soon after Leifs return to Greenland, an expedition was mounted to explore the lands he had found. The explorers came first to a flat and stony land which they named Flat-Stone Land. Then they sailed further south and found another piece of land which was level and wooded, and they named this Forest Land. Then they sailed a long way south and reached a country where there were grapevines and self-won wheat. Flat-Stone Land was probably Baffin Island, while Forest Land was possibly part of Labrador. Archeological remains left by Norsemen in the Viking Age have been discovered on the northern tip of Newfoundland. They are probably the remains of wintering quarters, a staging-point on the way between Greenland and Wineland. From the descriptions in the sagas and from the objects found in Newfoundland it seems plain that Wineland was considerably further south, probably to the south of Gulf of St. Lawrence in what is now New Brunswick. The Saga of Greenlanders tells how Bjarni Herjolfsson, the son of a settler in Greenland, was the first to see the new countries when he lost his course in fog while sailing to Greenland, and how Leif Ericsson later explored them and gave them their names. It is impossible to say now which version is correct, but if the two sagas are given equal weight then the conclusion is that both men were the discoverers, but Leif retains the credit for exploring the new lands and giving them their names according to their characteristics. Attempts were later made to settle in Wineland. A man from Skagafjord in northern Iceland, Thorfinnur Karlsefni, led a large expedition in the early 11th century. According to the Saga of Greenlanders, there were sixty men and five women on his ship, including his wife Gudridur. Thorfinnur had all sorts of livestock with him, since he intended to settle in the new country. He got Leifs permission to use the houses Leif had built in Wineland and stayed there with his men for three years, but was driven away following violent clashed with the Skraelingjar. During the first autumn in Leifs house in Wineland, Snorri, the son of Thorfinnur and Gudridur was born, and he is the first European recorded in history as being born on the American continent. After a short time in Greenland, Thorfinnur and Gudridur went back to Iceland and settled at Reynines in the North. "Gudridur was a very exceptional woman" says the Saga of Eric the Red, and the Saga of the Greenlanders says that after Thorfinnurs death she made a pilgrimage to Rome, returned to Iceland to live with her son, finally becoming a nun and a recluse in her old age. Very little is known about Leifs later life. He was the most prominent person in Greenland after the death of his father, and he lived at Brattahlid. It is not known when he died, but his son Thorkell is on record as the master of Brattahlid in about 1025, so that he presumably died before then. Leifs determination and nobility of spirit are well attested in the two Wineland sagas, albeit in tersely-worded passages. "Leif became wealthy and well respected" says the Saga of the Greenlanders. After the rescue of the shipwrecked men, the Saga of Eric the Red reads: "In this, as in many other things, he showed the greatest nobility and goodness ... and after this he was always called Leif the Lucky". The Orientals had him beat by at LEAST 10,000 years. We need a clarificaton: Finns were NOT Vikings. Go Vikings!! (and kitties) I come from the Land of the ice and the snow........... We don't know who he was, but he could have come from anywhere but Australia. The deal is, if you take a good look at the hurricane season in the Atlantic, and the sheer size of the Pacific basin, ancient people could get to America fairly easily. They just couldn't get back home ~ unless, maybe, the guys from the high Andes running cocaine to ancient Egypt, ever thought to go back. Snorri's grandfather was Carhal, the High King of Ireland in that day, right? The Kensington Runestone is now housed in a museum in Alexandria, Minnesota. It is generally dismissed as a forgery from after the modern settlement of Scandinavian immigrants in the area. Speaking of Leaves, does anybody remember Leif Garrett? During the late 1970s, he attained a certain degree of notoriety as some sort of teen idol. A few lame Top 40 hits and possibly a movie or two but I can't remember. He was some kind of sissy long-haired kid. Faded into obscurity even faster than Shaun Cassidy. I Was Made for Dancin' Like a wheel on a road Turning round and round Nowhere to go I've got to find out If you're feeling it too It's hard to tell So here's what I do And everytime I want more I take you out on the floor I was made for dancing All, all, all, all night long Yes, I was made for dancing All, all, all, all night long The days and nights Are moving by me and you You're such a crazy love You tear me in two I spend my time Moving to dreams that I face Such a crazy love You can see it in my face And everytime I want more I take you out on the floor (CHORUS) etc to fade That's funny! I was thinking of that old 70's era song myself, when they mentioned Iceland, and the discovery of the other lands up there! Their is a Leif Erickson Park in Bay Ridge/Dyker Heights Brooklyn, created back in the day when that part of New York was home to the largest population of Norwegians outside of the midwest. Although most (though not all) of the Norwegian has moved on, there is still the crowning of Miss Norway every year in May. I'd bet there weren't any Viking old folks homes. I raise my glass of mead to you all....skol! ...and I raise my glass to you, as well! Hey, the Vikings WON today, too!!! Thank you Sir! (Nordic Princess - ex-Minnesotan...I love MN, it's just too cold to live there! ;-) The part about the wool-carders in Genoa is just a story. By the time he was 18 years of age he was sailing on ships owned by Rene of Anjou, one of the King of France's cousins, and Isabella's Grandpa! "They" knew who he was, even if you weren't supposed to. His wife was a niece of the King of Portugual as well, and you didn't climb to such heights in the High Middle-Ages without being born with a privilege or two. My money's always been on Columbus (Colombo to the cognizenti, and knowing that "BO" is an old Welsh and Breton prefix for "Mc", we have some interesting possibilities here) being one of Rene's cousins, or possibly even a batard or thereabouts. To get to the point, it's very likely that all the Scanderhoovians in the world are descended from half a dozen of Columbus' Breton cousins, so what's the big deal?~! I'd thought York County PA was the largest settlement of Scandinavian people outside of the Midwest in the 1800s, and in the 1600 and 1700s the LARGEST settlement of Scandinavian people outside of Scandinavia itself! Orientals? You mean a bunch of rugs and vases or did you mean Asians? Great photo. I would love to see a good movie made about the Vikings. Russell Crowe would be perfect for that type of film. Ohh I'm sorry... I used the now defunct un-PC term. Kinda like calling blacks, colored. Don't tell the NAACP I used that term, K? Perhaps if all the various racial groups could publish an annual "white paper" we could all use the accepted temporal terms...? Did you ever see a movie that came out many years ago called: "The Viking Prince"? It starred: Kirk Douglas(with a patch over his eye!), Tony Curtis, Janet Leigh(who has also recently departed, sadly!), and I think, Ernest Borgnine. It must have been made somewhere in the mid-to-late 50's. Because Douglas and Curtis starred in "Spartacus" in roughly the same time frame. Also, Curtis and Leigh played in a movie about Harry Houdini and his wife in that era, I believe. That would be cool; because I like History, and that's one part of the world I'd like to know more about! I do remember reading a long while ago about some people finding that stone! Apparently there was a trip taken by some people, including a well known newsman, Erik Severeid(sp?); to trace a route believed taken by Viking settlers/explorers, after that stone was found. This group took canoes down along the St.Lawrence river, going inland; trying to find out how far these people might have gotten in their travels. I can't remember what happened after that; or what they found out. I know that they ran into some obstacles, because of time going by, and people changing the land through farming and industry. I do remember Kirk Douglas playing in a viking movie. I remember that show! A Bonanza clone, but a good one. They don't make 'em like that anymore (sigh). Please FREEPMAIL me if you want on, off, or alter the "Gods, Graves, Glyphs" PING list -- Archaeology/Anthropology/Ancient Cultures/Artifacts/Antiquities, etc. The GGG Digest -- Gods, Graves, Glyphs (alpha order) I read that Christopher Columbus may either be Italian, Spanish, Jewish, or Basque. Lapkit of the Valkyrie, Shield Maidens of Valhalla; Battlecat of a thousand tales of glorious victory; Wielder of Thors Hammer; He hurls bolts of Zot as mortal man doth cast spear and battleaxe. Fiercest of a fearsome brood, Broodmate of the heroes of sagas and runes yet unwrit; But boasted of in the high halls of fame and glory, And hissed in caves of dread and darkness. Grandsire of all the Kits of Viking lore, Whose sharp ears stand like spear tips; Upraised, erect, listening for evil-sounds, The lies that fall from lips of trolls not good. Fangs of iron; claws of steel; Maw dripping with the black blood of evil doers; Terror of Trolls, ruiner of Rats, destroyer of Dims; His muzzle darkened with evil gore. Now he purrs; Hey, that's my wedding anniversary (I think...). 'Tis an interesting thing for this Scot. Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.

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Skip to comments.Leif Erikson Lá, 9 Deireadh Fómhair, 2004 Postáilte ar 10/10/2004 3:14:20 PM PDT ag U.S. Cónaitheoir Leif Erikson Lá, 2004 Níos mó ná 1,000 bliain ó shin, bhí Leif Erikson i gceannas ar a chléibhe ar thuras trasna an Atlantaigh, agus bhí sé ar an gcéad Eorpach ar a dtugtar a chuir a chos ar ithir Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Gach Deireadh Fómhair, cuirimid onóir ar an taiscéalaí Viking misneach seo, a thuras stairiúil, agus oidhreacht shaibhir Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Tá ranníocaíocht mhór déanta ag inimircigh ón Danmhairg, ón Fhionlainn, ón Íoslainn, ón Iorua agus ón tSualainn agus ag a sliocht dár Náisiún i réimsí gnó, polaitíochta, ealaíon, oideachais, talmhaíochta agus réimsí eile. Tá tionchar suntasach déanta ag Meiriceánaigh Thuaidh ar shochaí agus ar chultúr ár dtíre freisin, agus chabhraigh siad le bunú agus sainmhíniú na bprionsabail is mó a bhfuil meas ag Meiriceá orthu. Tá a n-energy agus a spiorad spreagadh daoine eile, agus a gcuid misneach, scileanna, agus cinneadh a bhí ról tábhachtach i bhforbairt ár dtír. Sa lá atá inniu ann, na milliúin daoine sna Stáit Aontaithe a rianú a gcuid bunús go dtí na tíortha Nordic, agus a gcuid ranníocaíochtaí do Mheiriceá a dhéanamh ar ár dtír níos láidre agus níos fearr. Ar an lá seo, aithnímid freisin ár gceangal fada leis na náisiúin seo a bhí ina mbaile do shinnsear go leor Meiriceánaigh. Le chéile, leanfaimid orainn ag obair chun rathúnas a chur chun cinn, saoirse a leathnú, agus cobhsaíocht agus slándáil a mhéadú san Eoraip agus in áiteanna eile ar domhan. Chun onóir a thabhairt do Leif Erikson, mac cróga na hÍoslainne agus grandson na hIorua, agus chun ár saoránaigh oidhreachta Thuaiscirt Mheiriceá a cheiliúradh, tá an Comhdháil, trí rún comhpháirteach (Dlí Poiblí 88-566) a ceadaíodh an 2 Meán Fómhair, 1964, údaraithe agus d'iarr an tUachtarán 9 Deireadh Fómhair gach bliain a fhógairt mar "Laethanta Leif Erikson". Anois, DÚIN, déanaim, mé, GEORGE W. BUSH, Uachtarán Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, an 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2004 a fhógairt mar Lá Leif Erikson. Iarraim ar na Meiriceánaigh go léir an lá seo a chomóradh le searmanais, gníomhaíochtaí agus cláir chuí chun ár n-oidhreacht shaibhir Thuaidh-Mheiriceánach a urramú. I SEIFTIÚINCE na n-aigne sin, tá mé ag cur mo lámh anseo an seachtú lá de Dheireadh Fómhair, sa bhliain dár dTiarna dhá mhíle a ceathair, agus de Neamhspleáchas na Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá an dá chéad is fiche a naoi. George W. Bush Ó Uachtarán na Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá Leif Erikson Lá, 2004 Níos mó ná 1,000 bliain ó shin, bhí Leif Erikson i gceannas ar a chléibhe ar thuras trasna an Atlantaigh, agus bhí sé ar an gcéad Eorpach a raibh a fhios aige a chuir a chos ar ithir Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Gach Deireadh Fómhair, cuirimid onóir ar an taiscéalaí Viking misneach seo, a thuras stairiúil, agus oidhreacht shaibhir Mheiriceá Thuaidh. Tá ranníocaíocht mhór déanta ag inimircigh ón Danmhairg, ón Fhionlainn, ón Íoslainn, ón Iorua agus ón tSualainn agus ag a sliocht dár Náisiún i réimsí gnó, polaitíochta, ealaíon, oideachais, talmhaíochta agus réimsí eile. Tá tionchar suntasach déanta ag Meiriceánaigh Thuaidh ar shochaí agus ar chultúr ár dtíre freisin, agus chabhraigh siad le bunú agus sainmhíniú na bprionsabail is mó a bhfuil meas ag Meiriceá orthu. Tá a n-energy agus a spiorad spreagadh daoine eile, agus a gcuid misneach, scileanna, agus cinneadh a bhí ról tábhachtach i bhforbairt ár dtír. Sa lá atá inniu ann, na milliúin daoine sna Stáit Aontaithe a rianú a gcuid bunús go dtí na tíortha Nordic, agus a gcuid ranníocaíochtaí do Mheiriceá a dhéanamh ar ár dtír níos láidre agus níos fearr. Ar an lá seo, aithnímid freisin ár gceangal fada leis na náisiúin seo a bhí ina mbaile do shinnsear go leor Meiriceánaigh. Le chéile, leanfaimid orainn ag obair chun rathúnas a chur chun cinn, saoirse a leathnú, agus cobhsaíocht agus slándáil a mhéadú san Eoraip agus in áiteanna eile ar domhan. Chun onóir a thabhairt do Leif Erikson, mac cróga na hÍoslainne agus grandson na hIorua, agus chun ár saoránaigh oidhreachta Thuaiscirt Mheiriceá a cheiliúradh, tá an Comhdháil, trí rún comhpháirteach (Dlí Poiblí 88-566) a ceadaíodh an 2 Meán Fómhair, 1964, údaraithe agus d'iarr an tUachtarán 9 Deireadh Fómhair gach bliain a fhógairt mar "Laethanta Leif Erikson". Anois, DÚIN, déanaim, mé, GEORGE W. BUSH, Uachtarán Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá, an 9 Deireadh Fómhair 2004 a fhógairt mar Lá Leif Erikson. Iarraim ar na Meiriceánaigh go léir an lá seo a chomóradh le searmanais, gníomhaíochtaí agus cláir chuí chun ár n-oidhreacht shaibhir Thuaidh-Mheiriceánach a urramú. I SEIFTIÚINCE na n-aigne sin, tá mé ag cur mo lámh anseo an seachtú lá de Dheireadh Fómhair, sa bhliain dár dTiarna dhá mhíle a ceathair, agus de Neamhspleáchas na Stát Aontaithe Mheiriceá an dá chéad is fiche a naoi. George W. Bush "Fuarthas amach agus socraíodh an tír ar a dtugtar an Ghráinéil ó Éirinn. Ba é Eric an Dearg ainm fear ó Breidafjord a chuaigh ann ó anseo agus a ghlac seilbh ar thalamh sa áit a dtugtar Ericsfjord ó shin. D'ainmnigh sé an tír Greenland, agus dúirt sé go mbeadh daoine ag iarraidh dul ann dá mbeadh ainm maith ag an tír. Ansin, san Oirthear agus san Iarthar araon, fuair siad áit chónaithe daonna agus codanna de bhádanna leathair agus uirlisí cloiche, as a raibh sé soiléir go raibh an cineál céanna daoine ann a bhí ina gcónaí i Wineland agus a dtugann na Groinnléinn Skraelingjar. Thosaigh sé ag socrú sa tír 14 nó 15 bliain sular tháinig an Chríostaíocht go hÍoslainn, de réir na ndearna fear a chuaigh ann féin le Eiríc an Ruadh a insint do Thorkell Gellisson sa Ghráinéalainn". Tá an sliocht seo ó Leabhar na n-Íoslaigh le Ari an Foghlaim (1067-1148) go hiomlán iontaofa, cé go bhfuil sé go gearr go temptingly. Bhí sé cinnte go raibh a léitheoirí ar an eolas faoi Wineland, agus mar sin níor chaill sé aon fhocal ar an scéal a fuair sé amach agus na hiarrachtaí luatha a rinneadh chun socrú ann. Tá níos mó faoi Eric the Red, athair Leif Ericsson, sa Leabhar na Lonnaíochtaí. Bhí athair Eric imithe ón Iorua toisc go raibh sé tar éis a mharú fir, agus socraíodh in Éirinn. Bhunaigh Eric feirm in Erisstadir in iarthar na hÍoslainne agus d'fhan sé ar feadh tamaill ghearr ar Oexney agus Sudurey, dhá cheann de na hoileáin amach ó chósta an Iarthair. Cosúil lena athair, bhí baint aige le dúnmharú, agus cuireadh trí bliana ar shiúl ó dhlíthe agus ar dhíol dó sa deireadh. D'eitil Eric go dtí an Ghráinlainn agus chaith sé na trí bliana ag iniúchadh an chósta thoir agus an chósta thiar araon. Tar éis bliana san Íoslainn, bhog sé go buan go dtí an Ghráiníl i 985 nó 986. An samhradh céanna, d'fhág 25 long go dtí an Ghréinlainn, agus ní dhearna ach 14 díobh an trasnú. Ba é seo tús na lonnaíochta Éireannach sa tír, lonnaíocht a d'fhás ar feadh roinnt céadta bliain. Tá an fionnachtadh ar Wineland an Dea agus ar thailte eile ar chósta thoir Mheiriceá Thuaidh taifeadta níos faide i dhá saga Meán-Aoise, Saga Eric an Dearg agus Saga na Groinealaigh. Is dócha gur scríobhadh iad timpeall an 1200, nó go luath ina dhiaidh sin, díreach breis agus dhá chéad bliain tar éis na n-imeachtaí a bhfuil siad taifeadta iontu. Ar ndóigh, is dócha go ndearnadh go leor sonraí a mhíchumas nó a athrú sa tréimhse inar tugadh iad ar aghaidh ó bhéal, ach tá comhlacht lárnach fíricí i gcoiteann sna dhá saga seo, lena n-áirítear an chuid is mó de na carachtair, na tailte nua san iarthar, agus go leor de na príomh-imeachtaí. Ba é Leif an chéad leanbh de Eric, a rugadh i Ericsstadir thart ar 970-980. Nuair a bhí sé ina leanbh bhog sé lena thuismitheoirí go dtí an Ghráinéil agus d'fhás sé suas ar an bhfeirm ag Brattahlid. Ag leanúint an nós a bhí coitianta i measc mic teaghlaigh suntasacha na hIoslainne ag an am, rinne sé turas go dtí an Iorua mar fhear óg. De réir na cuntas i Saga Eric an Dearg, bhí a long blown go dtí na Hebrides agus chaith sé an chuid is mó de samhradh ann, agus le linn na tréimhse sin bhí leanbh aige le bean darb ainm Thorgunna. Tháinig sé go dtí an Iorua san earrach. Ba é Olafur Tryggvason (a rialaigh 995-1000) rí na hIorua ag an am sin, agus rinne sé iarrachtaí móra an Iorua agus na tíortha a bhí socraithe uaidh a thiontú go Críostaíocht. Leif bhuail an rí, bhí a thiontú, agus chaith an gheimhreadh leis. Sa earrach chuir an rí é go Ghráinéil chun an Chríostaíocht a scaipeadh, agus chuir sé beirt fhear go hÍoslainn leis an gcuspóir céanna, a d'éirigh leo na hÍoslaigh a chur chun Críostaíochta ag an Althingi sa samhradh. Bhí Leif tiomána as an gcúrsa sa turas seo, agus fuair sé tíortha nach raibh a fhios aige roimhe seo. I gceann de na háiteanna bhí réimsí fíon agus fíonchaora féin-séite. D'ainmnigh Leif an tír Wineland. Ar an mbealach ar ais go dtí an Ghráinéalainn fuair sé fir ar long bhróg agus shábháil siad iad, agus ina dhiaidh sin rinne sé a bhealach chuig an teach a athar i Brattahlid. Tharla sé seo sa bhliain 1000 de réir Snorri Sturlusons Heimskringla. Thug Leif sagart leis ón Iorua, agus chuir sé ar bun an reiligiún nua a scaipeadh sa Ghréinlainn. Deir an saga nach raibh Eric sásta aon rud a dhéanamh leis, ach thiontú a bhean chéile Thjodhildur láithreach agus tógadh eaglais ar shiúl ó na foirgnimh feirme. Is dócha gur thionóil na lonnaitheoirí i nGréinlainn go léir go han-tapa, ós rud é nach bhfuarthas aon uaigh pheacach ann. Tógadh cathedral agus easpaig ina dhiaidh sin i Gardar sa fjord eile. Go gairid tar éis do Leifs filleadh ar Ghraonlainn, cuireadh turas ar bun chun na tailte a fuair sé a iniúchadh. Tháinig na taiscéalaithe ar dtús chuig talamh cothrom agus carraig a thug siad ainm ar an talamh Cánach-Chamhach. Ansin sheol siad níos faide ó dheas agus fuair siad píosa eile talún a bhí cothrom agus foraoise, agus d'ainmnigh siad an talamh seo Forest. Ansin sheol siad bealach fada ó dheas agus tháinig siad ar tír ina raibh fíonchaora agus cruithneacht féin-riachtana. Is dócha gurbh í Oileán Baffin an Talamh Cill-Chamhnach, agus is féidir go raibh Talamh na Foraoise mar chuid de Labrador. Fuarthas le hionad seandálaíochta a d'fhág na Lochlannaigh in Aois na Víicingí ar an imeall thuaidh de Thír Nua-Fhionnland. Is dócha gur iarsmaí cónaithe gheimhridh iad, pointe stad ar an mbealach idir an Ghréin agus Wineland. Ó na tuairiscí sna sagaí agus ó na rudaí a fuarthas i dTuaisceart Nua-Fhionnlainne is cosúil go raibh Wineland i bhfad níos faide ó dheas, is dócha go dtí an deisceart de Ghleann Naomh Lawrence i Nua-Bhrunswick anois. Insíonn Saga na nGréinléinnithe conas a chonaic Bjarni Herjolfsson, mac lonnaitheoir sa Ghréinlainn, na tíortha nua ar dtús nuair a chaill sé a chúrsa i néal agus é ag seoltóireacht go dtí an Ghréinlainn, agus conas a rinne Leif Ericsson iniúchadh orthu ina dhiaidh sin agus a thug a n-ainmneacha orthu. Tá sé dodhéanta a rá anois cé acu an leagan ceart, ach má thugtar an dá sagaanna meáchan comhionann ansin is é an chonclúid gurbh iad an dá fhear na fionnachtóirí, ach coinníonn Leif an creidiúint as na tailte nua a iniúchadh agus a n-ainmneacha a thabhairt dóibh de réir a gcuid saintréithe. Déantar iarrachtaí ina dhiaidh sin socrú i Wineland. Bhí fear ó Skagafjord i dtuaisceart na hÍoslainne, Thorfinnur Karlsefni, i gceannas ar thuras mór go luath sa 11ú haois. De réir Saga na Groinnléinn, bhí seasca fear agus cúig mhná ar a long, lena n-áirítear a bhean chéile Gudridur. Bhí gach cineál beostoic ag Thorfinnur leis, ós rud é go raibh sé i gceist aige socrú sa tír nua. Fuair sé cead Leifs na tithe a thóg Leif i Wineland a úsáid agus d'fhan sé ann lena chuid fir ar feadh trí bliana, ach thiomáin sé amach tar éis troid foréigneach leis na Skraelingjar. Le linn an chéad fhoghar i teach Leifs i Wineland, rugadh Snorri, mac Thorfinnur agus Gudridur, agus is é an chéad Eorpach atá taifeadta sa stair mar a rugadh ar an mór-roinn Mheiriceá. Tar éis tréimhse ghearr i nGréinlainn, d'fhill Thorfinnur agus Gudridur ar ais go hÍoslainn agus shocraigh siad ag Reynines sa Tuaisceart. "Ba bhean an-eisceachtúil í Gudridur" a deir Saga Eric the Red, agus deir Saga na Groinnléirí gur rinne sí, tar éis bháis Thorfinnur, píológaireacht go dtí an Róimh, d'fhill sí ar an Íoslainn chun cónaí lena mac, agus sa deireadh tháinig sí ina n-onair agus ina réamhtheachtaire ina sheanbhlianta. Níl mórán ar eolas faoi shaol níos déanaí Leif. Ba é an duine is suntasaí sa Ghréinlainn é tar éis bháis a athar, agus bhí cónaí air i Brattahlid. Níl a fhios nuair a fuair sé bás, ach tá a mhac Thorkell ar taifead mar mháistir Brattahlid thart ar 1025, ionas go bhféadfadh sé a bheith marbh roimh sin. Tá cinneadh agus uasal spiorad Leif deimhnithe go maith sna dhá saga Wineland, cé go bhfuil pasanna focail-sloite. "D'éirigh le Leif a bheith saibhir agus go raibh meas mór air", a deir Saga na nGréinléinn. Tar éis na fir loinge a shábháil, léann Saga Eric the Red: "Sa rud seo, mar atá i go leor rudaí eile, léirigh sé an nobhail agus an dea-ghlaoch is mó ... agus tar éis seo bhí Leif an t-Óg á ghairm aige i gcónaí". Bhí na hOirléabhach ag bualadh leis ar feadh 10,000 bliain ar a laghad. Ní mór dúinn a shoiléiriú: Ní raibh na Fionlainne ina Víicingí. Téigh Vikings! (agus kitties) Tá mé ó na Tíre an oighear agus an sneachta........... Ní fios cé a bhí ann, ach d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith tagtha ó áit ar bith ach ó Astráil. Is é an déileáil, má ghlacann tú le breathnú go maith ar an séasúr hurricane san Atlantaigh, agus an méid mór an cuisne an Aigéin Chiúin, d'fhéadfadh daoine ársa a fháil go Meiriceá go leor go héasca. Ní raibh siad in ann dul ar ais abhaile ~ mura, b'fhéidir, na guys ó na Andes ard cocaine ag rith go dtí an t-aigipt ársa, riamh smaoineamh ar dul ar ais. Bhí Carhal, Ard-Rí na hÉireann an lá sin, in ann a bheith ina sheanathair Snorri, ceart? Tá an Kensington Runestone suite anois i músaem in Alexandria, Minnesota. De ghnáth déantar é a dhíothú mar fhalsú ó tar éis lonnaíocht nua-aimseartha inimircigh Scandinave san limistéar. Ag labhairt di de Leaves, an bhfuil aon duine a cuimhin Leif Garrett? Le linn na 1970idí déanach, bhain sé céim áirithe cáiliúlachta amach mar chineál ar idol déagóirí. Cúpla buachaill Top 40 lag agus b'fhéidir scannán nó dhó ach ní féidir liom cuimhneamh. Bhí sé ar chineál éigin de leanbh gruaige fada sissy. Faded isteach i dorchadas fiú níos tapúla ná Shaun Cassidy. Bhí mé a dhéanamh le haghaidh Dancin ' Cosúil le roth ar bhóthar Ag casadh timpeall agus timpeall Níl áit le dul Caithfidh mé a fháil amach Má tá tú ag mothú go bhfuil sé freisin Tá sé deacair a rá Mar sin, seo a dhéanann mé Agus gach uair is mian liom níos mó Tógann mé tú amach ar an urlár Bhí mé déanta le haghaidh damhsa Gach, gach, gach, gach oíche fada Sea, bhí mé déanta le haghaidh damhsa Gach, gach, gach, gach oíche fada Na laethanta agus na hoícheanta Tá siad ag bogadh ag mé agus tú Tá tú mar sin grá crazy Tá tú ag scoilteáil mé i dhá chuid Caithim mo chuid ama Ag bogadh go dtí aislingí a bhfuil mé ag tabhairt aghaidh orthu An cineál grá crazy Is féidir leat é a fheiceáil i mo aghaidh Agus gach uair is mian liom níos mó Tógann mé tú amach ar an urlár (CORUS) etc chun dul in éag Tá sé sin greannmhar! Bhí mé ag smaoineamh ar an sean-am 70s amhrán féin, nuair a luaigh siad an Íoslainn, agus an fionnachtana na tailte eile suas ann! Tá a gcuid Leif Erickson Páirc i Bay Ridge / Dyker Heights Brooklyn, a cruthaíodh ar ais sa lá nuair a bhí an chuid sin de Nua-Eabhrac baile don daonra is mó de na hIoruaigh lasmuigh den mheán-thiar. Cé go bhfuil an chuid is mó (cé nach bhfuil go léir) den Iorua ar aghaidh, tá coróiníocht Miss na hIorua fós gach bliain i mí na Bealtaine. B'fhéidir nach raibh aon Vikings ag na seantuismitheoirí. Ardaím mo ghloine mead chugat go léir....skol! ...agus mé a ardú mo chuid gloine chun tú, chomh maith! Hey, bhuaigh na Vikings inniu, freisin!! Tá sé! Go raibh maith agat a dhuine uasail! (Príonsaí na Searcainne - iar-Minnesotan... is breá liom MN, tá sé ró-fhuar chun cónaí ann! ;-) Is é an chuid faoi na wool-carders i Genoa ach scéal. Nuair a bhí sé 18 bliana d'aois bhí sé ag seoltóireacht ar longa a bhí faoi úinéireacht Rene d'Anjou, ceann de choisíní Rí na Fraince, agus seanathair Isabella! "D'aithin siad" cé hé, fiú mura raibh tú ag ceapadh. Bhí a bhean chéile neantóir an Rí na Portaingéile chomh maith, agus ní raibh tú ag dreapadh chun airde den sórt sin sa Ard-Meánaois gan a bheith rugadh le pribhléid nó dhó. Bhí mo chuid airgid i gcónaí ar Columbus (Colombo leis an cognizenti, agus a fhios go bhfuil "BO" sean-Gaeilge agus Breton réamhtheachtacht do "Mc", tá roinnt féidearthachtaí suimiúla againn anseo) a bheith ar cheann de na seantuismitheoirí Rene, nó b'fhéidir fiú a batard nó mar sin. Chun teacht ar an bpointe, tá sé an-dóchúil go bhfuil gach Scanderhoovians ar fud an domhain tar éis teacht ó leath dosaen de Columbus 'Breton seantuismitheoirí, mar sin cad é an deal mór?~! Shíl mé go raibh York County PA an lonnaíocht is mó de dhaoine Scandinavian lasmuigh den Meán-iarthair sna 1800s, agus sa 1600 agus 1700s an lonnaíocht is mó de dhaoine Scandinavian lasmuigh de Scandinavia féin! An Oirthir? An bhfuil tú ag ciall le hailt agus vases nó an raibh tú ag ciall le hÁiseacha? Grianghraf iontach. Ba mhaith liom a fheiceáil ar scannán maith a rinneadh faoi na Vikings. Bheadh Russell Crowe foirfe don chineál sin scannán. Ohh Tá brón orm... D'úsáid mé an téarma neamh-PC atá imithe ar ceal anois. Beagán cosúil le glaoch blacks, datha. Ná inis an NAACP d'úsáid mé an téarma sin, K? B'fhéidir dá bhféadfaí do na grúpaí cineálacha éagsúla "páipéar bán" bliantúil a fhoilsiú d'fhéadfaimis go léir na téarmaí aimsire a glacadh a úsáid...? An bhfaca tú riamh an scannán a tháinig amach le blianta fada ó shin ar a dtugtar: "An Prionsa Víicing"? Bhí sé ina réalta: Kirk Douglas le patch thar a shúil! ), Tony Curtis, Janet Leigh ((a d'fhág go gairid freisin, ar an drochuair! ), agus is dóigh liom, Ernest Borgnine. Ní mór go raibh sé déanta áit éigin i lár go déanach na 50í. Toisc go raibh Douglas agus Curtis i "Spartacus" i mbeagnach an t-am céanna. Chomh maith leis sin, Curtis agus Leigh a bhí i scannán faoi Harry Houdini agus a bhean chéile sa ré sin, creidim. Bheadh sé sin fionnuar; toisc gur maith liom Stair, agus sin cuid amháin den domhan ba mhaith liom a fhios níos mó faoi! Is cuimhin liom a léamh le fada ó shin faoi roinnt daoine a fháil go bhfuil cloch! Is cosúil go raibh turas déanta ag roinnt daoine, lena n-áirítear nuachtán ar a dtugtar, Erik Severeid (sp? ); chun bealach a chreidiúint a rinne lonnaitheoirí / imscrúdaitheoirí Viking a rianú, tar éis an chloch sin a fháil. Ghlac an grúpa seo canoes síos feadh na St. Lawrence abhainn, ag dul isteach sa tír; ag iarraidh a fháil amach cé chomh fada is féidir na daoine a bheith fuair i a gcuid taistil. Ní féidir liom cuimhneamh ar cad a tharla ina dhiaidh sin; nó cad a fuair siad amach. Tá a fhios agam go raibh siad ag dul i ngleic le roinnt constaicí, mar gheall ar an am ag dul, agus daoine ag athrú an talamh trí fheirmeoireacht agus tionscal. Is cuimhin liom go raibh Kirk Douglas ag imirt i scannán víking. Is cuimhin liom an seó sin! Clón Bonanza, ach ceann maith. Ní dhéanann siad 'em mar sin níos mó (sigh). Le do thoil FREEPMAIL dom más mian leat ar, as, nó athrú ar an "Dia, Graves, Glyphs" liosta PING -- Archéolaíocht/Antropologaíocht/Cultúir Sean-aimseartha/Artaifictí/Sean-earraí, etc. An GGG Digest - Déithe, Graves, Glyphs (ord alfa) Léigh mé go bhféadfadh Christopher Columbus a bheith ina Iodáilí, Spáinneach, Giúdach, nó Bascach. Lapkit na Valkyrie, Maidens Shield de Valhalla; Battlecat de na mílte scéalta de bhua glórmhar; Uíll Thors Hammer; Tharraing sé boltaí de Zot mar doth mortal doth cast spear agus battleax. Fiercest de breed dreadful, Broodmate na laochra de sagas agus runes fós neamhscríofa; Ach boasted de i hallaí ard de réimeas agus glóir, Agus hissed i uaimh de eagla agus dorchadas. Grandsire de gach Kits de Viking léargas, A bhfuil cluasa géar seasamh cosúil le pointí spear; Upraised, erect, ag éisteacht le haghaidh fuaimeanna olc, Na bréaga a thiteann ó liopaí trolls nach bhfuil maith. Fingers de iarann; claws cruach; Maws dripping leis an fhuil dubh de evil doers; Terror de Trolls, ruiner de Rats, scrios Dims; A muzzle dorcha le gore olc. Anois sé purrs; Hey, go bhfuil mo comóradh bainise (I mo thuairimse...). 'Tis rud suimiúil don Scot seo. Díothú: Is iad tuairimí na póstairí aonair a chuirtear ar an bPoblacht Saor in Aisce agus ní gá go léireoidh siad tuairimí na Poblacht Saor in Aisce nó a bhainistíochta. Tá gach ábhar a phostáiltear anseo faoi chosaint ag dlí cóipchirt agus an díolúine le haghaidh úsáid chothrom saothar cóipchirt.

Spinal Stenosis Symptoms - Pain in the lower back that radiates down the legs - Pain usually resolves when sitting or lying down - Or pain in the neck radiating down the arms - Muscle weakness What is Spinal Stenosis? Most people consider this type of pain a normal part of aging. This is not a normal part of aging! Most physicians agree that pain relief is possible regardless of how long the patient has been suffering. Spinal Stenosis is a name given to any number of conditions that involve the degenerative narrowing of the spinal canal, nerve root canals, or intervertebral foramina. The narrowing can be caused by bone over-growth, disc protrusion or ligament build up. Both can cause compression of the nerve roots or spinal cord. The diagnosis of spinal stenosis is confirmed through imaging studies such as a MRI. Physicians usually recommend a non-surgical approach that may involve medications, injections and physical therapy. Physical therapy treatments will relieve pain as well as teach long term management of the condition. Treatments to improve flexibility, strength, endurance and overall physical fitness will be administered. Modalities that help reduce pain, swelling and inflammation are also often part of the treatment. For long term management the physical therapist will work with the patient on appropriate ways to approach activities, proper posture and a home exercise program. For many patients these treatments and exercises will make future surgery unnecessary. It should be understood that physical therapy is aimed at reducing pain and returning patients to previous activities. It is still important to continue seeing your doctor for observation of the actual condition that created the symptoms of spinal stenosis.

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Comharthaí Stenosis Spinal - Píosaí i do chúl íseal a théann síos go dtí na cosa - De ghnáth téann an pian ar aghaidh nuair a bhíonn tú ina suí nó ina luí - Nó pian sa muineál a ráideann síos na lámha - Laghdú matáin Cad é an Spinal Stenosis? Measann an chuid is mó daoine gur cuid gnáth den aois é an cineál seo pian. Ní cuid gnáth den aois é seo! Aontaíonn formhór na lianna go bhfuil faoiseamh pian indéanta is cuma cé chomh fada a bhí an t-othar ag fulaingt. Is ainm é Stenosis Spinal do roinnt coinníollacha a bhaineann le haontacht díghiniúnach an chainéal spinal, na cainéal fréamhacha néaróg, nó foramina intervertebral. Is féidir an t-aontacht a bheith mar thoradh ar rófhás cnámh, ar shroim diosca nó ar chothú ligament. Is féidir leis an dá cheann brú a chur ar na fréamhacha néaróg nó ar an méid spine. Deimhnítear diagnóis stenosis spinal trí staidéir íomháíochta mar MRI. De ghnáth molann dochtúirí cur chuige neamh-mhionscartha a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist le cógais, instealltaí agus fisiceolaíocht. Beidh cóireálacha fisiceolaíocha a mhaolú pian chomh maith le múineadh bainistíocht fhadtéarmach an choinníoll. Cuirfear cóireálacha chun solúbthacht, neart, seasmhacht agus folláine fhisiceach i gcoitinne a fheabhsú i bhfeidhm. Is minic go mbíonn modhanna a chabhraíonn le pian, fulaingt agus athlasadh a laghdú mar chuid den chóireáil freisin. I gcás bainistíochta fadtéarmach, oibreoidh an fisiceolaí leis an othar ar bhealaí cuí chun dul i ngleic le gníomhaíochtaí, postúr ceart agus clár aclaíochta sa bhaile. I gcás go leor othair, déanfaidh na cóireálacha agus na cleachtaí seo go mbeidh aon ghéarghníomhú ann amach anseo. Ba cheart a thuiscint go bhfuil sé mar aidhm ag fisiceolaíocht pian a laghdú agus othair a thabhairt ar ais go dtí gníomhaíochtaí roimhe seo. Tá sé tábhachtach fós dul i gcomhairle le do dhochtúir chun an staid iarbhír a chruthaigh na hairíonna stenosis spinal a bhreathnú.

Blackberries are known as “aggregate fruit” and are found on thorny bushes cultivated in temperate climates. Blackberries belong to the rose family, of the Rubus species of brambleberries or cane berries. The Rubus species has a unique structure which increases the nutritional value of the fruit. Blackberries have this structure known as “aggregate fruit”, which describes the many individual drupelets that blackberries are composed of. Each drupelet is like a small berry with a seed, surrounded by a firm core called the receptacle. Each drupelet contributes extra skin, seeds, and pectin thereby making the blackberry one of the fruits with the highest fiber content. The blackberry is known as the “cabernet” of berries for their earthy, wine-like taste but more importantly, these berries are packed with multiple macro-nutrients – dietary fiber, carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fats and proteins and high micronutrients levels – vitamins, antioxidants, and minerals. These juicy fruits are one of the top ten foods containing antioxidants and polyphenols which help in preventing cancer and heart disease. Anthocyanins, an antioxidant that gives the blackberry its color helps reduce the risk of hypertension and aids in memory retention. It is also known to help maintain urinary tract health. Some studies have shown that blackberries may protect against oesophageal cancer which is caused by gastric reflux. They also contain phytoestrogens, which is compound believed to play a pivotal role in preventing breasts and cervical cancer. Ellagic acid, another phenolic compound found in the blackberry is a potent anti-carcinogen with antiviral and anti-bacterial properties. It may even play a role in cancer prevention and tumor reversal. It is also known to protect the skin from damage from ultraviolet light and may, in fact, repair skin damaged by sunlight. The high antioxidant content of blackberries neutralizes free radicals or unstable oxygen molecules which damage the cells and cause premature aging and some major diseases. A potent antioxidant found in blackberries has been known to inhibit cell growth and death in prostate cancer cells. The phytochemicals which give berries their rich color have been shown to have significant disease-fighting and cell-protecting abilities. Quercetin, works as an anti-carcinogenic and an antioxidant, protecting against cancer and heart disease. Rutin, a bioflavonoid, promotes vascular health and also has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergenic properties. Oregon blackberries are crammed with Salicylic acid which is said to have the same protective effect against heart disease as Aspirin. A 100 gram or ¾ cup serving of red berries provides about 5 milligrams of salicylic acid. They also contain the water-soluble vitamin C which also acts as a powerful antioxidant. A single cup of blackberries provides half the daily recommended allowance of vitamin C which helps protect the immune system and aids in the reduction of macular degeneration in the elderly. Vitamin C helps in healing wounds and some studies show that it may even lessen the appearance of wrinkles. The dietary fiber in blackberries helps to maintain a healthy gastrointestinal tract which also helps in reducing blood cholesterol levels and thereby lowering the risk of heart disease. The fiber also assists with diabetes as it helps regulate simple sugar uptake thus maintaining blood sugar levels. Almost 36 percent of the daily recommended amount of vitamin K is found in blackberries and this nutrient is used for the clotting of blood in the body and to aid in the absorption of calcium. Blackberries contribute to the building of strong bones and for hemophiliacs; it may help in the clotting process. Naturally occurring plant estrogens or phytoestrogens contained in blackberries may help reduce the symptoms of Premenstrual Stress like food cravings and bloating or even symptoms of menopause, like hot flushes. Blackberries are a healthy food choice loved by both adults and children as they are a great way to refuel after a rigorous workout and aid in the fight against obesity. Amna Sheikh is a medical doctor with a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), Bachelors in Economics and Statistics. She is also a medical writer working as a freelancer for 10+ years and she is specialized in medical, health, and pharmaceutical writing, regulatory writing & clinical research. All her work is supported by a strong academic and professional experience.

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Tugtar torthaí comhchruinnithe ar bhraon-bhéar agus tá siad le fáil ar chraobháin thorny a chothraítear i gclimaí measartha. Baineann na blackberries leis an teaghlach róis, de speicis Rubus de brambleberries nó de na berries canna. Tá struchtúr uathúil ag speiceas Rubus a mhéadaíonn luach cothaithe an bhia. Tá an struchtúr seo ar a dtugtar torthaí comhchruinnithe ag na blackberries, a chuireann síos ar na drupelets aonair go leor a bhfuil na blackberries comhdhéanta díobh. Tá gach drupelet cosúil le berry beag le síol, timpeallaithe ag croí daingean ar a dtugtar an t-ionad. Cuireann gach drupelet craiceann, síolta agus pectin breise leis agus déanann sé an blackberry ar cheann de na torthaí a bhfuil an t-ábhar snáithín is airde acu. Tugtar an cabernet de na berries ar an blackberry mar gheall ar a bhlas talún, cosúil le fíon ach níos tábhachtaí fós, tá na berries seo pacáilte le macronutrients il snáithín aiste bia, carbaihiodráití agus saill agus próitéiní il-neamhsháithithe agus leibhéil ard micronutrients vitimíní, frithocsaídeoirí, agus mianraí. Tá na torthaí socair seo ar cheann de na deich mbia is fearr a bhfuil frith-ocsaídithe agus poiliféinóil ann a chabhraíonn le hailse agus galair croí a chosc. Cabhraíonn anthocyanins, antioxidant a thugann an dath don blackberry, le riosca ardteannas a laghdú agus cuidiú le cuimhne a choinneáil. Tá a fhios go gcuireann sé le sláinte an chonair bhéaloide a chothabháil freisin. Léirigh roinnt staidéir go bhféadfadh blackberries cosaint a thabhairt i gcoinne ailse esophageal a bhíonn mar thoradh ar aisghabháil gastric. Tá fíteastrógainí iontu freisin, rud a chreidtear go bhfuil ról lárnach aige i gcontúirt a dhéanamh ar ailse chíche agus ailse ceirvice. Tá aigéad ellagic, comhdhúil phenolic eile a fhaightear sa blackberry ina fhéin-aghaidh-carcanaigineach cumhachtach le hairíonna frithvíreasacha agus frith-baictéaracha. D'fhéadfadh sé ról a imirt fiú i gcúlra ailse agus i gcúlra an fholláin. Tá a fhios go gcosnaíonn sé an craiceann freisin ó damáiste ó sholas ultraivialait agus d'fhéadfadh sé, i ndáiríre, craiceann a d'fhág solas na gréine damáiste a dhéanamh dó. Neutralizeann an t-ábhar ard antioxidant de blackberries radacailí saor in aisce nó móilíní ocsaigine neamhsheasmhacha a dhéanann damáiste do na cealla agus a chuireann cosc ar shean-aois agus ar roinnt galair mhóra. Tá sé ar eolas go gcuireann antioxidant cumhachtach a fhaightear i mbriain dubh cosc ar fhás agus ar bhás cealla ailse próstatach. Tá sé léirithe go bhfuil cumas suntasach ag na fíteachimiceáin a thugann a dhath saibhir do bhéaraí chun galar a chomhrac agus cealla a chosaint. Quercetin, oibríonn sé mar frith-carcinogenic agus mar antioxidant, ag cosaint i gcoinne ailse agus galar croí. Cuireann an rudin, bioflavonoid, sláinte na soithigh fola chun cinn agus tá airíonna frith-athlastacha agus frith-ailléirgeacha aige freisin. Tá aigéad sailíceach i mbéarra Oregon a deir go bhfuil an éifeacht chosanta céanna aige i gcoinne galar croí agus Aspirin. Soláthraíonn 100 gram nó 3⁄4 cupán de bhéara dearga thart ar 5 mhilleagram d'aigéad sailíceach. Tá vitimín C insliúite in uisce ann freisin a fheidhmíonn mar fhithithindéitheach cumhachtach. Soláthraíonn cupán amháin de blackberries leath an liúntais laethúil molta de vitimín C a chabhraíonn leis an gcóras imdhíonachta a chosaint agus a chabhraíonn le laghdú ar dhíscaoileadh macúlacha i ndaoine scothaosta. Cabhraíonn vitimín C le himchiollú na n-ionsaí agus léiríonn roinnt staidéir go bhféadfadh sé fiú cuma na wrinkles a laghdú. Cuidíonn an snáithín aiste bia i blackberries le cógas gastrointestinal sláintiúil a chothabháil a chabhraíonn freisin le leibhéil cholesterol fola a laghdú agus dá bhrí sin an baol galar croí a ísliú. Cuidíonn an snáithín le diaibéiteas freisin toisc go gcuireann sé le suim siúcra simplí a rialáil agus dá bhrí sin leibhéil siúcra fola a chothabháil. Tá beagnach 36 faoin gcéad den mhéid laethúil molta vitimín K le fáil i mbéarra dubh agus úsáidtear an cothaitheach seo chun fola a chlúdach sa chorp agus chun cuidiú le calcium a ionsú. Cuidíonn na blackberries le cnámha a thógáil láidir agus le haghaidh hemophiliacs; d'fhéadfadh sé cabhrú le próiseas clúthaithe. Is féidir le estrogens plandaí nó phytoestrogens a bhíonn i ndán go nádúrtha a bheith i mbia dubh cabhrú le hairíonna Stress Premenstrual a laghdú cosúil le cravings bia agus bloating nó fiú comharthaí na menopause, cosúil le flushes te. Is rogha bia sláintiúil iad na blackberries a bhfuil grá ag daoine fásta agus leanaí araon mar is bealach iontach iad chun breosla a chur le chéile tar éis aclaíochta déine agus cabhair a thabhairt i ngleic le murtall. Is dochtúir leighis í Amna Sheikh le Baitsiléir na Leighis, Baitsiléir na Mhairille (MBBS), Baitsiléir in Eacnamaíocht agus Staitisticí. Tá sí ina scríbhneoir leighis freisin ag obair mar shaor-ealaíontóir ar feadh 10+ bliain agus tá sí speisialaithe i scríbhneoireacht leighis, sláinte agus cógaisíochta, i scríbhneoireacht rialála agus i dtaighde cliniciúil. Tá taithí acadúil agus gairmiúil láidir ag tacú lena cuid oibre go léir.

This chapter tells why it is important to study soil–plant–water relations . Water is the most important substance necessary for food production . People depend upon plants for food, so the challenge of feeding a growing population is discussed . The human population growth curve, a logarithmic one, is presented . Rules of logarithms are then given . A calculation is done to show that the human population is limited by the productivity of the land . The calculation shows that it requires two square yards (16,700 cm2) to feed one person . The sigmoid plant growth curve is presented followed by a mathematical analysis of Blackman's compound interest law for plant growth . Finally, data from corn and soybean are analyzed to show that their growth rate is exponential . A biography of Napier, the inventor of logarithms, is given in the appendix.

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Sa chaibidil seo, léirítear cén fáth go bhfuil sé tábhachtach staidéar a dhéanamh ar chaidrimh ithreach-fhásán-uisce. Is é an t-uisce an tsubstaint is tábhachtaí atá riachtanach chun bia a tháirgeadh . Tá daoine ag brath ar phlandaí le haghaidh bia, mar sin pléadh an dúshlán atá ann daonra atá ag fás a chothú . Tá an cúlra fáis daonra daonna, ceann logaritmic, i láthair . Tugtar rialacha logarítimí ansin . Déantar ríomh chun a thaispeáint go bhfuil an daonra daonna teoranta ag táirgiúlacht na talún . Léiríonn an ríomh go dteastaíonn dhá slat cearnach (16,700 cm2) chun duine amháin a chothú . Cuirtear an cúlra fáis plandaí sigmoide i láthair agus ina dhiaidh sin anailís mhatamaiticiúil ar dhlí úis chomhcheangailte Blackman le haghaidh fáis plandaí. Ar deireadh, déantar anailís ar shonraí ó chorn agus ó shóibean chun a thaispeáint go bhfuil a ráta fáis ag fás go heispéandálach . Tugtar beathaisnéis de Napier, cruthaitheoir logarítmeacha, san fhorlíon.

Terms & Definitions Democracy [Electoral Democracy]: Nations with governments elected through generally legitimate, free, and fair elections that reflect the will of the people, a freely operating political opposition, and a climate that encourages respect of both political rights and civil liberties. There are currently 18 democracies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Comoros, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Niger, São Tomé & Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia. Emerging Democracy: Nations with emerging democratic systems have governments that have come to power though a more legitimate democratic process than those with a restricted system, however, factors such as a dominant political party, free but unfair elections, and a weak rule of law prevent it from being a fully democratic state. There are currently 7 emerging democracies in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique, and Nigeria. The self-declared, breakaway Republic of Somaliland is also considered an emerging democracy. Restricted Democratic Practice: These are primarily regimes in which a dominant ruling party controls the levers of power, including access to the media, and the electoral process in ways that preclude a meaningful challenge to its political hegemony. There are currently 18 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with a restricted democratic practice: Angola, Cameroon, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Congo-Kinshasa, Côte D'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Mauritania, Rwanda, Sudan, South Sudan, Togo, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Military Regime: Governments that are set up and run by military officials. Most military regimes seize power through coup d'etats and rebellion. Multiparty Transition: Period in which there is a transition from one party or military rule in which provisions are made to permit multiparty politics, but elections are yet to be held. One Party State: Nations that have a constitutionally mandated sole legal party. Eritrea is the only country in Sub-Saharan Africa under one party rule. [De-Facto] One Party State: Nations that have all the characteristics of a one party state except for the legal/constitutional provisions making it official. Absolute Monarchy: Nations in which effective political and governmental authority rests with the monarch. Traditional Monarchy: Nations in which effective political and governmental authority rests with the monarch, but the existence of modern political structures such as a parliament and limited elections prevent it from being an absolute monarchy. Swaziland is the only traditional monarchy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Transitional Government: Governments installed through non-democratic processes (coups, military, peace-deals, power-sharing agreements, etc.) and rule for a limited amount of time until a permanent government can come to power. There are currently 4 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with transitional governments: Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, and Somalia. Transition to Multiracial rule: Term used to describe the period in South Africa after Apartheid was abolished but before elections were held (1990-1994). Block Vote - A plurality/majority system used in multi-member districts in which electors have as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. Voting can be either candidate-centered or party-centered. Counting is identical to a First Past the Post system, with the candidates with the highest vote totals winning the seats. First Past The Post - The simplest form of plurality/majority electoral system. The winning candidate is the one who gains more votes than any other candidate, even if this is not an absolute majority of valid votes. In Legislative Elections, the First Past The Post system uses single-member districts and the voters vote for candidates rather than political parties. Mixed Member Proportional - A mixed system in which the choices expressed by the voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems - Party-list Proportional Representation and (usually) one plurality/majority system - where the Party-list Proportional Representation system compensates for the disproportionality in the results from the plurality/majority system. Parallel System - A mixed system in which the choices expressed by the voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems. Party-List Proportional Representation - Under this system, each party or grouping presents a list of candidates for a multi-member electoral district, the voters vote for a party, and parties receive seats in proportion to their overall share of the vote. Party Block Vote is a plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centered vote for a party of choice, and do not choose between candidates. The party with most votes will win every seat in the electoral district. Two-Round (Run-off) System - A plurality/majority system. The name indicates the central feature of the system: that it is not one election, but takes place in two rounds, often a week or a fortnight apart. The first round is conducted in the same way as a normal First Past the Post election. If a candidate receives an absolute majority of the vote, then they are elected outright, with no need for a second ballot. If, however, no candidate receives an absolute majority, then a second round of voting is conducted, and the winner of this round is declared elected. Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

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Téarmaí agus sainmhínithe Daonlathas [Daonlathas Toghcháin]: Náisiúin ina bhfuil rialtais a thoghtar trí thoghcháin dhlíthiúla, saor agus cothrom a léiríonn toil na ndaoine, freasúra polaitiúil a oibríonn go saor, agus aeráid a spreagann meas ar chearta polaitiúla agus saoirsí sibhialta araon. Faoi láthair tá 18 daonlathas san Afraic Theas-Shahárach: Beinín, Botswana, Caib Verde, Comoros, Gána, Lesotho, an Libéir, Malaiví, Maoiric, an tNamibia, an Níger, São Tomé & Príncipe, an Seigéal, an Séile, Seiréal Léone, an Afraic Theas, an Tansain, agus an tSámibia. Daonlathas atá ag teacht chun cinn: Tá rialtais ag náisiúin a bhfuil córais dhaonlathach atá ag teacht chun cinn a tháinig chun cumhachta cé go bhfuil próiseas daonlathach níos dlisteanaí ná iad siúd a bhfuil córas teoranta acu, áfach, coscann fachtóirí mar pháirtí polaitiúil ceannasach, toghcháin shaor ach éagórach, agus smacht lag dlí é ó bheith ina stát daonlathach go hiomlán. Tá 7 daonlathas atá ag teacht chun cinn faoi láthair san Afraic Theas-Shahárach: Burkina Faso, Burundi, Poblacht na hAfraice Láir, an Ghuine, an Cheanada, an Mhoimsiamic, agus an Nigéir. Meastar go bhfuil an Phoblacht Shómaláin atá féinfhógairt, atá ag scaradh óna chéile, ina dhaonlathas atá ag teacht chun cinn freisin. Cleachtas Daonlathach Srianáilte: Is réimeachtaí iad seo go príomha ina rialaíonn páirtí ceannasaí rialaithe na leabhráin cumhachta, lena n-áirítear rochtain ar na meáin, agus an próiseas toghcháin ar bhealaí a chuireann cosc ar dhúshlán bríomhar dá héigéimean polaitiúil. Faoi láthair tá 18 tír san Afraic Theas-Shahárach le cleachtas daonlathach srianta: Angola, Camarún, Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Congo-Kinshasa, Cósta Eivóra, Djibouti, Ghuine Éagórach, an Aetóip, Gabon, An Gambia, Mauritáin, Ruanda, an tSúdáin, an tSúdáin Theas, Tógó, Uganda, agus an tSimbaibé. Réime míleata: Rialtais a bhunaítear agus a ritheann oifigigh mhíleata. Glacann formhór na rialtais mhíleata cumhacht trí coup d'état agus trí éirí amach. Aistriú ilpháirtí: Am ina bhfuil aistriú ó riail pháirtí amháin nó míleata ina ndéantar forálacha chun polaitíocht ilpháirtí a cheadú, ach nach bhfuil toghcháin ar siúl go fóill. Stát Páirtí Aonair: Náisiúin a bhfuil páirtí dlíthiúil aonair sainordaithe ag bunreacht acu. Is í an Eiritrea an t-aon tír san Afraic Theas-Shahárach faoi riail aon pháirtí amháin. [De-Facto] Stát Páirtí Aonair: Náisiúin a bhfuil gach gné de stát páirtí amháin acu ach amháin na forálacha dlíthiúla/bhunreachtúla a dhéanann sé oifigiúil. Monarchia Absolút: Náisiúin ina bhfuil údarás éifeachtach polaitiúil agus rialtais ag an monarca. Mhonarcacht Thraidisiúnta: Náisiúin ina bhfuil údarás éifeachtach polaitiúil agus rialtais ag an mhonarcach, ach coscann struchtúir pholaitiúla nua-aimseartha mar pharlaimint agus toghcháin theoranta é ó bheith ina mhonarcacht iomlán. Is é Suaziland an t-aon ríocht thraidisiúnta san Afraic faoi-Shahárach. Rialtas Iompair: Rialtais a chuirtear i bhfeidhm trí phróisis neamhdhaonlathach (coup, míleata, déileálacha síochána, comhaontuithe roinnte cumhachta, srl.) agus rialú ar feadh tréimhse teoranta ama go dtí go bhféadfadh rialtas buan teacht chun cumhachta. Faoi láthair tá 4 thír san Afraic Sub-Sahara le rialtais idirthréimhseacha: Ghuine Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, agus an tSomáil. Téarma a úsáidtear chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an tréimhse san Afraic Theas tar éis d'Apartheid a chur ar ceal ach roimh thoghcháin a bheith ar siúl (1990-1994). Vótaí Bloc - Córas iltaobhachta/mhórlaigh a úsáidtear i dtionscail il-chomhaltacha ina bhfuil an oiread vótaí ag toghthóirí agus atá iarrthóirí le toghadh. Is féidir le vótaíocht a bheith dírithe ar iarrthóir nó ar pháirtí. Tá an comhaireamh comhionann le córas First Past the Post, agus na hiarrthóirí a bhfuil na vótaí is airde acu ag buachan na suíocháin. An Chéad Deireadh an Phoist - An cineál is simplí de chóras toghcháin iltoilíochta/mhórlaigh. Is é an t-iarrthóir a bhuaigh an té a fhaigheann níos mó vótaí ná aon iarrthóir eile, fiú mura bhfuil tromlach iomlán na vótaí bailí ann. I dtoghcháin reachtach, úsáideann an córas First Past The Post ceantair aon-chomhalta agus vótálann na vótálaithe le haghaidh iarrthóirí seachas páirtithe polaitiúla. Comhréireach Meascánta - Córas measctha ina n-úsáidtear na roghanna a léiríonn na vótálaithe chun ionadaithe a thoghadh trí dhá chóras éagsúla - Ionadaíocht Iomhréireach Liosta Páirtí agus (de ghnáth) córas pluralachta / tromlachta amháin - áit a ndéanann an córas Ionadaíochta Iomhréireachta Liosta Páirtí cúiteamh as an neamhréireacht i dtorthaí an chórais pluralachta / tromlachta. Córas Comhordaithe - Córas measctha ina n-úsáidtear na roghanna a léiríonn na vótálaithe chun ionadaithe a thoghadh trí dhá chóras éagsúla. Ionadaíocht Iomlánach Liosta Pháirtí - faoin gcóras seo, cuireann gach páirtí nó grúpa liosta iarrthóirí i láthair do cheantar toghcháin il-chomhalta, vótálann na vótálaithe do pháirtí, agus faigheann páirtithe suíocháin i gcomhréir lena sciar iomlán den vóta. Is córas iltoilíochta/mhórlaigh é Vóta Bloc Páirtí a úsáideann ceantair il-chomhalta ina gcaitheann vótálaithe vóta aonair atá dírithe ar pháirtí amháin do pháirtí roghnaithe, agus ní roghnaíonn siad idir iarrthóirí. Faigheann an páirtí a fhaigheann an líon is mó vótaí gach suíochán sa cheantar toghcháin. Córas Dhá-Róint (Run-off) - Córas ilchomhluchta/mhórlaigh. Léiríonn an t-ainm an ghné lárnach den chóras: nach toghchán amháin é, ach go dtarlaíonn sé i dhá bhabhta, go minic seachtain nó dhá sheachtain óna chéile. Déantar an chéad bhabhta ar an mbealach céanna le gnáth-roghchán First Past the Post. Má fhaigheann iarrthóir tromlach iomlán na vóta, toghfar é go díreach, gan aon gá le dara vótaíocht. Má fhaigheann aon iarrthóir tromlach iomlán, áfach, déantar an dara babhta vótála, agus dearbhaítear go toghfar buaiteoir an bhabhta seo. Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Camarún Cape Verde Poblacht na hAfraice Láir Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Cósta na hIófaire Djibouti Guinea Cothromach Eritrea Eitipia Gabon An Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Libéir Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Níger Rwanda São Tomé agus Príncipe Seiseal Seiseal Sierra Leone Somália Somál na hAfraice Theas Sudan Theas Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

Revised: 26 June 2013 22 November 2000 Dear Health Professional/Provider Diabetes New Zealand and the Ministry of Health would like to remind all health professionals of the currently accepted good practice when using finger-pricking devices. A recent survey of hospitals found that some health professionals are using a finger-pricking device which is intended for use by one person to test multiple patients, discarding only the lancet between tests. This means that some patients could have been exposed to the risk of infection from diseases such as hepatitis B. The Ministry considers that there is an extremely small risk of transmitting Hepatitis B from these devices and that the risk of infection from other disease is negligible. The Ministry is not aware of anyone in New Zealand having contracted hepatitis B from the incorrect use of finger-pricking devices. The Ministry is, however, aware that cross-infection from these devices has occurred overseas. Over the past ten years there have been four episodes reported worldwide of disease being transmitted through the use of individual-use devices on more than one person. Three of those episodes were in the United States of America and one in Europe. It is understood that in each of these cases only the lancet of the finger-pricking device had been replaced, potentially allowing blood to remain in the end cap which may cause cross infection. We would therefore like to advise all health professionals of the following. If patients approach you expressing concerns that they may have been exposed to infection through the inappropriate use of a finger pricking device, the Ministry's advice is that you: Below is a Question and Answer sheet that can be used to supplement the above information. There is also a media release. As a result of this release, there may be publicity that results in patients approaching you for advice. The Ministry would appreciate your assistance in reassuring patients as outlined above. The Ministry of Health and Diabetes New Zealand are keen to ensure that all health professionals follow current accepted good practice so that all patients receive quality health services. We would like to thank you for your help on this matter. Margaret Jamieson QSM Diabetes New Zealand Dr Bob Boyd Safety and Regulation Current Accepted Good Practice involves the efficient and effective use of available resources to achieve quality outcomes for the patient (ref: Infection Control Standard NZS 8142:2000). In terms of the practice regarding finger-pricking devices, health professionals are advised that it is preferable to use a single use totally disposable device when testing more than one person and to dispose of it safely after use. Alternatively they should use a device in which all parts which come in contact with the client's skin and which may become contaminated with blood are disposable and are replaced between cases to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious disease. Both lancet and plastic tip should be disposed of safely after use. Individuals monitoring their own blood sugar levels should use their own device and not share them with others. Yes. During the last publicity about this issue in 1998 the spokesman for the General Practitioner's Association was reported as saying that he would continue using the device designed for individual patient use to carry out monitoring in his surgery and depend on washing the plastic parts which may have got contaminated between tests. Most practitioners today, given the ready availability of the safer disposable equipment and the wider awareness of possible risk would no longer find that acceptable. These devices are used to collect a drop of blood for sampling. Most commonly they are used by people with diabetes to monitor their own blood glucose. However, they are also used in hospital clinics, when only a small amount of blood is needed to carry out the analysis. They are also used by a variety of people from individuals to health professionals in hospitals, GP surgeries, marae health services, clinics, laboratories, and rest homes. Most finger-pricking devices resemble a ball point pen and contain a sharp, spring loaded lancet which momentarily pierces the skin. There are two types of finger-pricking devices produced by a variety of manufacturers. There are finger-pricking devices for individual use by people such as people with diabetes who use it to collect a drop of blood to monitor their glucose level. These devices for individual use have a disposable lancet. And there are finger-pricking devices intended for use on more than one person. These have both a disposable lancet and disposable plastic tip surrounding the lancet, so that all parts, which come into contact with the patient's skin, can be discarded to minimise the risk of transmission of disease. Both lancet and plastic tip should be safely disposed of after use. In November 2000, the Ministry of Health was advised that Hutt Valley Health had used a finger-pricking device designed to be used by an individual patient on eight children, contrary to the instructions which accompanied the device. The lancet had been replaced after each use, but the plastic tip which comes into contact with the skin was not. The Ministry sent a questionnaire to hospitals to find out whether similar practices were occurring in other hospitals. The survey indicated that the use of that brand of individual use finger-pricking device on more than one patient was widespread, despite publicity two years ago from Diabetes New Zealand about accepted good practice. It is difficult to determine how long the practice of using individual finger-pricking devices on more than one person has been occurring in New Zealand or how many people may be affected. However, we do know that finger-pricking devices have been available in New Zealand for at least 10 years. Devices intended for use on more than one person were introduced sometime later, as people became more aware of the risk of transmission of disease through using individual finger-pricking devices on more than one person. Finger-pricking devices are safe when individuals are using their own device. A risk of cross-infection can only occur when the blood of an infected patient remains on the device and contaminates the sharp lancet as it pierces the skin of the next patient. This risk can be eliminated by disposing of all parts in contact with the patient's skin between tests or by using totally disposable equipment. It is no longer necessary to depend on cleaning or disinfection of the device, because the safer disposable equipment is readily available. Advice to date suggests the risk of transmitting any infectious disease is extremely low and any risk, albeit a very small one, would relate only to Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a blood borne viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. People who live on the western side of the Pacific Ocean have relatively high rates of infection and it is particularly common in Maori, Pacific Island and Asian people, especially young men aged between 15-40 years. This infection can be passed from person to person through blood contamination. An estimated 1 to 2 percent of the New Zealand population are HBV carriers You can have a blood sample tested for the presence of HBV antibodies (which represent previous infection) and for the presence of HBV (indicating current infection or carrier state) Hepatitis B can be prevented through immunisation or prophylactic immunoglobulin injections. New Zealand has had a universal vaccination programme for hepatitis B since 1988. Most children over the age of 12 will be protected through immunisation. Some people who are carriers of the infection can benefit from treatment with alpha interferon. The Ministry is not aware of anyone in New Zealand having contracted hepatitis B from use of an individual finger pricking device on more than one person. Over the past 10 years worldwide, there have been four episodes reported where Hepatitis B was thought to have been transmitted through use of individual finger pricking devices on more than one person. In each case only the lancet had been replaced. The Ministry is advised that the risk of infection through use of individual finger-pricking devices on more than one person is extremely low. The Ministry is not recommending that people who have had blood tests carried out in this way should be recalled for viral blood testing. However, if people are concerned they should contact their doctor and discuss whether a blood test is appropriate for them. Finger-pricking devices can be purchased from medical wholesalers, pharmacies and Diabetes New Zealand's National Supply Scheme Office, PO Box 54, OAMARU; phone (03) 434 8110; e-mail: email@example.com

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Athbhreithnithe: 26 Meitheamh 2013 22 Samhain 2000 Dear Health Professional/Provider Ba mhaith le Diabetes New Zealand agus leis an Aireacht Sláinte a chur i gcuimhne do gach gairmí sláinte an dea-chleachtas a nglactar leis faoi láthair agus feistí a phriontáil le méara á n-úsáid. Fuair suirbhé le déanaí ar ospidéil go bhfuil roinnt gairmithe sláinte ag baint úsáide as feiste pricking-uaim atá ceaptha le húsáid ag duine amháin chun tástáil a dhéanamh ar othair iomadúla, gan ach an lancet a dhiúscairt idir tástálacha. Ciallaíonn sé seo go bhféadfadh roinnt othair a bheith nochtaithe do riosca ionfhabhtaithe ó ghalair amhail heipitíteas B. Measann an Aireacht go bhfuil riosca an-bheag ann go dtarchuirfear Heipitíteas B ó na feistí seo agus go bhfuil an baol go dtarchuirfear galar eile ann neamh-bhunúsach. Níl an Aireacht ar an eolas faoi dhuine ar bith sa Nua-Shéalainn a bhfuil heipitíteas B a ghabháil leis mar gheall ar úsáid mícheart feistí a phriontáil le méar. Tá an Aireacht ar an eolas, áfach, go bhfuil tras-ionfhabhtú ó na feistí seo tar éis tarlú thar lear. Le deich mbliana anuas, tuairiscíodh ceithre chás ar fud an domhain de ghalair a tharchur trí úsáid feistí le húsáid aonair a úsáid ar níos mó ná duine amháin. Bhí trí cinn de na heachtraí sin sna Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá agus ceann amháin san Eoraip. Tuigtear nach raibh ach an lancet den fheiste piocadh méara a athsholáthar i ngach ceann de na cásanna seo, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag ligean do fhuil fanacht sa chaipín deiridh a d'fhéadfadh tras-ionfhabhtú a chur faoi deara. Ba mhaith linn, dá bhrí sin, comhairle a thabhairt do gach gairmí sláinte ar na nithe seo a leanas. Má thagann othair chugat ag cur imní ort go bhféadfadh siad a bheith nochtaithe do ionfhabhtaithe trí úsáid míchuí a bhaint as feiste stealladh méara, is é comhairle an Aireacht duit: Anseo thíos tá bileog Ceisteanna agus Freagraí ar féidir a úsáid chun an fhaisnéis thuas a chomhlánú. Tá meáin ar fáil freisin. Mar thoradh ar an scaoileadh seo, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh fócas ann a fhágann go dtiocfaidh othair chugat chun comhairle a fháil. Ba mhaith leis an Aireacht do chabhair a chur in iúl do othair a bhfuil imní orthu faoi na rudaí a luaitear thuas. Tá an Aireacht Sláinte agus Diaibéiteas na Seilge Nua ag iarraidh a chinntiú go leanann gach gairmí sláinte dea-chleachtas a nglactar leo faoi láthair ionas go bhfaighidh gach othar seirbhísí sláinte ardchaighdeáin. Ba mhaith linn buíochas a ghabháil leat as do chabhair sa cheist seo. Margaret Jamieson QSM Diaibéiteas An Nua-Shéalainn Dr Bob Boyd Slándáil agus Rialacháin I measc na bPraitice Dea a Glacfar Faoi láthair tá úsáid éifeachtúil agus éifeachtach na n-acmhainní atá ar fáil chun torthaí ardchaighdeáin a bhaint amach don othar (ref: Standard Rialú Infectious NZS 8142:2000). Maidir leis an gcleachtas maidir le feistí a phriontáil le méar, moltar do ghairmithe sláinte gur fearr feiste a úsáidtear aon uair amháin a úsáid agus é a chaitheamh go hiomlán nuair a dhéantar tástáil ar níos mó ná duine amháin agus é a dhiúscairt go sábháilte tar éis a úsáid. Ba cheart dóibh, mar mhalairt air sin, feiste a úsáid ina bhfuil gach cuid a thagann i dteagmháil le craiceann an chliaint agus a d'fhéadfadh a bheith truaillithe le fuil inúsáidte agus a athsholáthar idir cásanna chun an baol go dtarraingítear galar ionfhabhtach a laghdú. Ba chóir an lancet agus an ceann plaisteach a dhiúscairt go sábháilte tar éis a úsáid. Ba cheart do dhaoine aonair a bhfuil a leibhéil siúcra fola féin acu a rianú a úsáid agus gan iad a roinnt le daoine eile. Sea, tá. Le linn an phoiblíochta deireanach faoin gceist seo i 1998 tuairiscíodh gur dúirt urlabhraí Chumann na nAchtana Ginearálta go leanfadh sé ag úsáid an fheiste a ceapadh le húsáid ag othair aonair chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ina chuid máinliachta agus go mbraitheann sé ar na codanna plaisteach a d'fhéadfadh a bheith truaillithe a ní idir na tástálacha. Ní bheadh an chuid is mó de na cleachtóirí inniu, mar gheall ar an fáil réidh ar an trealamh inúsáidte níos sábháilte agus an feasacht níos leithne ar rioscaí féideartha, a fháil go bhfuil sé sin inghlactha. Úsáidtear na feistí seo chun titim fola a bhailiú le haghaidh samplaithe. Is minic a úsáideann daoine le diaibéiteas iad chun a nglúcóis fola féin a mhonatóireacht. Mar sin féin, úsáidtear iad freisin i gclinicí ospidéil, nuair nach bhfuil ach méid beag fola ag teastáil chun an anailís a dhéanamh. Úsáidtear iad freisin ag daoine éagsúla ó dhaoine aonair go gairmithe sláinte in ospidéil, máinliacht GP, seirbhísí sláinte marae, clinicí, saotharlanna agus tithe scíthe. Tá an chuid is mó de na feistí a chuirtear isteach i bhfinger cosúil le peann punt liathróid agus tá lancet géar, luathaithe le earra a shroicheann an craiceann go han-luath. Tá dhá chineál feistí le píonáil a tháirgtear ag monaróirí éagsúla. Tá feistí le píonáil a úsáidtear ag daoine aonair, mar shampla daoine le diaibéiteas, a úsáideann é chun titim fola a bhailiú chun a leibhéal glúcóis a mhonatóireacht. Tá lancet aon-úsáidte ag na feistí seo le húsáid ag an duine aonair. Agus tá feistí a bhfuil an t-uaim ag piocadh orthu le húsáid ar níos mó ná duine amháin. Tá lancet aon-úsáidte agus ceann plaisteach aon-úsáidte acu seo a imíonn timpeall an lancet, ionas gur féidir gach cuid a thagann i dteagmháil le craiceann an othair a dhiúscairt chun an baol tarchuir galar a íoslaghdú. Ba chóir an lancet agus an ceann plaisteach a dhiúscairt go sábháilte tar éis a úsáid. I mí na Samhna 2000, tugadh fógra do Aireacht Sláinte go raibh Hutt Valley Health tar éis feiste a úsáid chun finger-pricking a bhí deartha le húsáid ag othar aonair ar ochtar leanaí, contrártha leis na treoracha a bhí ag gabháil leis an bhfeiste. Cuireadh an lancet in ionad gach úsáid, ach ní raibh an barr plaisteach a thagann i dteagmháil leis an gcraiceann. D'fhógair an tAire gur cuireadh an t-ordú seo ar fáil don Choimisiún i mí na Samhna. Léirigh an suirbhé go raibh an branda sin de fheiste a úsáidtear go pearsanta chun an mhéar a phriontáil ar níos mó ná othar amháin go forleathan, in ainneoin an phoiblíochta dhá bhliain ó Diabetes New Zealand faoi dea-chleachtas a glacadh. Tá sé deacair a chinneadh cá fhad a bhí an cleachtas a bhaineann le feistí aonair a phriontáil ar mhéara duine a úsáid sa Nua-Shéalainn nó cé mhéad duine a d'fhéadfadh a bheith i gceist. Mar sin féin, tá a fhios againn go bhfuil feistí a phriontáil le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú le hoibriú. Cuireadh feistí atá ceaptha le húsáid ar níos mó ná duine amháin isteach i ndiaidh tamaill, de réir mar a tháinig daoine níos airdeallach ar an mbaol a bhaineann le haigine a tharchur trí fheistí aonair a phorcadh ar níos mó ná duine amháin a úsáid. Tá feistí a phriontáil le méar sábháilte nuair a bhíonn daoine ag úsáid a bhfeiste féin. Ní féidir riosca tras-ionfhabhtaithe a bheith ann ach amháin nuair a fhanann fuil othar ionfhabhtaithe ar an gléas agus má dhéanann sé truailliú ar an lancet géar agus é ag stealladh craiceann an chéad othar eile. Is féidir an riosca seo a dhíchur trí gach cuid a bhíonn i dteagmháil le craiceann an othair a dhiúscairt idir na tástálacha nó trí threalamh a úsáidtear go hiomlán a dhíscaoileadh. Ní gá a thuilleadh brath ar ghlanadh nó díghalrú an fheiste, toisc go bhfuil an trealamh inúsáidte níos sábháilte ar fáil go héasca. De réir na comhairle a tugadh go dtí seo, is beag an riosca go dtarchuirfear aon ghalar ionfhabhtaitheach agus ní bhaineann aon riosca, cé go bhfuil sé an-bheag, ach le Heipitíteas B amháin. Is ionfhabhtú víreasach a tharchur le fola é heipitíteas B a chuireann athlasadh ar an ae. Tá rátaí ionfhabhtaithe réasúnta ard ag daoine a chónaíonn ar thaobh thiar an Aigéin Chiúin agus tá sé coitianta go háirithe i Maorí, Oileán an Aigéin Chiúin agus i ndaoine na hÁise, go háirithe fir óga idir 15-40 bliain d'aois. Is féidir an t-ionfhabhtú seo a tharchur ó dhuine go duine trí thruailliú fola. Meastar go bhfuil 1 go 2 faoin gcéad de dhaonra na Nua-Shéalainne ina iompróirí HBV Is féidir leat sampla fola a thástáil chun frith-fhillte HBV a fháil (a léiríonn ionfhabhtú roimhe seo) agus chun HBV a fháil (a léiríonn ionfhabhtú reatha nó staid iompróra) Is féidir heipitíteas B a chosc trí imdhíonacht nó instealltaí imdhíonachta immunoglobulin. Tá clár vacsaínithe uilechoiteann ag an Nua-Shéalainn i gcoinne heipitíteis B ó 1988. Beidh an chuid is mó de na páistí os cionn 12 bliana d'aois cosanta trí imdhíonú. Is féidir le daoine áirithe atá ina n-iompróirí an ionfhabhtaithe tairbhe a bhaint as cóireáil le alfa- idirfhéaron. Níl an Aireacht ar an eolas faoi dhuine ar bith sa Nua-Shéalainn a bhfuil heipitíteas B a ghabháil leis ó úsáid feiste aonair a phéinteáil ar mhéara duine. Le 10 mbliana anuas, tuairiscíodh ceithre chás ar fud an domhain inar cheapadh go ndearnadh Heipitíteas B a tharchur trí úsáid feistí aonair a phéinteáil ar mhéadaí duine. I ngach cás ní raibh ach an lancet curtha in ionad. Tugtar comhairle don Aireacht go bhfuil an baol go dtarlódh ionfhabhtú trí úsáid feistí aonair a phriontáil ar mhéara duine an-íseal. Ní mholann an Aireacht go ndéanfaí daoine a ndearnadh tástálacha fola orthu ar an mbealach seo a athghairm le haghaidh tástála fola víreasach. Mar sin féin, má tá imní ar dhaoine ba chóir dóibh teagmháil a dhéanamh lena gcuid dochtúir agus plé a dhéanamh an bhfuil tástáil fola oiriúnach dóibh. Is féidir feistí a phriontáil le méara a cheannach ó mhórdhíoltóirí leighis, ó chógaslanna agus ó Oifig Scéim Náisiúnta Soláthair Diaibéiteas na Nua-Shéalainne, PO Box 54, OAMARU; fón (03) 434 8110; r-phost: email@example.com

Spasms in the esophagus can be quite distressful and painful. One of the main causes is stress. Other causes are at this time unknown, but magnesium deficiency may be involved. When esophegeal spasms occur it can be very distressing. They often occur during meals and the food gets stuck on its way down, causing pain along the way. The best immediate help is taking small sips of water and waiting till it is well past before proceding to eat more. The pain of thess spasms can cause distress anywhere along the esophagus but can also cause pain in the back, the uppper abdomen, in the throat and in the shoulder. For some people eating slowly helps. Sometimes the meal must be abandoned for a time and laying down to rest helps. Stress during meals can bring it on but for others limiting hot or spicy food can help. Diagnosis can be made through an esophagogram and esophageal manometry but generally diagnosis can be made on symptoms alone. Conventional medicine has no treatment for these contitions to result in a curat. On occassion I have seen a low dose of ativan prescribed just before mealtimes with some effectiveness when stress is thought to be the immediate cause. Before going to the risks of taking a narcotic I would suggest relaxation techniques such as deep breathing before meals, creating a stress free atmosphere in the dining room with soft music, candlelight and an unhurried atmosphere. Leave the problems of the day behind for discussion at a latter time. Make sure you food is cut to small enough sizes and chew sufficiently. Small sips of water between swallows of food may be helpful for some. Eat slowly. Because there are issues with contraction of musculature with esophegeal spasms a trial of magnesium citrate or magnesium malate may be helpful. Magnesium is responsible for the relaxation phase of muscle activity. Many many people are magnesium deficient. Trial your dosages starting with 300mg a day. You can go up to 900mg to 1500mg a day in divided doses about 45 minutes before a meal. For some people magnesium may have a laxative effect. Simply reduce your dosage some. Always remember that more magnesium is required in the diet than calcium. Calcium is responsible for the contraction of muscles. Calcium, for the average person, should not exceed 300mg a day in supplementation. Calcium is best derrived from fresh vegetables, not dairy as we are lead to believe. If there is magnesium deficiency then calcium can get the upper hand. I have seen that a true cure to this condition can come through the applications of classical homeopathy. This is not something that you can do yourself. You will have to find a trained classical homeopathy to assist you. Homeopathy has had an excellent track record for treating muscle spasms of a wide variety. I personally have had success with homeopathy for treating esophegeal spasms. Remedies must be individually selected based on the idosyncracies of your own particular symptoms so I can not recommend a general remedy to you.

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Is féidir le spasms san esophagus a bheith go leor distressing agus pianmhar. Ceann de na príomhchúiseanna ná strus. Níl cúiseanna eile ar eolas ag an am seo, ach d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh easnamh maignéisiam i gceist. Nuair a tharlaíonn spasms esophageal is féidir é a bheith an-tromchúiseach. Is minic a tharlaíonn siad le linn béilí agus bíonn an bia gafa ar a bhealach síos, ag cruthú pian ar an mbealach. Is é an cabhair is fearr láithreach ná siopaí beaga uisce a ghlacadh agus fanacht go dtí go mbeidh sé fada caite sula leanann tú ar aghaidh ag ithe níos mó. Is féidir leis an pian a bhaineann leis na spaismí seo imní a chur ar áit ar bith ar feadh an esophagus ach is féidir leis pian a chur ar ais freisin, an barr bolg, sa throat agus sa ghualainn. I gcás daoine áirithe, cabhraíonn sé le ithe go mall. Uaireanta ní mór an béile a thréigean ar feadh tamaill agus cabhraíonn sé le dul síos chun scíthe. Is féidir leis an strus le linn béilí é a chur ar fáil ach d'fhéadfadh sé cabhrú le daoine eile bia te nó spicy a theorannú. Is féidir diagnóis a dhéanamh trí esophagogram agus manometry esophageal ach de ghnáth is féidir diagnóis a dhéanamh ar thríomhanna amháin. Níl aon chóireáil ag leigheas traidisiúnta do na contities seo chun go dtiocfadh le curat. Uaireanta chonaic mé dáileog íseal de ativan a fhorordú díreach roimh amanna bia le roinnt éifeachtachta nuair a cheaptar go bhfuil an strus mar chúis láithreach. Sula dtéann mé ar na rioscaí a bhaineann le narcótach a ghlacadh mholfainn teicnící scíth a ligean mar an anailís domhain roimh bhéilí, atmaisféar saor ó strus a chruthú sa seomra bia le ceol íseal, solas coinneal agus atmaisféar gan mearbhall. Fág fadhbanna an lae taobh thiar le plé a dhéanamh tráth níos déanaí. Déan cinnte go ndéantar do bhia a ghearradh go méideanna beaga go leor agus go mbraitheann tú go leor. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh sé cabhrach do chuid acu uisce beag a ól idir an dá bhéile. Ithe go mall. Toisc go bhfuil fadhbanna le comhthráthú na matáin le spasms esophageal d'fhéadfadh triail de citrate maignéisiam nó magnéisiam malait a bheith cabhrach. Tá maignéisiam freagrach as céim scíth gníomhaíochta muscle. Tá easnamh maignéisiam ag go leor daoine. Déan triail as do dáileoga ag tosú le 300mg in aghaidh an lae. Is féidir leat dul suas go 900 mg go 1500 mg in aghaidh an lae i dáileoga roinnte thart ar 45 nóiméad roimh bhéile. D'fhéadfadh éifeacht laxative a bheith ag maignéisiam ar dhaoine áirithe. Ní gá duit ach do dáileog a laghdú. Cuimhnigh i gcónaí go bhfuil níos mó maignéisiam ag teastáil sa réim bia ná cailciam. Tá cailciam freagrach as géarmhilleadh na matáin. Níor chóir go mbeadh níos mó ná 300mg de chailciam in aghaidh an lae ag an meán duine. Is fearr an cailciam a fháil ó ghlasraí úra, ní ó tháirgí déiríochta mar a thugtar orainn a chreidiúint. Má tá easnamh maignéisiam ann ansin is féidir leis an cailciam an lámh uachtarach a fháil. Chonaic mé gur féidir leigheas fíor a fháil ar an gcoinníoll seo trí fheidhmeanna na haimeopáite clasaiceach. Ní rud é seo gur féidir leat é a dhéanamh duit féin. Beidh ort homeopathy clasaiceach a fháil a bheidh oilte chun cabhrú leat. Tá an-tóir ar an gcógas cógaisíochta chun spaisimh muscle de chineálacha éagsúla a chóireáil. Tá rath agamsa féin le homeopathy chun spaisms esophageal a chóireáil. Ní mór leigheasanna a roghnú go aonair bunaithe ar idosyncracies do chuid comharthaí ar leith féin mar sin ní féidir liom leigheas ginearálta a mholadh duit.

Sampling R Programming Assignment and Homework Help Sample R Programming The most important of all the Do My R Programming Homework on your sample job are the sampling R Programming assignments. This is where you will take a quick look at a sample and attempt to put it together to create a working application that can be used by others. Work is the foundation of an assignment, whether it’s in school or any other setting. If the sample assignment is not complete, there is no value to the learning process. Most often it will be the case that if the work isn’t complete, it will require more than one person to complete the task, making the project more time consuming. The Sampler R Programming assignments should include some detailed explanation of the sample, they are following. The use of “R” to identify the source code is a good indicator of what level of programming knowledge is required. Many of the code samples on the sample assignment help you see what specific tasks are involved and how to follow a program. It is a requirement to try to follow the sample, especially when a question or problem arises in the sample. These samples will usually have some basic tutorials along with their descriptions, which should show you the syntax. The guidance about using “R” will be in the sample itself, or you may need to find someone who has experience in working with the Sample R Programming to explain exactly what you are looking at and why you should do it the way it is done. Most of the samples will use many of the functions for which you would expect to see them. You will be able to find this information by reading through the complete description and the descriptions of the sample files in the directory. In the sample file that you are following, you should be able to easily understand what each function does and why they are called that way. An important feature of the Sampling R Programming projects is that the samples can be run by a UNIX shell or any other program you find. That will enable you to see exactly what is going on and what you should be doing to get the program working. Your ability to follow the sample will be very important when it comes to completing the assignment successfully. Many of the samples will include discussion in the tutorials about what happens if a command is not followed properly. An important part of any Sampling R Programming assignment is the ability to solve a problem that you find. This will be particularly true when you use the example programs to see how the program works, or use it to help you understand the concepts behind a sample. For example, if you are given a Sample that has a number of equations, you will be expected to figure out what the answer is, so that you know that the problem has been solved correctly. This is the basic use of the Sampling R Programming assignments. You will also be asked to figure out what the parameters are that control the program. The examples for these samples might require you to enter a series of commands or use input or output that you can get from a variable. If you can’t find anything about these examples or the samples you are following in the tutorial file, you will have to figure them out on your own. You will be able to do this by trying out the sample and giving it a try.

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Seampáil R Ríomhchlárú Tasc agus Cabhair Le Homwork Clárú samplach R Is iad na tascanna samplacha R Programming is tábhachtaí de gach obair bhaile do Do My R Programming ar do phost samplach. Is é seo an áit a mbeidh tú ag breathnú go tapa ar sampla agus iarracht a chur le chéile chun iarratas oibre a chruthú is féidir a úsáid ag daoine eile. Is é an obair bunús na tasc, bíodh sé sa scoil nó in aon áit eile. Mura bhfuil an tasc samplach críochnaithe, níl aon luach ag an bpróiseas foghlama. Is minic a tharlaíonn sé mura bhfuil an obair críochnaithe, go mbeidh níos mó ná duine amháin ag teastáil chun an tasc a chur i gcrích, rud a fhágann go nglacfaidh an tionscadal níos mó ama. Ba cheart go mbeadh roinnt míniú mionsonraithe ar an sampla atá á leanúint acu i leith na leithdháileadh cláir R an tsamplaí. Is táscaire maith é an úsáid a bhaineann le R chun an cód foinse a aithint ar an leibhéal eolais cláir atá ag teastáil. Cabhraíonn go leor de na samplaí cód ar an tasc samplach leat a fheiceáil cad iad na tascanna sonracha atá i gceist agus conas clár a leanúint. Tá sé riachtanach iarracht a dhéanamh an sampla a leanúint, go háirithe nuair a thagann ceist nó fadhb chun cinn sa sampla. De ghnáth beidh roinnt teagasc bunúsacha ag na samplaí seo mar aon lena gcuid tuairiscí, a d'fhéadfadh an sintéacs a thaispeáint duit. Beidh an treoir maidir le R a úsáid sa sampla féin, nó b'fhéidir go mbeidh ort duine a bhfuil taithí aige ar oibriú leis an gclárú sampla R a fháil chun a mhíniú go díreach cad atá á lorg agat agus cén fáth ar chóir duit é a dhéanamh ar an mbealach a dhéantar é. Bainfidh an chuid is mó de na samplaí úsáid as go leor de na feidhmeanna a bheadh tú ag súil a fheiceáil dóibh. Beidh tú in ann an fhaisnéis seo a fháil trína léitheoireacht tríd an tuairisc iomlán agus na tuairiscí ar na comhaid samplacha sa treoirlíne. Sa chomhad samplach atá á leanúint agat, ba cheart go mbeadh tú in ann a thuiscint go héasca cad a dhéanann gach feidhm agus cén fáth a dtugtar an bealach sin orthu. Is gné thábhachtach de na tionscadail Clárúcháin R Samplála go bhféadfar na samplaí a reáchtáil le ciseal UNIX nó le haon chlár eile a gheobhaidh tú. Cuirfidh sé sin ar do chumas a fheiceáil go díreach cad atá ar siúl agus cad ba cheart duit a dhéanamh chun an clár a chur ag obair. Beidh do chumas an sampla a leanúint an-tábhachtach nuair a thagann sé chun an tasc a chríochnú go rathúil. I measc go leor samplaí beidh plé sna teagaisc faoi na rudaí a tharlaíonn mura leanfar ordú i gceart. Is cuid thábhachtach d'aon tasc Clárúcháin R Samplála an cumas fadhb a fhaigheann tú a réiteach. Beidh sé seo fíor go háirithe nuair a úsáideann tú na cláir samplacha chun a fheiceáil conas a oibríonn an clár, nó é a úsáid chun cabhrú leat na coincheapa atá taobh thiar de shampall a thuiscint. Mar shampla, má thugtar sampla duit a bhfuil roinnt chothromanna ann, beidh súil agat an freagra a fháil amach, ionas go mbeidh a fhios agat go bhfuil an fhadhb réitithe i gceart. Is é seo úsáid bhunúsach na sanntaí Clárúcháin R Samplála. Iarrfar ort freisin a fháil amach cad iad na paraiméadair a rialaíonn an clár. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé riachtanach do na samplaí seo sraith orduithe a iontráil nó ionchur nó aschur a úsáid is féidir leat a fháil ó athróg. Mura féidir leat aon rud a fháil faoi na samplaí seo nó na samplaí atá á leanúint agat sa chomhad teagaisc, beidh ort iad a fháil amach ar do shon féin. Beidh tú in ann é seo a dhéanamh trí triail a bhaint as an sampla agus triail a bhaint as.

Hackers and Cybercriminals are relentlessly trying to device new and safe means they can use to break into networks or systems, get hold of critical confidential information and use it to their advantage, which is to make money illegally. One of the ways that has worked for them is by launching a ransomware attack. This malicious attack will infect a computer system and issue a prompt asking you to pay a certain amount of money for your network or computer system resume operations. In most cases, it comes in the form of deceptive links attached to websites, instant messages, and email messages. Once you click on the link, your computer gets infected. The malware will then encrypt significant files and can also lock your computer system. Then you will receive specific instructions on how to go about paying the amount of money being requested, which ranges from $100-$1300.But must you pay the ransom being demanded? Can you prevent a ransomware attack? What is the origin of Ransomware, and how has it evolved? This article will demystify all you need to know about the ransomware attack. Let’s dive into it, shall we? The Origin Of Ransomware Honestly speaking, not everyone knows what ransomware is? Albeit, some of you are hearing the word ransomware attack for the very first time. Surprisingly, this type of malware has been around since the late 80s. The first instance of a ransomware attack case was reported in 1989. It was an attack on the healthcare sector, whereby the PC Cyborg Trojan virus embedded on a floppy disc was sent to the victims. The virus encrypted files and other important information before requesting a ransom of between $189-$380 from those affected by the malware. Those who would comply with the attacker’s demands were to have their PC Cyborg Corporation license renewed. Over the years, the technology used in ransomware schemes has grown tremendously. In fact, the internet age has significantly contributed to an increase in ransomware attacks. Hackers can now use a more sophisticated form of malware that is hard to overcome. With this malicious attack working in their favor, the attackers can now confidently demand a ransom from those whose computers have been infected. The new advanced cryptography has allowed hackers also to target corporate networks and extort money from big corporations. One of the most memorable dangerous attacks is law enforcement ransomware. It first occurred in 2012, where computer users were blackmailed into believing that they had committed an online activity infringement, which could culminate in them being arrested. The attackers would then lead victims to a duplicated law enforcement agency site such as FBI, where they were demanded to pay at least $100 via bitcoin or PaySafeCard to avoid going to jail. As the years go by, hackers are becoming even smarter in conducting their operations. With the money gain motive leading them, they have been able to make ransomware attacks even more lethal. New witty strategies are being applied by cybercriminals to spread malicious threats and make some top-dollar returns efficiently. The recent attack, the Sodinokibi ransomware, is a perfect example of how hackers have become good at their game. The hackers used compromised managed service providers (MSP), to get hold of patients’ confidential records in various dental offices. As a result, those offices were blocked from accessing patients’ records until they paid the quoted amount for ransom. The continued advancement in technology has prompted hackers to keep on developing new effective and efficient forms of ransomware. At the same time, malware that cannot sustain the test of times is being abandoned. Cybercriminals are putting their energies in creating new ransomware families with advanced functionality and features such as the ability to infect computer systems in different countries and demand ransom in their language. Hackers can now make a lot of money from vulnerable computer users across the world. As a result, such malicious attacks have posed a challenge to professionals and agencies burning the midnight oil to develop reliable anti-hacking software that can neutralize the most recent ransomware. Examples Of Ransomware Attacks As discussed earlier, new types of ransomware attacks are continually being organized and executed. However, even as this malicious threat makes way into the fold, it is not guaranteed that it will successfully undertake the hacker’s purpose. It is very evident that some types of ransomware are more prolific than others. Below are some of the most famous ransomware attacks: - WannaCry: The malicious software was created by the NSA, but was later stolen by hackers who then spread it to various computers for their selfish gains. - CryptoLocke: This attack was launched in 2013, infecting at least 500,000 machines. - SimpleLocker: Also regarded as the first prevalent ransomware attack that infected mobile devices. - NotPeya: It was used by Russia to carry out a cyberattack on Ukraine. - Ryuk: The first of this malicious attack was reported in 2018. Hackers mostly use it to attack vulnerable organizations like healthcare centers. - GrandCrab: It is not only one of the most dominant ransomware attacks, but it has also led victims to pay at least $2billion in ransom money up to date. This is according to its developers. - Thanos: This is the most recent ransomware attack. It can bypass a lot of anti-ransomware software, which is very efficient to be used by hackers. The aforementioned ransomware attacks continue to affect various businesses around the world negatively. Hackers have learnt that targeting large businesses and organizations can earn them a lot of money in terms of ransom paid. This notion explains why big enterprises, corporations, and well-established governments remain top on the hackers’ target list. Types of Ransomware Ransomware can take up different forms that the intended targets are likely to fall prey to. They include: Scareware is regarded as the simplest form of ransomware. Besides, it is not as frightening as it appears. In this form, the ransomware is released in the form of intimidation. For instance, you will receive a prompt notifying you that your computer system has been infected. Therefore, you will need an antivirus to get rid of the malware. But for you to use the antivirus being recommended, you will have to pay a certain amount of money, which will go directly to hackers. This scare tactic can be in the form of endless pop-up alerts, trying to persuade you to complete your online payment for your computer system to be fixed. Also, it might pose as an intimidation threat from a law enforcement agency, asking you to pay fine for an illegal online activity which, in the real sense, you have not committed. Last but not least, your computer might be genuinely infected by malware, which will leave you with no option but to pay the ransom. But even after paying, what the attackers are demanding is not a guarantee that your machine will be attended to, and the malware cleared. It is a gamble! This is why you are not supposed to pay the ransom being requested. Regarded as the most dangerous ransomware, it will encrypt your files, after which you will receive a prompt demanding you to pay some amount of money before your confidential information can be decrypted. With this type of ransomware, you will have to pay heed to the attackers demanded, since it will be so hard for you to get a system restore or security software that you can use to counterattack the threat. Still, there is no guarantee that you will receive your file back once you pay the ransom. What this type of ransomware does is that it locks freezes you out of your computer. Once you restart your computer, you will see a large window with an official law enforcement authority’s seal. Alongside the seal, there will be a pop-up message accusing you of committing an illegal online activity. Then you will be duped into paying a fine. It is very important to be vigilant so that you do not fall prey to these types of ransomware. They are illegal avenues used by hackers and cybercriminals to steal money and confidential information from computer users. The masterminds of this malware have mastered their craft; in that, they are now targeting consumers and business and large corporations. Always be on the lookout! How A Ransomware Attack Works? Phishing is one of the most common systems used by attackers to infect a target’s computer with ransomware. You will receive an email with attachments that appear to be legit and resourceful. Once you open these attachments, you will be tricked into allowing administrative access, which in turn triggers the malware to manifest into your computer. Once your computer has been infected, the malware will then encrypt your data, then demand a payment from you if you want to assess your files again. The attacker might threaten to publicize your confidential information just to make you pay the ransom. Since it will appear to you that there is no other way you can stop the hacker from letting out your information, you will pay the demanded amount of money. Who Is the Target? It goes with no say that anybody can be hacked. Regardless of your social and financial status, a ransomware attack can befall you. But, before attackers choose who to attack, they have to put into consideration some critical factors. Below are some of the guiding tips that cybercriminals use in order to choose the right target. - Level of vulnerability: If you are a vulnerable internet user, you are at the risk of being hacked. Organizations or individuals who have sensitive data and are likely to pay the ransom are considered to be very susceptible t a ransomware attack. Such organizations include law firms, government agencies, medical facilities, amongst many more. Since they will need to have immediate access to critical data, after a ransomware attack, they are very likely to pay hush money to the attackers in order to repossess the data. - Opportunity: Another factor that attackers consider is the possibility of an opportunity presenting itself. For instance, if an organization is using an unsecure Wi-Fi network, that is a perfect chance for releasing a ransomware attack. Hackers will look for any loopholes they can capitalize on in order to break into a computer system, get hold of sensitive data, and request a ransom. If you hold sensitive data or have created avenues through which hackers can use, you are likely to encounter a ransomware attack. But this does not mean that those who do not meet the aforementioned requirements are safe. As we discussed earlier, each person or agency can fall into the hands of hackers. How To Protect Yourself From A Ransomware Attack Preventing a ransomware attack is the best way of protecting your sensitive and confidential data. By taking the necessary prevention measures, hackers cannot sniff around your online activities or think of breaking into your computer system to infect it with malware. So, if you want to prevent this malware attack, below are some important practices to use. Stay Away From Fishy Websites Desist from the tendency of accessing every website you come around. Some websites are breeding grounds for hackers, and once you visit them, the chances are high that you will be hacked. These websites come with either enticing or intimidation messages. For example, while surfing online, you will receive a pop-up message informing you that you have won a certain amount of money or you stand a chance of winning a mobile phone. So, once you click on that prompt, you will be redirected to a site that will request you to give certain personal information. In that process, hackers will use that information to break into your computer system, get hold of your data, and demand payment. Avoid Using Unsecure Networks Using any free Wi-Fi connection that you come across is very risky. Most of those networks are unsecure and act as channels through which cyber criminals conduct ransomware attacks. Once you are connected, the hacker gets into your mobile device or computer and gets the liberty to use either an encrypting malware or scareware to steal money from you. If you want to prevent this sort of ransomware attack then, keep off free unsecure Wi-Fi networks. Turn On Your Firewalls Always make sure that your computer firewalls are on. They will help in blocking ransomware from getting into your computer system and corrupting it. Also, ensure that you have strong firewalls that will prevent those unnecessary pop messages that carry malware from flooding your computer display. Use A Reputable VPN A Virtual Private Network allows you to carry out your online activities without being recognized. Your identity remains absolutely private, meaning that it is so hard for someone to trace your steps while using the internet. Once you are anonymous, it even becomes hard for a hacker to trace your network or computer system and hack into it. That is how you can prevent a ransomware attack by simply using a reliable VPN. Install A Reliable Antivirus An antivirus has the ability to combat malware and neutralize it so that it does not corrupt important files and sensitive information. However, not all types of antivirus services that have been made available are safe for use. Some are fake and, in fact, can infect your computer with malware. Therefore, it is very important that you carefully select a reputable anti-hacking software that guarantees secure endpoints, thorough scanning, and advanced patch management. Using a strong antivirus alongside backing up your files is the best way of protecting yourself against a ransomware attack. Fortunately, we offer the best offer one of the best antivirus services that will give you 100% protection against ransomware. Contact us today, and we are ready to be of service to you. There are different types of ransomware, and some can be removed while others cannot. For those which can be removed, there is a guiding procedure that will help you conduct the process. But it will be very helpful if you worked with a professional who will help you undertake this vital security process. This is where we come in handy. All you need to do is contact us, and we will help you remove the malware within the shortest time possible. We have a team of professionals that will assess your computer system, identify the ransomware, and immediately get rid of it. We also have an antivirus service that will help neutralize the ransomware. Our antivirus is very secure and safe for use. To get started with it, you have to place your order and pay the required subscription fee. Then you will receive a file that you have to download and install on your computer. Once you have installed it, let it run on your computer. It will identify any possible malware and neutralize it, thus protecting your files and sensitive data from leaking to hackers. Our commitment is to ensure that you do not pay a ransom once your network or computer system is subjected to a ransomware attack. We have a support team that you can reach out to with your issue, and you will receive the necessary help as soon as possible.

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Tá hackers agus cibearchoiriúnaithe ag iarraidh go leanúnach modhanna nua agus sábháilte a chruthú ar féidir leo a úsáid chun dul isteach i líonraí nó córais, faisnéis rúnda ríthábhachtach a fháil agus é a úsáid chun a gcuid buntáistí, is é sin, airgead a dhéanamh go neamhdhleathach. Ceann de na bealaí a d'oibrigh dóibh ná ionsaí ransomware a sheoladh. Cuirfidh an ionsaí seo droch-mheas ar chóras ríomhaireachta agus cuirfidh sé teachtaireacht isteach ag iarraidh ort méid áirithe airgid a íoc chun go n-athghníomhaíonn do líonra nó do chóras ríomhaireachta. I bhformhór na gcásanna, tagann sé i bhfoirm naisc mheallta a ghabhann le suíomhanna gréasáin, teachtaireachtaí láithreach, agus teachtaireachtaí ríomhphoist. Nuair a chliceálann tú ar an nasc, faigheann do ríomhaire ionfhabhtaithe. Ansin, criptóidh an malware comhaid thábhachtacha agus is féidir leis do chóras ríomhaireachta a ghlasáil freisin. Ansin gheobhaidh tú treoracha sonracha maidir le conas an méid airgid a iarrtar a íoc, atá idir $100 agus $1300.Ach an gá duit an t-aisíocaíocht a iarrtar a íoc? An féidir leat ionsaí ransomware a chosc? Cén bunús a bhí ag Ransomware, agus conas a tháinig sé chun cinn? Déanfaidh an t-alt seo gach rud a theastaíonn uait a fháil amach faoin ionsaí ransomware a dhíchumasú. Déanaimis dul isteach ann, an féidir linn? Bunús Ransomware Go hionraic, níl a fhios ag gach duine cad é ransomware? Cé go bhfuil cuid agaibh ag éisteacht leis an bhfocal ransomware ionsaí don chéad uair. Go hiontach, tá an cineál seo malware thart ó dheireadh na 80idí. Tuairiscíodh an chéad chás d'ionsaí ransomware i 1989. Ba ionsaí é ar an earnáil cúraim sláinte, agus cuireadh víreas Cyborg Trojan PC i disceach cliste chuig na híospartaigh. Chriptáil an víreas comhaid agus faisnéis thábhachtach eile sula n-iarr sé faoisimh idir $189-$380 ó na daoine a raibh tionchar ag an malware orthu. Ba chóir dóibh siúd a chomhlíonfadh éilimh an ionsaitheora a gceadúnas PC Cyborg Corporation a athnuachan. Thar na blianta, tá an teicneolaíocht a úsáidtear i scéimeanna ransomware tar éis fás go mór. Go deimhin, tá aois an idirlín rannchuidiú go suntasach le méadú ar ionsaithe ransomware. Is féidir le hackers anois cineál malware níos sofaisticiúla a úsáid atá deacair a shárú. Agus an t-ionsaí seo ag obair ina bhfabhar, is féidir leis na hionsaitheoirí anois éileamh ar fhuascailt ó na daoine a bhfuil a ríomhairí ionfhabhtaithe. Tá an criptografaíocht nua chun cinn a cheadaigh hackers freisin chun sprioc líonraí corparáideacha agus airgead a extortion ó chorparáidí móra. Ceann de na hionsaithe is contúirteacha is cuimhneacháin ná ransomware forfheidhmiúcháin an dlí. Tharla an chéad uair i 2012, nuair a bhí úsáideoirí ríomhaire a chantaisteadh chun a chreidiúint go raibh siad tar éis a dhéanamh ar shárú gníomhaíocht ar líne, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina cúis leo a bheith gabháil. Ba mhaith leis na hionsaitheoirí íospartaigh a threorú ansin chuig suíomh gníomhaireachta forfheidhmithe dlí dúbailte mar FBI, áit a raibh siad ag éileamh ar 100 dollar ar a laghad a íoc trí bitcoin nó PaySafeCard chun dul go príosún a sheachaint. De réir mar a théann na blianta, tá hackers ag éirí níos cliste fós ina gcuid oibríochtaí. Agus an mothú airgid ag stiúradh iad, bhí siad in ann ionsaithe ransomware a dhéanamh níos marfach fós. Tá straitéisí nua-ghnéasach á gcur i bhfeidhm ag cibearchoiriúnaithe chun bagairtí díobhálacha a scaipeadh agus chun go n-éireoidh le cuid de na dollar is airde go héifeachtach. Is sampla foirfe é an t-ionsaí le déanaí, an ransomware Sodinokibi, ar an gcaoi a bhfuil hackers tar éis a bheith maith ina gcluiche. D'úsáid na hackers soláthraithe seirbhíse bainistithe (MSP) a bhí faoi mhíchumas, chun taifid rúnda othair a fháil i gcúig oifigí fiaclóireachta éagsúla. Mar thoradh air sin, cuireadh bac ar na hoifigí sin rochtain a fháil ar thaifid othair go dtí go n-íocfaidís an méid luaite le haghaidh fáltas. Tá dul chun cinn leanúnach sa teicneolaíocht tar éis spreagadh a thabhairt do haicéirí chun cineálacha éifeachtacha agus éifeachtúla ransomware nua a fhorbairt. Ag an am céanna, tá malware nach féidir a sheasamh ar thástáil na huaire á thréigean. Tá cibearchoiriúnaithe ag cur a n-fhuinneamh i mbun teaghlaigh ransomware nua a chruthú le feidhmiúlacht agus gnéithe chun cinn amhail an cumas córais ríomhaireachta a ionfhabhtuithe i dtíortha éagsúla agus éileamh ar fhuascailt ina dteanga féin. Is féidir le hackers a dhéanamh anois a lán airgid ó úsáideoirí ríomhaire leochaileacha ar fud an domhain. Mar thoradh air sin, tá ionsaithe drochbhreácha den sórt sin ina dhúshlán do ghairmithe agus do ghníomhaireachtaí a bhfuil ola lárnaoise á dhó acu chun bogearraí anti-hacking iontaofa a fhorbairt ar féidir leo an ransomware is déanaí a neodrú. Samplaí d'Ionsaithe Ransomware Mar a pléadh roimhe seo, tá cineálacha nua ionsaithe ransomware á n-eagrú agus á gcur i gcrích go leanúnach. Mar sin féin, fiú nuair a dhéanann an bagairt seo a bhealach isteach sa chló, níl sé ráthaithe go mbeidh sé a chur i gcrích go rathúil an hacker's cuspóir. Tá sé an-soiléir go bhfuil cineálacha áirithe ransomware níos mó ná cineálacha eile. Seo thíos cuid de na hionsaithe ransomware is cáiliúla: - WannaCry: Cruthaigh an NSA an bogearraí ilbhliantúil, ach go ndearna hackers é a ghoid níos déanaí agus ansin é a scaipeadh chuig ríomhairí éagsúla chun a gcuid gnótha egoisteacha a bhaint amach. - CryptoLocke: Seoladh an t-ionsaí seo in 2013, ag ionfhabhtaithe 500,000 meaisín ar a laghad. - SimpleLocker: Meastar freisin gurb é an chéad ionsaí ransomware forleathan a ionfhabhtaigh feistí soghluaiste. - NotPeya: Baineadh úsáid as an Rúis chun cibear-ionsaí a dhéanamh ar an Úcráin. - Ryuk: tuairiscíodh an chéad cheann den ionsaí seo i 2018. Úsáidtear é de chuid is mó ag hackers chun ionsaí a dhéanamh ar eagraíochtaí leochaileacha cosúil le lárionaid cúraim sláinte. - GrandCrab: Ní amháin go bhfuil sé ar cheann de na hionsaithe ransomware is mó a bhfuil tionchar acu, ach chuir sé ar na híospartaigh $ 2 billiún ar a laghad a íoc i airgead fhianaise go dtí seo. De réir a fhorbróirí, is é seo a tharla. - Is é seo an t-ionsaí ransomware is déanaí. Is féidir leis an-chuid bogearraí frith-ransomware a shárú, rud atá an-éifeachtach le húsáid ag hackers. Tá tionchar diúltach ag na hionsaithe ransomware thuasluaite ar ghnólachtaí éagsúla ar fud an domhain. D'fhoghlaim hackers gur féidir leo a lán airgid a thuilleamh ó thaobh an fhuascail a íocadh de ghnólachtaí agus eagraíochtaí móra a spriocú. Míníonn an notion seo cén fáth go bhfuil fiontair mhóra, corparáidí, agus rialtais dea-bhunaithe i gceannas ar liosta spriocanna hackers. Cineálacha Ransomware Is féidir le ransomware foirmeacha éagsúla a ghlacadh a d'fhéadfadh na spriocanna atá beartaithe a bheith ina n-íobairt. Áirítear orthu seo a leanas: Meastar go bhfuil Scareware mar an cineál ransomware is simplí. Thairis sin, nach bhfuil sé chomh scanrúil mar a fheiceann sé. Sa fhoirm seo, scaoiltear an ransomware i bhfoirm eagla. Mar shampla, gheobhaidh tú fógra go bhfuil do chóras ríomhaireachta ionfhabhtaithe. Dá bhrí sin, beidh gá le hean-víreas chun fáil réidh leis an malware. Ach chun an t-antivirus a mholtar a úsáid, beidh ort méid áirithe airgid a íoc, a rachaidh go díreach chuig hackers. Is féidir leis an gcúrsa scare seo a bheith i bhfoirm rabhaidh pop-up gan deireadh, ag iarraidh tú a chur ina luí chun d'íocaíocht ar líne a chomhlánú chun do chóras ríomhaireachta a shocrú. Chomh maith leis sin, d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina bhagairt uafásach ó ghníomhaireacht forfheidhmithe dlí, ag iarraidh ort fíneáil a íoc as gníomhaíocht neamhdhleathach ar líne nach ndearna tú, i bhfíor-mhíle, Ar deireadh ach ní ar a laghad, d'fhéadfadh do ríomhaire a bheith ionfhabhtaithe go fírinneach le malware, a fhágfaidh tú gan rogha ach chun an t-aisíocaíocht a íoc. Ach fiú tar éis íoc, ní ráthaíocht é an méid atá á éileamh ag na hionsaitheoirí go ndéanfar freastal ar do mheaisín, agus go n-imrítear an malware. Is é an gamble! Sin é an fáth nach bhfuil tú ag ceaptha chun íoc an t-aisíocaíocht a iarrtar. Measadh mar an ransomware is contúirteacha, beidh sé a chriptiú do chomhaid, ina dhiaidh sin beidh tú a fháil ar an prompt ag éileamh ort a íoc roinnt méid airgid sula féidir do chuid faisnéise rúnda a decrypted. Leis an gcineál seo ransomware, beidh ort aird a thabhairt ar na hionsaitheoirí a éilítear, ós rud é go mbeidh sé chomh deacair duit córas a chur ar ais nó bogearraí slándála a fháil ar féidir leat a úsáid chun an bagairt a chomhrac. Mar sin féin, níl aon ráthaíocht ann go bhfaighidh tú do chomhad ar ais nuair a íocann tú an t-aisíocaíocht. Cad a dhéanann an cineál ransomware seo is é go bhfuil sé glasanna a reoite tú as do ríomhaire. Nuair a athchraolfaidh tú do ríomhaire, feicfidh tú fuinneog mór le séala oifigiúil údaráis forfheidhmithe dlí. In éineacht leis an séala, beidh teachtaireacht pop-up ann a chuirfidh ort go bhfuil gníomhaíocht neamhdhleathach ar líne déanta agat. Ansin beidh tú a bheith deceived i fíneáil a íoc. Tá sé an-tábhachtach a bheith aireach ionas nach dtitfidh tú mar íobairt do na cineálacha ransomware seo. Is bealaí neamhdhleathacha iad a úsáideann hackers agus cibearchoiriúnaigh chun airgead agus faisnéis rúnda a ghoid ó úsáideoirí ríomhaire. Tá na ceapanna seo a bhfuil an malware máistreacht a gcuid ceardaíochta; i go, tá siad ag díriú anois tomhaltóirí agus gnó agus corparáidí móra. Bí i gcónaí ar an mbarr! Conas a Oibríonn Ionsaí Ransomware? Is é an phishing ceann de na córais is coitianta a úsáideann ionsaitheoirí chun ríomhaire sprioc a ionfhabhtaithe le ransomware. Gheobhaidh tú ríomhphost le ceangaltáin a bhfuil an chuma orthu go bhfuil siad dlisteanach agus acmhainn. Nuair a osclaíonn tú na ceangaltáin seo, beidh tú a mhealladh isteach a cheadú rochtain riaracháin, a spreagann ar a láimh an malware a léiriú i do ríomhaire. Nuair a bheidh do ríomhaire ionfhabhtaithe, déanfaidh an malware do chuid sonraí a chriptiú, ansin íoc a éileamh uait más mian leat do chomhaid a mheas arís. D'fhéadfadh an t-ionsaí bagairt a dhéanamh go bhfoilseoidh sé do chuid faisnéise rúnda ach amháin chun an t-aisíocaíocht a íoc. Ós rud é go mbeidh sé le feiceáil duit nach bhfuil aon bhealach eile is féidir leat a stopadh an hackers ó ligean amach do chuid faisnéise, beidh tú a íoc an méid éilimh airgid. Cé hé an Sprioc? Ní gá a rá go bhfuil aon duine in ann a bheith hacked. Is cuma cén stádas sóisialta agus airgeadais atá agat, is féidir ionsaí ransomware a fháil ort. Ach, sula roghnaíonn ionsaitheoirí cé a ionsaí, ní mór dóibh roinnt fachtóirí criticiúla a chur san áireamh. Seo thíos roinnt de na leideanna treoracha a úsáideann cibearchoiriúnaithe chun an sprioc ceart a roghnú. - Leibhéal leochaileachta: Má tá tú ina úsáideoir leochaileach ar an idirlíon, tá tú i mbaol a bheith hacked. Meastar go bhfuil eagraíochtaí nó daoine aonair a bhfuil sonraí íogaire acu agus a d'fhéadfadh an t-aisíocaíocht a íoc an-so-ghabhálach d'ionsaí ransomware. I measc na n-eagraíochtaí sin tá gnólachtaí dlí, gníomhaireachtaí rialtais, áiseanna leighis, i measc go leor eile. Ós rud é go mbeidh gá acu rochtain láithreach a fháil ar shonraí criticiúla, tar éis ionsaí ransomware, is dócha go n-íocfaidh siad airgead ciúin leis na hionsaitheoirí chun na sonraí a aisghabháil. - Deiseanna: Is é an fachtóir eile a mheasann ionsaitheoirí ná an fhéidearthacht go mbeidh deis ann. Mar shampla, má tá eagraíocht ag baint úsáide as líonra Wi-Fi neamhshlándála, is deis iontach é sin chun ionsaí ransomware a scaoileadh. Déanfaidh hackers aon lochtanna a fhéachfaidh siad ar a bhféadfaidh siad leas a bhaint astu chun dul isteach i gcóras ríomhaireachta, sonraí íogaire a fháil, agus faoisimh a iarraidh. Má choinníonn tú sonraí íogaire nó má chruthaigh tú bealaí trína bhféadfaidh hackers úsáid a bhaint as, is dócha go mbeidh ionsaí ransomware ort. Ach ní chiallaíonn sé seo go bhfuil na daoine nach gcomhlíonann na ceanglais thuasluaite sábháilte. Mar a pléamar roimhe seo, is féidir le gach duine nó gníomhaireacht titim i lámha hackers. Conas Tú Féin a Chosaint ó Ionsaí Ransomware Is é an bealach is fearr chun do shonraí íogaire agus rúnda a chosaint ná ionsaí ransomware a chosc. Má ghlacann tú na bearta coisctheacha is gá, ní féidir le hackers do ghníomhaíochtaí ar líne a sniffáil nó smaoineamh ar do chóras ríomhaireachta a bhriseadh isteach chun malware a ionfhabhtaithe. Mar sin, más mian leat an t-ionsaí malware seo a chosc, thíos tá roinnt cleachtais thábhachtacha le húsáid. Seachain Suímh Shéimh Ná téigh go dtí gach suíomh Gréasáin a thagann tú. Tá roinnt suíomhanna gréasáin ina n-áit chothúcháin do hackers, agus nuair a thugann tú cuairt orthu, tá seans mór ann go mbeidh tú hacked. Tagann na suíomhanna gréasáin seo le teachtaireachtaí mealltachta nó eagla. Mar shampla, agus tú ag surfáil ar líne, gheobhaidh tú teachtaireacht pop-up ag cur in iúl duit gur bhuaigh tú méid áirithe airgid nó go bhfuil seans agat fón póca a bhuachan. Mar sin, nuair a chliceálann tú ar an gcuireadh sin, atreorófar tú chuig suíomh a iarrfaidh ort faisnéis phearsanta áirithe a thabhairt. Sa phróiseas sin, úsáidfidh hackers an fhaisnéis sin chun dul isteach i do chóras ríomhaireachta, do chuid sonraí a fháil, agus íocaíocht a éileamh. Seachain Líonraí Neamhshábháilte a Úsáid Tá sé an-rioscach aon nasc Wi-Fi saor in aisce a úsáideann tú a fháil. Tá an chuid is mó de na líonraí sin neamhshlándála agus feidhmíonn siad mar cheanáin trína ndéanann ciontóirí cibear ionsaithe ransomware. Nuair a bhíonn tú nasctha, téann an hackers isteach i do ghléas soghluaiste nó i do ríomhaire agus faigheann sé an tsaoirse malware criptithe nó scareware a úsáid chun airgead a ghoid uait. Más mian leat an cineál seo ionsaí ransomware a chosc ansin, coinnigh ar shiúl ó líonraí saor in aisce neamhshlándála Wi-Fi. Cuir do Firewalls ar bun Bí cinnte i gcónaí go bhfuil do bhallaí dóiteáin ríomhaire ar siúl. Cabhróidh siad le ransomware a bhac ó dul isteach i do chóras ríomhaireachta agus é a chontúirt. Chomh maith leis sin, déan cinnte go bhfuil ballaí dóiteáin láidre agat a choscfaidh go gcuirfidh na teachtaireachtaí pop neamhriachtanacha sin a bhfuil malware orthu isteach i do scáileán ríomhaireachta. Úsáid VPN Reusable Ligeann Líonra Príobháideach Fíorúil duit do ghníomhaíochtaí ar líne a dhéanamh gan a bheith aitheanta. Tá do chuid aitheantais i bhfolach go hiomlán, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil sé an-deacair do dhuine do chuid céimeanna a rianú agus tú ag úsáid an idirlín. Nuair a bhíonn tú gan ainm, bíonn sé deacair fiú ar hackers do líonra nó do chóras ríomhaireachta a rianú agus é a hackáil. Seo mar is féidir leat ionsaí ransomware a chosc trí VPN iontaofa a úsáid. Install A Antivirus iontaofa Tá cumas ag antivirus dul i ngleic le malware agus é a neodrú ionas nach ndéanfaidh sé damáiste do chomhaid thábhachtacha agus do fhaisnéis íogair. Mar sin féin, ní féidir úsáid a bhaint as gach cineál seirbhísí antivírus a rinneadh ar fáil. Tá cuid acu bréagach agus, i ndáiríre, is féidir leo malware a ionfhabhtaithe ar do ríomhaire. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé an-tábhachtach go roghnaíonn tú bogearraí frith-hacking iontaofa a ráthaíonn pointí deiridh slán, scanadh críochnúil, agus bainistíocht pacáiste chun cinn. Is é an bealach is fearr chun tú féin a chosaint ar ionsaí ransomware ná antivirus láidir a úsáid in éineacht le cúltaca a dhéanamh de do chomhaid. Ar an dea-uair, cuirimid an tairiscint is fearr ar fáil ar cheann de na seirbhísí antivirus is fearr a thabharfaidh tú 100% cosaint i gcoinne ransomware. Déan teagmháil linn inniu, agus táimid réidh chun a bheith ar do sheirbhís. Tá cineálacha éagsúla ransomware ann, agus is féidir cuid acu a bhaint agus cuid eile nach féidir. Maidir leo siúd is féidir a bhaint, tá nós imeachta treoracha ann a chabhróidh leat an próiseas a dhéanamh. Ach beidh sé an-chabhrach má d'oibrigh tú le gairmiúil a chabhróidh leat an próiseas slándála ríthábhachtach seo a dhéanamh. Seo an áit a thagann muid i handy. Níl le déanamh agat ach teagmháil a dhéanamh linn, agus cabhróidh muid leat an malware a bhaint laistigh den am is giorra is féidir. Tá foireann gairmiúla againn a mheasfaidh do chóras ríomhaireachta, a aithneoidh an ransomware, agus a scriosfaidh é láithreach. Tá seirbhís antivirus againn freisin a chabhróidh leis an ransomware a neodrú. Tá ár n-antivirus an-sábháilte agus sábháilte le húsáid. Chun tús a chur leis, ní mór duit d'ordú a dhéanamh agus an táille síntiús a theastaíonn a íoc. Ansin gheobhaidh tú comhad a chaithfidh tú a íoslódáil agus a shuiteáil ar do ríomhaire. Nuair a bheidh tú suiteáilte é, lig é a reáchtáil ar do ríomhaire. Aithneoidh sé aon malware féideartha agus níochóidh sé é, rud a chosnaíonn do chomhaid agus do shonraí íogaire ó sceitheadh chuig hackers. Is é ár dtiomantas ná a chinntiú nach n-íocann tú faoisimh nuair a bhíonn do líonra nó do chóras ríomhaireachta faoi ionsaí ransomware. Tá foireann tacaíochta againn ar féidir leat dul i dteagmháil leo le do cheist, agus gheobhaidh tú an cabhair is gá a luaithe is féidir.

One of the reasons that sharks are such successful predators is that they have such super senses. Two-thirds of a shark's brain is dedicated to its keenest sense -- smell. Some sharks have eyes similar to a cat. A mirror-like layer in their eyes allows them to see better in the water. This allows the shark to hunt in clear seas or murky water. To top it off, sharks have a few unusual senses. For instance, they are able to feel vibrations in the water using a line of canals that go from its head to its tail. Called a "lateral line", these canals are filled with water and contain sensory cells with hairs growing out of them. These hairs move when the water vibrates and alerts the shark to potential prey. Sharks also have a sensory organ called the "ampullae of Lorenzini" which they use to "feel" the electrical field coming from its prey.

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Ceann de na cúiseanna go bhfuil cáiréil chomh rathúil depredators Is go bhfuil siad den sórt sin super-sint. Tá dhá thrian de eanlaith na hailc tiomanta dá bhfianaise is géire - boladh. Tá súile cosúil le cat ag roinnt siorcanna. Ligeann ciseal cosúil le scáthán ina shúile dóibh a fheiceáil níos fearr san uisce. Ligeann sé seo don chíor dul i ngleic le muir shoiléir nó le huisce dorcha. Chun é a uaslódáil, tá cúpla ciall neamhghnách ag muiceolaithe. Mar shampla, is féidir leo a bheith in ann vibrations san uisce ag baint úsáide as líne de chanálacha a théann óna cheann go dtí a eireaball. Tugtar "líne taobh" ar na canálacha seo, agus tá siad líonta le huisce agus tá cealla braite ann agus tá gruaig ag fás as. Bíonn na gruaigí seo ag gluaiseacht nuair a bhíonn an t-uisce ag crith agus tugann siad rabhadh don chíor go bhfuil saighdiúirí ann. Tá orgán braite ag siorcanna freisin ar a dtugtar "ampullae Lorenzini" a úsáideann siad chun an réimse leictreach a thagann óna saighdiúirí a "mothabháil".

This is not only beefing up metadata and QC flags in the data. It might be even more important to establish a framework that assesses the quality of data products for different usages, e.g., climate change or local monitoring. This fitness-for-purpose product-level quality cannot be handled by QC flags but requires a community-based chaining data content with data delivery and web-based services. - Data Intercomparison and quality harmonization - Fit-for-purpose criteria for data quality (e.g., climate change need vs. near-real-time monitoring need) - Presenting data quality to users - What does the air quality community need for data quality (i.e., for many different applications, many things people do - monitoring, detecting, EPA legalistic things, etc)? Is it more important to get data measurement down to 5th digit, or more important to get data within 3 hours, most important coverage (space and time), more important to have consistency throughout data, or precise accuracy and measurement for particular date? - What are the methodologies used for data quality assessment throughout the communities? For example, people working with ground-based measurement data - surface means different things throughout different communities. Need to hear about the knowledge that already exists in the AQ community. Sea Surface Temperature Return to Information Quality

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Ní hamháin go bhfuil méadú á dhéanamh ar mhétadáil agus ar phláiní CQ sna sonraí. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith níos tábhachtaí fós creat a bhunú lena ndéanfar cáilíocht táirgí sonraí a mheas le haghaidh úsáidí éagsúla, mar shampla, athrú aeráide nó faireachán áitiúil. Ní féidir leis na bratacha CQ an caighdeán ar leibhéal táirge oiriúnach chun críche a láimhseáil ach teastaíonn ábhar sonraí slabhraithe bunaithe ar an bpobal le seachadadh sonraí agus seirbhísí bunaithe ar an ngréasán. - Idirchomparáid sonraí agus comhchuibhiú cáilíochta - critéir oiriúnaithe don chuspóir maidir le cáilíocht na sonraí (e.g., gá le hathrú aeráide vs. gá le faireachán beagnach fíor-ama) - Cáilíocht na sonraí a chur i láthair d'úsáideoirí - Cad a theastaíonn ó phobal cáilíochta aeir le haghaidh cáilíocht sonraí (i.e., le haghaidh go leor feidhmchláir éagsúla, go leor rudaí a dhéanann daoine - monatóireacht, braite, rudaí dlíthiúla EPA, srl.)? An bhfuil sé níos tábhachtaí tomhas sonraí a fháil go dtí an 5ú digit, nó an bhfuil sé níos tábhachtaí sonraí a fháil laistigh de 3 uair an chloig, an clúdach is tábhachtaí (spás agus am), an bhfuil sé níos tábhachtaí comhsheasmhacht a bheith agat ar fud na sonraí, nó cruinneas agus tomhas beacht le haghaidh dáta ar leith? - Cad iad na modheolaíochtaí a úsáidtear chun cáilíocht na sonraí a mheas ar fud na bpobal? Mar shampla, daoine ag obair le sonraí tomhais bunaithe ar thalamh - ciallaíonn dromchla rudaí éagsúla i measc pobail éagsúla. Ní mór dom a chloisteáil faoi an t-eolas atá ann cheana féin i bpobal AQ. Teochta dromchla na farraige An Cháilíocht Faisnéise a Athshlánú

Scientists have found a way to manipulate the neurons in mice that respond to itch — and, in the process, have settled a longstanding debate: Is itchiness just a form of pain, or a separate, unique sensation? It turns out the brain treats itch and pain completely differently, even though they can both be excruciating. Researchers from Washington University in St. Louis, MO, and from Peking University in Beijing learned this by giving a neurotoxin to a group of mice; it knocked out cells with a certain neuronal receptor that’s known to respond to itch. Afterward, the mice could no longer respond to any itchy stimuli. They didn’t flinch. They made no effort to scratch. But they did respond to pain just like other mice do. That finding, released today by Science, strongly suggests that two separate neural pathways process pain and itch. So why would animals, and humans, have a unique itch response? Pain helps us to avert danger, clearly. If something hurts we avoid it. But an itchy feeling tell us… to give ourselves a quick rub? It seems strange. A startling and fascinating piece in the New Yorker last year explains what little we know about this common sensation and how it’s perceived by both body and mind. (That piece also includes one of the most harrowing clinical tales I’ve ever heard. It makes for excellent reading.) Today’s research news offers a little more clarity in the science of itching — but only a little.

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Fuair eolaithe bealach chun na néaróin i luch a dhéanann freagairt do chrath a ionramháil agus, sa phróiseas, shocraigh siad díospóireacht fhada: An bhfuil chrath ach cineál pian, nó braithim ar leithligh, uathúil? Tá sé le feiceáil go ndéanann an inchinn déileáil go hiomlán difriúil le gríos agus le pian, cé go bhféadfadh an dá rud a bheith dochreidte. D'fhoghlaim taighdeoirí ó Ollscoil Washington i St. Louis, MO, agus ó Ollscoil Peking i mBéising é seo trí néaróthaigin a thabhairt do ghrúpa luch; chuir sé cealla le gabhdóir néarónach áirithe a bhfuil a fhios go bhfreagraíonn sé ar itch amach. Ina dhiaidh sin, ní raibh na lucha in ann freagairt a thuilleadh d'aon spreagadh itchy. Níor shroich siad. Rinne siad aon iarracht a scratch. Ach d'fhreagair siad ar pian díreach mar a dhéanann na lucha eile. Tugann an t-athrú sin, a d'eisigh an tSaineas inniu, le fios go láidir go ndéanann dhá bhealach néarólach ar leithligh pian agus itch a phróiseáil. Mar sin cén fáth go mbeadh freagra uathúil itch ag ainmhithe, agus ag daoine? Cabhraíonn pian linn a sheachaint contúirtí, go soiléir. Má dhéanann rud éigin pian dúinn é a sheachaint. Ach a rá linn mothú itchy... a thabhairt dúinn féin rub tapa? Tá sé cosúil aisteach. Míníonn píosa iontach agus suimiúil sa New Yorker an bhliain seo caite an bheag a bhfuil a fhios againn faoin ngéibheann coitianta seo agus conas a fheiceann an comhlacht agus an intinn é. (Tá ceann de na scéalta cliniciúla is mó a chuala mé riamh san alt sin freisin. Is léacht den scoth é.) Tugann nuacht taighde an lae inniu beagán níos soiléire i eolaíocht an chraiceann ach beagán amháin.