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SYMBOLS AND FAITH SYMBOLS AND FAITH Sikhs have a symbolic dress of Panj Kakaars (5 articles) that are mandatory for every person who partakes of the Khandey Da Pahul (Sikh Baptism Ceremony). The five articles are kanga (comb), kara (bangle), kes (unshorn hair), kachhera (long underwear) and kirpan (sword). These 5 Ks are part of the Sikh rehat (disciplinary code). What do these ‘5 Ks’ represent? The significance of the kakaars is present in - together as a whole in the five articles - each individual article of faith And these implications have external and internal elements to them, too. The 5 Ks represent the external face of Sikhi as a whole. When the shabad /messages of Gurbani are understood, believed and applied in daily life, they represent the face of Sikhi within. Hence a practical shabad-based daily life of Sikhi is more valuable than the mere adornment of the 5 Ks without the shabad within. Individually, each kakaar has an external and internal element as well. Adorning a kirpan is the external face of a Sikh character. But the kirpan has an internal element (within) as well that comes from the Shabad. The inner value of Sikhi within us as epitomized by the kirpan is fearlessness, a desire for justice, a need to protect the downtrodden and the cutting down of the 5 vices. Merely adorning a kirpan externally (the longer the better?) but with none of the inner values that are represented by the kirpan becomes both futile and pretentious. The outcome of mere external rehat (kirpan in this case) results for instance in Sikhs – instead of using the kirpan to protect the weak – using it on each other! Going by the messages of our gurus in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji – it cannot be true that any of our Gurus would have said that Sikhi within is unimportant. (SGGS 1099 Rag Maroo M: 5) ਭੇਖੀ ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਨ ਲਭਈ ਵਿਣੁ ਸਚੀ ਸਿਖੰ ॥ Bhaekhee Prabhoo N Labhee Vin Sachee Sikhan || They wear religious robes, but without the True Teachings, God is not found. Rehat should not be taken for only its extrinsic values alone. Rehat comprises both extrinsic and intrinsic values. (SGGS 267 Rag Gauree Sukhmani M : 5 ) ਬਾਹਰਿ ਭੇਖ ਅੰਤਰਿ ਮਲੁ ਮਾਇਆ ॥ Baahar Bhaekh Anthar Mal Maaeiaa || Outwardly, they wear religious robes, but within is the filth of Maya. Guru Nanak Sahib ji condemns the external symbols of the yogis of his time. In the bani titled Sidh Ghosht where Guru Nanak Sahib ji has a dialogue with the yogis, there is mention of their 5 symbols – earrings, begging bag or bowl, seamless unsewn garb or cloak, staff or walking stick and holy ash. Guru Nanak Sahib ji fearlessly censures these symbols. (SGGS 730 Rag Suhee M: 1) ਜੋਗੁ ਨ ਖਿੰਥਾ ਜੋਗੁ ਨ ਡੰਡੈ ਜੋਗੁ ਨ ਭਸਮ ਚੜਾਈਐ ॥ ਜੋਗੁ ਨ ਮੁੰਦੀ ਮੂੰਡਿ ਮੁਡਾਇਐ ਜੋਗੁ ਨ ਸਿੰਙੀ ਵਾਈਐ ॥ Jog N Khinthhaa Jog N Ddanddai Jog N Bhasam Charraaeeai || Jog N Mundhee Moondd Muddaaeiai Jog N Sinn(g)ee Vaaeeai || Yoga is not the patched cloak, Yoga is not the walking stick. Yoga is not smearing the body with ashes. Yoga is not the earrings, and not the shaven head. Yoga is not the blowing of the horn. Guru Nanak’s critique is primarily on these grounds. - The futility of yoga as a way to God - The lesser worth of physical as opposed to spiritual outcomes in any chosen way of spirituality - Going against the order of family and society by being a renunciate - Going against the Hukam /Will of the Creator How is Guru Nanak’s yogi, then? (SGGS 730 Rag Suhee M :1) ਗਲੀ ਜੋਗੁ ਨ ਹੋਈ ॥ ਏਕ ਦ੍ਰਿਸਟਿ ਕਰਿ ਸਮਸਰਿ ਜਾਣੈ ਜੋਗੀ ਕਹੀਐ ਸੋਈ ॥੧॥ ਰਹਾਉ ॥ Galee Jog N Hoee || Eaek Dhrisatt Kar Samasar Jaanai Jogee Keheeai Soee ||1|| Rehaao || By mere words, Yoga is not attained. One who looks upon all with a single eye, and knows them to be one and the same – he alone is known as a Yogi. ||1||Pause|| Jogee Keheeai Soee means this is ‘my concept of yogi’. His perception of a true yogi is by his deeds, not his outer appearance. One of the hallmarks of Guru Nanak Sahib ji’s spiritual wisdom lies in redefining existing concepts and beliefs. He redefined yogi. And he redefined yoga. We have to search the Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji for the redefined concepts and apply the redefined concepts whenever the term yog/yogi appears. (This rule also applies to numerous other concepts such as heaven and hell etc). (SGGS 939 Ramkali M : 1 Sidh Gosht 10) ਖਿੰਥਾ ਝੋਲੀ ਭਰਿਪੁਰਿ ਰਹਿਆ ਨਾਨਕ ਤਾਰੈ ਏਕੁ ਹਰੀ ॥ Khinthhaa Jholee Bharipur Rehiaa Naanak Thaarai Eaek Haree || For your patched coat and begging bowl, see the Lord God pervading and permeating everywhere ; O Nanak, the One Lord will carry you across. So is Guru Nanak Sahib ji a yogi? Yes, he is. But he is a real yogi. Not the kind he met in the mountains and jungles. We are all to become his type of yogis. Guru ji is telling us what to make our earrings, what to make our begging bowl, what to make our cloak and our staff. Guru Nanak’s method is to redefine all external symbols into inner values. (SGGS 941 Ramkali M:1 Sidh Gosht 34) ਜੋਗ ਜੁਗਤਿ ਸਚਿ ਰਹੈ ਸਮਾਇ ॥ Jog Jugath Sach Rehai Samaae || The Way of Yoga is to remain absorbed in Truth. (34) Guru ji is leading us to be a true yogi ; one who has merged with sach (truth), the Lord’s Holy Name. One cannot hope to realize God within oneself with an empty outward display of religious paraphernalia. (SGGS 732 Rag Asa M: 5) ਬਾਹਰਿ ਭੇਖ ਕਰਹਿ ਘਨੇਰੇ ॥ ਅੰਤਰਿ ਬਿਖਿਆ ਉਤਰੀ ਘੇਰੇ ॥ Baahar Bhaekh Karehi Ghanaerae || Anthar Bikhiaa Outharee Ghaerae || Outwardly, they wear various religious robes, But within, they are enveloped by poison. All doctors know that real healthy glow is based on what is inside the body. One can apply foundations and whatnot to the exterior but only the correct intake of food in the diet keeps one healthy. Similarly, one can meticulously go on wearing religious garbs but this dedication will not bring him a bit closer to God. Just as the hunger of a beggar will never depart just by the wearing of tattered robes. The bottom line is that if the mann (mind) is healthy, the tann (body) is healthy, then the rehat (discipline) of outer symbols will fall into place naturally. (SGGS 106 Rag Maajh M : 5) ਤਨੁ ਤੇਰਾ ਧਨੁ ਭੀ ਤੇਰਾ ॥ ਤੂੰ ਠਾਕੁਰੁ ਸੁਆਮੀ ਪ੍ਰਭੁ ਮੇਰਾ ॥ Man Than Thaeraa Dhhan Bhee Thaeraa || Thoon Thaakur Suaamee Prabh Maeraa || Mind and body are Yours; all wealth is Yours.You are my God, my Lord and Master.

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Síombailí agus Creideamh Síombailí agus Creideamh Tá gúna siocúil de Panj Kakaars (5 earra) ag Sikhs atá éigeantach do gach duine a ghlacann páirt i Khandey Da Pahul (Searmanas Baiste Sikh). Is iad na cúig earraí kanga (comb), kara (bangle), kes (caol neamhshéite), kachhera (foireann bhéalaigh fhada) agus kirpan (scéal). Tá na 5 Ks seo mar chuid den rehat Sikh (cód araíonachta). Cad a léiríonn na 5 Ks seo? Tá tábhacht na kakaars i láthair i - le chéile ina n-iomláine sna cúig airteagal - gach alt creidimh aonair Agus tá gnéithe seachtracha agus inmheánacha ag na himpleachtaí seo freisin. Léiríonn na 5 Ks aghaidh seachtrach Sikh mar iomláine. Nuair a thuigeann, a chreideann agus a chuirtear i bhfeidhm i saol laethúil shabad / teachtaireachtaí Gurbani, léiríonn siad aghaidh Sikh laistigh. Dá bhrí sin tá saol laethúil praiticiúil Sikh bunaithe ar shabad níos luachmhaire ná an adornment amháin de na 5 Ks gan an shabad laistigh. Go aonair, tá gné sheachtrach agus inmheánach ag gach kakaar freisin. Is é an duine Sikh ná an duine a bhíonn ag adhradh kirpan. Ach tá gné inmheánach (laistigh) ag an kirpan freisin a thagann ón Shabad. Is é luach inmheánach Sikh inár measc mar a léirítear leis an kirpan ná gan eagla, mianta chun ceartais, an gá atá le cosaint a thabhairt do na daoine atá faoi chois agus na 5 vices a ghearradh síos. Ní raibh ann ach kirpan a mhaisiú go seachtrach (an níos faide an níos fearr?) ach gan aon cheann de na luachanna inmheánacha a léirítear leis an kirpan a bheith gan éifeacht agus pretentious araon. Mar shampla, is é toradh an rehat seachtrach (kirpan sa chás seo) ná go n-úsáideann Sikhs an kirpan chun an lag a chosaint é a úsáid ar a chéile! Ag dul ag na teachtaireachtaí dár gúrú sa Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji ní féidir go mbeadh sé fíor go mbeadh aon cheann dár Gúrúí ag rá nach bhfuil an Sikh istigh tábhachtach. (SGGS 1099 Rag Maroo M: 5) Bhéidh sí ag iarraidh an Tiarna agus ní fhaightear é. Bhaekhee Prabhoo N Labhee Vin Sachee Sikhan sagar Tá éadaí reiligiúnacha acu, ach gan na Fíor-Teagascanna, ní fhaightear Dia. Níor chóir Rehat a ghlacadh ar a luachanna seachtracha amháin. Áirítear ar athsholáthar luachanna seachtracha agus inmheánacha araon. (SGGS 267 Rag Gauree Sukhmani M: 5) taobh amuigh de bhéal Baahar Bhaekh Anthar Mal Maaeiaa as Ar an taobh amuigh, tá siad ag caitheamh gúnaí reiligiúnacha, ach taobh istigh tá an salachar Maya. D'fhógair Guru Nanak Sahib na siombailí seachtracha a bhí ag na yogis ina am. Sa bani dar teideal Sidh Ghosht ina bhfuil idirphlé ag Guru Nanak Sahib le yogis, luaitear a gcuid 5 siombail cluaise, mála nó bowl begging, éadaí nó clób neamh-shuite gan sciú, staf nó slat coise agus luaine naofa. Censures Guru Nanak Sahib ji fearlessly na siombailí. (SGGS 730 Rag Suhee M: 1) Ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile, ní bheidh sé ag dul i ngleic le daoine eile. Jog N Khinthhaa Jog N Ddanddai Jog N Bhasam Charraaeeai Jog N Mundhee Moondd Muddaaeiai Jog N Sinn(g) e Vaeeai a Ní an t-aodach patched é Yoga, ní an bata coiseála é Yoga. Ní bhaineann Yoga le corp a scriosadh le luaithreach. Ní na cluaise, ná an ceann shave é an Yoga. Ní ionann Yoga agus an corn a bhrú. Tá cáineadh Guru Nanak go príomha ar na forais seo. - An futility de yoga mar bhealach chun Dé - An luach níos lú de na torthaí fisiciúla i gcomparáid le torthaí spioradálta in aon bhealach roghnaithe de spioradáltas - Ag dul i gcoinne an ordú teaghlaigh agus an tsochaí trí bheith ina renunciate - Ag dul i gcoinne an Hukam / Will an Cruthaitheoir Conas Guru Nanaks yogi, ansin? (SGGS 730 Rag Suhee M:1) Ghleigí ag dul gan bheith ar an tsráid. 'Aigí ag dul ar an tsráid, ní bheidh a fhios agam cad a deir sé.' Galee Jog N Hoee baghair Eaek Dhrisatt Kar Samasar Jaanai Jogee Keheeai Soee baghair1 baghair Rehaao baghair Ní fhaightear Yoga trí bhriathra amháin. Ceann a fhéachann ar gach le súil amháin, agus a fhios acu a bheith ar cheann amháin agus an céanna - tá sé amháin ar a dtugtar Yogi. Bheith ag déanamh rud Is éard atá i gceist le Jogee Keheeai Soee ná "is é seo mo choincheap de yogi". Tá a thuiscint ar fíor-yoga ag a chuid oibreacha, ní a chuma seachtrach. Tá ceann de na saintréithe spioradálta Guru Nanak Sahib ji 's i athmhínithe coincheapa agus creideamh atá ann cheana féin. Athshainmhínigh sé yogi. Agus d'athshainmhínigh sé an yoga. Ní mór dúinn an Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji a chuardach le haghaidh na gcoincheapa athmhínithe agus na coincheapa athmhínithe a chur i bhfeidhm aon uair a thagann an téarma yog / yoga. (Tá feidhm ag an riail seo freisin maidir le coincheapa eile go leor mar neamh agus ifrinn etc.) (SGGS 939 Ramkali M: 1 Sidh Gosht 10) Khintha bholi bhripuridhidhya nanak taray ekku harī ॥ Khinthhaa Jholee Bharipur Rehiaa Naanak Thaarai Eaek Haree Do chúntóir patched agus bowl begging, a fheiceáil ar an Tiarna Dia pervading agus permeating i ngach áit; O Nanak, beidh an Tiarna amháin a thabhairt tú trasna. Mar sin, an bhfuil Guru Nanak Sahib ji a yogi? Sea, tá sé. Ach tá sé ina yogi fíor. Ní an cineál a bhuail sé sna sléibhte agus i dhlúthchríocha. Táimid go léir chun a bheith ina chineál yogis. Tá Guru ji ag insint dúinn cad atá le déanamh dár n-earrings, cad atá le déanamh dár n-bhogáil bowl, cad atá le déanamh ár cloak agus ár bhfoireann. Is é modh Guru Nanak a athshainmhíniú gach siombail seachtrach i luachanna inmheánacha. (SGGS 941 Ramkali M:1 Sidh Gosht 34) Jog Jagatī Shichhhai Smai Jog Jugath Sach Rehai Samaae sa Is é an bealach Yoga a bheith i gcónaí i bhfírinne. (34) Tá Guru ji ag tabhairt dúinn a bheith ina fíor-yogaí; duine a bhfuil sé comhcheangailte le sach (fírinne), Ainm Naofa an Tiarna. Ní féidir le duine a bheith ag súil go dtuigeann sé Dia ina chroí féin le taispeáint lasmuigh folamh de chuid na n-earraí reiligiúnacha. (SGGS 732 Rag Asa M: 5) taobh amuigh de chúl an chúl Baahar Bhaekh Karehi Ghanaerae De réir seachtrach, caitheann siad róbhanna reiligiúnacha éagsúla, ach taobh istigh, tá siad clúdaithe ag nimh. Tá a fhios ag gach dochtúir go bhfuil an fíor-ghluaiseacht sláintiúil bunaithe ar an méid atá taobh istigh den chorp. Is féidir le duine bunús agus rud éigin eile a chur i bhfeidhm ar an taobh amuigh ach ní choinníonn ach an t-iontógáil cheart bia sa réim bia duine sláintiúil. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, is féidir le duine dul ar aghaidh ag caitheamh éadaí reiligiúnacha ach ní chuirfidh an tiomantas seo níos gaire dó do Dhia. Díreach mar nach mbeidh an ocras de beggar imeacht ach amháin ag caitheamh robes tattered. Is é an bunlíne ná má tá an mann (intinn) sláintiúil, tá an tann (craiceann) sláintiúil, ansin titfidh an rehat (disciplín) de shiombailí seachtracha ina áit go nádúrtha. (SGGS 106 Rag Maajh M: 5) Is tú a thug an t-airgead sin domsa. Man Than Thaeraa Dhhan Bhee Thaeraa saka Thoon Thaakur Suaamee Prabh Maeraa saka Is é an intinn agus an corp deat; is é gach saibhreas deat.Tá tú mo Dhia, mo Thiarna agus mo Mháistir.

What about all the wars that have been caused in the name of Christianity? This is part 5 to a 7 part series: Questions About God – Canadian philosopher Michael Horner responds to seven of the most commonly asked questions about God and Christianity. Question 5: What about all the wars that have been caused in the name of Christianity? When responding to this question, we need to remember that we should not judge the teachings or the truth of a religion or philosophy by the conduct or behaviour of those who are not following those teachings. This being the case, we need to be clear that many of the wars and other atrocities which have been committed in the name of Christ were carried out by people who either were not really Christians or who were genuine Christians but were not following the teachings of Jesus. Such conflicts were often motivated by political or economic concerns but were given religious overtones in order to convince the masses it was in their best eternal interest to get involved. So rather than judging Christianity by the actions of these people, we should judge it by the teachings of its founder and leader, Jesus Christ. If you read through Jesus’ teachings in the Bible, you will come across such sayings as “If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also” (Luke 6:29), “Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you” (Matthew 5:44) and “Love your neighbour as yourself” (Matthew 19:19). Hardly the sayings of a war-mongering leader. Another thing to remember is that war is not a problem just for Christianity. It is a problem for all religions and ideologies. More murders have been committed by atheistic regimes in this century than have been committed by any “Christian” government or organization over the past 2,000 years. The other point to emphasize is the positive impact Christianity has made on society. This is often overlooked when people are talking about the negative things done in the name of the faith. Most of our educational institutions came out of Christianity. Many of the founders of modern science were Christians. The revivals of the 17th and 18th centuries produced social reforms that led to the abolition of slavery and the improvement of conditions for women and children. Philanthropic organizations such as the Salvation Army, the Red Cross and the YMCA came out of these revivals. Remembering this fact gives us a fuller, more balanced picture of the effect Christianity has had on society.

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Cad a tharla do na cogaí go léir a rinneadh in ainm na Críostaíochta? Is é seo an chuid 5 go dtí sraith 7 chuid: Ceisteanna faoi Dhia Freagraíonn fealsamh Cheanada Michael Horner ar seacht d'cheisteanna is coitianta a chuirtear faoi Dhia agus an Chríostaíocht. Ceist 5: Cad a tharla do na cogaí go léir a rinneadh in ainm na Críostaíochta? Agus an cheist seo á fhreagairt againn, ní mór dúinn a mheabhrú nár cheart dúinn teagasc nó fírinne reiligiúin nó fealsúnacht a mheas de réir iompair nó iompair na ndaoine nach leanann na teagasc sin. Agus é seo mar atá, ní mór dúinn a bheith soiléir go ndearna daoine nach raibh i ndáiríre Críostaí nó nach raibh i ndáiríre Críostaí ach nach raibh ag leanúint theagasc Íosa go leor de na cogadh agus de na heagla eile a rinneadh in ainm Chríost. Is minic a bhí imní polaitiúla nó eacnamaíocha mar chúis le coinbhleachtaí den sórt sin ach tugadh leaganacha reiligiúnacha dóibh chun na maiseanna a chur ina luí go raibh sé ar mhaithe leo a bheith i gceist. Mar sin, seachas breithniú a dhéanamh ar an gCríostaíocht de réir ghníomhartha na ndaoine seo, ba cheart dúinn breithniú a dhéanamh uirthi de réir theagasc a bhunaitheora agus a cheannaire, Íosa Críost. Má léann tú trí theagasc Íosa sa Bhíobla, beidh tú ag teacht ar ráitis mar Má bhuaileann duine tú ar cheann de do ghualainn, cas an ceann eile air freisin (Luca 6:29), Grá do naimhde agus guí ar son na ndaoine a bhíonn ag fulaingt duit (Mata 5:44) agus Grá do chomharsa mar tú féin (Mata 19:19). Is deacair na ráitis a ó cheannaire warmongering. Rud eile le cuimhneamh ná nach fadhb amháin don Chríostaíocht an cogadh. Is fadhb é do gach reiligiún agus idé-eolaíocht. Tá níos mó dúnmharú déanta ag rialtais neamh-aitheanta sa chéad bliain seo ná mar a rinne aon rialtas nó eagraíocht Críostaí le 2,000 bliain anuas. Is é an pointe eile a bhfuil béim á tabhairt air ná an tionchar dearfach a bhí ag an gCríostaíocht ar an tsochaí. Is minic a dhéantar dearmad air seo nuair a bhíonn daoine ag caint faoi na rudaí diúltacha a dhéantar in ainm an chreidimh. Tháinig an chuid is mó dár n-institiúidí oideachais as an gCríostaíocht. Bhí Críostaithe i bhfad i gcéin i measc na ndaoine a bhunaigh an eolaíocht nua-aimseartha. Mar thoradh ar athbheochan na 17ú agus na 18ú haois, rinneadh athchóirithe sóisialta a d'fhág go raibh an sclábhaíocht curtha ar ceal agus go raibh feabhas tagtha ar dhálaí na mban agus na leanaí. Tháinig eagraíochtaí daonchairdiúla mar Arm an tSalabhála, an Chros Dearg agus an YMCA as na athbheochan seo. Má chuimhníonn muid ar an bhfíric seo, tugann sé léargas níos iomláine agus níos cothromaithe dúinn ar an tionchar a bhí ag an gCríostaíocht ar an tsochaí.

Twenty nine broken pieces of clay pipe stems and 9 fragments of bowls were found during the excavations in 2012. Clay pipes for smoking tobacco have been in use since at least the 16th century in England and for archaeologists they are a useful aid to dating early modern (post medieval) and later sites. It is possible to date these on the types and shapes of bowls and by the diameters of the smoking holes in the stems. These objects broke very easily and did not have a long use-life and are often found as discarded rubbish. They are common find on many urban sites. Clay pipes were made in Cornwall from the 17th century and over 40 years ago remains of some pipe ovens were found in Meneage Street in Helston. The fragments of pipes found there suggest a small factory dating to the mid 18th century (Douch 1970).

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Fuarthas fiche a naoi gcodanna briste de stiallacha píopaí cré agus 9 chraobh de bhoga le linn na tochailtí in 2012. Tá píopaí cré le haghaidh tobac a chaitheamh in úsáid ó an 16ú haois ar a laghad i Sasana agus d'ealaíontóirí is cabhair úsáideach iad chun suíomhanna nua-aimseartha luath (i ndiaidh an mheánaoise) agus níos déanaí a dhátú. Is féidir iad seo a dhátú ar chineálacha agus ar chruthanna na mbál agus ar thorais na mboscaí tobac sna stiallacha. Bhí na rudaí seo ag briseadh go héasca agus ní raibh saol úsáide fada acu agus is minic a fhaightear iad mar dhramhaíl a chaitear. Tá siad coitianta ar go leor suíomhanna uirbeacha. Rinneadh píopaí cré i gCornwall ón 17ú haois agus os cionn 40 bliain ó shin fuarthas iarsmaí de chuid oigheann píopaí i Sráid Meneage i Helston. Tugann na codanna píopaí a fuarthas ann le fios go raibh monarcha beag ann ó lár an 18ú haois (Douch 1970).

Constipation is an illness that affects the bowel movement of an individual. Different surveys such as the National Health Survey mentioned that about 4 million individuals in the U.S. struggle with regular constipation. About 2% to 27% of Americans struggle with chronic constipation which is a far more severe and long-term kind of this disease. Reports say that each year, about 900 people die from diseases related to constipation. Constipation has lots of causes. The reasons for constipation consist of an unhealthy diet plan and lifestyle, and specific medication. Constipation might likewise be caused as a side-effect of various illnesses. Symptoms of constipation can be kept in mind easily. They include irregular bowel motion, trouble and severe pressure in passing out stool, and harder and drier stool than normal. The symptoms of constipation vary in everyone. That is why there are a lot of various solutions readily available. Normal constipation can rapidly be treated by some natural home remedy or over the counter medicines. However, persistent constipation can prove to be a lot more resistant to such treatments. There are numerous pharmaceutical drugs offered for the treatment of persistent constipation. Nevertheless, there were pieces of evidence revealed that they do have some adverse side-effects such as frequent severe headaches, diarrhea, nausea, throwing up and stomach pain. Some medications are even thought about dangerous and must not be taken unless it is definitely necessary. Hence, individuals suffering from this disease turn to other forms of treatment – one of them being acupuncture. Acupuncture takes on constipation in an entirely different manner than the typical treatments. Constipation is divided into two broad categories in Traditional Chinese Medicine, called the excess types and the deficiency types. They are then additional divided into two classifications. Excess type is categorized into heat constipation and Qi (vital force) stagnancy. The deficiency type is divided into deficiency constipation and cold constipation. Heat constipation can be easily and successfully treated by acupuncture. The signs of this illness include irregular defecation, dry and difficult stool, the feeling of fullness, and severe problem losing consciousness stool. Qi stagnancy can likewise be easily treated by acupuncture. The symptoms of this disease consist of the feeling of fullness, dry stool, continuous belching, and a feeling of incomplete passing of stool. Cold constipation and shortage constipation, however, can not be fully dealt with by acupuncture. It is recommended to take herbs in addition to the treatment for the desired results. Their signs typically consist of pale skin, typical to dry stool that is very tough to pass out, cold discomfort in the stomach, and queasiness. Simply recently, a blind, randomized trial was carried out and released in the Annals of Internal Medicine. A total of 1078 patients with persistent constipation belonged to this trial. They were divided into two equivalent groups. The first group was really treated with acupuncture while the other group received a phony treatment. The clients went through a total of 28 sessions throughout 2 months. The results suggested that the clients who got the actual treatment showed two times as much enhancement in bowel movements as those who received the phony treatment. The researchers also noted that the results of the treatment lasted for approximately three months after the conclusion of the trial. In addition to improvements in constipation, patients also reported better lifestyle and general well-being. The long-term study of this research study is yet to be concluded. Chronic constipation is a dreadful illness that impacts the everyday activities of a person. Many prescription medications are hazardous to use and have a high likelihood of harmful side-effects. Acupuncture, however, has proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of this disease, making it the very best alternative to select for patients of constipation.

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Is galar é constipation a théann i bhfeidhm ar ghluaiseacht intestinal duine aonair. Dúirt suirbhéanna éagsúla, mar shampla an Suirbhé Náisiúnta Sláinte, go bhfuil thart ar 4 mhilliún duine sna Stáit Aontaithe ag streachailt le constipation go rialta. Tá thart ar 2% go 27% de Mheiriceánaigh ag streachailt le constipation ainsealach atá i bhfad níos déine agus fadtéarmach den chineál seo galar. Deir tuairiscí go bhfaigheann thart ar 900 duine bás gach bliain ó ghalair a bhaineann le constipation. Tá go leor cúiseanna ag an constipation. Is iad na cúiseanna atá le constipation ná plean aiste bia agus stíl mhaireachtála neamhshláintiúil, agus cógais ar leith. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh constipation mar thoradh ar thorthaí eile a bhaineann le galair éagsúla. Is féidir comharthaí constipation a choinneáil i gcuimhne go héasca. Áirítear orthu gluaiseacht intestinal neamhrialta, deacracht agus brú tromchúiseach ag cur feola amach, agus feol níos crua agus níos tirim ná mar is gnáth. Tá comharthaí constipation difriúil i ngach duine. Sin é an fáth go bhfuil go leor réitigh éagsúla ar fáil go héasca. Is féidir coirp ghinearálta a chóireáil go tapa le leigheas nádúrtha baile nó le cógais gan chuntais. Mar sin féin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh coimhlint leanúnach i bhfad níos frithsheasmhaí i gcoinne cóireálacha den sórt sin. Tá go leor drugaí cógaisíochta ar fáil chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar éadrom leanúnach. Mar sin féin, bhí píosaí fianaise ann a nocht go bhfuil roinnt fo-iarsmaí díobhálacha acu mar tinneas cinn thromchúiseacha, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting agus pian boilg. Meastar go bhfuil roinnt cógais contúirteach agus níor chóir iad a ghlacadh mura bhfuil sé riachtanach go hiomlán. Dá bhrí sin, téann daoine a bhfuil an galar seo orthu i dtreo cineálacha eile cóireála ceann acu acuicintreach. Glacann acupuncture le constipation ar bhealach go hiomlán difriúil ná na cóireálacha tipiciúla. Tá an constipation roinnte ina dhá chatagóir leathan i Leigheas Traidisiúnta na Síne, ar a dtugtar na cineálacha iomarcacha agus na cineálacha easnamh. Ansin roinntear iad ina dhá aicmiú breise. Déantar an cineál iomarcach a chatagóirú i gcrios teasa agus stagnation Qi (fuinneamh ríthábhachtach). Tá an cineál easnamh roinnte ina constipation easnamh agus constipation fuar. Is féidir coirp teasa a chóireáil go héasca agus go rathúil le acupuncture. I measc comharthaí na galair seo tá mí-rialtacht na féile, feces tirim agus deacair, an mothú iomlán, agus fadhb mhór a chailleann an féile. Is féidir stagnation Qi a chóireáil go héasca freisin le acupuncture. Is iad na hairíonna a bhaineann leis an galar seo ná mothú na fullness, feces tirim, belching leanúnach, agus mothú na féile neamhchríochnaithe. Ní féidir leis an acupuncture déileáil go hiomlán le constipation fuar agus constipation easpa. Moltar luibheanna a ghlacadh chomh maith leis an gcóireáil chun na torthaí atá ag teastáil a fháil. Is gnách go mbíonn comharthaí acu ar chraiceann geal, ar bhrat tirim a bhíonn an-deacair a fháil amach, ar neamhchomhréireacht fuar sa bholg, agus ar naimhdeacht. Go simplí le déanaí, rinneadh triail dhúchasach, dall agus foilsíodh é in Annals of Internal Medicine. Ba é 1078 othar a raibh constipation leanúnach acu san iomlán a bhí sa triail seo. Bhí siad roinnte ina dhá ghrúpa comhionann. Ba é an chéad ghrúpa a ndearnadh cóireáil acuipictiúr air i ndáiríre agus ba é an grúpa eile a fuair cóireáil phony. Rinneadh 28 seisiún ar an iomlán ar na cliaint le linn dhá mhí. Thug na torthaí le fios go raibh feabhas dhá oiread níos mó ar ghluaiseachtaí intestinal ag na cliaint a fuair an chóireáil bhfíor-chúrsa ná iad siúd a fuair an chóireáil bhfíor-chúrsa. Thug na taighdeoirí faoi deara freisin gur mhair torthaí an chóireála ar feadh thart ar thrí mhí tar éis dheireadh an thriail. Chomh maith le feabhsuithe i gcrios, thuairiscigh othair stíl mhaireachtála agus folláine ginearálta níos fearr freisin. Níl an staidéar fadtéarmach ar an staidéar taighde seo críochnaithe go fóill. Is galar uafásach é constipation ainsealach a théann i bhfeidhm ar ghníomhaíochtaí laethúla duine. Tá go leor cógais ar oideas contúirteach le húsáid agus tá dóchúlacht ard ann go mbeidh drochthionchar díobhálach orthu. Ach tá sé cruthaithe go bhfuil acupuncture éifeachtach agus sábháilte i gcóireáil na galair seo, rud a chiallaíonn gurb é an rogha eile is fearr a roghnú do othair a bhfuil constipation orthu.

The present study used multiple regression analyses to examine the relationships between fifth-grade social skills and eighth-grade academic achievement. Data were drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K). Results indicated no relationship between positive or negative social behavior in fifth grade and academic achievement or teacher-rated academic skills in eighth grade. However, consistent with previous studies, fifth-grade approaches to learning were found to be positive predictors of both academic achievement and teacher-rated academic skills in eighth grade. In addition, these results suggest that socioeconomic status plays a significant and potentially unexplored avenue for understanding these outcomes. These results further illuminate the way behaviors in elementary school relate to academic adjustment to middle school. All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes - Developmental and Educational Psychology - Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Sociology and Political Science - Life-span and Life-course Studies

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Baineadh úsáid as anailísí athlonnaithe il chun na caidrimh idir scileanna sóisialta an cúigiú grád agus éachtaí acadúla an ochtú grád a scrúdú sa staidéar seo. Tarraingíodh sonraí ó Staidéar Fadtéarmach na hIníonachta Luath Rang na gComh-Oige 1998-1999 (ECLS-K). Ní léirigh na torthaí aon ghaol idir iompar sóisialta dearfach nó diúltach sa chúigiú grád agus éacht acadúil nó scileanna acadúla rátáilte ag múinteoirí sa ochtú grád. Mar sin féin, i gcomhréir le staidéir roimhe seo, fuarthas amach go raibh cur chuige foghlama an chúigiú grád mar thuarastairí dearfacha ar éacht acadúil agus ar scileanna acadúla a mheas an múinteoir sa ochtú grád. Ina theannta sin, léiríonn na torthaí seo go bhfuil ról suntasach ag stádas socheacnamaíoch agus go bhféadfadh sé go bhfuil bealach neamhionscrúdaithe aige chun na torthaí seo a thuiscint. Léiríonn na torthaí seo tuilleadh faoin gcaoi a bhaineann iompar i mbunscoil le coigeartú acadúil go dtí an mheánscoil. Cóid gach Cláráil Iris Eolaíochta (ASJC) - Síceolaíocht Fhorbartha agus Oideachais - Eolaíochtaí Sóisialta (eolaíochtaí éagsúla) - Socheolaíocht agus Eolaíocht Pholaitiúil - Staidéar ar Thréimhse agus ar Chúrsa Saoil

una at DOLIOLUM.BIOLOGY.YALE.EDU Mon Jan 30 14:28:28 CST 1995 How to Get A Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources Current versions: 1.7 and 1.8a The free, 40-page Guide contains an overview and lists of free Internet resources such as: scientific discussion groups, including newsgroups and mailing lists; research newsletters, directories, and bibliographies; the major biological data and software archives; tools for finding and retrieving information; answers to some frequently asked questions; and a bibliography of useful books and Internet documents. The Guide is available in several versions. The most recent complete release is Version 1.7, dated November 1993. It is available as a plain ASCII file for easy retrieval and printing of the entire document, as a menu for reading online (via both gopher and WWW), and in an attractive PostScript format (for laser printing). There is a French translation. The most recent release (about mailing lists only) is Version 1.8a, dated December 1994: this ammends but does not supercede Version 1.7. The Guide is available on the Internet, and can be obtained with a Web browser, gopher, anonymous FTP, and e-mail. There is no fee. -*- Web (aka Mosaic, hypertext): Use this URL, then follow the Gopher -*- Gopher: Go to sunsite.unc.edu, and choose this sequence of menu items: Worlds of SunSITE -- by Subject Ecology and Evolution A Biologist's Guide... Or, from any gopher offering other biology gophers by subject, look for the menu item "Ecology and Evolution". Here is the direct link Name=A Biologist's Guide (in a choice of formats) Sunsite.unc.edu offers public telnet access to their gopher client (and Wais and hypertext clients as well!), if you don't have your own. Telnet to sunsite.unc.edu and read the instructions before the login -*- Anonymous FTP: Connect to sunsite.unc.edu. Give the username "anonymous" and your e-mail address as the password. Use the "cd" command to go to and use "get bioguide.faq" to copy the ASCII version of the Guide to your computer. Use "get bioguide.ps" for the PostScript version, or see the README file for more information. -*- E-mail: Send the text: ftpmail at sunsite.unc.edu You will receive the Guide in several parts: save each part separately, use a text editor to delete the e-mail headers and trailers of each, and merge them. You will also receive the README file from the same directory as the Guide, and a help file for using the ftpmail service. Use "quit" to prevent the ftpmail server from trying to interpret your signature as an instruction. For help using the ftpmail server, use "help" (you will be sent e-mail containing many helpful tips). -*- Usenet: When they come out, new versions of the Guide are posted to several Usenet newsgroups. Look in sci.bio. More information about the Taxacom

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Tá an t-alt seo ar fáil ar an suíomh gréasáin seo: Mon 30 Eanáir 14:28:28 CST 1995 Conas a fháil Treoirleabhar Bithéolaí ar Acmhainní Idirlín Leagan reatha: 1.7 agus 1.8a Tá forbhreathnú agus liostaí de na seirbhísí idirlín saor in aisce ar fáil sa Treoir 40 leathanach saor in aisce acmhainní amhail: grúpaí díospóireachta eolaíochta, lena n-áirítear grúpaí nuachta agus liostaí ríomhphoist; nuachtlitir taighde, treoracha agus leabharlínte; na príomh-archíbhíní sonraí agus bogearraí bitheolaíocha; uirlisí chun teacht agus faisnéis a fháil; freagraí ar roinnt ceisteanna a chuirtear go minic; agus leabharlann leabhair úsáideacha agus doiciméid idirlín. Tá an Treoir ar fáil i roinnt leaganacha. An t-úrscéal iomlán is déanaí Is é an leagan 1.7 a scaoileadh, dar dáta Samhain 1993. Tá sé ar fáil mar shlí simplí comhad ASCII chun an doiciméad iomlán a aisghabháil agus a phriontáil go héasca, mar Tá an t-eagarthóir ar an suíomh gréasáin seo ag iarraidh go mbeadh an t-eagarthóir ar an suíomh gréasáin seo ar fáil don phobal. Formáid PostScript (le haghaidh priontáil léasair). Tá aistriúchán Fraincis ann. Is é an scaoileadh is déanaí (a bhaineann le liostaí poist amháin) an Leagan 1.8a, a dhátaíodh Nollaig 1994: athraíonn sé seo ach ní athraíonn sé leagan 1.7. Tá an Treoir ar fáil ar an Idirlíon, agus is féidir é a fháil le brabhsálaí, gopher, FTP gan ainm, agus r-phost. Níl aon táille. -*- Líonra (aka Mosaic, hipeirtheacs): Bain úsáid as an URL seo, ansin lean an Gopher -*- Gopher: Téigh go sunsite.unc.edu, agus roghnaigh an ord seo de na míreanna roghchlár: Domhan SunSITE -- de réir Ábhar Éiceolaíocht agus Eabhlóid Treoirleabhar na Bithéolaí... Nó, ó aon gophers a thairiscint gophers bithéolaíocht eile de réir ábhair, féach don phointe roghchlár "Ecology and Evolution". Seo an nasc díreach Ainm=Treoirleabhar na Bithéolaí (i bhfoirmleanna roghnacha) Soláthraíonn Sunsite.unc.edu rochtain telnet poiblí ar a gcliant gopher (agus cliant Wais agus hipeirtheacs chomh maith! ), mura bhfuil do chuid féin agat. Telnet go sunsite.unc.edu agus léigh na treoracha roimh an logáil isteach -*- FTP gan ainm: Ceangail le sunsite.unc.edu. Tabhair an t-ainm úsáideora "ainmhí" agus do sheoladh ríomhphoist mar an focal faire. Úsáid an "cd" ordú chun dul go dtí agus úsáid "get bioguide.faq" chun an leagan ASCII den Chaighdeáin a chóipeáil do ríomhaire. Úsáid "get bioguide.ps" don leagan PostScript, nó Féach an comhad README le haghaidh tuilleadh faisnéise. -*- R-phost: Seol an téacs: ftpmail ag sunsite.unc.edu Tabharfar an treoir duit i roinnt codanna: coinnigh gach cuid ar leithligh. úsáid eagarthóir téacs chun ceannteidil agus leantóirí r-phoist gach ceann a scriosadh, agus iad a chumasc. Gheobhaidh tú freisin an comhad README ón gcéanna Is é an t-eolas a chuirtear ar fáil sa leabharlann an Treoirlíne, agus is é an comhad cabhrach a chuirtear ar fáil le haghaidh úsáid a bhaint as an tseirbhís ftpmail. Úsáid "cease" chun cosc a chur ar fhrithealaí ftpmail iarracht a dhéanamh do ríomhphost a léiriú síntiús mar threoir. Chun cabhair a fháil le feiste FTP, bain úsáid as "cuideachta" (scaoilfear ríomhphost chugat ina mbeidh go leor leideanna cabhrach). -*- Usenet: Nuair a thagann siad amach, cuirtear leaganacha nua den Chaomhnóra ar an suíomh gréasáin seo: roinnt grúpaí nuachta Usenet. Féach i sci.bio. Tuilleadh eolais faoi Taxacom

Glossary for crime and deviance Deviance is any behavior that violates social norms deviance, crime, and social control definitions gender identity. Welcome to the companion website for social deviance by tim delaney while the topic of deviant behavior seems straightforward at the surface, the study of social. Sociology crime and deviance 1 crime is behaviour thatbreaks the formal written laws of a society if someonecommits a crime they can be arrested. Crime & deviance shared flashcard set details title crime & deviance description hsfc glossary of key terms total crime committed by the middle and upper. C structural theorists are more interested in seeking causes of group crime rates rather than why particular individuals commit crimes d the consensus or. Analyse explanations of crime and crime and deviance kayleigh giles-johnson analyse explanations of crime and deviance and explain the importance of. Theories of crime and deviance crime: the study of social deviance is the study of the violation of cultural norms in either formal or informal contexts. Sociology key terms 2011 examination crime and deviance section learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. Reading: conflict theory and deviance conflict theory conflict theory looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance show glossary. Sociology of crime and deviance while all crime is a type of deviance there are no universal definitions of these terms and they are frequently used. Deviance, in a sociological context, describes actions or behaviors that violate social norms, including formally-enacted rules (eg, crime), as well as informal. Social norms and ideas about deviance and crime vary across place and context that is, deviance is looked at in terms of group processes, definitions. Define deviance deviance synonyms, deviance pronunciation, deviance translation, english dictionary definition of deviance adj differing from a norm or from the. A handy reference for students, professionals, and anyone interested in criminal justice and criminology, the concise dictionary of crime and justice is an e. Each society defines what is deviant and what is not, and definitions of deviance differ widely between societies for example, some societies have much more. Definitions of the important terms you need to know about in order to understand sociology glossary, including absolute monarchy, achieved status, agents of. A list of definitions of some of the key concepts relevant to the a level sociology crime and deviance module anomie where modern social systems encourage excessive. View homework help - chapter+6+deviance+and+crime from sociology 1310 at texas state deviance and crime definitions theory statistics what is deviance any behavior. Glossary for crime and deviance Looking for deviance find out information about deviance any social behaviour which departs from that regarded as ‘normal’ or socially acceptable within a. Crime and deviance assessing the difference between crime and defiance criminology essay deviance can be explained as a more broader term than crime. Social deviance glossary a situation in which a shooting is in progress and an aspect of the crime may affect the protocols used in responding to and reacting. Sociology presentation about the definitions of crime and deviance defining crime and deviance deviance can you think of any examples. Any discussion of deviance remains incomplete without a discussion of crime, which is any act that violates written criminal law society sees most crimes, such as. Glossary of key terms and concepts for unit 2 the following glossary provides a list of key terms and concepts that are integral topic 1 crime and deviance. I aim to look at crime and deviance from a marxist perspective & a right realist perspective even legal definitions of crime, a particular from of deviance. A2 sociology sociological definitions of crime and transcript of a2 sociology sociological definitions of crime and deviance back to crime & deviance. The consensus or functionalist perspective is one that views society as a system consisting of mutually sustaining parts and characterized by broad normative consensus. So it pays to understand the official definitions of crime and deviance to better understand the relationship what is the relationship between crime & deviance. Deviance in sociology: definition, theories & examples and crime: definitions and approach to deviance deviance in sociology: definition, theories. This theory suggests that crime and deviance is valued within groups in society therefore, definitions of crimes will vary from place to place. Crime and deviance key terms from the aqa exam board, with definitions that i have explained and developed myself.

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Fuaimre don choireacht agus don mhaolú Is é an t-athruithe aon iompar a sháraíonn nósanna sóisialta, coireacht, agus sainmhínithe rialaithe sóisialta maidir le féiniúlacht inscne. Fáilte go dtí an suíomh Gréasáin comhpháirtí do dhíthreabhlóid shóisialta ag Tim Delaney cé go bhfuil an t-ábhar iompar díthreabhlóid cosúil go díreach ar an dromchla, an staidéar ar shóisialta. Is éard atá i gcion ar choireacht agus ar thréimhsí ná iompar a sháraíonn dlíthe foirmeacha scríofa na sochaí. Má dhéanann duine coir, is féidir é a ghabháil. Coireacht agus dí-aistriú sonraí sraith cárta flash comhroinnte teideal coireacht agus dí-aistriú tuairisc hsfc focal-ealaín na dtéarmaí tábhachtacha coireacht iomlán a rinne an meán agus an uachtarach. Tá spéis níos mó ag teoiricí struchtúrtha i gcúiseanna rátaí coireachta grúpaí a lorg seachas cén fáth a ndéanann daoine aonair áirithe coireanna d'aontais nó d'aontais. Anáilis míniú ar choireacht agus coireacht agus maolú Kayleigh Giles-Johnson Teoiric na coireachta agus coireacht díbhreithe: is é staidéar an díbhreithe sóisialta staidéar ar shárú nósanna cultúrtha i gcomhthéacsanna foirmiúla nó neamhfhoirmiúla. Eolas faoi phríomhthír na socheolaíochta 2011 rannóg imscrúdaithe coireachta agus dí-eagraíochta foghlaim le cártaí flash, cluichí, agus níos mó saor in aisce. Léitheoireacht: teoiric choimhlinte agus téarmaí teiripe choimhlinte teoiric choimhlinte féachann teoiric choimhlinte ar fhachtóirí sóisialta agus eacnamaíocha mar na cúiseanna a bhaineann le coireacht agus téarmaí glosárach a thaispeáint. Socheolaíocht na coireachta agus na dí-eagraíochta cé go bhfuil gach coireacht ina chineál dí-eagraíochta níl aon sainmhínithe uilíoch ar na téarmaí seo agus úsáidtear iad go minic. Sa chomhthéacs socheolaíoch, déantar cur síos ar imeachtaí nó ar iompar a sháraíonn nósanna sóisialta, lena n-áirítear rialacha foirmeálta (m.sh. coireacht), chomh maith le neamhfhoirmiúla. Athraíonn nósanna agus smaointe sóisialta faoi dhíbhreathnú agus coireacht thar áit agus comhthéacs is é sin, déantar breathnú ar dhíbhreathnú i dtéarmaí próisis ghrúpa, sainmhínithe. Define deviance, deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifínithe deifííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííííí Is éard atá sa foclóir ghearr ar choireacht agus ar cheartas ná tagairt áisiúil d'fhor-scoileanna, do ghairmithe agus do dhuine ar bith a bhfuil suim acu i ndlí an choiriúil agus i gcríimineolaíochta. Sainmhíníonn gach sochaí cad é atá dí-athraitheach agus cad é nach bhfuil, agus tá difríochtaí móra idir sochaithe idir sainmhínithe dí-athraitheach. Mar shampla, tá i bhfad níos mó ag roinnt sochaithe. Sainmhínithe ar na téarmaí tábhachtacha a chaithfidh a bheith ar eolas agat chun focal-eagarthóireachta a thuiscint, lena n-áirítear monarcacht iomlán, stádas bainte amach, gníomhaithe de. Liosta de shainmhínithe ar chuid de na príomhchomharthaí a bhaineann leis an leibhéal sóisialaíochta Féach cabhair le haghaidh obair bhaile - caibidil +6 + deimhniú deimhniú + agus + coireacht ó shocheolaíocht 1310 ag Teiripe Staitisticí Teoiric deimhniú agus coireachta stáit Texas cad é deimhniú aon iompar. Fuaimre don choireacht agus don mhaolú Ag lorg dí-easnamh - faisnéis a fháil faoi dí-easnamh aon iompar sóisialta a théann as an méid a mheastar a bheith "nádúrtha" nó a bhfuil glacadh leis go sóisialta laistigh de phobal. Coireacht agus dífhilleadh ag measúnú an difríocht idir coireacht agus dífhilleadh Criminology essay is féidir dífhilleadh a mhíniú mar théarma níos leithne ná coireacht. Glosár dí-easnamh sóisialta cás ina bhfuil lámhach ar siúl agus d'fhéadfadh gné den choir difear a dhéanamh do na prótacail a úsáidtear chun freagairt agus freagairt. Taispeántas socheolaíochta faoi shainmhínithe coireachta agus dí-ghníomhú sainmhínithe coireachta agus dí-ghníomhú dí-ghníomhú an féidir leat smaoineamh ar aon samplaí. Fanann aon phlé ar dhíbhreathnú neamhiomlán gan plé ar choireacht, is é sin aon ghníomh a sháraíonn an dlí coiriúil scríofa a fheiceann an tsochaí an chuid is mó de na coireanna, mar shampla. Glosárach na n-eolas agus na n-ailt is tábhachtaí don aonad 2 cuireann an glosárach seo a leanas liosta de na príomh-eolas agus na n-ailt is tábhachtaí a bhaineann go hiomlán le téama 1 coireacht agus dí-iompar. Tá sé mar aidhm agam féachaint ar choireacht agus ar thréimhse ó thaobh Marxist de agus ó thaobh réalaíoch ceart de fiú sainmhínithe dlíthiúla ar choireacht, go háirithe ó thaobh thréimhse de. A2 socheolaíocht sainmhínithe socheolaíocha ar choireacht agus trascríbhinn a2 socheolaíochta sainmhínithe socheolaíocha ar choireacht agus ar shárú ar ais go dtí coireacht agus sáraíocht. Is é an comhthoil nó an dearcadh feidhmiúil ná ceann a fheiceann an tsochaí mar chóras atá comhdhéanta de pháirtithe a chothaíonn a chéile agus a bhfuil comhdhéanamh normatiúil leathan air. Mar sin, íocann sé chun tuiscint a fháil ar na sainmhínithe oifigiúla ar choireacht agus dí-ghníomhú chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an gcaidreamh cad é an caidreamh idir coireacht & dí-ghníomhú. Dea-chomhfhiosrúchán: sainmhíniú, teoiricí & samplaí agus coireacht: sainmhínithe agus cur chuige maidir le dea-chomhfhiosrúchán: sainmhíniú, teoiricí. Tugann an teoiric seo le fios go bhfuil luach ag an gcoireacht agus ag an dí-ghníomhú laistigh de ghrúpaí sa tsochaí, dá bhrí sin, beidh sainmhínithe na gcoireanna éagsúil ó áit go háit. Tá an t-eolas seo le fáil i mBéarla ó Bhord Scrúduithe Aqa, agus tá sainmhínithe agam a mhínigh mé féin agus a d'fhorbair mé féin.

The alternative meat industry is starting to gain some serious traction with the unlikely help of COVID19. Cattle farming for the meat industry is a water intensive process. It takes roughly 1,700 gallons (7,700 litres) of water to produce one pound of beef for the table. By contrast, a pound of soya beans has a water requirement of 280 gallons. It’s worth pointing out however that much of the water requirement for beef is made up from natural rainfall so the figures are not as shocking as they may first appear. Nonetheless, it could reasonably be argued that it’s more efficient to produce soya as a source of protein for human consumption than beef. The world’s population continues to grow with estimates indicating that global population will increase to 9.7 billion people by 2050 (up from 7.7 billion today). With this increase in population comes a trend of increasing urbanisation and wealth. The United Nations estimates that, coupled with the increase in total population, the percentage of people living in urban settings will increase from 55% today to 68% by 2050). Wealthy urban populations consume more meat. To meet this increasing demand, global meat production has been steadily increasing since the early 1960’s. The image on the left illustrates this phenomenon. Obviously this is not something that can continue indefinitely. Enter the alternative meat / protein industry Much work has been going on in the Agtech sector as they look for ways to improve farming methods, increase yields and reduce negative environmental impacts. One such area is the production and development of plant based meat products The 2020 COVID19 pandemic has also accelerated the take up of plant based meat products. In the 9 weeks to May 2nd 2020, sales of plant based meat products increased by 264% according to research by Bloomberg. This coincided with the shuttering of several meat processing plants in the United States (where Cargill, JBS, Tyson Foods and National Beef control over 66% of the total market). Research by CB Insights hypothesised a vastly more efficient supply chain for plant based meat alternatives relative to that employed by current mass farming methods. Innovation is occurring across the alternative meat industry with companies such as Memphis Meat, Mosameat and New Age Meats all exploring ways of culturing meat in a lab. Think of it like growing a burger or a sausage. Elsewhere in the alternative meats universe, companies such as Calysta are using technology to produce alternative protein based animal feeds. In Calysta’s case, they are using fermentation technology with methane (natural gas) as a feedstock to produce their FeedKind® product. Crunchbase reports that Calysta has raised a total of $129m to date from groups such as Cargill, BP Ventures (the VC arm of the oil major) and Temasek (Singapore’s sovereign wealth fund). In Japan, there are a couple of companies taking a more DIY approach to meat cultivation. Integriculture (who recently raised $10.2m in a funding round) have partnered with Shojinmeat project to provide Japanese highschool students with microwave size heated boxes where they can grow meat at home. You can read more about that initiative in this article from QZ. Israeli company, Hargol Foodtech (who recently raised $3m) is producing a line of grasshopper derived protein powders. Whilst that might not be everyone’s idea of a tasty protein shake, they are not alone with US companies All Things Bugs and Bittyfoods both exploring insect based food products. One thing seems certain, with the amount of money and interest in the sector, the alternative meat / protein industry looks set to grow. Stellium Services is a UK based specialist corporate development and Investor relations consulting business working with growth companies. For more information about out services and how we can help your business please review the information on our website or contact us at [email protected].

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Tá tionscal na feola malartacha ag tosú ag teacht ar roinnt tarraingt tromchúiseach le cabhair dochreidte COVID19. Is próiseas dian-uisce é feirmeoireacht bhaoil don tionscal feola. Tógann sé thart ar 1,700 gallon (7,700 lítear) uisce chun punt amháin feola a tháirgeadh don bhord. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, tá gá le 280 galún uisce le punt de bhéanna sóia. Is fiú a thabhairt faoi deara, áfach, go bhfuil cuid mhór den riachtanas uisce do bhaoil ó thitim nádúrtha mar sin níl na figiúirí chomh suaite mar a d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ag an gcéad amharc. D'fhéadfaí a rá go réasúnta, áfach, go bhfuil sé níos éifeachtaí sóia a tháirgeadh mar fhoinse próitéine le haghaidh tomhaltas daonna ná mairteola. Leanann daonra an domhain ag fás agus léirítear go bhfuil meastacháin ann go méadóidh daonra an domhain go 9.7 billiún duine faoi 2050 (ag ardú ó 7.7 billiún inniu). Le méadú ar an daonra seo tagann treocht chun uirbithe agus saibhreas a mhéadú. Measann na Náisiúin Aontaithe, mar aon le méadú ar an daonra iomlán, go méadóidh céatadán na ndaoine a chónaíonn i suíomhanna uirbeacha ó 55% inniu go 68% faoi 2050). Déantar níos mó feola a ithe ag daonra uirbeach saibhir. Chun freastal ar an éileamh méadaitheach seo, tá táirgeadh feola domhanda ag méadú go seasta ó thús na 1960idí. Léiríonn an íomhá ar chlé an feiniméan seo. Is léir nach féidir leis seo a bheith ag dul ar aghaidh go deo. Cuir isteach an tionscal feola / próitéine malartach Tá go leor oibre ar siúl i earnáil Agtech agus iad ag lorg bealaí chun modhanna feirmeoireachta a fheabhsú, torthaí a mhéadú agus tionchar diúltach ar an gcomhshaol a laghdú. Ceann de na réimsí sin ná táirgeadh agus forbairt táirgí feola arb éard atá i gceist ná plandaí Tá an paindéim COVID-19 2020 tar éis cur le táirgí feola bunaithe ar phlandaí. Sa 9 seachtaine go dtí an 2 Bealtaine 2020, tháinig méadú 264% ar dhíolacháin táirgí feola plandaí de réir taighde Bloomberg. Chéimigh sé seo le dúnadh roinnt gléasra próiseála feola sna Stáit Aontaithe ( áit a bhfuil Cargill, JBS, Tyson Foods agus National Beef ag rialú níos mó ná 66% den mhargadh iomlán). D'fhormheas taighde CB Insights go raibh slabhra soláthair i bhfad níos éifeachtúla le haghaidh malartuithe feola plandaí i gcomparáid leis an slabhra soláthair a úsáidtear le modhanna feirmeoireachta mais reatha. Tá nuálaíocht ag tarlú ar fud an tionscail feola malartacha le cuideachtaí mar Memphis Meat, Mosameat agus New Age Meats ag iniúchadh bealaí feola a chultúrú i saotharlann. Smaoinigh air mar a fhásann hamburger nó saighdiúir. I gcúinsí eile den domhan feola malartacha, tá cuideachtaí mar Calysta ag úsáid teicneolaíocht chun bia ainmhithe malartacha próitéine a tháirgeadh. I gcás Calysta, tá siad ag úsáid teicneolaíocht fíordheimhniú le meitéin (gás nádúrtha) mar amhábhar chun a dtáirge FeedKind® a tháirgeadh. Tuairiscíonn Crunchbase go bhfuil $ 129m curtha suas ag Calysta go dtí seo ó ghrúpaí mar Cargill, BP Ventures (arm VC an mhóra ola) agus Temasek (ciste saibhris rialtais Singeapór). Sa tSeapáin, tá cúpla cuideachta ag cur cur chuige níos DIY le feirmeoireacht feola. Tá Integriculture (a d'ardaigh $ 10.2m le déanaí i bhabhta maoinithe) i gcomhpháirtíocht le tionscadal Shojinmeat chun bocsaí teasa micreathonn a sholáthar do mhic léinn ardscoile na Seapáine inar féidir leo feoil a fhás sa bhaile. Is féidir leat tuilleadh a léamh faoin tionscnamh sin san alt seo ó QZ. Tá cuideachta Iosraelach, Hargol Foodtech (a d'ardaigh $ 3m le déanaí) ag táirgeadh líne de púdair próitéine a dhíorthaítear ó ghruaig. Cé nach bhféadfadh sé sin a bheith ar gach duine smaoineamh ar shake próitéine blasta, níl siad ina n-aonar le cuideachtaí SAM Gach Rudaí Bugs agus Bittyfoods araon ag iniúchadh táirgí bia bunaithe ar insect. Is cosúil go bhfuil rud amháin cinnte, leis an méid airgid agus an spéis sa earnáil, is cosúil go bhfuil tionscal na feola / próitéine malartacha le fás. Is gnó comhairleoireachta forbartha corparáideach agus caidrimh infheisteoirí speisialaithe atá bunaithe sa Ríocht Aontaithe é Stellium Services atá ag obair le cuideachtaí fáis. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil faoi na seirbhísí atá againn agus faoin gcaoi ar féidir linn cabhrú le do ghnó, féach ar an bhfaisnéis ar ár suíomh Gréasáin nó déan teagmháil linn ag [email protected].

An ancient temple dated back to 10 000 BC. has been discovered in the Middle East (Conrad 2012). It was built when mankind was still in the Stone Age and before people discovered the so-called first signs of Neolithic human society: the pottery, writing, and the wheel (Ibid.). Consequently, its construction goes back long before the earliest great civilizations, like the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians, and the Minoans. Then who built it and why? (Ibid.). This is the story of Göbekli Tepe and its bewildering imagery. From evolution to revolution As it has been always taught, human species had evolved very slowly (Conrad 2012). For millennia, people had managed to survive by hunting and gathering their food till around 10 000 BC., when something extraordinary happened: their development strangely speeded up and in a comparatively short period of time people achieved the highlands of their development (Ibid.). What was it that made humankind change so drastically? (Conrad 2012). After scholars, the turning point in human history was the Neolithic Revolution, namely having learnt how to farm and produce food instead of gathering or hunting (Ibid.). The theory is that farming allowed people to settle down, then develop religious systems and finally build temples to gods (Ibid.). Subsequently, simple settlements grew to cities and then into powerful civilisations, which developed around 3 000 BC (Ibid.). Without having to hunt or gather for every meal, people had more time to evolve out of the Stone Age (Ibid.). According to the traditional thinking, such complex structures as Göbekli Tepe could hence be only planned and built by already well-established agricultural communities, according to the following scheme: the Neolithic farming and settlement encouraged religious practices, which in turn led to temples building and a successive development of cities (Ibid.). So much about the theory … From the theory to archaeological evidence With the appearance of Göbekli Tepe, the traditional thinking has been turned on its head (Conrad 2012). An American archaeologist, Dr Jeffrey I. Rose, an expert on early human history and stone age technology, admits that “what has been found in [the southern-east Anatolia is] incredible as it puts a whole new spin on human cultural evolution” (Ibid.). As shown by archaeological finds, the builders of the site were not farmers at all but they were still hunter-gatherers (Ibid.). This is why the site is so controversial, and for this reason it upends the conventional view of the growth of civilisation (Ibid.). According to well-established stereotypes, hunter-gatherers are usually seen as a kind of mumbling primitives. Slavishly devoted to their survival and basic instincts, devoid of higher skills, feelings or religion, these people were able to produce artistic, architectural and sacral masterpiece unknown in the academic world before the discovery of Göbekli Tepe. Dr Rose (Conrad 2012) admits his own surprise, saying: “It’s like discovering that a three-year-old child built the Empire State Building out of toy bricks” (Ibid.). The same opinion is shared by Hassan Karabulut, associate curator of the Urfa Museum: “They had barely emerged from the most basic way of life” (Scham 2008:23) he says,’ amazed that nomadic peoples were able to organize such a large labour force (Ibid.:23). The site was first mentioned in 1963, in a survey carried out by Istanbul University and the University of Chicago (Benedict 1980). American archaeologist, Peter Benedict identified lithics collected from the surface of the site as belonging to the Aceramic Neolithic (Schmidt 2011:917) but misidentified the upper parts of the ‘T’-shaped pillars for grave markers, postulating that the prehistoric phase was overlain by a Byzantine cemetery (Batuman 2011; Andrews 2016). “The hill had long been under agricultural cultivation, and generations of local inhabitants had frequently moved rocks and placed them in clearance piles, which may have disturbed the upper layers of the site” (“Göbekli Tepe” 2020). With time, attempts had been made to cut up some of the pillars, likely by farmers who thought they were ordinary large boulders (Curry 2008; see “Göbekli Tepe” 2020). Although archaeological research at Göbekli Tepe has been carried out since the early 1960s, only in 1994 the site emerged as the world’s first temple with an amazing discovery of mysterious statues (Conrad 2012). The excavation team led by Professor Klaus Schmidt of the German Archaeological Institute started their regular work at Göbekli Tepe in 1995, in collaboration with the Şanlıurfa Museum, and soon unearthed the first of the huge ‘T’-shaped pillars (Curry 2008; Noren 2020; see “Göbekli Tepe” 2020). Schmidt writes that “as soon as [he] got there and saw the stones, [he] knew that if [he] didn’t walk away immediately [he] would be [tere] for the rest of [his] life” (Knox 2009), which eventually happened. Having found stone structures at Göbekli Tepe similar to those unearthed before at Nevalı Çori (Turkey), Schmidt recognized the possibility that the monuments are prehistoric and culturally related to other archaeological sites in the region (“Göbekli Tepe” 2020; see Noren 2020). Since then, there have been multitude of various studies carried out at the archaeological site of Göbekli Tepe, which became extremely famous for its unique megalithic constructions. As such, it has attracted an international attention of scholars and researchers keen to discover its well-hidden secrets, especially by means of research on the iconography of the Neolithic in the Southeastern Anatolia. Yet before Göbekli Tepe was uncovered, scholars from around the world had become very attracted to the Neolithic period of the region, especially with broad excavations started at the site of Çatalhöyük in 1960s. Hill of the Navel The site of Göbekli Tepe is situated on top of a hill that is the highest point of the Urfa Plain in Turkey, with the Taurus Mountains to the north and east, and the Harrain Plain to the south. Turkey itself is an ancient land that bridges Europe and Asia (Conrad 2012). It is also a part of the Fertile Crescent – a swathe of the Middle East and Africa that includes modern Egypt, Israel, Syria and Iraq (Ibid.). In this green belt humans are believed to have first settled and the world’s earliest civilizations to have arisen around 3 000 BC. In Turkish, the name Göbekli Tepe means ‘hill of the navel’ and to the anthropologists, such as Sandra Scham (2008:27), this is “the metaphor of a human birth to describe the creation of the world.” After her interpretation, the name of the site seems significant itself as by its name it refers to such sacred ‘navels’ as Cusco in Peru, Easter Island and Delphi in Greece (Ibid.:27). Local people believe the hill to be sacred as well (Conrad 2012). Four stone circles Ground penetrating radar has allowed to estimate the size of Göbekli Tepe to 300 by 300 metres (Conrad 2012). Professor Schmid and his team have so far excavated four huge stone circles, labelled as A, B, C, and D (Conrad 2012; Busacca 2017). They measure roughly from 10 to 30 metres in diameter (Ibid.). Each one is surrounded by a high stone wall, broken by intervals by large ‘T’-shaped pillars (Ibid.). In the middle of each, there are two massive monoliths up to five and a half metres tall (Ibid.). These enclosures are not analogous to any other existing archaeological structures in the world (Ibid.). Professor Schmid knew that the site has covered many more enclosures than just the unearthed four (Conrad 2012). The map generated from the ground penetrating radar survey reveals that there are at least other sixteen circular structures still buried beneath the hill, and some of them are situated much deeper than the uncovered four (Ibid.). These are hence the oldest enclosures of all, dated back to as far as 13 000 BC, which is the end of the last Ice Age (Ibid.). Although only a small part of Göbekli Tepe has been unearthed, it can be concluded that it was built in two successive stages (Busacca 2017:316). The first structures excavated there were erected as early as 10 000 B.C., that is to say in the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (Ibid.:316). Whereas the later remains are dated back to the later Pre-Pottery Neolithic B, and strangely they are much less sophisticated than the earliest structures which contain most of ‘T’ shaped pillars covered in zoomorphic sculpture (Ibid.:316). The earliest enclosures were built on the bedrock into slots only about ten centimetres deep (Conrad 2012). The builders set two central monoliths up to five and a half metres tall and carved from a single piece of stone, weighing up to fourteen and a half of tons (Ibid.). Around the two monoliths, the masons then built a wall of stones and mortar, nearly two metres tall (Ibid.). Set into the wall, there are smaller ‘T’ – shaped pillars between three and five metres high and weighing up to ten tons (Ibid.). Now disintegrated, there is the portal stone and apparently it was an entrance to the enclosure (Ibid.). Once incorporated vertically into the wall, it was carved from a single piece of stone, like pillars, and weighs several tons (Ibid.). Carving these huge sown blocks would have required considerable skills and some knowledge of geology as well (Ibid.). More advanced technically than later constructions …? Göbekli Tepe is a much more elaborated structure than Stonehenge, even if it apparently predates the British megaliths by about 6 500 years (Scham 2008:23; Conrad 2012). To build a place like this, Stone Age people would have required a pretty sophisticated level of organization, especially a well-coordinated workforce of stonemasons, diggers, quarry-men, and hundreds of people to drag the stones up and set them in place (Conrad 2012). Together with his colleagues, Klaus Schmidt estimates “that at least 500 people were required to hew the ten to fifty ton stone pillars from local queries, move then from as far as a quarter-mile [over four hundred metres] away, and erect them” (Scham 2008:26). Moreover, according to the theory of the Neolithic Revolution, people had not yet domesticated packed animals at that time to make them assist and so speed up the construction of the stone circles (Conrad 2012). So how did they manage to build something so monumental before they even discovered how to make a clay pot? (Ibid.). In the quarry from where the stone was acquired, there is apparently one unfinished monolith of seven metres long (Conrad 2012). It is believed that by using granite picks, the Stone Age masons roughly carved it out as it is still in the bedrock (Ibid.). To remove it, they were likely to use primitive levers and a fulcrum (the point against which a lever is placed, on which it turns or is supported) They may have positioned the fulcrum at the front, and then the levers went over it. By these means, the masons were prying the boulder up (Ibid.). A crack on the stone, which is visible today, would suggest the monolith was broken while being lifted up (Ibid.). Having separated the blocks of stone from the bedrock, the builders may have transported them up to the hill by the method described as “rowing on land”; one can imagine people, instead of sitting inside the boat, standing outside it, and pushing down on the leaver and then pulling back on it and so the boulder would be moved forward (Ibid.). Around fifty people would be possibly needed to complete the task (Ibid.). Has this method been ever tried out with a real fourteen-ton (or heavier) block of stone? Is the number of fifty men able to crowd at once around the boulder, which is 15 metres long? What was the site used for? The site does not have its counterpart elsewhere, which makes it the oldest man-made construction yet discovered in the world (Conrad 2012). As such it constitutes highly significant monument to be studied (Ibid.). Schmid claims that “the site could not definitely have served for a daily life” (Ibid.). He has worked on other prehistoric sites in Turkey and he says that the structures of Göbekli Tepe do not resemble any kind of clustered dwellings that Stone Age people built (Ibid.). The temple sits on the hill with no direct access to water so people had to carry their food and drink up there, which means they could not stay at the site very long (Ibid.). They had to live elsewhere, possibly on the place of the modern city of Şanlıurfa, around fifteen kilometres away (Ibid.). Most archaeologists believe that if the monumental sculpted pillars of Göbekli Tepe show the representations of gods, it is likely to consider the site as some kind of a sanctuary (Ibid.). If so, it would have been the oldest temple in the world (Conrad 2012). The oldest temple in the world Perhaps the key to understanding the site lies in its impressive carvings situated on the cluster of pillars (Conrad 2012). As described above, they are ‘T’-shaped and decorated with strange zoomorphic imagery. The latter represent elaborate and naturalistic zoomorphic characters, both in low, high and full relief, showing three-dimensional figures, signifying improbable menagerie (Conrad 2012; Noren 2020). The masterpiece of the sculpture found also suggests their builders must have been highly advanced artists with engineering skills (Conrad 2012). Physical characteristics of the animals are very clearly depicted (Ibid.). Their anatomical details usually express a rather aggressive attitude, visible by their posture and grinning teeth (Ibid.). T-shaped pillars and their flock Klaus Schmidt argues that the animal component of the site is crucial in its iconographic interpretation (Conrad 2012). According to the Professor, represented animals have mainly wild, male and predatory connotations (Busacca 2017:313-314). He interprets the zoomorphic depictions either as having a protective role as the guardians of the pillars (especially high-relief sculpture), or being a part of a horrifying spectacle (Conrad 2012; Busacca 2017). The ‘T’-shaped pillars, as he points out, are in turn the abstract representations of human bodies with the upper part resembling a man’s head in profile, the shaft of the ‘T’ standing for the human corpus, with arms, palms and fingers incised in stone (Ibid.). Below them, there is the representation of a belt encircling the pillar with loincloth looking like an animal skin (Ibid.). Schmidt says that the ‘T’-shaped pillars are gathered on the hillside as if there was “a meeting of stone beings” (Scham 2008:27). Despite their anthropomorphic features, the pillars are deprived of facial features, which makes Schmidt think that the human-like monoliths personify spiritual beings, and probably they are the earliest imagery of deities or god-like ancestors (Conrad 2012). Accordingly, Schmidt also suggests that the disintegrated now temple doorway could metaphorically have stood for the entrance to the netherworld (Conrad 2012). If so, Göbekli Tepe must have been related to the cult of the death (Ibid.). Vital to creating that dark world are the creatures carved on the pillars (Ibid.). It is not even difficult to imagine the site as a temple devoted to the dead, especially at night, when the portal leading to the flickering by the fire netherworld may have involved humans into strange rituals performed beneath the monumental human-like pillars, dressed up with the aggressive elements of nature (Ibid.). In the course of ritual performances, including sound, scents and probably under shamanic drug haze, the images on the pillars may have seemed alive and active (Busacca 2017). Gusaldo Busacca (2017), a PhD. student at Stanford University, admits, however, that very little can be said on the purpose and nature of such rituals. Some kind of ritual paraphernalia have been found at the site, such as benches, niches (altars), cup holes and limestone vessels, probably used for libations to the spirits and extensive feasting (Schmidt, 2010; Dietrich et al. 2012). According to Klaus Schmidt, the site may have been also a pilgrimage location (Scham 2008:26). He assumes “that once pilgrims reached Göbekli Tepe, they made animal sacrifices” (Ibid.:26). That theory is supported by the archaeological finds of animal bones belonging to various species, such as gazelles, goats, boars, sheep, wild birds and so on (Scham 2008; Busacca 2017). Most of these animals belong to the carved menagerie in question (Ibid.). What was first: religion or civilisation? As Prof. Joris Peters notices, although the animistic nature dominates in the Palaeolithic art of the caves, at Göbekli Tepe the control over the nature is visibly taken by humans in the disguise of the ‘T’-shaped pillars (Conrad 2012). Schmidt also notices that all the zoomorphic images are carved only below the so-called head of the pillars, which suggests that people had already became superior to animals (Conrad 2012). Gods themselves had left their animal disguise and started to look like humans (Ibid.). As Schmidt underlines, such imagery may reveal the Stone Age man’s desire for having control over the nature (Ibid.). The new religion gave humans an enormous psychological advantage (Ibid.). It placed people above the animals and above nature, and that mental leap forward, as Prof. Joris Peters says, was needed to start to domesticate animals and plants (Ibid.). Accordingly, it was first the urge to worship that sparked civilization (Ibid.). The theory is yet radical: namely, it suggests that it was the religion itself which brought people to farming, and not the other way round, as it has been believed so far… (Ibid.). In this context, Göbekli Tepe would have been a dramatic point in mankind development (Ibid.). The hardest challenge that archaeologists have to face Gusaldo Busacca (2017) underlines in his study of Göbekli Tepe that he takes “the hardest challenge that archaeologists have to face” (Ibid.:313) due to fragmentary evidence, time and cultural distance, and finally lack of written sources or oral traditions (Ibid.). Many scholars working at the site have already proposed their interpretations of the complex animal symbolism present there by using different contexts, such as shamanism (Benz & Bauer, 2015; Lewis – Williams & Pearce 2009), human-animal linkage (Verhoeven 2002), and burial rituals (Schmidt 2012), with a particular emphasis on the aggressive attitudes, predatory and wild aspects of the depicted animals. Other scholars also identify phallocentrism (the ideology that the male aspect is the central element in the organization of the social world) (“Phallocentrism” 2019), as the major symbolic theme of the most aggressive representations at the site (Hodder and Meskell 2011). Basing on Schmidt’s research, Busacca (2017) claims that the most frequently represented animals are snakes, then foxes, boars, bulls and wild ducks. Less often motifs include cranes, spiders, quadrupeds, vultures, wild sheep, asses, gazelles and felids (Ibid.). Although the majority of depicted animals belong to predatory and venomous species, it is worth remarking there are also non-dangerous animals in the iconographic repertoire (Ibid.). Along the zoomorphic imagery, there are also abstract motifs, especially ‘H’- shaped pictograms, as well as some anthropomorphic motifs, like headless human bodies, which would suit the theory the temple was dedicated to the dead (Conrad 2012; Busacca 2017). Furthermore, Busacca (2017:316) notices that “the depicted motifs and their distribution vary markedly throughout the four main enclosures.” Further attempts of interpretation In terms of animistic ontology, Busacca (2017) focuses on exploring the role of images as a category of animated non-human beings (Ibid.). He calls these images “composite entities constituted by both material and immaterial components” (Ibid.:315) as they are placed between two different spaces: the present and the absent, the visible and the invisible (Belting, 2011). The scholar argues that prehistoric artists may have believed that the act of making an image sparked a specific relation between the carver and the spirit inside the material medium (Busacca 2017:315-316). The carver did not create an animal out of the stone but he released it (Carpenter 1973). In this context, the zoomorphic images should be reconsidered as active participants between humans and material objects (Busacca 2017:315-316). Animals do not simply represent but they are material personification of animal spirits (Ibid.:315-316). The author also underlines the importance of their location within the architectural space in which they first appeared (Ibid.:315-316). As the author remarks, the zoomorphic imagery has been mainly defined as a human concern with wild animals, “masculinity and violence prior to the ‘domestication of symbols’ that accompanied the transition toward agriculture and settled life” (Busacca 2017:319). The violent part of the iconography can be also linked to the dominant agents in prehistoric communities, identified as shamans (Benz & Bauer 2013). Another researcher, Borić (2013) claims that the dynamic and narrative postures of the carved beasts are the notions of “strong, dangerous spirits lurking beneath the skin of the depicted animals” (Borić 2013:54). Quite innovative interpretation is proposed by Yeşilyurt (2014) who argues that the site should be interpreted as prehistoric research laboratory, where the representations of animals actually illustrate research carried out on specific species. Stone Age menagerie in motion Busacca (2017:322) also analyses the sculpture in the context of stylistic features, such as the dynamism and movement of the animal figures. In order to refer to stylistic techniques used at Göbekli Tepe, the author has borrowed the terminology used in the studies on Franco-Cantabrian Upper Palaeolithic rock art, where similar style can be observed (Ibid.:322). Nevertheless, he underlines that “these similarities in techniques of visual representations should not be considered evidence of direct contact, ancestry or diffusion, but as independent, though similar, phenomena” (Ibid:322). The movement is shown at Göbekli Tepe by means of two major techniques which seem to have been applied selectively only to certain types of animals depicted (Ibid.:322). Both predatory and non-predatory species, including gazelle, wild ass and crane, have their legs bent and/or are caught in oblique position (postural information) which generates some sort of motion (Ibid.:322). The wavy lines of the snake depictions are equally the representations of movement (Ibid.:322). Also the use of ‘split action’ technique is applied by the reiteration (superimposition or juxtaposition) of the subject, where an animal is depicted at successive stages in time (Ibid.:322). Examples of such artistic approach is clearly shown in the representations of water birds, especially wild ducks (Enclosures C and D) (Ibid.:322). Description of the stylistic traits is followed by an analysis of the orientation of the carved imagery (Busacca 2017:313,324). To conduct the study, the author makes a distinction between the central pillars, which are those arranged in pairs, usually larger in size, and radial pillars – those arranged along the enclosures (Ibid.:313,324). Radial pillars have been furthermore subdivided into two groups, frontal and lateral (Ibid.:313,324). All the locations of the carvings on pillars have been clearly labelled by means of simple abbreviations that the author has provided together with the photographs illustrating his concept (Ibid.:313,322,324). Accordingly, he marked them as follows: ‘FH’, ‘BS’, ‘LH’, ‘LS’, where ‘F’ stands for frontal, ‘B’ for back, ‘H’ for head ‘S’ for side, ‘L’ for lateral and left in some cases (Ibid.:313,322,324). Taking into consideration the lateral sides of the radial pillars, the author notices that 29 out of 34 total animals depicted on the pillars are facing toward the centre of the enclosure (Ibid.:313,322,324). High relief and full relief sculptures also indicate a centripetal orientation (Ibid.:313,322,324). As the author suggests “emerging from the walls or from the top of them with their full bodies or only with the head, these sculptures suggestively resonate with the general impression of a centripetal ‘jump’ of the animals into the enclosures”(Busacca 2017: 324). On the other hand, the bas-reliefs carved on the frontal sides are facing either downwards or upwards or the right or left (Ibid.:313,322,324). Hence their pattern is less clear to be easily defined (Ibid.:313,322,324). The author suggests that the dynamism and mostly centripetal orientation of zoomorphic depictions may refer to the liminal space of the enclosure calling for animal spirits to its centre (Ibid.:313,322,324). Providing that the ‘T’- shaped pillars represent anthropomorphic spiritual beings, as mentioned above (Schmidt 2010), the enclosures can be identified as places of encounter between humans and animal spirits (Busacca 2017:313,322,324). In this context zoomorphic images play the role of the bridge between human and non-human beings (Ibid.:313,322,324). Busacca (2017) also emphasizes the importance of the iconographic repertoire in any attempt of interpreting enigmatic functions of Göbekli Tepe. Unlike in post-agricultural societies within which wild animals meant danger and wilderness, hunter-gatherers would have had rather social and inter-personal attitudes towards such beasts, still without excluding the always present threat of their violence, which is probably expressed by aggressive aspects of zoomorphic representations (Ibid.:327). The author suggests that “socialising with the animal on the peer-to-peer basis would be just another way of ‘domesticating’ the animal without bringing it under complete human control” (Ibid.:327). Such an idea, however, would contradict the interpretation proposed by Schmidt, according to which the carved ‘T’- shaped pillars at Göbekli Tepe show humans completely superior to animals. Although Schmidt’s assumption does not negate the whole idea of ontological relations between humans and animals, their character would be quite different from that defined by Busacca (2017). Despite various studies, Göbekli Tepe’s function and the meaning behind its imagery still remain unknown (Conrad 2012). The mystery deepens by the fact that after the huge effort to build this extraordinary structure, the people who used it, then subsequently buried it (Ibid.). The downfall of the oldest temple in the world is as mysterious as the religion it once served (Conrad 2012). For over a thousand years, the temple had occupied the central place in the cultural life of the region (Ibid.). People from hundreds kilometres away may have gathered there and used it as a ritual space (Ibid.). However, as the importance of agriculture grew in time, the temple’s role must have diminished (Ibid.). Thousands years after the large circular spaces with the massive monoliths were built, they were filled in and covered over (Ibid.). Instead, smaller structures were built on top of it (Ibid.). Consequently, it looks like Göbekli Tepe was being downsized: the enclosures had got smaller, the pillars progressively shorter and their number in the surrounding wall had dwindled until there were none (Ibid.). Finally, Göbekli Tepe disappeared in around 8 000 BC, buried beneath man-made hill (Ibid.). Following the star Each built circle of stones had been used for several hundred years and then filled in to be replaced by another one (Burns 2017). In total, the builders of Göbekli Tepe constructed twenty such circles – temples, which were different in size (Ibid.). Schmid claims that “it was a part of the program to erect such a circle to use it for some time but later to backfill it completely” (Conrad 2012). Hence the modern appearance of the site, which looks like a mount (Ibid.). It was because eventually all these mounds with covered temples became one big hill (Ibid.). The author, Andrew Collins, proposes an alternative, yet controversial, theory, according to which the builders constructed the successive temples for astronomical purposes (Burns 2017). Namely, the reason of the multiple rebuilding of the site would be to follow a particular celestial body (Ibid.). Archaeoastronomy survey has shown that 11 500 years ago, the twin central pillars of the most impressive of so far unearthed circles, the enclosure D, faced the Denab in the sky, which is the brightest star in the constellation of Cygnus (Burns 2017). When the alignments of other twin pillars of Göbekli Tepe were studied in reference to the same star, it turned out that the Stone Age builders apparently kept following the Denab by building successive enclosures as the star slowly moved along the local horizon (Ibid.). Hence the twin pillars within successive enclosures were deliberately aligned according to the star that the people of Göbekli Tepe were observing (Ibid.). As in the process of Precession, the position of stars change overtime in the sky, the builders also had to re-align their temple periodically, each several hundred years (Ibid.). The downfall of the temple After Dr Rose, the reason why the site ultimately disappeared may be possibly explained by the appearance of a sanctuary within the now flooded archaeological site of Nevalı Çori, which was situated around thirty kilometres away from Göbekli Tepe (Conrad 2012). It was a Stone-Age village with a small temple from around 8 000 BC. (Ibid.). A small square enclosure had similar architectural elements as Göbekli Tepe: thirteen stone pillars in its walls and two faceless monoliths in its centre, with arms and hands carved on (Ibid.). In this context, it is a smaller and localized version of the Stone Age cathedral at Göbekli Tepe, looking more like a village church (Ibid.). Dr Rose says that sacred spaces showing up at that time coincided with the downfall of the Göbekli Tepe so local communities had started to build their own sacred spaces, when the central temple stared losing its importance (Ibid.). Another explanation of the abandonment of the site is that the descendants of Göbekli Tepe builders were no longer hunter-gatherers (Conrad 2012). They were farmers and they did not follow the religion of their ancestors per se but rather the ideas it represented (Ibid.). Their traces can be found at the archaeological site of Çatalhöyük (Turkey) – which is said to be one of the oldest cities, developed between 8 000 and 7 000 BC. (Ibid.). In a restored house of Çatalhöyük, there are the bull heads sticking out of the wall as much as zoomorphic representations carved on the pillars of Göbekli Tepe (Ibid.). Bulls must have meant large, scary and killing beasts for the society of Çatalhöyük (Ibid.). Bringing that animal power and violence inside the house was probably an attempt to tam it and to domesticate (Ibid.). It could be also a celebration of the animal’s strength or the hunt and prowess of the individuals (Ibid.). On the other side, the respect the Stone Age people had for wild and powerful beasts also hid their desire to conquer them (Ibid.). Accordingly, it seems that spiritual and physical story of Göbekli Tepe was spread far and wide (Ibid.). Whatever the meaning of its symbolism was, the visible links to its imagery can be found at later sites throughout the region (Ibid.), which signifies it was truly important. Featured image: “Göbekli Tepe, Şanlıurfa”. Photo by Teomancimit (2011). CC BY-SA 3.0. (Image cropped). Source: “Göbekli Tepe” (2020). Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. “Göbekli Tepe” (2020). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Available at <https://bit.ly/2Loo1id>. [Accessed on 11th May, 2020]. “Phallocentrism” (2019). In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Available at <https://bit.ly/2SUF53C>. [Accessed on 11th May, 2020]. Andrews E. (2016) “World’s Oldest Monument to Receive a Multi-Million Dollar Investment”. In: HISTORY.com. Available at <https://bit.ly/3bn8xWD>. [Accessed on 11th May, 2020]. Batuman E. (2011) “Turkey’s Ancient Sanctuary.” In: The New Yorker. Available at <https://bit.ly/3dCx9vI>. [Accessed on 11th May, 2020]. Belting H. (2011). An Anthropology of Images: Picture, Medium, Body. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Benedict, P. (1980) “Survey Work in Southeastern Anatolia”. In: Çambel H, Braidwood, R. J. ed. Prehistoric Research in Southeastern Anatolia I. Edebiyat Fakültesi Basimevi, Istanbul, pp. 151–191. Benz M. & Bauer J. (2013). Symbols of power – symbols of crisis? A psycho-social approach to Early Neolithic symbol systems. Neo-Lithics 2, pp. 11–24. Benz M. & J. Bauer (2015). On scorpions, birds and snakes: evidence for shamanism in northern Mesopotamia during the Early Holocene. Pittsburgh: Journal of Ritual Studies 29, pp. 1–24. Borić D. (2013). Theatre of Predation: Beneath the Skin of Göbekli Tepe Images, in Relational Archaeologies: Humans, Animals, Things, Watts. C. ed. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 42–64. Burns K. (2017) “Return to Gobekli Tepe”. In: Ancient Aliens, Season 12, Episode 16. Prometheus Entertainment. Busacca G. (2017) “Places of Encounter: Relational Ontologies, Animal Depiction and Ritual Performance at Göbekli Tepe”. In: Cambridge Archaeological Journal, v. 27, issue 2, pp. 313-330. Carpenter E. (1973). Eskimo Realities. New York (NY): Holt, Rinehart &Winston. Conrad T. (2012) Cradle of the Gods. Atlantic Productions LTD. for National Geographic Channels. Available at <https://bit.ly/3blMwas>. [Accessed on 11th May, 2020]. Curry A. (2008). “Göbekli Tepe: The World’s First Temple?”. In: Smithsonian Institution. Available at <https://bit.ly/3dAM21E>. [Accessed on 11th May, 2020]. Dietrich O. (2016) “Göbekli Tepe – The first 20 Years of Research”. In: German Archaeological Institute (DAI) (2020) The Tepe Telegrams. News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff. Available at <https://bit.ly/2WKxRAr>. [Accessed on 11th May, 2020]. Dietrich O., Heun M., Notroff J., Schmidt K., & Zarnkow M. (2012). The Role of Cult and Feasting in the Emergence of Neolithic Communities. New Evidence from Göbekli Tepe, South-Eastern Turkey. Durham: Journal Antiquity 86, pp. 674–95. Documentary shots: Burns K. (2017) “Return to Gobekli Tepe”. In: Ancient Aliens, Season 12, Episode 16. Prometheus Entertainment. German Archaeological Institute (DAI) (2020) “The Site” In: The Tepe Telegrams. News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff. Available at <https://bit.ly/2SZBily>. [Accessed on 13th May, 2020]. German Archaeological Institute (DAI) (2019) “Happy Anniversary, DAI!” In: The Tepe Telegrams. News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff. Available at <https://bit.ly/2WqSHWx>. [Accessed on 13th May, 2020]. Hodder I. & Meskell L. (2011). A ‘Curious and Sometimes a Trifle Macabre Artistry’. Chicago: Current Anthropology 52, pp. 235–63. Knox T. (2009) “Do these mysterious stones mark the site of the Garden of Eden?”. In: Mail Online. Available at <http://dailym.ai/2xXjLmR>. [Accessed on 12th May, 2020]. Lewis-Williams D. & Pearce D. (2009). Inside the Neolithic Mind: Consciousness, cosmos and the realm of the gods. London: Thames & Hudson. Notroff J. (2018) “Visitors back at the ruins again”. In: German Archaeological Institute (DAI) (2020). The Tepe Telegrams. News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff.. Available at <https://bit.ly/3miNaem>. [Accessed on 13th May, 2020]. Notroff J. (2016). “Could we really called it a temple?” In: German Archaeological Institute (DAI) (2020). The Tepe Telegrams. News & Notes from the Göbekli Tepe Research Staff. Available at <https://bit.ly/2LoyKwq>. [Accessed on 13th May, 2020]. Photo “Bison in the great hall of polychromes, at Altamira Cave, Cantabria” In: “Franco-Cantabrian region” (2019) In: Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Available at <https://bit.ly/2LosmlM>. [Accessed on 14th May, 2020]. Photo “Cygnus constellation” by Star Walk (2017) “A Gorgeous Quarter Moon meets Saturn, and the Swan’s Wings bear its Best Features!”. In: Medium. Available at <https://bit.ly/2WuI7h7>. [Accessed on 14th May, 2020]. Photo: “Göbekli Tepe” In: Dunning B. (2020) “Decoding Gobekli Tepe.” In: Skeptoid Podcast. Skeptoid Media. Available at <https://bit.ly/2T1uTXn>. [Accessed on 13th May, 2020]. Photo: “Göbekli Tepe” : Sumber: sci-news.com/mage credit: by Nico Becker, Göbekli Tepe Archive, German Archaeological Institute. In: Kompasiana (2018). Available at <https://bit.ly/2X6nk2T>. [Accessed on 13th May, 2020]. Photo: “Hunter-gatherers” by Archaeology Newsroom (2020) In: Archaeology & Art. Available at <https://bit.ly/3cs4qda>. [Accessed on 13th May, 2020]. Sink D. (2020). Comment on the article. In: Walter A. (2020). “Predating all known ancient civilizations, Göbekli Tepe may be world’s first architecture”. In: Archinect News. Available at <https://bit.ly/2Wb4ZSc>. [Accessed on 13th December, 2020]. Scham S. (2008) The World’s First Temple. Archaeology, v. 61, no. 6, New York: Archaeological Institute of America, pp. 22-27. Schmidt K. (2010). Göbekli Tepe—the Stone Age sanctuaries: new results of ongoing excavations with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs. Documenta Praehistorica 37, pp. 239–56. Schmidt K. (2012). Göbekli Tepe: A Stone Age Sanctuary in Southeastern Anatolia. Berlin: Ex Oriente. Schmidt, K. (2011) “Göbekli Tepe: A Neolithic Site in Southwestern Anatolia”. In: Steadman S. R., McMahon G. eds. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Steadman S. R., McMahon G. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BCE). US: Oxford University Press. p. 923. Tylor E.B. (1903). Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom. London: J. Murray. Verhoeven M. (2002). Ritual and Ideology in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of the Levant and southeast Anatolia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 12, pp. 233–58. Yeşilyurt M. (2014). Die wissenschaftliche Interpretation von Göbeklitepe. Die Theorie und das Forschungsprogramm. Berlin: LIT.

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Teampall ársa a bhí ann ó 10,000 RC. Tá an t-eipidéim seo le feiceáil i Meiriceá Theas (Conrad 2012). Tógadh é nuair a bhí an chine daonna fós san Aois Chloch agus sula bhfuair daoine na chéad chomharthaí dá ngairtear de shochaí dhaonna Neoiliteach: an creama, an scríbhneoireacht, agus an roth (Ibid.). Dá bhrí sin, téann a tógáil siar i bhfad roimh na sibhialtachtaí móra is luaithe, cosúil leis na Mesopotamians, na hÉigiptigh, agus na Minoans. Ansin a thóg sé agus cén fáth? (An áit chéanna. ) Seo scéal Göbekli Tepe agus a íomhánna amaideach. Ó Eabhlóid go Réabhlóid Mar a mhúin sé i gcónaí, bhí speiceas an duine tagtha chun cinn go han-mhall (Conrad 2012). Ar feadh na mílte bliain, d'éirigh le daoine maireachtáil trí fhiadhóireacht agus a gcuid bia a bhailiú go dtí thart ar 10 000 RC., nuair a tharla rud éigin neamhghnách: d'éirigh a bhforbairt go hiontach agus i dtréimhse ghearr ama i gcomparáid, shroich daoine ardchríocha a bhforbairt (Ibid. ) Cad a rinne an chine daonna athrú chomh mór sin? (Conrad 2012). Tar éis scoláirí, ba é an pointe casadh i stair an duine Réabhlóid Neolaitigh, is é sin a bheith foghlamtha conas feirmeoireacht agus bia a tháirgeadh in ionad bailithe nó seilge (Ibid.). Is é an teoiric ná gur lig feirmeoireacht do dhaoine socrú síos, ansin córais reiligiúnacha a fhorbairt agus teampall a thógáil ar na déithe sa deireadh (Ibid.). Ina dhiaidh sin, d'fhás lonnaíochtaí simplí go cathracha agus ansin go sibhialtachtaí cumhachtacha, a d'fhorbair timpeall 3 000 RC (Ibid.). Gan gá a bheith ag fiach nó a bhailiú le haghaidh gach béile, bhí níos mó ama ag daoine dul chun cinn as an t-Aois Chloch (Ibid.). De réir na smaointeoireachta traidisiúnta, ní fhéadfaí struchtúir chomh casta mar Göbekli Tepe a phleanáil agus a thógáil ach amháin ag pobail talmhaíochta atá bunaithe go maith cheana féin, de réir na scéime seo a leanas: spreag an feirmeoireacht agus an lonnaíocht Neolaitic cleachtais reiligiúnacha, a d'fhág go raibh teampall á thógáil agus forbairt i ndiaidh a chéile cathracha (Ibid.). Go leor mar gheall ar an teoiric ... Ón teoiric go dtí fianaise seandálaíochta Le teacht Göbekli Tepe, tá an smaointeoireacht thraidisiúnta casadh ar a cheann (Conrad 2012). Archéolaí Meiriceánach, an Dr Jeffrey I. Admhaíonn Rose, saineolaí ar stair luath an duine agus ar theicneolaíocht aois cloiche, go bhfuil "an rud a fuarthas i [an oirdheisceart Anatolia] dochreidte toisc go gcuireann sé spine iomlán nua ar éabhlóid chultúrtha an duine" (Ibid.). Mar a léirítear le fionnachtana seandálaíochta, ní feirmeoirí iad tógálaithe an láithreáin ar chor ar bith ach bhí siad fós ina ndaoine a bhailíonn sealgairí (Ibid.). Sin an fáth go bhfuil an suíomh chomh conspóideach, agus ar an gcúis seo cuireann sé an dearcadh coitinneach ar fhás na sibhialtachta (Ibid. ) De réir stéaréitípeanna dea-stáitithe, is gnách go bhfeictear sealgairí-bailiúcháin mar chineál primitive mumbling. D'éirigh leis na daoine seo, a bhí dírithe go slabhrach ar a n-éadaí agus ar a n-instincte bunúsacha, gan scileanna, mothúcháin nó reiligiún níos airde, máistir-oibre ealaíne, ailtireachta agus sacra a tháirgeadh nach raibh ar eolas sa domhan acadúil roimh fhionnachtadh Göbekli Tepe. Admhaíonn an Dr Rose (Conrad 2012) a iontas féin, ag rá: Is cosúil le teacht amach go dtógáil leanbh trí bliana d'aois Foirgneamh an Empire State as brící bréagán (Ibid.). Tá an tuairim chéanna ag Hassan Karabulut, cúirteoir comhlánaí Músaem Urfa: "Ní raibh siad tar éis teacht amach as an mbealach maireachtála is bunúsaí" (Scham 2008:23) a deir sé, "bhí sé iontas go raibh daoine nómadacha in ann fórsa saothair chomh mór sin a eagrú (Ibid. (Gaeilge) Luaitear an suíomh den chéad uair i 1963, i suirbhé a rinne Ollscoil Iostanbúl agus Ollscoil Chicago (Benedict 1980). D'aithin seandálaí Meiriceánach, Peter Benedict liticí a bailíodh ó uachtar an láithreáin mar a bhaineann leis an Neoiliteach Aceramic (Schmidt 2011: 917) ach d'aithin sé mícheart na codanna uachtaracha de na colúin ar chuma T mar mharcairí uaigh, ag postulú go raibh an chéim réamhstairiúil á chlúdach ag séipéal Byzantine (Batuman 2011; Andrews 2016). Bhí an cnoc faoi chothú talmhaíochta le fada, agus bhí glúine de mhuintir na háite ag gluaiseacht carraigeacha go minic agus iad a chur i bpoill glanta, rud a d'fhéadfadh cur isteach ar shraith uachtarach an láithreáin ( Göbekli Tepe 2020). Le himeacht ama, rinneadh iarrachtaí cuid de na colúin a ghearradh, is dócha ag feirmeoirí a cheap gur gnáth-bhóithre móra iad (Curry 2008; féach Göbekli Tepe 2020). Cé go bhfuil taighde seandálaíochta ag Göbekli Tepe curtha i gcrích ó na 1960idí luatha, ní tháinig an suíomh chun cinn mar an chéad teampall ar domhan ach i 1994 le fionnachtadh iontach de mhúnlaí mistéireach (Conrad 2012). Thosaigh an fhoireann tochailt faoi stiúir an Ollamh Klaus Schmidt ón Institiúid Seandálaíochta na Gearmáine a gcuid oibre rialta ag Göbekli Tepe i 1995, i gcomhar le Músaem Şanlıurfa, agus go luath fuair siad an chéad cheann de na colúin ollmhóra i bhfoirm T amach (Curry 2008; Noren 2020; féach Göbekli Tepe 2020). Scríobh Schmidt go raibh a fhios aige, chomh luath agus a tháinig sé ann agus na clocha á fheiceáil aige, go mbeadh sé [tere] don chuid eile dá shaol mura mbeifeá ag siúl amach láithreach (Knox 2009), rud a tharla sa deireadh. Tar éis dó struchtúir cloiche a aimsiú ag Göbekli Tepe cosúil leis na struchtúir a ndearnadh a dhíghrádú roimhe sin ag Nevalı Çori (An Tuirc), d'aithin Schmidt an fhéidearthacht go bhfuil na séadchomharthaí réamhstairiúil agus bainteach go cultúrtha le suíomhanna seandálaíochta eile sa réigiún (Göbekli Tepe 2020; féach Noren 2020). Ó shin i leith, rinneadh iliomad staidéir éagsúla ar shuíomh seandálaíochta Göbekli Tepe, a tháinig chun bheith an-chló ar a chuid tógálacha megalithic uathúla. Mar sin, mheall sé aird idirnáisiúnta scoláirí agus taighdeoirí atá ag iarraidh a rúndacht i bhfolach a fháil amach, go háirithe trí thaighde ar íonagrafaíocht an Neolaitigh san Anatolia Oirdheisceart. Ach sular nochtadh Göbekli Tepe, bhí scoláirí ó gach cearn den domhan tar éis tarraingt go mór ar thréimhse Neoiliteach an réigiúin, go háirithe le tochailtí leathan a thosaigh ar shuíomh Çatalhöyük sna 1960idí. Cnoc an Navel Tá suíomh Göbekli Tepe suite ar bharr cnoc is é an pointe is airde de Chleacht Urfa sa Tuirc, le Sléibhte Taurus chun an tuaiscirt agus an ear, agus Chleacht Harrain chun an deisceart. Is tír ársa í an Tuirc féin a chuireann an Eoraip agus an Áise le chéile (Conrad 2012). Tá sé mar chuid den Fertile Crescent freisin - swathe den Mheánoirthear agus den Afraic lena n-áirítear an Éigipt, Iosrael, an tSiria agus an Iaráic nua-aimseartha (Ibid.). Creidtear gur sa chrios glas seo a shocraigh daoine ar dtús agus gur tháinig na sibhialtachtaí is luaithe ar domhan ar aghaidh timpeall 3 000 RC. I Tuircis, ciallaíonn an t-ainm Göbekli Tepe cnoc na naíon agus do na heanthropailítí, mar shampla Sandra Scham (2008:27), is é seo an maitéafór ar bhreith an duine chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar chruthú an domhain. Tar éis a léirmhíniú, is cosúil go bhfuil an t-ainm ar an suíomh suntasach é féin mar go dtagraíonn sé lena ainm do naíon naofa mar Cusco sa Phéire, Oileán na Cásca agus Delphi sa Ghréig (Ibid.:27). Creideann daoine áitiúla go bhfuil an cnoc naofa freisin (Conrad 2012). Ceithre chiorcal cloiche Ligeann radar a shroicheann an talamh meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar mhéid Göbekli Tepe go 300 ar 300 méadar (Conrad 2012). Tá ceithre chiorcal cloiche ollmhór curtha ar fáil ag an Ollamh Schmid agus a fhoireann go dtí seo, ar a dtugtar A, B, C, agus D (Conrad 2012; Busacca 2017). Tá siad thart ar 10 go 30 méadar ar trastomhas (Ibid.). Tá balla cloiche ard timpeall gach ceann acu, arna bhriseadh ag earraigh le colúin móra T-chrutha (Ibid.). I lár gach ceann acu, tá dhá mhonóilíte ollmhór suas le cúig mhéadar go leith ar airde (Ibid.). Níl na haimsireanna seo cosúil le haon struchtúr seandálaíochta eile atá ann cheana ar fud an domhain (Ibid. ) Bhí a fhios ag an Ollamh Schmid go raibh i bhfad níos mó clúdaithe ag an suíomh ná na ceithre cinn a nochtadh (Conrad 2012). Léiríonn an léarscáil a ghintear ó shonraí radair a sháraíonn an talamh go bhfuil sé struchtúr ciorclach seisear ar a laghad eile fós curtha faoi bhun na cnoc, agus tá cuid acu suite i bhfad níos doimhne ná na ceithre cinn nach bhfuil clúdaithe (Ibid.). Is iad seo mar sin na haimsireanna is sine de na cinn go léir, a dhátaítear siar go dtí 13 000 RC, is é sin deireadh na hIoclaíochta deireanach (Ibid. ) Cé nach ndearnadh ach cuid bheag de Göbekli Tepe a nochtadh, is féidir a thabhairt i gcrích gur tógadh é i dhá chéim i ndiaidh a chéile (Busacca 2017: 316). Tógadh na chéad struchtúir a ndearnadh tochailt orthu ansin chomh luath le 10 000 RC, is é sin le rá sa Neolaitic Réam-Créachtóireachta luath A (Ibid.:316). Cé go bhfuil na fáinní níos déanaí dátaí ar ais go dtí an B-Neoiliceach Roimh-Créachtóireachta níos déanaí, agus go hiontach tá siad i bhfad níos lú sofistice ná na struchtúir is luaithe ina bhfuil an chuid is mó de na colúin i bhfoirm T atá clúdaithe i scultúr zoomorphic (Ibid.:316). Bhí na gairdíní is luaithe tógtha ar an mbonnchladach i slátha ach thart ar deich ceintiméadar ar doimhneacht (Conrad 2012). Chuir na tógálaithe dhá mhonólít lárnach suas le cúig mhéadar go leith ar airde agus a chaithtear ó phíosa amháin cloiche, a mheá suas le ceithre mhíle déag go leith tonna (Ibid. ) Timpeallacht an dá monolith, thóg na masons ansin balla clocha agus mortair, beagnach dhá mhéadar ar airde (Ibid.). Tá colúnna níos lú i bhfoirm T suite sa bhalla idir trí agus cúig mhéadar ar airde agus a mheá suas le deich tonna (Ibid.). Anois tar éis é a dhíspreagadh, tá an cloch tairseach ann agus is cosúil gur bealach isteach é chuig an gclos (Ibid.). Nuair a chuirtear é go ingearach sa bhalla, bhí sé carntha ó phíosa amháin cloiche, cosúil le colún, agus meáchan sé roinnt tonna (Ibid.). Ba cheart go mbeadh scileanna suntasacha ag teastáil ó na bloic mhóra seo a sculptú agus roinnt eolais ar gheolaíocht freisin (Ibid. ) Níos airde go teicniúil ná tógálacha níos déanaí ...? Is struchtúr i bhfad níos mionsonraithe é Göbekli Tepe ná Stonehenge, fiú má tá sé cosúil go bhfuil sé thart ar 6 500 bliain roimh na meagálíthe na Breataine (Scham 2008:23; Conrad 2012). Chun áit mar seo a thógáil, bheadh daoine na hAoise Chloch ag teastáil go leor leibhéal sóifisticiúil eagraíochta, go háirithe fórsa oibre dea-chomhordú de chlochchóirí, tochailtithe, fir charraige, agus na céadta daoine chun na clocha a tharraingt suas agus iad a chur in áit (Conrad 2012). Le chéile lena chomhghleacaithe, meastar ag Klaus Schmidt go raibh gá le 500 duine ar a laghad na colúin cloiche deich go cúig fiche tonna a ghearradh ó cheisteanna áitiúla, bogadh ansin ó chathrú míle [os cionn ceithre chéad méadar] ar shiúl, agus iad a thógáil (Scham 2008:26). Ina theannta sin, de réir teoiric na Réabhlóide Neoiliteach, ní raibh daoine fós ag baint úsáide as ainmhithe pacáilte ag an am sin chun cabhrú leo agus mar sin tógáil na ciorcail cloiche a luasghéarú (Conrad 2012). Mar sin, conas a d'éirigh leo rud chomh mór a thógáil sula ndearna siad amach conas pota talún a dhéanamh? (An áit chéanna. ) Sa charraige óna bhfaightear an cloch, is cosúil go bhfuil monolith amháin neamhchríochnaithe de sheacht méadar ar fhad (Conrad 2012). Creidtear gur trí phíopaí garnáit a úsáid, gur chaith na maisiúirí aimsire cloiche é go garbh mar atá sé fós sa charraig (Ibid.). Chun é a bhaint, is dócha go raibh siad ag úsáid leabhráin phrimitiúla agus leabhrán (an pointe ina gcuirtear leabhrán, ar a ndéantar é a thiontú nó a thacaíonn sé) B'fhéidir go raibh an leabhrán suite ar an mbonn, agus ansin chuaigh na leabhráin thar é. Leis na modhanna seo, bhí na maisiúnaigh ag cur an boulder suas (Ibid.). Ba é an cleas ar an gcloch, atá le feiceáil inniu, a léiríonn gur bhris an monolith agus é á ardú (Ibid.). Tar éis na bloic cloiche a scaradh ón gcloch, b'fhéidir go ndearna na tógálaithe iad a iompar suas go dtí an cnoc tríd an modh a thuairiscítear mar róga ar thalamh; is féidir le duine a shamhlú go raibh daoine, in ionad suí taobh istigh den bhád, ag seasamh taobh amuigh de, agus ag brú síos ar an leaver agus ansin ag tarraingt siar air agus mar sin bogfar an boulder ar aghaidh (Ibid.). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh gá le thart ar chúig duine chun an tasc a chur i gcrích (Ibid.). An ndearnadh iarracht riamh ar an modh seo le fíor-bhloc cloiche de cheithre n-aithreag tonna (nó níos trom)? An bhfuil an líon de chúig déag fear in ann a crowding ag an am céanna timpeall an boulder, atá 15 méadar ar fhad? Cad a úsáidtear an suíomh le haghaidh? Níl a chomhghleacaí in aon áit eile ar an suíomh, rud a fhágann gurb é an tógáil dhéantúsúil is sine a fuarthas fós ar domhan é (Conrad 2012). Mar sin, is sé seo a dhéanann sé go mór-mhionsonra suntasach a staidéar (Ibid.). Éilíonn Schmid nach bhféadfadh an suíomh a bheith ina áit do shaol laethúil (Ibid.). D'oibrigh sé ar shuíomhanna réamhstairiúla eile sa Tuirc agus deir sé nach bhfuil struchtúir Göbekli Tepe cosúil le haon chineál tithíochta clústach a thóg daoine Aois Chloch (Ibid.). Tá an teampall suite ar an gcnoc gan rochtain dhíreach ar uisce agus mar sin bhí ar dhaoine a gcuid bia agus deoch a thabhairt suas ann, rud a chiallaíonn nach bhféadfadh siad fanacht san áit an-fhada (Ibid.). Bhí orthu cónaí in áit eile, b'fhéidir ar shuíomh chathair nua-aimseartha Şanlıurfa, thart ar chúig míle déag ar shiúl (Ibid. ) Creideann formhór na n-archeolaithe má léiríonn colún sculpted ollmhór Göbekli Tepe léiriú na n-dibh, is dócha go measfar an suíomh mar chineál coisrí (Ibid.). Más amhlaidh, ba é an teampall is sine ar domhan é (Conrad 2012). An teampall is sine ar domhan B'fhéidir go bhfuil an eochair chun an suíomh a thuiscint ina chuid carbhaithe suntasacha atá suite ar an ngrúpa colún (Conrad 2012). Mar a thuairiscítear thuas, tá siad i bhfoirm T agus déantar íomhánna zoomorphic aisteach a dhéanamh orthu. Léiríonn na cinn deireanach carachtair zoomorphic mionsonraithe agus nádúrtha, araon i gcoradh íseal, ard agus iomlán, ag taispeáint figiúirí trí-thaobhacha, a léiríonn menagerie neamhchlaon (Conrad 2012; Noren 2020). Tugann máistir an dealbh a fuarthas le fios freisin go gcaithfeadh a gcuid tógálaithe a bheith ina n-ealaíontóirí ardteicneolaíochta le scileanna innealtóireachta (Conrad 2012). Tá tréithe fisiciúla na n-ainmhithe á léiriú go soiléir (Ibid.). De ghnáth léiríonn a mionsonraí anatamaíochta dearcadh ionsaitheach, le feiceáil trína seasamh agus a gcuid fiacla grinning (Ibid. ) Cúlra agus cúlra-chúlra Deir Klaus Schmidt go bhfuil comhpháirt ainmhithe an láithreáin ríthábhachtach ina léirmhíniú iconographic (Conrad 2012). De réir an Ollamh, tá comharthaí fiáine, fireann agus creachadóir ag ainmhithe a léirítear go príomha (Busacca 2017: 313-314). Léiríonn sé na léiriúcháin zoomorphic mar ról cosanta mar chaomhnóirí na gcolún (go háirithe dealbh ard-relief), nó mar chuid de radharc uafásach (Conrad 2012; Busacca 2017). Is ionann na colúin i bhfoirm T, mar a thugann sé le fios, agus léiriúí abstracha de chomhlachtaí daonna a bhfuil an chuid uachtarach cosúil le ceann fear i bpróifíl, an sciath den T ag seasamh don chorpus daonna, le lámha, pailmeacha agus méaraí inscartha i gcloch (Ibid.). Faoi bhun iad, tá léiriú ar chrios a imíonn timpeall an cholúin le loincloth a bhfuil cuma peile ainmhithe air (Ibid.). Deir Schmidt go bhfuil na colúin i bhfoirm T bainte amach ar an gcnoc amhail is dá mba ag teacht le chéile créatúir cloiche (Scham 2008:27). In ainneoin a gcuid gnéithe anthropomorphic, tá na colúin dífhostaithe ó ghnéithe aghaidhe, rud a fhágann go gceapann Schmidt go ndéanann na monoliths cosúil le daoine daoine spioradálta a phearsanú, agus is dócha gurb iad na híomhánna is luaithe de dhéithe nó sinsear cosúil le dia (Conrad 2012). Dá réir sin, molann Schmidt freisin go bhféadfadh an doras teampall atá dífhillte anois seasamh go metaforúil le haghaidh an iontrála chuig an netherworld (Conrad 2012). Má tá, caithfidh go raibh baint ag Göbekli Tepe le cult na báis (Ibid. ) Tá na créatúir a bhí carved ar na colúin ríthábhachtach chun an domhan dorcha sin a chruthú (Ibid.). Ní deacair fiú an suíomh a shamhlú mar theampall a bhí tiomanta do na mairbh, go háirithe san oíche, nuair a d'fhéadfadh an tairseach a bhí mar thoradh ar an domhan faoi bhun tine a bheith ag baint le daoine i rithimí aisteach a rinneadh faoi na colúin mhúnlacha cosúil le daoine, a bhí á gcur suas leis na heilimintí ionsaíocha an nádúr (Ibid.). Le linn léirithe deasghnátha, lena n-áirítear fuaim, boladh agus is dócha faoi haze drugaí shamanic, d'fhéadfadh go raibh an chuma ar na íomhánna ar na colúin beo agus gníomhach (Busacca 2017). Gusaldo Busacca (2017), PhD. Cé go bhfuil an t-eagrán seo le fáil i mBéarla, tá sé ar fáil i mBéarla, agus tá sé ar fáil i mBéarla, agus tá sé ar fáil i mBéarla. Fuarthas roinnt cineál parafarnalia deasghnáthaigh ar an suíomh, mar shampla bannaí, niches (altáir), poill cupáin agus soithí carraigí, is dócha go n-úsáidtear iad le haghaidh libations do na spiorad agus feasting fairsing (Schmidt, 2010; Dietrich et al. 2012). De réir Klaus Schmidt, d'fhéadfadh go raibh an suíomh ina shuíomh oilithreachta freisin (Scham 2008:26). Glacann sé leis gur rinne na píolóirí íobairtí ainmhithe nuair a shroich siad Göbekli Tepe (Ibid.:26). Tacaíonn na torthaí seandálaíochta seo le cnámha ainmhithe a bhaineann le speicis éagsúla, mar shampla gazelles, gabhair, muca, caorach, éin fhiáine agus mar sin de (Scham 2008; Busacca 2017). Baineann an chuid is mó de na hainmhithe seo leis an menagerie carved atá i gceist (Ibid. ) Cad a bhí ar dtús: reiligiún nó sibhialtacht? Mar a thugann an tOllamh Joris Peters faoi deara, cé go bhfuil an nádúr ainmhíoch i réim san ealaín Palaeolithic na gcluichí, i Göbekli Tepe tá an rialú ar an nádúr á ghlacadh go soiléir ag daoine i ndearnadh na colúnna i bhfoirm T a chur in iúl (Conrad 2012). Tugann Schmidt faoi deara freisin nach bhfuil na híomhánna zoomorphic go léir carved ach faoi bhun ceann na mbonn mar a thugtar air, rud a thugann le tuiscint go raibh daoine níos fearr ná ainmhithe cheana féin (Conrad 2012). Bhí na déithe féin tar éis a n-aitheantas ainmhithe a fhágáil agus thosaigh siad ag breathnú cosúil le daoine (Ibid.). Mar a leagann Schmidt béim air, d'fhéadfadh íomhánna den sórt sin a nochtadh go raibh an fonn ar dhuine na hAoise Chloch smacht a bheith aige ar an dúlra (Ibid.). Thug an reiligiún nua buntáiste síceolaíoch ollmhór do dhaoine (Ibid.). Chuir sé daoine os cionn na n-ainmhithe agus os cionn na nádúire, agus bhí gá leis an léim mheabhrach sin ar aghaidh, mar a deir an tOllamh Joris Peters, chun tús a chur le hainmhithe agus plandaí a chothú (Ibid.). Dá réir sin, ba é an t-éileamh chun adhradh a spreag an sibhialtacht ar dtús (Ibid.). Tá an teoiric ró-sheasmhach fós: is é sin, tugann sé le tuiscint gurbh é an reiligiún féin a thug daoine chun feirmeoireachta, agus ní ar an mbealach eile timpeall, mar a chreidtear go dtí seo... (Ibid.). Sa chomhthéacs seo, bheadh pointe drámatúil i bhforbairt an chine daonna ag Göbekli Tepe (Ibid. ) An dúshlán is deacra a bhíonn le tabhairt ag seandálaithe Cuireann Gusaldo Busacca (2017) béim ina staidéar ar Göbekli Tepe go nglacann sé leis an dúshlán is deacra a bhíonn ag seandálaithe aghaidh a thabhairt air (Ibid. :313) mar gheall ar fhianaise thromlach, am agus fad cultúrtha, agus ar deireadh gan foinsí scríofa nó traidisiúin ó bhéal (Ibid.). Tá a gcuid léirmhínithe ar an siombalachas ainmhithe casta atá i láthair ag an suíomh curtha i láthair ag go leor scoláirí cheana féin trí chomhthéacsanna éagsúla a úsáid, mar shampla shamanism (Benz & Bauer, 2015; Lewis Williams & Pearce 2009), nasc daonna-ainmhithe (Verhoeven 2002), agus deasghnátha adhlactha (Schmidt 2012), le béim ar leith ar na dearcadh ionsaitheach, gnéithe creachadóra agus fiáin na n-ainmhithe a léirítear. Aithníonn scoláirí eile phallocentrism (an idé-eolaíocht gurb é an ghné fireann an t-eileamh lárnach i eagraíocht an domhain shóisialta) (Phallocentrism 2019), mar an téama siombalach is mó de na hionadaithe is ionsaithí ar an suíomh (Hodder and Meskell 2011). Bunaithe ar thaighde Schmidt, déantar éileamh ag Busacca (2017) gurb iad na hainmhithe is minice a léirítear ná nathair, ansin foxes, boars, bulls agus éin fhiáine. Ní minic a chuimsíonn móitíifí cranes, spiders, quadrupeds, vultures, caorach fiáine, asal, gazelles agus felids (Ibid.). Cé go mbaineann formhór na n-ainmhithe a léirítear le speicis creachtóra agus nimhiúla, is fiú a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil ainmhithe neamh-threacacha san repertoire iconographic freisin (Ibid.). Chomh maith leis na híomhánna zoomorphic, tá móitífibh as cuimse ann freisin, go háirithe pictograms i gcruth H, chomh maith le roinnt móitíf anthrópomhorfacha, cosúil le comhlachtaí daonna gan cheann, a bheadh oiriúnach don teoiric go raibh an teampall tiomanta do na mairbh (Conrad 2012; Busacca 2017). Ina theannta sin, tugann Busacca (2017:316) faoi deara go bhfuil "na móitíifí léirithe agus a dtráchtáil éagsúil go suntasach ar fud na gceithre phríomhchlúdach". Próiseas breise léirmhínithe Maidir le heintleolaíocht animistic, díreodh Busacca (2017) ar ról na n-íomhánna a iniúchadh mar chatagóir de dhaoine neamhdhaonna beoite (Ibid. ) Glaoigh sé ar na híomhánna seo "eintitis chomhdhéanta arna ndéanamh ag comhpháirteanna ábhartha agus neamhriachtanacha araon" (Ibid. Tá an t-eagrán seo ag cur le chéile an dá thrácht agus an dá thrácht, an t-am atá caite agus an t-am atá imithe. Deir an scoláirí go bhféadfadh ealaíontóirí réamhstairiúla a bheith ag creidiúint go raibh caidreamh sonrach idir an t-ealaíontóir agus an spiorad taobh istigh den mheán ábhartha (Busacca 2017: 315-316). Níor chruthaigh an t-ealaíontóir ainmhí as an gcloch ach scaoileadh sé é (Carpenter 1973). Sa chomhthéacs seo, ba cheart na híomhánna zoomorphic a athbheochan mar rannpháirtithe gníomhacha idir daoine agus rudaí ábhartha (Busacca 2017: 315-316). Ní ionann ainmhithe ach personification ábhartha de spiorad ainmhithe (Ibid.:315-316). Cuireann an t-údar béim freisin ar thábhacht a suíomh laistigh den spás ailtireachta ina raibh siad le feiceáil den chéad uair (Ibid. (315-316). Mar a thugann an t-údar faoi deara, sainmhínítear na híomhánna zoomorphic go príomha mar imní daonna le hainmhithe fiáine, masculinity agus foréigean roimh domestication na siombailí a chuaigh leis an aistriú i dtreo talmhaíochta agus saol socraithe (Busacca 2017: 319). Is féidir an chuid foréigneach den iconography a nascadh leis na gníomhaithe ceannasacha i bpobail réamhtheachtacha, a shainaithníodh mar shamans (Benz & Bauer 2013). Éilíonn taighdeoir eile, Borić (2013) go bhfuil postures dinimiciúla agus insint na beithigh sculpted na nochtanna de spiorad láidir, contúirteach lurking faoi chraiceann na n-ainmhithe léirítear (Borić 2013:54). Molann Yeşilyurt (2014) léirmhíniú an-nuálach a mhaíonn gur chóir an suíomh a léiriú mar saotharlann taighde réamhstairiúil, áit a léiríonn ionadaíochtaí ainmhithe taighde a rinneadh ar speicis shonracha i ndáiríre. Menagerie na hAoise Chloch i ngníomh Déanann Busacca (2017:322) anailís ar an ealaín freisin i gcomhthéacs na ngnéithe stílisteacha, mar shampla dinimiceacht agus gluaiseacht na bhfigiúirí ainmhithe. D'fhonn tagairt a dhéanamh do theicnící stílíochta a úsáideadh ag Göbekli Tepe, tá an t-údar tar éis an téarmaíocht a úsáidtear sna staidéir ar ealaín carraige Franca-Cantabrian Uachtarach Palaeolithic a fháil ar iasacht, áit ar féidir stíl den chineál céanna a fheiceáil (Ibid.:322). Mar sin féin, leagann sé béim ar an bhfíric nach "níl na cosúlachtaí seo i teicnící na léiriúcháin amhairc le meas mar fhianaise ar theagmháil dhíreach, ar shliocht nó ar scaipeadh, ach mar fheiniméin neamhspleácha, cé go bhfuil siad cosúil" (Ibid:322). Taispeántar an gluaiseacht ag Göbekli Tepe trí dhá phríomh-theicníc a bhfuil an chuma orthu nach raibh feidhm acu go roghnach ach amháin ar chineálacha áirithe ainmhithe a léirítear (Ibid.:322). Tá a cosa bogta ag speicis creachadóirí agus neamh-creachadóirí araon, lena n-áirítear gaile, asal fiáine agus crann, agus/nó gabhadh iad i riocht shlí (fhiosrúchán postural) a ghineann cineál gluaiseachta (Ibid.:322). Is ionann línte tonnta na léaráidí nathair agus léiriú gluaiseachta (Ibid.:322). Úsáidtear freisin teicníc "split action" trí athdhéanamh (suprimposition nó juxtaposition) an ábhair, áit a léirítear ainmhí ag céimeanna comhleanúnacha in am (Ibid.:322). Léirítear samplaí den chur chuige ealaíne sin go soiléir sna léiriúcháin ar éin uisce, go háirithe ar anáin fhiácha (Anclosures C agus D) (Ibid. 322). Leanann tuairisc ar na tréithe stílíochta anailís ar threocht na samhlacha carbaithe (Busacca 2017:313,324). Chun an staidéar a dhéanamh, déanann an t-údar idirdhealú idir na colúin lárnacha, is iad sin iad siúd a shocraítear i bpáirtí, de ghnáth níos mó i méid, agus colúin radacha iad siúd a shocraítear ar feadh na gclosures (Ibid. (313,324). Tá colúnna radacha roinnte ina dhá ghrúpa, tosaigh agus taobh (Ibid. Tá na háiteanna go léir a bhfuil na carbaithe ar na colúin lipéadaithe go soiléir trí ghrianghraif shimplí a chuir an t-údar ar fáil mar aon leis na grianghraif a léiríonn a choincheap (Ibid.:313,322,324). Dá réir sin, marcáil sé iad mar seo a leanas: FH, BS, LH, LS, áit a bhfuil F mar sheasamh ar aghaidh, B ar chúl, H ar cheann S ar thaobh, L ar thaobh agus ar chlé i gcásanna áirithe (Ibid.:313,322,324). Ag cur na taobhanna taobh de na colúin radacha san áireamh, tugann an t-údar faoi deara go bhfuil 29 as 34 ainmhí iomlán atá á léiriú ar na colúin os comhair lár an chlúdaithe (Ibid.:313,322,324). Léiríonn dealbhóirí ard-aontaithe agus iomlán-aontaithe treoshuíomh lár-ionsaithe freisin (Ibid.:313,322,324). Mar a thugann an t-údar le fios "ag teacht amach as na ballaí nó as barr iad lena gcorp iomlán nó gan ach an ceann, tagann na dealbhóirí seo le chéile go moltach leis an tuiscint ghinearálta ar" léim "centripetal na n-ainmhithe isteach sna cealla " (Busacca 2017: 324). Ar an láimh eile, tá na bas-reliefs a chuirtear ar na taobhanna tosaigh os comhair síos nó suas nó ar dheis nó ar chlé (Ibid.:313,322,324). Dá bhrí sin tá a bpatrún níos lú soiléir le sainmhíniú go héasca (Ibid. Tugann an t-údar le fios go bhféadfadh dinimiceacht agus treoshuíomh lár-iompóideach na léargas zoomorphic tagairt a dhéanamh do spás liminal an chuisneora ag glaoch ar spiorad ainmhithe ina lár (Ibid.:313,322,324). Ar choinníoll go léiríonn na colúin i gcruth T daoine spioradálta anthrópamhorfacha, mar a luadh thuas (Schmidt 2010), is féidir na haimsireanna a aithint mar áiteanna buailte idir daoine agus spiorad ainmhithe (Busacca 2017:313,322,324). Sa chomhthéacs seo, tá ról ag íomhánna zoomorphic mar dhroim idir daoine agus daoine neamhdhaonna (Ibid. (313,322,324) a chur ar fáil. Cuireann Busacca (2017) béim freisin ar thábhacht an repertoire iconographic in aon iarracht feidhmeanna enigmatic Göbekli Tepe a léiriú. Murab ionann agus i sochaithe iar-talmhaíochta ina raibh ainmhithe fiáine ina mbaol agus ina bhfásach, bheadh dearcadh sóisialta agus idirphearsanta ag sealgairí-bailiúcháin i leith na beithigh sin, gan bagairt i gcónaí i láthair a bheith acu ar a gcuid foréigean, a léirítear is dócha trí ghnéithe ionsacha de léiriúcháin zoomorphic (Ibid.:327). Tugann an t-údar le fios go mbeadh "sóisialaíocht leis an ainmhí ar bhonn peer-to-peer ach bealach eile chun" an ainmhí a chothú "gan é a thabhairt faoi rialú iomlán an duine" (Ibid.:327). Ach bheadh smaoineamh den sórt sin contrártha don léirmhíniú a mhol Schmidt, de réir a bhfuil na colúin de chineál T a bhí carved ag Göbekli Tepe ag léiriú go bhfuil daoine ar airde go hiomlán ná ainmhithe. Cé nach ndéanann glacadh Schmidt an smaoineamh iomlán maidir le caidrimh ontúlacha idir daoine agus ainmhithe a dhiúltú, bheadh a gcáilíocht go leor difriúil ón gcinniúint a shainmhínigh Busacca (2017). In ainneoin staidéir éagsúla, tá feidhm Göbekli Tepe agus an bhrí atá taobh thiar dá íomhánna fós anaithnid (Conrad 2012). Déanann an rúndiamhair níos doimhne leis an bhfíric go ndearna na daoine a d'úsáid é, tar éis an iarracht ollmhór an struchtúr neamhghnách seo a thógáil, agus é a adhlacadh ina dhiaidh sin (Ibid. ) Tá titim an teampaill is sine ar domhan chomh mistéireach leis an reiligiún a sheirbheáil sé uair amháin (Conrad 2012). Le breis agus míle bliain, bhí an teampall i gceannas ar an áit lárnach i saol cultúrtha an réigiúin (Ibid.). D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh daoine ó na céadta ciliméadar ar shiúl tar éis teacht le chéile ann agus é a úsáid mar spás deasghnátha (Ibid.). Mar sin féin, de réir mar a d'fhás tábhacht na talmhaíochta le himeacht ama, ní mór go raibh ról an teampaill laghdaithe (Ibid.). Na mílte bliain tar éis na spásanna ciorclacha móra leis na monolithí ollmhóra a thógáil, líontaíodh iad agus clúdaíodh iad (Ibid.). Ina áit sin, tógadh struchtúir níos lú ar a bharr (Ibid.). Dá bhrí sin, is cosúil go raibh Göbekli Tepe á laghdú: bhí na gairdíní níos lú, na colúin níos giorra de réir a chéile agus bhí a líon sa bhalla timpeall air laghdaithe go dtí nach raibh aon cheann acu (Ibid.). Ar deireadh, imigh Göbekli Tepe thart ar 8 000 RC, curtha faoi chnoc de dhéantús an duine (Ibid. ) Ag leanúint an réalta Baineadh úsáid as gach ciorcal cloiche a tógadh ar feadh roinnt céad bliain agus ansin líonadh isteach chun ceann eile a chur ina ionad (Burns 2017). Ar an iomlán, d'éirigh le tógálaithe Göbekli Tepe fiche cearcall den sórt sin teampall, a bhí difriúil i méid (Ibid.). Éilíonn Schmid go raibh sé mar chuid den chlár ciorcal den sórt sin a thógáil chun é a úsáid ar feadh tamaill ach ina dhiaidh sin é a líonadh ar ais go hiomlán (Conrad 2012). Dá bhrí sin, tá an chuma nua-aimseartha ar an suíomh, a bhfuil cuma ar shléibhe air (Ibid.). Bhí sé toisc go ndeachaigh na cnocáin seo go léir le teampaill chlúdaithe ina gcnoc mór amháin (Ibid. ) Molann an t-údar, Andrew Collins, teoiric mhalartach, ach conspóideach, de réir a bhfuil na tógálaithe a thóg na teampaill i ndiaidh a chéile chun críocha réalteolaíocha (Burns 2017). Is é sin, is é an chúis a bheadh le hathchóirithe iomadúla an láithreáin corp spéartha áirithe a leanúint (Ibid. ) Léirigh suirbhé archaeoastronomics go raibh 11 500 bliain ó shin, na colúnna lárnacha dúbailte den chiorcal is suntasaí a fuarthas go dtí seo, an t-ionchlos D, os comhair an Denab ar neamh, is é sin an réalta is geal i réalt Cygnus (Burns 2017). Nuair a rinneadh staidéar ar ailíniú píolóirí dúbailte eile Göbekli Tepe i dtaca leis an réalta céanna, bhí sé soiléir go lean tógálaithe na hAoise Chloch an Denab de réir a chéile trí chlúdach a thógáil de réir mar a bhog an réalta go mall ar feadh an réalta áitiúil (Ibid.). Dá bhrí sin, bhí na colúin dhúbailte laistigh de chuardaigh shochracha comhghaolta go stuama de réir na réalta a bhí ag daoine Göbekli Tepe ag faire air (Ibid.). De réir mar a bhíonn an t-am ag athrú le linn na réaltaí, bhí ar na tógálaithe a theampall a ath-ailíneáil go tréimhsiúil, gach cúpla céad bliain (Ibid. ) An titim ar an teampall Tar éis an Dr Rose, is féidir an chúis a raibh an suíomh imithe i ndeireadh na dála a mhíniú go bhféadfadh sé go raibh tearmann le feiceáil laistigh de shuíomh seandálaíochta Nevalı Çori atá tuilte anois, a bhí suite thart ar tríocha ciliméadar ó Göbekli Tepe (Conrad 2012). Ba sráidbhaile Óige Cloiche é le teampall beag ó thart ar 8 000 RC. (An áit chéanna). Bhí eilimintí ailtireachta den chineál céanna ag gairdín beag cearnach le Göbekli Tepe: déag colún cloiche ina ballaí agus dhá mhonólít gan aghaidh ina lár, le hairm agus lámha a chaithtear orthu (Ibid.). Sa chomhthéacs seo, is leagan níos lú agus áitiúla é den ardeaglais Aoine Chloch ag Göbekli Tepe, ag breathnú níos mó cosúil le heaglais sráidbhaile (Ibid.). Deir an Dr Rose gur tharla spásanna naofa ag an am sin a d'éirigh le titim Göbekli Tepe agus mar sin thosaigh pobail áitiúla ag tógáil a spásanna naofa féin, nuair a d'fhéach an teampall lárnach ag cailliúint a thábhachta (Ibid. ) Míníocht eile ar thréigean an láithreáin ná nach sealgairí-bailiúcháin a bhí i sliocht tógálaithe Göbekli Tepe a thuilleadh (Conrad 2012). Bhí siad ina bhfeirmeoirí agus ní lean siad reiligiún a sinsear per se ach na smaointe a léirítear (Ibid.). Is féidir a gcuid rianta a fháil ag suíomh seandálaíochta Çatalhöyük (An Tuirc) a deirtear gurb é ceann de na cathracha is sine, a forbraíodh idir 8 000 agus 7 000 RC. (An áit chéanna). I teach athchóirithe de Çatalhöyük, tá na cinn tobar ag stiúradh amach as an mballa chomh maith le hionadaithe zoomorphic a bhí carved ar cholúnna Göbekli Tepe (Ibid.). Ní mór go raibh ciall ag na bóithre mór, scanrúil agus marfach do shochaí Çatalhöyük (Ibid.). 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Institiúid Seandálaíochta na Gearmáine (DAI) (2019) Comhghairdeas le bliain, DAI! In: The Tepe Telegrams. Nuacht & Nótaí ó Foireann Taighde Göbekli Tepe. Ar fáil ag <https://bit.ly/2WqSHWx>. [Ar fáil ar 13 Bealtaine, 2020]. Hodder I. & Meskell L. (2011). Ealaíontóir aisteach agus uaireanta trifle macabre. Chicago: Current Anthropology 52, pp. 23563. Knox T. (2009) An bhfuil na clocha mistéireach seo ag marcáil suíomh Ghairdín Eden?. In: Mail Online. Tá sé ar fáil ag <http://dailym.ai/2xXjLmR>. [Arna rochtain ar 12 Bealtaine, 2020]. Lewis-Williams D. & Pearce D. (2009). Inside the Neolithic Mind: Cois, Cosmos agus ríocht na n-dibh. Londain: Thames & Hudson. Notroff J. (2018) Cuairteoirí ar ais ag na scriosanna arís. In: Institiúid Seandálaíochta na Gearmáine (DAI) (2020). Na Teipí Teilifíse. Nuacht & Nótaí ó Foireann Taighde Göbekli Tepe .. Ar fáil ag <https://bit.ly/3miNaem>. [Ar fáil ar 13 Bealtaine, 2020]. Notroff J. (2016). An bhféadfaimis a bheith ag glaoch ar theampall i ndáiríre? In: Institiúid Seandálaíochta na Gearmáine (DAI) (2020). Na Teipí Teilifíse. Nuacht & Nótaí ó Foireann Taighde Göbekli Tepe. Ar fáil ag <https://bit.ly/2LoyKwq>. [Ar fáil ar 13 Bealtaine, 2020]. Grianghraf Bison sa halla mór poilíchróim, i gCéile Altamira, Cantabria In: franc-Cantabrian region (2019) In: Wikipedia. An t-Einscríbhinne Saor in Aisce. Ar fáil ag <https://bit.ly/2LosmlM>. [Ar fáil ar 14 Bealtaine, 2020]. Grianghraf Comhchruthú Cygnus ag Star Walk (2017) An Chéathrú Céadaoin Gorgeous buaileann Saturn, agus tá na hUileanna Swans a Features is Fearr! I: Meán. Tá sé ar fáil ag <https://bit.ly/2WuI7h7>. [Ar fáil ar 14 Bealtaine, 2020]. Grianghraf: Göbekli Tepe In: Dunning B. (2020) Deicódáil Gobekli Tepe. In: Skeptoid Podcast. Meáin Skeptoid. Tá sé ar fáil ag <https://bit.ly/2T1uTXn>. [Ar fáil ar 13 Bealtaine, 2020]. Grianghraf: Göbekli Tepe: Foinse: sci-news.com/mage creidmheas: ag Nico Becker, Goibléach Göbekli Tepe, Institiúid Seandálaíochta na Gearmáine. In: Kompasiana (2018). Ar fáil ag <https://bit.ly/2X6nk2T>. [Ar fáil ar 13 Bealtaine, 2020]. Grianghraf: Hunter-gatherers by Archaeology Newsroom (2020) In: Archaeology & Art. Ar fáil ag <https://bit.ly/3cs4qda>. [Ar fáil ar 13 Bealtaine, 2020]. Sink D. (2020). Tabhair tuairim ar an alt. In: Walter A. (2020) agus An chéad chultúr sean-aimseartha ar eolas, is féidir go mbeadh Göbekli Tepe ar an gcéad ailtireacht ar domhan. In: Archinect Nuacht. Tá sé ar fáil ag <https://bit.ly/2Wb4ZSc>. [Arna rochtain ar an 13 Nollaig, 2020]. Scham S. (2008) An Chéad Teampall ar domhan. Archaeology, v. 61, no. 6, Nua Eabhrac: Institiúid Seandálaíochta Mheiriceá, pp. 22 go 27. Schmidt K. (2010). Göbekli Tepethe Stone Age sanctuaries: torthaí nua de thochailtí leanúnacha le fócas speisialta ar scultúir agus ar ard-réigeanna. Documenta Praehistorica 37, pp. 23956. Schmidt K. (2012). Göbekli Tepe: Sainghlóir Aimsire na hAoise Chloch in Oirdheisceart Anatolia. Berlin: Ex Oriente. Schmidt, K. (2011) Göbekli Tepe: Suíomh Neolaitic i ndeisceart Anatolia. In: Steadman S. R., McMahon G. eds. Leabhar-Treoir Oxford ar An Anatolia Sean-oide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Steadman S. R., McMahon G. (2011). Leabhar-Lámhleabhar Oxford na Sean-Anatóile: (10,000323 BCE). US: Oxford University Press. Leathanach 923. Tylor E.B. (1903) agus Cultúr Príomhúil: Taighde ar Fhorbairt na Míotaseolaíochta, na Fealsúnachta, na Reiligiúin, na Teanga, na hEalaíona agus na gCeachtanna. Londain: J. Murray. Verhoeven M. (2002). Rith agus Ideolaíocht i Ré-Créachtóir Neoiliteach B an Levant agus an Anatolia oirdheisceart. Iris Seandálaíochta Cambridge 12, pp. 23358. Yeşilyurt M. (2014). Die wissenschaftliche Interpretation von Göbeklitepe. (Iontráil eolaíoch von Göbeklitepe.) The Theorie und das Forschungsprogramm. Berlin: LIT.

No, there is no difference. Seem is a verb that governs infinitive complements and allows Negative-Raising. That means that negation in the infinitive complement of seem, or want, or other Neg-Raising verbs, as in - The rule seems not to work. [ = ... to not work] - He wants me not to go tomorrow. [ = ... to not go tomorrow.] can also appear, instead, in the matrix clause with seem or want - The rule doesn't seem to work. - He doesn't want me to go tomorrow. without a change in meaning. This is not true of most predicates, which don't allow Neg-Raising. (Be) Easy, for instance, is a more normal predicate; the two sentences below do not mean the same thing. - It's easy for him not to smile. - It's not easy for him to smile. Edit: Pursuant to RegDwight's comment above on split infinitives, I should mention that both the unsplit variant not to smile and the split variant to not smile are in the complement clause, i.e, not Neg-Raised -- though they are likewise equivalent in grammaticality and meaning. Either form can be regarded as the "source" of the Neg-Raised not easy to smile

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Níl, níl aon difríocht ann. Is briathar é Seem a rialaíonn comhlántacha infinitive agus a cheadaíonn Negative-Raising. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil diúltú sa chomhlánú infinitive de cosúil, nó mian, nó briathra Neg-Raising eile, mar atá i - Is cosúil nach n-oibríonn an riail. [ = ... gan obair] - Ba mhaith leis nach rachaidh mé amárach. [ = ... nach dul amárach.] is féidir le feiceáil freisin, ina ionad sin, sa chlásal maitrís le cosúil nó mian - Ní cosúil go n-oibríonn an riail. - Ní mian leis go dtéim amárach. gan athrú ar an bhrí. Ní fíor é seo maidir leis an chuid is mó de na tuairiscí, nach gceadaíonn Neg-Raising. (Be) Is predicate níos gnáth é Easy, mar shampla; ní chiallaíonn an dá abairt thíos an rud céanna. - Tá sé éasca dó gan a gáire. - Ní éasca dó a bheith ag gáire. De réir trácht RegDwight thuas ar infinitives scoilte, ba chóir dom a lua go bhfuil an dá leagan neamhscoilte gan a bheith ag gáire agus an leagan scoilte gan a bheith ag gáire sa chlóis chomhlánú, ie, ní Neg-Raised - cé go bhfuil siad comhionann freisin i gramadaíocht agus i gceist. Is féidir an fhoirm a mheas mar an "fhoinse" an Neg-Raised ní éasca a gáire

Before it was a popular tourist attraction, the Tower of London was, well, just about everything else. For almost 1,000 years, the Tower of London has been an intimidating fortress on the River Thames. Originally designed as a castle for William the Conqueror in 1078, it’s hardly a cozy palace like Buckingham or Kensington. In the centuries that followed, a stone wall was erected around the gleaming Caen stone residence, and later a moat. An additional wall and series of towers rose up around the complex, making it virtually impenetrable by 1350. During the Tudor Dynasty, the Tower of London gained its notorious reputation as a torture chamber. While the residence functioned as a state prison, it was also where Henry VIII imprisoned two of his six wives (Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard) and where conspirator Guy Fawkes was tortured and executed. Even the Duke of Gloucester, best known as Richard III, is said to have held captive and murdered his nephews, 12-year-old Prince Edward and his younger brother, 9-year-old Richard. Skeletons found beneath a staircase in the tower in the 1600’s are thought to be those of the two young royals. Only 22 total executions took place at the Tower of London, but the citadel’s dark and bloody reputation precedes the historic site. Today, visitors to London flock here in droves to see the Crown Jewels, and the display of antique suits of armor (like Charles I’s gilt, gold leaf-armor) at the Line of Kings: the world’s longest-running visitor attraction, which dates back to 1688. Royal treasure isn’t the only thing hidden inside the Tower of London. For more surprising facts and well-kept secrets, read on. The Tower of London doubled as the Mint For 500 years, beginning in 1279, the Tower of London guarded the country’s Mint. Until 1663, coins were hammered by hand. It protects $32 billion worth of treasure The dazzling Crown Jewels—a priceless collection of historic ceremonial objects—have been on display since the 17th century. Among the most prized items is the Star of Africa, a single diamond worth $400 million, and the Imperial Crown, which sits protected in a bullet-proof glass case, and is embedded with exactly 2,868 diamonds, 273 pearls, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds and 5 rubies. Animals once called the Tower home Before the Tower was a prison, it was a zoo for exotic animals. Founded by King John as a royal menagerie in 1210, the gallery’s various residents included lions, ostrich, elephants, and even a polar bear snatched from Antarctica. Supposedly, the poor creature hunted fish in the River Thames. A sorcerer was imprisoned in the 1500’s One of the tower’s more unusual inmates was an innkeeper from Bristol named Hew Draper. This being the 1500s, authorities incarcerated Draper for the gravest offense: sorcery. Evidence of his occult practices can still be seen today in the Salt Tower, where Draper left a cryptic astrological sphere, labeled with the twelve zodiac signs, inscribed on the stone wall of his cell. It wasn’t as deadly as it sounds Despite all the infamous tales of torture, only 22 people were actually executed inside the Tower’s walls. Josef Jakobs, a German spy, was the last person to be killed on the property. He was shot by a firing squad on August 15, 1941. The ravens are the Tower’s guardians Charles II insisted that the resident ravens—six in total, plus one spare—should be protected. He foresaw that if the ravens departed, the kingdom and the Tower would fall. Perhaps more out of respect for tradition, the ravens are housed and cared for to this day. According to the Raven Master, they are fed raw meat and blood-soaked bird biscuits every day.

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Sula raibh sé ina mhealladh turasóireachta tóir, bhí an Túr Londain, go maith, díreach faoi gach rud eile. Le beagnach 1,000 bliain, bhí Túr Londain ina dhaingne uafásach ar Abhainn an Theims. Deartha ar dtús mar chaisleán do William an Conqueror i 1078, is deacair é a bheith ina phálás cúthail cosúil le Buckingham nó Kensington. Sna céadta bliain ina dhiaidh sin, tógadh balla cloiche timpeall na cónaithe cloiche Caen gleoite, agus níos déanaí moat. D'ardaigh balla breise agus sraith túir timpeall an choimpléisc, rud a fhágann go raibh sé beagnach dochloíte faoi 1350. Le linn na Tudor Dynasty, fuair an Túr Londain a cháil cáiliúil mar sheomra caoga. Cé gur phríosún stáit a bhí sa teach cónaithe, ba é an áit a chuir Henry VIII beirt dá sé bhean chéile (Anne Boleyn agus Catherine Howard) i bpríosún agus an áit a ndearnadh Guy Fawkes, an comhcheilgóir, a phionósú agus a fhorghníomhú. Fiú amháin an Diúc Gloucester, is fearr ar a dtugtar Richard III, a dúirt a bheith i bpríosún agus dúnmharú a nephews, 12 bliain d'aois Prince Edward agus a dheartháir níos óige, 9 bliain d'aois Richard. Meastar go bhfuil na cnámha a fuarthas faoi staighre sa túr sna 1600í ag an dá ríoga óga. Ní raibh ach 22 feidhmiú san iomlán i dTúr Londain, ach tá cáil dorcha agus folach an cathrach roimh an suíomh stairiúil. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tiocfaidh cuairteoirí go Londain anseo i ngrúpaí chun na Ghleann Coróin a fheiceáil, agus taispeántas na gúnaí armóireachta ársa (cosúil le Charles I's gilt, armor duille óir) ag Line of Kings: an díol spéise cuairteoirí is faide ar domhan, a théann siar go 1688. Ní hé an t-airgead ríoga an t-aon rud atá i bhfolach taobh istigh de Thúr Londain. Le haghaidh níos mó fíricí iontas agus rúndachtaí a choinnítear go maith, lean ar aghaidh ag léamh. D'úsáid Túr Londain an Mint mar an dá rud Ar feadh 500 bliain, ag tosú i 1279, bhí an Túr Londain ag faire ar Mhinte na tíre. Go dtí 1663, bhí na boinn á n-imirt de láimh. Cosnaíonn sé $ 32 billiún luach an chré Tá na Ghleann Coróin daite - bailiúchán luachmhar de rudaí searmanacha stairiúla - ar taispeáint ó na 17ú haois. I measc na n-earraí is luachmhaire tá Réalta na hAfraice, diamond amháin ar fiú $ 400 milliún, agus an Coróin Impiriúil, atá suite faoi chosaint i gcás gloine bullet-proof, agus tá sé leabaithe le díreach 2,868 diamonds, 273 péarla, 17 safhair, 11 smaraigdí agus 5 rubies. Ainmhithe a ghlaoigh uair amháin ar an Túr baile Sula raibh an Túr ina phríosún, bhí sé ina zoo d'ainmhithe coimhthíocha. Bunaithe ag Rí John mar menagerie ríoga i 1210, bhí león, strutríce, elephants, agus fiú béar polach a bhí ag an Antartaic, ina gcónaí sa gailearaí. Iarrtar, an créatúr bocht scaipeadh iasc i Abhainn an Teimsis. Cuireadh draoi i bpríosún sna 1500í Ceann de na príosúnaigh níos neamhghnácha sa túr ná sealbhóir teach ó Bristol darb ainm Hew Draper. Tá sé seo ag na 1500í, d'fhág na húdaráis Draper i bpríosún as an gcion is tromchúisí: draíocht. Is féidir fianaise a chleachtais occult a fheiceáil fós sa lá atá inniu ann sa Túr Salann, áit a d'fhág Draper spéir astrological criptéiseach, lipéadaithe leis na dhá chomhartha déag zodiac, inscribed ar bhalla cloiche a chealla. Ní raibh sé chomh marbhtach mar a fuaimeann sé In ainneoin na scéalta míchlúite go léir faoi phionós, ní raibh ach 22 duine curtha chun báis taobh istigh de bhallaí na Túr. Ba é Josef Jakobs, spia Gearmánach, an duine deireanach a maraíodh ar an maoin. Bhí sé ag lámhach ag plód lámhach ar an 15 Lúnasa, 1941. Is iad na coróin gardaí an Túr D'áitigh Charles II gur chóir na coróin chónaitheacha - sé ar a laghad, móide ceann amháin spártha - a chosaint. Bhí sé foreseen go má d'fhág na coróin, an ríocht agus an Túr a thit. B'fhéidir go bhfuil meas níos mó ar thraidisiún, tá na coróin á gcasadh agus á gcúram go dtí an lá atá inniu ann. De réir an Máistir Raven, tá siad a chothú feoil amh agus biscuit éan fuil-soaked gach lá.

The Small-Scale Dairy Written by Gianaclis Caldwell, The Small-Scale Dairy provides knowledge on every aspect of milk and milk production, from start to finish. Below are some excerpts and photographs from the book. Enjoy! On Animal Suitability: What kind of milk animal would best suit your needs? For barnyard matchmaking to be a success, you need to address several concerns. The volume and components; innate flavor and aesthetics of the milk; your land, including available feed, topography, weather, size, facilities, and neighbors; your personal disposition, market issues regarding not just the milk but also surplus animals, and the availability of good starter stock. On Milking Parlor Cleanliness: The milking parlor is the first time that the otherwise sterile milk in the udder will be exposed to the environment- through open-air milking or through air that enters the milking equipment during machine milking. It is your first opportunity to either keep the milk as the animal created it or allow airborne bacteria, yeasts, molds, and microscopic debris to contaminate the pristine liquid. Even if you follow all the procedures for clean udders and teats, the air in the parlor must be clean as well. If you are lucky enough to have access to farm-fresh raw cream, you are in for a treat when you make cultured butter. Most commercially available butters are made without the addition of any starter cultures, although some brands such as Organic Valley and Vermont Creamery make lovely pasteurized cultured butters. Butters can be cultured naturally by allowing the raw cream to ripen for a period of time- allowing the natural bacteria to develop- or through the addition of ripening starter cultures, or both! Raw-milk butters can be made with or without culturing. Cultured butters have a more complex flavor and aroma, thanks to the development of a small amount of acid, as well as flavor and aroma compounds produced by the bacteria, but they are also more prone to rancidity. If you have access to fresh cow’s milk, then you know the beauty of bovine milk’s ability to “cream.” Large fat globules easily clump and rise in cow’s milk, thanks in part to the presence of a protein type called “cryoglobulin” that attracts fat globules. Think of the fat globules as little balloons rising to the top of the milk. As the cryoglobulin collects the little balloons, they form large groups of balloons that rise even more quickly. Goat’s milk not only has smaller, less dense milk fat globules, but it also lacks the clumping protein. Goat’s milk will eventually separate, but it takes much longer and never will be as complete as what happens with cow’s milk.

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An Lactóir Beagleis Scríobh Gianaclis Caldwell, Soláthraíonn The Small-Scale Dairy eolas ar gach gné de bhainne agus táirgeadh bainne, ó thús go deireadh. Seo thíos roinnt sliocht agus grianghraif ón leabhar. Bíodh spraoi agat! Maidir le hOiriúnachta Ainmhithe: Cén cineál ainmhí bainne a oireann is fearr do do riachtanais? Chun go n-éireoidh le comhpháirtíocht barnyard, ní mór duit aghaidh a thabhairt ar roinnt imní. An méid agus na comhpháirteanna; blas dúchasach agus áilleacht an bhainne; do thalamh, lena n-áirítear beatha atá ar fáil, topagrafaíocht, aimsir, méid, áiseanna, agus comharsana; do chuid saincheaptha pearsanta, saincheisteanna margaidh maidir leis an bhainne ach freisin le hainmhithe breise, agus fáil stoc tosaigh maith. Maidir le Glanadh an Chlóis Mliúcháin: Is é an seomra bainne an chéad uair a nochtfar an bainne a bheadh steirile san uibhear don chomhshaol - trí bainne a dhéanamh san aer oscailte nó trí aer a théann isteach sa trealamh bainne le linn bainne meaisín. Is é seo an chéad deis atá agat an bainne a choinneáil mar a chruthaigh an t-ainmhí é nó bac a chur ar bhaictéir, giostaí, múnlaí, agus scraobhanna microscópacha a thruailliú an leacht neamhchlaonta. Fiú má leanann tú na nósanna imeachta go léir le haghaidh uiscí agus teasanna glan, ní mór an t-aer sa seomra suí a bheith glan freisin. Má tá tú ádh go leor chun rochtain a fháil ar uachtar amh atá úr ó fheirm, tá tú ag fáil le haghaidh leannán nuair a dhéanann tú imdhíonacht. Déantar an chuid is mó de na beirteanna atá ar fáil go tráchtála gan aon chultúir tosaithe a chur leis, cé go ndéanann roinnt brandaí mar Organic Valley agus Vermont Creamery beirteanna cultúrtha páisteáilte álainn. Is féidir an t-uisce a chultúrú go nádúrtha trí ligean don uachtar amh aibíocht a fháil ar feadh tréimhse ama - ag ligean do na baictéir nádúrtha forbairt - nó trí chultúir tosaithe aibíochta a chur leis, nó an dá rud! Is féidir liopaí bainne amh a dhéanamh le cultúrú nó gan cultúrú. Tá blas agus cumhrán níos casta ag na beirteanna cultúrtha, a bhuíochas le forbairt méid beag aigéad, chomh maith le comhdhúile blas agus cumhrán a tháirgeann na baictéir, ach tá siad níos mó seans maith go mbeidh siad ransaí. Má tá bainne bó úr ar fáil duit, tá a fhios agat cé chomh hálainn is atá cumas bainne bó a 'creamadh'. Tá glúbusanna saille móra ag clúdú go héasca agus ag ardú i bainne bó, a bhuíochas go páirteach do chineál próitéine ar a dtugtar 'cryoglobulin' a mheallann glúbusanna saille. Smaoinigh ar na glúibíní saille mar bhalúnna beaga ag ardú go barr an bhainne. De réir mar a bhailíonn an crioglóbalín na balúnna beaga, cruthaíonn siad grúpaí móra balúnna a ardú níos tapúla fós. Ní amháin go bhfuil glúbúl saille bainne níos lú agus níos lú dlúithe i bainne cabhra ach níl an próitéin clúbaithe aige freisin. Déantar an t-eitil a scaradh sa deireadh, ach tógann sé i bhfad níos faide agus ní bheidh sé chomh iomlán riamh agus a tharlaíonn le bainne na bó.

Challenge of the Day Have fun choosing different items around the house and garden and giving your child some clues. By going to the different rooms or around the garden, it will keep your child active too. Can you see if your child could pick an item in secret and give you some clues to find it? 😊. Maybe your child could draw some pictures of the things they had to find or write a list if appropriate to their ability. We would love to see some photos or videos too of your child following your clues! Mrs Hannant 🐼 Nursery Rhyme of the Day Lots of you have been baking at home so I thought Pat a cake would be a good song to share. You could sing Twinkle Twinkle at bedtime tonight too. Good morning everyone! It was great to see all of your creations yesterday and fabulous list writing! Today’s challenge is to draw a picture of yourself it can be in your special book, on the back of a roll of wallpaper or even using chalk outside drawing around your body (you can get someone in your house to help with this)! Can you write a list/label your different body parts? Don’t forget to send your picture via Dojo or upload to Tapestry. F1 maths challenge Our maths activity today is all about capacity, don’t worry, you don’t have to use water 😊 F2 maths challenge We now know our number up to 20! :) Adults can you say or show an number and the children have to show them using your ten frame? Adults are to ask questions such as: Which number has 1 ten and 5 units? How many tens and units does 19 have? etc. Remember it is important that the children understand how numbers are made.

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Dath na Lá Bíodh spraoi agat ag roghnú earraí éagsúla timpeall an tí agus an ghairdín agus tabhair roinnt leideanna do do leanbh. Trí dul chuig na seomraí éagsúla nó timpeall an ghairdín, coimeádfaidh sé do leanbh gníomhach freisin. An féidir leat a fheiceáil an bhféadfadh do leanbh rud a roghnú go rúnda agus roinnt leideanna a thabhairt duit chun é a aimsiú? 😊. B'fhéidir go bhféadfaí do leanbh grianghraf a tharraingt de na rudaí a bhí le fáil aige nó liosta a scríobh más cuí lena chumas. Ba mhaith linn roinnt grianghraif nó físeáin a fheiceáil freisin de do leanbh ag leanúint do leideanna! An tUasal Hannant Rithí Nursery an Lae Bhí go leor agaibh ag bácáil sa bhaile mar sin shíl mé go mbeadh an t-amhrán Pat a cake maith le roinnt. D'fhéadfá Twinkle Twinkle a chanadh ag am codlata anocht freisin. Maidin mhaith gach duine! Bhí sé iontach a fheiceáil go léir do chruthaitheacht inné agus liosta scríbhneoireachta fabulous! Is é dúshlán an lae inniu pictiúr a tharraingt de féin is féidir é a bheith i do leabhar speisialta, ar chúl rolla páipéar balla nó fiú ag baint úsáide as criosta lasmuigh ag tarraingt timpeall do chorp (is féidir leat duine sa teach a fháil chun cabhrú leat leis seo)! An féidir leat liosta/labhra a scríobh de na codanna éagsúla de do chorp? Ná déan dearmad do phictiúr a sheoladh trí Dojo nó a uaslódáil chuig Tapestry. Dúshlán matamaitice F1 Tá ár ngníomhaíocht matamaitice inniu go léir faoi acmhainn, ná bíodh imní ort, ní gá duit uisce a úsáid 😊 Dúshlán matamaitice F2 Tá a fhios againn anois go bhfuil ár líon suas go 20! :) Is féidir le daoine fásta a rá nó a thaispeáint uimhir agus na páistí a bheith a thaispeáint dóibh ag baint úsáide as do cheathrú deich? Tá daoine fásta ag iarraidh ceisteanna a chur mar shampla: Cén uimhir a bhfuil 1 deich agus 5 aonad? Cé mhéad deich agus aonad a bhfuil 19? etc. Cuimhnigh go bhfuil sé tábhachtach go dtuigeann na páistí conas a dhéantar uimhreacha.

Puritans to Pirating Once America was colonized, printing press technology moved from Europe to "the new world." One of the earliest and most notable books was The Bay Psalm Book, printed 1640 by the Puritans. The Puritans were a religious group that settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts. They used their printed literature to promote and support their austere religious perspective. (Puritanical, a term derived from Puritans, now connotes people who are ultraconservative, super-religious, and prudish — which would seem to summarize this group's writings.) The next book of historic note is Poor Richard's Almanack, written and published by Benjamin Franklin. Franklin published books, newspapers, and pamphlets, some of which got him into trouble with people who weren't used to being criticized in print. You may recall that Franklin also achieved fame in early America as an inventor and an influential political figure. The Penny Press Era By the mid-1800s there were many book publishers in America, and as a result the cost of books quickly dropped. This period also saw the beginning of many newspapers, some of which still exist. Competition quickly drove the price of newspapers down to the point that some sold for one-cent each. (We'll discuss newspapers in an upcoming module.) Lower publishing costs also meant that books were no longer reserved for the rich. By this time public education had also become commonplace, which meant that a growing percentage of people could read. Soon, the reading of books began to catch on with the general population. By 1880, about one-third of all books published were paperbacks. These sold for between five and fifteen cents each. Most of the content was pirated (illegally copied without compensation to the original author and publisher) from best-selling books in Europe. During this time, American book publishers shunned American authors (who they would have to pay) in favor of the free, stolen content from European writers and publishers. Not unexpectedly, complaints ensued — complaints that in 1891 brought about the enactment of new copyright law. The law not only protected European writers and publishers but forced U.S. book publishers to come up with their own original work. This helped launch the careers of many American authors. Webster's Dictionary of the English Language, first published in 1836, provided a needed standard for English, and the Encyclopedia Americana became the standard source of information on just about everything. It was about this time that Uncle Tom's Cabin, which we mentioned in the last module, was published and established the power that a book could have over popular thinking. Many feel that this book was a catalyst for the Civil War, which was largely about slavery. By the 1900s, book publishing had become highly commercialized. Companies such as McGraw-Hill, Pocket Books, and Bantam Books arrived on the scene, and book clubs such as the Book-of-the-Month Club were founded during Books had caught on with the masses. But, some of the masses were not entirely happy with what they were reading. Books introduced new ideas and values into the cultural milieu. There were some people who felt that these ideas would debase society as well as their personal beliefs, and so they organized efforts to ban books they personally found objectionable. We'll discuss this in the next module.

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Puritans chun Pirating Nuair a bhí Meiriceá coilíneáilte, priontáil d'aistrigh teicneolaíocht na preasa ón Eoraip go dtí an "domhan nua". Ceann de na leabhair is luaithe agus is suntasaí ná The Bay Psalm Book, a d'eisigh na Púrtanóirí i 1640. Ba grúpa reiligiúnach iad na Púrtanóirí a shocraigh i gCeimibríde, Massachusetts. Tá siad a gcuid litríocht phriontáilte a úsáid chun a gcuid dearcadh reiligiúnach éiginnte a chur chun cinn agus a thacú. (Puritanical, téarma a dhíorthaítear ó Púrtanóirí, anois connotes daoine atá ultra-choimeádach, super-religious, agus prudish a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag achoimre ar scríbhinní an ghrúpa seo.) Is é an chéad leabhar eile a bhfuil an-tóir ar an stair ná Poor Richard's Almanack, a scríobh agus a d'fhoilsigh Benjamin Franklin. Franklin foilsithe leabhair, nuachtáin, agus lámhleabhair, cuid acu a fuair sé isteach trioblóid le daoine nach raibh a úsáidtear chun a bheith criticeáilte i gcló. Is féidir leat Cuimhnigh go Franklin freisin a bhaint amach clú i luath Mheiriceá mar bhunaitheoir agus figiúr polaitiúil thionchair. Ré na Brúise Peann Faoi lár na 1800idí bhí go leor foilsitheoirí leabhair i Meiriceá, agus mar thoradh air sin thit costas na leabhair go tapa. Sa tréimhse seo, tháinig tús le go leor nuachtáin, a bhfuil cuid acu fós ann. D'éirigh leis an iomaíocht go tapa praghas na nuachtáin síos go dtí an pointe go bhfuil roinnt díoltar ar feadh aon cent amháin gach ceann. (Bheidh muid ag plé le nuachtáin i mhodúl atá le teacht.) Bhí costais fhoilseacháin níos ísle mar thoradh ar an méid sin freisin nach raibh leabhair ach do dhaoine saibhre a thuilleadh. Ag an am seo bhí an t-oideachas poiblí ina ghnáthamh freisin, rud a chiallaigh go raibh céatadán méadaitheach de dhaoine in ann léamh. Go gairid, thosaigh an pobal i gcoitinne ag léamh leabhair. Faoi 1880, bhí thart ar an tríú cuid de na leabhair go léir a foilsíodh ina leabhair phearsanta. Díoltar iad seo idir cúig agus cúig déag cente an ceann. Ba é an chuid is mó den ábhar a bhí pirated (clóite go neamhdhleathach gan cúiteamh don údar agus don fhoilsitheoir bunaidh) ó na leabhair is mó a dhíol san Eoraip. Le linn na tréimhse seo, rinne foilsitheoirí leabhar Mheiriceá cosc ar údar Mheiriceá (a mbeadh Tá an t-ábhar saor in aisce, goidte ó scríbhneoirí agus foilsitheoirí Eorpacha. Ní haon ionadh, tháinig gearán ar an scéal gearán a thug i 1891 le reachtaíocht nua cóipchirt a bheith á dhlíthiú. Ní hamháin go raibh an dlí cosanta d'údar agus foilsitheoirí Eorpacha ach chuir sé iallach ar fhoilsitheoirí leabhar na Stát Aontaithe a gcuid saothair bhunaidh féin a thabhairt chun cinn. Cabhraigh sé seo le seoladh gairmeacha go leor údair Mheiriceá. Soláthraigh Webster's Dictionary of the English Language, a foilsíodh den chéad uair i 1836, caighdeán riachtanach don Béarla, agus tháinig an Encyclopedia Americana chun bheith mar fhoinse caighdeánach faisnéise ar beagnach gach rud. Bhí sé thart ar an am seo go raibh Uncail Tom Foilsíodh Cabin, a luaigh muid sa mhódúl deireanach, agus bhunaigh sé an chumhacht a d'fhéadfadh leabhar a bheith aige thar smaointeoireacht an phobail. Is dóigh le go leor gur spreag an leabhar seo an Cogadh Sibhialta, a bhí go mór faoi sclábhaíocht. Faoi na 1900idí, bhí an-chomhthráchtáil déanta ar fhoilsiú leabhair. Tháinig cuideachtaí mar McGraw-Hill, Pocket Books, agus Bantam Books ar an láthair, agus bunaíodh clubanna leabhar mar Chlub Leabhar na Míosa le linn Bhí na leabhair tar éis dul i ngleic leis na maiseanna. Ach, ní raibh cuid de na maiseanna sásta go hiomlán leis an méid a bhí á léamh acu. Chuir leabhair smaointe agus luachanna nua isteach sa timpeallacht chultúrtha. Bhí roinnt daoine a bhraith go mbeadh na smaointe seo a degraded an tsochaí chomh maith lena gcreideamh pearsanta, agus mar sin eagraigh siad iarrachtaí chun cosc a chur ar leabhair a raibh siad go raibh sé ina dhíchumas pearsanta. Pléimid é seo sa chéad mhódúl eile.

The scores continue a 17-year trend of sluggish achievement in reading that contrasts with substantial gains in mathematics during roughly the same period. “The nation has done a really good job improving math skills,” said Mark Schneider, a vice president at the American Institutes for Research and a former official at the Education Department, which oversees the test, known as the National Assessment of Educational Progress. “In contrast, we have made only marginal improvements in reading.” As Dr. Schneider is a political scientist who worked in Bush II's education department, he fails to point out that most of those gains occurred before the high stakes madness of NCLB started (click chart from NYTimes to enlarge). In fact, the gains since NCLB have been incremental, with 8th grade math scores of late flat-lining. Now today's Times story does have something about the cratering NAEP reading results for 2009, but this, too, is placed on the sunny side of life inside the direct instruction hell holes once known as elementary school. With no good news of any significance to report about the world of parrot reading without comprehension, reporter Dillon goes to corporate reform insider, consultant, and attorney, Susan Pimentel, who has this to say despite all the evidence that indicates otherwise: For example, Susan Pimentel, an expert on English and reading standards who is a member of the governing board that oversees the test, said that American schools were fairly efficient at teaching basic reading skills in the early grades. . . Dillon also goes to Hoover Fellow and Koret Task Force member, Tom Loveless, to find something to celebrate : Our worst readers are getting better? Really, Tom and Sam? What the sunnysiders don't bother to report is that 11 of those 16 points gained, indeed, occurred between 2000 and 2003--before NCLB was instituted (click on chart to expand). One group of students, though, has made significant gains in reading over the last decade: the nation’s worst readers. The average scores of fourth graders in the bottom 10 percent for reading increased by 16 points from 2000 to 2009. In contrast, the average scores of the nation’s best fourth-grade readers, those in the top 10 percent, rose by only 2 points during the same period. “All the progress in reading is being made at the bottom,” said Tom Loveless, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. “Our worst readers are getting better, but our best readers are staying about the same.” Also unreported by Tom or Sam are the 8th grade results for the poorest readers (click chart to enlarge). Here we see NAEP scores actually going down a point since 2002. Of course, Loveless or the Times would prefer to ignore the facts, which show the present day orgy of tabulation as another immoral, damaging, and wasteful episode in American educational history.

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Leanann na scóir treocht 17 bliana de bhaint amach mall i léitheoireacht a dhéanann difríocht le gnóthachain shuntasacha i matamaitic le linn an tréimhse chéanna. "Tá an náisiún tar éis obair an-mhaith a dhéanamh chun scileanna matamaitice a fheabhsú", a dúirt Mark Schneider, leas-uachtarán ag na hInstitiúidí Meiriceánacha um Thaighde agus iar-oifigeach ag an Roinn Oideachais, a dhéanann maoirseacht ar an tástáil, ar a dtugtar an Measúnú Náisiúnta ar Fhorbairt Oideachais. Ar a mhalairt, ní dhearna muid ach feabhsuithe imeallacha i léitheoireacht. Ós rud é go bhfuil an Dr. Schneider ina eolaí polaitiúil a d'oibrigh i roinn oideachais Bush II, ní thugann sé faoi deara go tharla an chuid is mó de na gnóthachain sin sula thosaigh madness ard-stailc NCLB (cliceáil ar chairt ó NYTimes chun a mhéadú). Go deimhin, tá na gnóthachain ó NCLB a bheith méadaitheach, le scóir matamaitice 8ú grád de flat-líneadh déanach. Anois tá scéal an lae inniu Times rud éigin faoi na torthaí léitheoireachta NAEP cratering do 2009, ach tá sé seo, freisin, a chur ar an taobh gréine na beatha taobh istigh de na hoileáin tearmann teagaisc dhíreach a dtugtar uair amháin mar bhunúsach scoil. Gan aon nuacht mhaith de aon tábhacht a thuairisciú faoi shaol an léitheoireachta parrot gan tuiscint, téann tuairisceoir Dillon chuig insider athchóirithe corparáideach, comhairleoir, agus dlíodóir, Susan Pimentel, a bhfuil sé seo le rá in ainneoin na fianaise go léir a léiríonn a mhalairt: Mar shampla, dúirt Susan Pimentel, saineolaí i mBéarla agus i gcaighdeáin léitheoireachta agus ina bhall den bhord rialaithe a dhéanann maoirseacht ar an tástáil, go raibh scoileanna Mheiriceá sách éifeachtach i gcumas léitheoireachta bunúsacha a theagasc sna gráid bhunaidh. . . go deo . . . go deo . Téann Dillon freisin chuig Comhalta Hoover agus Comhalta Tascfhórsa Koret, Tom Loveless, chun rud éigin a cheiliúradh a fháil: Tá ár léitheoirí is measa ag éirí níos fearr? Go deimhin, Tom agus Sam? Is é an rud nach ndéanann na daoine neamhspleácha a thuairisciú ná go ndearnadh 11 de na 16 phointe sin a fuarthas, i ndáiríre, idir 2000 agus 2003 - sula bunaíodh NCLB (cliceáil ar chairt chun a leathnú). Tá grúpa amháin mic léinn, áfach, tar éis gnóthachain shuntasacha a bhaint amach i léitheoireacht le deich mbliana anuas: na léitheoirí is measa sa náisiún. D'ardaigh scóir meán na gceathrú grád i 10 faoin gcéad is ísle i léitheoireacht 16 pointe ó 2000 go 2009. I gcodarsnacht leis sin, ní tháinig méadú ach 2 phointe ar mheántair na ndaoine is fearr sa tír a léann sa cheathrú grád, iad siúd sa 10 faoin gcéad is fearr, le linn na tréimhse céanna. "Tá an dul chun cinn ar fad i léitheoireacht á dhéanamh ag an mbun", a dúirt Tom Loveless, ball sinsearach de Institiúid Brookings. Tá ár léitheoirí is measa ag dul i bhfeabhas, ach tá ár léitheoirí is fearr ag fanacht thart ar an gcéanna. Ní thuairiscigh Tom ná Sam freisin torthaí na 8ú grád do na léitheoirí is boichte (cliceáil ar chairt chun iad a mhéadú). Anseo feicimid scóir NAEP ag titim pointe amháin ó 2002. Ar ndóigh, Loveless nó an Uair is fearr a bheith ag neamhaird na fíricí, a thaispeáint an lá atá inniu ann orgy de tabulation mar eile neamhmhorálta, damáiste, agus episode wasting i stair oideachais Mheiriceá.

Jump to navigation Jump to search Labium is the Latin word for lip. In English, it may refer to: - Labia, a part of the female external genitalia - Labium (botany), a modified petal in certain monocot flowers, which attracts insects for pollination - Labium (arthropod mouthpart), a mouthpart of arthropods (the lower "lip") - Labium (wasp), a genus of wasps in the family Ichneumonidae - Labium (wind instrument), a part of wind instruments such as the recorder, see fipple Labia is the plural of labium. It may refer to: - Labia (earwig), a genus of earwigs in the family Labiidae, as in Lab's Labia. - Labia (family), a noble family of Venice disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Labium. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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Léim go dtí an nascleanúint Léim go dtí an cuardach Is é Labium an focal Laidineach le haghaidh liopa. I mBéarla, d'fhéadfadh sé tagairt a dhéanamh do: - Labia, cuid de na gnéithe gnéis seachtracha baineann - Labium (fothaíocht), péiteal modhnaithe i bláthanna monocot áirithe, a mheallann insteallacha chun pollination - Labium (airtreopóide béal), béal airtreopóide (an "béal" íochtarach) - Labium (wasp), gintéar de bhéisc den teaghlach Ichneumonidae - Labium (ionstraim bhuatha), cuid d'ionstraimí bhuatha amhail an taifeadóir, féach fipeall Is é Labia an iomad de labium. Is féidir leis tagairt a dhéanamh do: - Labia (earwig), cine de earwigs sa teaghlach Labiidae, mar Lab Labia. - Labia (teaghlach), teaghlach uasal na Veinéise liostaíonn leathanach dífhoirmliúcháin earraí a bhaineann leis an teideal Labium. Má thug nasc inmheánach anseo thú, b'fhéidir gur mhaith leat an nasc a athrú chun pointeáil go díreach chuig an alt atá beartaithe.

Insurance Company Approved A big anti-social problem lies with dogs that bark excessively. We are often asked the question - "why does my dog bark?" Our answer - "because they are dogs!" A simple answer but a true one, dogs primary method of communicating is by using their voice which is often inadvertently encouraged by enthusiastic owners when their new puppy first barks at the door bell!! Barking is natural and acceptable in most cases provided it is controlled and the dog learns to stop on command - this can be achieved with training. However, there are some influencing behavioural issues that may also be influencing a dogs barking such as Separation Anxiety of which excessive barking is often a symptom. Have you had the neighbours complaining? Does your dog wake the children? Are you subject to a local authority noise pollution order? Does your dog bark excessively at other dogs when being exercised in public? Complete our Excessive Barking Enquiry Form and we will call you back to discuss the problems and the options available for sorting this anti-social behaviour problem. WildDogz ~ Taming the Wolf inside your Dog!

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en

Cuideachta árachais Cheadaithe Is fadhb mhór frith-shóisialta iad madraí a bhlaic go ró-mhór. Is minic a chuirtear an cheist orainn - "cén fáth a bhfuil mo mhadra ag caoineadh?" Ár freagra - "toisc go bhfuil siad madraí!" Freagra simplí ach fíor, is é príomhmhodh cumarsáide madraí a guth a úsáid a spreagann úinéirí díograiseacha go minic gan a bheith ar intinn nuair a bhíonn a madra nua ag gabháil don bhratach! Tá sé! Tá an bhacáil nádúrtha agus inghlactha i bhformhór na gcásanna ar choinníoll go bhfuil sé á rialú agus go dtuigeann an madra stopadh ar ordú - is féidir é seo a bhaint amach le hoiliúint. Mar sin féin, tá roinnt saincheisteanna iompair a bhfuil tionchar acu ar chónaí a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar chónaí mar shampla imní scaradh a bhfuil an iomarcach ag caitheamh go minic ina siombail. An raibh na comharsana ag gearán? An dtógann do mhadra na páistí? An bhfuil tú faoi réir ordú maidir le truailliú torainn ó údarás áitiúil? An bhfuil do mhadra ag báladh go ró-mhór ar mhadra eile nuair a bhíonn sé ag feidhmiú go poiblí? Comhlánaigh ár bhfoirm fiosrúcháin maidir le ró-bhratú agus glaoimid ar ais ort chun na fadhbanna agus na roghanna atá ar fáil chun an fhadhb seo maidir le hiompar frithshóisialta a réiteach a phlé. WildDogz ~ Taming an Wolf taobh istigh do Dog!

Natural insecticide based on limonene Limonene is the main component of the orange essential oil, or other citrus fruit and is widely used as fragrances and flavoring; so to speak it is found in the orange part of the orange peel. Limonene belongs to the class of terpenes and is a chiral molecule, therefore it can be present in enantiomere dextrogira and levogira forms. The main chemical compound present in nature and of most interest in the industrial and merchandise field is D-limonene. This substance is particularly useful against ants and other insects, which can also be found on the market as a spray. The presence of d-limonene in places infested by insects will discourage the return of insects, as the d-limonene clears the traces of pheromones left by some insects, in this way the insects will be disoriented and, also due to confusion, discouraged to do return to your territory. This compound, if you want to try something very creative, you can also prepare in a small workshop with a little equipment and a little ‘practice. The procedure is as follows: – Cut the peel of three oranges and chop it; – put everything in a 500 ml flask and add about 200 ml of water; – assemble the distillation apparatus, circulate water in the refrigerant and place on a heating plate; – distil in a steam stream, collecting about 75 ml of distillate; – extract the distillate in a separating funnel with 30 ml of CH2Cl2 or ether; – drying the organic phase with anhydrous MgSO4, filter and dry; – to completely eliminate the residual solvent, distillation can be repeated, placing the balloon containing the distillate in a bath at no more than 50 ° C; – at this point the ether boils and the limonene remains in the balloon; if it is not a separating funnel, it is possible to take directly the limonene, which comes in the form of oil and then remains afloat, using a Pasteur pipette. The distillate has an aqueous phase and an organic, oily phase which is deposited on the surface in the form of droplets. This is the limonene which, as mentioned, is the main component of the orange essential oil. At this point the oil phase can be used in emulsion, in various percentages, as an insecticide product to be sprayed directly on the surfaces of plants or areas infested by insects.

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CC-MAIN-2021-21

https://antropocene.it/en/2019/01/28/insetticida-naturale-a-base-di-limonene/

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en

Inseicticíd nádúrtha bunaithe ar limonene Is é Limonene príomh-chomhpháirt an ola riachtanach oráiste, nó torthaí citris eile agus úsáidtear go forleathan é mar bhoinn agus blas; mar sin is féidir a rá go bhfuil sé sa chuid oráiste den chraiceann oráiste. Baineann Limonene leis an aicme terpenes agus is móilín chiral é, dá bhrí sin is féidir é a bheith i láthair i bhfoirmeacha dextrogira agus levogira enantiomer. Is é an príomhchomhdhéanamh ceimiceach atá i láthair sa nádúr agus is mó spéis aige i réimse an tionscail agus na n-earraí ná D-limonéin. Tá an tsubstaint seo úsáideach go háirithe i gcoinne na n-amhrán agus na n-inseictí eile, a fhaightear ar an margadh freisin mar spraeire. Beidh d-limonene i láthair i háiteanna a bhfuil feithidí ag cur isteach orthu chun filleadh feithidí a dhíspreagadh, toisc go ndéanann an d-limonene na rianta de pheromones a fhágann roinnt feithidí a ghlanadh, ar an mbealach seo beidh na feithidí dí-aird agus, mar gheall ar chaidreamh, díspreagadh chun filleadh ar do chríoch. Is féidir an comhdhúil seo, más mian leat rud éigin an-chruthaitheach a thriail, a ullmhú i bhfónlann beag le beagán trealaimh agus beagán cleachtais. Is é seo a leanas an nós imeachta: Triúr oráiste a ghearradh as a gcoróin agus a ghearradh ina gcoróin; cuir gach rud i bhlasca 500 ml agus cuir thart ar 200 ml uisce leis; an t-uisce a chur le chéile sa chóras díothúcháin, an t-uisce a chur ar an gcóras síolaithe agus é a chur ar phláta teasa; díleá i sruth gaile, ag bailiú thart ar 75 ml de dhistealait; an dístealaíocht a bhaint i gclúdach scaradh le 30 ml de CH2Cl2 nó éitear; an chéim orgánach a thriomú le MgSO4 anaidrúil, a scagadh agus a thriomú; chun an tuaslagóir iarmhar a dhíchur go hiomlán, is féidir an díothú a athdhéanamh, an balún ina bhfuil an díothú a chur i mbaile nach mó ná 50 °C; ag an bpointe seo, boil an eitir agus fanann an limonene sa bhalún; mura bhfuil sé ina thréimhse scaradh, is féidir an limonene a thógáil go díreach, a thagann i bhfoirm ola agus ansin fágann sé ar flote, ag baint úsáide as pipéad Pasteur. Tá céim uisceach agus céim orgánach olach ag an díshliocht a chuirtear ar an dromchla i bhfoirm dropaill. Is é sin an limonene, mar a luadh, is é an príomh-chomhpháirt den ola riachtanach oráiste. Ag an bpointe seo, is féidir an chéim ola a úsáid i ndíolú, i céatadáin éagsúla, mar tháirge inseticíd a chraoladh go díreach ar dhromchla plandaí nó ar limistéir a bhfuil na féaráin iontu.

A tugboat (tug) is a boat that maneuvers vessels by pushing or towing them. Tugs move vessels that can't move themselves, such as ships in a crowded harbor or a narrow canal. Tugboats are powerful for their size and strongly built. Many tugboats contain firefighting guns, allowing them to assist in firefighting duties, especially in harbors. - Ship size : 18.7m * 5.1m - Poly count : 11,587 polys / 23,920 tris.

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CC-MAIN-2015-27

http://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/tug-boat-max/445527

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en

Is long é an tugboat (tug) a dhéanann bealaí a chur ar na soithí trí iad a bhrú nó a tharraingt. Cuireann tugs soithí nach féidir leo iad féin a bhogadh, mar shampla longa i gcalafort plódaithe nó i gcanáil caol. Tá traenacha cumhachtach dá mhéid agus tógtha go láidir. Tá gunnaí tine-aistriúcháin ag go leor tugálaithe, rud a ligeann dóibh cabhrú le dualgais tine-aistriúcháin, go háirithe i gcalafoirt. - Méadú loinge: 18.7m * 5.1m - Líon na bpóilíní: 11,587 póilíní / 23,920 trialach.

Humpback whales in the Gulf of Maine, USA They are disturbed by ocean noise on a daily basis. Even though these impacts are recognized by policy makers as active risks, there is a need for scientific data to enact appropriate measures to protect this population. WDC curates a catalogue of more than 1,000 individually identified humpback whales from the southern Gulf of Maine and integrates historic data with new information through our research projects. The Gulf of Maine is the longest-running studied population of humpbacks in the world and WDC contributes our data to both the Gulf of Maine and North Atlantic humpback whale catalogs. Through non-invasive photo ID research, we know that these whales migrate to their breeding grounds in the West Indies, facing multiple threats along the way. Research on this population indicates there is a 70 percent site-fidelity rate for calves meaning they return to the Gulf of Maine feeding area where their mother’s first brought them. We are also learning more about areas off the mid-Atlantic east coast where humpbacks have been documented feeding throughout the year, some perhaps staying to eat rather than migrating to the Caribbean. In an effort to learn more about these areas and the potential threats the whales face there, we are working with research partners and responsible whale watch companies in the Mid-Atlantic to collect data. Our research on small vessel impacts indicates one out of 10 humpbacks in the southern Gulf of Maine, will be struck by a vessel. Our data on marine debris around whales has been presented at International conferences. With more than 250,000 images and 20 years of sightings data, WDC will continue to use our data to inform federal and state agencies, provide public comments on proposed projects that have the potential to harm whales and their habitat and collaborate with other research organisations to better protect these species.

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CC-MAIN-2018-34

https://au.whales.org/wdc-in-action/humpback-whales-in-gulf-of-maine-usa

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en

Bailéar Humpback i gCúl Maine, SAM Bíonn torann ar an bhfuaim aigéin orthu go laethúil. Cé go n-aithníonn lucht déanta beartais na tionchair seo mar rioscaí gníomhacha, tá gá le sonraí eolaíocha chun bearta iomchuí a ghlacadh chun an daonra seo a chosaint. Cúrann WDC catalóg de níos mó ná 1,000 bhalán humpback a aithníodh go aonair ó Ghleann Maine ó dheas agus comhtháthaíonn sé sonraí stairiúla le faisnéis nua trína dtionscadail taighde. Is é Ghleann Maine an daonra is faide a ndearnadh staidéar air de na humpbacks ar domhan agus cuireann WDC ár sonraí le catalóga na bhfíoraigh humpbacks i gCúl na Maine agus i dTuaisceart an Atlantaigh. Trí thaighde neamh-inbhéasach ar phótar-aithne, tá a fhios againn go dtéann na baillín seo ar imirce chuig a n-áit chló sa Indiach Thiar, ag tabhairt aghaidh ar bhagairtí iomadúla ar an mbealach. Léiríonn taighde ar an daonra seo go bhfuil ráta fírinneachta láithreáin 70 faoin gcéad ann do chailíní rud a chiallaíonn go dtéann siad ar ais go limistéar beathaithe Mhuir Mhuir áit a thug a máithreacha iad den chéad uair. Tá muid ag foghlaim níos mó freisin faoi cheantair ó chósta thoir lár an Atlantaigh ina bhfuil baillín cúbailte cláraithe ag ithe i rith na bliana, cuid acu b'fhéidir ag fanacht le hithe seachas imeacht go dtí an Mhuir Chairib. I iarracht níos mó a fhoghlaim faoi na ceantair seo agus na bagairtí féideartha a bhíonn ar na baillín ann, táimid ag obair le comhpháirtithe taighde agus cuideachtaí faire baillín freagrach i Meán-Atrialach chun sonraí a bhailiú. Léiríonn ár dtaighde ar thitimí soithí bheaga go mbeidh soitheach ag bualadh le ceann amháin as gach 10 humpbacks i ndeisceart Mhuir Mhuir Maine. Tá ár sonraí maidir le scriosanna mara timpeall na n-ainneoin curtha i láthair ag comhdhálacha idirnáisiúnta. Le níos mó ná 250,000 íomhá agus 20 bliain de shonraí amharc, leanfaidh WDC ag úsáid ár sonraí chun gníomhaireachtaí cónaidhme agus stáit a chur ar an eolas, tuairimí poiblí a sholáthar ar thionscadail bheartaithe a d'fhéadfadh dochar a dhéanamh do bhéillí agus dá gnáthóg agus comhoibriú le heagraíochtaí taighde eile chun na speicis seo a chosaint níos fearr.

Ruby Williams, a 78-year-old Aqua Pennsylvania customer, got stuck with a $40,000 water bill because of a serious leak in the pipes under her home in Bristol Township, Pennsylvania. After her situation garnered national media attention, the private company agreed to reduce her bill to a few hundred dollars. Likewise, the Price family of Stallings, North Carolina recently had their sewage service cut off by Aqua North Carolina despite having paid an overdue bill. The company demanded $1,000 to restore it — hundreds of dollars more than the actual cost to do the work. Again, thanks to bad publicity and public outrage, Aqua backed down. It's not just American consumers that feel the pinch as our municipal water systems change from public to private hands — and it's not just that Aqua America is one bad actor, either. Private interests worldwide increasingly control our water. Too often, customers are getting a raw deal. Nestlé, Veolia, and Suez Environnement are just a few of the multinational corporations that either provide water services to our homes, bottle our communities' spring water, or otherwise control the vast amounts of water needed to power our industries. All of us, like Ruby Williams and the Price family, will pay the price — unless we stop allowing them to turn our water into a commodity that they can exploit, and instead force our governments to do their jobs and protect our water resources. Many economists, market-oriented environmentalists, and think tanks say we should let the market decide when it comes to water provision. They say that the higher the market value of water becomes, the more likely it is that people will use it wisely. That's a thorny proposition for a public resource that has no substitution and that is essential for human life. As consumers have seen, market forces can create untenable burdens by driving up water rates. At the most extreme, companies cornering the water market will price out the poor. As the planet's population (7 billion and counting) and industrial development increases, entire freshwater lakes disappear, groundwater resources are drawn down, and technologies — including chemicals used in fossil fuel extraction — pollute water supplies. It doesn't take a brilliant economist to recognize that water will become more valuable. That means the companies that control it will become richer. Nearly 1 billion people worldwide already lack access to clean water and sanitation. Their numbers will increase. It's wrong to let the private sector drive water policy. But it’s already beginning to happen. This trend will be on full display in France at the World Water Forum, which begins March 12. Many of the same companies that increasingly control our water will be holding a corporate trade show disguised as a multi-stakeholder forum to create solutions for providing water to the world's poor. Letting the private sector take the lead on these efforts is like letting the fox guard the henhouse. After all, as consumers time and time again have experienced, corporations in the water business are accountable primarily to their shareholders, not the people they serve or the localities in which they operate. Conversely, public officials can be voted out if their constituents don't like the services rendered. All people deserve access to an adequate supply of clean water. Profits reaped from water services should be reinvested in the local community, not pocketed by shareholders half a world away. It's in the public interest.

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CC-MAIN-2018-34

https://www.commondreams.org/views/2012/02/27/soaking-customer-private-companies-infiltrate-water-market-were-getting-raw-deal

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en

Bhí Ruby Williams, custaiméir 78 bliain d'aois de chuid Aqua Pennsylvania, i mbun bille uisce $40,000 mar gheall ar sceitheadh tromchúiseach sna píopaí faoi a theach i gCathair Bristol, Pennsylvania. Tar éis a staid aird na meán náisiúnta a fháil, d'aontaigh an chuideachta phríobháideach a bille a laghdú go cúpla céad dollar. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, bhí seirbhís dramhaíola ag Aqua North Carolina a ghearradh ar theaghlach Price i Stallings, Carolina Thuaidh le déanaí in ainneoin go raibh bille thar am íoctha acu. D'éiligh an chuideachta $1,000 chun é a athchóiriú na céadta dollar níos mó ná an costas iarbhír chun an obair a dhéanamh. Arís, a bhuíochas le droch-fhoilseachán agus fearg an phobail, thit Aqua ar ais. Ní amháin go mbraitheann tomhaltóirí Mheiriceá an pinch mar a athraíonn ár gcórais uisce cathrach ó lámha poiblí go príobháideacha agus ní hamháin go bhfuil Aqua America ina droch-aisteoir amháin, freisin. Tá leasanna príobháideacha ar fud an domhain ag rialú ár n-uisce i bhfad níos mó. Go minic, tá an rud is mó a fhaigheann custaiméirí ná an rud is mó a fhaigheann siad. Níl Nestlé, Veolia, agus Suez Environnement ach cúpla ceann de na corparáidí ilnáisiúnta a sholáthraíonn seirbhísí uisce dár dtithe, a bhuidéil uisce foinse ár bpobail, nó a rialaíonn na méideanna ollmhóra uisce a theastaíonn chun cumhacht a thabhairt dár dtionscail. Gach duine againn, cosúil le Ruby Williams agus an teaghlach Price, íocfaidh an praghas mura stopann muid ag ligean dóibh ár n-uisce a thiontú ina earra is féidir leo a shaothrú, agus ina ionad sin é a chur ar ár rialtas a gcuid oibre a dhéanamh agus ár n-acmhainní uisce a chosaint. Deir go leor eacnamaithe, comhshaoilithe atá dírithe ar an margadh, agus comhlachtaí smaointe gur cheart dúinn ligean don mhargadh cinneadh a dhéanamh maidir le soláthar uisce. Deir siad go bhfuil an seans níos mó go n-úsáidfidh daoine uisce go ciallmhar, is mó a bheidh an luach margaidh ar uisce. Is é sin a thogra thornish le haghaidh acmhainn poiblí nach bhfuil aon ionad agus go bhfuil riachtanach do shaol an duine. Mar a chonaic tomhaltóirí, is féidir le fórsaí margaidh ualach dochlactha a chruthú trí rátaí uisce a ardú. Ar an mbealach is forleithne, cuirfidh cuideachtaí a bhfuil an margadh uisce acu ar an bpraghas na bochta. De réir mar a mhéadaíonn daonra na pláinéad (7 billiún agus ag comhaireamh) agus forbairt thionsclaíoch, imíonn lochanna uisce milis ar fad, cuirtear acmhainní uisce talún síos, agus teicneolaíochtaí lena n-áirítear ceimiceáin a úsáidtear i dtógáil breosla iontaise soláthairtí uisce a thruailliú. Ní gá a bheith ina eacnamaí iontach chun a aithint go mbeidh luach níos mó ag baint leis an uisce. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbeidh na cuideachtaí a rialaíonn é níos saibhre. Tá beagnach 1 billiún duine ar fud an domhain nach bhfuil rochtain acu ar uisce glan agus ar shláintíocht. Méadóidh a líon. Tá sé mícheart an earnáil phríobháideach a ligean chun beartas uisce a threorú. Ach tá sé ag tosú ag tarlú cheana féin. Beidh an treocht seo ar taispeáint go hiomlán sa Fhrainc ag an Fóram Domhanda Uisce, a thosóidh an 12 Márta. Beidh go leor de na cuideachtaí céanna a rialaíonn ár n-uisce i gcónaí ag seoladh taispeántas trádála corparáideach a bheidh clúdaithe mar fhóram il-pháirtithe leasmhara chun réitigh a chruthú chun uisce a sholáthar do mhuintir bochta an domhain. Is cosúil le ligean don earnáil phríobháideach an ceannas a ghlacadh ar na hiarrachtaí seo a thabhairt don fhócas a bheith ag faire ar an gcúlra. Tar éis an tsaoil, mar a d'fhulaing tomhaltóirí arís agus arís eile, tá corparáidí i ngnó uisce freagrach go príomha dá scairshealbhóirí, ní do na daoine a bhfuil siad ag freastal orthu ná do na háiteanna ina n-oibríonn siad. Ar a mhalairt, is féidir oifigigh phoiblí a vótáil amach mura dtaitníonn a gcuid foireann leis na seirbhísí a chuirtear ar fáil. Is ceart go mbeadh soláthar leordhóthanach uisce glan ag gach duine. Ba cheart na brabús a bhaintear as seirbhísí uisce a ath-infheistiú sa phobal áitiúil, ní ba cheart go gcuirfeadh scairshealbhóirí leath an domhain ar shiúl iad. Tá sé ar mhaithe leis an bpobal.

The polar part is that part of the surface free energy of a solid or the surface tension of a liquid which is due to polar interactions. When the polar part and the dispersive part of the surface tension of liquids are known, the surface free energy of a solid can be calculated by measuring the contact angle using different models. Non-covariant, polar interactions occur in molecules with a dipole moment. These are molecules with a permanent inequality of the electron density due to different electronegativities of the bonding partners while at the same time the molecule is asymmetrical (e.g. water). Molecules with a dipole moment can form polar interactions with one another. The surface tension σ is based on cohesive interactions (work of cohesion) within a phase, which, according to Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaelble and also Wu, are dispersive (σD) or polar (σP). In each case the sum of the parts makes up the total surface tension. When there is contact with a second phase, the extent of adhesive interactions (work of adhesion WA) depends on whether similar interactions can be formed with the adjacent phase. This can be seen from the equation according to Owens, Wendt, Rabel und Kaelble for example: In the extended Fowkes method for determining the surface free energy, discrimination is also made between hydrogen bonds and other polar interactions. Oss & Good describe polar interactions in accordance with the Lewis acid-base model. In the models mentioned, the combination of polar and dispersive parts does not contribute to the adhesive interactions.

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CC-MAIN-2021-21

https://www.kruss-scientific.com/en/know-how/glossary/polar-part

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Is é an chuid polach an chuid sin den fhuinneamh saor in aisce dromchla soladach nó an teannas dromchla leachtaigh a tharlaíonn mar gheall ar idirghníomhaíochtaí polacha. Nuair a bhíonn an chuid polach agus an chuid scaipeadh de thriomú dromchla leachtacha ar eolas, is féidir fuinneamh saor in aisce dromchla soladach a ríomh trí uillinn teagmhála a thomhas ag baint úsáide as samhlacha éagsúla. Tarlaíonn idirghníomhaíochtaí polacha neamh-chomhthréithneacha i móilíní le nóiméad dipól. Is móilíní iad seo a bhfuil neamhionannas buan ag dlús leictreon mar gheall ar leictreonegatúlachtaí éagsúla na gcomhpháirtithe bannaíochta agus ag an am céanna tá an móilín neamhréireach (m.sh. uisce). Is féidir le móilíní a bhfuil nóiméad dipól acu idirghníomhaíochtaí polacha a dhéanamh lena chéile. Tá an teannas dromchla σ bunaithe ar idirghníomhaíochtaí comhtháthaitheacha (oibre comhtháthaithe) laistigh de chéim, atá, de réir Owens, Wendt, Rabel agus Kaelble agus Wu freisin, scaipthe (σD) nó polach (σP). I ngach cás, déanann suim na gcodanna an t-ionsaí dromchla iomlán. Nuair a bhíonn teagmháil le dara céim, braitheann méid na n-idirghníomhaíochtaí greamaitheacha (obair greamaithe WA) ar an bhféadfar idirghníomhaíochtaí den chineál céanna a fhoirmiú leis an gcéim in aice láimhe. Is féidir é seo a fheiceáil ón chothromóid de réir Owens, Wendt, Rabel und Kaelble mar shampla: Sa mhodh leathnaithe Fowkes chun an fuinneamh saor in aisce dromchla a chinneadh, déantar idirdhealú freisin idir bannaí hidrigine agus idirghníomhaíochtaí polacha eile. Déanann Oss & Good cur síos ar idirghníomhaíochtaí polacha de réir samhlach aigéad-bhunaidh Lewis. I múnlaí a luaitear, ní chuireann an teaglaim de pháirtithe polacha agus scaipeacha leis na hidirghníomhaíochtaí greamaitheacha.

Change is the only constant when it comes to medical advancements. Medical professionals are always looking for ways to implement the latest technologies in medicine in the quest to save lives. Among the leading medical innovations are game-changing treatments for malaria, parasites and diabetes, as well as “nanobots” for delivering treatment inside the body. Youyou Tu: Treating Malaria Youyou Tu, a researcher at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing, received a 2015 Nobel Prize for her work in combating malaria. Tu used her knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine to identify Artemisinin, a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from malaria. The compound comes from sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) — a natural remedy for treating fever. Drugs developed using Artemisinin have improved recovery time and survival rates for millions of people with the disease. The World Health Organization says that about 3.2 billion people – almost half of the world’s population – are at risk of malaria. In 2015, there were 214 million cases of malaria and 438,000 deaths. William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura: Fighting Roundworm Infections Derivatives of Avermectin have significantly lowered the occurrence of River Blindness and Lymphatic Filariasis, as well as showing promise in helping to treat other diseases caused by parasites. Campbell conducted his research while working as a professor at Drew University in New Jersey. Ōmura’s work was done at Kitasato University in Japan. Cherie Stabler, Nanotechnology and Diabetes Prof. Cherie Stabler is one of the leading researchers in the world focused on treating Type-1 diabetes, which afflicts more than 380 million people worldwide. Stabler is the director of the Tissue Engineering Program at the Diabetes Research Institute at the University of Miami. Her research is using “nano-scale” coatings on islet cells — the cells that produce insulin. Researchers are working on treating diabetes by transplanting modified islet cells into diabetes patients to restore the natural production of insulin. But one of the challenges is to protect those “foreign cells” from the body’s own immune system. “We’re trying to protect the cells and create a better environment for them,” Stabler said during a recent interview. “If you can protect the cell surface and mask those expressions of factors that the immune cells are going to recognize as foreign, then you’re going to be able to try and dampen or mask that immune response.” Joseph Wang, Microfish for Drug Delivery Nanotechnology is also being used by Prof. Joseph Wang, who leads a research group at the Nano Engineering Department at the University of California-San Diego. Wang and his team are developing fish-shaped nanobots, called “microfish”, with the potential to be used for medical treatments, such as directed drug delivery. Wang conducted the first successful tests in which nanobots were used to perform a task inside a living creature. In 2015, his team used this technology in a mouse to deliver treatment to the creature’s stomach, without causing adverse effects. The microfish, each about the size of a single human hair, were implanted into the mouse’s stomach and propelled into the stomach lining to deliver a highly targeted internal drug treatment. Top Sources for News on Medical Innovations For the latest on medical innovations, check out these resources: In addition to these sites, here are some informative resources we’ve shared: - Advantages of a Medical Device Contingent Workforce - How the Affordable Care Act is Shaking Up the Medical Industry - What are the best medical careers and science jobs? Jobs in the Medical Field The medical field will always be in need of qualified, caring professionals. These are some of the top jobs we see in medicine: - Medical Assistant/Phlebotomy - Laboratory Technician I - Clinical Nursing

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Is é an t-athrú an t-aon rud buan nuair a thagann sé chun cinn i gcógas. Tá gairmithe leighis i gcónaí ag lorg bealaí chun na teicneolaíochtaí is déanaí a chur i bhfeidhm sa leigheas chun beatha a shábháil. I measc na nuálaíochtaí leighis is mó atá cóireálacha a athrú cluiche le haghaidh malaria, paraisítí agus diaibéiteas, chomh maith le nanobots chun cóireáil a sheachadadh taobh istigh den chorp. Youyou Tu: Cóireáil na Malaria Fuair Youyou Tu, taighdeoir ag Acadamh na Síne um Leigheas Traidisiúnta na Síne i mBeicín, Duais Nobel 2015 as a cuid oibre i gcomhrac an maláir. D'úsáid Tu a eolas ar leigheas traidisiúnta na Síne chun Artemisinin a aithint, druga a laghdaigh go suntasach rátaí báis do othair a bhfuil galar malária orthu. Tagann an comhdhúil ó wormwood milis (Artemisia annua) leigheas nádúrtha chun teas a chóireáil. Tá drugaí a forbraíodh ag baint úsáide as Artemisinin tar éis feabhas a chur ar am téarnaimh agus ar rátaí maireachtála do na milliúin daoine leis an ghalair. Deir an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte go bhfuil thart ar 3.2 billiún duine - beagnach leath de dhaonra an domhain - i mbaol malartacha. In 2015, bhí 214 milliún cás de mhálaire agus 438,000 bás. William C. Campbell agus Satoshi Ōmura: I gcoinne ionfhabhtuithe le féar Tá díorthaigh Avermectin laghdaithe go suntasach ar tharlaíonn River Blindness agus Lymphatic Filariasis, chomh maith le gealladh a thaispeáint chun cabhrú le galair eile a dhéanann paraisítí a chóireáil. Rinne Campbell a chuid taighde agus é ag obair mar ollamh in Ollscoil Drew i New Jersey. Rinneadh obair Ōmura ag Ollscoil Kitasato sa tSeapáin. Cherie Stabler, Nainotheicneolaíocht agus Diaibéiteas Tá an tOllamh Cherie Stabler ar cheann de na taighdeoirí is mó ar domhan a dhírigh ar chóireáil diaibéiteas Cineál-1, a bhíonn ag níos mó ná 380 milliún duine ar fud an domhain. Is é Stabler stiúrthóir na Clár Innealtóireachta Fíocháin ag an Institiúid Taighde Diaibéiteas in Ollscoil Miami. Tá a taighde ag baint úsáide as sciatháin ar shléibheanna ar "nánó-scála" - na cealla a tháirgeann inslin. Tá taighdeoirí ag obair ar chóireáil diaibéiteas trí chillíní oileáin mhodhnaithe a ghlanadh i bpaistí diaibéiteas chun táirgeadh nádúrtha inslin a athbhunú. Ach is é ceann de na dúshláin ná na 'cealla eachtracha' sin a chosaint ó chóras imdhíonachta an chomhlachta féin. "Táimid ag iarraidh na cealla a chosaint agus timpeallacht níos fearr a chruthú dóibh", a dúirt Stabler le linn agallaimh le déanaí. Má is féidir leat dromchla na gcealla a chosaint agus na fachtóirí a aithníonn na cealla imdhíonachta mar eachtracha a mascáil, ansin beidh tú in ann iarracht a dhéanamh an fhreagra imdhíonachta a mhaolú nó a mascáil. Joseph Wang, Microfish le haghaidh Seachadadh Drugaí Tá an t-innealtóireacht nana-teicneolaíochta á úsáid ag an Ollamh Joseph Wang, a stiúrann grúpa taighde ag an Roinn Innealtóireachta Nana-eolaíochta in Ollscoil California-San Diego. Tá Wang agus a fhoireann ag forbairt nanobots i bhfoirm éisc, ar a dtugtar microfish, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in úsáid le haghaidh cóireálacha leighis, mar shampla seachadadh drugaí dírithe. Rinne Wang na chéad thástálacha rathúla inar úsáideadh nanobots chun tasc a dhéanamh taobh istigh de chreatur beo. In 2015, d'úsáid a fhoireann an teicneolaíocht seo i luch chun cóireáil a sholáthar do bholg an chreatúir, gan fo-iarsmaí a chur i bhfeidhm. Cuireadh na microfish, a raibh gach ceann acu chomh mór le gruaig amháin daonna, isteach i stamag na luch agus cuireadh isteach iad i gcló stamag chun cóireáil drugaí inmheánacha atá dírithe go mór a sholáthar. Na Príomhfhoinsí le haghaidh Nuacht ar Nuálaíochtaí Leighis Chun an nuacht is déanaí faoi nuálaíochtaí leighis, féach ar na hacmhainní seo: Chomh maith leis na suíomhanna seo, seo roinnt acmhainní faisnéise a roinn muid: - Buntáistí a bhaineann le lucht oibre teagmhasach feistí leighis - Conas an tAcht um Chúram Réasúnta ag Shake suas an Tionscal Leighis - Cad iad na gairmeacha is fearr leighis agus poist eolaíochta? Obair sa réimse leighis Beidh gá i gcónaí ag an réimse leighis le gairmithe cáilithe, cúrammhar. Seo cuid de na poist is fearr a fheicimid sa leigheas: - Cúntóir Leighis/Fhlebotomy - Teicneoir Saotharlainne I - Oibriú Oibrithe Cúraim Chliniciúil

Govts face difficult task of balancing competing needs By Grace Chua THE world's scarce resources are going to get even more scarce - and pricier. Earlier this month, Environment and Water Resources Minister Vivian Balakrishnan said in Parliament: "The era of cheap energy, cheap resources, cheap food is going to come to an end." Why? Global demand for food, water and energy will only rise in the years ahead, driven by a growing, urbanising population. Issues surrounding food, water and energy are closely linked, and so are their solutions. Indeed, overcoming one resource's scarcity can cause shortages in other areas. Farming can cause water pollution, food and biofuel crops can compete for the same scarce land, and turning seawater into clean, potable water takes energy. By United Nations estimates, the world will need a third more water, 45 per cent more energy, and 50 per cent more food by 2030. Singapore, too, will need more resources. Its water demand is expected to double in the next 50 years, up from 380 million gallons a day, enough to fill 692 swimming pools. And as its economy grows, so will its energy use and carbon dioxide emissions. These are projected to be 77.2 million tonnes in 2020 if Singapore does nothing to mitigate them, up from 43.4 million tonnes in 2010. Singapore wants to provide all of its own water by the time its second water agreement with Malaysia runs out in 2061. Yet the technologies it must use to treat, reclaim and desalinate water all require energy - from fossil fuels it must import from elsewhere. In turn, extracting fossil fuels and cooling refineries use water, while power generation companies need water to produce the steam that turns turbines to generate electricity. Nuclear power generation can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions. But it can take a toll on water resources, as water is used for cooling, for uranium mining and for storing fuel rods. Both water and energy are also needed for food production. At the same time, unsustainable agricultural methods drain resources or pollute the very sources of water they rely on. For instance, Central Asia's Aral Sea, once so large you could fit a hundred Singapores into it, has shrunk to 10 per cent of its original size as it has been tapped for irrigation in the last few decades. Closer to home, thousands of dead pigs have been fished out of the Huangpu River near Shanghai, casualties of a mystery porcine epidemic. The onus is on the world's governments to achieve the goal of food, water and energy security - that is, maintaining people's access to these during major shocks to the system, such as droughts, heatwaves and so on. Technologies that point to future solutions treat food, water and energy as linked components of a system. They aim to cut consumption or wastage of these resources, reducing dependence on them by adapting their processes and incorporating advancements. Gulf nation Qatar relies on desalination for most of its water. But its huge natural gas and chemicals industry requires water for cooling and steam. So plants like Shell's gas-to-liquids plant, which converts natural gas into synthetic fuels and lubricants, recycle almost all of their water so that they don't further strain the nation's resources. Shell does this at its other water-scarce sites, too. At its fuel refinery in Geelung, Australia, it has a plant on-site to treat and recycle water from both the refinery and the local community. To counter the strain on resources in the production of food and water, by-products of some parts of the process are being harnessed too. Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore chairman Edwin Khew pointed out that there are new ways to tap waste. "We can produce energy and compost from the waste generated by the processes that produce water, waste water and food," he said. Another way countries can ensure water and food security is through international trade. Water-scarce Singapore and Malaysia import grains and meats that take a lot of water to produce, while at the same time exporting non-agricultural manufactured goods, wrote water policy expert Jenny Kehl in a Yale Global commentary last month. Even so, producing its own food is one prong of Singapore's food security strategy. It wants to grow 10 per cent of the leafy vegetables it consumes, up from about 7 per cent now. One of the most efficient ways of delivering food and water, and meeting other human needs is well-planned urban development, said Dr Balakrishnan. Ms Ruth Cairnie, Royal Dutch Shell's executive vice-president of strategy and planning, highlighted Singapore's compact design and focus on resource efficiency as an example of good planning when she spoke at Singapore International Energy Week last year. With three-quarters of the world's population set to live in cities by 2050, that could take some stress off food, water and energy supplies for Singapore and for the world's growing billions. Tuesday, March 26, 2013 Tackling food, water and energy crunch Mar 25, 2013

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Tá sé deacair ar rialtais an t-iarmhéid a chur idir riachtanais iomaíocha Le Grace Chua TÓCfaidh acmhainní gann an domhain níos gann fós - agus níos daor. Go luath an mhí seo, an tAire Comhshaoil agus Acmhainní Uisce Dúirt Vivian Balakrishnan sa Pharlaimint: "Tá ré an fhuinnimh saor, na n-acmhainní saor, an bhia saor le teacht chun deiridh". Cén fáth? Ní bheidh an t-éileamh domhanda ar bhia, ar uisce agus ar fhuinneamh ag méadú ach sna blianta amach romhainn, mar gheall ar dhaonra atá ag fás agus ag uirbniú. Tá saincheisteanna a bhaineann le bia, uisce agus fuinneamh nasctha go dlúth, agus is amhlaidh atá a gcuid réitigh. Go deimhin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh easpa acmhainní i réimsí eile nuair a bhíonn easpa acmhainní amháin á shárú. Is féidir le feirmeoireacht truailliú uisce a chur faoi deara, is féidir le barra bia agus bithbhreosla a bheith i gcomórtas don talamh gann céanna, agus glacann fuinneamh le huisce farraige a thiontú ina uisce íon, in-ólta. De réir meastacháin na Náisiún Aontaithe, beidh gá ag an domhan le tríú cuid níos mó uisce, 45 faoin gcéad níos mó fuinnimh, agus 50 faoin gcéad níos mó bia faoi 2030. Beidh níos mó acmhainní ag teastáil ó Shingapúr freisin. Táthar ag súil go dtiocfaidh dúbailt ar an éileamh ar uisce sa tír sna 50 bliain amach romhainn, ó 380 milliún galún in aghaidh an lae, go leor chun 692 linn snámha a líonadh. Agus de réir mar a fhásann a gheilleagar, beidh a úsáid fuinnimh agus a astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin ag fás freisin. Táthar ag súil go mbeidh 77.2 milliún tonna ann in 2020 mura ndéanfaidh Singeapór aon rud chun iad a mhaolú, suas ó 43.4 milliún tonna in 2010. Ba mhaith le Singeapór a chuid uisce féin a sholáthar go léir faoin am a rachaidh a dara comhaontú uisce leis an Mhalaeisia in éag i 2061. Ach ní mór don tír fuinneamh a úsáid chun uisce a chóireáil, a athshlánú agus a dhíshealannú - fuinneamh ó bhreoslaí iontaise a chaithfidh sí a allmhairiú ó áiteanna eile. Ina theannta sin, úsáideann breoslaí iontaise a bhaint agus raffineries fuaraithe uisce, agus teastaíonn uisce ó chuideachtaí táirgeachta cumhachta chun an gaile a tháirgeadh a thiománaíonn turbáin chun leictreachas a ghiniúint. Is féidir le táirgeadh cumhachta núicléach cabhrú le astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin a laghdú. Ach d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh tionchar aige ar acmhainní uisce, toisc go n-úsáidtear uisce le haghaidh fuaraithe, le haghaidh mianadóireachta úráiniam agus le haghaidh barraí breosla a stóráil. Tá gá le huisce agus le fuinneamh le haghaidh táirgeadh bia freisin. Ag an am céanna, tá modhanna talmhaíochta neamh-inbhuanaithe ag cur acmhainní ar an mbóthar nó ag truailliú na bhfoinsí uisce féin ar a bhfuil siad ag brath. Mar shampla, tá Muir Aral na hÁise Láir, a bhí chomh mór sin a d'fhéadfá céad Singapore a chur isteach ann, tar éis é a laghdú go 10 faoin gcéad dá mhéid bunaidh de réir mar a bhí sé ag baint úsáide as le haghaidh uisciúcháin sna blianta beaga anuas. Níos gaire abhaile, tá na mílte muc marbh iascaithe amach as Abhainn Huangpu in aice le Shanghai, mar gheall ar eipidéim mistéireach muc. Tá sé de dhualgas ar rialtais an domhain sprioc na slándála bia, uisce agus fuinnimh a bhaint amach - is é sin, rochtain na ndaoine ar na rudaí seo a choinneáil le linn mhór-shóic don chóras, mar thriomach, tonnta teasa agus mar sin de. Baineann teicneolaíochtaí a léiríonn réitigh don todhchaí le bia, uisce agus fuinneamh mar chomhpháirteanna nasctha de chóras. Tá sé mar aidhm acu tomhaltas nó dramhaíl na n-acmhainní seo a laghdú, ag laghdú an spleáchas orthu trína bpróisis a oiriúnú agus trí dhul chun cinn a ionchorprú. Tá Qatar, náisiún na Murascaille, ag brath ar dhíshealannú don chuid is mó dá uisce. Ach tá gáis nádúrtha agus tionscal ceimiceach ollmhór ag teastáil uiscí chun é a fhuaraithe agus a steamadh. Mar sin, déanann plandaí cosúil le gás-go-leachtanna Shell, a thiontú gáis nádúrtha i breoslaí sintéiseacha agus saill bhealaigh, athchúrsáil ar an uisce go léir ionas nach ndéanann siad níos mó de acmhainní na tíre a dhúnadh. Déanann Shell é seo ag a láithreáin eile a bhfuil ganntanas uisce orthu freisin. Ag a scagthíolachán breosla i Geelung, san Astráil, tá plandaí ar an láthair chun uisce a chóireáil agus a athchúrsáil ón scagthíolachán agus ón bpobal áitiúil araon. Chun an brú ar acmhainní a mhaolú i dtáirgeadh bia agus uisce, tá fo-tháirgí de chuid de na próisis á mbailiú freisin. Thug Edwin Khew, cathaoirleach Cumann Fuinnimh Inbhuanaithe Singeapór, le fios go bhfuil bealaí nua ann chun dramhaíl a bhaint amach. "Is féidir linn fuinneamh agus compost a tháirgeadh as an dramhaíl a ghintear ag na próisis a tháirgeann uisce, fuíolluisce agus bia", a dúirt sé. Is é an trádáil idirnáisiúnta bealach eile ar féidir le tíortha slándáil uisce agus bia a chinntiú. Iompórtáil Singeapór agus an Mhalaeisia, a bhfuil ganntanas uisce orthu, gráin agus feoil a thógann go leor uisce le táirgeadh, agus ag an am céanna earraí déantúsaithe neamh-talmhaíochta a onnmhairiú, a scríobh saineolaí beartas uisce Jenny Kehl i dtuairim Yale Global an mhí seo caite. Mar sin féin, is cuid de straitéis slándála bia Singeapór a bhia féin a tháirgeadh. Tá sé ag iarraidh 10% de na glasraí duilleacha a itheann sé a fhás, suas ó thart ar 7% anois. Ceann de na bealaí is éifeachtaí chun bia agus uisce a sheachadadh, agus riachtanais eile an duine a chomhlíonadh, is é forbairt uirbeach dea-phleanáilte, a dúirt an Dr Balakrishnan. Chuir an tUasal Ruth Cairnie, leas-uachtarán feidhmiúcháin straitéise agus pleanála Royal Dutch Shell, béim ar dhearadh dlúth Singeapór agus ar fhócas ar éifeachtúlacht acmhainní mar shampla de dhea-phleanáil nuair a labhair sí ag Seachtain Idirnáisiúnta Fuinnimh Singeapór anuraidh. Le trí cheathrú cuid de dhaonra an domhain ag maireachtáil i gcathracha faoi 2050, d'fhéadfadh sé sin roinnt strus a bhaint as soláthairtí bia, uisce agus fuinnimh do Shingapúr agus do na billiúin atá ag fás ar fud an domhain. Dé Máirt, 26 Márta, 2013 Ag dul i ngleic le géarchéim bia, uisce agus fuinnimh Mar 25, 2013

Despite significant improvements over the last decade, air pollution in New York City is still a significant environmental threat. Improving our city’s air quality is a difficult task because there are many types of air pollutants that can come from millions of sources, inside and outside city boundaries. OneNYC is the City’s unified strategy to bolster economic development, improve the environment, fight inequality and better the quality of life for all New Yorkers. The plan sets the ambitious goal to “achieve the cleanest air quality of any big U.S. city” by the year 2030. Along with air quality initiatives by other City agencies, the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) is responsible for updating and enforcing the Air Pollution Control Code (Air Code) which has the goal to preserve, protect and improve the air resources of the city.

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In ainneoin feabhsuithe suntasacha le deich mbliana anuas, tá truailliú aeir i gCathair Nua Eabhrac fós ina bhagairt shuntasach ar an gcomhshaol. Is tasc deacair í cáilíocht aeir ár gcathrach a fheabhsú toisc go bhfuil go leor cineálacha truailleán aeir ann a d'fhéadfadh teacht ó na milliúin foinsí, laistigh agus lasmuigh de theorainneacha na cathrach. Is é OneNYC straitéis aontaithe na Cathrach chun forbairt eacnamaíoch a threisiú, an timpeallacht a fheabhsú, neamhionannas a chomhrac agus cáilíocht na beatha a fheabhsú do gach Nua-Eabhrac. Leagann an plean an sprioc uaillmhianach chun "an caighdeán aeir is glaine a bhaint amach i ngach cathair mhór sna Stáit Aontaithe" faoi 2030. Chomh maith le tionscnaimh cháilíochta aeir ag gníomhaireachtaí eile na Cathrach, tá an Roinn Cosanta Comhshaoil (DEP) freagrach as an gCód um Rialú an Ghnóthaí Aeracha (Cód Aerach) a nuashonrú agus a fhorfheidhmiú a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige acmhainní aeir na cathrach a chaomhnú, a chosaint agus a fheabhsú.

You are here About the Mental Capacity Act Understand the law behind the Mental Capacity Act, including when decisions can be made on behalf of someone else and what has to happen before someone is deprived of their liberty. This page will help you understand what the law says about: - making decisions on behalf of adults who may not be able to make their own - what has to be done before a person can be deprived of their liberty so that they can get the care and treatment they need. About the Mental Capacity Act The Mental Capacity Act 2005 governs decision-making on behalf of adults who may not be able to make particular decisions. This could be because of, for example: - a learning disability - an illness such as dementia - mental health problems. It's important to remember these do not in themselves mean that a person lacks the capacity to make a particular decision. The Act and its codes of practice set out: - who can take particular decisions on someone else's behalf - when and how a decision can be taken - when and how people who lack capacity to take decisions about their care and welfare can be deprived of their liberty to get the care they need in a hospital or care home. The Mental Capacity Act was fully implemented on 1 April 2009. As members of the Mental Capacity Act Steering Group, we're committed to seeing the principles of the Mental Capacity Act firmly embedded throughout the health and social care system. Find out more about the Mental Capacity Act Steering Group. Who does the Mental Capacity Act affect? Everyone working with and/or caring for an adult who may lack capacity to make particular decisions must comply with this Act and its Codes of Practice. The Act directly affects the lives of two million disabled people, older people and their carers. It affects the way people are supported wherever the live. It is important that registered persons and other professionals promote awareness of the Act and are aware of their own responsibilities under it. The Codes of Practice provide additional information about how to put the Act into practice. If you're a provider of services and want to understand your duties and responsibilities, download our guidance from our guidance for providers section. The deprivation of liberty safeguards The deprivation of liberty safeguards are the Act's code of practice on what relevant providers have to do if: - they think that it is in someone’s best interests to be deprived of their liberty so that they can get the care and treatment they need in a care home or hospital. - the person does not have capacity to make a decision about what is being proposed for them. If you're a provider of services and want to find out more about the safeguards, how you can apply to deprive a person of their liberty, how we monitor their use and what we will do when we find they are not being followed, download our guidance from our guidance for providers section. - Last updated: - 29 May 2017

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Tá tú anseo Maidir leis an Acht um Chumas Meabhrach Tuig an dlí atá taobh thiar den Acht um Chumas Meabhrach, lena n-áirítear nuair is féidir cinntí a dhéanamh thar ceann duine eile agus cad a chaithfidh tarlú sula ndéantar duine a shaoileadh as a saoirse. Cabhróidh an leathanach seo leat a thuiscint cad a deir an dlí faoi: - cinntí a dhéanamh thar ceann daoine fásta nach féidir leo a gcuid cinntí féin a dhéanamh - cad is gá a dhéanamh sula bhféadfar duine a shaoráil ionas gur féidir leis an gcúram agus an chóireáil is gá a fháil. Maidir leis an Acht um Chumas Meabhrach Tá an tAcht um Fheidhmeacht Mhintúil 2005 ag rialú cinnteoireachta thar ceann daoine fásta nach féidir leo cinntí áirithe a dhéanamh. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith mar gheall, mar shampla: - míchumas foghlama - galar mar dhéimint - fadhbanna meabhairshláinte. Tá sé tábhachtach cuimhneamh nach gciallóidh na rudaí seo ina n-aonar go bhfuil an cumas ag duine cinneadh áirithe a dhéanamh. Leagann an tAcht agus a chód cleachtais amach: - a bhfuil sé de chumas aige cinntí áirithe a dhéanamh thar ceann duine eile - cén uair agus conas is féidir cinneadh a dhéanamh - nuair agus conas is féidir daoine nach bhfuil cumas acu cinntí a dhéanamh faoina gcúram agus a leas féin a chealú óna saoirse chun an cúram a theastaíonn uathu a fháil in ospidéal nó i dtithe cúraim. Cuireadh an tAcht um Fheidhmeacht Mhíleach i bhfeidhm go hiomlán an 1 Aibreán 2009. Mar chomhaltaí den Ghrúpa Stiúrtha ar an Acht um Chumas Meabhrach, táimid tiomanta do phrionsabail an Achta um Chumas Meabhrach a fheiceáil i bhfeidhm go daingean ar fud an chórais sláinte agus cúraim shóisialta. Faigh tuilleadh eolais faoin nGrúpa Stiúrtha ar an Acht um Chumas Meabhrach. Cé a dhéanann an tAcht um Chumas Meabhrach difear dó? Ní mór do gach duine a oibríonn le duine fásta a d'fhéadfadh a bheith gan cumas cinntí áirithe a dhéanamh a chomhlíonadh leis an Acht seo agus a Chód Cleachtais. Bíonn tionchar díreach ag an Acht ar shaol dhá mhilliún duine faoi mhíchumas, daoine scothaosta agus a gcúramóirí. Bíonn tionchar aige ar an gcaoi a dtacaítear le daoine cibé áit a bhfuil siad ina gcónaí. Tá sé tábhachtach go gcuirfeadh daoine cláraithe agus gairmithe eile feasacht ar an Acht agus go mbeadh siad ar an eolas faoina bhfreagrachtaí féin faoin Acht. Soláthraíonn na Cóid Cleachtais faisnéis bhreise maidir le conas an tAcht a chur i bhfeidhm i gcleachtas. Má tá tú ina soláthraí seirbhísí agus más mian leat do dhualgais agus d'fhreagrachtaí a thuiscint, íoslódáil ár dtreoirlínte ó ár dtreoirlínte do sholáthraithe rannán. An chosaint ar an díbhreathnú saoirse Is iad na cosaintí maidir le díbhreathnú saoirse cód cleachtais an Achta maidir leis an méid a chaithfidh soláthraithe ábhartha a dhéanamh má: - creideann siad go bhfuil sé ar mhaithe le leas duine a bheith díbhrithe ar a saoirse ionas gur féidir leo an cúram agus an chóireáil a theastaíonn uathu a fháil i dteach cúraim nó san ospidéal. - níl an cumas ag an duine cinneadh a dhéanamh faoi na rudaí a mholtar dó. Má tá tú ina soláthraí seirbhísí agus más mian leat tuilleadh a fháil amach faoi na cosaintí, conas is féidir leat iarratas a dhéanamh chun duine a shaoileadh óna saoirse, conas a dhéanaimid monatóireacht ar a n-úsáid agus cad a dhéanaimid nuair a fhaighimid nach bhfuil siad á leanúint, íoslódáil ár dtreoirlínte ó ár dtreoirlínte do sholáthraithe rannán. - Údarú deireanach: - 29 Bealtaine 2017

Branches bear fruit, they don’t make fruit, said Rev. Jana Purkis-Brash in her sermon on Sunday, February 21, 2016. So if Jesus is the vine and we are the branches, we need to remember that we are empowered to do our good works only through Him. She explained other fascinating Biblical references to wine making on February 21, 2016, as below. I need to preface this sermon by saying, I know nothing about wine. Here we are this morning focused on a passage where Jesus compares himself to a vine, and biblical scholars agree that vine would have been a grapevine, and the grapes would have been used to make wine. In my research for this sermon, I found out that one foundational principle that applies to both Old World and New World winemaking is that great wine is always a reflection of a particular vineyard. If you want to pick a good wine, in other words, you have to know the source. Jesus obviously knew a little about wine himself, we see him at social gatherings in the gospels and he knew exactly what kind of wine would impress the guests at the Cana wedding feast. So it shouldn’t be a big surprise that he used the metaphor of a vineyard to describe his relationship to his disciples. Jesus knew that the best way to tell what kind of product you were getting would be to look at the label and see from where in the world it came. In this case, the source isn’t a place but a person — Jesus himself. Jesus is the Vine. Jesus begins by saying that he is the “true vine”, the source of growth and fruit-bearing, in a vineyard that is tended by God. God is the Winemaker: The Creator God is the real winemaker, the one who tends the vineyard and assures its quality. The Vineyard has a history: Turns out, that this vineyard has a long and storied history. The metaphor of the vineyard is used several times in the Old Testament to describe God’s relationship with Israel. In Isaiah 5:1-7, for example, God plants and tends a vineyard but it yields “wild grapes” or inferior fruit — a metaphor for the apostasy of Israel and Judah. The same vineyard imagery is used in Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Hosea. In each of these cases, however, Israel is the “vine” and the ultimate source of poor “fruit.” In the Old Testament, “fruitfulness” was another way of saying “faithfulness,” thus, a lack of good fruit meant that God’s people had failed to be the true, nourishing vine that would bolster God’s reputation in the world as the ultimate fine winemaker. That being the case, it was the winemaker’s job to do some pruning and replacing, which is what the prophets saw the exile as being all about. Later, God would replant the vineyard with a new stock and that new vine, the “true vine,” would be Jesus himself who embodied the new Israel, God’s Chosen One, the One through whom the whole world would be saved and blessed. The Branches are the focus: But while the vine is the source for good fruit, there’s a vital link between the vine and its fruit. The “branches” are thus the focus of Jesus’ teaching with his disciples. “I am the vine,” says Jesus to his followers, “you are the branches.” Notice that the disciples of Jesus aren’t the “fruit,” the end product, but the conduit for the vine’s nourishment. The quality of the fruit thus depends on the branches’ connectedness to the vine itself. What Jesus is describing here is the necessary interrelationship between himself and his disciples, us — a relationship characterized by mutuality and indwelling, but one that is also focused on bearing great growth for the whole world. Look closely at a grapevine, though, and one of the first things you notice about its branches is that it’s very difficult to tell them apart individually. All the branches twist and curl around one another to the point that you can’t tell where one starts and another stops. Jesus’ use of branch imagery is a way of expressing that it’s not the achievement of an individual branch or its status that matters. The quality of branches and fruit depends solely on the quality of their connectedness to the vine. When it comes to discipleship, each “branch” or individual gives up his or her desire for individual achievement in order to become one of many encircling branches — a community that is rooted and nurtured by Christ and points to his reputation and quality, not their own. With that understanding of branches in mind, there are a couple of things that we branches must remember in order to stay effectively and fruitfully connected to Jesus. First, we have to remember that branches are fruit bearing, and not fruit-making. “Just as the branch cannot bear fruit unless it abides in the vine, neither can you unless you abide in me … Those who abide in me and I in them bear much fruit because apart from me you can do nothing.” We’ve heard these words of Jesus many times, but we also hear the call of a culture of workaholism, achievement and success that can lure disciples of Christ into thinking that we can be fruitful as a result of our own efforts. Many are the pastors, for example, who have built large churches and famous reputations only to crash and burn as a result of moral failure, which is frequently the result of a failure to stay intimately connected to Jesus. When a branch gets the idea that it can make fruit, make wine, on its own, it dries up, withers, and is no longer useful. The mission of a branch isn’t to look good or to call attention to itself, but to give all the glory to God, the one whose name is on the label. In the vineyards of Jesus’ day, grapevines grew naturally along the ground instead of being propped up on poles or lattices as they are today. The vinedresser would come along to lift and “clean” the vine, pruning away the excess and dead growth. Jesus uses the same image to describe the way the disciples themselves had been “cleansed by the word that I have spoken to you.” That “word” was the teaching and commandment of Jesus and the disciples’ meditation on and obedience to that “word” would help them “remain” or stay connected to his “love” — the nourishing flow from the vine. This is how being connected to Jesus changes our lives. Reading, meditating and praying through the Scriptures is one way in which disciples are “pruned.” The words of Jesus about the kingdom and the story of his life, death and resurrection focus us on what’s truly important for bearing the fruit of his grace and love to the world. When the writer of Hebrews says that Scripture is “sharper than any two-edged sword” (Hebrews 4:12), he might have as easily said that Scripture was the ultimate set of pruning shears, trimming us for the life of discipleship we were meant to live. Such pruning can be painful as God uses it to lop off old habits, but it’s absolutely necessary if we’re going to embrace our purpose as conduits of God’s grace. Again being changed by Jesus. Great wine is the reflection of a particular vineyard, be it from an Old World tradition or an eclectic New World experiment. God wants to tend the finest vineyard ever, here and now. May we, as disciples of Jesus, the true vine, embrace our role as branches — channels for God’s grace, so that when the world samples the fine vintage of God’s love and grace, they will want to know the winemaker!

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Tá torthaí ag na brainsí, ní dhéanann siad torthaí, a dúirt an tUasal. Jana Purkis-Brash ina searmanas Dé Domhnaigh, 21 Feabhra, 2016. Mar sin má tá Íosa an fíonchaora agus muid na brainsí, ní mór dúinn cuimhneamh go bhfuil sé de chumhacht againn ár gcuid oibreacha maithe a dhéanamh ach trína. Mhínigh sí tagairtí suimiúla eile sa Bhíobla maidir le fíon a dhéanamh ar 21 Feabhra, 2016, mar atá thíos. Caithfidh mé tús a chur leis an searmanas seo ag rá, níl a fhios agam rud ar bith faoi fhíon. Anseo táimid ar maidin dírithe ar an rannán ina Iósa comparáid sé féin le fíonchaor, agus a aontaíonn scoláirí bíobla go fíonchaor a bheadh a bheith fíonchaor, agus an fíonchaor a bheadh a bheith in úsáid chun fíon a dhéanamh. I mo thaighde don searmanas seo, fuair mé amach go bhfuil bunphrionsabal amháin a bhaineann le fíon-dhéanamh an Sean Domhain agus an Domhain Nua go bhfuil fíon mór i gcónaí ina léiriú ar fhíonghort áirithe. Más mian leat fíon maith a roghnú, i bhfocail eile, ní mór duit a fhios a bheith agat cén áit a bhfuil sé. Is léir go raibh a fhios ag Íosa féin beagán faoi fhíon, feicimid é ag cruinnithe sóisialta sna soiscéil agus bhí a fhios aige go díreach cén cineál fíona a bheadh iontas ar na hóstach ag an bhféile phósta i Cana. Dá bhrí sin, níor cheart go mbeadh iontas mór orainn gur úsáid sé maíomh-amhrán fíonghort chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar a chaidreamh lena dheisceabail. Bhí a fhios ag Íosa gurb é an bealach is fearr chun a fháil amach cén cineál táirge a bhí á fháil agat ná féachaint ar an lipéad agus a fheiceáil cá as an domhan a tháinig sé. Sa chás seo, ní áit é an fhoinse ach duine - Íosa féin. Is é Íosa an Fhionn. Tosaíonn Íosa ag rá gurb é an fíor-bhíonchaor é, an fhoinse fáis agus torthaí a thabhairt, i bhfíonchaor a bhfuil aire á tabhairt ag Dia. Is é Dia an Winemaker: Is é an Dia Cruthaitheoir an fhíonóir fíor, an duine a thugann aire don fhíonghort agus a chinntíonn a cháilíocht. Tá stair ag an Vineyard: Teastaíonn, go bhfuil stair fhada agus stairiúil ag an fhíonghort seo. Úsáidtear an maíomhchomhartha ar an fíonghort arís agus arís eile san Sean-Tiomna chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar chaidreamh Dé le hIosrael. I Isaia 5:1-7, mar shampla, plandáil Dia fíonghort agus cúram a chur air ach tá sé ag tabhairt fíonchaora fiáine nó torthaí níos lú metafór do apostasy Iosrael agus Iúdá. Úsáidtear an samhail céanna fíonghort i Jeremiah, Ezekiel, agus Hosea. I ngach ceann de na cásanna seo, áfach, is é Iosrael an fíon agus an fhoinse deiridh de táirge bochta. Sa Sean-Tiomna, bhí 'fruchtúlacht' ar bhealach eile le rá 'fíor-chreidmheas', agus mar sin, ciallaíonn easpa torthaí maithe gur theip ar mhuintir Dé a bheith mar fhíonchaor fíor, cothaitheach a chuirfeadh le cáil Dé ar domhan mar an déantóir fíona is fearr. Agus sin mar atá, ba é an obair a bhí ar an fíonchóir roinnt pruning agus athsholáthair a dhéanamh, rud a chonaic na fáithe go raibh an dílleacht mar gheall air. Níos déanaí, bheadh Dia a replant an fíonghort le stoc nua agus go fíonghort nua, an fíonghort fíor, bheadh Íosa féin a embodied an Iosrael nua, God's Chosen One, an Ceann trína bheadh an domhan ar fad a shábháil agus beannaithe. Tá na Bríonna mar fhócas: Ach cé go bhfuil an fíonchaor mar fhoinse na dtorthaí maithe, tá nasc ríthábhachtach idir an fíonchaor agus a thorthaí. Is é an 'bhrainse' mar sin an fócas ar theagasc Íosa lena dheisceabail. 'Is mise an fíonchaor,' a deir Íosa lena leanúna, 'is sibhse na crainn.' Tabhair faoi deara nach iad deisceabail Íosa an 'táirge deiridh', ach an t-idirbheart chun cothú an fíonchaora. Mar sin, braitheann cáilíocht na torthaí ar an gcaidreamh atá ag na brainsí leis an fhíonchaor féin. Is é an méid a bhfuil Íosa ag cur síos air anseo ná an idirchaidreamh riachtanach idir é féin agus a dheisceabail, muidne - caidreamh a bhfuil saintréith aige ar chomaoin agus ar chónaí, ach ceann atá dírithe freisin ar fhás mór a dhéanamh don domhan ar fad. Ach má fhéachann tú go géar ar fhíonchaor, is é ceann de na chéad rudaí a thugann tú faoi deara faoina chuid brainsí go bhfuil sé an-deacair iad a idirdhealú go aonair. Na brainsí go léir a twist agus curl timpeall ar a chéile go dtí an pointe nach féidir leat a rá nuair a thosaíonn ceann amháin agus stopann ceann eile. Is bealach é a úsáid Íosa as an samhail brainse chun a chur in iúl nach bhfuil sé ag baint úsáide as éacht brainse aonair nó as a stádas. Ní bhaineann cáilíocht na nglaonna agus na dtorthaí ach amháin le cáilíocht a gceangail leis an fhíonchaor. Nuair a thagann sé chun deisceabail, gach brainse nó duine aonair a thabhairt suas a chuid nó a mianta a bhaint amach aonair d'fhonn a bheith ar cheann de go leor brainsí imchlúdach pobal atá fréamhaithe agus cothaithe ag Críost agus pointí ar a cháil agus cáilíocht, ní a gcuid féin. Agus an tuiscint sin ar bhrainse san áireamh, tá cúpla rud ann nach mór dúinn, na brainsí, a choinneáil i gcuimhne chun fanacht ceangailte go héifeachtach agus go torthaí le Íosa. Ar dtús, ní mór dúinn cuimhneamh go bhfuil na brainsí ag tabhairt torthaí, agus ní ag déanamh torthaí. De réir mar nach féidir leis an gclann torthaí a thabhairt mura seasann sé sa fhíonchaor, ní féidir leatsa freisin mura seasann tú ionam ... An dream a fhanann ionam agus mise iontu, bíonn go leor torthaí acu toisc nach féidir leat aon rud a dhéanamh gan mé.Tá na focail seo de Íosa cloiste againn go minic, ach cloisimid freisin glaoch ar chultúr workaholism, éachtaí agus rath a d'fhéadfadh deisceabail Chríost a mhealladh chun smaoineamh gur féidir linn a bheith torthaí mar thoradh ar ár n-iarrachtaí féin. Is iad a lán na paistí, mar shampla, a thóg eaglaisí móra agus clú mór ach amháin chun titim agus dóite mar thoradh ar theip morálta, a bhíonn go minic mar thoradh ar theip ar bheith nasctha go dlúth le Íosa. Nuair a fhaigheann brainse an smaoineamh gur féidir leis torthaí a dhéanamh, fíon a dhéanamh, ina n-aonar, déanann sé trioma, triomaíonn sé, agus níl sé úsáideach a thuilleadh. Ní hé misean brainse a bheith ag breathnú go maith nó aird a tharraingt air féin, ach an ghlóir go léir a thabhairt do Dhia, an té a bhfuil a ainm ar an lipéad. I laethanta Íosa, d'fhás fíonchaora go nádúrtha ar an talamh seachas a bheith ag seasamh ar pholl nó ar ghruaig mar atá inniu ann. Tháinig an fíonghortóir chun an fíonghort a ardú agus a 'ghlanadh', ag gearradh na fíonghort a bhí thar a bheith agus marbh. Úsáideann Íosa an íomhá céanna chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an mbealach a bhí na deisceabail féin glanta ag an bhfocal a labhair mé libh. Ba é an focal teagasc agus ordú Íosa agus na deisceabail smaoinigh ar agus éagumasacht a dhéanamh ar an focal sin a chabhródh leo fanacht nó fanacht ceangailte lena grá an sreabhadh cothaitheach ón fíonchaor. Seo an chaoi a n-athraíonn an nasc le Íosa ár saol. Is bealach amháin é léitheoireacht, machnamh agus guí trí na Scríbhinní ina ndéantar deisceabail a prúnadh. Díríonn focail Íosa faoin ríocht agus scéal a shaol, a bháis agus a aiséirí orainn ar an rud atá fíor-tábhachtach chun torthaí a ghrásta agus a ghrá a thabhairt don domhan. Nuair a deir scríbhneoir Eabhrais go bhfuil an Scrioptúr ' níos géire ná aon chlaíomh dhá thaobh' (Eabhrais 4:12), d'fhéadfadh sé a rá go héasca go raibh an Scrioptúr an tsraith deiridh de sciatháin ghreamú, ag cur orainn ar fáil don saol deisceabail a bhí beartaithe againn a chaitheamh. Is féidir leis an gcoróin sin a bheith pianmhar mar go n-úsáideann Dia é chun sean-nósanna a ghearradh amach, ach tá sé riachtanach go hiomlán má tá muid chun glacadh lenár gcuspóir mar cheadóirí grásta Dé. Arís á athrú ag Íosa. Is léiriú fíon mór é fíonghort áirithe, bíodh sé ó thraidisiún an Sean Domhain nó ó thriail eicléiteach an Domhain Nua. Ba mhaith le Dia an fíonghort is fearr a bheith aige riamh, anseo agus anois. Go nglacfaimid, mar dheisceabail Íosa, an fhíonchaor fíor, lenár ról mar bhrainse cainéil do ghrásta Dé, ionas go mbeidh an domhan ag blasadh an fíonchaora den ghrá agus den ghrásta Dé, go mbeidh siad ag iarraidh aithne a chur ar an fíonóir!

How Does Tylenol Work? Tylenol® (acetaminophen) is a nonprescription drug that is used as a pain reliever. In particular, it is approved for treating minor aches and pains, such as headaches, backaches, and muscle aches. It is also approved for reducing fevers. But how does Tylenol work? Even though Tylenol has been around for quite a while, it is not entirely clear how it works. However, the product has been shown to work differently from any other over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. Most other nonprescription pain relievers or fever reducers are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Both NSAIDs and Tylenol block the body's production of prostaglandins (naturally occurring chemicals that cause inflammation and fever). However, while NSAIDS block prostaglandin production throughout the body, Tylenol appears to do so just in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system). (For more details on how this drug works, click Tylenol. This article also offers a more in-depth overview of the medicine's uses, dosing guidelines, effects in the body, and possible side effects.)

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Conas a Oibríonn Tylenol? Is druga neamh-reachtaithe é Tylenol® (acetaminophen) a úsáidtear mar mhaolú pian. Go háirithe, ceadaítear é chun cóireáil a dhéanamh ar pian agus ar pian beag, mar shampla tinneas cinn, pian cúl, agus pian matáin. Tá sé ceadaithe freisin chun teas a laghdú. Ach conas a oibríonn Tylenol? Cé go bhfuil Tylenol thart ar feadh tamaill, níl sé soiléir go hiomlán conas a oibríonn sé. Tá sé léirithe, áfach, go n-oibríonn an táirge ar bhealach difriúil ó aon chógais eile a fhaightear gan oideas. Is drugaí frith-athlastacha neamhstéaróideacha (NSAIDanna) formhór na ndrugaí eile a mhaolann pian nó a laghdaíonn tinneas gan oideas. Cuireann an dá NSAID agus Tylenol bac ar tháirgeadh prostaglandins sa chorp (ceimiceáin a tharlaíonn go nádúrtha a chuireann athlasadh agus fiabhras ar bun). Mar sin féin, cé go gcuireann NSAIDS bac ar tháirgeadh prostaglandin ar fud an choirp, is cosúil nach ndéanann Tylenol é ach sa inchinn agus sa chnámh cnámh (an lárchóras néaróg). (Le haghaidh tuilleadh sonraí ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn an druga seo, cliceáil ar Tylenol. Tugann an t-alt seo forbhreathnú níos doimhne ar úsáidí an chógais, treoirlínte dáileoireachta, éifeachtaí sa chorp, agus fo-iarsmaí féideartha.)

|Solar tower concentrates light reflected from surrounding panels. (Source: Paul Langrock/Zenit/Laif/Redux)| Functional Surface Technology (or: making the surfaces of materials perform in new/different/improved ways). This includes: - Catalysts with high selectivity and conversion efficiency. When catalysts aren't efficient, energy is wasted. - Smart coating / lubricant systems for lightweight alloys. Lighter alloys such as aluminum and magnesium tend to wear down relatively quickly. - Coatings to inhibit galvanic corrosion. Corroded materials' performance rapidly degrades. - Solar photovoltaic materials utilizing a broader spectrum of light. Current solar panels only collect a fraction of the light energy available. - Treatment processes to rebuild or enhance surfaces. Materials' recycle-ability, re-use, and service life can all extended. - High flux membranes for selective separation of atmospheric gases. Capture of carbon dioxide emissions, for example, can be made more efficient and scalable to industrial levels. Higher-Performance Materials for Extreme Environments. This includes: - High-temperature, phase-stable alloys. Long-term properties degrade in industrial systems which operate using high-temperature and chemically-aggressive conditions. - Thermoelectric materials with high conversion efficiency. Thermoelectric materials convert waste heat into electricity, and can help recapture lost energy. - Lightweight, high-strength ductile materials. Trade-offs typically exist: strength at the expense of ductility; light weight at the expense of strength; and so on. - Irradiation-resistant structural alloys for nuclear applications. Nuclear irradiation degrades the mechanical properties of many materials. - High-pressure hydrogen-resistant materials. Storage and handling of hydrogen is not an easy task. - Collaborative, comprehensive materials database. Materials development can be sped and cost reduced. - Predictive materials performance code. Computer modeling of materials' mechanical properties will enable rapid, inexpensive, and iterative development. Multi-Materials Integration in Energy Systems (or: composites to provide what the individual components can't). This includes: - Low-cost carbon fibers and composites manufacturing processes. Carbon fiber products are too expensive to manufacture for widespread use. - Joining process for assembling multi-material structures. Some material pairs are incompatible (i.e. structurally or chemically) and can not form suitable joints or be brought into contact. - High energy density, low-cost battery cathodes. Improved battery longevity, storage, and discharge will enable new alternative energy technologies. - Low-cost fuel cell catalyst. A current benchmark catalyst, Platinum, rare and expensive, is not ideal. - Integrated computational materials engineering modeling package. Initial composite design and proof-of-concept can be performed first through computation, saving development time and costs. Sustainable Manufacturing of Materials. This includes: - Net-shape processing of structural metals. Scrap and waste (e.g. from machining a block of steel into its final shape) can be reduced. - Additive manufacturing of components and systems. Energy-intensive production methods and industrial systems as a whole can be made more efficient. - Low-cost processing and energy reduction technology for metals. Lightweight metals such as aluminum, titanium, and magnesium can benefit greatly from improved processing methods. - Separation of materials for recycling. Major efficiency barriers surround the screening and sorting of mixed materials. Carbon fiber recycling is also expensive. - Real-time sensor technology for gases and molten metals. Enhanced detection methods are needed for identifying damage during processing of high-performance and energy-intensive products. This report covers a lot of ground regarding sustainability of materials science and engineering in energy and related fields. But it also presents a good overview of the diversity and breadth of the meaning or interpretation of sustainability - an important point that should be considered alongside the sustainability design itself. Linking Transformational Materials and Processing for an Energy-Efficient and Low-Carbon Economy: Creating the Vision and Accelerating Realization - Opportunity Analysis for Materials Science and Engineering. The Mining, Metals, and Materials Society (2011). (Available On-Line.) L. Robinson. Opportunity analysis for MSE - Report defines pathway to a more sustainable energy future. JOM, Vol. 63 (Issue 2) (2011), pp. 30-33.

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Déanann túr gréine solas a thiomsaítear ó phainéil timpeall a thiomáint. (Foinse: Paul Langrock/Zenit/Laif/Redux) Teicneolaíocht dromchla feidhmiúil (nó: dromchlaí ábhair a dhéanamh ag feidhmiú ar bhealaí nua/difriúla/fheabhsaithe). Áirítear leis seo: - Catailíseacha a bhfuil roghnaíocht ard agus éifeachtúlacht tiontaithe acu. Nuair nach bhfuil catalaithe éifeachtach, cailltear fuinneamh. - Córais sciobtha cóireála / greamaithe do chóimhiotail éadroma. Is gnách go ndéanann cóimhiotail níos éadroime mar alúmanam agus maignéisiam caitheamh go réasúnta tapa. - Clúdach chun creimeadh galvánach a chosc. Déantar feidhmíocht ábhair a bhfuil creimeadh orthu a dhíchumasú go tapa. - Ábhair fhótavoltais ghrian a úsáideann speictream níos leithne solais. Ní bhailíonn painéil ghrian reatha ach cuid bheag den fhuinneamh solais atá ar fáil. - Próisis chóireála chun dromchlaí a athchruthú nó a fheabhsú. Is féidir athchúrsáil, athúsáid agus saol seirbhíse na n-ábhar a fhadú. - Mhéibrán ard-shruth chun gáis atmaisféaracha a scaradh go roghnach. Is féidir, mar shampla, astaíochtaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin a ghabháil níos éifeachtaí agus níos scálaithe go leibhéil thionsclaíocha. Ábhair Ard-Ionchais le haghaidh Comhshaoil Chéime. Áirítear leis seo: - Ceangail ardteochta, cobhsaí céim. Déantar tréithe fadtéarmacha a dhíchumasú i gcórais thionsclaíocha a oibríonn le coinníollacha ardteochta agus ceimiceach-ionsaitheach. - Ábhair teirmeileictiúla le héifeachtúlacht ard tiontaithe. Déantar ábhair teirmeileictreacha a thiontú ó thitimí dramhaíola go leictreachas, agus is féidir leo cabhrú le fuinneamh caillte a aisghabháil. - Ábhar éadrom, ard-neart, dúictil. De ghnáth bíonn coimhlintí ann: neart ar chostas an ductility; meáchan éadrom ar chostas na láidreachta; agus mar sin de. - cóimhiotail struchtúracha atá in aghaidh radaíochta d'fheidhmeanna núicléacha. Déanann radaíocht núicléach airíonna meicniúla go leor ábhair a laghdú. - Ábhair atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh hidrigine ard-bhrú. Ní tasc éasca é hidrigin a stóráil agus a láimhseáil. - Stádas sonraí ábhair chomhoibritheach, cuimsitheach. Is féidir forbairt ábhair a luathachadh agus costas a laghdú. - Cód feidhmíochta ábhair réamhaisnéisí. Cuirfidh samhail ríomhaireachta de airíonna meicniúla ábhair forbairt tapa, saor, agus athfhillteach ar fáil. Comhtháthú il-ábhar i gcórais fuinnimh (nó: comhdhéanta chun an méid nach féidir leis na comhpháirteanna aonair a sholáthar). Áirítear leis seo: - próisis déantúsaíochta ísealchostaí snáithíní carbóin agus comhdhéanta. Tá táirgí snáithín charbóin ró-chostasach le déantúsaíocht le húsáid go forleathan. - Próiseas comhcheangail chun struchtúir il-ábhar a chur le chéile. Tá roinnt péirí ábhair neamh-chomhoiriúnach (i.e. Ní féidir leis an gcineál seo de na hearraí a chur i bhfeidhm (mar shampla, an t-earraí a bhfuil struchtúr nó ceimiceach acu) agus ní féidir leo comhpháirteanna oiriúnacha a fhoirmiú ná teagmháil a dhéanamh leo. - Dlúthú ard fuinnimh, cathóidí ceallraí ar chostas íseal. Cuirfidh feabhas ar fad saoil, stóráil agus scaoileadh ceallraí teicneolaíochtaí fuinnimh malartacha nua ar fáil. - Cataistitheoir cille breosla ísealchostas. Ní hionann an t-acmhaire braiteoir reatha, Platanam, a bhíonn annamh agus costasach, agus an t-aon rud is fearr. - Pacáiste samhlaithe innealtóireachta ábhair ríomhaireachta comhtháite. Is féidir an dearadh comhdhéanta tosaigh agus an dearadh coincheapa a dhéanamh ar dtús trí ríomh, ag coigilt ama agus costais forbartha. Déantúsaíocht Inbhuanaithe Ábhair. Áirítear leis seo: - Cóireáil líonraithe miotail struchtúrtha. Scrap agus dramhaíl (e.g. Is féidir an méid sin a laghdú go dtí an méid is gá a bhaint as an méid a bhaineann le meaisín a úsáid chun bloc cruach a chur ina fhoirm deiridh. - Déantúsaíocht bhreise de chomhpháirteanna agus de chórais. Is féidir modhanna táirgthe a bhíonn dian-fuinnimh agus córais thionsclaíocha ina n-iomláine a dhéanamh níos éifeachtaí. - Teicneolaíocht próiseála agus laghdú fuinnimh ar chostas íseal le haghaidh miotail. Is féidir le miotail éadroma amhail alúmanam, tíotáiniam, agus maignéisiam leas mór a bhaint as modhanna feabhsaithe próiseála. - Ábhair a scriosadh le haghaidh athchúrsála. Tá baic éifeachtachta móra ag baint le scagadh agus le háireamh na n-ábhar measctha. Tá athchúrsáil snáithín charbóin costasach freisin. - Teicneolaíocht braiteora fíor-ama do gháis agus miotail leáite. Tá gá le modhanna braite feabhsaithe chun damáiste a aithint le linn táirgí ardfheidhmíochta agus ard-éifeachtúlachta fuinnimh a phróiseáil. Clúdaíonn an tuarascáil seo go leor talún maidir le hinbhuanaitheacht eolaíochta agus innealtóireachta ábhair in earnáil an fhuinnimh agus i réimsí gaolmhara. Ach cuireann sé forbhreathnú maith ar éagsúlacht agus ar leithead an bhrí nó an léirmhíniú ar inbhuanaitheacht freisin - pointe tábhachtach ar cheart a mheas in éineacht leis an dearadh inbhuanaitheachta féin. Ábhair Athchóiritheacha agus Próiseáil a Nascadh le haghaidh Geilleagar Éifeachtach Fuinnimh agus Ísealcharbóin: An Fís a Chruthú agus Réaliú a Luathú - Anailís deiseanna do Eolaíocht agus Innealtóireacht Ábhair. An Cumann Mianaigh, Miotail agus Ábhair (2011). (Ar fáil ar líne.) L. Robinson. Anailís ar dheiseanna do MSE - Sainmhíníonn an Tuarascáil an bealach chun todhchaí fuinnimh níos inbhuanaithe. JOM, Vol. 63 (Imeas 2) (2011), pp. 30-33. Tá sé seo go maith.

Alpha-A Modular Dielectric/Impedance Measurement System The Alpha-A mainframe is the master unit of the Alpha-A modular measurement system for electric frequency domain measurements. For dielectric, conductivity and impedance spectroscopy the mainframe has to be operated in combination with one or more test interfaces. The mainframe contains a frequency response analyzer with a sine wave and dc-bias generator and two ac voltage input channels. In addition, the mainframe contains the power supplies, analog and digital control lines and the firmware for operation of the test interfaces. After power on, the mainframe automatically detects the connected test interface and adjust the system functionality to it. All system functions of the mainframe and a connected test interfaces are controlled by the mainframe IEEE488 GPIB interface port by high level GPIB commands via an external host computer as shown below. Without a test interface, the mainframe can perform two channel frequency response or gain phase measurements. Alpha-A Mainframe Types The following mainframe types with different frequency ranges are available. |Alpha mainframe types||Type Code| |Upper frequency limit 40 MHz||Alpha-AT| Upper frequency limit 20 MHz Upper frequency limit 3 MHz Upper frequency limit 0.3 MHz If operated in combination with a test interface, the available frequency range may be reduced by the test interface frequency range. Impedance measurements up to 40 MHz (using the Alpha-AT) are currently supported by the Alpha active sample cell ZGS and the general purpose test interfaces ZG2 and ZG4. |Alpha mainframe options||Additional Type Code Letters| |Dc bias ±40V, 70mA||B if installed, missing else| |High measurement speed. Support of measurement rates up to 157 impedance or 210 gain phase data points per second via GPIB port for online monitoring of fast time variant processes.||F if installed, missing else| - The recommended mainframe type with best performance/price ratio is the Alpha-ANB (20 MHz with dc bias). - Without the dc bias option B, the dc bias functions of all test interfaces except POT/GAL 15V10A and POT/GAL 30V2A will be unavailable, too. Short specification Alpha-A Rev. C mainframe (2017) |Frequency range:||3 µHz ... 40 MHz (13 decades) max., depending on type| |Frequency accuracy:||10 ppm, 32 bit resolution| |Display:||bright numerical display with online status and value messages| |Interfaces:||GPIB / IEEE488 system control port, DP25 Sub-D test interface connector |Output, input connections:||BNC, 3 terminals| |Standalone gain phase operation| |AC signal out||45 µV .. 1.36 Vrms| |DC bias out||only available in combination with a test interface| |Signal generator output impedance||50 Ω| |V1, V2 voltage channels ranges||0.045 .. 45 Vp in 13 ranges ac or dc coupled, single ended| |Voltage channels input impedance||< 1MΩ | 20 pF| |V2 / V1 voltage ratio||3.10-4 *| |Phase angle (φ):|| |V2 / V1 voltage ratio||3.10-5| |Phase angle (φ):|| * For details refer to specification charts

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Córas tomhais díleictreach/iompéadansa modúlach Alpha-A Is é príomhfhriotail Alpha-A an príomhaonad de chóras tomhais mhodúlach Alpha-A le haghaidh tomhais i réimse na minicíochtaí leictreacha. I gcás speictroscóp díleictreach, seoltachta agus impedance, ní mór an príomhchruthú a oibriú i gcomhar le comhéadan tástála amháin nó níos mó. Tá anailíséir freagartha frequency response leis an ngréasán sine wave agus dc-bias agus dhá chainéal ionchuir voltais ac. Ina theannta sin, tá na soláthairtí cumhachta, na línte rialaithe analóige agus digiteacha agus an firmware chun na comhéadan tástála a oibriú sa phríomhchláir. Tar éis dó a bheith i gcumhacht, déanann an príomhchruthú brabhsálaí an comhéadan tástála ceangailte a bhrath go huathoibríoch agus feidhmíocht an chórais a choigeartú dó. Déantar gach feidhm chórais an phríomhchláir agus na comhéadan tástála ceangailte a rialú ag an gcalafort comhéadan IEEE488 GPIB den phríomhchláir trí orduithe GPIB ardleibhéil trí ríomhaire óstach seachtrach mar a léirítear thíos. Gan comhéadan tástála, is féidir leis an bpríomhchláir freagra minicíochta dhá chainéil nó tomhais chéim ghéarchéime a dhéanamh. Cineálacha príomhchláir Alpha-A Tá na cineálacha príomhchláir seo a leanas le raonta minicíochta éagsúla ar fáil. Tá an t-amhrán alfa ag teacht le cineál an chóda. Uas-tairseach minicíochta 40 MHz Uaschríomhanna minicíochta 20 MHz Uaschríomhanna minicíochta 3 MHz Uaschríomhanna minicíochta 0.3 MHz Má oibrítear é i gcomhar le comhéadan tástála, féadfar an raon minicíochta atá ar fáil a laghdú leis an raon minicíochta idirlín tástála. Tá tomhais Impedance suas le 40 MHz (ag baint úsáide as an Alpha-AT) faoi láthair ag tacú leis an ceall samplach gníomhach Alpha ZGS agus leis an gcomhéadan tástála cuspóir ginearálta ZG2 agus ZG4. Is é an t-eagraíocht is mó atá ag an gcineál seo de na heagraíochtaí is mó atá ag an gcineál seo de na heagraíochtaí is mó atá ag an gcineál seo de na heagraíochtaí is mó atá ag an gcineál seo de na heagraíochtaí is mó atá ag an gcineál seo de na heagraíochtaí is mó atá ag an gcineál seo de na heagraíochtaí is mó atá ag an gcineál seo de na heagraíochtaí is mó. DC bias ±40V, 70mA luas méadaithe ard. Tacaíocht a thabhairt do rátaí tomhais suas le 157 impedance nó 210 pointí sonraí céim a fháil in aghaidh an tsoicind trí phort GPIB chun monatóireacht ar líne a dhéanamh ar phróisis athraitheach luath-ama. - Is é an cineál príomhchláir a mholtar leis an cóimheas feidhmíochta / praghas is fearr an Alpha-ANB (20 MHz le claonadh dc). - Gan an rogha B um claonadh dc, ní bheidh feidhmeanna claonadh dc na n-idirchomharthaí tástála go léir ach amháin POT/GAL 15V10A agus POT/GAL 30V2A ar fáil freisin. Sonraíocht ghearr Alpha-A Rev. C príomhfhriotail (2017) Raon minicíochta: ♬Ionad minicíochta: ♬♬ 10 ppm, 32 bit réiteach ♬ │Display: Idirlíní: Ceangail idirlín tástála fo-D DP25 ☐ Táirgeadh, nasc ionchuir: Oibriú fáis a fháil ar bhonn aonair Is é an comhartha AC amach a bhí 45 μV .. 1.36 Vrms a bhí DC Bias amach Cad atá ar fáil ach amháin i gcomhar le comhéadan tástála Cad atá ar fáil Impéideacht aschuir gléasóir comhartha V1, V2 cainéil voltas raon cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad cad Cánail voltas ionchur impedance ≤ 1MΩ ≤ 20 pF V2 / V1 cóimheas voltas 3.10-4 * Conair chéim (φ): Tá an cóimheas voltas V2 / V1 3.10-5 Conair chéim (φ): * Le haghaidh mionsonraí féach ar chairteacha sonraíochta

Our goal here is to unpack the notion of faith so as to overcome confusions in modern thinking on the topic. Lacking a good understanding of the notion actively prevents many people, both Christian and non-Christian, from understanding Scripture. In this post, we will begin an account of faith and give examples from Scripture and everyday life where applicable. Faith involves thinking Sometimes, especially in Christian circles, you’ll here that faith is “trust.” This is a good start insofar as (1) our thinking about trust is less confused than our thinking about faith, and (2) it highlights the fact that faith can be both in a person as well as a fact. But it’s just a start, for to give a synonym is not to give an analysis. Others, who are less charitable to religion, would have us believe that faith is “belief in spite of or contrary to the evidence.” Indeed, this is how Richard Dawkins defines it in his book The God Delusion and how Peter Boghossian defines it in his book A Manual for Creating Atheists. In the TV series Bones, the protagonist defines faith as “irrational belief in a logical impossibility.” Similarly, Bill O’Reilly once gave the advice to “base your opinions on faith when it comes to religious matters, and facts when it comes to secular matters.” None of this, however, captures how Scripture uses the term or how we tend to use it when we don’t have some theological ax to grind. But it’s difficult to be completely wrong about something, and this “analysis” is no exception. While it’s wrong to say that faith need be contrary to evidence, it does seem that once we achieve “the certitude of sight” we cease to have faith. This leads us to the realization that faith involves thinking, by which we mean a confidence in something that does not reach complete certitude. Thinking something to be true is to think it more likely true than its negation. Most or all of life involves thinking in this sense of the word. And this fits well with Hebrews 11:1 which says that “faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen.” Aquinas gives the following definition of thinking: [Thinking] is more strictly taken for that consideration of the intellect, which is accompanied by some kind of inquiry, and which precedes the intellect’s arrival at the stage of perfection that comes with the certitude of sight. (ST II-II Q2 A1 corp) Thinking well involves matching ones confidence in something in accordance with what the evidence allows. To be more confident than what the evidence allows is overconfidence, and to be less confident is to be unduly skeptical. Faith is thinking with assent But faith must be more than mere thinking. I don’t mean by this that faith involves overconfidence, but rather that faith has an extra dimension to it. I do not have faith in someone if I think they’re dangerous or evil. This is because faith is made up of both thinking and desiring. But it is not enough that the thing thought and the thing desired merely coincide with one another: if I think a chair is tall and desire the blueness of the chair, for instance, I do not thereby have faith in the chair. Rather, for faith to occur we need the thinking and the desiring to be essentially linked in a single act. In other words, faith occurs when our thinking and desiring are about the same thing, as when I want a sturdy chair and think this chair is sturdy. We say, then, that faith is thinking with assent. Assent is a bit of a tricky word. It picks out the “mood” of the thinking, which in this context just means that the content of the thinking involves something desirable or wanted. And since we desire all and only what seems good to us, we might equally say that the thinking involves something that seems good to us. Let’s consider some examples from everyday life. We have faith in a chair insofar as we think it will hold us up and we desire it to do so. We have faith in our spouse insofar as we think they will not cheat on us and desire that they do not do so. We have faith in someone’s word insofar as we think they will be true to it and desire them to be so. In the Chronicles of Narnia, the children had faith in Aslan insofar as they thought him powerful and saw this as a good thing. It might be informative to compare faith to its contraries. Since faith has two elements, we have two axes to explore. On the axis of thought, we have thinking, uncertainty, and doubt. Thinking is as we defined above, uncertainty is being unsure either way, and doubt is thinking something is not the case. On the axis of desire, we have assent, quiescence, and dissent. Assent involves desiring, quiescence is indifference with respect to desire, and dissent is desiring something not be the case. Dread, then, is thinking with dissent: we dread something we think will happen but don’t want to happen. Wishful thinking is a term used for doubting with assent or uncertainty with assent: when we want something we don’t think will happen, we have wishful thinking. Commonly hope is also used this way, but I don’t think this the primary sense of the word (more on that below). Fear is uncertainty with dissent: when something we take to be bad might or might not happen we fear it. Doubting with dissent is the other side of faith: you have faith in A then you doubt with dissent that not-A. Unfortunately, we do not have a word for this in English, so we’ll just a question mark in its place. |quiescence||mere doubt||mere uncertainty||mere thinking| |assent||wishful thinking||wishful thinking||faith| When you know someone is powerful, but are unsure whether they are good, you fear them. When you don’t study for an exam but want to have done well, that’s wishful thinking. An example of two of these working out in Scripture comes in the calming of the storm: On that day, when evening had come, he said to them, “Let us go across to the other side.” And leaving the crowd, they took him with them in the boat, just as he was. And other boats were with him. And a great windstorm arose, and the waves were breaking into the boat, so that the boat was already filling. But he was in the stern, asleep on the cushion. And they woke him and said to him, “Teacher, do you not care that we are perishing?” And he awoke and rebuked the wind and said to the sea, “Peace! Be still!” And the wind ceased, and there was a great calm. He said to them, “Why are you so afraid? Have you still no faith?” And they were filled with great fear and said to one another, “Who then is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him?” (Mark 4:35-41) After seeing Jesus’ power, the disciples fail to have faith in him and instead fear him. They can see that he is powerful, but they are uncertain whether he is good powerful or bad powerful. This is ultimately rooted in their failure to understand what it means to be the Christ in its entirety. Compare this with the father’s response to Jesus later in the gospel: Jesus asked the boy’s father, “How long has he been like this?” “From childhood,” he answered. “It has often thrown him into fire or water to kill him. But if you can do anything, take pity on us and help us.” “‘If you can’?” said Jesus. “Everything is possible for one who believes.” Immediately the boy’s father exclaimed, “I do believe; help me overcome my unbelief!” (Mark 9:21-24) Here the father thinks Jesus is good but doubts his power. His problem isn’t fear, but wishful thinking. Faith and hope So much for faith, what about hope? We can have faith in things, facts, and outcomes, but when Scripture talks about faith in a future outcome it calls it hope. “Expectation” is thinking that a future outcome will occur, and so hope is expectation with assent. In other words, hope is looking forward to an outcome we see as good or desirable. Does faith come before hope, or does hope come before faith? It turns out the question is misplaced: neither comes first, but both can reinforce the other. Faith and hope are in the same thing (that is, they have the same object); the difference between them arises in us when we consider our relation to that thing in different ways. Take the example of the chair again. I have faith in the chair’s ability to hold me up, and I have hope that in a few seconds it will hold me up when I sit down on it. The object of my faith and my hope here are the same: the chair’s strength. The difference between faith and hope lies is in how I consider this object: either in itself (faith) or in its future outworking (hope). The upshot of all of this is that in addition to the faith and hope there is some third thing — the object — and strictly speaking neither faith nor hope comes first, but both flow from this object. Nevertheless, it sometimes happens that we first place our faith or hope in something, and only later realize that the other follows from this. Because of this, there is a sense in which either can follow from the other, so that the two can mutually reinforce one another. The close interplay between faith and hope is visible in Abraham’s story in Genesis. In chapters 12-17 God repeatedly promises Abraham that he will have many descendants who will be in right relationship with God, and who will be a blessing to the nations of the world. Then in chapter 21, Isaac is born and God promises that “through Isaac shall your offspring be named.” Then in chapter 22 God tells Abraham to sacrifice Isaac. Have you ever wondered why Abraham is praised for his actions here? It’s not because it’s good to kill children, or because God can somehow make murder good. Rather, as Eleonore Stump explains, it’s because Abraham has faith in God and hope in his promises to make Isaac a great nation even if he killed Isaac. Abraham obviously didn’t know how God would do that, but he’d been shown in the past that God was powerful and able to work beyond the limitations of humans. What he was doing here was holding on to God’s power and goodness: No unbelief made him waver concerning the promise of God, but he grew strong in his faith as he gave glory to God, fully convinced that God was able to do what he had promised. That is why his faith was “counted to him as righteousness.” (Romans 4:20-22) We see hope and faith reinforcing each other throughout Abraham’s interactions with God. Initially, the promise is given, which leads to hope which in turn leads to faith, and God repeats the promises a few times. But God also shows himself as someone capable of doing more than what Abraham could have physically imagined, which reinforces Abraham’s faith in him, resulting in more hope. We’ve briefly discussed faith and hope quite generally, and used some passages from Scripture for illustrative examples. Later, in a follow up to our earlier post on grace, we will spell out the object of Christian faith in detail.

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Is é ár gcuspóir anseo an coincheap creideamh a phéinteáil ionas go rachaidh muid thar na mearbhall atá i smaointeoireacht nua-aimseartha ar an ábhar. Ní chuireann easpa tuiscint mhaith ar an gcoincheap bac go gníomhach ar go leor daoine, Críostaithe agus neamh-Críostaithe araon, na hEagraíochtaí a thuiscint. Sa phost seo, beimid ag tosú ar thuairisc ar chreideamh agus samplaí a thabhairt ó na Scríbhinní agus ó shaol laethúil nuair is infheidhme. Baineann creideamh le smaointeoireacht Uaireanta, go háirithe i gcearclanna Críostaí, beidh tú anseo go bhfuil creideamh muinín. Is tús maith é seo a mhéid (1) go bhfuil ár smaointeoireacht faoi muinín níos lú mearbhall ná ár smaointeoireacht faoi chreideamh, agus (2) go gcuireann sé béim ar an bhfíric gur féidir creideamh a bheith i duine chomh maith le fíric. Ach ní hamháin tús é, mar ní gá anailís a thabhairt ar a chéilefhocal. Ba mhaith le daoine eile, nach bhfuil chomh carthanach leis an reiligiún, go gcreideann muid gur creideamh é in ainneoin nó in aghaidh na fianaise. Go deimhin, is é seo an chaoi a ndéanann Richard Dawkins é a shainiú ina leabhar The God Delusion agus an chaoi a ndéanann Peter Boghossian é a shainiú ina leabhar A Manual for Creating Atheists. Sa tsraith teilifíse Bones, sainmhíníonn an príomhcharachtar creideamh mar creideamh neamhréasúnach i ndícheart loighciúil. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, thug Bill OReilly an chomhairle uair amháin do thuairimí a bhunú ar chreideamh nuair a thagann sé le hábhair reiligiúnacha, agus fíricí nuair a thagann sé le hábhair laigí. Ní thugann aon cheann de seo, áfach, a thuiscint conas a úsáideann an Scrioptúr an téarma nó conas a bhíonn claonadh againn é a úsáid nuair nach bhfuil aon fhórsa teolaíoch againn le meilt. Ach tá sé deacair a bheith mícheart go hiomlán faoi rud éigin, agus níl an "anailís" seo ar eisceacht. Cé go bhfuil sé mícheart a rá go gcaithfidh creideamh a bheith contrártha don fhianaise, is cosúil nach bhfuil creideamh againn nuair a shroichimid an cinnteacht a bhaineann le radharc. Tugann sé seo le tuiscint dúinn go n-áirítear smaointeoireacht i gcreideamh, rud a chiallaíonn go bhfuil muinín againn i rud nach bhfuil cinnte go hiomlán. Is é smaoineamh go bhfuil rud éigin fíor ná smaoineamh go bhfuil sé níos dóchúla fíor ná a dhiúltú. Baineann an chuid is mó den saol nó an saol ar fad le smaoineamh sa chiall seo den fhocal. Agus comhoiriúnach é seo go maith le Eabhrais 11:1 a deir go bhfuil creideamh ina chinntiú ar na rudaí a bhfuil súil leo, ina chreidiúint ar na rudaí nach bhfeictear. Tugann Aquinas an sainmhíniú seo a leanas ar smaointeoireacht: [Tá ag smaoineamh] níos déine le haghaidh an mheas ar an intleacht, a bhfuil ag gabháil le cineál éigin fiosrúcháin, agus a théann roimh an intleacht ar an gcéim na foirfeachta a thagann leis an cinnteacht na radharc. (ST II-II Q2 A1 corp) Baineann sé le smaoineamh go maith go bhfuil muinín ag duine i rud éigin de réir na fianaise a cheadaíonn. Is ró-mhuiníneach a bheith níos muiníneach ná mar a cheadaíonn an fhianaise, agus is é a bheith níos lú muiníneach a bheith amhrasach go míchuí. Creideamh ag smaoineamh le toiliú Ach ní mór go mbeadh creideamh níos mó ná smaoineamh amháin. Ní chiallaíonn mé leis seo go bhfuil iomarca muiníne i gceist le creideamh, ach go bhfuil gné bhreise ag creideamh leis. Ní chreidim i ndaoine má cheapann mé go bhfuil siad contúirteach nó olc. Tá sé seo toisc go bhfuil creideamh comhdhéanta de smaointeoireacht agus de mhianta araon. Ach ní leor go bhfuil an rud a cheapadh agus an rud a theastaíonn ach a chomhtháthú le chéile: má cheapann mé go bhfuil cathaoirleach ard agus mian an blueness an chathaoirleach, mar shampla, ní féidir liom dá bhrí sin a bheith creideamh sa chathaoirleach. Ina áit sin, chun go dtarlódh creideamh ní mór dúinn an smaoineamh agus an mian a bheith nasctha go bunúsach i ngníomh amháin. I bhfocail eile, tarlaíonn creideamh nuair a bhíonn ár smaointeoireacht agus ár n-iarrachtaí mar an gcéanna, mar nuair a theastaíonn cathaoir láidir uaim agus is dóigh liom go bhfuil an cathaoir seo láidir. Deirimid, ansin, go bhfuil creideamh ag smaoineamh le toiliú. Is é an aontacht beagán de focal tricky. Roghnaíonn sé an "suim" den smaointeoireacht, rud a chiallaíonn sa chomhthéacs seo go bhfuil ábhar na smaointeoireachta i gceist le rud éigin inmhianaithe nó ag teastáil. Agus ós rud é go bhfuil gach rud agus ní amháin an rud a bhfuil an chuma mhaith orainn ag teastáil uainn, d'fhéadfaimis a rá go bhfuil an smaoineamh i gceist le rud a bhfuil an chuma mhaith againn air. Déanaimis roinnt samplaí ó shaol laethúil a mheas. Tá muinín againn i cathaoirleach chomh fada agus is dóigh linn go mbeidh sé a shealbhú dúinn suas agus is mian linn go ndéanfaidh sé amhlaidh. Tá muinín againn inár gcomhpháirtí sa mhéid is go gceapann muid nach ndéanfaidh siad cion orainn agus go dteastaíonn uathu nach ndéanfaidh siad. Tá creideamh againn i bhfocal duine a mhéid is go gceapann muid go mbeidh siad dílis dó agus gur mian linn go mbeidh siad amhlaidh. I gCróncaí Narnia, bhí creideamh ag na páistí i Aslan sa mhéid is go raibh sé cumhachtach acu agus go bhfaca siad é seo mar rud maith. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith eolaíoch chun comparáid a dhéanamh creideamh lena contrárthaí. Ós rud é go bhfuil dhá ghné ag creideamh, tá dhá eireaball againn le scrúdú a dhéanamh. Ar an ais smaointeoireachta, tá smaointeoireacht, éiginnteacht, agus amhras againn. Is é an smaoineamh mar a shainmhínigh muid thuas, tá éiginnteacht gan a bheith cinnte ar aon bhealach, agus tá amhras ag smaoineamh nach bhfuil rud éigin mar atá. Ar an ais de mian, tá muid aontacht, quiescence, agus diúltú. Baineann aontacht le mian, is é an quiescence neamhchiontach maidir le mian, agus is é an diúltú mian le rud éigin nach bhfuil mar atá. Is é an eagla, ansin, smaoineamh le diúltú: is eagal dúinn rud a cheapann muid a tharlóidh ach nach mian linn a tharlóidh. Is téarma é smaointeoireacht mhianta a úsáidtear chun amhras a bheith ann le haontú nó éiginnteacht le haontú: nuair a theastaíonn uainn rud nach gceapann muid a tharlóidh, tá smaointeoireacht mhianta againn. Úsáidtear dóchas go coitianta ar an mbealach seo freisin, ach ní dóigh liom gurb é seo príomh-mhíniú an fhocail (níos mó faoi sin thíos). Is é an eagla éiginnteacht le diúltú: nuair a ghlacann muid go bhféadfadh rud éigin a bheith olc nó nach bhféadfadh sé tarlú, bíonn eagla orainn. Is é an amhras le diúltú an taobh eile den chreideamh: tá creideamh agat i A ansin tá amhras agat le diúltú nach A-é. Ar an drochuair, níl focal againn don rud seo i mBéarla, mar sin ní bheidh againn ach marc ceist ina áit. "Tá mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis a bhfuil mé ag smaoineamh ar an gcúis". ♬assent ♬diddiddid ♬wishful thinking ♬diddid ♬wishful thinking ♬diddiddid ♬faith ♬ Nuair a fhios agat go bhfuil duine cumhachtach, ach nach bhfuil tú cinnte an bhfuil siad maith, tá eagla ort. Nuair nach bhfuil tú ag staidéar le haghaidh scrúduithe ach ag iarraidh go ndearna tú go maith, is é sin smaoineamh uaillmhianach. Tá sampla de dhá cheann de na cinn seo ag obair sa Scríbhinn ag teacht i socair na stoirme: Agus an lá sin, nuair a bhí an tráthnóna, dúirt sé leo: "Téighimis thar an taobh eile". Agus nuair a d'fhág siad an slua, thóg siad é sa bhád mar a bhí sé. Agus bhí báid eile leis. Agus tháinig gaoth mór, agus bhí na tonnta ag briseadh isteach sa bhád, agus bhí an bhád ag dul a líonadh. Ach bhí sé sa chúl, codlata ar an gcusán. Agus dhúisigh siad é agus dúirt leo: "Múinteoir, nach bhfuil cúram ort go bhfuilimid ag fáil bháis?" D'éirigh sé agus chuir sé an gaoth i gcoinne agus dúirt leis an bhfarraige: "Tigh go ciúin". Bíodh tú go ciúin! Agus d'fhág an ghaoth, agus bhí suaimhneas mór ann. Agus a dubhairt sé riu, Cén fáth a bhfuil bhur gcroíthe chomh eagla? An bhfuil aon chreideamh agaibh fós? Agus bhí eagla mór orthu agus dúirt siad lena chéile: Cé hé seo, go n-éisteann fiú an gaoth agus an fharraige leis? (Marc 4:35-41) Tar éis dóibh cumhacht Íosa a fheiceáil, ní chreideann na deisceabail ann agus is eagla orthu é. Is féidir leo a fheiceáil go bhfuil sé cumhachtach, ach níl siad cinnte an bhfuil sé cumhachtach maith nó olc. Tá sé seo i gcroílár a bheith acu i ndeireadh na dála go bhfuil siad ag iarraidh a thuiscint cad a chiallaíonn sé a bheith ar an Críost ina iomláine. Déan comparáid idir seo agus freagra an athar ar Íosa níos déanaí sa soiscéal: Agus d'fhiafraigh sé de athair an buachaill, "Cad é an fad ó tharla sé seo dó?" "Ó's óige", ar seisean. Agus is minic a chaith sé isteach sa tine nó san uisce é chun é a mharú. Ach má tá tú in ann rud ar bith a dhéanamh, bíodh trócaire ort orainn agus cuidiú linn. "Má is féidir leat?" a dúirt Íosa. Is féidir gach rud a dhéanamh dó a chreideann. Agus do ghlaoigh athair an buachaill láithreach, agus a dubhairt, Creidim, agus cuidich mo dhionghras. Sa chás seo, measa an t-athair go bhfuil Íosa maith ach go bhfuil amhras aige faoina chumhacht. Ní eagla a fhadhb, ach smaoineamh uaillmhianach. Creideamh agus dóchas Go leor mar sin de chreideamh, cad faoi dóchas? Is féidir linn a bheith ag creideamh i rudaí, fíricí, agus torthaí, ach nuair a labhraíonn an Scrioptúr faoi chreideamh i dtorthaí sa todhchaí glaonn sé dóchas air. Is é an "feitheamh" smaoineamh go dtarlóidh toradh sa todhchaí, agus mar sin is ionchas é an dóchas le toiliú. I bhfocail eile, is é an dóchas go bhfuil súil againn le toradh a fheicimid mar rud maith nó inmhianaithe. An dtagann creideamh roimh dóchas, nó an dtagann dóchas roimh chreideamh? Is léir go bhfuil an cheist mí-áitithe: ní thagann aon cheann acu ar dtús, ach is féidir leis an dá cheann an ceann eile a threisiú. Tá creideamh agus dóchas sa rud céanna (is é sin, tá an rud céanna acu); tagann an difríocht eatarthu inár measc nuair a mheasann muid ár gcaidreamh leis an rud sin ar bhealaí éagsúla. Tóg an sampla den chathaoir arís. Tá muinín agam sa cháil atá ag an gcathaoirleach mé a choinneáil suas, agus tá súil agam go mbeidh sé ag cur mé suas i gceann cúpla soicind nuair a shuífidh mé air. Is é an rud céanna a bhfuil mo chreideamh agus mo dóchas ann: neart an chathaoirleach. Tá an difríocht idir creideamh agus dóchas i gcaoi a bhféachann mé ar an réad seo: nó ann féin (creideamh) nó ina shaothar amach anseo (dóchas). Is é an toradh ar fad seo ná go bhfuil, i dteannta an chreidimh agus an dóchais, an tríú rud éigin an rud agus go díreach gan creideamh ná dóchas a thagann ar dtús, ach go dtagann an dá rud ón rud seo. Mar sin féin, tharlaíonn sé uaireanta go gcuirimid ár gcreideamh nó ár dóchas ar dtús i rud éigin, agus ní thuigeann muid ach níos déanaí go leanann an ceann eile as seo. Mar gheall air seo, tá tuiscint ann gur féidir le ceann acu a leanúint ón gceann eile, ionas gur féidir leis an dá cheann a chéile a dhaingniú. Tá an t-idirghníomhaíocht dlúth idir creideamh agus dóchas le feiceáil i scéal Abraham i Genesis. I gcaibidil 12-17 geallaíonn Dia go minic do Abraham go mbeidh go leor sliocht aige a bheidh i gcaidreamh ceart leis an Dia, agus a bheidh ina bheannacht do náisiúin an domhain. Ansin, sa chaibidil 21, rugadh Isaac agus gealladh Dia go thré Isaac beidh do sliocht ainmnithe. Ansin, sa chaibidil 22 insíonn Dia do Abraham Isaac a íobairt. An ndearna tú smaoineamh riamh cén fáth a bhfuil moladh á tabhairt do Abraham as a chuid gníomhartha anseo? Ní toisc go bhfuil sé go maith chun leanaí a mharú, nó toisc go bhfuil Dia ar bhealach éigin a dhéanamh dúnmharaithe maith. Ina áit sin, mar a mhíníonn Eleonore Stump, is toisc go bhfuil creideamh ag Abraham i nDia agus dóchas aige ina ghealltanas Isaac a dhéanamh ina náisiún mór fiú má mharaíonn sé Isaac. Is léir nach raibh a fhios ag Abraham conas a dhéanfadh Dia é sin, ach bhí sé léirithe aige san am atá caite go raibh Dia cumhachtach agus in ann oibriú thar theorainneacha na ndaoine. Cad a bhí sé ag déanamh anseo a bhí ag gabháil le cumhacht Dé agus dea-: Ní raibh aon amhras aige faoi ghealltanas Dé, ach d'fhás sé láidir sa chreideamh agus thug sé glóir do Dhia agus bhí sé cinnte go raibh sé cumhachtach an méid a gheall sé a dhéanamh. (Eabhraicicicis 1:18) Feicimid dóchas agus creideamh ag cur lena chéile le linn idirghníomhaíochtaí Abraham le Dia. Ar dtús, tugtar an gealladh, rud a fhágann go bhfuil dóchas ann agus a fhágann go bhfuil creideamh ann, agus déanann Dia na gealltanais a athdhéanamh cúpla uair. Ach léiríonn Dia freisin go bhfuil sé in ann níos mó a dhéanamh ná mar a shamhlaigh Abrahám go fisiciúil, rud a threisíonn creideamh Abrahám ann, rud a fhágann go bhfuil dóchas níos mó aige. Rinneamar plé gairid ar chreideamh agus ar dóchas go ginearálta, agus d'úsáid muid roinnt pasanna ó na hEagraíochtaí mar shamplaí léargas. Níos déanaí, i leanúnachas dár bpost roimhe seo ar ghrásta, déanaimid cuspóir an chreidimh Chríostaí a mhíniú go mion.

General Description: The lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is a small green-skinned citrus fruit that is used for its acidic green juice. Closely related to lemons, limes are native to Southeast Asia. They made their way to the eastern Mediterranean with the Arabs, and then on to the western Mediterranean with returning Crusaders. Columbus introduced citrus fruits to the West Indies on his second voyage, and limes quickly spread. In the 18th century, citrus juice was discovered to prevent scurvy, a disease that had devastated the British navy. Britain imported limes cheaply from its colony of Jamaica, and they were the citrus of choice for sailors, who became known as “limeys.” The dominant lime in the world, called a Key lime by Americans, grows on thorny trees that are sensitive to cold weather. They are approximately 2 inches in diameter with a thin yellow-green rind prone to splotchy brown spots. They are aromatic and very juicy, with a strong and complex acidic flavor. Their flesh is greenish yellow and full of seeds; their juice content is high (well over 40 percent). The most common lime in the U.S., the “lime green” Persian lime, is probably a hybrid of the Key lime and the citron. Botanists believe this variety was introduced to the Mediterranean area via Persia (now Iran). It was carried to Brazil by Portuguese traders and eventually made it to California in the latter half of the 1800s via Australia and Tahiti. The Persian lime, almost always seedless, is shaped like a lemon, and is larger than a Key lime, with thicker rind and juicy, pale green pulp. Persian limes are deliberately picked slightly immature so they will be green. Both Persian and Key limes have a higher sugar and citric acid content than lemons, and Key limes are more acidic than Persian. The sweet lime is thought to be another hybrid. It has somewhat lower sugar content than the other limes but almost no acidity. A juicy fruit, it is popular in the Middle East and India. Season: Persian limes are available year-round. Peak season for Key limes is June through August. Purchase: Look for brightly colored, smooth-skinned Persian limes that are heavy for their size. Small brown areas on the skin won’t affect the flavor. Choose Key limes with light yellow, fine-grained skin. Avoid: Persian limes that feel hard when squeezed will be full of dry pulp with little juice. Avoid Persian or Key limes with hard or shriveled skin. Avoid Key limes with signs of mold or blotchy, brown spots. Storage: Refrigerate uncut Persian limes in a plastic bag in the refrigerator for up to 10 days. Refrigerate Key limes in a plastic bag for up to 5 days. - Scrub with soap and water if using zest. - Cut with a knife into wedges or slices. If juicing, cut in half crosswise. Note: Never put squeezed lime shells in the garbage disposal, because they are too fibrous to grind. Serving Suggestions: Sprinkle lime juice on cut-up tropical fruits for a flavor accent and to prevent discoloration. Make a frozen Key lime pie in a ground cashew and coconut crust. Make classic margaritas with equal parts fresh-squeezed lime juice, triple sec, and tequila. Flavor Affinities: Banana, basil, cashews, chicken, chiles, cilantro, coconut, fish, jicama, lychee, mint, passion fruit, pineapple, pork, seafood, tequila, tomato. from Quirk Books: www.quirkbooks.com

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Tuairisc ghinearálta: Is torthaí citris beaga glas-scinn é an liomó (Citrus aurantifolia) a úsáidtear chun a shuaic ghlas aigéadach a fháil. Tá an limes, a bhfuil dlúthbhaint aige le liomáin, dúchasach i Oirdheisceart na hÁise. Rinne siad a mbealach go dtí an Mheánmhuir thoir leis na hArabaigh, agus ansin go dtí an Mheánmhuir thiar leis na Crusaders a d'fhill. Chuir Columbus torthaí citris isteach sna hIndiaí Thiar ar a dara turas, agus scaipeadh limes go tapa. Sa 18ú haois, fuarthas amach go raibh sú citris in ann scorbuigh a chosc, galar a bhí tar éis maracht a dhéanamh ar fharraige na Breataine. D'eascair na Breataine limes saor óna choilíneacht de Iamáice, agus ba iad na citris rogha do mharaigh, a tugadh limeys orthu. Fásann an líomach is mó ar domhan, ar a dtugtar líomach Key ag Meiriceánaigh, ar chrainn thorny atá íogair do thitim fuar. Tá siad thart ar 2 orlach ar trastomhas le craiceann tanaí buí-ghlas atá buailte le spotaí donn splotchy. Tá siad cumhra agus an-suimiúil, le blas aigéadach láidir agus casta. Tá a gcorp buí glas agus lán de shíolta; tá an méid sù a bhíonn iontu ard (go leor os cionn 40 faoin gcéad). Is dócha gurb é an líomóide is coitianta sna Stáit Aontaithe, an líomóide glas líomóide Phársa, hibrideach den líomóide Key agus an citron. Creideann na luibheolaithe gur tugadh an éagsúlacht seo isteach i limistéar na Meánmhara trí Pháras (an Iaráin anois). Thóg trádálaithe Portaingéile é go dtí an Bhrasaíl agus sa deireadh tháinig sé go California sa dara leath de na 1800í tríd an Astráil agus Tahiti. Tá an liathróid Pháirsianach, beagnach i gcónaí gan síolta, ar chruth cosúil le liathróid, agus tá sé níos mó ná liathróid Key, le craiceann níos tiubh agus pulp liath ghlas, súgach. Tá limes Peirsis roghnaithe go ciallmhar beagán neamhbheag ionas go mbeidh siad glas. Tá cion siúcra agus aigéad citreach níos airde ag limes Pháirceach agus Key ná limes, agus tá limes Príomh níos aigéadaí ná limes Pháirceach. Meastar go bhfuil an liomó milis ina hibrideach eile. Tá cion siúcra beagán níos ísle ann ná na limes eile ach níl aon aigéadacht ann. Tá an toradh socair, tá sé tóir air sa Mheánoirthear agus san India. Séasúr: Tá limes Peirsis ar fáil ar feadh na bliana. Is é an t-am is mó le haghaidh limes Key ó mhí an Mheithimh go Lúnasa. Ceannach: Féach ar limes Peirsis a bhfuil dath geal agus craiceann réidh acu agus atá trom dá mhéid. Ní dhéanfaidh limistéir bheaga donn ar an gcraiceann difear don bhlas. Roghnaigh limes Key le craiceann buí éadrom, gráinfhiú. Seachain: Beidh limes Peirsis a bhraitheann crua nuair a scriosadh lán de pholl tirim le beagán sú. Seachain limes Peirsis nó Key le craiceann crua nó shriuchta. Seachain limes Key le comharthaí múnla nó le spotaí donn, blaite. Stóráil: Coinnigh limes Peirsis gan ghearradh i boge plastaic sa chuisneoir ar feadh suas le 10 lá. Coinnigh limes Key i gcrioslann i málaí plaisteacha ar feadh suas le 5 lá. - Scrub le gallúnach agus uisce má tá tú ag baint úsáide as zest. - Gearr le scian i gclúdach nó i sliceanna. Má tá sé ag cur sù, gearr ar an leath trasnach. Nóta: Ná cuir cnámha líme squeezed i dtráchtáil dramhaíola, toisc go bhfuil siad ró-fhibrach le miondealú. Moltaí maidir leis an bhia a sheirbheáil: Spréach sú líomóide ar thorthaí trópaiceacha gearrta chun blas a chur ar an bhia agus chun athrú dath a chosc. Déan píosa liomóide Key reoite i cashew talún agus crúis cnó cócó. Déan margaritas clasaiceach le codanna comhionanna de shús liomóide úr-squeezed, triple sec, agus tequila. Affinities Flavour: Banana, basil, cashews, sicín, chiles, cilantro, cnó cócó, iasc, jicama, lychee, mint, torthaí paisean, ananas, muiceoil, bia mara, tequila, tomato. ó Leabhair Quirk: www.quirkbooks.com

Bronze neck-amphora (jar) with lid and bail handle An amphora is best described as a large Greek jar with two handles and a narrow neck. The images, designs, and inscriptions on the side of this piece are easy to point out. The vertical handles follow along the width of the amphora with a beading design along the length. They all attach to the shoulder of the vessel with a medallion in the form of a gorgon’s head. This vessel is “complete with two coiling snakes worked fully in the round.” (Mertens) More stylistic portions of this piece include a tongue pattern at the foot and the lip and stylized lotus buds on the rings of the vase. Most importantly the whole design of the piece gives signs of “organic growth” (Mertens), concerning placement, form, and functional aspects of the amphora as a whole. Moreover, this piece is inspired by mythological creatures such as griffins, and gorgon heads. This vessel is very rare due to the simple fact that it is made of bronze, while most amphorae are ceramic. The rarity also is because most bronze amphorae would be melted and reused for something else. If I were to find a work in Janson’s History of Art that I could supplement with the neck-amphora with a bail handle, I would say the Women at a fountain house (figure 5.26) would be the best one. This is mainly due to the simple fact that it is the same design layout, although it is a vase painting and ceramic. Most importantly, it would introduce a new element to the book. This element is the addition of a vessel in bronze form, something that the textbook does not contain. Still Image Item Type Metadata ,” accessed October 17, 2018, http://metsurvey.kenyoncip.org/items/show/19.

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Amphora muineál (gál) de bhrónsa le clúdach agus greim bail Is fearr cur síos ar amphora mar jar Gréagach mór le dhá láimhseáil agus muineál caol. Tá sé éasca na pictiúir, na dearaí agus na scríbhinní ar thaobh an phíosa seo a chur in iúl. Leanann na láimhseálacha ingearacha ar feadh leithead an amphora le dearadh beading ar feadh an fhad. Tá siad go léir ceangailte le ciseal an tsoithigh le meadán i bhfoirm ceann gorgon. Tá an t-earraí seo comhlánaithe le dhá nathair spoiléir a oibríodh go hiomlán sa bhabhta. (Mertens) Cuimsí níos stílisteacha den phíosa seo áirítear patrún teanga ag an gcosa agus an liopa agus buds lotus stilithe ar na fáinní den vase. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná go dtugann dearadh iomlán an phíosa comharthaí de fás orgánach (Mertens), maidir le háit, foirm, agus gnéithe feidhmiúla an amphora ina iomláine. Ina theannta sin, tá an píosa seo spreagtha ag créatúir miotaseolaíochta cosúil le griffins, agus cinn gorgon. Tá an t-earraí seo an-annamh mar gheall ar an bhfíric simplí go bhfuil sé déanta as bronc, agus tá an chuid is mó amphorae ceirmeacha. Tá an neamhchoitiantacht freisin toisc go mbeadh an chuid is mó amphorae bronsa leáite agus athúsáidte le haghaidh rud éigin eile. Dá mba rud é go bhfaighidh mé saothar i Stair Ealaíne Janson a d'fhéadfainn an amphora muineál le láimhseáil urrús a chomhlánú, ba mhaith liom a rá go mbeadh na Mná ag teach foinse (figiúr 5.26) ar an gceann is fearr. Tá sé seo de bharr go príomha go bhfuil sé ar an leagan amach dearaidh céanna, cé go bhfuil sé ina péinteáil vase agus ceirmeach. Is é an rud is tábhachtaí ná go gcuirfeadh sé gné nua isteach sa leabhar. Is é an ghné seo ná soitheach i bhfoirm bronsa a chur leis, rud nach bhfuil sa leabhar teagaisc. Saghas Ríomhphointe Íomhá Meta- sonraí , rochtain ar 17 Deireadh Fómhair, 2018, http://metsurvey.kenyoncip.org/items/show/19.

Dating from the 15th century, the large oak twin-figured roof bosses are decorative carvings from the beams of St Dionysius’ Church in Market Harborough. They depict six individuals including five angels and one monstrous figure representing the Devil. In 1953, the church’s old nave roof had to be replaced due to extensive damage from the death-watch beetle. These bosses were rescued in the process. There are seven in total: three are at Harborough Museum and the rest are in the care of Leicestershire County Council. One of the bosses is the only known depiction of an angel wearing a medieval woman’s headdress. From the figures’ clothing and hair styles, they most likely date from between 1470 and 1480. For more detailed information, see F.A. Greenhill’s Wood-Carvings from the Nave Roof of Market Harborough Parish Church, available on the ‘Market Harborough’ shelves of the Local Studies section. Church of St Dionysius The Church of St Dionysius, which is in the centre of Market Harborough, is visible from around much of the town, with its distinctive spire. It is possible to hear the ringing of the bells throughout the day, marking every quarter of an hour. Originally the church was built in the 13th century as a chapel to St Mary in Arden, a now-ruined church near Market Harborough railway station. This is why St Dionysius has no churchyard. It is an architecturally significant building in Market Harborough and is Grade I listed, partly due to its age. Significant features include a coat of Royal Arms from 1660 and in 1959 fragments of a medieval wall painting were found.

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Ón 15ú haois, is é na boscaí díon mór-fhigiúrtha géar-fhigiúrtha oighir ná carbaithe maisiúla ó bhrainsí Eaglais Naomh Dionysius i Market Harborough. Léiríonn siad sé dhuine lena n-áirítear cúig aingeal agus duine ollmhór a léiríonn an Diabhal. I 1953, b'éigean díon an eaglais a athsholáthar mar gheall ar damáiste forleathan ó na beithle faire báis. Rinneadh na bosses a shábháil sa phróiseas. Tá seacht n-earraí ann ar an iomlán: tá trí cinn i Músaem Harborough agus tá an chuid eile i gcúram Chomhairle Contae Leicestershire. Is é ceann de na bosses an t-aon léiriú ar eolas ar aingeal ag caitheamh ceanncheilt bean lár-aoise. Ó na figiúirí, na stíleanna éadaí agus gruaige, is dócha go bhfuil siad ó 1470 go 1480. Le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais, féach F.A. Greenhill's Wood-Carvings from the Nave Roof of Market Harborough Parish Church, ar fáil ar na seilfeanna Market Harborough den rannóg Staidéar Áitiúil. Eaglais Naomh Dionysius Tá Eaglais Naomh Dionysius, atá i lár Market Harborough, le feiceáil ó mhórchuid den bhaile, lena spire sainiúil. Is féidir cloisteáil na gclocha a chloisteáil i rith an lae, ag marcáil gach cairteal uair an chloig. Tógadh an séipéal ar dtús sa 13ú haois mar chaipéal do Naomh Muire in Arden, séipéal atá scriosta anois in aice le stáisiún iarnróid Market Harborough. Sin é an fáth nach bhfuil séipéal ag Naomh Dionysius. Is foirgneamh suntasach ailtireachta é i Market Harborough agus tá sé liostaithe Grád I, go páirteach mar gheall ar a aois. I measc na gnéithe suntasacha tá cóta de Arm Ríoga ó 1660 agus i 1959 fuarthas codanna de phictiúr balla meánaoiseach.

Human trafficking is akin to modern day slavery or having basic human rights and freedoms stripped away. So why would it be necessary to create a definition of human trafficking past this understanding? In order for traffickers to be convicted and brought to justice governments, lawyers, judges, and legislation all need some definitive standard to hold up against the accused. Without a standard, it creates too much wiggle room for either a trafficker to allude conviction or the wrongfully accused to be convicted. There are three parts that go into the definition of human trafficking. They are ACT, MEAN and PURPOSE. ACT is how someone brings another into a trafficking situation. MEANS is how they do it. PURPOSE is the exploitation method used. You can see how this breaks down in the list below. ACT of: Recruitment, Transportation, Transferring, Harboring, Receiving By MEANS of: Threat, Coercion, Abduction, Fraud, Deceit, Deception, Abuse of power For the PURPOSE of: Prostitution, Pornography, Violence/Sexual Exploitation, Forced Labor, Involuntary Servitude, Debt Bondage (with unfair wages), Slavery/Similar Practices There are important exceptions. If a child is involved consent is irrelevant because the act and purpose violate moral and legal standards nonetheless. With adults, if one of the means is involved, consent also becomes irrelevant because the means by which trafficking occurred proves their freedom and choice was removed by the trafficker. Creating the definition of human trafficking has assisted governments towards anti-trafficking legislation and convictions. In 2003 only 33 countries had legislation in place to convict traffickers. That tally rose to 158 countries in 2016. While it is clear many still go without punishment, the UN has published about 1 person convicted per 5 survivors. The world is banding together to end this modern day slavery. written by Natasha Komen

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Tá an trádáil daonna cosúil le sclábhaíocht nua-aimseartha nó cearta bunúsacha daonna agus saoirsí a bhaint. Mar sin cén fáth go mbeadh sé riachtanach sainmhíniú a chruthú ar thrádáil dhaoine thar an tuiscint seo? D'fhonn na hiondúirí a chiontú agus iad a thabhairt os comhair an cheartais, teastaíonn roinnt caighdeáin dheiridh ó rialtais, d'advokatanna, ó bhreithiúna agus ó reachtaíocht chun seasamh in aghaidh na gcúisithe. Gan caighdeán, cruthaíonn sé ró-shaoradh do thrádálaí chun ciontú a chur in iúl nó chun an duine a cúisítear go mícheart a bheith ciontach. Tá trí chuid ann a théann isteach i sainmhíniú an gháinneála daonna. Is iad ACT, MEAN agus PURPOSE. Is é ACT an chaoi a gcuireann duine duine eile i staid díolacháin. Is é MEANS an chaoi a ndéanann siad é. Is é an CUSP an modh saothrú a úsáidtear. Is féidir leat a fheiceáil conas a bhriseann sé seo síos sa liosta thíos. ACT de: earcaíocht, iompar, aistrithe, aistrithe, a fháil Trí: bagairt, éigeandáil, fuadach, calaois, mealladh, meabhrú, mí-úsáid cumhachta IARCHÁIR: Tráchtáil, pornagrafaíocht, foréigean/scaitheadh gnéis, saothar éigeantach, seirbhíseacht neamhthoil, saibhreas fiachais (le pá mícheart), sclábhaíocht/cleachtais den chineál céanna Tá eisceachtaí tábhachtacha ann. Má tá leanbh i gceist, níl aon chead ag baint leis toisc go sáróidh an gníomh agus an cuspóir caighdeáin mhóracha agus dlíthiúla. Le daoine fásta, má tá baint ag ceann de na modhanna, ní bhíonn toiliú ábhartha freisin toisc go léiríonn an modh a tharla an gáinneáil go raibh a saoirse agus a rogha curtha ar ceal ag an gcaipiteoir. Tá an sainmhíniú ar thrádáil dhaoine á chruthú chun cabhrú le rialtais maidir le reachtaíocht agus cionta frith-trádála. I 2003 ní raibh ach 33 tír le reachtaíocht chun daoine a thrádáil a chiontú. D'ardaigh an t-uimhir sin go 158 tír in 2016. Cé go bhfuil sé soiléir go bhfuil go leor fós gan pionós, d'fhoilsigh na Náisiúin Aontaithe thart ar dhuine amháin ciontach in aghaidh gach 5 maireachtála. Tá an domhan ag teacht le chéile chun deireadh a chur leis an sclábhaíocht nua-aimseartha seo. Scríobh Natasha Komen

Summer 2010 Intern Project- Kenechukwu Akametalu CHARACTERIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF InGaN-BASED SOLAR CELLS VS. SOLAR FLUX UC Santa Barbara Mentor: Matthew Laurent Faculty Advisor: Umesh Mishra Department: Electrical and Computer Engineering Due to the constant decline of fossil fuels, renewable sources of energy have gained much attention. Consequently, research into photovoltaic energy production has become an active field. With efficiencies as high as 40.7%, triple junction solar cells are currently the most efficient photovoltaic devices. The next step in increasing efficiency is to create devices with four or more junctions. Theoretically, going from four to eight junctions would increase the efficiency from 62% to 70.2%. These Multi-junction solar cells (MJSCs) would require a top junction with a band gap in the range of 2.48eV to 3.35eV. Currently, InGaN is the only direct band gap material that can meet this criterion. InGaN promises to be the missing piece in solar cell technology to achieve ultra-high efficiency. Although MJSCs are extremely efficient, due to cost they are not commercially favorable. One solution is to concentrate light onto the solar cells. It has been shown that InGaN-based devices perform better under concentrated illumination. If solar cell performance is enhanced then less material is required, thereby alleviating cost. In our research we explored how light concentration affected the performance of our InGaN devices. The ultimate goal is to use our data and better optimize InGaN-based solar cells for incorporation into MJSCs.

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Tionscadal Idirthréimhseach Samhraidh 2010 - Kenechukwu Akametalu Cáilíocht na gcealla gréine atá bunaithe ar InGaN VS. TÁIRTHEACH UC Santa Barbara Mentor: Matthew Laurent Comhairleoir Faculty: Umesh Mishra Roinn: Innealtóireacht Leictreach agus Ríomhaireachta Mar gheall ar laghdú leanúnach breoslaí iontaise, tá aird mhór tugtha ar fhoinsí in-athnuaite fuinnimh. Dá bhrí sin, tá taighde ar tháirgeadh fuinnimh fótavoltais ina réimse gníomhach. Le héifeachtúlachtaí chomh hard le 40.7%, is iad cealla gréine trí ghreim an t-earraí fothabhaltacha is éifeachtaí faoi láthair. Is é an chéad chéim eile chun éifeachtúlacht a mhéadú ná feistí a chruthú a bhfuil ceithre ghné nó níos mó acu. Go teoiriciúil, d'ardódh dul ó cheithre go hocht gcruinniú an éifeachtúlacht ó 62% go 70.2%. Ba cheart do na cill ghréasáin ghréasáin seo (MJSCanna) nasc barr a bheith acu le bearna banna i raon 2.48eV go 3.35eV. Faoi láthair, is é InGaN an t-aon ábhar bearna banda díreach is féidir leis an gcritéar seo a chomhlíonadh. Geallann InGaN a bheith mar an píosa atá ag teastáil i dteicneolaíocht chealla gréine chun éifeachtúlacht uathúil a bhaint amach. Cé go bhfuil MJSCanna an-éifeachtach, ní thaitníonn siad go tráchtálach mar gheall ar chostas. Is é an réiteach amháin ná solas a dhíriú ar na cealla gréine. Taispeánadh go n-oibríonn feistí atá bunaithe ar InGaN níos fearr faoi sholas tiubh. Má fheabhsaítear feidhmíocht na gcealla gréine, ní gá níos lú ábhar, rud a laghdaíonn an costas. Sa taighde a rinneamar rinneamar iniúchadh ar an tionchar a bhí ag tiúchan solais ar fheidhmíocht ár bhfeistí InGaN. Is é an sprioc deiridh ná ár sonraí a úsáid agus cealla gréine InGaN-bhunaithe a bharrfheabhsú níos fearr le cur isteach i MJSCanna.

Herbs & Nutrients for Glycaemic Control in Diabetes Diabetes affects about 3% of the UK population and its incidence is increasing rapidly in all age groups. Type 1 diabetes is increasing in children, and type 2 diabetes is increasing particularly in black and minority ethnic groups. People of South Asian, African, African-Caribbean, and Middle-Eastern descent are at greater risk of type 2 diabetes, compared with the white population, as are the obese, those who are inactive or have a family history of diabetes. Effectively controlled Type 2 diabetes can reduce the risk of heart disease by 44%, stroke by 46%, kidney disease by 33%, and eye disease by 33%. It could give people up to 10 years of additional life. Blood sugar control can be best achieved with diets that are restricted in sugar, artificial sweeteners and refined carbohydrates with increased intakes of soluble fibre, together with increased levels of physical activity. The preoccupation with fat over the last few decades is largely responsible for today’s obesity/diabetes crisis as people have substituted fat with sugar and refined carbohydrates. The average American now consumes 3 pounds of sugar a week. Together with the right dietary and activity strategy, the natural therapist has a number of tools to help control blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetics. In its trivalent form chromium is required for the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism. Deficiency is associated with impaired glucose tolerance which can be improved with supplementation. Its action is linked with glucose tolerance factor, and has been shown to increase the number of insulin receptors, to enhance receptor binding, and to potentiate insulin action. In one large trial following 833 diabetics for 10 months supplementing with chromium picolinate, investigators reported a decrease in fasting and postprandial glucose and a decrease in fatigue, excessive thirst and frequent urination. In another study of 180 people, 1mg of chromium picolinate a day for 2 months stabilised blood sugar. Biotin aids in the management of blood sugar by enhancing the effect of enzymes involved in processing glucose. There is limited evidence that high intakes of this vitamin can be therapeutically beneficial in diabetics and in rodent models of diabetes. One small study demonstrated a marked improvement in diabetic neuropathy after a few months on 5-10mg a day. Biotin “might have considerable potential for promoting vascular health and preventing or managing diabetes.” (Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(2):323-8) Coenzyme Q10 is believed to be able to improve glycaemic control through various mechanisms, including a decrease in oxidative stress. Two earlier randomised controlled trials using 100 to 200 mg of coenzyme Q10 in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes found no difference in glycaemic control and insulin requirement. A more recent randomised controlled trial of 74 patients using 200 mg per day for 12 weeks found modest improvements in measurements of glucose control. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Data from a number of studies and trials have shown that different conjugated linoleic acids (CLA's) may produce beneficial effects in many areas including insulin resistance. The mechanisms of action of CLAs are not fully clarified at present, because in vitro and in vivo studies are not always in agreement, and possibly because CLAs act in different ways and with different consequences when administered in the diet to different species. “It may now be feasible to target specific supplemental nutrients to each of the key dysfunctions which conspire to maintain hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: bioactive chromium for skeletal muscle insulin resistance, conjugated linoleic acid for adipocyte insulin resistance, high-dose biotin for excessive hepatic glucose output, and coenzyme Q10 for beta cell failure. The nutrients and food factors recommended here appear to be safe and well tolerated, and thus may have particular utility for diabetes prevention.” (Med Hypotheses 2000;54(3):483-7) Low levels of magnesium are common among diabetics. Deficiency can potentially cause states of insulin resistance. It is a cofactor in various enzyme pathways involved in glucose oxidation, and it modulates glucose transport across cell membranes. It may improve insulin sensitivity. Dosage 300-600mg/day. In animal models vanadium has been shown to facilitate glucose uptake and metabolism and to enhance insulin sensitivity. Human studies indicate it can greatly reduce the needs for insulin and hypoglycaemic medications. Dosage of vanadium sulphate is from 20mg/day. Assists in insulin manufacture, may protect receptor sites on cell membranes that allows entry of the hormone, and helps balance blood sugar. May need 90mg/day or more. Alpha Lipoic Acid A potent antioxidant and cofactor in many enzyme complexes, it may also play a role in glucose oxidation. One trial of 74 patients reported positive effects on glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity with 600-1,800mg/day for 4 weeks. Particularly useful for treating polyneuropathy. Glucose tolerance is improved with L-carnitine and diabetics eliminate much more L-carnitine than healthy people. Human trial data is very limited but one small short-term trial showed that intravenous administration can possibly affect insulin sensitivity and enhance glucose uptake and storage. Blood platelets of diabetics contain less vitamin E. Risk of acquiring diabetes is much greater among those with low levels of the vitamin. It improves sugar metabolism and supplementation can reduce the severity of diabetic complications. Of 6 controlled trials, 4 were positive for glucose control with doses ranging from 100mg to 1,600mg a day for 2 to 4 months. Elevated glycosylated haemoglobin is an indicator of diabetes-related harm. Vitamin B6 can reduce this indicator. It helps stabilise blood sugar, encourages cells to metabolise blood glucose and fights eye damage and vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. Dosage requirement is from 75mg/day. Calcium, Vitamin D & Vitamin C Calcium and vitamin D may help preserve insulin sensitivity by preventing secondary hyperparathyroidism. Vitamin C offers some protection against the effects of high blood sugar on the tissues and can also help control blood sugar levels in amounts over 2000mg/day. Coccinia Indica (ivy gourd) This plant grows in many parts of the Indian subcontinent and is used in Ayurveda. It appears to have insulin-mimetic properties. The only randomised controlled trial of this herb reported significant changes in glycaemic control following 6 weeks use among 32 patients with poorly controlled or untreated type 2 diabetes. Anther trial found the magnitude of change seen with the herb was similar to a conventional drug. Two other trials offer supporting evidence of a hypoglaecemic effect Reported mechanisms of action include decreased rate of carbohydrate absorption, increased glucose transport and uptake, increased glycogen storage and modulation of insulin secretion. Two trials incorporating 24 and 36 patients for 8 weeks reported decreases in fasting blood sugar and better glucose control. Three other short-term trials in healthy volunteers found decreases in postprandial glucose. May need up to 200mg/day. Another herb that grows in India and is used in Ayurveda. Animal studies have reported a glucose-lowering effect, regeneration of islets of Langerhans, and increases in serum insulin. Mechanism of action is unknown but a number of theories have been put forward. Little trial data is available but 47 patients with type 2 diabetes showed improved glycaemic control in combination with conventional treatment. May need 100mg 3 times a day. The dried sap of this plant is a traditional remedy for diabetes in the Arabian peninsula, although this form is also a laxative. Aloe gel may be a better tolerated choice. The gel contains glucomannan, a hydrosoluble fibre which may in part account for its hypoglycaemic effects. Research in diabetes is sparse but two trials reported improved fasting blood glucose after 6 weeks of drinking juice made from the gel. There are also case reports of individuals with decreases in fasting blood glucose and improved glucose control. This vegetable, also known as balsam pear, karela and bitter melon, is found in tropical areas of the world. Its active components include an insulin-like protein similar to bovine insulin. Theoretical mechanisms include increased insulin secretion, tissue glucose uptake, liver muscle glycogen synthesis, glucose oxidation and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis. Animal studies suggest hypoglycaemic effects. Human studies are limited but report acute effects on blood glucose in the short term and positive effects on glycaemic control after longer term use. Also known as prickly pear cactus, it is commonly used for glucose control by people of Mexican descent. It has a highly soluble fibre and pectin content which may affect intestinal glucose uptake, partially accounting for its hypoglycaemic actions. Human studies reported improvements in patients with type 2 diabetes with decreased fasting glucose and decreased insulin levels, suggesting enhanced insulin sensitivity. Animal experiments have shown moderate reductions in blood glucose and one high quality randomised controlled trial found significant decreases in fasting serum glucose. Another trial did not find consistent glucose or insulin responses. Other herbs used for glycaemic control include holy basil, fenugreek, fig leaf, milk thistle and cinnamon. One researcher concludes: “Nutraceuticals featuring meaningful doses of combinations of these agents would likely have substantial diabetes-preventive efficacy, and presumably could be marketed legally as aids to good glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.” Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(1):151-8 This article was first published in Enzyme Digest No 72 2006 Any health and medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a health care professional.

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Gráinneacha & cothaithigh le haghaidh Rialú Glycaemic i Diaibéiteas Bíonn tionchar ag diaibéiteas ar thart ar 3% de dhaonra na Ríochta Aontaithe agus tá a thráthúlacht ag méadú go tapa i ngach aoisghrúpa. Tá méadú ag teacht ar an diaibéiteas cineál 1 i measc leanaí, agus tá méadú ag teacht ar diaibéiteas cineál 2 go háirithe i measc daoine dubh agus i measc grúpaí mionlaigh eitneacha. Tá daoine de shliocht na hÁise Theas, na hAfraice, na hAfraice-Caribbean, agus an Mheánoirthear i mbaol níos mó de chineál 2 diaibéiteas, i gcomparáid leis an daonra bán, mar atá na daoine saill, iad siúd nach bhfuil gníomhach nó a bhfuil stair teaghlaigh diaibéiteas acu. Is féidir le diaibéiteas Cineál 2 a rialaítear go héifeachtach an baol galar croí a laghdú 44%, stróc 46%, galar duáin 33%, agus galar súl 33%. D'fhéadfadh sé suas le 10 bliain de shaol breise a thabhairt do dhaoine. Is féidir rialú siúcra fola a bhaint amach is fearr le haistí bia a bhfuil srianta orthu i siúcra, i milseogairí saorga agus i gcarbaihiodráití scagtha le hiontráil mhéadaithe snáithín intuaslagtha, mar aon le leibhéil mhéadaithe gníomhaíochta fisiceacha. Tá an díriú ar saille le cúpla bliain anuas freagrach go mór as géarchéim murtall/díobairt an lae inniu de bharr gur chuir daoine siúcra agus carbaihiodráití scagtha in ionad saille. An Meiriceánach meán anois itheann 3 punt siúcra sa tseachtain. Chomh maith leis an straitéis cheart aiste bia agus gníomhaíochta, tá roinnt uirlisí ag an teiripeoir nádúrtha chun cabhrú le leibhéil siúcra fola a rialú i ndaoine diaibéiteas cineál 2. I bhfoirm thrí-luachmhar, tá gá le cróimiam chun meitibileacht glicóis gnáth a chothabháil. Tá baint ag easnamh le diúltachta glúcóis a d'fhéadfadh a bheith feabhsaithe le forlíonadh. Tá a ghníomhaíocht nasctha le fachtóir fhulaingt glúcóis, agus léiríodh go méadaíonn sé líon na nglactóirí inslin, go bhfeabhsaíonn sé ceangal le nglactóirí, agus go gcuireann sé gníomhaíocht inslin i bhfeidhm. I dtrialach mór amháin a lean 833 diaibéiteas ar feadh 10 mí ag cur picolinate cróimiam leis, thuairiscigh imscrúdaitheoirí laghdú ar ghlúcóis fánaidh agus iar-phrándála agus laghdú ar éag, tart iomarcach agus mionnadh go minic. I staidéar eile ar 180 duine, chobhsaigh 1 mg picolinate cróimiam in aghaidh an lae ar feadh 2 mhí siúcra fola. Cuidíonn biotin le riar siúcra fola trí éifeacht na n- einsímí a bhíonn páirteach i bpróiseáil glúcóis a fheabhsú. Tá fianaise teoranta ann go bhféadfadh iontógáil ard den vitimín seo a bheith tairbheach go teiripeach i ndaoine diaibéiteas agus i samhlacha diaibéiteas ar roitirí. Léirigh staidéar beag feabhas suntasach ar neuropathy diaibéiteach tar éis cúpla mí ag 5-10 mg in aghaidh an lae. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh acmhainneacht shuntasach ag bithín chun sláinte na soithigh a chur chun cinn agus chun diaibéiteas a chosc nó a bhainistiú. 2006;66(2):323-8) Creidtear go bhfuil an Coenzyme Q10 in ann rialú glycaemic a fheabhsú trí mheicníochtaí éagsúla, lena n-áirítear laghdú ar strus ocsaídiúcháin. Níor aimsíodh aon difríocht i rialú glycaemic agus i ngá le insulin in dhá thriail rialaithe randamaithe a rinneadh roimhe sin a d'úsáid 100 go 200 mg de chó- einsím Q10 i n-othair le diaibéiteas cineál 1 nó 2. Fuair triail rianúil randamaithe níos déanaí de 74 othar a úsáideadh 200 mg in aghaidh an lae ar feadh 12 sheachtain feabhsuithe measartha ar rialú glúcóis. Aigéad Linoleic Conjugated Léirigh sonraí ó roinnt staidéir agus triail go bhféadfadh éifeachtaí tairbheacha a bheith ag aigéid linoleic chomhcheangailte (CLAanna) éagsúla i go leor réimsí lena n-áirítear friotaíocht inslin. Níl na meicníochtaí gníomhaíochta CLAanna soiléire go hiomlán faoi láthair, toisc nach mbíonn staidéir in vitro agus in vivo i gcomhaontú i gcónaí, agus b'fhéidir toisc go ngníomhaíonn CLAanna ar bhealaí éagsúla agus le hiarmhairtí éagsúla nuair a chuirtear i réim bia speiceas éagsúla iad. Is féidir anois cothaithigh fhorlíontacha sonracha a dhíriú ar gach ceann de na mífheidhmeanna is tábhachtaí a dhéanann comhcheilg chun hipearglicéim a chothabháil i diaibéiteas cineál 2: cróimiam bithghníomhach le haghaidh friotaíocht inslinis muscle cnámh, aigéad linólach coigeanta le haghaidh friotaíocht insliní adipocyte, biotin dáileog ard le haghaidh táirgeadh glúcóis iomarcach hepatic, agus coenzyme Q10 le haghaidh teip cealla béite. Is cosúil go bhfuil na cothaithigh agus na fachtóirí bia a mholtar anseo sábháilte agus go nglacann siad go maith leo, agus dá bhrí sin d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh feidhm speisialta acu maidir le diaibéiteas a chosc. (Fiachtanna Med 2000;54(3):483-7) Tá leibhéil íseal maignéisiam coitianta i measc diaibéiteas. Is féidir le easnamh a bheith ina chúis le staidí friotaíochta ininsulin. Is comhfhachtóir é i mbealaí éagsúla einsím a bhfuil baint acu le ocsaídú glúcóis, agus modúlaíonn sé iompar glúcóis ar fud membráin chealla. D'fhéadfadh sé go bhfeabhsódh sé íogaireacht ininsulin. Dáileog 300-600 mg/ lá. I múnlaí ainmhithe, léiríodh go gcuireann vanadium le hionchur agus meitibileacht glúcóis agus go gcuireann sé feabhas ar íogaireacht ininsulin. Léiríonn staidéir daonna gur féidir leis an ngá le hinsulin agus le cógais hypoglycaemic a laghdú go mór. Is é an dáileog de sulphate vanadium ó 20 mg / lá. Cabhraíonn sé le monarú inslin, d'fhéadfadh sé suíomhanna gabhdóra ar mhéibíní cealla a chosaint a ligeann do hormóin dul isteach, agus cuireann sé cúlchúl le siúcra fola a chothromú. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh 90mg/ lá nó níos mó ag teastáil. Aigéad Alfa Lipoic Is antioxidant cumhachtach agus comhfhachtóir i go leor coimpléisc einsím, d'fhéadfadh ról a bheith aige freisin in ocsaídú glúcóis. Thuairiscigh staidéar amháin ar 74 othar éifeachtaí dearfacha ar ionsú glúcóis agus ar íogaireacht inslin le 600- 1, 800 mg / lá ar feadh 4 sheachtain. Go háirithe úsáideach chun polyneuropathy a chóireáil. Feabhsaítear fhulaingt glúcóis le L-carnitine agus scaipeann diaibéiteas i bhfad níos mó L-carnitine ná daoine sláintiúla. Tá sonraí trialach an- teoranta i ndaoine ach léirigh triail ghearrthéarmach beag go bhféadfadh go mbeadh tionchar ag riarachán intravenous ar íoslaghdú ininsulin agus ar an tsolúbthacht in insulin. feabhas a chur ar ionsú agus stóráil glúcóis. Tá níos lú vitimín E i plátaí fola diaibéiteas. Tá an baol go dtarlóidh diaibéiteas i bhfad níos mó i measc na ndaoine a bhfuil leibhéil íseal vitimín acu. Feabhsaíonn sé meitibileacht siúcra agus is féidir le forlíonadh an déine a laghdú ar choimpléachtaí diaibéiteas. As 6 thriail rialaithe, bhí 4 dearfach le haghaidh rialú glúcóis le dáileoga idir 100 mg agus 1, 600 mg in aghaidh an lae ar feadh 2 go 4 mhí. Is táscaire é hemoglobin glycosylated ardú díobhála a bhaineann le diaibéiteas. Is féidir le Vitimín B6 an táscaire seo a laghdú. Cabhraíonn sé le siúcra fola a chobhsú, spreagann sé cealla glúcóis fola a mheitibileacht agus déanann sé damáiste súl agus caillteanas fís a chomhrac ó retinopathy diaibéiteach. Tá an gá le dáileog ó 75 mg/ lá. Cailciam, Vitimín D & Vitimín C D'fhéadfadh cailciam agus vitimín D cabhrú le íogaireacht ininsulin a chaomhnú trí hipearparathyroidism thánaisteach a chosc. Cuireann vitimín C cosc ar leith ar éifeachtaí siúcra fola ard ar na fíocháin agus is féidir leis cabhrú le leibhéil siúcra fola a rialú i méideanna os cionn 2000 mg / lá. Coiscínia Indica (gourd ivy) Fásann an planda seo i go leor áiteanna den fho-chríoch Indiach agus úsáidtear é san Ayurveda. Is cosúil go bhfuil airíonna inslin-mimetic aige. An t-aon triail randamaithe rialaithe ar an luibh seo, tuairiscíodh go raibh athruithe suntasacha ar rialú glycaemic tar éis 6 sheachtain a úsáid i measc 32 othar a raibh diaibéiteas cineál 2 neamhrialta nó neamhchóireáilte acu. Fuair triail eile gur cosúil le druga traidisiúnta méid an athraithe a fheictear leis an luibh. Tá dhá thriail eile a thairgeann fianaise tacaíochta ar éifeacht hypoglacemic I measc na meicníochtaí gníomhaíochta a tuairiscíodh tá laghdú ar an ráta ionsú carbaihiodráit, iompar agus ionsú glúcóis méadaithe, stóráil glycogen méadaithe agus modhnú secretion inslin. D' thuairiscigh dhá thriail a raibh 24 agus 36 othar iontu ar feadh 8 seachtaine laghdú ar shiúcra fola ar an bhfód agus rialú glúcóis níos fearr. Fuair trí thriail ghearrthéarmacha eile i saorálaithe sláintiúla laghdú ar ghlúcóis iar-phréanta. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh suas le 200 mg/ lá de dhíth air. Gléas eile a fhásann san India agus a úsáidtear i Ayurveda. Tuairiscíodh i staidéir ar ainmhithe éifeacht glúcóis- íslitheach, athghiniúint oileáin Langerhans, agus méaduithe ar insliní serum. Níl a fhios ag an bhfeisteán gníomhaíochta ach tá roinnt teoiricí curtha chun cinn. Níl mórán sonraí trialach ar fáil ach léirigh 47 othar le diaibéiteas cineál 2 feabhas ar rialú glycaemic i gcomhar le cóireáil thraidisiúnta. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh 100mg ag teastáil 3 huaire sa lá. Is leigheas traidisiúnta é an seacbair triomaithe den phlanda seo le haghaidh diaibéiteas i leith an Chéalaigh Araibis, cé go bhfuil an fhoirm seo ina laxative freisin. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an ghéile alóis ina rogha níos fearr a d'fhéadfadh a bheith in ann é a fhulaingt. Tá glucomannan sa ghéil, snáithín insolúbtha in uisce a d'fhéadfadh a bheith mar chúis le hionchair hypoglycaemic. Tá taighde ar dhiaibéiteas go hachomair ach tuairiscíodh i dhá thriail go raibh feabhas tagtha ar ghlúcóis fola fánaidh tar éis 6 seachtaine de shuain a ól a rinneadh as an ngléas. Tá tuairiscí cásanna ann freisin de dhaoine aonair a raibh laghdú ar ghlúcóis fola ar an bhfód agus rialú glúcóis níos fearr. Tá an glasraí seo, ar a dtugtar piara balsam, karela agus melon searbh, le fáil i gceantair thrópaiceacha an domhain. I measc a chomhpháirteanna gníomhacha tá próitéin cosúil le hinsulin cosúil le hinsulin bovine. I measc na meicníochtaí teoiriciúla tá secretion inslin mhéadaithe, ionsú glúcóis fíocháin, sintéis glycogen muscle ae, ocsaídiú glúcóis agus laghdú glúcóineogenesis ae. Tugann staidéir ainmhithe le tuiscint go bhfuil éifeachtaí hipoglacaimiceacha. Tá staidéir daonna teoranta ach tuairiscíodh éifeachtaí géara ar ghlúcóis fola sa ghearrthéarma agus éifeachtaí dearfacha ar rialú glycaemic tar éis úsáid níos faide. Ar a dtugtar cactus piorra prickly freisin, úsáidtear é go coitianta le haghaidh rialú glúcóis ag daoine de shliocht Mheicsiceo. Tá snáithín agus pectin an- intuaslagtha ann a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith aige ar ionsú glúcóis intestinal, rud a léiríonn go páirteach a ghníomhaíochtaí hipoglicéimeacha. Thuairiscigh staidéir daonna feabhsuithe i ndíonóirí le diaibéiteas cineál 2 le glúcóis fána agus leibhéil ísle inslin, rud a thugann le tuiscint go raibh níos mó íogaireachta inslin. Léirigh turgnaimh ainmhithe laghdú meánach ar ghlúcóis fola agus fuair triail thrialaithe randamaithe ardchaighdeáin laghdú suntasach ar ghlúcóis serum ar an bhfód. Ní raibh freagraí glucose nó inslin chobhsaí ag triail eile. I measc na luibheanna eile a úsáidtear chun rialú glycaemic tá basil naofa, fenugreek, duille fíg, thistle bainne agus cinnamon. Tugann taighdeoir amháin an chonclúid seo amach: D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh éifeacht mhór ag cothú diaibéiteas ag cothú bia a bhfuil dáileoga suntasacha de chomhcheangail de na gníomhairí seo iontu, agus is dócha go bhféadfaí iad a mhargú go dlíthiúil mar chabhair le fhulaingt maith glúcóis agus íogaireacht inslin. Meán-Fhásanna. 2005;64(1):151-8 Foilsíodh an t-alt seo den chéad uair in Enzyme Digest No 72 2006 Níl aon fhaisnéis sláinte agus leighis a fhoilsítear ar an suíomh gréasáin seo ceaptha mar ionad comhairle leighis eolasach agus níor cheart duit aon ghníomh a dhéanamh sula ndéanann tú dul i gcomhairle le gairmí cúraim sláinte.

Articles about 4-Way Switch How to Wire 4-Way Light Switches: Wiring Diagrams for 3Way and 4Way Switches How to Wire 4-Way Switches: Here are some fully explained 4 way switch diagrams. 4-way switches are a convenient way to operate lighting fixtures from three or more locations. How to Wire a 4-Way Switch Light for Light Fixtures – The 3-wire that runs between does not have a neutral wire, and besides, you would not have the correct switching sequence as the final common to the light fixtures from the end 3-way switch. How to Wire a 4 Way Switch: How do I install and wire a 4 way light switch for my hallway light fixtures. Wiring Light Switches the Easy Way: Fully explained pictures and wiring diagrams about wiring light switches describing the most common light switches How to Wire a 4 Way Switch – Here are some fully explained 4 way switch diagrams. 4-way switches are a convenient way to operate lighting fixtures from three or more locations. You will notice that the electrical wiring adds additional wiring to the same principles of 3-way switching. Could you give me a four-way switch wiring diagram or schematic of a properly wired light set up for the following? Easy to Understand 4 Way Switch Wiring Diagrams to Get Your Four Way Switches Working. How To Wire a Four Way Switch: I need to reconnect a 4 way switch and a wiring diagram with this configuration would be very helpful. How to Wire Master and Slave Switches for Three and Four Switch Lighting Control: I need 4-way wiring diagram using master dimmer & companion dimmer & 1 4-Way rocker switch. How to Avoid Confusion about the White Wire and 4 Way Switch Wiring with the power and the 3-wire cable of the 3 Way Switches How to Wire a 4 Way Switch: My old 4-way light switch broke. I bought a new switch. The new switch has 4 terminals, two on either side, top and bottom. I have 2, 3-way switch setups each controlling 1 light fixture. I’d like to tie them together into a single 4 way system… Yes it does matter where the power enters into the switch wiring. Actually that is just two scenarios, there are more, such as if the power enters at…. This can be easily done using the 4-way switch wiring diagram, placing three 4-way switches between two…

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Artaigílí faoi Athraigh 4-Way Conas Athruithe Solas 4 Chonair a Chabhraigh: Diagramaí Chabhraigh do Athruithe 3Conair agus 4Conair Conas Athruithe 4 Chonair a Wire: Seo roinnt léargas iomlán ar dheacraimh athraithe 4 chonair. Is bealach áisiúil é le lascainí 4 bhealach chun solais a oibriú ó thrí áit nó níos mó. Conas Solas Athraigh 4-Conair a Wire le haghaidh Solas Solas Níl sreang neodrach ag an 3-threorach a ritheann idir, agus seachas sin, ní bheadh an seicheamh athraithe ceart agat mar an comhchoitinn deiridh leis na solais solais ón athrú 3-chonair deiridh. Conas Athraigh 4 Slí a Chumhabháil: Conas a shuiteáil agus a chumhabháil mé Athraigh 4 Slí do mo sholas hallway. Cláir Fhuaraithe Solas an Bealach Éasca: Léirítear pictiúir agus léaráidí sreangtha go hiomlán faoi chlóirí solais a chuireann síos ar na clóirí solais is coitianta Conas Athraigh 4 Slí a Wire Seo roinnt léargas iomlán ar dheacraimh athraithe 4 Slí. Is bealach áisiúil é le lascainí 4 bhealach chun solais a oibriú ó thrí áit nó níos mó. Tabharfaidh tú faoi deara go gcuireann an sreangadh leictreach sreangadh breise leis na prionsabail chéanna a bhaineann le haistriú trí bhealach. An féidir leat léargas cáblaithe comhlánaithe ceithre-slighe nó scéimíocht a thabhairt dom de sholas cóirithe go cuí a chur ar bun don méid seo a leanas? Diagramaí sreangú Athraigh 4 Slí atá Éasca le Tuiscint chun do Tharraingí Ceithre Slí a Oibriú. Conas Athcheangail Ceithre Slí a Chumhabháil: Ní mór dom athcheangal a dhéanamh ar athcheangail 4 bhealach agus bheadh léarscáil sreangála leis an gcumraíocht seo an-chabhrach. Conas a Wire Máistir agus Slave Suites do Trí agus Ceithre Switch Lighting Control: Tá mé ag teastáil 4-sceideal sreangú ag baint úsáide as máistir dimmer & comhghleacaí dimmer & 1 4-Way rocker switch. Conas Mearbhall a Sheachaint ar an Dréacht Bán agus ar an gCarraig 4 Slí Conas Ceangail 4 Slí a Chumhabháil: Bhris mo shean-sliotán 4 bhealach solas. Cheannaigh mé casadh nua. Tá 4 chríochfort ag an lasc nua, dhá cheann ar gach taobh, thuas agus thíos. Tá mé 2, 3-bhealach socruithe lascaine gach rialú 1 solais. Ba mhaith liom iad a cheangal le chéile i gcóras 4 bhealach amháin... Sea, tá sé tábhachtach cá dtéann an chumhacht isteach sa sreangú lascaine. Go deimhin, tá sé seo ach dhá chás, tá níos mó, mar shampla má théann an chumhacht ag.... Is féidir é seo a dhéanamh go héasca ag baint úsáide as an léarscáil sreangú aschur 4 bhealach, trí aschur 4 bhealach a chur idir dhá...

WWI was the first war that had involved many countries and had more lasting consequences than any other wars in history. WWI killed more than 9 million soldiers and 6 million civilians, leaving 7 million men permanently disabled. It had resulted in the decline of monarchies in Russia, Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Turkey. It has also shattered the development of peace, which had lasted for 100 years before WWI. The Remembrance day started after WWI ended. Although people celebrated it, WWII still happened. The way we choose to remember the wars tells us about the values of our society. Typically, we remember wars because we want to honour those who have lost their lives in war. We also recognize that the country needs people to continue to offer themselves forward to fight in the future. But this does not serve our world forwards, because it suggests that the military is ready to serve its next sacrifice, and does little to prevent future wars. We should remember past wars for unity and peace. To prevent future conflicts, we need to reflect on how each war had thrust up entirely unexpected and dreading consequences to the participating generation. During the inception of WWI, people were stirred up about the grand beliefs of romantic national glory. The poem: “The Soldier” by Rupert Brooke portrays death for England as a glorious, noble end: ” If I should die, think only this of me: That there’s some corner of a foreign field That is forever England.” Other patriotic poems, such as “In Flanders Fields” and “Marching Men” resemble the themes of Remembrance day. They tend to focus on the noble sacrifices that the soldiers made for their countries. For example: “Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw the torch; be yours to hold it high.” (In Flanders Fields by John McRae) These lines encourage the continuity of nationalism and emphasize the proudness to serve in the army. The endless trench wars in WWI shattered those ideas. In the novel All Quiet on the Western Front, Paul and his schoolmates were persuaded to enlist in the German army by their patriotic schoolmaster, only to find that the war is not romantic at all. “We loved our country as much as they; we went courageously into every action, but also we distinguished the false from true, we had suddenly learned to see. And we saw that there was nothing of their world left.” (p.13) It shows that as much as Paul and the other soldiers loved their country, the avoidable trauma from the war due to patriotism was unforgivable. Their experiences in the war had destroyed their values as schoolboys, and they “have become a wasteland.” (p.20) WWI poetry had also reflected upon this change of attitudes towards war. An example would be “Dulce et Decorum Est” by Wilfred Owen. The poem uses many stanzas to describe gruesome scenes of the war. It ends with: “My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old lie: Dulce et decorum est pro-Patria Mori.” This sentence leaves a lasting impact, especially if you compare it with the earlier WWI poems. We can also connect this difference with All Quiet on the Western Front. The novel shows us to war from the perspective of a young man who has experienced and witnessed war. It is the same perspective as the narrator of Dulce et Decorum Est. The patriotic views are from people like the schoolmaster Kantorek and John McRae. The contrast between the literature produced from different perspectives shows that we might never relate to the veterans from the wars. Just as no one saw the consequences of trench warfare and bombardment, WWII started when no one could predict the effects of using nuclear weapons. The significant forces believed that they were capable of combat and had taken stands. But the Holocaust and the invention of atomic bombs had startled the world. There will be no doubt that if WWIII happens, it will consist of conventional, nuclear, cyber, drones, and other unknown technologies to once again pull the development of human history into the wrong path. We can never underestimate what the future will look like, and because of this, we need to remember what the previous wars have told us. The most obvious ways to prevent wars are diplomacy and arms control because war is a social phenomenon that arises from decisions made by political and military leaders. Therefore, it’s essential to be educated about the roots of conflict and to question the rationalities. I think having a democratic government is an advantage because the press and the public are informed about all decisions. Another great strategy we can use is to address the awareness of climate change. I think that the emergence of popular cultures is also an excellent barrier for conflicts to happen because the generation is more open to other cultures. We live in a society more capable of receiving information, so we can exercise our abilities to evaluate the information we collect. We are more conscious of our thoughts, and we are less likely to be influenced by the blindness of propaganda. The acceptance of diversity and confidence in expressing our identities are also beneficial. We are capable of sharing our thoughts on social media, and make a stand for our preferences. If Paul and his schoolmates were able to reject serving the army, and no one would criticize them, the war wouldn’t happen as soon as people learned the cruelty and trauma enforced to the soldiers. Trauma is a significant theme in this unit. The short story “soldiers home,” written by Ernest Hemingway, expresses it as an effect shown through the resolution of the war. After Krebs returns from the war, he is helplessly disconnected from everyone else in the town and rejects establishing any connections with others. “He did not want to tell any more lies. It wasn’t worth it.” (p.3) The barriers between individuals could not be more distant by lies. He is unable to connect his true self with anyone. The isolation from others also manifests itself in All quiet on the western front: In chapter 7, Paul receives a 14-day break, and he returns home to visit his family. “But now I see that I have been crushed without knowing it. I find I do not belong here anymore, it is a foreign world.” (p.168) He feels unable to connect to his past life, and all he has left is the war. They both share a lack of desire to communicate with other people. When Kreb’s mother asks him if he loves her, he says: “I don’t love anybody.” (p.9) Soldiers’ homes didn’t express the details of the war. In all quiet on the western front, it includes many aspects of the gruesomeness of the war. Looking back on history, we might be all too concerned with the significant patterns of things and forget about the rather simple and straightforward facts. The pure horror of destruction, elimination, and devastation caused by poison gas, armoured tanks, and shell bombardments should take into account. The pamphlet that I read from the class was “Canada Netherlands Pays-Bas Nederland.” The participation of Canadian soldiers in the liberation of the Netherlands contributed an end to WWII. Similar to remembrance day, it talks about Canadian soldiers that died for the freedom to happen. An official bill passed the remembrance day by the Canadian Parliament in 1921, but it doesn’t only serve the purpose of remembering the ones who die for the nation in WWI, but also in all other wars. Many Canadian soldiers sacrificed their lives for this purpose, and thus Canada recognizes Remembrance Day. But something feels quite off about the celebration of Remembrance day, especially if you connect it to the literature of WWI. A remembrance day ceremony should change the core concept of mourning those who sacrificed into alerting the cruelty of the war. Instead of reading patriotic and honouring poems such as “In Flanders Fields,” I think it is better to read poems such as “Anthem for Doomed Youth.” Instead of remembering their deaths as the noble sacrifices for the country, we should not forget it as a horrific mass murder. If we look at the structure of “Anthem for Doomed Youth,” we can see that it suits perfectly for this purpose. The poem is an iambic pentameter because there are mostly five stressed syllables in a row. However, there are a few lines that do not follow this pattern, and it creates an uneasy sense for the reader. For example: “Only the monstrous anger of the guns.” (line2) In this line, we can find four stressed syllables, which disrupts the smooth delivery it would have as iambic pentameter. If we connect this to the short story and the novel, we might realize how we are never able to relate to veterans truly. For example: “They feel it, but always with only half of themselves, the rest of their being is taken up with other things, they are so divided in themselves that none feels it with his whole essence.” (All Quiet on the Western Front p.169) The above example is precisely why the importance of Remembrance day seems a bit slanted for me. If I were to organize a ceremony, it would take place at a graveyard. The pamphlet I read includes many cemeteries around the world that serve peace for soldiers (p.24). However, I would want patriotic signs excluded from the ceremony, but instead to only focus on the trauma of the war and the importance of preventing it. This is because any involvement for nationalism in topics of wars suggests the support of the military. There should be two speeches given. The authorities of the government should hold one. It should be about the desire for peace and the stance against war. Then I want to invite a veteran who would tell us their story. I would exclude the red poppies, as it resembles the patriotism from the poem In Flanders Fields.

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Ba é an Chéad Chogadh Domhanda an chéad chogadh a raibh go leor tíortha páirteach ann agus a raibh iarmhairtí níos buan aige ná aon chogaí eile sa stair. D'éag WWI níos mó ná 9 milliún saighdiúir agus 6 milliún sibhialtach, ag fágáil 7 milliún fear faoi mhíchumas buan. Mar thoradh air sin, tháinig titim ar ríochtaí sa Rúis, san Ostair, san Ungáir, sa Ghearmáin, agus sa Tuirc. Tá sé tar éis forbairt na síochána a bhriseadh freisin, a mhair 100 bliain roimh an gCéad Chogadh Domhanda. Thosaigh an lá Cuimhneacháin tar éis don Chéad Chogadh Domhanda a chríochnú. Cé go raibh daoine ag ceiliúradh é, tharla WWII fós. Deir an bealach a roghnaímid cuimhneamh ar na cogaí dúinn faoi luachanna ár sochaí. De ghnáth, cuimhnímid ar chogaí mar ba mhaith linn onóir a thabhairt dóibh siúd a chaill a saol sa chogadh. Aithnímid freisin go bhfuil daoine ag teastáil ón tír chun leanúint ar aghaidh ag tabhairt iad féin chun tosaigh chun troid sa todhchaí. Ach ní chuireann sé seo ar ár saol ar aghaidh, toisc go léiríonn sé go bhfuil an míleata réidh chun a chéad íobairt eile a dhéanamh, agus ní dhéanann sé mórán chun cogaí amach anseo a chosc. Ba cheart dúinn cuimhneamh ar chogaí a bhí ann roimhe seo ar son aontacht agus síochána. Chun coinbhleachtaí sa todhchaí a chosc, ní mór dúinn machnamh a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a raibh iarmhairtí gan choinne agus uafásacha ag gach cogadh ar an ghlúin a ghlac páirt ann. Le linn thús an Chéad Chogaidh, bhí daoine ag éirí as a gcreideamh mór i glóir náisiúnta rómánsúil. Léiríonn an dán: "The Soldier" le Rupert Brooke bás don Sasana mar dheireadh ghlóirúil, uasal: Má ba chóir dom bás, smaoineamh ach seo dom: Go bhfuil roinnt cearn den réimse eachtrach Is é sin go deo Sasana. Tá dánta tírghrá eile, mar shampla In Flanders Fields agus Marching Men cosúil le téamaí Lá Cuimhneacháin. Tá claonadh acu díriú ar na hiontabhálacha uasal a rinne na saighdiúirí dá dtíortha. Mar shampla: Tóg ár gcath leis an namhaid: Chun tú ó lámha failing cuirimid an torch; bheith agat chun é a choinneáil ard. (In Flanders Fields ag John McRae) Spreagann na línte seo leanúnachas na náisiúntachta agus cuireann siad béim ar an bród a bheith ag freastal san arm. Chuir na cogaí troscáin gan deireadh sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda na smaointe sin i gcruachall. Sa úrscéal All Quiet on the Western Front, chuir a mhúinteoir páitríochta Paul agus a chomhghleacaithe ar a gcúis iad a chur i gcontúirt dul i ngleic leis an arm na Gearmáine, ach fuair siad amach nach raibh an cogadh rómánsúil ar chor ar bith. Bhí grá againn dár dtír chomh mór leo; chuaigh muid go cróga i ngach gníomh, ach d'éirigh linn an bréag a idirdhealú ón bhfírinne, d'fhoghlaim muid a fheiceáil go tobann. Agus chonaic muid nach raibh aon rud dá saol fágtha. (p.13) Léiríonn sé cé chomh mór agus a raibh grá ag Paul agus na saighdiúirí eile dá dtír féin, ní raibh an trauma in-chinnte ón gcogadh mar gheall ar pholaitíocht in-chuimhneacháin. D'fhág a dtaithí sa chogadh a luachanna mar mhic léinn scoile, agus tá siad tar éis a bheith ina bhfásach. (p.20) Bhí an dánta WWI ag machnamh freisin ar an athrú seo ar ailt i leith cogaidh. Sampla a bheadh ann ná Dulce et Decorum Est le Wilfred Owen. Úsáideann an dán go leor sraitheanna chun radhairc uafásacha na cogaidh a thuairisciú. Críochnaíonn sé leis: Mo chara, ní bheadh tú a insint le zest chomh ard Do leanaí ardent le haghaidh roinnt glóir despairing, An sean-bhréag: Dulce et decorum est pro-Patria Mori. Fágann an abairt seo tionchar buan, go háirithe má tá sé i gcomparáid leis na dánta roimhe seo den Chéad Chogadh Domhanda. Is féidir linn an difríocht seo a nascadh le All Quiet ar an gCéad Chontae Thiar. Taispeánann an úrscéal dúinn an cogadh ó thaobh fear óg a bhfuil taithí aige ar chogadh agus a chonaic sé. Is é an dearcadh céanna é le haispéireas an scéalaitheora de Dulce et Decorum Est. Tá na tuairimí tírghrácha ó dhaoine cosúil leis an múinteoir Kantorek agus John McRae. Léiríonn an difríocht idir an litríocht a tháirgtear ó pheirspictíochtaí éagsúla nach bhféadfadh muid a bheith bainteach leis na veterans ó na cogaí. Díreach mar nach bhfaca aon duine iarmhairtí cogaí troscán agus buamáil, thosaigh WWII nuair nach raibh aon duine in ann na héifeachtaí a bhaineann le n-arm núicléach a úsáid a thuar. Chreid na fórsaí suntasacha go raibh siad in ann troid a dhéanamh agus go raibh seasamh acu. Ach bhí an Holocaust agus an invent de bhuamaí adamhach iontas an domhain. Ní bheidh aon amhras ann má tharlaíonn WWIII, beidh sé comhdhéanta de theicneolaíochtaí traidisiúnta, núicléacha, cibear, drones, agus teicneolaíochtaí anaithnid eile chun forbairt stair an duine a tharraingt arís ar an mbealach mícheart. Ní féidir linn a bheith ag cur síos ar an todhchaí, agus mar gheall air seo, ní mór dúinn cuimhneamh ar an méid a d'inis na cogaí roimhe seo dúinn. Is iad na bealaí is soiléire chun cogaí a chosc taidhleoireacht agus rialú arm toisc gur feiniméan sóisialta é cogadh a eascraíonn as cinntí a dhéanann ceannairí polaitiúla agus míleata. Dá bhrí sin, tá sé riachtanach go mbeadh oideachas ann maidir le fréamhacha na coimhlinte agus go gcuirfí na réasúnaíochtaí i gceist. Sílim go bhfuil buntáiste ag go bhfuil rialtas daonlathach againn toisc go bhfuil an phreas agus an pobal ar an eolas faoi na cinntí go léir. Straitéis mhór eile is féidir linn a úsáid ná dul i ngleic leis an bhfógraíocht maidir le hathrú aeráide. Sílim go bhfuil an teacht chun cinn cultúir tóir freisin ina bhac iontach do choimhlintí tarlú toisc go bhfuil an ghlúin níos oscailte do chultúir eile. Tá muid ag maireachtáil i sochaí atá níos in ann faisnéis a fháil, mar sin is féidir linn ár gcumas a fheidhmiú chun an fhaisnéis a bhailímid a mheas. Tá muid níos mothaithe ar ár smaointe, agus is lú seans go mbeidh tionchar ag an bpríomh-fhócas ar ár gcuid smaointe. Tá glacadh le héagsúlacht agus muinín i léiriú ár bhféiniúlacht tairbheach freisin. Tá muid in ann ár gcuid smaointe a roinnt ar na meáin shóisialta, agus seasamh ar son ár gcuid roghanna. Dá mbeadh Paul agus a chomhghleacaithe in ann diúltú don tseirbhís arm, agus gan aon duine a bheith ag cáineadh dóibh, ní tharlafeadh an cogadh a luaithe a d'fhoghlaim daoine an cruálacht agus an trauma a fhorchur ar na saighdiúirí. Is téama suntasach é trauma san aonad seo. An scéal gearr "soldiers home", a scríobh Ernest Hemingway, léiríonn sé é mar éifeacht a thaispeántar trí réiteach na cogaidh. Tar éis do Krebs filleadh ón gcogadh, tá sé dícheangailte go neamhchosaint le gach duine eile sa bhaile agus diúltaíonn sé aon nasc a bhunú le daoine eile. Níor theastaigh uaidh bréag a insint níos mó. Ní raibh sé fiú é. (p.3) Ní fhéadfaí na bacainní idir daoine a bheith níos faide ar shiúl trí bhréaga. Tá sé in ann a nasc féin fíor le duine ar bith. Tá an t-aonar ó dhaoine eile le feiceáil freisin i Gach ciúin ar an bhfronta thiar: Sa chaibidil 7, faigheann Paul sos 14 lá, agus téann sé abhaile chun cuairt a thabhairt ar a theaghlach. Ach anois feicim go bhfuil mé a bheith brúite gan fhios aige. Tuigim nach mbaineann mé anseo a thuilleadh, is domhan coigríche é. (p.168) Ní bhraitheann sé go bhfuil sé in ann nasc a dhéanamh lena shaol roimhe seo, agus is é an cogadh an rud amháin atá fágtha aige. Tá an dá rud acu a bhfuil an easpa fonn orthu cumarsáid a dhéanamh le daoine eile. Nuair a iarrann máthair Kreb air an bhfuil grá aige di, deir sé: Níor ghrá liom aon duine. (p.9) Ní raibh sonraí na cogaidh i dtithe na saighdiúirí. I ngach ciúin ar an taobh thiar, cuimsíonn sé go leor gnéithe de gruamacht an chogaidh. Ag breathnú siar ar an stair, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh muid ró-chúramach leis na patrúin shuntasacha de na rudaí agus dearmad a dhéanamh ar na fíricí simplí agus díreach. Ba cheart an uafás fíor a bhaineann le scrios, scriosadh agus scrios a tharlaíonn de bharr gáis cheiric, tancanna armáilte, agus buamaí sceallóga a chur san áireamh. An leabharlann a léigh mé ón rang ná Canada Netherlands Pays-Bas Nederland. Cabhródh rannpháirtíocht shaighdiúirí Cheanada i shaoradh na hÍsiltíre deireadh a chur le WWII. Cosúil le lá cuimhne, labhraíonn sé faoi shaighdiúirí Cheanada a fuair bás chun an tsaoirse a bheith ann. Ghlac Parlaimint Cheanada bille oifigiúil den lá cuimhneacháin i 1921, ach ní amháin go gcuimhneofar air siúd a fuair bás don náisiún sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda, ach freisin i ngach cogadh eile. D'íobair go leor saighdiúirí Cheanada a saol chun na críche seo, agus dá bhrí sin aithníonn Ceanada Lá Cuimhneacháin. Ach tá rud éigin a bhraitheann go leor amach faoi cheiliúradh an lae Cuimhne, go háirithe má nascann tú é leis an litríocht WWI. Ba cheart go n-athródh searmanas lá cuimhne an bunchoincheap maidir le bróga a chur ar na daoine a rinne íobairt chun a bheith ag tabhairt foláirimh faoi choirnéal na cogaidh. In ionad dánta patriótach agus onóracha a léamh mar "In Flanders Fields", sílim go bhfuil sé níos fearr dánta a léamh mar "An Anthem for Doomed Youth". In ionad cuimhneamh ar a mbás mar íobairtí uasal don tír, níor cheart dúinn dearmad a dhéanamh air mar mharú ollmhór uafásach. Má fhéachann muid ar struchtúr Anm do Óige Dúnmharú, is féidir linn a fheiceáil go bhfuil sé oiriúnach go foirfe chun na críche seo. Is pentameter iambic é an dán toisc go bhfuil cúig siollach le béim sa chuid is mó ina ndiaidh a chéile. Mar sin féin, tá cúpla líne ann nach leanann an patrún seo, agus cruthaíonn sé mothú neamhchompordach don léitheoir. Mar shampla: An fearg ollmhór na gunnaí amháin. (líne2) Sa líne seo, is féidir linn ceithre siolla a chur i bhfios, rud a chuireann isteach ar an seachadadh réidh a bheadh aige mar pentameter iambic. Má nascadh muid é seo leis an scéal gearr agus leis an úrscéal, b'fhéidir go dtuigeann muid nach féidir linn a bheith i dteagmháil le sean-saighdiúirí i ndáiríre. Mar shampla: Tá siad ag mothú é, ach i gcónaí níl ach leath acu féin, tá an chuid eile dá bhfíor-é a ghlacadh le rudaí eile, tá siad chomh roinnte ina n-aonar nach mbraitheann aon duine é lena bhunús iomlán. (All Quiet on the Western Front p.169) Is é an sampla thuas go díreach an fáth go bhfuil tábhacht lá Cuimhneacháin cosúil le beagán slanted dom. Dá mbeadh ceiliúradh agam, bheadh sé i gcumhraigh. Áirítear sa phléasúr a léigh mé go leor séipéal ar fud an domhain a fhreastalaíonn ar shíocháin do shaighdiúirí (p.24). Mar sin féin, ba mhaith liom comharthaí tírghrá a eisiamh ón searmanas, ach ina ionad sin díriú ar thráma an chogaidh agus ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le cosc a chur air. Tá sé seo toisc go léiríonn aon rannpháirtíocht do náisiúntachta i gcúrsaí cogaí tacaíocht na míleata. Ba cheart go dtabharfaí dhá óráid. Ba cheart go mbeadh údarás an rialtais ag gabháil do cheann. Ba cheart go mbeadh sé mar gheall ar an mianta síochána agus an seasamh i gcoinne an chogaidh. Ansin ba mhaith liom a iarraidh ar veteran a insint dúinn a gcuid scéal. Ba mhaith liom na pacaí dearga a eisiamh, mar is cosúil leis an tírghrá ón dán In Flanders Fields.

This course is designed to improve the speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills of students and to provide insight into the literature and culture of Spanish-speaking people. Meant to integrate and extend earlier learning, SPANISH 231 is intended to provide students with the timely opportunity — and challenge — of transforming themselves into truly active, thinking language Course grade is based on a series of quizzes and exams (written and oral) designed to assess ability to read, write, and understand spoken Spanish, plus periodic written work and oral class participation.

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Tá an cúrsa seo deartha chun feabhas a chur ar labhairt, éisteacht, léamh agus scríobh Tá sé de chuspóir ag an Ollscoil seo a bheith ina scoil ar scileanna foghlama agus a chur ar fáil léargas ar litríocht agus ar chultúr na Daoine a labhraíonn Spáinnis. Dírítear air chun foghlaim níos luaithe a chomhtháthú agus a leathnú, SPÁINIS Tá sé i gceist leis an gclár 231 deis a thabhairt do mhic léinn an t-am a fháil ar an gcúrsa agus dúshlán iad féin a athrú go teanga fíorghníomhach, smaointeoireachta Tá grád an chúrsa bunaithe ar shraith de cheisteanna agus scrúduithe (sgríofa agus ó bhéal) atá deartha chun chun measúnú a dhéanamh ar chumas na Spáinne labhartha a léamh, a scríobh agus a thuiscint, chomh maith le obair i scríbhinn agus rannpháirtíocht ó bhéal sa rang.

National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program Urban Development Results in Multiple Stressors That Can Degrade Aquatic Ecosystems by Altering the Hydrology, Habitat, and Chemistry of Streams Results of the USGS investigation of the Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems (EUSE) found that no single environmental factor was universally important in explaining why the health of streams decline as levels of urban development increase. Across all nine metropolitan study areas, changes in the condition of the aquatic biological communities from urban development were related in varying degrees to alterations in stream hydrology, habitat, and chemistry. Even within a single study area, the three biological communities that we surveyed—algal, fish, and invertebrate—responded differently to urban development and altered environmental factors. A primary reason that the responses are different between the algal, invertebrate, and fish communities is that they have different life cycles and requirements for food, shelter, and reproduction; consequently, their responses typically vary with stressors that arise from urban-related changes in stream hydrology, habitat, and water chemistry. Hydrology—Urban Development Leads to Increased Variability in Streamflow Urban development typically increases the amount of water entering a stream after a storm and decreases the time that it takes for the water to travel over altered land surfaces before entering the stream. Efforts to reduce flooding by draining water quickly from roads and parking lots can result in increased amounts of water reaching a stream within a short period of time, which can lead to stream flashiness and altered stream channels. Additionally, rapid runoff reduces the amount of water available to infiltrate the soil and recharge the aquifers, which often results in lower sustained streamflows, especially during summer. Furthermore, when the hydrology of a stream is altered, the physical habitat of a stream often becomes degraded from channel erosion or lower summer flows that reduce spawning, feeding, and living spaces of the aquatic biota. Habitat—Urban Development Can Alter Stream Channels Urban development can result in alterations to stream habitat either directly, such as from modifications to channel and riparian areas (left), or indirectly,such as from higher streamflows that reshape the channel (right) Stream habitats can be severely degraded where urban development occurs along the streambanks, such as where a stream has been straightened by channelization or where man-made structures have replaced natural riparian vegetation. Additionally, urban development that occurs throughout a watershed (but not necessarily directly along the streambank) can result in degraded habitat within a stream channel through flow alteration and sediment erosion. Urban development often results in deeper stream channels or an increase in the stream-channel cross-sectional area. The magnitude of these effects depends on natural environmental factors, such as the geology and soils that can influence the geomorphic characteristics of a stream and its watershed. Chemistry—Concentrations of Contaminants in Water Increase with Urban Development Concentrations of contaminants, including nitrogen, chloride, insecticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), increased with urban development, although few measurements exceeded any human or aquatic-life benchmarks. The total concentration of insecticides increased with urban development in seven of the nine study areas. The number of individual insecticides detected, as well as the relations between these insecticide concentrations and level of urban development, varied across the study areas and appeared to coincide with regional pesticide-use patterns. For instance, higher concentrations of the insecticides chlorpyrifos and chlordane were detected in urban streams in the Atlanta, Dallas, and Raleigh study areas because of the historical use of these compounds for termite control in these areas. These results underscore the importance that regional differences need to be taken into account when comparing the influence of urban development on aquatic biota in different areas. Aquatic Biota—Loss of Sensitive Species was the Most Consistent Biological Response to Urban Development In this example from the Atlanta study area, urban development resulted in the loss of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) species, many of which are sensitive to stressors such as streamflow flashiness, habitat loss, and chemical contaminants. Urban development generally results in a shift in the species composition of the algal, invertebrate, and fish communities. However, the most consistent change in any of the biological communities was the loss of sensitive invertebrate species and a shift to a community with a higher percentage of species more tolerant to physical and chemical stressors. A loss in the numbers of aquatic insect species that occurred in the groups Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies) (EPT), was a common response in all study areas where urban development occurred in forested watersheds. The number of EPT species is a biological-condition metric that is used in many biomonitoring programs across the country because it is sensitive to stressors from environmental degradation. A reduction of more than 50 percent of EPT species was observed in some study areas as the percentage of urban development increased in the watersheds from low to high levels. The Invertebrate Community Begins to Degrade at the Earliest Stages of Urban Development An often assumed response in how a biological community degrades with urban development is an initial resilience to change in biological condition over low levels of development. Then, after the community undergoes a rapid change in condition with increasing levels of urban development, an exhaustion response occurs (a "flat line" response) when only a few tolerant species are left in the community. The observed response, however, differed from this hypothetical depiction. The aquatic invertebrate communities begin to degrade with the onset of urban development, which indicates that some species are highly sensitive to physical and chemical changes associated with urban development. There was no evidence that biological communities were resilient to even low levels of urban development, based on the observation that sensitive species were being lost over the initial stages of development in relatively undisturbed watersheds. Likewise, over moderate to high levels of urban development, no exhaustion response was observed to indicate the biological community was degraded so severely that only the most tolerant species remained. Consequently, the absence of an exhaustion response indicates that stream-restoration efforts could have a rehabilitating effect on the biological condition of a stream regardless of the level of urban development in the watershed. Regional Differences in Pre-urban Land Cover Influenced How Stream Ecosystems Responded to Urban Development The types of land cover undergoing urban development varies among metropolitan areas, which is important because the way in which stream ecosystems respond to urban development is related to pre-urban land cover. Forest is the predominant pre-urban land cover in Boston, Portland, Salt Lake City, Birmingham, Atlanta, and Raleigh, whereas in Milwaukee, Denver, and Dallas, the predominant pre-urban land cover is some form of agriculture. Generally in watersheds converted from agricultural to urban, the streams have endured some degree of degradation prior to the initial stages of urban development. Thus, the response of stream biota to the stressors associated with urban development can appear weaker in agricultural watersheds compared to forested watersheds. For example, in comparing the aquatic invertebrate communities between the most and least developed sites in the nine study areas, the loss of EPT (mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly) species was less in the Milwaukee, Denver, and Dallas areas than in the other six areas where pre-urban land cover is forest. The reason for this difference is not because biological communities in the agricultural regions are more resilient to stressors from urban development, but because the biological communities had already lost sensitive species to stressors from pre-urban agricultural land use activities. Better Predictions of How Urban Development Affects Stream Health Can Be Made With Regional Models that Evaluate Multiple Stressors In a pilot investigation using data from the Boston study area, a model was developed specifically for New England to predict how different combinations of urban-related stressors associated with stream hydrology, habitat, and chemistry affect stream health. Such tools can be used to evaluate how changes in multiple stressors can affect biological endpoints and the likelihood of attaining the desired stream-health goal. A biological condition gradient (BCG) was integrated in the model to provide a scale of stream health, which is based on the values of three biological endpoints that are sensitive to the presence and absence of certain species in the invertebrate community. The model was structured to predict the probability of attaining six tiers of stream health, which makes it possible to evaluate different management scenarios for protecting streams in urbanizing areas. For example, the model predicted that the likelihood of attaining a healthy stream would be only about 25 percent when levels of urban development exceeded 31 percent in a watershed. However, as seen in the figure, applying management actions that to reduce flashiness and improve water quality increase the likelihood of attaining a healthy stream to about 70 percent.

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Clár Náisiúnta um Mheasúnú ar Cháilíocht Uisce (NAWQA) Tá forbairt uirbeach mar thoradh ar strusanna iomadúla a d'fhéadfadh éiceachórais uisceacha a dhíchumasú trí na hiodrálacha, na háitribh agus ceimic na sruthanna a athrú Fuair torthaí imscrúdaithe USGS ar Iarsmaí na hIarbhacht ar Éiceachórais Sliocht (EUSE) nach raibh aon fhachtóir comhshaoil aonair tábhachtach go hidirnáisiúnta chun a mhíniú cén fáth a laghdaíonn sláinte na sruthanna de réir mar a mhéadaíonn leibhéil forbartha uirbeacha. I ngach ceann de na naoi limistéar staidéir mhéadaigh, bhí baint ag athruithe i riocht na bpobal bitheolaíoch uisceach ó fhorbairt uirbeach i gcéimeanna éagsúla le hathruithe i hidreolaíocht an srutháin, san áit chónaithe agus sa cheimic. Fiú laistigh de limistéar staidéir amháin, d'fhreagair na trí phobal bitheolaíoch a ndearnaamar suirbhé orthu - alga, éisc agus neamhthriomach - go difriúil le forbairt uirbeach agus le fachtóirí comhshaoil athraithe. Is é an príomhchúis go bhfuil na freagraí difriúil idir na pobail alga, neamhthriomach, agus éisc ná go bhfuil timthriallta saoil éagsúla acu agus go bhfuil riachtanais éagsúla acu maidir le bia, cóiríocht agus atáirgeadh; dá bhrí sin, bíonn a gcuid freagraí ag athrú de ghnáth le strusóirí a eascraíonn ó athruithe a bhaineann le cathracha i hidreolaíocht sruth, gnáthóg, agus ceimic uisce. Fhorbairt Cathrach a Tosaíonn le Athraitheacht i Sliocht an tSruth De ghnáth, méadaíonn forbairt uirbeach méid an uisce a théann isteach i sruth tar éis stoirm agus laghdaíonn sé an t-am a thógann sé ar an uisce taisteal thar dromchlaí talún athraithe sula dtéann sé isteach sa sruth. Is féidir le hiarrachtaí chun tuile a laghdú trí uisce a draenáil go tapa ó bhóithre agus ó pháirceála áiteanna a bheith ina thoradh ar mhéideanna méadaithe uisce a shroicheann sruth laistigh de thréimhse ghearr ama, rud a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ina chúis le sruth flashiness agus cainéil sruth athraithe. Ina theannta sin, laghdaíonn an rónáil tapa an méid uisce atá ar fáil chun an ithir a shlánú agus na hiomláin a athshlánú, rud a fhágann go minic go mbíonn sreabhadh sruthanna níos ísle, go háirithe i rith an tsamhraidh. Ina theannta sin, nuair a athraítear hiodrálaíocht sruth, is minic a dhéantar meath ar ghnáthóg fisiceach sruth ó éadóis cainéal nó sreabha níos ísle samhraidh a laghdaíonn spaitheadh, beathaithe agus spásanna maireachtála na bbiota uisceach. Is féidir le Forbairt Cathrach Conair Sráide a Athrú Is féidir le forbairt uirbeach athruithe a dhéanamh ar ghnáthshaol an sruth go díreach, mar shampla trí mhodhnú ar cheantair chainéil agus cósta (ar chlé), nó go hindíreach, mar shampla trí shreabhadh níos airde a athmhúnlaíonn an chainéil (ar dheis) Is féidir go ndéanfar meath mór ar gnáthóga sruth nuair a tharlaíonn forbairt uirbeach ar feadh na mbanc sruth, mar shampla nuair a rinneadh sruth a dhíreadh trí channeáil nó nuair a chuir struchtúir dhéantúsacha in ionad plandaíochta ribí nádúrtha. Ina theannta sin, d'fhéadfadh forbairt uirbeach a tharlaíonn ar fud an dtoradh uisce (ach ní gá go díreach ar feadh an bhanc srutha) mar thoradh ar gnáthóg lag laistigh de chainéal srutha trí athrú srutha agus creimeadh taiscéala. Is minic a bhíonn cainéil sruthán níos doimhne mar thoradh ar fhorbairt uirbeach nó méadú ar an limistéar trasghearrtha sruthán-cainéil. Braitheann méid na n-éifeachtaí seo ar fhachtóirí nádúrtha comhshaoil, mar shampla na tíreolaíochta agus na ithreach a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a imirt ar shaintréithe geomorfacha sruth agus a dhromchla uisce. CeimicTá méadú ar Choighlintí truailleán san Uisce le Forbairt Cathrach D'ardaigh tiúchan truailleán, lena n-áirítear nítrigin, clóiríd, inseticidí, agus hidreacarbóin aramacha il-chlaochlacha (PAHanna), le forbairt uirbeach, cé gur lú na tomhais a sháraigh aon mhodhanna tagartha daonna nó uisceach. D'aontaigh tiúchan iomlán inseictiméide le forbairt uirbeach i seacht gcúigear de na naoi limistéar staidéir. Bhí éagsúlacht ag baint le líon na n-inseictimíd aonair a fuarthas, chomh maith leis an gcaidreamh idir tiúchan na n-inseictimíd seo agus leibhéal na forbartha uirbeach, ar fud na gceantair staidéir agus is cosúil go raibh sé ag teacht le patrúin réigiúnacha úsáide lotnaidicídí. Mar shampla, fuarthas tiúchan níos airde de na hainseictídí clóirpírifos agus clóirdáin i sruthanna uirbeacha i limistéir staidéir Atlanta, Dallas, agus Raleigh mar gheall ar úsáid stairiúil na gcomhdhúile seo chun rialú termití a dhéanamh sna limistéir seo. Léiríonn na torthaí seo an tábhacht a bhaineann le difríochtaí réigiúnacha a chur san áireamh agus tionchar forbartha uirbeach ar bitháit uisceach i limistéir éagsúla á chur i gcomparáid. Bhí an t-idirghabháil is comhsheasmhaí le forbairt uirbeach ná caillteanas speicis íogaire Sa sampla seo ó limistéar staidéir Atlanta, mar thoradh ar fhorbairt uirbeach chaill speicis Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, agus Trichoptera (EPT), a bhfuil go leor acu íogair do strusóirí mar flashiness sruth sruth, caillteanas gnáthóg, agus truaillithe ceimiceacha. Mar thoradh ar fhorbairt uirbeach, athraíonn comhdhéanamh speiceas na bpobal algála, neamhthriomach agus éisc de ghnáth. Mar sin féin, ba é an t-athrú is comhsheasmhaí in aon cheann de na pobail bitheolaíocha ná caillteanas speicis neamhthriomlánacha íogaire agus aistriú go pobal le céatadán níos airde de speicis níos fhulaingte do strusóirí fisiciúla agus ceimiceacha. Ba fhreagra coitianta i ngach limistéar staidéir a tharla forbairt uirbeach i mbroinn uisce coillte é caillteanas i líon speiceas na n-inseictí uisceacha a tharla i ngrúpaí Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies), agus Trichoptera (caddisflies) (EPT). Is méadar bith-choinníollacha é líon na speiceas EPT a úsáidtear i go leor clár biomonitoring ar fud na tíre toisc go bhfuil sé íogair do strusóirí ó dhíscaoileadh an chomhshaoil. Rinneadh laghdú de níos mó ná 50 faoin gcéad ar speicis EPT a fheiceáil i roinnt limistéar staidéir de réir mar a d'ardaigh céatadán na forbartha uirbeacha sna cuisneacha ó leibhéil íseal go leibhéil arda. Tosaíonn an Comhphobal Neamhthíolaithe ag Meathú sna Céimeanna is luaithe den Fhorbairt Cathrach Is é freagra a mheastar go minic maidir le conas a laghdaíonn pobal bitheolaíoch le forbairt uirbeach athléimneacht tosaigh ar athrú ar choinníoll bitheolaíoch thar leibhéil íseal forbartha. Ansin, tar éis don phobal athrú tapa a dhéanamh ar choinníoll le leibhéil mhéadaithe forbartha uirbeacha, tarlaíonn freagra tuirseach (freagairt "líne cothrom") nuair nach bhfuil ach cúpla speiceas inbhuanaithe fágtha sa phobal. Bhí an freagra a breathnaíodh, áfach, difriúil ón léargas hipitéiseach seo. Tosaíonn na pobail neamhthriomlánach uisceacha ag díghrádú le forbairt uirbeach a thosú, rud a léiríonn go bhfuil roinnt speiceas an-íogair do athruithe fisiciúla agus ceimiceacha a bhaineann le forbairt uirbeach. Ní raibh aon fhianaise ann go raibh pobail bhitheolaíocha in aghaidh leibhéil ísle forbartha uirbeacha, bunaithe ar an bhfiosrú go raibh speicis íogair á gcailleadh thar na céimeanna tosaigh forbartha i dtráthchríochanna uisce nach raibh aon suaitheadh orthu go réasúnta. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, thar leibhéil mheánmhéide go hard forbartha uirbeach, níor breathnaíodh aon fhreagra díothaithe chun a léiriú go raibh an pobal bitheolaíoch díghrádú chomh tromchúiseach nach raibh ach na speicis is inbhuanaithe fágtha. Dá bhrí sin, léiríonn easpa freagra díothaithe go bhféadfadh éifeacht athshlánúcháin a bheith ag iarrachtaí athshlánúcháin sruth ar riocht bitheolaíoch sruth beag beann ar leibhéal na forbartha uirbeacha sa dtráthchríoch. Bhí tionchar ag difríochtaí réigiúnacha i gclúdach talún réamh-chathair ar an gcaoi a d'fhreagair éiceachórais sruthanna d'fhorbairt uirbeach Tá éagsúlacht ann idir na cineálacha clúdach talún atá ag fulaingt ó fhorbairt uirbeach i measc limistéar mórthrópa, rud atá tábhachtach toisc go bhfuil an bealach a fhreagraíonn éiceachórais sruthanna ar fhorbairt uirbeach bainteach le clúdach talún réamh-oiriúnach. Is é foraoiseacht an clúdach talún réamh-uirbeach is mó i mBostún, i bPortland, i gCathair Salt Lake, i Birmingham, i Atlanta, agus i Raleigh, ach i Milwaukee, i Denver, agus i Dallas, is é an clúdach talún réamh-uirbeach is mó ná cineál talmhaíochta. Go ginearálta i mbonn uisce a athraíodh ó thalmhaíocht go cathrach, tá céim áirithe díghrádú tagtha ar na sruthanna roimh chéimeanna tosaigh na forbartha cathrach. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh freagra biota srutháin ar na strusóirí a bhaineann le forbairt uirbeach níos laige i mbarrchríocha uisce talmhaíochta i gcomparáid le mbarrchríocha uisce foraoise. Mar shampla, i gcomparáid a dhéanamh idir na pobail neamhthriomach uisceacha idir na suíomhanna is mó agus is lú forbartha sna naoi gceantar staidéir, bhí an caillteanas de speicis EPT (mayfly, stonefly, agus caddisfly) níos lú i gceantair Milwaukee, Denver, agus Dallas ná sna sé cheantair eile ina bhfuil foraoiseacht ar chlúdach talún réamh-oilte. Ní mar gheall go bhfuil pobail bhitheolaíocha sna réigiúin talmhaíochta níos athléimní i gcoinne strusóirí ó fhorbairt uirbeach, ach toisc go raibh speicis íogair caillte cheana féin ag na pobail bhitheolaíocha i gcoinne strusóirí ó ghníomhaíochtaí úsáide talmhaíochta talmhaíochta réamh-oiriúnacha. Is féidir réamhaisnéisí níos fearr a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi a ndéanann forbairt uirbeach difear do shláinte an sruth le samhlacha réigiúnacha a mheasann strusóirí iomadúla I dtrialach píolótach a úsáideadh sonraí ó limistéar staidéir Boston, forbraíodh samhail go sonrach do Nua-Eabhrac chun a thuar conas a théann teaglaim éagsúla de na strusóirí a bhaineann le cathracha a bhaineann le hiodrálaíocht sruth, gnáthóg agus ceimic i bhfeidhm ar shláinte an sruth. Is féidir uirlisí den sórt sin a úsáid chun meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar an gcaoi ar féidir le hathruithe i strusóirí iomadúla tionchar a imirt ar chríochphointí bitheolaíocha agus ar an dóchúlacht go mbainfear amach an sprioc atá ag teastáil maidir le sláinte an sruth. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord, agus tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a chur ar fáil ar an mbord. Cuireadh an tsamhail ar bun chun an dóchúlacht a thuar go mbainfear amach sé leibhéal de shláinte sruthán, rud a fhágann go bhféadfaí cásanna bainistíochta éagsúla a mheas chun sruthanna a chosaint i gceantair uirbeacha. Mar shampla, rinne an tsamhail réamhaisnéis nach mbeadh ach thart ar 25 faoin gcéad de dóchúlacht go bhfaigheadh sé sruth sláintiúil nuair a sháraigh leibhéil forbartha uirbeacha 31 faoin gcéad i mbarr uisce. Mar a fheictear sa phictiúr, áfach, má chuirtear bearta bainistíochta i bhfeidhm chun an t-easnamh a laghdú agus cáilíocht an uisce a fheabhsú, méadaítear an dóchúlacht go bhfaighidh sé sruth sláintiúil go thart ar 70 faoin gcéad.

Rubén Marcos Campos, though now largely forgotten, was one of the major figures in Mexican literature in the first half of the twentieth century. Campos, a poet, intellectual, novelist and folklorist, was born on 25 April 1871 in Ciudad Manuel Doblado, Guanajuato, and died in Mexico City on 7 June 1945. His first novel, entitled Claudio Oronoz, was published in 1906 and is considered one of the gems of the so-called modernist prose that was then in vogue. Lake Chapala plays an important part in the novel, as the destination towards which the hedonistic protagonist gravitates. Campos was well acquainted with Lake Chapala and vacationed there several times over the years. In 1906, for example, we know from contemporary newspapers that he spent the second half of December in Chapala in the company of poet Luis G. Urbina (1864-1934) and painter Leandro Izaguirre (1867-1941). In 1899, Campos wrote several short travel pieces about the lake for La Patria. We will take a closer look at both Claudio Oronoz and these travel articles in later posts. Campos lost his mother at an early age, and grew up in León, Guanajuato, before moving to Mexico City in about 1890 to try and make his way as a writer. He was soon accepted into the literary circles of the city which gave him the opportunity to have poems and articles published in many of the major publications of the time, including El Mundo Ilustrado, Nosotros, México, Vida Moderna, El Universal, El Centinela and Revista Moderna. The last named, Revista Moderna, published two of his poems – “Desnudos” and “Ruth” – in its second issue, adding Campos to its distinguished list of contributors alongside Amado Nervo, José Juan Tablada, Luis Gonzaga Urbina and Jesús E. Valenzuela. His only published collection of poetry was La flauta de Pan (1900), where many verses suggest or explore eroticism and sensuality. However, Campos’s poetry is not very well known, mainly because his essays and studies of popular music and Mexican folklore were already gaining him an enviable reputation for non-fiction writing, based on sound research and skillful use of language. His most important articles about music and folklore appeared in such specialist publications as Revista Musical de México, Gaceta Musical, México Musical and Boletín Latinoamericano de Música. Among the many books by Campos related to the fields of history, folklore and folk music are Chapultepec, su leyenda y su historia (1922); El folklore y la música mexicana (1928); El folklore literario de México (1929); El folklore musical de las ciudades (1930); La producción literaria de los aztecas (1936); and Tradiciones y leyendas mexicanas (1938). His keen interest in folklore and its history did not prevent him from continuing to hone his skills as a reporter. Campos produced numerous, elegantly-written pieces about different parts of Mexico, and also wrote several short fictional stories, many of them for El Nacional. A collection of travel pieces was published in 1922 as Las alas nómadas. The publication of his first novel Claudio Oronoz in 1906 marked the start of an astonishingly productive period that lasted to his death. The novel was welcomed by critics, despite being quite unlike most of his previous work, and established Campos as an accomplished modernist, quickly hailed as one of Mexico’s finest writers of prose of the period. His versatility knew few bounds and Campos also completed at least three operatic librettos: Zulema (1899); Tlahuicole (1925); and Quetzalcóatl (1928). He employed pen names at various points in his career; these pen names included Rubén Martínez, R. Martínez Campos, Oro and Rudel. Given his interest in all aspects of culture and in interpreting the human story, it is not surprising that many of Campos’s stories and novels examine the multifarious seedy undersides of life such as sexual abuse, imprisonment, alcoholism, prostitution, murder and abandonment. Campos managed to combine this prodigious output with a teaching career. At one time or other, he inspired students in the Escuela Normal Preparatoria, the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes, the Conservatorio Nacional de Ciudad de México, the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, and in the Universidad Nacional de México (UNAM)) in a variety of subjects, including art, music, history and Mexican folklore. In addition to Claudio Oronoz, widely regarded as his master work, Campos also completed two other important novels: Aztlán, tierra de garzas (1935) and El bar: la vida literaria de México, which remained unpublished during his lifetime, but was finally put in print by the Universidad Nacional de México (UNAM) in 2013. El bar: la vida literaria de México is especially interesting. It explores the bohemian artistic and literary scene of Mexico towards the end of the Porfiriato. It is based on the experiences of Campos and the other members of his literary circles, as well as of artists such as Julio Ruelas and Germán Gedovius, and of musicians including Manuel M. Ponce and Ernesto Elorduy. All of these literary and artistic greats are given their real names in the novel, the only exceptions being the author himself and Alberto Leduc, whose fictitious names – respectively Benamor Cumps and Raúl Clebodet – are anagrams of their real names. Several works by Rubén M. Campos have been re-released in recent years, making them more available to modern readers. - Rubén M. Campos. 1906. Claudio Oronoz. Mexico. J. Ballesca y ca. - Dulce Diana Aguirre López. 2015. Edición crítica de Claudio Oronoz, de Rubén M. Campos. Masters thesis, UNAM, 2015. - J. R. Fernández de Cano. undated. Campos, Rubén M. (1876-1945). Sombrero Books welcomes comments, corrections or additional material related to any of the writers and artists featured in our series of mini-bios. Please use the comments feature at the bottom of individual posts, or email us.

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Cé go bhfuil dearmad déanta ar Rubén Marcos Campos anois, bhí sé ar cheann de na figiúirí móra i litríocht Mheicsiceo sa chéad leath den fhichiú haois. Rugadh Campos, filíocht, intleachtúil, úrscéalaí agus folclóra, ar an 25 Aibreán 1871 i Ciudad Manuel Doblado, Guanajuato, agus d'éag sé i gCathair Mheicsiceo ar an 7 Meitheamh 1945. Foilsíodh a chéad úrscéal, dar teideal Claudio Oronoz, i 1906 agus meastar go raibh sé ar cheann de na háilleachtaí den phrósa nua-aimseartha mar a thugtar air a bhí ar siúl ag an am. Tá ról tábhachtach ag Loch Chapala sa úrscéal, mar an ceann scríbe a bhfuil an príomhcharachtar hedonistic ag tarraingt chuige. Bhí Campos ar an eolas go maith faoi Loch Chapala agus chuaigh sé ar saoire ann roinnt uaireanta thar na blianta. Sa bhliain 1906, mar shampla, tá a fhios againn ó nuachtáin choimhthíocha go ndearna sé an dara leath de Nollaig i Chapala i gcuideachta an file Luis G. Urbina (1864-1934) agus an péinteora Leandro Izaguirre (1867-1941). Sa bhliain 1899, scríobh Campos roinnt píosaí taistil ghearr faoin loch do La Patria. Déanaimid breathnú níos dlúithe ar Claudio Oronoz agus ar na hailt taistil seo i bpost níos déanaí. Chaill Campos a mháthair ag aois óg, agus d'fhás sé suas i León, Guanajuato, sula ndeachaigh sé go Cathair Mheicsiceo thart ar 1890 chun iarracht a dhéanamh a bhealach a dhéanamh mar scríbhneoir. Glacadh leis go luath i gcruinneacha liteartha na cathrach a thug deis dó a chuid dánta agus ailt a fhoilsiú i go leor de na foilseacháin móra an ama, lena n-áirítear El Mundo Ilustrado, Nosotros, México, Vida Moderna, El Universal, El Centinela agus Revista Moderna. D'fhoilsigh an ceann deireanach, Revista Moderna, dhá cheann dá chuid dánta Desnudos agus Ruth ina dara heagrán, ag cur Campos lena liosta aitheanta de chomhoibritheoirí in éineacht le Amado Nervo, José Juan Tablada, Luis Gonzaga Urbina agus Jesús E. Valenzuela. Ba é La flauta de Pan (1900) an t-aon bhailiúchán filíochta a foilsíodh aige, áit a mholann nó a dhéanann go leor véarsaí iniúchadh ar eroticism agus sensuality. Mar sin féin, níl mórán aithne ar bhéal Campos, go príomha toisc go raibh a chuid aisteanna agus a chuid staidéir ar cheol tóir agus ar fhólclóir Mheicsiceo ag fáil cáil inchinn dó cheana féin mar scríbhneoir neamh-fhicsean, bunaithe ar thaighde fuaime agus úsáid sásúil teanga. Bhí a chuid ailt is tábhachtaí faoi cheol agus faoi fhólclóir le feiceáil i bhfoilseacháin speisialaithe mar Revista Musical de México, Gaceta Musical, México Musical agus Boletín Latinoamericano de Música. I measc na leabhair go leor a scríobh Campos a bhaineann le réimsí na staire, an folclóre agus ceoil tíre tá Chapultepec, su leyenda y su historia (1922); El folklore y la música mexicana (1928); El folklore literario de México (1929); El folklore musical de las ciudades (1930); La producción literaria de los aztecas (1936); agus Tradiciones y leyendas mexicanas (1938). Níor chuir a spéis mhór i dtógáil agus i stair na tíre bac air leanúint ar aghaidh ag feabhsú a chuid scileanna mar thuairisceoir. Táirgeadh Campos píosaí iomadúla, scríofa go hiontach faoi áiteanna éagsúla sa Mheicsiceo, agus scríobh sé roinnt scéalta ficseanúla gearr, go leor acu do El Nacional. Foilsíodh bailiúchán píosaí taistil i 1922 mar Las alas nómadas. Ba é foilsiú a chéad úrscéal Claudio Oronoz i 1906 tús na tréimhse thar a bheith táirgiúil a mhair go dtí a bháis. Chuir criticeoirí fáilte roimh an úrscéal, in ainneoin nach raibh sé cosúil leis an chuid is mó dá chuid oibre roimhe seo, agus bhunaigh Campos mar nua-aimseartha cumasach, a thugtar go tapa mar cheann de na scríbhneoirí próise is fearr sa Mheicsiceo den tréimhse. Bhí a il-chumhachta ag a raibh teorainneacha agus chríochnaigh Campos trí leabharlann óir ar a laghad: Zulema (1899); Tlahuicole (1925); agus Quetzalcóatl (1928). D'úsáid sé ainmneacha péine ag pointí éagsúla ina shlí bheatha; bhí Rubén Martínez, R. Martínez Campos, Oro agus Rudel ar na hainmneacha péine seo. Ós rud é go bhfuil spéis ag Campos i ngach gné de chultúr agus i léiriú scéal an duine, ní haon ionadh go ndéanann go leor de scéalta agus úrscéalta Campos scrúdú ar na fo-thaobhacha ilghnéitheacha éagsúla sa saol mar mhí-úsáid ghnéasach, príosún, alcóil, éagóir, dúnmharú agus tréigtheacht. D'éirigh le Campos an toradh iontach seo a chomhcheangal le gairme múinteoireachta. Ag am amháin nó eile, spreag sé mic léinn san Escuela Normal Preparatoria, an Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes, an Conservatorio Nacional de Ciudad de México, an Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía, agus san Universidad Nacional de México (UNAM)) i gcúrsaí éagsúla, lena n-áirítear ealaín, ceol, stair agus folclóir Mheicsiceo. Chomh maith le Claudio Oronoz, a mheastar go forleathan mar a shaothar mháistir, chríochnaigh Campos dhá úrscéal tábhachtach eile freisin: Aztlán, tierra de garzas (1935) agus El bar: la vida literaria de México, a d'fhan gan fhoilsiú le linn a shaoil, ach a chuir Universidad Nacional de México (UNAM) i gcló sa deireadh in 2013. Tá El bar: la vida literaria de México suimiúil go háirithe. Déanann sé iniúchadh ar an radharc ealaíne agus liteartha bohemian i Meicsiceo i dtreo dheireadh an Porfiriato. Tá sé bunaithe ar thaithí Campos agus na mball eile dá chiorcail liteartha, chomh maith le healaíontóirí mar Julio Ruelas agus Germán Gedovius, agus ceoltóirí lena n-áirítear Manuel M. Ponce agus Ernesto Elorduy. Tugtar a n-ainmneacha fíor ar na mór-fheidhmeannachta liteartha agus ealaíne seo go léir sa úrscéal, agus is iad na heisceachtaí amháin an t-údar féin agus Alberto Leduc, a bhfuil a n-ainmneacha ficseartha Benamor Cumps agus Raúl Clebodet ina anagram de na hainmneacha fíor. Tá roinnt saothar le Rubén M. Campos athscaoileadh le blianta beaga anuas, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad níos inrochtana do léitheoirí nua-aimseartha. - Rubén M. Campos. 1906. - Tá sé ann. Claudio Oronoz. Meicsiceo. J. Ballesca y ca. - Dulce Diana Aguirre López. 2015. Tá sé seo go hiomlán. Edición crítica de Claudio Oronoz, de Rubén M. Campos. Teisigh máistreachta, UNAM, 2015. - J. R. Fernández de Cano. gan dáta. Campos, Rubén M. (1876-1945). Fáiltíonn Sombrero Books roimh thuairimí, ceartaithe nó ábhar breise a bhaineann le haon cheann de na scríbhneoirí agus na n-ealaíontóirí a léirítear inár sraith mion-bhíotáillí. Bain úsáid as an ngné tuairimí ag bun post aonair, nó ríomhphost dúinn.

All week, you've been dreaming of a day at the beach. As you wriggle into UV-protectant swimwear, slather on sunscreen, and grab your camera and your sunglasses, nanotechnology is last thing on your mind. Yet it's a part of what you're wearing, holding and, to a large extent, using in your daily life. Nanotechnology, which is the study and manipulation of matter so small it can't even be detected with a high-power microscope, lends UV-protection to your swimwear and sunscreen, anti-glare coating to your camera lens and scratch-resistance to your sunglasses. Nanocrystals, a type of nanoparticle, are used in products ranging from makeup and plastic storage bags to odor-resistant socks and home pregnancy tests. And someday, nanocrystals could power your car, items around your home or the office building down the street. Nanotechnology is an emerging scientific field that's rich with possibility, but this ultra-microscopic matter wasn't created in the dark recesses of a mad scientist's laboratory. Nanoparticles occur naturally. They're found in sea spray, volcanic ash and smoke [source: Science Daily]. Sometimes, nanocrystals are a part of byproducts like vehicle exhaust or the fumes emitted during welding [source: Nano]. Nanocrystals range from 1 to 100 nanometers in size and are measured on a nanoscale. One nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, which is 1 million times smaller than an ant. So just how could a nanocrystal manage to become a powerful fuel source? After all, an average sheet of paper measures 100,000 nanometers thick, making it huge by comparison [source: Nano]. The key lies in the way nanocrystals behave. Particles of most sizes, no matter what they are made of, follow a common set of scientific rules. It's as if they've been collectively trained to keep their elbows off the proverbial dinner table; there are expectations -- borne out by observation -- about how these particles interact. But not nanocrystals. Nanocrystals are willful, rebellious little things. And that is exactly why they could be the next big fuel source [source: Boysen].

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An tseachtain ar fad, tá tú ag aisling ar lá ag an trá. Agus tú ag cur do chuid éadaí snámha a chosnaíonn ó UV, ag cur sclábhaithe gréine ort, agus ag glacadh do cheamara agus do spéaclaí gréine, is é an nanotechnology an rud deireanach atá i do cheann. Ach tá sé mar chuid de na rudaí a bhíonn á n-éileamh agat, á seilbh agat agus, go mór, á n-úsáid agat i do shaol laethúil. Is é an nanaiteicneolaíocht, is é sin staidéar agus ionramháil ábhar chomh beag nach féidir é a bhrath fiú le micreascóip ardchumhachta, cosaint UV a thabhairt do do bhia agus do ghrianchraicinn, sciath frith-ghléite do lionsa do cheamara agus friotaíocht-scratch do do shúile gréine. Úsáidtear nanocrystals, cineál nanoparticle, i dtáirgí a théann ó múnla agus málaí stórála plaisteacha go stocaí atá in aghaidh boladh agus tástálacha toirchis sa bhaile. Agus lá éigin, d'fhéadfadh nanocrystals cumhacht do charr, earraí timpeall do theach nó an foirgneamh oifige síos an tsráid. Is réimse eolaíochta atá ag teacht chun cinn é an nanaiteicneolaíocht atá saibhir i gcumas, ach níor cruthaíodh an t-ábhar ultra-imicroscópach seo i n-easnamh dorcha saotharlann eolaí dÚsachtach. Tá na nanoparticles i láthair go nádúrtha. Tá siad le fáil i sprae farraige, luaine bholcánacha agus deatach [foinse: Science Daily]. Uaireanta, is cuid de thorthaí mar dhrochais feithiclí nó na gaistí a scaoiltear le linn muineálú iad nanocrystals [foinse: Nano]. Tá na nanochríostail idir 1 agus 100 nanoméadar de mhéid agus déantar iad a thomhas ar scála nanoscale. Tá nanometer amháin ar cheann de billiún de mhéadar, atá 1 milliún uair níos lú ná an t-amhrán. Mar sin, conas a d'fhéadfadh nanocrystal a bhainistiú a bheith ina fhoinse breosla cumhachtach? Tar éis an tsaoil, déanann meán-leabhar páipéir 100,000 nanométer tiubh, rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé ollmhór i gcomparáid [foinse: Nano]. Tá an eochair i gcaoi a n-iompróidh nanocrystals. Tá na cáithníní is mó de mhéid, is cuma cén cineál iad, ag leanúint sraith choiteann rialacha eolaíochta. Tá sé amhail is dá mba go ndearnadh oiliúint orthu go comhchoiteann chun a gcúplaí a choinneáil ó thábla an dinnéir seanfhocail; tá ionchais ann - a dheimhnítear trí bhreathnú - faoi conas a idirghníomhaíonn na cáithníní seo. Ach ní nanocrystals. Is rudaí beaga stuama, rebellious é Nanocrystals. Agus sin go díreach an fáth go bhféadfadh siad a bheith mar an chéad fhoinse breosla mór eile [foinse: Boysen].

Here is a very cool story from CNN about a 14 year old with a million dollar idea: Teen to government: Change your typeface, save millions (CNN) -- An e. You can write it with one fluid swoop of a pen or one tap of the keyboard. The most commonly used letter in the English dictionary. Simple, right? Now imagine it printed out millions of times on thousands of forms and documents. Then think of how much ink would be needed. OK, so that may have been a first for you, but it came naturally to 14-year-old Suvir Mirchandani when he was trying to think of ways to cut waste and save money at his Pittsburgh-area middle school. And eventually, they get to the point - by changing fonts the government could use less ink, saving a bundle: Using the General Services Administration's estimated annual cost of ink -- $467 million -- Suvir concluded that if the federal government used Garamond exclusively it could save nearly 30% -- or $136 million per year. An additional $234 million could be saved annually if state governments also jumped on board, he reported. All very cool, and props to the young man. However, this is hardly his first moment in the spotlight - Suvir and his older brother Rishi have been winning piano and science competitions for years. (How do you get to Carnegie Hall? Practice, practice, practice. Like Suvir.) So, although we applaud this young mans drive and talent, we do hope that progressives keep in mind we are seeing a predictable consequence of assortative mating, namely, reduced social mobility and the inheritance of success.

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Seo scéal an-simplí ó CNN faoi dhuine 14 bliana d'aois a raibh smaoineamh milliún dollar aige: Óige go rialtas: Athraigh do shló, sábháil na milliúin (CNN) -- An e. Is féidir leat é a scríobh le plúr amháin nó le tap amháin ar an méarchlár. An litir is coitianta a úsáidtear sa foclóir Béarla. Simplí, ceart? Anois, samhlaigh gur priontáilte é na milliúin uair ar na mílte foirm agus doiciméad. Ansin smaoinigh ar an méid inc a bheadh ag teastáil. OK, b'fhéidir gurbh é sin an chéad uair duit, ach tháinig sé go nádúrtha ar Suvir Mirchandani 14 mbliana d'aois nuair a bhí sé ag iarraidh smaoineamh ar bhealaí chun dramhaíl a laghdú agus airgead a shábháil ag a scoil mheán-réigiún Pittsburgh. Agus sa deireadh, téann siad go pointe - trí fhointí a athrú d'fhéadfadh an rialtas níos lú dúch a úsáid, agus bundle a shábháil: Ag baint úsáide as costas bliantúil measta an Riaracháin Seirbhísí Ginearálta ar inc - $ 467 milliún - tháinig Suvir chun críche go bhféadfaí beagnach 30% a shábháil dá n-úsáidfeadh an rialtas cónaidhme Garamond go heisiach - nó $ 136 milliún in aghaidh na bliana. D'fhéadfaí $234 milliún breise a shábháil gach bliain dá mbeadh rialtais stáit ag dul ar bord freisin, a thuairiscigh sé. Gach an-cool, agus props don fhear óg. Mar sin féin, is deacair a chéad nóiméad a bheith i láthair - tá Suvir agus a dheartháir níos sine Rishi ag buachan comórtais phíanó agus eolaíochta le blianta. (Conas a fhaigheann tú go Carnegie Hall? Cleachtadh, cleachtadh, cleachtadh. Cosúil le Suvir.) Mar sin, cé go bhfuil muid applaud an fear óg seo tiomantas agus buíochas, tá súil againn go bhfuil forásach a choinneáil i gcuimhne táimid ag féachaint ar iarmhairt intuartha de mating assortative, is é sin, soghluaisteacht shóisialta laghdaithe agus an oidhreacht rath.

Renegade architect Michael Reynolds lost his architecture license because of his unorthodox building techniques. He creates "radically sustainable living options through a process called 'Earthship Biotecture.'" His solar homes, made from plastic bottles, aluminum cans, used tires, natural and recycled materials use solar energy and wind turbines. This video tours a Taos, New Mexico sustainable-living home he designed and built. OK, I can see using 45% recycled materials to build a house. Design to maximize solar heating in Winter and Shade in summer, great. Tires for your living room back wall, no way. They stink! Ditto for channeling your sewage into you living room garden. Dude hasn't heard of composting toilets? You could do hydroponic gardening and raise tilapia with clean water. He's trying, and others will learn from his hits and misses. Other approaches to using recycled material for housing include reusing shipping containers. Example Here's a Mexican company that builds housing from recycled plastic. Great report! Perhaps we will one day go to the plastic patch in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and mine it for plastic! I just watched the "Example" and am intrigued by the "Be water my friend!" Great idea. It looks wonderful! The first earthships have been built here too, well above the groundwaterlevel, but I think a lot of adaptation is necessary to make a good home and avoid the damp in this muddy country. The recycled building material is used here too. Are you expecting rise in ground water level? I saw videos of the construction of the sea walls in the Netherlands and that was some gigantic task. Are you located below sea level? I can't remember how far inland we drove before getting some elevation. What a testament to the determination of man against nature! Yes, when the sea level rises, the ground water level will also rise. And we are below sea level here, but only 3 or 4 metres. That leaves only a thin layer of earth to build on. When you want to build in the earth, e.g. for a cemetary, a cellar or an earthship, you have to start with a mound or you must find ways to keep the water out. I took a picture from the window just now, to show you the waterlevel between the dikes of the Schie. You have to drive for about 50 KM from the coast before you reach the parts above sea level. Oh! that is so pretty. Is this from your home or work? Do you bicycle? Yes, beautiful autumn weather here. This is from my home. I cycled until I got trouble with my equilibrium some fifteen years ago, and now I walk or use public transport.

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Chaill an t-ailtire renegade Michael Reynolds a cheadúnas ailtireachta mar gheall ar a theicnící tógála neamh-oirthoidciúla. Cruthaíonn sé "roghanna maireachtála atá inbhuanaithe go mór trí phróiseas ar a dtugtar 'Bioteicture Earthship.'" Tá a theachanna gréine, a dhéantar ó bhuidéil phlaisteach, canáin alúmanaim, tairbhí úsáide, ábhair nádúrtha agus athchúrsáilte, ag baint úsáide as fuinneamh gréine agus turbinaí gaoithe. Taispeánann an físeán seo teach inbhuanaithe a dhear sé agus a thóg sé i Taos, Nua-Mheicsiceo. OK, is féidir liom a fheiceáil ag baint úsáide as 45% ábhair athchúrsáilte a thógáil teach. Dearadh chun an teas gréine a uasmhéadú san Gheimhreadh agus an scáth i samhradh, go hiontach. Tá mé ag iarraidh a bheith ag obair ar an mballa taobh thiar de do sheomra suí, gan aon bhealach. Tá siad stink! Dtocht as do chuid salachar a chur isteach i gcarr an tseomra suí. Dude nach bhfuil chuala de composting toilets? D'fhéadfá gairdíníocht hidropónach a dhéanamh agus tilapia a ardú le huisce glan. Tá sé ag iarraidh, agus beidh daoine eile ag foghlaim óna hits agus misses. I measc na gcur chuige eile maidir le hábhair athchúrsáilte a úsáid le haghaidh tithíochta tá córais loingseoireachta a athúsáid. Sampla Seo cuideachta Mheicsiceo a thógann tithíocht ó phlaisteach athchúrsáilte. Tuarascáil iontach! B'fhéidir go rachaidh muid lá amháin go dtí an bpáirc plaisteach i lár an Aigéin Chiúin agus go ndéanfaidh muid mianach as plaisteach ann! Táim díreach tar éis féachaint ar an "Sampla" agus tá mé intrigued ag an "Be uisce mo chara!" Smaointe iontach. Tá sé ag breathnú iontach! Tá na chéad earthships tógtha anseo freisin, go maith os cionn an leibhéal uisce talún, ach sílim go bhfuil a lán oiriúnú is gá a dhéanamh ar bhaile maith agus a sheachaint an taise sa tír muddy. Úsáidtear an t-ábhar tógála athchúrsáilte anseo freisin. An bhfuil tú ag súil le méadú ar leibhéal na n-uisce talún? Chonaic mé físeáin de thógáil na mballaí farraige san Ísiltír agus ba obair mhór é sin. An bhfuil tú suite faoi bhun leibhéal na farraige? Ní féidir liom cuimhneamh cé chomh fada isteach sa tír a thiomáin muid sula bhfuair muid roinnt airde. Cad de dhearbhú ar an cinneadh an duine i gcoinne an nádúr! Sea, nuair a ardóidh leibhéal na farraige, ardóidh leibhéal na n-uisce talún freisin. Agus táimid faoi bhun leibhéal na farraige anseo, ach ach 3 nó 4 mhéadar. Ní fhágann sin ach ciseal tanaí talún le tógáil air. Nuair is mian leat a thógáil sa talamh, e.g. le haghaidh an pholl, cellar nó earthship, caithfidh tú tosú le mound nó ní mór duit a fháil ar bhealaí chun an t-uisce a choinneáil amach. Ghlac mé pictiúr ón fhuinneog díreach anois, chun an leibhéal uisce idir na dí na Schie a thaispeáint duit. Caithfidh tú tiomáint ar feadh thart ar 50 km ón gcósta sula sroicheann tú na codanna os cionn leibhéal na farraige. Ó! Tá sé! go bhfuil sé sin chomh deas. An bhfuil sé seo ó do theach nó ó do phost? An bhfuil rothar agat? Sea, aimsir álainn an fhoghairne anseo. Tá sé seo ó mo theach. Bhí mé ag rothaíocht go dtí go raibh deacracht agam le mo chothromaíocht thart ar chúig bliana déag ó shin, agus anois táim ag siúl nó ag úsáid iompair phoiblí.

Odonata is an insect order comprising of the carnivorous insects such as dragonfly and damselfly. The term “Odonata” was coined by Fabricius from a Greek word “odontos” meaning tooth. He may have used the term to refer to the insects because their mandible posses teeth. Sometimes the word dragonfly is used to refer to all Odonata to avoid ambiguity. However, the correct English name for the whole group is Odonate. Odonates are among the insects that have secured themselves in folklore and art. For instance, dragonflies are held in high regard in Japan with a journal (Tombo) dedicated to reporting their biology since 1958. However, in Europe, the insects are considered threatening. The structure of an adult odonate reflects its ability to fly. It has two pairs of wings and long narrow abdomen divided into 10 segments. The head has conspicuous eyes and less prominent antennae. The thorax of the adult insect is tilted along the body’s axis with the thorax slightly sloping to accommodate the large wing muscles and set the legs forward. As a result, the odonates can easily perch on objects but are unable to walk on the flat surface. Equilibrium during flight is maintained by a delicate orientation organ located where the head joins the thorax. In dragonflies, the compound eyes converge at the top of the head and may consist up to 30,000 ommatidia. The large eyes enable them to have an almost 360-degree view. On the other hand, damselflies have well-separated eyes. Odonates’ eggs are laid in or near water bodies. The eggs develop through series of stages with molting taking place at the end of each stage. After hatching, a spider-like larva is released from the egg. The larva differs significantly from the adult fly. The wings are not developed at the larval stage and only appear halfway through the larval development. The wings develop rapidly as the larva molts. Larval development may take 3 weeks or more depending on the species and habitat. Odonates do not go through the pupal stage. Instead, at the end of the larval stage, the larva will stop feeding, allowing its organs to transform into those of an adult. The larva will then molt in a process known as “emergence” to disclose the adult. The newly emerged odonate is often soft and reproductively immature. The adult insect can only fly once the wings straighten and the body hardens. The adult life is divided into maturation phase that lasts about 2 weeks and the reproductive phase. The reproduction phase is characterized by the mature adult dragonfly flying to the waters where the eggs will be laid. The male insects assemble at the water bodies before the females to establish their territories. Courtship begins when the female enters the territory. The female may accept or reject the courtship display. Odonates have unique mating postures. The male grasps the head of the female with the tip of its abdomen, inducing her to direct her abdomen to the accessory sex organ located at the base of his abdomen. The sex position, often referred to as the “wheel position” enables the female to receive the sperms. The female will almost immediately lay eggs while the male keeps guard against any approaching male.

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Is ord inscne é Odonata a chuimsíonn na hinseactaí carnáideacha mar dragonfly agus damselfly. Is é Fabricius a chum an téarma Odonata ó fhocal Gréagach odontos a chiallaíonn fiacla. B'fhéidir gur úsáid sé an téarma chun tagairt a dhéanamh do na h-ionsaithe toisc go bhfuil fiacla ag a ndíol. Uaireanta úsáidtear an focal dragonfly chun tagairt a dhéanamh do gach Odonata chun éiginnteacht a sheachaint. Mar sin féin, is é Odonate an t-ainm ceart Béarla don ghrúpa ar fad. Tá Odonates i measc na n-inseictí a bhfuil siad féin a dhaingniú i bfolclóir agus ealaín. Mar shampla, tá meas mór ag daoine ar na dromchlaí sa tSeapáin le iris (Tombo) atá tiomanta d'fhiosrú a bitheolaíochta ó 1958. Mar sin féin, san Eoraip, meastar go bhfuil na h-ionsaithe ina mbagairt. Léiríonn struchtúr odonate fásta a chumas eitilt. Tá dhá péire sciatháin agus bolg fhada caol roinnte ina 10 rann. Tá súile suntasacha ag an gceann agus tá antennae níos lú suntasacha. Tá an toras an inseict fásta ar an gcorp ag dul ar aghaidh, agus an toras beagán ag dul ar aghaidh chun na matáin mhóra sciatháin a chur isteach agus na cosa a chur ar aghaidh. Mar thoradh air sin, is féidir leis na odonates a bheith ag seasamh go héasca ar rudaí ach ní féidir leo siúl ar an dromchla cothrom. Coinnítear cothromaíocht le linn eitilte ag orgán dílis treoshuímh atá suite áit a dtéann an ceann le thoracs. I dtráchtáin, tagann na súile comhcheangailte le chéile ag barr an chinn agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh suas le 30,000 ommatidia iontu. De bharr na súile móra, is féidir leo a fheiceáil beagnach 360 céim. Ar an láimh eile, tá súile dea-scoilte ag na hacaí. Tá uibheacha Odonates i gcomhlachtaí uisce nó in aice leo. Déantar na huibheacha a fhorbairt trí shraith chéimeanna agus déantar molting ag deireadh gach céim. Tar éis an uibhe a chlúdach, scaoiltear larbha cosúil le spider ón ubh. Tá difríocht mhór idir an larbha agus an eitilt fásta. Ní fhorbraítear na sciatháin ag an gcéim larbha agus ní thagann siad ach leathbhealach tríd an bhforbairt larbha. Forbraíonn na sciatháin go tapa de réir mar a bhíonn na liopaí ag mothú. D'fhéadfadh go dtógfadh forbairt na larbha 3 sheachtain nó níos mó ag brath ar an speiceas agus ar an gnáthóg. Ní théann odonates tríd an gcéim pupal. Ina áit sin, ag deireadh na céime larbha, scoirfidh an larbha ó bhia, rud a ligeann dá orgáin athrú go orgáin fásta. Ansin, moltar an larbha i bpróiseas ar a dtugtar emergence chun an duine fásta a nochtadh. Is minic go mbíonn an odonate a thagann chun cinn go nua bog agus neamh-inbheach ó thaobh atáirgthe de. Ní féidir leis an insect fásta eitilt ach amháin nuair a shíneann na sciatháin agus a cruaíonn an corp. Tá an saol fásta roinnte ina chéim aibíochta a mhaireann thart ar 2 sheachtain agus an chéim atáirgthe. Is é is saintréithe den chéim atáirgthe ná an dromchla aibí a eitilt chuig na huiscí ina gcuirfear na huibheacha. Tagann na h-ionsaithe fireann le chéile ag na comhlachtaí uisce roimh na mban chun a gcríoch a bhunú. Tosaíonn an corraitheacht nuair a théann an baineann isteach sa chríoch. Féadfaidh an baineann glacadh nó diúltú don taispeántas cóir. Tá postúr páirteach uathúil ag Odonates. Glacann an fear ceann an mhná le barr a bholg, ag spreagadh í a bholg a dhíriú ar an gcomhlacht gnéis cúlra atá suite ag bun a bholg. Cuireann an seasamh gnéis, a dtugtar go minic an "suíomh rotha" air, ar chumas na mban na sperm a fháil. Déanfaidh an baineann uibheacha beagnach láithreach agus coimeádann an fear garda ar aon fear a thagann in aice.

Protein provides the nutrients for muscles, organs, the skin, hair and nails. Enzymes and hormones also consist of protein. Our body's defences only function to the best of their ability with protein. For this reason we must ensure we have a sufficient supply. This also applies to children. Our body needs an especially large number of nutrients for growth and for increasing muscle. Milk, meat, fish and eggs are the most important sources of protein. Plant foods such as grains, potatoes and pulses also contain protein. Animal and plant combinations of protein are particularly good for you. Good combinations include muesli with yoghurt or milk, wholegrain bread with cheese, and potatoes with eggs. Variety is good Our digestive system must first of all break down protein from food into its component parts - amino acids, of which there are 20 different kinds. Amino acids travel via the blood to precisely where our body needs them. When they reach their destination, they are used very specifically to create a protein that the body needs. If one part of the protein is missing, the body must obtain some by taking protein from another location, or, for example, resorting to using valuable muscle protein. Tip: eat a varied diet so your body can always obtain the appropriate amino acids. How much protein do you need? Adults require approximately 0.8 g of protein per kilo of bodyweight every day. If you weigh 60 kg, then a daily protein intake of approximately 48 g is sufficient. As children are growing, they need - based on their body weight - more protein than adults. As long as they regularly eat small portions of meat or fish, drink milk and now and again eat muesli, yoghurt or cheese, their needs will be covered. But what if your child doesn't like milk or even cheese? Try mashed potato for lunch or, in between meals, semolina pudding with raspberries - you can conceal a lot of milk in these. Too much protein can have its disadvantages. Animal protein also contains some undesirable substances such as cholesterol, purine and saturated fatty acids, which can damage health in the long term. This page contains general information and is not intended as a substitute for medical advice. Please consult your healthcare professional for specific advice for your personal situation.

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Soláthraíonn próitéin na cothaithigh do mhúscail, orgáin, don chraiceann, do ghruaig agus do naíonáin. Tá ainimí agus hormóin chomh maith le próitéin. Ní fheidhmíonn cosaintí ár gcomhlachta ach a gcumas is fearr le próitéin. Ar an gcúis seo ní mór dúinn a chinntiú go bhfuil soláthar leordhóthanach againn. Baineann sé seo le leanaí freisin. Tá líon mór cothaithigh ag teastáil ó ár gcorp go háirithe chun fás agus chun matáin a mhéadú. Is iad bainne, feoil, iasc agus uibheacha na foinsí próitéine is tábhachtaí. Tá próitéin i mbia plandaí mar ghráin, prátaí agus liopaí freisin. Tá teaglaim próitéine ainmhithe agus plandaí go háirithe maith duitse. I measc na meascán maith tá muesli le iogart nó bainne, arán gráin iomlán le cáis, agus prátaí le uibheacha. Tá éagsúlacht go maith Ní mór do chóras díleá an próitéin a fhaightear ó bhia a bhriseadh síos ar dtús go dtí a chuid comhpháirteanna - aimínaigéid, a bhfuil 20 cineál éagsúla acu. Siarann aimínaigéid tríd an fhuil go díreach chuig an áit a dteastaíonn siad ón gcomhlacht. Nuair a shroicheann siad a gceann scríbe, úsáidtear iad go sonrach chun próitéin a chruthú a theastaíonn ón gcomhlacht. Má tá cuid den phróitéin ar iarraidh, ní mór don chorp cuid eile a fháil trí phróitéin a thógáil ó shuíomh eile, nó, mar shampla, ag baint úsáide as próitéin muscle luachmhar. Leideanna: bíodh bia éagsúil agat ionas go mbeidh an t-amínaigéid is gá ag do chorp i gcónaí. Cé mhéad próitéin a theastaíonn uait? Éilíonn daoine fásta thart ar 0.8 g próitéine in aghaidh gach cileagram de mheáchan coirp gach lá. Má tá tú ag meáchan 60 kg, is leor iontógáil próitéine laethúil de thart ar 48 g. De réir mar a fhásann leanaí, bíonn níos mó próitéine de dhíth orthu - bunaithe ar a meáchan coirp - ná daoine fásta. Chomh fada agus a itheann siad codanna beaga feola nó iasc go rialta, bainne a ól agus muesli, iógart nó cáis a ithe ó am go ham, beidh a gcuid riachtanas cumhdaithe. Ach cad a tharlaíonn mura bhfuil do leanbh ag iarraidh bainne nó fiú cáis? Déan triail as puré prátaí le haghaidh lóin nó, idir béilí, pudding séamhlín le frasbair - is féidir leat a lán bainne a cheilt iontu. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh míbhuntáistí ag iomarca próitéine. Tá roinnt substaintí neamh-inmhianaithe i bpróitéin ainmhithe freisin, amhail colesterol, púiréine agus aigéid shailleacha sataraithe, a d'fhéadfadh dochar a dhéanamh don tsláinte san fhadtéarma. Tá faisnéis ghinearálta ar an leathanach seo agus níl sé beartaithe mar ionad comhairle leighis. Déan teagmháil le do ghairmí cúraim sláinte le haghaidh comhairle shonraigh do do chás pearsanta.

In 1950 Ernst Wynder, MD and colleagues began to produce convincing data that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer. Over the ensuing many years evidence has arisen linking cigarette smoking to many different cancers, chronic lung disease and heart attacks. In 1964 the surgeon general reported that cigarette smoking was the most important risk factor for development of lung cancer and that quitting smoking reduced that risk. Since that time a concerted effort to reduce tobacco smoking has been one of the most important public health agenda items for the medical profession. Since this is the 50th anniversary of organized tobacco control, the Journal of the American Medical Association has devoted an entire issue to the subject of tobacco and health. Articles include a survey of smoking prevalence around the world: US residents smoke less than people in Europe, especially Eastern Europe. Although many Africans smoke, they don’t smoke much, Women generally don’t smoke as much as men, except possibly in Eastern Europe. There were a pair of articles discussing e-cigarettes, the nicotine delivery devices that look vaguely like cigarettes but don’t burn tobacco. One article expressed the strong conviction that e-cigarettes should be regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because their long term safety has not been studied, especially in adolescents, their public use makes people accept a smoking-like activity in public places where it is now prohibited and many people who smoke e-cigarettes also smoke tobacco so perhaps the delivery of nicotine allows ongoing addiction. The other article suggested that e-cigarettes might be a “disruptive technology” and might entirely replace burning tobacco, with its associated health risks. Digital photography was a similar disruptive technology and has successfully nearly replaced film photography due to its competitive cost and improved convenience and adaptability. The authors felt that increased regulation of e-cigarettes might serve to bolster the market share of the tobacco industry, with significant negative impact on the health of the smokers who are likely to abandon tobacco for a cheaper and more convenient alternative. Other articles looked at the usefulness of two drugs, bupropion and varenicline, to promote and support cigarette abstinence. These drugs have been available for years, along with nicotine replacement, to help smokers quit and have been moderately helpful. The most thought provoking article of the collection was written by two authors, Andrea L. Smith and Simon Chapman, of the public health school of the University of Sydney in Australia. They point out that the vast majority of patients who have quit smoking have done so entirely unassisted. No support groups, no drugs, no counseling. In a 2013 Gallup poll, 48% of successful quitters stopped “cold turkey” because they decided it was time. 5% used nicotine replacement and only 3% used drugs. The authors noted that the Australian government spends a vast amount more money on the prescription drugs prescribed to help patients quit than on social marketing campaigns which would make them want to quit. Apparently the US is not alone in its belief that we need pharmaceuticals to make us well. Buying drugs which don’t work and require that patients visit doctors for prescriptions and counseling is revenue generating. Successfully quitting “cold turkey” is not. In 1964, Americans first got the message from the surgeon general that they should quit smoking to reduce their risk of lung cancer. The response to this message was huge. In 1964, 42.7% of adults smoked and today that number is 18.1%. Average daily cigarette consumption among smokers has also dropped, from 20 to 13. We have seen a significant reduction in death rates associated with smoking related diseases. The vast majority of smokers consider themselves to be addicted and would like to quit. The huge number of patients who have successfully quit have reduced their risk of heart attack, stroke, cancer and lung disease significantly. A group out of Yale University modeled the number of premature deaths prevented by tobacco cessation since 1964 and they estimate that 8 million lives were saved. These were people who didn’t get cancer, didn’t need oxygen tanks, didn’t have to undergo radiation treatment or chemotherapy, have bypass operations, struggle to walk up hills due to shortness of breath or heart pain. What a lot of people need thanks for this: doctors who diligently nagged patients, researchers who followed up leads conscientiously, advocates who countered tobacco company rhetoric, public health specialists who made the story interesting, and most of all smokers who decided to quit, because it was time. Janice Boughton is a physician who blogs at Why is American health care so expensive?

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I 1950 thosaigh Ernst Wynder, MD agus a chomhghleacaithe ag cur sonraí a chreidiúint go raibh caitheamh tobac ag cúis le hailse scamhóige. Le blianta fada ina dhiaidh sin, tá fianaise tagtha chun cinn a bhaineann tobac a chaitheamh le go leor ailse éagsúla, le galar ainsealach na scamhóg agus le tinneas croí. I 1964 thuairiscigh an príomh-mhonaróir go raibh caitheamh tobac an fachtóir riosca is tábhachtaí le haghaidh ailse scamhóg a fhorbairt agus go laghdaíonn caitheamh tobac an riosca sin. Ón am sin i leith, tá iarracht chomhdhlúite chun caitheamh tobac a laghdú ar cheann de na pointí is tábhachtaí ar chlár oibre sláinte poiblí do ghairm na míochaine. Ós rud é go bhfuil an 50ú bliain d'easnamh eagraithe ar smacht ar thobac, tá an Journal of the American Medical Association tar éis a eagrán iomlán a thabhairt don ábhar tobac agus sláinte. Áirítear sna hailt suirbhé ar an bhréagán tobac ar fud an domhain: tá cónaitheoirí na SA ag caitheamh tobac níos lú ná daoine san Eoraip, go háirithe san Eoraip an Oirthir. Cé go bhfuil go leor Afracaigh ag caitheamh tobac, ní chaitheann siad go leor, Ní chaitheann mná i gcoitinne an oiread agus a chaitheann fir, ach amháin san Eoraip Thoir b'fhéidir. Bhí cúpla alt ann a phléigh e-tobacaí, na feistí seachadta nicotine a bhreathnaíonn go neamhshoiléir cosúil le toitíní ach nach n-ólann tobac. Léirigh alt amháin an dearbhacht láidir gur chóir go rialaíonn Riarachán Bia agus Drugaí (FDA) e-sigarétaí toisc nach ndearnadh staidéar ar a sábháilteacht fadtéarmach, go háirithe i measc déagóirí, déanann a n-úsáid poiblí daoine glacadh le gníomhaíocht cosúil le caitheamh tobac in áiteanna poiblí áit a bhfuil sé toirmiscthe anois agus go leor daoine a chaitheann e-sigarétaí ag caitheamh tobac freisin mar sin b'fhéidir go gceadaíonn an seachadadh niocóitíne andúile leanúnach. D'fhiafraigh an t-alt eile d'e-sigarétaí go bhféadfadh siad a bheith ina "teicneolaíocht athraitheach" agus go bhféadfadh siad tobac a dhó a chur ina ionad go hiomlán, agus na rioscaí sláinte a bhaineann leis. Ba teicneolaíocht chasta den chineál céanna í an grianghrafadóireacht dhigiteach agus tá beagnach ionad déanta aici ar ghrianghrafadóireacht scannáin mar gheall ar a chostas iomaíoch agus feabhas a chur ar áisiúlacht agus ar oiriúnaitheacht. Bhí na húdair den tuairim go bhféadfadh rialachán níos mó ar e-sigarétaí cuidiú le sciar an mhargaidh a threisiú don tionscal tobac, agus go mbeadh tionchar diúltach suntasach aige ar shláinte na n-imríocha a d'fhéadfadh tobac a thréigean ar mhaithe le malartacht níos saoire agus níos áisiúla. D'athraigh ailt eile an úsáid a bhí ag dhá dhrugaí, bupropion agus varenicline, chun staonadh ó shiogáil a chur chun cinn agus a thacú leis. Tá na drugaí seo ar fáil le blianta, mar aon le hionad nicotine, chun cabhrú le caitheamh tobac a scor agus bhí cabhair measartha acu. An t-alt is mó a spreagann smaointe sa bhailiúchán a scríobh dhá údar, Andrea L. Smith agus Simon Chapman, ó scoil sláinte poiblí Ollscoil Sydney san Astráil. Tugann siad le fios go ndearna an chuid is mó de na hothair a d'fhág an tobac gan aon chabhair. Níl aon ghrúpaí tacaíochta, gan drugaí, gan comhairleoireacht. I vótaíocht Gallup 2013, d'fhág 48% de na daoine a d'éirigh leo éirí as go tapa toisc gur chinn siad go raibh sé in am. 5% a úsáideadh ionad nicotine agus ní úsáideadh drugaí ach 3% . Thug na húdair faoi deara go gcaitheann rialtas na hAstráile méid ollmhór airgid ar na cógais oideas a fhorordaítear chun cabhrú le hothair a scor ná ar fheachtais mhargaíochta sóisialta a chuirfeadh ar a gcumas iad a scor. Is cosúil nach bhfuil na Stáit Aontaithe ina n-aonar ina gcreideamh go dteastaíonn cógaisíochta uainn chun go mbeimid go maith. Tá ioncam á ghiniúint ag cógais a cheannach nach n-oibríonn agus a éilíonn ar othair dul chuig dochtúirí le haghaidh oideas agus comhairle. Ní hé go bhfuil 'turcaí fuar' a fhágáil go rathúil. Sa bhliain 1964, fuair Meiriceánaigh an teachtaireacht den chéad uair ón ollamh máinliachta go gcaithfeadh siad stop a chur le caitheamh tobac chun an baol a bhí acu ailse scamhóige a laghdú. Bhí an-tóir ar an teachtaireacht seo. Sa bhliain 1964, bhí 42.7% d'aosaigh ag caitheamh tobac agus inniu tá an líon sin 18.1%. Tá laghdú tagtha ar an meán-úsáid laethúil tobac i measc tobacóirí freisin, ó 20 go 13. Tá laghdú suntasach tagtha ar rátaí báis a bhaineann le galair a bhaineann le caitheamh tobac. Measann an chuid is mó de na daoine a chaitheann tobac go bhfuil siad saibhir agus gur mhaith leo é a fhágáil. Tá an líon mór othar a d'éirigh leo stop a chur leis an druga a laghdú go suntasach a mbaol ionsaí croí, stróc, ailse agus galar scamhóige. Rinne grúpa ó Ollscoil Yale samhail ar líon na mbásanna roimh am a chosc an tobac ó 1964 agus meastar go ndearnadh 8 mhilliún saol a shábháil. Ní raibh daoine ag fáil ailse, ní raibh gá le tancanna ocsaigine, ní raibh orthu a bheith faoi chóireáil radaíochta nó ceimiteiripe, a bheith faoi oibríochtaí seachbhóthar, a bheith ag streachailt chun siúl suas cnoic mar gheall ar ghearrthóg an anail nó pian croí. Cad is gá a lán daoine buíochas a ghabháil leis seo: dochtúirí a rinne naoi ar othair, taighdeoirí a lean treoracha go comhfhiosach, abhcóidí a chuir aghaidh ar réitic na gcuideachta tobac, speisialtóirí sláinte poiblí a rinne an scéal suimiúil, agus an chuid is mó de gach caitheamh tobac a shocraigh scoir, toisc go raibh sé in am. Is dochtúir í Janice Boughton a scríobh ar an mblag Why is American health care so expensive?

C-diff infections are linked to more than 20,000 American deaths every year. It is estimated that 1 in 5 North Texans could be a carrier of the C-diff germ. Find out what you can do to help stop the spread of this dangerous infection. Clostridium difficile or C-diff is a bacterial infection that causes acute diarrhea and inflammation of the colon. Clostridium difficile has been linked to 20,000 American deaths each year. It is a growing problem in the North Texas area. Signs and symptoms include: Individuals on antibiotics are more likely to succumb to a C-diff infection. Caregivers of C-diff patients are also at a greater risk of contracting the illness. The elderly are at greater risk of hospitalization from this disease. Most of the annual 20,000 C-diff deaths occur in individuals over 65. The C-diff bacteria are found in human feces. North Texans can become infected if they touch contaminated surfaces and then touch their mouth or mucous membranes. Healthcare workers can spread the bacteria to patients or contaminate surfaces through hand contact. Any surface, device, or material––such as toilets or rectal thermometers–– that becomes contaminated with feces can become a reservoir for the C-diff spores. Clostridium Difficile spores can live for long periods on surfaces. The one thing every North Texan can do to stop the spread of C-diff is to wash their hands with soap and water. Hand gel is not enough! If you are exhibiting the above signs and symptoms, call your healthcare provider, you may need to stop or change antibiotic treatment. If you are a physician, ask your patients if they have had diarrhea while on antibiotics and try to avoid those antibiotics more frequently associated with CDI. Caregivers of a person with C-diff should thoroughly clean all patient contact surfaces with bleach, and use dedicated equipment.

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Tá nasc idir ionfhabhtuithe C-diff le níos mó ná 20,000 bás Meiriceánach gach bliain. Meastar go bhféadfadh go mbeadh 1 as gach 5 Teicseach Thuaidh ina iompróir ar an gcrios C-diff. Faigh amach cad is féidir leat a dhéanamh chun cabhrú le scaipeadh an ionfhabhtaithe contúirteach seo a chosc. Is ionfhabhtú baictéarach é Clostridium difficile nó C-diff a chuireann go déanach go bhfuil diarrhea agus athlasadh an choilíneachta. Tá nasc idir Clostridium difficile agus 20,000 bás Meiriceánach gach bliain. Is fadhb atá ag fás i gceantar Théacsas Thuaidh é. I measc na comharthaí agus na hairíonna tá: Tá seans níos mó ann go dtabharfaidh daoine aonair atá ar antaibheathaigh faoi ionfhabhtú C-diff. Tá riosca níos mó ag cúramóirí othair C-diff an galar a ghabháil leo freisin. Tá riosca níos mó ag daoine scothaosta go gcuirfear iad san ospidéal mar gheall ar an ghalair seo. Tagann an chuid is mó de na 20,000 bás ó C-diff in aghaidh na bliana i ndaoine os cionn 65 bliain d'aois. Tá baictéir C-diff le fáil i feces daonna. Is féidir le Teicseannaigh Thuaidh ionfhabhtaithe a bheith má dhéanann siad teagmháil le dromchlaí truaillithe agus ansin lena mbéal nó a mbramháin mhúicóise. Is féidir le hoibrithe cúraim sláinte na baictéir a scaipeadh chuig othair nó dromchlaí a thruailliú trí theagmháil láimhe. Is féidir le haon dromchla, feiste nó ábhar - mar shampla toileáin nó teirmiméadair reatacha - a thiocfaidh chun bheith truaillithe le feces a bheith ina stór do spórna C-diff. Is féidir le spóirí Clostridium Difficile maireachtáil ar feadh tréimhsí fada ar dromchlaí. Is é an rud amháin is féidir le gach Texan Thuaidh a dhéanamh chun scaipeadh C-diff a stopadh ná a lámha a ní le gallúnach agus uisce. Ní leor gel láimhe! Má tá na comharthaí agus na hairíonna thuasluaite agat, glaoigh ar do sholáthraí cúraim sláinte, b'fhéidir go mbeidh ort cóireáil antaibheathach a stopadh nó a athrú. Má tá tú i dochtúir, iarr ar do chuid othair má bhí diarrhea acu agus iad ag glacadh antaibheathaigh agus déan iarracht na antaibheathaigh sin a bhaineann go minic le CDI a sheachaint. Ba cheart do chúramóirí duine le C-diff gach dromchla teagmhála le hothair a ghlanadh go cúramach le bleach, agus trealamh speisialta a úsáid.

The placenta is an organ that nourishes the baby in the womb. Placental abruption is when it parts from the womb before a baby is born. |Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.| The exact cause is not always known. Other times it may be due to: - Rupture of an artery or vein in the uterus which causes bleeding between the placenta and the uterine wall - Problems with how the placenta forms - Low oxygen levels in the uterus - Injury to the belly from an accident or a fall - Sudden decrease in the volume of the uterus, such as from losing amniotic fluid or from the delivery of a first twin This health problem is more common in older mothers. Other things that may raise the risk are: In the early stages, there may not be symptoms. Women who do have symptoms may have: - Vaginal bleeding - Belly pain - Back pain - Rapid contractions The doctor may ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. A pelvic exam will also be done. You may have: - Blood tests - Ultrasound to view the baby Treatment depends on the how much the placenta has separated and the health of the mother and fetus. Choices are: The risk of this problem can be lowered by avoiding drugs and not smoking during pregnancy. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.acog.org American Pregnancy Association http://www.americanpregnancy.org The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) http://sogc.org Women's Health Matters https://www.womenshealthmatters.ca Placental abruption. American Pregnancy Association website. Available at: http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/placental-abruption. Accessed October 19, 2020. Placental abruption. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/placental-abruption. Accessed October 19, 2020. Placenta previa. Stanford Children's Health website. Available at: http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=bleeding-in-pregnancyplacenta-previaplacental-abruption-90-P02437. Accessed October 19, 2020. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Antepartum hemorrhage. RCOG 2011 May. - Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Elliot M. Levine, MD, FACOG - Review Date: 09/2020 - Update Date: 04/27/2021

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Is é an placenta an t-orgán a chothaíonn an leanbh sa mháthair. Is é an t-eascraíocht placenta nuair a scoir sé as an uterus sula rugadh leanbh. ©Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc. Ní bhíonn an chúis cruinn ar eolas i gcónaí. Uaireanta eile d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith mar gheall ar: - Rún ar airtear nó ar fhéin sa uterus a fhágann go bhfuil fuil ag tarlú idir an placenta agus balla an uterus - fadhbanna le conas a fhoirmítear an placenta - Leibhéil ocsaigine íseal sa uterus - Gortú ar an bolg ó thimpiste nó titim - Laghdú tobann ar mhéid an uterus, mar shampla mar gheall ar uisce amniach a chailleadh nó mar gheall ar an gcéad Tá an fhadhb sláinte seo níos coitianta i máithreacha níos sine. Is iad na rudaí eile a d'fhéadfadh an riosca a mhéadú ná: Sa chéim tosaigh, b'fhéidir nach mbeidh aon chomharthaí ann. D'fhéadfadh na mná a bhfuil comharthaí acu: - Fuilíocht fhágánach - Píobáil bolg - Píoblóid ar chúl - Comhthréithe tapa Féadfaidh an dochtúir ceisteanna a chur ort faoi do chuid comharthaí agus do stair sláinte. Déanfar scrúdú fisiceach. Déanfar scrúdú pelvic freisin. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh: - Tástálacha fola - Ultrasonar chun an leanbh a fheiceáil Braitheann an cóireáil ar an méid a scarann an placenta agus ar shláinte na máthar agus an fhéatas. Is iad na roghanna seo a leanas: Is féidir an baol a bhaineann leis an bhfadhb seo a laghdú trí dhrugaí a sheachaint agus gan caitheamh tobac le linn toirchis. An Comhdháil Mheiriceá na mBothair agus na nGineolaithe http://www.acog.org Cumann Breithe Mheiriceá http://www.americanpregnancy.org An Cumann Oibríocht agus Gineolaithe Cheanada (SOGC) http://sogc.org Tá an t-ábhar sláinte na mban https://www.womenshealthmatters.ca Athrú placenta. Suíomh Gréasáin Chumann Breithe Mheiriceá. Ar fáil ag: http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/placental-abruption. Fuarthas isteach ar 19 Deireadh Fómhair, 2020. Athrú placenta. Suíomh Gréasáin EBSCO DynaMed. Tá sé ar fáil ag: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/placental-abruption. Fuarthas isteach ar 19 Deireadh Fómhair, 2020. Placenta previa. Suíomh Gréasáin Sláinte Leanaí Stanford. Tá sé ar fáil ag: http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=bleeding-in-pregnancyplacenta-previaplacental-abruption-90-P02437. Fuarthas isteach ar 19 Deireadh Fómhair, 2020. Coláiste Ríoga na mBothair agus na nGineolaithe. Fuilíocht Antepartum. RCOG 2011 Bealtaine. - Athbhreithneoir: Bord Athbhreithnithe Leighis EBSCO Elliot M. Levine, MD, FACOG - Dáta athbhreithnithe: 09/2020 - Dáta nuashonraithe: 04/27/2021

Could a NOSH-aspirin-a-day keep cancer away? The humble aspirin may soon have a new role. Scientists from The City College of New York have developed a new aspirin compound that has great promise to be not only an extremely potent cancer-fighter, but even safer than the classic medicine cabinet staple. The new designer aspirin curbed the growth of 11 different types of human cancer cells in culture without harming normal cells, reported a team from the Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education of The City College of New York in a paper published this month in the journal ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. The cancers controlled included colon, pancreatic, lung, prostate, breast, and leukemia. "The key components of this new compound are that it is very, very potent and yet it has minimal toxicity to the cells," said Associate Professor Khosrow Kashfi, the principal investigator. The aspirin compound also shrank human colon cancer tumors by 85 percent in live animals, again without adverse effects, according to a second paper in press by the City College researchers and colleague Kenneth Olson of Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend. Their results will appear in the journal Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, now available online. "If what we have seen in animals can be translated to humans," said Professor Kashfi, "it could be used in conjunction with other drugs to shrink tumors before chemotherapy or surgery." Long the go-to drug for minor aches and pains, aspirin and other so-called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and naproxen, are known primarily for their ability to calm inflammation. Studies in the 1980's resolved a decades-old debate on the utility of a daily dose of aspirin to cut the risk of heart attack and stroke. More recent studies tracking regular use of the drug and other NSAIDs demonstrated their remarkable ability to inhibit the growth of cancer. "There's a lot of data on aspirin showing that when taken on a regular basis, on average it reduces the risk of development of colon cancer by about 50% compared to nonusers," noted Professor Kashfi. The fly in the ointment has been that prolonged use of aspirin posed its own dangers: side effects ranging from bleeding ulcers to kidney failure. To resolve this, the researchers created a hybrid of two earlier formulations, which they have called "NOSH-aspirin." They used the aspirin as a scaffold to support two molecules that have been shown to increase the drug's safety and potency. One arm of the hybrid aspirin releases nitric oxide (NO), which helps protect the stomach lining. The other releases hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which the researchers have previously shown enhances aspirin's cancer-fighting ability. The researchers suspected that the hybrid would be more effective than either of the two components alone to boost aspirin's safety and power against cancer. "The hybrid is more potent -- and it is more potent by orders of magnitude -- compared to aspirin," said Kashfi. Only 24 hours after treating a culture of cancer cells, the NOSH-aspirin demonstrated 100,000 times greater potency than aspirin alone. "At 72 hours it is about 250,000 times more potent in an in-vitro cell culture against human colon cancer," Kashfi added. "So you need a lower amount to get the same result." The effect of the hybrid was also far greater than the sum of its parts. Its potency was as much as 15,000 times greater than existing NO-aspirins and 80-fold more than those that incorporate H2S. The upshot is that a drug based on this hybrid would require lower doses to be effective, minimizing or potentially eliminating its side effects. In the second study, when mice bearing human colon cancer tumors on their flanks were given oral NOSH-aspirin, the compound caused cancer cells to self-destruct, inhibited the proliferation of the cells and significantly reduced tumor growth without any signs of toxicity in the mice. The stage is set for the development of a drug based on NOSH-aspirin. Kashfi noted that any working therapy for humans is years away, but the next step would be toxicity testing, and then clinical trials. Dr. Ravinder Kodela and Dr. Mitali Chattopadhyay are members of Professor Kashfi's lab at Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education and co-authors on both papers. These studies were funded by The National Cancer Institute through a subcontract from ThermoFisher, and also by the National Science Foundation. Professor Kashfi and his colleagues will present these findings at the annual meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research in Chicago, March 31st -- April 4th. Source: City College of New York Latest Science NewsletterGet the latest and most popular science news articles of the week in your Inbox! It's free! Check out our next project, Biology.Net From other science news sites Popular science news articles - Are we alone? Setting some limits to our uniqueness - No time to get fit? Think again -- just 1 minute of intense exercise produces health benefits - Exploring phosphorene, a promising new material - Hunting wolves near Denali, Yellowstone cuts wolf sightings in half - Not just climate change: Study finds human activity is a major factor driving wildfires - Hubble discovers moon orbiting the dwarf planet Makemake - Poor understandability of notifications sent to women regarding breast density - Breast density and outcomes of supplemental breast cancer screening - Study finds readability of dense breast notifications poor - Zika present in Americas longer than previously thought - 30 years after Chernobyl, UGA camera study reveals wildlife abundance in CEZ - Breast cancer patients receiving Herceptin treatment should be monitored for heart damage at any age - Zip software can detect the quantum-classical boundary - NASA sees Fantala's eye wide open north of Madagascar - Promiscuity may help some corals survive bleaching events

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An bhféadfadh NOSH-aspirín-le-lá a choinneáil ar ailse amach? D'fhéadfadh ról nua a bheith ag an aspirin íseal go luath. D'fhorbair eolaithe ó The City College of New York comhdhéanamh nua aspirin a bhfuil gealltanais mhór aige ní amháin gur comhrac ailse thar a bheith cumhachtach é, ach fiú níos sábháilte ná an príomhábhar clásúil ar an gcaibinéid leigheas. Chuir an aspirín nua dearfach srian ar fhás 11 chineál éagsúla cealla ailse daonna i gcultúr gan dochar a dhéanamh do chealla gnáth, a thuairiscigh foireann ó Scoil Sophie Davis de Oideachas Bithleighis Choláiste Chathair Nua Eabhrac i bpáipéar a foilsíodh an mhí seo i iris ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters. I measc na gcanser a rialaíodh bhí colon, pancreas, scamhóg, próstatach, cíche, agus leicéime. "Is iad príomh-chomhpháirteanna an chomhdhéanta nua seo go bhfuil sé an-chumhachtach agus go bhfuil an-tócsaineacht íseal aige do na cealla", a dúirt an tOllamh Comhlánaithe Khosrow Kashfi, an príomh-imreoir taighde. D'éirigh leis an gcomhdhéanamh aspirin tomhúirí ailse colún daonna a laghdú freisin de 85 faoin gcéad in ainmhithe beo, arís gan fo-iarsmaí díobhálacha, de réir dara páipéar i bpáipéar ag taighdeoirí City College agus a chomhghleacaithe Kenneth Olson de Scoil Leighis Ollscoil Indiana, South Bend. Tá an taighde seo le feiceáil sa iris Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, atá ar fáil ar líne anois. "Má féidir an méid a chonaic muid in ainmhithe a aistriú go daoine", a dúirt an tOllamh Kashfi, "d'fhéadfaí é a úsáid i gcomhar le drugaí eile chun tumors a laghdú sula ndéantar ceimiteiripe nó máinliacht". Is fada an druga a théann chun pian agus pian beag, aspirin agus drugaí neamh-stéaróideacha frith-athlastacha eile (NSAIDanna) mar ibuprofen agus naproxen, ar a dtugtar go príomha as a gcumas athlasadh a mhaolú. D'éirigh le staidéir sna 1980idí díospóireacht a bhí ann le blianta fada maidir le húsáid dáileog laethúil aspirín chun an baol ionsaí croí agus stróc a laghdú. Léirigh staidéir níos déanaí a rianódh úsáid rialta an druga agus NSAIDanna eile a gcumas suntasach chun cosc a chur ar fhás ailse. "Tá go leor sonraí ann maidir le h-aspirín a léiríonn go laghdaíonn sé an baol go dtiocfaidh ailse an chollón orthu, ar an meán, faoi 50% i gcomparáid le daoine nach n-úsáideann aspirín", a dúirt an tOllamh Kashfi. Is é an t-eitleán sa ointment ná go raibh a chuid contúirtí féin ag úsáid fhada aspirin: fo-iarsmaí ó ulcers le fola a bheith acu go dtí teip ar na duáin. Chun an fhadhb seo a réiteach, chruthaigh na taighdeoirí hibrideach de dhá fhoirmliú roimhe seo, a thug siad "NOSH-aspirín" air. D'úsáid siad an aspirin mar scaffold chun tacú le dhá mhóilín a léiríodh go méadaíonn siad sábháilteacht agus cumhacht an druga. Scaoileann lámh amháin den aspirin hibride ocsaíd nítreach (NO), rud a chabhraíonn le clúdach an bholg a chosaint. Tá an ceann eile ag scaoileadh sulféad hidrigine (H2S), a léirigh na taighdeoirí roimhe seo go gcuireann sé le cumas aspirin chun dul i ngleic le hailse. Bhí amhras ag na taighdeoirí go mbeadh an hibrideach níos éifeachtaí ná aon cheann de na dhá chomhpháirt amháin chun sábháilteacht agus cumhacht aspirin a threisiú i gcoinne ailse. "Tá an hibrideach níos cumhachtaí - agus tá sé níos cumhachtaí trí orduithe móra - i gcomparáid le aspirin", a dúirt Kashfi. Ní raibh ach 24 uair an chloig tar éis cóireáil a dhéanamh ar chultúr cealla ailse, léirigh an NOSH-aspirín 100,000 uair níos mó cumhachta ná aspirin ina n-aonar. "Ag 72 uair an chloig tá sé thart ar 250,000 uair níos cumhachtaí i gcultúr cealla in-vitro i gcoinne ailse colún daonna", a dúirt Kashfi. "Mar sin ní mór duit méid níos lú a fháil chun an toradh céanna a fháil". Bhí éifeacht an hibride i bhfad níos mó ná suim a chuid codanna. Bhí a chumhacht chomh mór le 15,000 uair níos mó ná na NO-aspirins atá ann cheana agus 80 uair níos mó ná iad siúd a chuimsíonn H2S. Is é an toradh ná go mbeadh gá le druga bunaithe ar an hibrideach seo dáileoga níos ísle a bheith éifeachtach, ag íoslaghdú nó ag deireadh a chur lena fo-iarsmaí. Sa dara staidéar, nuair a tugadh NOSH- aspírín ó bhéal do mhiceanna a raibh tumóirí ailse colún daonna ar a gcuid taobhanna, chuir an comhdhúil féin- scrios ar chealla ailse, chuir sé cosc ar mhéadú na gcealla agus laghdaigh sé fás an tumor go suntasach gan aon chomharthaí tocsaineachta sna miceanna. Tá an chéim socraithe le haghaidh druga bunaithe ar NOSH-aspirín a fhorbairt. Thug Kashfi faoi deara go bhfuil aon chóireáil oibre do dhaoine blianta ar shiúl, ach go mbeadh tástáil tocsaineachta, agus ansin trialacha cliniciúla mar an chéad chéim eile. Tá an Dr. Ravinder Kodela agus an Dr. Mitali Chattopadhyay ina mbaill de bhosca an Ollamh Kashfi ag Scoil Sophie Davis um Oideachas Bithleighis agus comh-údar ar an dá pháipéar. Chuir an Institiúid Náisiúnta Ailse maoiniú ar na staidéir seo trí fhochonraithe ó ThermoFisher, agus an National Science Foundation freisin. Beidh an tOllamh Kashfi agus a chomhghleacaithe ag cur na torthaí seo i láthair ag cruinniú bliantúil Chumann Mheiriceá um Thaighde Ailse i Chicago, an 31 Márta - an 4 Aibreán. Foinse: Coláiste Chathair Nua Eabhrac Nuachtlitir Eolaíochta is déanaí Faigh na hailt eolaíochta is déanaí agus is mó tóir den tseachtain i do Bhosca Fáilte! Tá sé saor in aisce! Seiceáil amach ár dtionscadal eile, Biology.Net Ó shuíomhanna nuachta eolaíochta eile Artaigíleanna nuachta eolaíochta tóir - An bhfuil muid féin? Ag socrú teorainneacha do ár n-aonad - Níl aon am chun a fháil fit? Smaoinigh arís - tá buntáistí sláinte ag ach 1 nóiméad de fheidhmiú dian - Fosphorene a iniúchadh, ábhar nua gealltanach - Caitheamh wolves in aice Denali, Yellowstone laghdaíonn radharcanna wolf i leath - Ní athrú aeráide amháin: Faigheann staidéar go bhfuil gníomhaíocht an duine ina fhachtóir mór ag spreagadh dóiteáin fiáine - Fuarthas amach ag Hubble go bhfuil séan ag dul timpeall an phláinéid bhán Makemake - Ní féidir na fógraí a seoltar do mhná maidir le dlús na mbroinn a thuiscint go maith - Dlúthú na mhadraí agus torthaí scagadh comhlántaí ar ailse na mhadraí - Tá léitheoireacht na bhfógraí faoi chíche tiubh lag - Tá Zika i Meiriceá níos faide ná mar a cheapadh roimhe seo - 30 bliain tar éis Chernobyl, léiríonn staidéar ceamara UGA go bhfuil go leor fiadhúlra i CEZ - Ba chóir monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar othair a bhfuil ailse chíche acu agus iad ag fáil cóireála le Herceptin i dtaca le damáiste croí ag aois ar bith - Is féidir le bogearraí Zip an teorainn quantum-clasach a bhrath - NASA Faigheann Fantala s'Aig oscailte go hiomlán ó thuaidh de Madagascar - D'fhéadfadh sé go gcabhródh an neamhghnáchas le roinnt corail maireachtáil le himeachtaí bleaching

for National Geographic Magazine Thousands of human bones belonging to numerous individuals have been discovered in the Pacific island nation of Palau. Some of the bones are ancient and indicate inhabitants of particularly small size, scientists announced today. (See pictures of the Palau remains and where they were found.) The remains are between 900 and 2,900 years old and align with Homo sapiens, according to a paper on the discovery. However, the older bones are tiny and exhibit several traits considered primitive, or archaic, for the human lineage. "They weren't very typical, very small in fact," said Lee Berger, a paleoanthropologist at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. Berger was on vacation in 2006, kayaking around rocky islands about 370 miles (600 kilometers) east of the Philippines, when he found the bones in a pair of caves. The caves were littered with bones that had been dislodged by waves and piled like driftwood. Others had remained buried deep in the sandy floor, and more, including several skulls, were cemented to the cave walls. Berger returned later that year with colleagues to excavate some of the remains with funding from the National Geographic Society. (National Geographic News is a division of the National Geographic Society.) A paper to appear tomorrow in the Public Library of Science journal PLoS ONE describes the findings and what they suggest about small-bodied humans. Interpreting the Bones Two sets of human bones were found in the Palauan caves. The most recent remains were found near the entrance to one of the caves and appear normal in size. Older bones found deeper in the caves are stranger and much smaller. The smaller, older bones represent people who were 3 to 4 feet (94 to 120 centimeters) tall and weighed between 70 and 90 pounds (32 and 41 kilograms), according to the paper. SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES

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don National Geographic Magazine Tá na mílte cnámh daonna a bhaineann le go leor daoine le fáil i náisiún oileáin an Aigéin Chiúin Palau. Tá cuid de na cnámha sean agus léiríonn siad go raibh áitritheoirí de mhéid an-bheag, a d'fhógair eolaithe inniu. (Féach grianghraif de na fáinní Palau agus an áit a bhfuarthas iad.) Tá na fáinní idir 900 agus 2,900 bliain d'aois agus tá siad ag teacht le Homo sapiens, de réir páipéar ar an bhfód. Mar sin féin, tá na cnámha níos sine beag agus léiríonn siad roinnt tréithe a mheastar a bheith primitive, nó sean, do shliocht an duine. "Ní raibh siad an-chaighdeánach, an-bheag i ndáiríre", a dúirt Lee Berger, paleoanthrópaí ag Ollscoil Witwatersrand i Johannesburg, an Afraic Theas. Bhí Berger ar saoire i 2006, ag caiaciú timpeall oileáin charraige thart ar 370 míle (600 ciliméadar) soir ó na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha, nuair a fuair sé na cnámha i mbeirt uaimh. Bhí na uaimh lán de chnámha a bhí á n-aistriú ag tonnta agus a bhí i gcruinniú mar adhmad a bhí ag dul i ngleic leis an uisce. Bhí cuid eile fós curtha go domhain sa urlár gaineamh, agus bhí níos mó, lena n-áirítear roinnt crápaí, cimented ar bhallaí na guave. D'fhill Berger níos déanaí an bhliain sin le comhghleacaithe chun cuid de na fáinní a chaithfí a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaithfimid a chaith muid (Is rannán den National Geographic Society é National Geographic News.) Píosa a bheidh le feiceáil amárach sa iris PLoS ONE de Leabharlann Poiblí Eolaíochta, déantar cur síos ar na torthaí agus ar an méid a thugann siad le fios faoi dhaoine beag-chorp. Na Cóimheáin a Mhíniú Fuarthas dhá sheata cnámha daonna i gcamáin Palauan. Fuarthas na hiarsmaí is déanaí in aice le doras ceann de na uaimh agus is cosúil go bhfuil siad gnáthmhéide. Tá cnámha níos sine a fhaightear níos doimhne sna uaimh níos aisteach agus i bhfad níos lú. Léiríonn na cnámha níos óige agus níos lú daoine a bhí 3 go 4 troigh (94 go 120 ceintiméadar) ar airde agus a mheá idir 70 agus 90 punt (32 agus 41 cileagram), de réir an pháipéir. FONTAS AGUS LEÁIN A GCÓIR

Learn all about the jQuery function .resize(). This method is a shortcut for .on('resize', handler) in the first and second variations, and .trigger( "resize" ) in the third. resize event is sent to the window element when the size of the browser window changes: Now whenever the browser window’s size is changed, the message is appended to <div id="log"> one or more times, depending on the browser. Code in a resize handler should never rely on the number of times the handler is called. Depending on implementation, resize events can be sent continuously as the resizing is in progress (the typical behavior in Internet Explorer and WebKit-based browsers such as Safari and Chrome), or only once at the end of the resize operation (the typical behavior in some other browsers such as Opera).

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Foghlaim gach rud faoi fheidhm jQuery . resize ((). Is gearrthréimhse é an modh seo do .on (('resize', handler) sa chéad agus sa dara athrú, agus .trigger (("athmhéadú") sa tríú háit. Rinneadh an t- imeacht ath-mhéid a sheoladh chuig an gné fuinneog nuair a athraíonn méid fuinneog an bhrabhsálaí: Anois, aon uair a athraítear méid fhuinneog an bhrabhsálaí, cuirtear an teachtaireacht le <div id="log"> uair amháin nó níos mó, ag brath ar an bhrabhsálaí. Cód i Níor chóir go mbeadh láimhseálaí athmhéadainithe ag brath ar líon na n-uaireanta a ghlaochtar ar an láimhseálaí. Ag brath ar an gcur chun feidhme, is féidir imeachtaí athmhéadainithe a sheoladh go leanúnach agus an athmhéadainithe ag dul ar aghaidh (an iompar tipiciúil i mbrabhsálaithe bunaithe ar Internet Explorer agus WebKit mar Safari agus Chrome), nó uair amháin ag deireadh an oibríochta athmhéadainithe (an iompar tipiciúil i roinnt brabhsálaithe eile mar Opera).

Robotics Education Takes Flight The use of drone technology captivates students while allowing them to learn abstract concepts in off-the-ground ways. - By Dian Schaffhauser Unstaffed flying objects, unmanned aerial vehicles, remotely piloted aircraft. These are all alternative names for drones. According to two educators who have introduced them in the classroom, no matter what you call them, these small flying vehicles can be a useful response to drooping attendance, high discipline counts and low student satisfaction. Best, whether the subject is math, science, English, history, art or PE, there are drone lessons that can help bring abstract concepts to life for students. As a K-8 math supervisor in Jersey City Public Schools, Kimberly Crowley wanted to figure out how to use drones to make math engaging for her students. Armed with a conviction that she could succeed, she got the backing of an associate superintendent who found funding to kick off the program for her to do a research project. Crowley held an information meeting and invited all of the schools in the district to send teachers who might be interested. This wasn't going to be a mandated program, she insisted. She shared her idea with the teachers in a 30-minute presentation and asked for volunteers. Out of 50 people in attendance, while a few "rolled eyes," another 24 emailed her as soon as she was done talking. They became her initial cohort. All had committed to attending three days of professional development over the course of about three months (a day a month). The district purchased a single drone for each of the 14 schools, while she scrambled to find the money for some additional drones. And that was all it took, said Crowley. Now, out of the group she initially started with, all continue with their drone usage and purchase new drones each year to continue the lessons. As a shift to more student-oriented elective classes, Long Cane Middle School Principal Chip Giles' district pursued an "Innovation Fund Tiny Grant" through a program run by the Georgia Governor's Office of Student Achievement. The proposal: "We were going to offer an entire course on drone technology." Most schools, he pointed out, "offer a unit, not a whole course." That grant, almost $9,000, purchased "a whole bunch of drones" and the materials to build a drone racing course. With the help of Teacher Chris McCalla (@HeyMrMcCalla), the school got its drone program off the ground. "He's a hobbyist, and he drives race cars. He was exactly the right guy to do this. The kids really love him, and he has a lot of energy," said Giles, adding, "You need somebody on faculty who is very enthusiastic, likes to tinker and can fix broken drones, because we break them just about every day." Jersey City Public Schools students fly drones indoors. Choosing a Drone Long Cane MS primarily uses the $55 UDI U818A-HD drone, which, according to Giles, is the "most widely sold drone in the world." Uniformity is important, he added, because that ensures that the league competitions started by the school will be won or lost based on "the skill of the pilot," and "not on whoever's parent can buy the coolest, fastest, best drone." The school keeps about 200 on hand for its own courses and to have enough to share with other schools. All of the drones have cameras and are equipped with rotor guards that protect the propellers or blades. What's not needed is a GPS, insisted Crowley. 7 Drone Tips for Teachers 1. Seek help from educators who have already done what you're trying to do. For Long Cane MS, guidance came from experts at three higher-ed programs (the University of North Dakota, Kansas State Polytechnic and Troy University). Also, both Giles and Crowley make themselves available to confer with other schools and districts. 2. For students who struggle with flying the drones, consider outfitting them with tablets and a simulation app like QuadcopterFx so they can practice with that in between flight times. "Flight simulation is very cost-efficient," said Giles. 3. Drones don't need separate consoles. Nowadays, students are used to playing on games on smartphones and tablets, so they're just as comfortable using those as the control devices to fly drones, too, stressed Crowley. 4. Although Long Cane students wear safety glasses when they fly, drones are quite safe — "knock on wood" — insisted Crowley. "All the apps have emergency features. So you hit the button and it drops. The drone just lands, no matter where it is." 5. The thing about drones is that when they're flown outside, they tend to get lost or stuck in places that are inaccessible (trees, reservoirs, neighboring yards). Keeping extras on hand is important, as is not getting too riled up when they disappear. 6. Consider setting up a student drone repair team. At Long Cane, a team of interested students get together on a regular basis "in a little room with tools and broken drones," said Giles, "and they fix drones." 7. What's a substitute teacher supposed to do if he doesn't know how to fly drones? Giles recommended running YouTube drone videos, especially the ones showing crashes and accidents. "It's not that hard to entertain students for a day," he noted. A primary variation with drones concerns the caliber of the camera. "You're not paying for a better drone — you're paying for a better camera," suggested Crowley. Jersey City PS started out with the low-cost AR drones sold by Parrot, which come with cameras. Those are still in use, three years later. But the district also has a few "paparazzi-caliber" drones outfitted with high-definition cameras that cost in the low four-figures. Duration of battery is also an important consideration. In fact, Crowley advised that given the choice between buying a bunch of additional batteries and rechargers or buying a new drone, she'd go for the batteries. "They go fast," she said. For both school systems, drone battery life is limited to between six and 12 minutes per charge. Because lessons haven't traditionally existed covering drone use, both Giles and Crowley have been involved in creating their own. In Crowley's case, they were initially designed as math units to be used by the teachers in her research project. Many of the lessons appear on her research project's website, "Division B Drone Project" and cover the basics, including the standards to which it applies and ways to assess the students. However, once she finished with that initial cohort, she realized that restricting the drone usage strictly to math was unfair to the many educators asking her to help them get started with drones in their classes. As a result, those lessons show up in a book she co-wrote with two education colleagues. "Drones in Education" (see "The Book on Drones in Education") includes coverage not just for math but also social studies, science, language arts and an interdisciplinary mix (a study of the Underground Railroad), along with activities related to art, PE and journalism. Long Cane PS, on the other hand, had an entire course to fill. The 45-day block of classes as an elective attended by students in grades 7 and 8 uses a "level system." "Everyone starts out at level 1," Giles explained. To get to level 2, students must pass a safety protocol test and a "basic drone comprehensive test," which includes history, aeronautics, drone components and drone laws. They must also do a basic flight performance test. To make it to level 3, the highest one, students need to go through 10 days of supervised drone flight practice, and they have to pass an advanced drone flight performance test, as well as a comprehensive test on ethics, law, careers and university opportunities. In other words, it's not just book learning; at least half of every class is spent flying, too. "If they're not flying drones every day, you're not doing what the kids want you to do," Giles warned. And most of the students do make it to level 3. Long Crane Middle School students compete in aerial drone races. Now the school is planning for a second course, Drone Tech II, which will use "more sophisticated devices" and add "first-person view" flying. "It's like you're sitting in the drone's cockpit. You see what it sees — like you're Han Solo in the Millennium Falcon flying," Giles marveled. "It's so much cooler to do." Plus, his school has introduced a drone racing league, which has generated participation from other middle schools in the area. Students vie in two divisions. "Precision flying" takes place in a gym on a u-shaped course and requires students to maneuver drones through windows, land them on small tables and weave through a slalom. "Speed racing" happens on the football field. Four students at a time race their drones through PVC-built goals multiple times. So far Long Cane has dominated the podium. However, admitted Giles, a competing school that didn't show great flying at the beginning of the year had two pilots win first-place medals in the latest set of contests. The Book on Drones in Education Kimberly Crowley is one of three authors behind "Drones in Education," published by ISTE in 2016. The book includes case studies of teachers' use of drones, including in special education, safety and legal issues, how to choose and operate a drone, how to mesh it with state learning standards, how to implement the use of drones for active learning, and how to fund drone programs. The book also includes real-world applications and 10 sample lesson plans (with more online) that Crowley personally tested in classrooms. ($21.95 in paperback; $10.95 in digital format) About Those FAA Regulations Neither educator is overly concerned about federal drone regulations that have dogged professional and hobbyist drone pilots. First, said Crowley, a lot of drone flying can take place right inside the classroom, which isn't under the purview of the Federal Aviation Administration. Once the students take them outside, the rules get a bit stickier. However, any drone except the very cheapest ones come with a setting to configure the maximum altitude. Set it to 10 feet, and it'll work in a classroom; set it to 20, and it'll work in a gym; set it 30 feet, and the students will still be able to keep their eyes on it. And unless the school is within five miles of an airport or in the vicinity of an emergency situation, its use will fall under the "special rule for model aircraft." One caveat offered by Crowley to her teachers is not to fly the devices outside personally; leave that to the students. Because they're "paid" as teachers, they're no longer considered hobbyists (unless they request a waiver from the FAA). Better Attendance, Less Discipline The impact of drones shouldn't be underestimated, said Crowley. For example, one teacher within her district has a K-2 class of students with autism. Crowley worked with the teacher to introduce drone flying to them. Once they were proficient, second grade general education students came in to learn from them. As a result, a dialog was opened up between the students with the disabilities and the others that they wouldn't have had otherwise. The drone initiative helped her students create friendships. Likewise, Giles has seen a dramatic uplift in student motivation at his school. "They will get up and come to school if there's a course here they don't want to miss. "Our attendance has improved. Our referrals have probably dropped almost in half. And student satisfaction has gone way up," he asserted. As he observed, there aren't many technologies in use today in school that can promise those kinds of results.

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Tá an Teagasc i Róbótachta ag Éirí go hIodrálach Cuireann úsáid teicneolaíochta drón ar chumas mic léinn coincheapa as an talamh a fhoghlaim ar bhealaí neamh-thír. - Le Dian Schaffhauser Réadaí eitilte gan foireann, feithiclí aeir gan foireann, aerárthaí a bhfuil píolóta acu óna chéile. Is ainmneacha malartacha iad seo do drones. De réir beirt oideachasóirí a thug isteach iad sa seomra ranga, is cuma cén t-ainm a thugtar orthu, is féidir leis na feithiclí eitilte beaga seo freagairt úsáideach a thabhairt do thráthnónaíocht drooping, líon ard disciplín agus sástacht íseal na mac léinn. Is é an rud is fearr, cibé an bhfuil an ábhar matamaitice, eolaíocht, Béarla, stair, ealaín nó PE, tá ceachtanna drón ann a chabhróidh le coincheapa asréite a thabhairt chun beatha do dhaltaí. Mar mhaoirseoir matamaitice K-8 i Scoileanna Poiblí Jersey City, bhí Kimberly Crowley ag iarraidh a fháil amach conas drones a úsáid chun matamaitice a dhéanamh tarraingteach dá mic léinn. Ardaithe le fírinne go bhféadfadh sí a bheith rathúil, fuair sí tacaíocht ó mhaoirseoir chomhpháirtí a fuair maoiniú chun an clár a thosú chun tionscadal taighde a dhéanamh di. D'eagraigh Crowley cruinniú faisnéise agus d'iarr sé ar na scoileanna go léir sa cheantar múinteoirí a sheoladh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith suim acu. Ní raibh sé seo le bheith ina chlár sainordaithe, a d'áitigh sí. Chuir sí a smaoineamh in iúl do na múinteoirí i gcur i láthair 30 nóiméad agus d'iarr sí deontóirí. I measc na 50 duine a bhí i láthair, cé go raibh cúpla duine "ag casadh súile", chuir 24 eile ríomhphost chuici a luaithe a chríochnaigh sí ag labhairt. Tháinig siad a cohorte tosaigh. Bhí gealltanais ag gach duine freastal ar thrí lá d'fhorbairt ghairmiúil le linn thart ar thrí mhí (lá amháin sa mhí). Cheannaigh an ceantar drón amháin do gach ceann de na 14 scoil, agus rinne sí iarracht an t-airgead a fháil le haghaidh roinnt drónanna breise. Agus sin go léir a thóg sé, a dúirt Crowley. Anois, as an ngrúpa a thosaigh sí leis ar dtús, leanann gach duine lena n-úsáid drón agus ceannaíonn siad drónna nua gach bliain chun leanúint leis na ceachtanna. Mar athrú ar ranganna roghnacha níos dírithe ar mhic léinn, lean ceantar Phríomhoide Scoile Mheán Long Cane Chip Giles "Bonn Tiny Grant ar Fhoras Nuálaíochta" trí chlár a reáchtáil Oifig Oidhreachta Mhic Léinn Gobharnóir Georgia. An togra: "Ba mhaith linn cúrsa iomlán a thairiscint ar theicneolaíocht drón". Léiríonn an chuid is mó de na scoileanna, "go bhfuil aonad amháin ar fáil, ní cúrsa iomlán". Cheannaigh an deontas sin, beagnach $9,000, "buntáiste iomlán drones" agus na hábhair chun cúrsa rásaíochta drones a thógáil. Le cabhair ón Múinteoir Chris McCalla (@HeyMrMcCalla), d'éirigh leis an scoil a chlár drón a chur ar bun. "Tá sé ina hobbyist, agus tiomána sé carr rása. Bhí sé go díreach an fear ceart chun é seo a dhéanamh. Is breá leis na páistí, agus tá go leor fuinnimh aige", a dúirt Giles, ag cur leis, "Tá duine ar bith ag teastáil uait ar an bhfoireann atá an-díograiseach, is maith leis an bpictiúrú agus is féidir leis drones briste a shocrú, toisc go ndéanaimid iad a bhriseadh beagnach gach lá. " Tá mic léinn Scoileanna Poiblí Jersey City ag eitilt drones laistigh. Roghnú Drón Úsáideann Long Cane MS go príomha an drón UDI U818A-HD $ 55, atá, de réir Giles, ar an "drón is mó a dhíoltar ar fud an domhain". Tá aonfhoirmeacht tábhachtach, a dúirt sé, toisc go gcinntíonn sé sin go mbainfidh na comórtais sraithe a chuir an scoil ar bun a bhuachan nó a chailleadh bunaithe ar "scileanna an phíolóta", agus "ní ar cé a d'fhéadfadh a thuismitheoir an drón is fearr, is tapúla, is fearr a cheannach". Coinníonn an scoil thart ar 200 ar fáil dá chúrsaí féin agus go bhfuil go leor acu le roinnt le scoileanna eile. Tá ceamaraí ag na drones go léir agus tá cosaint rotor acu a chosnaíonn na héileáin nó na sciatháin. Is é an rud nach bhfuil gá GPS, éirí Crowley. 7 Leideanna le haghaidh Múinteoirí 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Faigh cabhair ó oideachasóirí a rinne an rud atá tú ag iarraidh a dhéanamh cheana féin. Maidir le Long Cane MS, tháinig treoir ó shaineolaithe ag trí chlár ardoideachais (Ollscoil Dakota Thuaidh, Politeicnic Stáit Kansas agus Ollscoil Troy). Chomh maith leis sin, déanann Giles agus Crowley araon iad féin ar fáil chun dul i gcomhairle le scoileanna agus ceantair eile. 2. Seachadadh. I gcás mic léinn a bhfuil deacracht acu na drones a eitilt, smaoinigh ar táibléad agus aip samhlaíochta mar QuadcopterFx a chur ar fáil dóibh ionas gur féidir leo é sin a chleachtadh idir amanna eitilte. "Tá an-éifeachtúil ó thaobh costais de an tsimoladh eitilte", a dúirt Giles. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Ní gá cónsaí ar leithligh a bheith ag drones. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá mic léinn cleachtaithe le cluichí a imirt ar fhóin chliste agus ar phacáistí, mar sin tá siad chomh compordach iad sin a úsáid mar na feistí rialaithe chun drones a eitilt, freisin, a leag Crowley béim air. 4. Tá an t-am Cé go n-itheann mic léinn Long Cane gloine sábháilteachta nuair a bhíonn siad ag eitilt, tá drones go leor sábháilte "cnag ar adhmad" a mhol Crowley. "Tá gnéithe éigeandála ag na feidhmchláir go léir. Mar sin, brúigh an cnaipe agus titfidh sé. Ní bhíonn an drón ach tuirlingt, is cuma cá bhfuil sé. " 5. Tá an t-am ann. Is é an rud faoi drones nuair a bhíonn siad ag eitilt lasmuigh, bíonn claonadh acu dul ar caillte nó a bheith gafa in áiteanna nach féidir teacht orthu (crainn, tobar, páirceanna comharsanacha). Tá sé tábhachtach go gcoinnítear na breiseáin ar láimh, agus nach bhfuil sé ró-ghnóthach nuair a bhíonn siad imithe. 6. Ceacht. Smaoinigh ar fhoireann dheisiúcháin drón mac léinn a chur ar bun. Ag Long Cane, tagann foireann de mhic léinn spéisiúla le chéile go rialta "i seomra beag le huirlisí agus drones briste", a dúirt Giles, "agus déanann siad drones a shocrú". 7. Ceacht. Cad atá le múinteoir malartaithe a dhéanamh má tá sé nach bhfuil a fhios conas drones eitilt? Mhol Giles físeáin drón YouTube a reáchtáil, go háirithe iad siúd a léiríonn timpistí agus timpistí. "Ní bhíonn sé chomh deacair a bheith ag cur spraoi ar mhic léinn ar feadh lá amháin", a dúirt sé. Baineann an príomh-athrú le drones le cailíbhrí an cheamara. "Ní i gcomhair drón níos fearr atá tú ag íoc i gcomhair ceamara níos fearr atá tú ag íoc", a mhol Crowley. Thosaigh Jersey City PS leis na drones AR ar chostas íseal a dhíol Parrot, a thagann le ceamaraí. Tá siad fós in úsáid, trí bliana ina dhiaidh sin. Ach tá cúpla drón "calibre paparazzi" ag an gceantar freisin atá feistithe le ceamaraí ard-mhínithe a chosnaíonn i gceithre fhigiúr íseal. Is é an fad a mhairfidh an ceallraí freisin smaoineamh tábhachtach. Go deimhin, dúirt Crowley gur roghnaigh sí na cadhnraí má bhí an rogha aici ceallraí agus athchúrsálaithe breise a cheannach nó drón nua a cheannach. "Tá siad ag dul go tapa", a dúirt sí. I gcás an dá chóras scoile, tá saol ceallraí drón teoranta do idir sé agus 12 nóiméad in aghaidh an mhuirear. Toisc nach raibh ceachtanna ann go traidisiúnta a chlúdaíonn úsáid drones, bhí Giles agus Crowley araon páirteach ina gcuid féin a chruthú. I gcás Crowley, dearadh iad ar dtús mar aonad matamaitice le húsáid ag na múinteoirí ina tionscadal taighde. Tá go leor de na ceachtanna le feiceáil ar shuíomh Gréasáin a tionscadail taighde, "Próiseas Dróní Roinn B" agus clúdaíonn siad na bunchreideamh, lena n-áirítear na caighdeáin a bhfuil feidhm acu agus na bealaí chun na mic léinn a mheas. Mar sin féin, nuair a chríochnaigh sí leis an gcolór tosaigh sin, thuig sí go raibh sé mícheart úsáid drón a theorannú go docht ar mhatamaitic do na hoideachasóirí go leor ag iarraidh uirthi cabhrú leo tosú le drónna ina ranganna. Mar thoradh air sin, léirítear na ceachtanna sin i leabhar a scríobh sí le dhá chomhghleacaí oideachais. Áirítear ar "Drones in Education" (féach "The Book on Drones in Education") clúdach ní hamháin do mhatamaitic ach freisin do staidéir shóisialta, eolaíocht, ealaíon teanga agus meascán idirdhisciplíneach (staidéar ar an Iarnród Folamh), chomh maith le gníomhaíochtaí a bhaineann le healaín, PE agus iriseoireacht. Bhí cúrsa iomlán le líonadh ag Long Cane PS, ar an láimh eile. Baineann na ranganna 45 lá mar rogha a fhreastalaíonn ar mhic léinn i gcaighdeán 7 agus 8 úsáid as "córas leibhéal". "Tosaíonn gach duine ag leibhéal 1, "a mhínigh Giles. Chun teacht ar leibhéal 2, ní mór do dhaltaí tástáil prótacail sábháilteachta a rith agus "trialach cuimsitheach bunúsach drón", lena n-áirítear stair, aerloingseoireacht, comhpháirteanna drón agus dlíthe drón. Ní mór dóibh tástáil bhunúsach feidhmíochta eitilte a dhéanamh freisin. Chun é a dhéanamh go leibhéal 3, an ceann is airde, ní mór do mhic léinn dul trí 10 lá de thraenáil eitilte drón faoi mhaoirseacht, agus ní mór dóibh pas a fháil i tástáil ardfheidhmíochta eitilte drón, chomh maith le tástáil chuimsitheach ar eitice, dlí, gairmeacha agus deiseanna ollscoile. I bhfocail eile, ní hamháin go bhfuil sé ag foghlaim leabhair; caitear leath de gach rang ar a laghad ag eitilt freisin. "Mura bhfuil siad ag eitilt drones gach lá, ní dhéanann tú an rud a theastaíonn ó na páistí uait a dhéanamh", a rabhadh Giles. Agus déanann an chuid is mó de na mic léinn é go leibhéal 3. Tá mic léinn Scoile Mheán-Cráibe Long ag dul san iomaíocht i rásaí drón aer. Anois tá an scoil ag pleanáil don dara cúrsa, Drone Tech II, a úsáidfidh "uirlisí níos sofaisticiúla" agus a chuirfidh eitilt "ag féachaint sa chéad duine". "Is cosúil go bhfuil tú ina shuí i cockpit an drón. "Tá sé cosúil le Han Solo sa Millenium Falcon ag eitilt", Giles marveled. "Tá sé i bhfad níos fionnuar a dhéanamh". Ina theannta sin, tá a scoil tar éis sraith rásaíochta drón a thabhairt isteach, rud a chruthaigh rannpháirtíocht ó mheánscoileanna eile sa cheantar. Tá na mic léinn ag dul i ngleic i dhá roinn. "Flying cruinneas" a tharlaíonn i seomra aclaíochta ar chúrsa U-chruthach agus éilíonn ar mhic léinn drones a maneuver trí fhuinneoga, iad a chur ar táblaí beaga agus a fhéachaint trí slalom. Tarlaíonn "raceáil luas" ar an réimse peile. Tá ceithre scoláire ag rith lena gcuid drones trí spriocanna de PVC a tógadh go minic. Go dtí seo tá Long Cane i gceannas ar an mbosca. Mar sin féin, d'admhaigh Giles, bhí dhá phíolóta ag an scoil iomaíoch nach raibh ag eitilt go mór ag tús na bliana a bhuaigh bonn den chéad áit sa tsraith is déanaí de chomórtais. An Leabhar ar Dhroiní san Oideachas Tá Kimberly Crowley ar cheann de thrí údair atá taobh thiar de "Drones in Education", a d'fhoilsigh ISTE in 2016. Áirítear sa leabhar cás-staidéir ar úsáid múinteoirí drones, lena n-áirítear i gcúrsaí oideachais speisialta, sábháilteachta agus dlí, conas drón a roghnú agus a oibriú, conas é a mheilt le caighdeáin foghlama stáit, conas úsáid drón a chur i bhfeidhm le haghaidh foghlama gníomhach, agus conas cláir drón a mhaoiniú. Áirítear sa leabhar freisin feidhmchláir fíor-domhanda agus 10 phlean ceachtanna samplacha (le níos mó ar líne) a thástáil Crowley go pearsanta i seomraí ranga. ($21.95 i bpáipéar beag; $10.95 i bhformáid dhigiteach) Maidir leis na Rialacháin FAA Níl an t-eolasóir ar bith ró-chinnte faoi rialacháin drón cónaidhme a chuir i gcroílár píolótaí drón gairmiúla agus greannmhar. Ar dtús, dúirt Crowley, is féidir go leor eitiltí drón a dhéanamh taobh istigh den seomra ranga, nach bhfuil faoi chúram an Riaracháin Eitlíochta Feidearálach. Nuair a thógann na mic léinn iad amach, bíonn na rialacha beagán níos greamaithe. Mar sin féin, tagann aon drón seachas na cinn is saoire le socrú chun an t-ardú uasta a chumrú. Cuir é ag 10 troigh, agus oibreoidh sé i seomra ranga; cuir é ag 20, agus oibreoidh sé i seomra aclaíochta; cuir é ag 30 troigh, agus beidh na mic léinn in ann a súile a choinneáil air. Agus mura bhfuil an scoil laistigh de chúig mhíle ó aerfort nó in aice le cás éigeandála, beidh a úsáid faoi "riail speisialta le haghaidh samhlacha aerárthaí". Ceann de na forálacha a thug Crowley dá múinteoirí ná gan na feistí a eitilt amach go pearsanta; lig don mhic léinn é sin a dhéanamh. Toisc go bhfuil siad "íoctha" mar mhúinteoirí, ní mheastar go bhfuil siad ina gcuid de na daoine a bhfuil suim acu iontu (mura n-iarrann siad díolúine ó FAA). Teacht níos fearr, Níos lú smacht Níor cheart tionchar drones a mhí-mheas, a dúirt Crowley. Mar shampla, tá rang K-2 ag múinteoir amháin ina cheantar de mhic léinn atá ag fulaingt ó autism. D'oibrigh Crowley leis an múinteoir chun eitilt drón a thabhairt isteach dóibh. Nuair a bhí siad proficient, tháinig mic léinn oideachais ghinearálta dara grád isteach chun foghlaim uathu. Mar thoradh air sin, osclaíodh idirphlé idir na mic léinn faoi mhíchumas agus na mic léinn eile nach mbeadh acu ar shlí eile. Chabhraigh an tionscnamh drón lena mic léinn cairdeas a chruthú. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, tá ardú suntasach tagtha ar spreagadh dalta ag Giles ina scoil. "Tógfaidh siad suas agus tiocfaidh siad ar scoil má tá cúrsa anseo nach dteastaíonn uathu a chailleadh. "Tá feabhas tagtha ar ár n-ionadaithe. Is dócha go bhfuil ár n-aistriúcháin thit beagnach sa leath. Agus tá sásamh na mac léinn tar éis dul suas go mór", a dhearbhaigh sé. Mar a thug sé faoi deara, níl mórán teicneolaíochtaí in úsáid sa scoil inniu a d'fhéadfadh torthaí den chineál sin a ghealltanas.

location object, a part of the window object, which allows you to perform different URL-related operations. location.href, it returns the value of the current URL. Similarly, you can also use it to set a new URL, and users will then be redirected to that URL. Let’s go through the following example: console.log(location.href); // prints the current URL location.href = 'https://code.tutsplus.com'; // redirects the user to https://code.tutsplus.com As you can see, it’s fairly easy to redirect users with the location.href method. Since the location object is part of the window object, the above snippet can also be written as: window.location.href = 'https://code.tutsplus.com'; So in this way, you can use the location.href method to change the URL and redirect users to a different webpage. location.assign method works very similarly to the location.href method and allows you to redirect users to a different web page. Let’s quickly see how it works with the following example. As you can see, it’s pretty straightforward. You just need to pass the URL in the first argument of the assign method, and it will redirect users to that URL. It’s important to note that the assign method maintains the state of the History object. We’ll discuss this in detail in the next section. You can also use the location.replace method allows you to replace the current URL with a different URL to perform redirection. Let’s see how it works with the following example. location.replace method looks very similar to the location.assign methods of redirecting users to a different URL, there’s an important difference between them. When you use the History object. So users won’t be able to use the back button to navigate to it. Let’s try to understand it with the following example. // let’s assume that a user is browsing https://code.tutsplus.com // a user is redirected to a different page with the location.href method location.href = 'https://design.tutsplus.com'; // a user is redirected to a different page with the location.replace method location.replace('https://business.tutsplus.com'); In the above example, we’ve assumed that a user is browsing the https://code.tutsplus.com webpage. Next, we have used the location.href method to redirect the user to the https://design.tutsplus.com webpage. Finally, we’ve used the location.replace method to redirect the user to the https://business.tutsplus.com webpage. Now, if the user clicks on the back button, it would go back to https://code.tutsplus.com instead of https://design.tutsplus.com, since we’ve used the location.replace method, and it has actually replaced the current URL with https://business.tutsplus.com in the So you should understand the difference between location.replace and other methods before you use them. You can’t use them interchangeably since the History object. And thus, if you want to preserve the state of the History object, you should use other methods of redirecting users.

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en

réad suíomh, cuid den réad fuinneog, a ligeann duit oibríochtaí éagsúla a bhaineann le URL a dhéanamh. location.href, cuireann sé luach an URL reatha ar ais. Ar an gcaoi chéanna, is féidir leat é a úsáid freisin chun URL nua a shocrú, agus déanfar úsáideoirí a atreorú ansin chuig an URL sin. Déanaimis an sampla seo a leanas a thástáil: console.log ((location.href); // priontáil an URL reatha location.href = 'https://code.tutsplus.com'; // athsheoltaíonn an t-úsáideoir chuig https://code.tutsplus.com Mar a fheiceann tú, tá sé éasca go leor úsáideoirí a atreorú leis an modh location.href. Ó tá réad suíomh mar chuid den réad fhuinneog, is féidir an snippet thuas a scríobh mar: window.location.href = 'https://code.tutsplus.com'; Mar sin ar an mbealach seo, is féidir leat a úsáid an location.href modh chun an URL a athrú agus úsáideoirí a atreorú chuig leathanach gréasáin eile. oibríonn modh location.assign an-chosúil leis an modh location.href agus ligfidh sé duit úsáideoirí a atreorú chuig leathanach gréasáin eile. Déanaimis a fheiceáil go tapa conas a oibríonn sé leis an sampla seo a leanas. Mar a fheiceann tú, tá sé go leor simplí. Ní gá duit ach a chur ar aghaidh ar an URL sa chéad argóint an a shannadh, agus atreoraíonn sé úsáideoirí chuig an URL sin. Tá sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil an coinníonn modh assign staid an Ábhar staire. Pléimid é seo go mion sa chéad chuid eile. Is féidir leat an Ligeann modh location.replace duit an URL reatha a chur in ionad URL eile chun atreorú a dhéanamh. Déanaimis a fheiceáil conas a oibríonn sé leis an sampla seo a leanas. Tá an modh location.replace an-chosúil leis an modh location.assign modhanna chun úsáideoirí a atreorú chuig URL difriúil, tá difríocht thábhachtach eatarthu. Nuair a úsáideann tú an Ábhar staire. Mar sin ní bheidh úsáideoirí in ann an cnaipe ar ais a úsáid chun dul chuig an suíomh. Déanaimis iarracht é a thuiscint leis an sampla seo a leanas. // a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean ar a ligean Sa sampla thuas, tá a glacadh againn go bhfuil úsáideoir ag brabhsáil ar an Leathanach gréasáin https://code.tutsplus.com. Ansin, d'úsáid muid an modh location.href chun an t-úsáideoir a atreorú chuig an Leathanach gréasáin https://design.tutsplus.com. Ar deireadh, d'úsáid muid an location.replace modh chun an t-úsáideoir a atreorú chuig an Leathanach gréasáin https://business.tutsplus.com. Anois, má chliceálann an t-úsáideoir ar an cnaipe ar ais, bheadh sé a chur ar ais go https://code.tutsplus.com in ionad https://design.tutsplus.com, ós rud é go bhfuil an location.replace modh, agus tá sé i ndáiríre in ionad an URL reatha le https://business.tutsplus.com sa Mar sin ba chóir duit a thuiscint an difríocht idir áit.athsholáthar agus modhanna eile sula n-úsáidfidh tú iad. Ní féidir leat iad a úsáid go hidirmhalartaithe ó Ábhar staire. Agus dá bhrí sin, más mian leat a chaomhnú ar an staid an Ábhar stair, ba cheart duit modhanna eile a úsáid chun úsáideoirí a atreorú.

Tuberculosis (TB), an airborne infectious disease, is the third leading cause of death for women worldwide. In 2009, there were 3.3 million cases of TB among women and 320,000 women died from TB in 2010. Despite TB's immense and unique impact on women, little attention is paid to the disease as a women's health issue. The global health community, policymakers, and women's advocates should recognize TB as a critical burden for women around the world, and work together to eliminate it as a major cause of sickness, death, and social marginalization. What is the nature and magnitude of TB Among Women? - TB is the third leading cause of death among women of reproductive age (15-44), disproportionately affecting pregnant women and the poor. Poverty is a major factor for developing active TB disease. Because women account for 70 percent of the world’s poor, women in developing countries are disproportionately affected by the disease.1 - TB places pregnant women and their babies at risk. Women with TB are twice as likely to give birth to a premature or low-birth-weight baby and four times more likely to die in childbirth. The risk of infant death also greatly increases. - Pregnant women with HIV and active TB face higher risks of maternal mortality. - Mother to child transmission of TB is estimated to be 15% within three weeks of birth. Women living with HIV and TB stand an increased risk of transmitting HIV in utero. - TB progresses more quickly in women of reproductive age then in men of the same age group. What risk factors are specific to women? - Women who are infected with TB bacteria are more likely to develop infectious TB disease than men, but are less likely to access a qualified health provider. Factors of stigma, low socio-economic status, and lack of education cause significant delays in the diagnosis and treatment of TB in women.3 - Social factors contribute to the disparity in case detection between men and women. A study in Pakistan reported that many women either felt uncomfortable or misunderstood how to produce the mucus sample needed for a TB diagnosis. - In developing countries, women often cook indoors in very confined spaces using biomass fuel such as wood or animal dung. Studies show that women who cook with these fuels are more likely to develop active TB. - Women living in poverty are at an increased risk of being sold into the sex trade. Women and girls who engage in sex work are at an increased risk of contracting TB from clients. This risk is exacerbated by their confined living conditions and susceptibility to HIV. What social and economic consequences do women and TB face? - Socially, the stigma of having TB falls more heavily on women than men. In some communities, a positive diagnosis may force women into divorce or, if unmarried, create difficulty in finding a marriage partner. - TB mostly affects women in their economically and reproductively active years, causing substantial burden on women and their families. Women suffering from TB are often unable to care for their children and have trouble performing household chores. Children are often forced to leave school to care for ailing parents and relatives. - Women with TB are often too ill to engage in work outside the home, leading to a loss of wages. What must be done? - TB programs should work to remove barriers to access, reduce delays, and improve the diagnosis and treatment of TB in women. - Further research and investigation is needed to understand the inadequacies of diagnosing and treating TB in women, including research on gender sensitive treatment options. - TB and infectious disease advocates and maternal and child health advocates must work better together on a common agenda to eliminate stigma, impact policies and programming, mobilize resources, and ultimately eliminate TB's impact on women. - TB screening, prevention, and treatment should be part of HIV, reproductive health, and maternal and child health services. For more information check out ACTION’s publication Women and Tuberculosis: Taking Action Against a Neglected Disease. World Health Organization. (2011). Global Tuberculosis Control Report 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization. Fleischman, J. (2010). Tackling TB and HIV in Women: An Urgent Agenda. Geneva: The Global Coalition on Women and AIDS.

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en

Is é an tuirseach (TB), galar gabhálach aistrithe san aer, an tríú cúis is mó de bhás do mhná ar fud an domhain. I 2009, bhí 3.3 milliún cás de TB i measc na mban agus fuair 320,000 bean bás ó TB in 2010. In ainneoin an tionchar ollmhór agus uathúil atá ag TB ar mhná, ní thugtar mórán aird ar an ghalair mar cheist sláinte na mban. Ba cheart don phobal sláinte domhanda, do lucht déanta beartais, agus do lucht abhcóide na mban aithint go bhfuil TB ina ualach ríthábhachtach do mhná ar fud an domhain, agus oibriú le chéile chun é a dhíchur mar phríomhchúis le tinneas, bás, agus imeallú sóisialta. Cad é nádúr agus méid TB i measc na mBan? - Is é TB an tríú cúis is mó de bhás i measc na mban atá in aois atáirgthe (15-44), agus bíonn tionchar neamhchomhréireach aige ar mhná torracha agus ar dhaoine bochta. Is é an bochtaineacht príomh-fhachtóir chun galar TB gníomhach a fhorbairt. Toisc go bhfuil 70 faoin gcéad de na daoine bochta ar domhan ar mhná, tá an galar ag baint go mór le mná i dtíortha i mbéal forbartha.1 - Cuireann TB mná torracha agus a gcuid leanaí i mbaol. Tá an seans go dtógfaidh mná le TB leanbh roimh am nó leanbh a bhfuil meáchan breith íseal acu dhá oiread agus an seans go bhfaighidh siad bás le linn breith ceithre huaire níos mó. Méadaíonn an baol go mór go bhfaighidh naíonáin bás freisin. - Tá riosca níos airde báis mháithreacha ag mná torracha le VEID agus le TB gníomhach. - Meastar go bhfuil tarchur TB ó mháthair go leanbh 15% laistigh de thrí seachtaine tar éis an bhreith. Tá riosca níos mó ann do mhná atá ina gcónaí le VEID agus le TB VEID a tharchur in utero. - Téann TB chun cinn níos tapúla i measc na mban atá in aois atáirgthe ná i measc na bhfear den aoisghrúpa céanna. Cad iad na fachtóirí riosca atá sonrach do mhná? - Tá seans níos mó ag mná atá ionfhabhtaithe le baictéir TB galar gabhálach TB a fhorbairt ná fir, ach tá seans níos lú acu rochtain a fháil ar sholáthraí sláinte cáilithe. Tá fachtóirí mar stiogma, stádas sóisia-eacnamaíoch íseal, agus easpa oideachais ag cur moill mhór ar dhiagnóisiú agus cóireáil TB i measc na mban.3 - Tá fachtóirí sóisialta ag cur leis an difríocht i bhfiosrú cásanna idir fir agus mná. Tuairiscíodh i dtaighde sa Phacastáin go raibh go leor mná míchompordach nó nár thuig siad conas an sampla muice a tháirgeadh a theastaíonn chun diagnóis TB a dhéanamh. - I dtíortha i mbéal forbartha, is minic a bhíonn mná ag cócaireacht laistigh i spásanna an-te, ag baint úsáide as breosla bithmhaise mar adhmad nó díon ainmhithe. Léiríonn staidéir go bhfuil mná a chócaíonn leis na breoslaí seo níos dóchúla TB gníomhach a fhorbairt. - Tá mná atá ag maireachtáil i mbochtaineacht i mbaol méadaithe a bheith díolta isteach sa trádáil gnéis. Tá mná agus cailíní a bhíonn ag obair i ngnó gnéasach i mbaol níos mó TB a ghabháil ó chliaint. Tá an baol seo ag méadú mar gheall ar na coinníollacha maireachtála faoi cheangal agus ar an ngá atá acu le VEID. Cad iad na hiarmhairtí sóisialta agus eacnamaíocha a bhíonn ag mná agus TB? - Go sóisialta, bíonn an sceitimíní a bhaineann le TB níos mó ag mná ná ag fir. I roinnt pobal, d'fhéadfadh diagnóis sholas a chur ar mhná colscaradh a dhéanamh nó, má tá siad gan pósadh, deacracht a chruthú comhpháirtí pósta a aimsiú. - Bíonn tionchar ag TB go príomha ar mhná ina mblianta gníomhacha go heacnamaíoch agus go riar, rud a fhágann go bhfuil ualach suntasach orthu féin agus ar a dteaghlaigh. Is minic nach mbíonn mná atá ag fulaingt ó TB in ann aire a thabhairt dá leanaí agus go mbíonn deacracht acu cúraimí tí a dhéanamh. Is minic a bhíonn leanaí iallach orthu an scoil a fhágáil chun aire a thabhairt do thuismitheoirí agus do ghaolta atá tinn. - Is minic a bhíonn mná le TB ró-bheag chun obair a dhéanamh lasmuigh den bhaile, rud a fhágann go gcailltear pá. Cad ba chóir a dhéanamh? - Ba cheart do chláir TB oibriú chun bacainní ar rochtain a bhaint, moill a laghdú, agus diagnóis agus cóireáil TB i measc na mban a fheabhsú. - Tá gá le tuilleadh taighde agus imscrúdaithe chun tuiscint a fháil ar na neamhiomchuíchtaí a bhaineann le diagnóis agus cóireáil TB i measc na mban, lena n-áirítear taighde ar roghanna cóireála atá íogair do ghnéas. - Ní mór do lucht tacaíochta TB agus galair ionfhabhtaithe agus do lucht tacaíochta sláinte mháithreacha agus leanaí oibriú níos fearr le chéile ar chlár oibre comhchoiteann chun stigma a dhíchur, beartais agus cláir a chur i bhfeidhm, acmhainní a shlógadh, agus deireadh a chur le tionchar TB ar mhná. - Ba cheart scagadh, cosc agus cóireáil TB a bheith mar chuid de sheirbhísí VEID, sláinte atáirgthe agus sláinte na máthar agus na leanaí. Chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil, féach foilseachán ACTION Women and Tuberculosis: Taking Action Against a Neglected Disease. Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte. (2011). Tuarascáil Domhanda um Rialú na Tubaircéil 2011. Ghinéiv: Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte. Fleischman, J. (2010). Ag dul i ngleic le TB agus VEID i mBan: Clár Gníomhach Gasta. Ghinéiv: An Comhghuaillíocht Dhomhanda ar Mná agus SEIF.

St’s Montanus, Lucius, Flavian, Julian, Victoricus & Companions St Montanus was a disciple of St Cyprian, a lawyer and then Bishop of Carthage in Tunisia. In 258, St Cyprian was martyred on the orders of Galerius Maximus by the sword; the reason, spreading Christianity and refusing to offer deities to pagan gods. The soldier who executed St Cyprian died soon afterwards and a replacement soldier was ambushed and killed by rebels. In revenge, eight Christians, a mixture of lay people, Priests and Bishops, including St Montanus, St Lucius, St Flavian, St Julian and St Victoricus were selected at random for execution by beheading. On the day of their execution, St Montanus, who had lived a hermit lifestyle, spoke to the gathered crowd, probably a large number of them peasant Christians. He said, hold dear to your faith, live the life Jesus asked and never forget Jesus’ promise namely, “Your reward will be great in heaven”. All eight martyrs accepted their torture and execution by beheading rather than renounce their Christian faith. Their Feast Day is 24th February. St Montanus & Companions: Pray for us that we will never forget Jesus’ promise, “Your reward will be great in Heaven”. Glory be to the…

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Naomh Montanus, Lucius, Flavian, Julian, Victoricus & Companions Bhí Naomh Montanus ina dheisceabal de Naomh Cyprian, dlíodóir agus ansin Easpag Carthage sa Túinéis. Sa bhliain 258, maraíodh Naomh Cyprian ar orduithe Galerius Maximus le claíomh; an chúis, an Chríostaíocht a scaipeadh agus diúltú déithe a thairiscint do dhéithe na n-eagla. Fuair an saighdiúir a chuir St Cyprian chun báis bás go gairid ina dhiaidh sin agus rinne ceannairí léim ar saighdiúir a bhí ina ionad agus maraíodh é. I bhfíréan, roghnaíodh ochtar Críostaí, meascán de dhaoine laige, Sagairt agus Easpag, lena n-áirítear Naomh Montanus, Naomh Lucius, Naomh Flavian, Naomh Julian agus Naomh Victoricus go randamach chun iad a fhorghníomhú trí cheann a ghearradh. Ar an lá a maraíodh iad, labhair Naomh Montanus, a bhí ina shaol ar leithligh, leis an slua a bhí cruinnithe, is dócha go raibh líon mór de na Críostaithe feirmeoirí iontu. Dúirt sé, coinnigh go daor do chreideamh, mairfidh tú an saol a d'iarr Íosa agus ná déan dearmad riamh ar ghealladh Íosa, is é sin, "Beidh do dhuais mór sa spéir". D'éirigh leis na hocht martaí a bheith ag fulaingt óna gcreideamh Críostaí seachas a bheith ag fulaingt ó thortú agus óna gcosadh. Is é an lá féile 24 Feabhra. Naomh Montanus & Companions: Guí ar ár son nach ndéanfaidh muid dearmad ar ghealltanas Íosa, "Beidh do luach saothair mór sa spéir". Glory a bheith ar an...

mass(redirected from was a mass) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical. Mass,religious service of the Roman Catholic Church, which has as its central act the performance of the sacrament of the EucharistEucharist [Gr.,=thanksgiving], Christian sacrament that repeats the action of Jesus at his last supper with his disciples, when he gave them bread, saying, "This is my body," and wine, saying, "This is my blood." (Mat. 26; Mark 14; Luke 22; 1 Cor. 11. ..... Click the link for more information. . It is based on the ancient Latin liturgy of the city of Rome, now used in most, but not all, Roman Catholic churches. The term Mass [Lat. missa,=dismissed] probably derives from the practice of dismissing the catechumens—those not yet initiated into the mystery of the Eucharist—before the offertory and from the words Ite, missa est [Go, you are dismissed] spoken to the faithful at the end of the Mass. The term is also used among Anglo-Catholics; in the Eastern churches the Mass is generally called the Holy Liturgy or the Offering. For non-Roman liturgies, see liturgyliturgy, Christian [Gr. leitourgia = public duty or worship] form of public worship, particularly the form of rite or services prescribed by the various Christian churches. ..... Click the link for more information. . The Role of the Catholic Mass In the Roman Catholic Church, except for the altogether distinct Ambrosian rite (see Ambrose, SaintAmbrose, Saint , 340?–397, bishop of Milan, Doctor of the Church, b. Trier, of Christian parents. Educated at Rome, he became (c.372) governor of Liguria and Aemilia—with the capital at Milan. ..... Click the link for more information. ) and for some variant forms among religious orders, especially that of the Dominicans, the service is the same everywhere, under regulation of the Holy See. The language of the liturgy is typically terse. The celebrant, who must be a priest, follows a prescribed missal and wears certain vestments. Mass is said at an altar containing relics; two candles must be burning. A congregation is not essential, but solitary Mass is discouraged. A High (solemn) Mass requires a priest, deacon, and choir. Low Mass, much more common, is the same service said by one priest. Normally at Low Mass a server or acolyte, traditionally called an altar boy but now often a girl, helps the celebrant. Most of the text is invariable, or "ordinary," but certain parts, called "proper," change with the occasion or day. Mass may be offered with a special intention, as in thanksgiving or for peace. A requiemrequiem [Lat.,=rest], proper Mass for the souls of the dead, performed on All Souls' Day and at funerals. The reformation of Roman Catholic liturgy following the Second Vatican Council (see Vatican Council, Second) has modified the traditional requiem, and it is now called the ..... Click the link for more information. is a proper Mass for the dead. Most priests say Mass daily. Sunday Mass is an important sociocultural factor in Roman Catholic life. All members are required to attend Mass on Sunday as a minimum participation in public worship. The Mass begins with an entrance hymn, a greeting, and a brief penetential rite that includes the Kyrie eleison, the Gloria in excelsis (not always), a collectcollect [Late Lat.,=meeting], in Western liturgies, short prayer proper to an occasion, often asking a particular favor. In the Roman Catholic Church the collect is said, typically, at Mass just before the epistle and at vespers. ..... Click the link for more information. or collects, the proper epistleepistle , in the Bible, a letter of the New Testament. The Pauline Epistles (ascribed to St. Paul) are Romans, First and Second Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, First and Second Thessalonians, First and Second Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Hebrews. ..... Click the link for more information. , an anthem and the proper GospelGospel [M.E.,=good news; evangel from Gr.,= good news], a written account of the life of Jesus. Though the Gospels of the New Testament are all anonymous, since the 2d cent. they have been named Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. ..... Click the link for more information. (usually chanted and with all standing), and a homily on the texts. This ends the part of the Mass known in earlier times as the Mass of the Catechumens. Mass continues with the creed (sometimes), the offertoryoffertory [Lat.,=offering], in the Roman Catholic Mass and in derived liturgical forms, the preparation of bread and wine on the altar and their formal offering to God. It takes place after the gospel and the creed and before the preface. ..... Click the link for more information. (anthem with offering of bread and wine), offering of incense (sometimes), washing of the celebrant's hands, and proper prayers called "secrets." Then there is a chanted or spoken dialogue and proper preface of thanksgiving, ending in the Sanctus. That opens the long eucharistic prayer, or canon. It begins with prayers for the living. The consecration of the bread and wine follows; then the celebrant raises Host and chalice above his head for all to see and adore. The canon ends with prayers for the dead and a doxology, which is the solemn climax of the eucharistic prayer. After the canon the Mass consists of the Lord's PrayerLord's Prayer or Our Father, the principal Christian prayer that Jesus in the New Testament (Mat. 6.9–13; Luke 11.2–4) taught his followers, beginning, "Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. ..... Click the link for more information. , a prayer amplifying the supplication "Deliver us from evil," the symbolic breaking of the Host and putting a piece into the cup, the kiss of peace (shared by the members of the congregation), the Agnus Dei, the communion, the ablution of vessels, the communion anthem, postcommunion prayers, the dismissal, and the blessing. There are ceremonial adjuncts such as processions, blessings, censings, and in some places, the ringing of a handbell at the consecration. Music in the Mass Of the portions of the Mass that may be sung, some are chanted solo at the altar with choral response; there are also nine hymns for the choir. Four of these are proper and related in theme, with texts usually from the Psalms: introit, anthem after the epistle (alleluia, gradual, tract, or sequence), offertory, and communion. The five ordinary choral pieces are Kyrie eleisonKyrie eleison [Gr.,=Lord, have mercy], in the Roman Catholic Church, prayer of the Mass coming after the introit, the only ordinary part of the traditional liturgy said not in Latin but in Greek. ..... Click the link for more information. , Gloria in excelsisGloria in excelsis [Lat.,=glory in the highest], the Angelic Hymn or greater doxology, ancient Christian hymn beginning, according to the Authorized Version, "Glory be to God on high, and on earth, peace, goodwill towards men." An amplification of Luke 2. ..... Click the link for more information. , Credo (see creedcreed [Lat. credo=I believe], summary of basic doctrines of faith. The following are historically important Christian creeds. 1 The Nicene Creed, beginning, "I believe in one God the Father Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and ..... Click the link for more information. ), SanctusSanctus [Lat.,=holy], hymn of the Roman Catholic Mass, beginning, "Holy, holy, holy," from Isa. 6.3; Mat. 21.9. It is the solemn choral ending of the preface. In the old liturgy the second part of the hymn, called Benedictus, was sometimes sung after the elevation. ..... Click the link for more information. , and Agnus DeiAgnus Dei [Lat.], the Lamb of God, i.e., Jesus. The lamb of the Passover sacrifice is said to prefigure the crucifixion. Isaiah calls the expected Messiah the Lamb of God, and Jesus is met by John the Baptist with the words, "Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of ..... Click the link for more information. . Plainsongplainsong the unharmonized chant of the medieval Christian liturgies in Europe and the Middle East; usually synonymous with Gregorian chant, the liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church. ..... Click the link for more information. is prescribed for all texts, but latitude is permitted the choir. A musical setting for the five ordinary hymns, called a Mass, has been a major musical form. The principal period of Mass composition lasted from 1400 to 1700. It came to an end with shift of interest to instrumental music, although later composers did use the form. Among the many composers who produced Masses are Josquin des Prés, Palestrina, Monteverdi, Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Verdi, and Stravinsky. Changes in the Mass The basic structure of the Mass is largely unchanged since the 6th cent. In the Counter Reformation the forms were restricted and local variants eliminated. As a result of the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council, the Roman Mass liturgy has undergone extensive reformation. The revisions include the use of the vernacular languages in the place of Latin, an emphasis on congregational singing, latitude for modifications that may be introduced by local bishops, additional eucharistic prayers, and communion in both bread and wine. In 2011, however, a new English translation of the Mass was put into effect. The changes were designed to align the English text more literally with the Latin, and revised much of the wording adopted after Vatican II. See J. A. Jungmann, The Mass of the Roman Rite (rev. ed. 1959); F. Amiot, History of the Mass (tr. 1959); H. Daniel-Rops, This Is the Mass (rev. ed. 1965); P. Loret, The Story of the Mass (1983). mass,in physics, the quantity of matter in a body regardless of its volume or of any forces acting on it. The term should not be confused with weightweight, measure of the force of gravity on a body (see gravitation). Since the weights of different bodies at the same location are proportional to their masses, weight is often used as a measure of mass. ..... Click the link for more information. , which is the measure of the force of gravity (see gravitationgravitation, the attractive force existing between any two particles of matter. The Law of Universal Gravitation Since the gravitational force is experienced by all matter in the universe, from the largest galaxies down to the smallest particles, it is often called ..... Click the link for more information. ) acting on a body. Under ordinary conditions the mass of a body can be considered to be constant; its weight, however, is not constant, since the force of gravity varies from place to place. There are two ways of referring to mass, depending on the law of physics defining it: gravitational mass and inertial mass. The gravitational mass of a body may be determined by comparing the body on a beam balance with a set of standard masses; in this way the gravitational factor is eliminated. The inertial mass of a body is a measure of the body's resistance to acceleration by some external force. One body has twice as much inertial mass as another body if it offers twice as much force in opposition to the same acceleration. All evidence seems to indicate that the gravitational and inertial masses of a body are equal, as demanded by Einstein's equivalence principle of relativityrelativity, physical theory, introduced by Albert Einstein, that discards the concept of absolute motion and instead treats only relative motion between two systems or frames of reference. ..... Click the link for more information. ; so that at the same location equal (inertial) masses have equal weights. Because the numerical value for the mass of a body is the same anywhere in the world, it is used as a basis of reference for many physical measurements, such as density and heat capacity. According to the special theory of relativity, mass is not strictly constant but increases with the speed according to the formula m=m0/√1−v2/c2, where m0 is the rest mass of the body, v is its speed, and c is the speed of light in vacuum. This increase in mass, however, does not become appreciable until very great speeds are reached. The rest mass of a body is its mass at zero velocity. The special theory of relativity also leads to the Einstein mass-energy relation, E=mc2, where E is the energy, and m and c are the (relativistic) mass and the speed of light, respectively. Because of this equivalence of mass and energyenergy, in physics, the ability or capacity to do work or to produce change. Forms of energy include heat, light, sound, electricity, and chemical energy. Energy and work are measured in the same units—foot-pounds, joules, ergs, or some other, depending on the system of ..... Click the link for more information. , the law of conservation of energy was extended to include mass as a form of energy. The quantitative or numerical measure of a body's inertia, that is, of its resistance to being accelerated. Because it is often necessary to compare masses of such dissimilar bodies as a sample of sugar, a sample of air, an electron, and the Moon, it is necessary to define mass in terms of a property that not only is inherent and permanent but is also universal in that it is possessed by all known forms of matter. All matter possesses two properties, gravitation and inertia. The property of gravitation is that every material body attracts every other material body. The property of inertia is that every material body resists any attempt to change its motion. A body's motion is said to change if the body is accelerated, that is, if it increases or decreases its speed or changes the direction of its motion. Because of its inertia a body cannot be accelerated unless a force is exerted on it. The greater the inertia of a body, the less will be the acceleration produced by a given force. See Gravitation, Inertia The present definition of mass is in terms of inertia. The masses of two bodies are compared by applying equal forces to the bodies and measuring their accelerations. For example, the two bodies may be allowed to collide. According to Newton's third law, each body will then experience an equally strong force. If there are no external forces, and if a1 and a2 are the measured accelerations of the two bodies, the ratio of the masses of the two bodies is by definition given by the equation This equation gives only ratios of masses; it is therefore necessary to designate the mass of some one body as the standard mass to which the masses of all other bodies can be compared. The body that has been chosen for this purpose is a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy. It is known as the international standard of mass; its mass is called 1 kilogram (kg), and it is kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris, France. Replicas of the standard mass, kept at various national laboratories, are periodically compared with this standard. Einstein's special theory of relativity predicts that the inertia of a body should increase if the energy of the body increases. This prediction has been conclusively verified experimentally. It follows that the mass of a body will increase if, for example, the body gains speed (addition of kinetic energy), or its temperature rises (addition of heat energy), or the body is compressed (addition of elastic energy). See Conservation of mass massA measure of the quantity of matter in a body. The SI unit of mass is the kilogram. The astronomical unit of mass is the solar mass, i.e. 2 × 1030 kg. Mass is a property of matter that determines both the inertia of an object, i.e. its resistance to any change in its motion or state of rest, and the gravitational field that it can produce. The former is called inertial mass, defined by Newton's laws of motion, and the latter is gravitational mass. Inertial and gravitational mass have been found to be equivalent. This led to Einstein's principle of equivalence between inertial and gravitational forces. See also relativity, special theory; stellar mass; weight. masssee MASS SOCIETY, ÉLITE THEORY. Three of the four Gospel accounts of Jesus' death state that on the night before he died he shared a ceremonial meal with his followers. Christians call this meal the Last Supper and honor it with religious observances that take place on Maundy Thursday. This meal is also commemorated each Sunday in churches throughout the world in a ceremony called the Eucharist. The Eucharist serves as the central and most important ritual in Christian communal worship. As this ceremony recalls the events surrounding Jesus' death and resurrection, it may be thought of as an Easter symbol and custom which millions of Christians participate in every Sunday. The Last Supper and Passover Jesus himself founded the ceremony of the Eucharist at the Last Supper (for more on the Last Supper, see Maundy Thursday). Christian scripture asserts that at this meal Jesus gave thanks to God for bread and wine, identified them as his body and blood, and passed them to his disciples to eat and drink (Matthew 26:26-29, Mark 14:22-25, Luke 22:16-19). These words and actions form the basis of the contemporary celebration of the Eucharist. A closer examination of their historical and cultural context illuminates their significance to Jesus'followers and to the first Christians. The Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke assert that the Last Supper was a Passover meal. (The Gospel according to John implies that the Passover supper would take place on the evening of the following day.) The yearly Passover festival originated in biblical times as a means for Jews to express their gratitude to God for leading their ancestors out of slavery in Egypt over a thousand years before Christ was born (see also Salvation). Through participation in the religious ceremonies associated with Passover, Jews also reaffirmed their relationship with God. The Book of Exodus tells that the Jews enslaved in Egypt sacrificed a lamb to God and smeared its blood over their doorways as a sign of their faithfulness to the Lord. Afterwards they consumed the sanctified flesh of the lamb, waiting in readiness for God to deliver them. In Jesus' time religious custom required those celebrating Passover to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Once there they brought a lamb to the Temple, where the animal was killed as an offering to God. The sacrificial lamb recalled the original offering their ancestors made while slaves in Egypt. In Jesus' day worshipers took the lamb home after it had been offered to God by the Temple priests. Then it was roasted and eaten by a gathering of family and friends. This ceremonial meal also included unleavened bread and wine. Scriptural accounts of the Last Supper describe a meal that resembles a traditional Passover supper in some ways and diverges from Jewish custom in others. As in a traditional Jewish Passover meal, Jesus gave thanks to God for the bread and wine before passing them to his disciples. But in a sharp break from Jewish religious teaching he proclaimed that the bread was his body and the wine his blood. In Matthew's account Jesus adds that his blood is "my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins" (Matthew 26:28). Here Jesus is painting himself as a new kind of sacrificial lamb, one whose death will rescue his followers from the consequences of sin, and pave the way to a new relationship with God. Origins of the Eucharist The first Christians quickly interpreted Jesus' words and deeds at the Last Supper in terms of the Passover themes of sacrifice, redemption, and salvation. Jesus' death on the cross on Good Friday became the sacrifice which reunited a straying humanity with God. By accepting Jesus' body and blood as represented in bread and wine at the Last Supper, Jesus' original followers accepted both his act of sacrifice and the spiritual renewal that sprang from it. The early Christians developed a ceremony called the Eucharist in order that Jesus' growing numbers of followers could also share in this new relationship with God and one another through Christ. Just as religious Jews consumed the flesh of the Passover lamb, the new ceremony required Christians to consume the body and blood of the Savior who had died for their sakes. The body and blood were represented, as they had been at the Last Supper, by bread and wine. The word "Eucharist" is an English pronunciation of the ancient Greek word eucharistia, which means "thanksgiving" or "gratitude." This name, given to the ceremony by the early Christians, reflects their attitude towards it. The ceremony and the prayers that accompanied it expressed their gratitude to Christ for rescuing them from sin, opening the door to a new relationship with the Divine, and promising them eternal life. At first, groups of Christians shared bread and wine together informally, as part of an everyday meal. As time went by this sharing of bread and wine grew increasingly ceremonial. By the fourth century Christians were celebrating the Eucharist in public buildings under the supervision of robed clergy, accompanied by Bible readings, prayers, chants, homilies, and the prayer of thanksgiving, which retold Jesus'words and deeds at the Last Supper. Interpreting the Eucharist Over the centuries many controversies have erupted over differing interpretations of the Eucharist. One of the most significant debates took place during the sixteenth-century western European Reformation. This period of religious strife gave birth to Protestant Christianity. Among other things, Protestants disagreed with the Roman Catholic doctrine concerning the Eucharist. This doctrine states that although neither the bread nor the wine of the Eucharist seems to change in appearance, they change in actual substance, becoming the real body and blood of Christ. Roman Catholic theologians explained the mechanics of this transformation in a doctrine known as transubstantiation. Protestant reformers disagreed with the idea that the bread and wine change into the actual body and blood of Christ. Today's many Protestant denominations attribute varying shades of meaning to the ceremony, but most tend to view the bread and wine as symbols that represent the body and blood of the Savior. They would also affirm, however, that Christ, through the power of the Holy Spirit, is indeed present with those who participate in the ceremony. Other differences distinguish Protestant and Roman Catholic views of the Eucharist. Whereas Roman Catholic theology views the ceremony as an invitation to worshipers to partake of Jesus'sacrifice, many Protestant theologians instead see it as a memorial, or reminder, of Jesus' sacrifice. The Orthodox Christians of eastern Europe, the Middle East, and north Africa offer yet another perspective on the ceremony. Like Roman Catholics they tend to view the ceremony as Jesus' renewed offering of himself to the assembled worshipers. They also agree that worshipers partake of the actual body and blood of Christ. Yet unlike Roman Catholic theologians, Orthodox theologians offer no definite explanation for how this miracle takes place. Instead they view Christ's presence in the bread and wine of the Eucharist as a mystery. By "mystery" they mean one of the hidden and unfathomable ways that God works in the world, sometimes perceived by those who look through the eyes of faith. Therefore the best way to "understand" the Eucharist is to participate in it with reverence, prayer, and meditation. In sum, Orthodox Christian authorities approach the ceremony as a spiritual experience to be savored rather than an intellectual problem to be solved. Contemporary Ceremonies and Services Today many different versions of the ceremony exist. Nevertheless, the heart of the ritual consists of the identification of bread and wine as Jesus' body and blood and the invitation to worshipers to partake of them. In doing so Christians remember Jesus' sacrificial death and resurrection and commit themselves again to the new covenant, or relationship with God, that these events brought about. They ask to draw nearer to God through Christ, and accept the spiritual healing, or salvation, that comes from this relationship. Participation in the ceremony helps to create a feeling of fellowship between worshipers as they together share in God's hospitality, expressed in spiritual food and drink. At some contemporary Protestant services grape juice substitutes for wine (for more on this issue, see also Wine). In many churches, including those of the Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican traditions, the Eucharist stands at the heart of the Sunday worship service. Protestants, in general, celebrate the Eucharist less frequently. In some denominations the ceremony is known as the Eucharist, while in others it may be called the Lord's Supper or Holy Communion. Various Christian denominations have assigned different names to the worship service centered around the celebration of the Eucharist. Roman Catholics and some Anglicans call it a "Mass" and Orthodox Christians know it as the "Divine Liturgy." Protestants refer to the service by a variety of names, including the Eucharist, the Lord's Supper, or Holy Communion. Ferguson, Everett, ed. "Eucharist." In his Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. Volume 1. New York: Garland, 1997. Hellwig, Monica K. "Eucharist." In Mircea Eliade, ed. The Encyclopedia of Religion. Volume 5. New York: Macmillan, 1987. "Hospitality." In Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III, eds. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998. McNicol, Allan J. "Lord's Supper." In David Noel Freedman, ed. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. Peifer, C. J. "Passover Lamb" and "Passover Meal." In New Catholic Ency- clopedia. Volume 10. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. "Redemption." In Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III, eds. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998. Reumann, John. The Supper of the Lord. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1985. "Supper." In Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, and Tremper Longman III, eds. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998. Williams, Sam K. "The Lord's Supper." In Paul J. Achtemeier, ed. The Harper- Collins Bible Dictionary. New York: HarperCollins, 1996. An explanation of the Orthodox understanding of the Eucharist, posted by the Orthodox Church in America web site: chri/Orthodox-Faith/Worship/Holy-Eucharist.html An article entitled "The Holy Eucharist," by the Rev. Thomas Fitzgerald, posted at the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America in New York, NY, web site: a physical quantity; a fundamental characteristic of matter that defines its inertial and gravitational properties. A corresponding distinction is made between inertial and gravitational mass. The concept of mass was introduced in mechanics by I. Newton. In Newtonian classical mechanics, mass is part of the definition of the momentum of a body: the momentum P is proportional to the velocity of motion v of the body, (1) p = mv The proportionality factor—the quantity m, which is constant for a given body—is the mass of the body. An equivalent definition of mass can be obtained from the equation of motion of classical mechanics: (2) f = ma Here the mass is the proportionality factor between the force f acting on a body and the acceleration of the body a that it causes. The mass defined by equations (1) and (2) is called the inertial mass, or inert mass; it characterizes the dynamic properties of a body and is a measure of the body’s inertia. The greater the mass of a body, the smaller the acceleration it acquires upon application of a constant force—that is, the more slowly its state of motion changes (the greater its inertia). The mass ratio of various bodies may be determined by applying a given force to them and measuring their acceleration: m1 : m2 : m3,… = a1 : a2 : a3.… If one of the masses is taken as the unit of measurement, then the masses of the other bodies can be found. In the Newtonian theory of gravitation, mass assumes a different form—it is the source of the gravitational field. Each body creates a gravitational field proportional to its mass and experiences the effect of the gravitational field generated by other bodies, whose force is also proportional to the masses of the bodies. This field causes the attraction of any other body to the given body with a force that is defined by Newton’s law of gravitation: where r is the distance between the bodies, G is the universal constant of gravitation, and m1 and m2 are the masses of the attracting bodies. A formula for the weight P of a body of mass m in the earth’s gravitational field may be easily obtained from formula (3): (4) P = m · g Here g = G·M/r2 is the free-fall acceleration in the earth’s gravitational field and r ≈ R is the radius of the earth. The mass defined by equations (3) and (4) is called the gravitational mass of the body. In principle it does not follow that a mass that creates a gravitational field also defines the inertia of the same body. However, experiment has shown that inertial and gravitational mass are proportional to each other (and, with the choice of ordinary units of measurement, are numerically equal). This fundamental natural law is called the principle of equivalence. Its discovery is associated with Galileo, who established that all bodies on earth fall with identical acceleration. Einstein, who was the first to formulate this principle, made it the basis for the general theory of relativity. The principle of equivalence has been established experimentally with very high accuracy. A precise test of the equality of inertial and gravitational masses was first made (1890-1906) by L. Eötvös, who found that the masses coincide with an error of ˜ 10’8. The error was reduced to 10-11 by the American physicists R. Dicke, R. Krotkov, and P. Roll in 1959-64 and to 10-12 by the Soviet physicists V. B. Braginskii and V. I. Panov in 1971. The principle of equivalence makes possible the most natural determination of the mass of a body, by weighing. Mass was originally considered (by Newton, for example) to be a measure of the quantity of matter. This definition has clear meaning only for comparison of homogeneous bodies that are constructed of the same material. It emphasizes the additivity of mass—the mass of a body is equal to the sum of the mass of its parts. The mass of a homogeneous body is proportional to its volume; therefore, the concept of density—the mass per unit volume of a body—may be introduced. In classical physics it was believed that the mass of a body does not change in any processes. The law of conservation of mass (matter), which was discovered by M. V. Lomonosov and A. L. Lavoisier, corresponded to this. In particular, the law asserted that in any chemical reaction the sum of the masses of the initial components is equal to the sum of the masses of the final components. The concept of mass acquired deeper meaning in the mechanics of Einstein’s special theory of relativity, which considers the motion of bodies (or particles) with very great velocity to be comparable to the speed of light, c ≈ 3 × 1010 cm/sec. In the new mechanics, which is called relativistic mechanics, the relation between the momentum and velocity of a particle is given by the equation For low velocities (v « c) this equation becomes the Newtonian relation p = mv. Therefore, the quantity mo is called the rest mass, and the mass m of a moving particle is defined as the proportionality factor between p and v, which is dependent on the velocity: Keeping in mind this formula in particular, we say that the mass of a particle (body) increases as its velocity. This relativistic increase in the mass of a particle with increased velocity must be taken into account in the design of high-energy particle accelerators. The rest mass m0 (the mass in a frame of reference that is connected with the particle) is the most important intrinsic characteristic of a particle. All elementary particles have strictly defined values of m0 that are inherent in the given type of particle. It should be noted that in relativistic mechanics the definition of mass from equation of motion (2) is not equivalent to the definition of mass as the proportionality factor between the momentum and velocity of a particle, since its acceleration ceases to be parallel to the force that causes it, and the mass is found to be dependent on the direction of the particle’s velocity. According to the theory of relativity, the mass m of a particle is related to its energy E by the equation The rest mass determines the internal energy of a particle—its rest energy, E0 ×m0c2. Thus, energy is always related to mass (and vice versa). Therefore, the laws of conservation of mass and energy do not exist separately (in contrast to classical physics) but are fused into the unified law of conservation of total energy (that is, including the rest energy of the particles). Its approximate division into the law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of mass is possible only in classical physics, when the particle velocities are low (v « c) and processes of conversion of particles do not take place. In relativistic mechanics, mass is not an additive characteristic of a body. When two particles are combined, forming a composite stable state, an energy excess ΔE (equal to the binding energy), which corresponds to the mass Δm = ΔE/c2, is released in the process. Therefore, the mass of a composite particle is less by the quantity ΔE/c2 than the sum of the masses of the particles that form it (the mass defect). This effect is particularly strongly manifested in nuclear reactions. For example, the mass of a deuteron (d) is less than the sum of the mass of a proton (p) and a neutron (n); the mass defect Δm is related to the energy Eγ of the gamma quantum (y) that is produced during the formation of a deuteron: p + n → d + γ, Ey + Δm·c2. The mass defect that arises during the formation of a composite particle reflects the natural relation between mass and energy. The gram is the unit of mass in the cgs system of units and the kilogram in the International System of Units. The mass of atoms and molecules is usually measured in atomic mass units. The mass of elementary particles is commonly expressed either in units of mass of the electron me or in energy units, by indicating the rest energy of the corresponding particles. For example, the mass of the electron is 0.511 mega electron volt (MeV); the mass of the proton is 1,836.1 me, or 938.2 MeV. The nature of mass is one of the most important unsolved problems of modern physics. It is commonly assumed that the mass of an elementary particle is determined by the fields associated with it (such as electromagnetic and nuclear fields). However, a quantitative theory of mass has not been developed, nor are there theories that would explain why the masses of elementary particles form a discrete spectrum of values or possible determination of the spectrum. In astrophysics, the mass of a body that generates a gravitational field determines the gravitational radius of the body, Rg = 2GM/c2. Because of gravitational attraction no radiation, including light, can emerge from the surface of a body having a radius R≦Rg. Stars of such dimensions would be invisible; therefore, they are called black holes. Such celestial bodies should play an important role in the universe. REFERENCESJammer, M. Poniatie massy v klassicheskoi i sovremennoifizike. Moscow, 1967. (Translated from English.) Khaikin, S. E. Fizicheskie osnovy mekhaniki. Moscow, 1963. Elementarnyi uchebnik fiziki, 7th ed., vol. 1. Edited by G. S. Landsberg. Moscow, 1971. the name of the liturgy used by the Catholic Church. The components and the order of conducting the mass took shape over the course of many centuries. They became essentially fixed at the Council of Trent (1545–63). The Second Vatican Council (1962–65) made changes in the mass (for example, permitting the service to be conducted in local languages as well as in Latin). The liturgical songs forming an invariable part of a given service make up what is called the ordinary of the mass. They are named after the initial word of each text: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Benedictus, and Agnus Dei. Originally, the liturgical songs of the mass were monophonic, based on the Gregorian chant. Later, with the development of polyphony, there appeared polyphonic arrangements of the liturgical music of the mass as well as entire ordinaries of the mass written for the traditional text by just one composer. There was also a distinction made between the high mass (missa solemnis) and the low mass (missa brevis), which consisted as a rule of the first two or three liturgical parts of the ordinary of the mass. In the Renaissance era the mass was the most monumental of musical genres. Masses were written by J. Dunstable (England), G. Dufay, J. Ockeghem, J. Obrecht, Josquin Depres, and O. de Lassus (the Netherlands), Palestrina, A. Willaert, and G. Gabrieli (Italy), and T. L. de Victoria (Spain). At a later period, classical versions of the mass were composed by J. S. Bach (Mass in B minor), Mozart, Beethoven (two masses, including the Missa Solemnis), L. Cherubini, F. Schubert, F. Liszt, and A. Bruckner. The funeral mass is known as a requiem. REFERENCESBobrovnitskii, I. O proiskhozhdenii i sostave rimsko-katolicheskoi liturgii i otlichii ee ot pravoslavnoi, 4th ed. Kiev, 1873. Ivanov-Boretskii, M. V. Ocherk istorii messy. Moscow, 1910. Wagner, P. Geschichte der Messe. Leipzig, 1913. B. V. 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mass (a bhí ina mhais) Freagra: Tá an t-alt seo le fáil freisin i: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical. Naomh,seirbhís reiligiúnach de chuid na hEaglaise Caitliceach Rómhánach, a bhfuil an sacrament na hOigríche mar a ghníomh lárnach [Gr.,=thanksgiving], sacrament Críostaí a dhéanann gníomh Íosa a athdhéanamh ag a dinnéar deireanach lena dheisceabail, nuair a thug sé arán dóibh, ag rá, "Is é seo mo chorp", agus fíon, ag rá, "Is é seo mo fhuil". (Mat. 26; Marca 14; Lucais 22; 1 Cor. 11. Céard a tharla? ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. . . go deo . Tá sé bunaithe ar an sean-liturgáid Laidineach i gcathair na Róimhe, a úsáidtear anois i bhformhór na n-eaglaisí Caitliceacha Rómhánacha, ach ní i ngach ceann acu. An téarma Mass [Lat. [missa,=fágta] is dócha go dtagann sé ón gcleachtas na catechumens a fhágáil - iad siúd nach bhfuil tosaithe go fóill i rúndiamhair na hOifreachta - roimh an tairiscint agus ó na focail Ite, missa est [Téigh, tá tú scaoilte] a labhraítear leis na dílis ag deireadh na hOifreachta. Úsáidtear an téarma freisin i measc na nAingil-Caitliceach; sna heaglaisí san Oirthear, tugtar an Liotúrg Naofa nó an Tairiscint don Mhíosa de ghnáth. Maidir le litorgais neamh-Rómanacha, féach litorgaislitúrga, Críostaí [Gréigis. leitourgia = dualgas poiblí nó adhradh] foirm an adhradh poiblí, go háirithe foirm an deasghnátha nó na seirbhísí a fhorordaíonn na heaglaisí Críostaí éagsúla. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. . . go deo . Ról na Mhíosa Caitliceach Sa Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach, seachas an deasghnátha Ambrosian go hiomlán ar leith (féach Ambrose, SaintAmbrose, Saint , 340?397, Easpag na Mílao, Dochtúir na hEaglaise, b. Trier, ó thuismitheoirí Críostaí. Ardoideadh é sa Róimh, agus bhí sé ina rialtóir ar Liguria agus Aemilia (c.372) leis an gcaipiteal i Milano. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil. agus le haghaidh roinnt foirmeacha éagsúla i measc orduithe reiligiúnacha, go háirithe an chuid de na Dominicans, tá an tseirbhís mar an gcéanna i ngach áit, faoi rialú an Chroí Naofa. Is gnách go mbíonn teanga na litorgóireachta gearr. Leanann an ceiliúr, a chaithfidh a bheith ina shagart, miscal forordaithe agus caitheann sé éadaí áirithe. Deirtear na hOisrí ag altóir ina bhfuil relics; ní mór go mbeadh dhá chandela ag lasadh. Ní gá go mbeadh eaglais ann, ach ní mholtar na hOisrí aonair. Éilíonn Misean Ard (solemn) sagart, diaicín, agus cora. Is é an Mhíosa Íseal, atá i bhfad níos coitianta, an tseirbhís chéanna a deir sagart amháin. De ghnáth ag an Misean Íseal cuireann seirbhíseach nó acolyte, ar a dtugtar buachaill altóra de ghnáth ach anois is minic cailín, an ceiliúróir. Tá an chuid is mó den téacs gan athrú, nó "gnáth", ach athraíonn codanna áirithe, ar a dtugtar "oiriúnach", de réir na hócáide nó na lae. D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé mar aidhm speisialta ag na daoine a bheith ag tabhairt na Míosa, mar shampla mar bhuíochas nó mar aidhm síochána. Requiemrequiem [Lat.,=rest], Misean ceart d'anam na marbh, a dhéantar ar Lá na nAlmaí Uile agus ag adhlactha. D'athraigh athchóiriú na litorgóireachta Caitliceach Rómhánach tar éis an Dara Comhairle Vatacáin (féach Comhairle Vatacáin, Dara) an requiem traidisiúnta, agus tugtar an t-ainm air anois mar an ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. Is é an Misean ceart do na marbh. Deir formhór na sagairt go bhfuil na hOisrí ag déanamh na Mhása gach lá. Is fachtóir sóisiach chultúrtha tábhachtach i saol na Caitliceach Rómhánach é an Mhíosa Dé Domhnaigh. Éilítear ar gach ball freastal ar Mhíosa Dé Domhnaigh mar pháirt íosta i gcultúr poiblí. Tosaíonn an Mhíosa le himne iontrála, le beannacht, agus le deasghnátha gearr penetential lena n-áirítear an Kyrie eleison, an Gloria in excelsis (ní i gcónaí), a collectcollect [Late Lat.,=meeting], i litorgais an Iarthair, guí gearr atá oiriúnach do ócáid, agus go minic ag iarraidh go ndéanfaí taitneamhach ar leith. Sa Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach, de ghnáth, déantar an coinneáil ag an Misean díreach roimh an epistle agus ag vespers. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. nó a bhailíonn, an epistle ceart , sa Bhíobla, litir den Tiomna Nua. Is iad na Litreacha Pauline (a luaitear le Naomh Pól) Rómhánaigh, An Chéad agus an Dara Corantaigh, Galataigh, Eifisigh, Filipaigh, Colossaigh, An Chéad agus an Dara Tesalonaicigh, An Chéad agus an Dara Teagmhála, Títas, Philemon, agus Eabhrais. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. , an hymn agus an Gospel ceartGospel [M.E.,= dea-scéal; evangel ó Gr.,= dea-scéal], cuntas scríofa ar shaol Íosa. Cé go bhfuil na Soiscéil an Tiomna Nua go léir gan ainm, ó na 2d cent. Tá ainmnithe ag Matha, Márc, Lucas agus Eoin orthu. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. (a chanadh de ghnáth agus le gach seasamh), agus homily ar na téacsanna. Seo deireadh an chuid den Mhíosa ar a dtugtar na Mích Catechumens in amanna níos luaithe. Leanann an Mhíosa leis an gcreidimh (uaireanta), an tairiscintí [Lát.,=íobairt], sa Mhisean Caitliceach Rómhánach agus i bhfoirmeacha litorgacha a dhíorthaítear uaidh, ullmhú arán agus fíon ar an altóir agus a n-íobairt foirmiúil do Dhia. Tarlaíonn sé tar éis an soiscéil agus an chreidiúnais agus roimh an réamhrá. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. (antem le tairiscint aráin agus fíona), tairiscint incense (uaireanta), nigh lámha an celebrator, agus guí ceart ar a dtugtar "scéalta". Ansin tá idirphlé cantaithe nó cainte agus réamhrá ceart buíochais, ag críochnú sa Sanctus. Osclaíonn sé sin an guí fada eucarist, nó an canóin. Tosaíonn sé le guí ar son na maireachtála. Leanann naofacht an aráin agus an fhíona; ansin ardaíonn an ceiliúróir an t-óstán agus an chailín os a chionn chun go bhfeicfidh agus go adhradhfaidh gach duine iad. Críochnaíonn an canóin le guí ar son na mairbh agus le doxology, is é sin an buaicphointe urramach den urnaí eucarist. Tar éis an canóin is é an Mis a chuimsíonn Urnaí an TiarnaUrnaí an Tiarna nó Athair ár n-Athair, an príomh-ghuí Chríostaí a thug Íosa sa Tiomna Nua (Mat. 6.913; Luke 11.24) a mhúineadh a leanúna, ag tosú, "A Athair atá againn sa spéir, a bheith naofa do ainm. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. , urnaí a mhéadaíonn an t-éileamh "Scaoileann tú sinn ón olc", an t-óstán a bhriseadh go siombalach agus píosa a chur isteach sa chupan, an póg síochána (a roinnfidh baill na kongregation), an Agnus Dei, an comhpháirtíocht, an glanadh soithí, an t-amhrán comhpháirtíochta, guí iar-choimisinéireachta, an dífhostú, agus an beannacht. Tá forlíontaí searmanacha ann mar shéalacha, beannachtaí, daonáireamh, agus i roinnt áiteanna, clogadh clog láimhe ag an consecration. Ceol sa Mhíosa De na codanna den Mhíosa a d'fhéadfaí a chanadh, cantar cuid acu ina n-aonar ag an altóir le freagairt chór; tá naoi himne ann freisin don chór. Ceithre cinn díobh seo atá ceart agus a bhaineann le téama, le téacsanna de ghnáth ó na Sálamaí: introit, an hymn tar éis an epistle (alleluia, céimnithe, tract, nó seicheamh), offertory, agus comhpháirtíocht. Is iad na cúig phíosa corálacha coiteann Kyrie eleisonKyrie eleison [Gr.,=A Thiarna, bíodh trócaire agat], sa Eaglais Chaitliceach Rómhánach, is í an t-urnaí sa Mhíosa a thagann i ndiaidh an introit, an t-aon chuid ghnáth den litorgóireacht thraidisiúnta a deirtear ní i Laidin ach i nGréigis. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. , Gloria in excelsisGloria in excelsis [Lat.,=glóir san airde], an Hymn Angelic nó doxology níos mó, sean-himn Críostaí ag tosú, de réir an Aistriúchán Údaraithe, "Glóir do Dhia ar airde, agus ar an talamh, síocháin, dea-thoil i leith fir". Forleathnú ar Luke 2. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. Creidimh (féach creidimh creidimh [Lat. credo=I believe], achoimre ar bhun-theagasc an chreidimh. Seo a leanas creideamh Críostaí atá tábhachtach go stairiúil. 1 Creidimh Nicéach, ag tosú, "Creidim i nDia amháin an tAthair Uilechumhachtach, cruthaitheoir neamh agus talún, agus gach rud le feiceáil agus ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. ), SanctusSanctus [Lat.,=santa], himne na Mhíosa Caitliceach Rómhánach, ag tosú, "Naomh, naomh, naomh", ó Isa. 6.3; Mt. 21.9. Is é an deireadh coral solemn an réamhrá. Sa sean-liturgáil, canadh an dara cuid den hymn, ar a dtugtar Benedictus, uaireanta tar éis an ardú. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. , agus Agnus DeiAgnus Dei [Lat. ], an t-Ainmhí Dé, i.e., Íosa. Deirtear go raibh an t-uainín a íoctar i gcabhair an Cháisc ina réamhamharc ar an gcroisigh. Isaiah glaoch ar an Meisias ag súil an t-Ainmhí Dé, agus Íosa ag bualadh le John an Baisteoir leis na focail, "Féach, an t-Ainmhí Dé, a thógann amach an peaca an domhain ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. . . go deo . Plainsong plainsong an t-amhrán neamh-chomhcheangailte de litorgais Chríostaí meánaoiseacha san Eoraip agus sa Mheánoirthear; de ghnáth comhchiallach le hamhrán Gregorian, ceol litorgáideach na hEaglaise Chaitliceach Rómhánach. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. Tá forordaithe do gach téacs, ach tá cead ag an gcór. Bhí suíomh ceoil do na cúig himne gnáth, ar a dtugtar Misean, ina fhoirm mhórtha ceoil. Mhair an phríomh-thréimhse de chumadh na Mhíosa ó 1400 go 1700. Tháinig sé chun críche le hathrú spéise ar cheol ionstraimúil, cé gur bhain cumadóirí níos déanaí úsáid as an bhfoirm. I measc na gcomhdhéanamhóirí go leor a rinne na hIomáin tá Josquin des Prés, Palestrina, Monteverdi, Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Verdi, agus Stravinsky. Athruithe sa Mhíosa Tá struchtúr bunúsach na Mhíosa go mór gan athrú ó na 6ú cent. Sa Frith-Athchóirithe cuireadh srian ar na foirmeacha agus scriosadh éagsúlachtaí áitiúla. Mar thoradh ar an Bhunreacht ar an Liturgy Naofa ón Dara Comhairle Vatacáin, tá athchóiriú mór tagtha ar an liturgy na Míosa Rómhánach. I measc na n-athbhreithnithe tá úsáid na dteangacha dúchasacha in ionad na Laidine, béim ar amhránaíocht na baill, cead le haghaidh athruithe a d'fhéadfadh a bheith curtha isteach ag easpaigí áitiúla, guí eucaristithe breise, agus comhroinnt sa bharán agus sa fhíon araon. I 2011, áfach, cuireadh aistriúchán nua Béarla den Mhíosa i bhfeidhm. Bhí na hathruithe deartha chun an téacs Béarla a ailíniú níos litriúla leis an Laidin, agus athbhreithníodh go leor den fhocail a glacadh tar éis an Dara Vatacáin. Féach J. A. Jungmann, The Mass of the Roman Rite (rev. a. 1959); F. Amiot, History of the Mass (tr. 1959); H. Daniel-Rops, This Is the Mass (rev. a. 1965); P. Loret, The Story of the Mass (1983). mais, sa fhisice, cainníocht na hábhair i gcomhlacht gan aird a thabhairt ar a toirte nó ar aon fórsaí a ghníomhaíonn air. Níor cheart an téarma a mheascadh le meáchan, tomhas de chumhacht na mearthanachta ar chorp (féach mearthanacht). Ós rud é go bhfuil meáchan comhlachtaí éagsúla ag an suíomh céanna comhréireach lena gcuid mais, is minic a úsáidtear meáchan mar thomhas mais. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. , is é sin an tomhas ar an gcumhacht thromchúise (féach gravitationgravitation, an fórsa tarraingteach atá ann idir dhá pharaicéad ábhar ar bith. Dlí an Ghruaiteachais Uilíoch Ós rud é go bhfuil an chumhacht gravitational taithí ag gach ábhar sa chruinne, ó na réaltraí is mó síos go dtí na cáithníní is lú, is minic a dtugtar ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc chun tuilleadh eolais a fháil. ag gníomhú ar chorp. Faoi choinníollacha gnáth, is féidir maireachtáil coibhneasta a bheith ag maireachtáil coibhneasta; áfach, ní bhíonn a mheáchan coibhneasta, ós rud é go bhfuil an fórsa mearthanachta éagsúil ó áit go háit. Tá dhá bhealach ann chun tagairt a dhéanamh do mhais, ag brath ar dhlí na fisice a shainmhíníonn é: maise thromchúiseacha agus maise inertial. Is féidir mais thromchúiseach comhlacht a chinneadh trí an comhlacht a chur i gcomparáid ar chothromán píosa le sraith mais caighdeánacha; ar an mbealach seo cuirtear an fachtóir thromchúiseach as an áireamh. Is tomhas é mais inéiseach comhlacht ar friotaíocht an chomhlachta le luathaithe ag fórsa seachtrach éigin. Tá mais inertial dhá oiread ag comhlacht amháin ná comhlacht eile má thairgeann sé dhá oiread fórsa i gcoinne an luathaithe céanna. Is cosúil go léiríonn gach fianaise go bhfuil mais thromchúiseacha agus mais inertial comhlacht comhionann, mar a éilíonn prionsabal coibhéise Einstein maidir le hinmheasúlacht, teoiric fhisiceach, a thug Albert Einstein isteach, a dhiúltaíonn don choincheap gluaiseacht iomlán agus ina ionad sin ní dhéileálann sé ach le gluaiseacht ghaolmhara idir dhá chóras nó frámaí tagartha. ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. ; ionas go mbeidh meáchan comhionann ag maisí comhionanna (inertial) ag an suíomh céanna. Toisc go bhfuil luach uimhriúil mais coirp mar an gcéanna in áit ar bith ar domhan, úsáidtear é mar bhunús tagartha do go leor tomhais fhisiceacha, mar dlúthúlacht agus cumas teasa. De réir na teoiric speisialta maidir le coibhneacht, ní bhíonn mais i gcónaí ach méadaíonn sé leis an luas de réir an fhoirmle m = m0 / √1 - v2 / c2, áit a bhfuil m0 mar mhais fónta an chomhlachta, v mar a luas, agus c is é luas an tsolais sa bhfuaim. Ní bhíonn an méadú seo ar mhais, áfach, in ann meas a bheith air go dtí go sroicheann luasanna an-ard. Is é mais sos comhlacht a mais ag luas núil. Mar thoradh ar an teoiric speisialta maidir le hinmheas freisin, tá an caidreamh mais-fhuinneamh Einstein, E = mc2, áit a bhfuil E an fuinneamh, agus m agus c an mais (caidreamh) agus luas na solais, faoi seach. Mar gheall ar an coibhéis seo de mais agus fuinneamh, sa fhisice, an cumas nó an cumas obair a dhéanamh nó athrú a tháirgeadh. I measc na bhfoirmeacha fuinnimh tá teas, solas, fuaim, leictreachas agus fuinneamh ceimiceach. Déantar fuinneamh agus obair a thomhas sna haonaid chéanna - troigh-pounds, joules, ergs, nó aon cheann eile, ag brath ar an gcóras ..... Cliceáil ar an nasc le haghaidh tuilleadh eolais. , leathnaíodh an dlí caomhnaithe fuinnimh chun mais a áireamh mar fhoirm fuinnimh. Tomhas cainníochtúil nó uimhriúil de innéisiam coirp, is é sin, a sheasmhacht i gcoinne luathaithe. Toisc go mbíonn sé riachtanach go minic mais comhlachtaí neamhchosúla mar shampla siúcra, sampla aeir, leictreon, agus an Ghealach a chur i gcomparáid, tá sé riachtanach mais a shainiú i dtéarmaí maoine nach bhfuil i bhfianaise agus buan amháin ach atá uilíoch freisin go bhfuil sé ag gach foirm ábhar ar a dtugtar. Tá dhá mhaoin ag gach ábhar, mearbhall agus inéireacht. Is é an t-earraí de gravitation go bhfuil gach comhlacht ábhartha tarraingíonn gach comhlacht ábhartha eile. Is é an t-earraí de inertia go bhfuil gach comhlacht ábhartha resist aon iarracht a athrú a ghluaiseacht. Deirtear go n-athraíonn gluaiseacht coirp má tá an corp á luathaithe, is é sin, má mhéadaíonn nó má laghdaíonn sé a luas nó má athraíonn sé treo a ghluaiseachta. Mar gheall ar a neamhghníomhacht ní féidir corp a luathachadh mura ndéantar fórsa a chur i bhfeidhm air. An níos mó atá innéacs comhlacht, is lú an luathaithe a tháirgeann fórsa ar leith. Féach Ghruachtáil, Inertia Tá an sainmhíniú reatha ar mhais i dtéarmaí inéireachta. Déantar maiseanna dhá chomhlacht a chur i gcomparáid trí chumhachtaí comhionanna a chur i bhfeidhm ar na comhlachtaí agus a luathaithe a thomhas. Mar shampla, d'fhéadfaí ligean do na dhá chomhlacht bualadh le chéile. De réir an tríú dlí Newton, beidh gach corp ag fulaingt fórsa chomh láidir céanna. Mura bhfuil aon fhórsaí seachtracha ann, agus má tá a1 agus a2 mar luathaithe tomhais na dhá chomhlacht, is é an cóimheas idir maisí na mbeirt chomhlachta, de réir sainmhíniú, mar a thugtar leis an chothromán Ní thugann an chothromóid seo ach cóimheas na maisí; dá bhrí sin, ní mór mais aon chomhlacht amháin a ainmniú mar an mais chaighdeánach lena bhféadfar mais na gcomhlachtaí eile go léir a chur i gcomparáid. Is é an comhlacht a roghnaíodh chun na críche seo ná sorcóir de chóimhiotal plaitéin-iridiam. Tá sé ar eolas mar an caighdeán idirnáisiúnta ar mhais; tugtar 1 cileagram (kg) dá mhais, agus coinnítear é ag an Biúró Idirnáisiúnta um Throm agus ar Mhéadtaí in aice le Páras, sa Fhrainc. Déantar cóipeanna den mhais chaighdeánach, a choinnítear i saotharlanna náisiúnta éagsúla, a chur i gcomparáid go tréimhsiúil leis an gcaighdeán seo. Deir teoiric speisialta na coibhneastachta Einstein gur chóir go méadódh innéacs comhlacht má mhéadaíonn fuinneamh an chomhlachta. Tá an réamhaisnéis seo fíoraithe go cinntitheach go turgnamhach. Mar sin, méadóidh mais comhlacht má fhaigheann an comhlacht luas (measú fuinnimh chineiteach), nó má ardú a thimpeallacht (measú fuinnimh teasa), nó má chromtar an comhlacht (measú fuinnimh elastach). Féach Coimeádtacht na mais mass (mas) tomhas ar chainníocht na hábhair i gcorp. Is é an kilogram an t-aonad mais in SI. Is é an t-aonad réalteolaíoch mais mais na gréine, i.e. 2 × 1030 kg. Is é mais airíonna ábhar a chinneann an t-inéirse ar réad, i.e. a friotaíocht in aghaidh aon athruithe ar a ghluaiseacht nó ar a staid choisithe, agus an réimse tromaíochta is féidir leis a tháirgeadh. Tugtar an mhais inertial ar an gcéad cheann, arna shainmhíniú ag dlíthe gluaiseachta Newton, agus is é an mhais thrachtanacha an dara ceann. Fuarthas amach go raibh mais inéiseach agus mheáchain chomhchosúil. Mar thoradh air seo, tháinig prionsabal Einstein ar chomhionannas idir fórsaí inertial agus fórsaí gravity. Féach freisin réalaíocht, teoiric speisialta; mais réalta; meáchan. MASS SOCIETY, ÉLITE THEORY. Deir trí cheann de na ceithre thuairisc Eolais ar bhás Íosa go raibh sé ag ithe béile searmanais lena dheisciobail ar an oíche roimh a bhás. Glaonn Críostaithe an béile seo ar an gComh-Cháisc dheireanach agus cuireann siad urram air le ceiliúradh reiligiúnacha a tharlaíonn ar an Domhnóna Mór. Cuirtear an béile seo i gcuimhne gach Domhnach sna heaglaisí ar fud an domhain i searmanas ar a dtugtar an Eocharist. Is é an Eocharist an deasghnátha lárnach agus is tábhachtaí i gcultúr coiteanna na Críostaí. Ós rud é go gcuimhneofar leis an searmanas seo na himeachtaí a bhí thart ar bhás agus ar aiséirí Íosa, d'fhéadfaí a mheas gur siombail agus traidisiún Éasca é a ghlacann na milliúin Críostaithe páirt ann gach Domhnach. An Suíomh Deireanach agus an Cháisc Bhunaigh Íosa féin searmanas na hOigríche ag an gComh-Cháisc Deireanach (le tuilleadh faoi Chomh-Cháis Deireanach, féach Déardaoin Mhór). Deir scrioptúr Críostaí gur thug Íosa buíochas le Dia ag an béile seo as arán agus fíon, gur aithin sé iad mar a chorp agus a fhuil, agus gur thug sé iad dá dheisceabail chun ithe agus ól (Mata 26:26-29, Márc 14:22-25, Lucais 22:16-19). Is iad na focail agus na gníomhartha seo bunús ceiliúradh an Eocharist in am atá inniu ann. Léiríonn scrúdú níos dlúithe ar a gcomhthéacs stairiúil agus cultúrtha a thábhachtaí do leanúna Íosa agus do na chéad Chríostaithe. Deir soiscéal Márca, Mátha agus Lucais gur béile Cháisc a bhí sa Cháisc Dheireanach. (Tugann Soiscéal Eoin le fios go mbeadh an dinnéar Caitheamh na Cásca ar siúl tráthnóna an lae ina dhiaidh sin.) Tháinig féile bhliantúil an Cháisc chun cinn in amanna bíobla mar bhealach do na Giúdaigh a mbuíochas a chur in iúl do Dhia as a sinsear a thabhairt amach as sclábhaíocht san Éigipt níos mó ná míle bliain roimh rugadh Críost (féach freisin Slándáil). Trí bheith rannpháirteach sna searmanais reiligiúnacha a bhí bainteach leis an bPásca, bhí na Giúdaigh ag athdhearcadh a gcaidreamh le Dia. Insíonn Leabhar Eaxodus go raibh na Giúdaigh a bhí ina sclábhaithe san Éigipt ag íobairt uan do Dhia agus a fhuil a scriosadh ar a n-airse mar chomhartha ar a n-diúineacht don Tiarna. Ina dhiaidh sin d'ith siad feoil naofa an uain, ag fanacht go réidh le Dia chun iad a shaoradh. I am Íosa, bhí sé de ghnáth ag na daoine a bhí ag ceiliúradh an Cháisc dul ar an philgrimage go Iarúsailéim. Uair amháin, thug siad uan isteach sa Teampall, áit ar mharbh an t-ainmhí mar íobairt do Dhia. Bhí an t-uain íobairt i gcuimhne ar an íobairt a rinne a sinsear ar dtús agus iad ina sclábhaithe san Éigipt. I lá Íosa, thóg adhradhóirí an t-uan abhaile tar éis do na sagairt sa Teampall é a thairiscint do Dhia. Ansin, bhí sé ar an mbord agus bhí teaghlaigh agus cairde ag teacht le chéile chun é a ithe. Bhí arán gan fhiosta agus fíon san áireamh sa bhéile searmanach seo freisin. Déanann tuairiscí Scéalacha an Chéasta Deireanach cur síos ar bhéile a bhfuil cosúlacht aige le dinnéar traidisiúnta an Cháisc ar bhealaí áirithe agus a bhfuil difríocht aige ó ghnáthamh Giúdach ar bhealaí eile. Mar a tharla i gclár traidisiúnta na nGiúdach ar an bhéile Cháisc, thug Íosa buíochas do Dhia as an arán agus an fíon sula ndeachaigh sé iad ar a dheisceabail. Ach i bpríomh-scéal ó theagasc reiligiúnach na nGiúdach, d'fhógair sé go raibh an t-arán ina chorp agus an fíon ina fhuil. I dtuairim Mháitheois, dúirt Íosa go bhfuil a chuid fola "mo fhuil an chonartha, a chaitear ar son go leor do mhaithe le peacaí a ghabháil" (Mháitheois 26:28). Anseo tá Íosa ag pictiúrú é féin mar chineál nua de uan íobairt, duine a bhfuil a bhás a shábháil a leanúna ó na hiarmhairtí ar pheaca, agus a ullmhú an bealach chun caidreamh nua le Dia. Tús na hOighríste D'fhormhíligh na chéad Chríostaithe go tapa focail agus gníomhartha Íosa ag an gCéadaoin Dheireanach i dtéarmaí na téamaí Iompair, an fhuascailte agus an tslánaithe. Tháinig bás Íosa ar an gcros ar an Aoine Mór mar íobairt a ath-chomhdhéanta an chine daonna a bhí ar strae le Dia. Trí chomhlíonadh a chomhlacht agus a fhuil a ghlacann siad mar a léirítear sa bharán agus sa fhíon ag an gComh-Oíche Deireanach, ghlac leanúna tosaigh Íosa lena ghníomh íobairt agus leis an athnuachan spioradálta a tháinig as. D'fhorbair na chéad Chríostaithe searmanas ar a dtugtar an Eocharist ionas go bhféadfadh líon méadaitheach leanúna Íosa páirt a ghlacadh sa chaidreamh nua seo le Dia agus lena chéile trí Chríost. Díreach mar a d'ith na Giúdaigh reiligiúnacha feoil na huan Cásca, bhí an searmanas nua ag teastáil ó Chríostaithe corp agus fuil an Slánaitheora a d'éag ar a son a ithe. Bhí an corp agus an fhuil i láthair, mar a bhí san Iomána Deireanach, le báis agus fíon. Is é an focal "Eucharist" fuaimniú Béarla an fhocail Gréagach ársa eucharistia, a chiallaíonn "buíochas a ghabháil" nó "buíochas a ghabháil". Léiríonn an t-ainm seo, a thug na chéad Chríostaithe don searmanas, a n-ionsaí ina leith. Léirigh an searmanas agus na h-urnaí a bhí ag gabháil leis a buíochas le Críost as iad a shábháil ó pheaca, an doras a oscailt chun caidreamh nua leis an Dia, agus a ghealltanas saol síoraí dóibh. Ar dtús, bhí grúpaí Críostaithe ag roinnt arán agus fíon le chéile go neamhfhoirmiúil, mar chuid de bhéile laethúil. De réir mar a chuaigh an t-am ar aghaidh tháinig an roinn seo ar an bpain agus ar an fíon níos mó agus níos mó de shaoire. Faoi an ceathrú haois bhí Críostaithe ag ceiliúradh an Eocharist i bhfoirgnimh phoiblí faoi mhaoirseacht cléire a bhí i gcabhair, in éineacht le léitheoireacht an Bhíobla, le h-árduithe, le hairm, le homilies, agus le guí buíochais, a d'athscríobh focail agus gníomhartha Íosa ag an gComháistir Deireanach. An Eocharist a Mhíniú Le linn na gcéadta bliain, tá go leor díospóireachtaí tagtha chun cinn maidir le léirmhínithe éagsúla ar an Eocharist. Bhí ceann de na díospóireachtaí is suntasaí i rith an Athchóirithe san Eoraip Thiar an séú haois déag. Sa tréimhse seo de choimhlint reiligiúnach, rugadh an Chríostaíocht Phrotastúnach. I measc rudaí eile, ní raibh na hOipiritéinigh i gcomhaontú leis an teagasc Caitliceach Rómhánach maidir leis an Eocharist. Deir an teagasc seo, cé nach bhfuil an t-amhrán ná an fíon ag athrú, is é an t-amhrán ná an fíon a bhíonn ag athrú i ndáiríre, agus iad a bheith ina gcorp agus ina fhuil Chríost. Mhínigh teolaithe Caitliceacha na Róimhe meicnící an athraithe seo i dtrúcht a dtugtar transubstantiation. Níor aontaigh athchóirithe Phrotastúnach leis an smaoineamh go n-athraíonn an t-arán agus an fíon go fíor-chuirp agus fuil Chríost. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tugann go leor de na seandainí Protastúnacha ciall éagsúil don searmanas, ach is gnách go mbreathnaíonn an chuid is mó ar an mbrú agus ar an fhíon mar shiombailí a léiríonn corp agus fuil an Slánaitheora. Deir siad freisin, áfach, go bhfuil Críost, trí chumhacht an Spioraid Naoimh, i láthair i ndáiríre leis na daoine a ghlacann páirt sa searmanas. Tá difríochtaí eile idir tuairimí na bPróitéinseach agus na Caitliceach i dtaobh na hOigríche. Cé go mbreathnaíonn teolaíocht na Caitliceach Rómhánach ar an searmanas mar cuireadh do lucht adhradh páirt a ghlacadh i n-íobairt Íosa, feiceann go leor de na teolaithe Protastúnacha ina ionad sin mar chuimhneachán, nó mar chuimhneachán, ar íobairt Íosa. Tugann na Críostaithe Oirthocsacha in oirthear na hEorpa, sa Mheánoirthear, agus i dtuaisceart na hAfraice dearcadh eile ar an searmanas. Cosúil le Caitlicigh Rómhánacha, is gnách go bhfeiceann siad an searmanas mar thairiscint athnuaite Íosa air féin do na adhradhóirí a bhí cruinnithe. Aontaíonn siad freisin go nglacann adhradhóirí páirt i gcorp agus i fhuil Chríost i ndáiríre. Ach murab ionann agus na teolaithe Caitliceacha Rómhánacha, ní thugann na teolaithe Oirthocsaide míniú cinnte ar an gcaoi a tharla an míorúilt seo. Ina áit sin, measann siad go bhfuil an t-aigne Chríost i mbrú agus fíon an Eacarist ina rúndiamhair. Trí "místeoir" ciallaíonn siad ceann de na bealaí i bhfolach agus inscneacha a oibríonn Dia sa domhan, a fheiceann na daoine a fhéachann trí shúile an chreidimh uaireanta. Dá bhrí sin, is é an bealach is fearr chun an Eocharist a "thuiscint" ná páirt a ghlacadh ann le urraim, le guí, agus le machnamh a dhéanamh air. Go hachomair, déanann údaráis Chríostaí Orthodox an searmanas mar thaithí spioradálta le savor ná mar fhadhb intleachtúil le réiteach. Searmanais agus Seirbhísí Comhaimseartha Sa lá atá inniu ann tá go leor leaganacha éagsúla den searmanas ann. Mar sin féin, is é croílár an deasghnátha ná an t-arán agus an fíon a shainaithint mar chorp agus fuil Íosa agus cuireadh a thabhairt do lucht adhradh páirt a ghlacadh iontu. Agus iad sin á dhéanamh, cuimhníonn Críostaithe ar bhás íobairt agus ar aiséirí Íosa agus tiomantaíonn siad arís don chonradh nua, nó don chaidreamh le Dia, a tháinig chun cinn de bharr na n-imeachtaí seo. Iarrann siad ar Dhia a bheith níos gaire dóibh trí Chríost, agus glacadh leis an leigheas spioradálta, nó an slánú, a thagann as an gcaidreamh seo. Cuidíonn rannpháirtíocht sa searmanas le mothú cairdeas a chruthú idir adhradhóirí agus iad ag glacadh páirt le chéile i ngnóthas Dé, a léirítear i mbia agus deoch spioradálta. Ag roinnt seirbhísí Protastúnach comhaimseartha, cuireadh sú fíonchaor in ionad fíona (le haghaidh tuilleadh ar an gceist seo, féach freisin Fíon). I go leor eaglaisí, lena n-áirítear na cinn a bhaineann le traidisiúin na Caitliceach Rómhánach, na nOrthodox agus na nAingilíneach, tá an t-Eocharist mar chroílár na hoibre adhartha Dé Domhnaigh. Go ginearálta, ní bhíonn an t-Eocharist á cheiliúradh ag na hOipiritéiseacha go minic. I roinnt ainmníochtaí tugtar an searmanas seo mar Eocharist, agus i ndaoine eile d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ar a dtugtar an Cháisc an Tiarna nó an Chomaoin Naofa. Tá ainmneacha éagsúla curtha ag na seandaoine Críostaí ar an tseirbhís adhartha a bhí dírithe ar cheiliúradh an Eocharist. Glaonn Caitlicigh Rómhánacha agus cuid d'Aingilincigh "Mise" air agus is eol do Chríostaithe Orthodacacha é mar "Liturgy Dé". Tagraíonn na hOipirtháthaigh don tseirbhís le hainmneacha éagsúla, lena n-áirítear an Eocharist, an Cháisc an Tiarna, nó an Chomaoin Naofa. Ferguson, Everett, Ed. Tá siad ag obair ar an gclár. "Eucharist". Sa chuid Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. Leabhar 1. Nua-Eabhrac: Garland, 1997. Hellwig, Monica K. Tá mé ag iarraidh a bheith i mo chónaí. "Eucharist". I Mircea Eliade, ed. An t-Einsclúide ar Reiligiún. Leibhéal 5. Nua-Eabhrac: Macmillan, 1987. "Cáirdeachas". In Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, agus Tremper Longman III, eds. Fuaimín na gCaiteachas Bíobla. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998. McNicol, Allan J. "Cáire an Tiarna". I David Noel Freedman, ed. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. - "Fuaimín Eerdmans ar an mBíobla". Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. Peifer, C. J. "An t-Aon Pasca" agus "Béile Pasca". Sa New Catholic Encyclopaedia. Leibhéal 10. Nua Eabhrac: McGraw-Hill, 1967. "Fágháil". In Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, agus Tremper Longman III, eds. Fuaimín na gCaiteachas Bíobla. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998. Reumann, John. An Suipéar an Tiarna. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press, 1985. "Dinnéar". In Leland Ryken, James C. Wilhoit, agus Tremper Longman III, eds. Fuaimín na gCaiteachas Bíobla. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1998. Williams, Sam K. "Aoisín an Tiarna". I Paul J. Achtemeier, ed. An Leabharlann Bíobla Harper-Collins. Nua Eabhrac: HarperCollins, 1996. Mínithe ar an tuiscint Orthodox ar an Eucharist, a phostáil ag an Eaglais Orthodox i Meiriceá láithreán gréasáin: chri/Orthodox-Faith/Worship/Holy-Eucharist.html Ar an ábhar "The Holy Eucharist", le Rev. Thomas Fitzgerald, a phostáil ag an Archdiocese Gréagach Orthodox Mheiriceá i Nua-Eabhrac, NY, láithreán gréasáin: cainníocht fhisiceach; tréith bhunúsach ábhar a shainmhíníonn a airíonna inertial agus gravitational. Déantar idirdhealú comhfhreagrach idir mais inertial agus mais gravity. Tugadh coincheap na mais isteach i meicnic ag I. Newton. I meicnic clasaiceach Newton, is cuid den sainmhíniú ar luas imill comhlacht é mais: tá an luas imill P comhréireach le luas gluaiseachta v an chomhlachta, (1) p = mv Is é an fachtóir comhréireachta - an méid m, atá seasmhach do chorp áirithe - mais an chomhlachta. Is féidir sainmhíniú coibhéiseach ar mhais a fháil ó chothromóid gluaiseachta na meicnice clasaiceach: (2) f = ma Anseo is é an mais an fachtóir comhréireachta idir an fórsa f a ghníomhaíonn ar chorp agus luathaithe an chomhlachta a a dhéanann sé. Tugtar an mais inertial, nó mais inert, ar an mais a shainmhínítear le hacomhaireamhanna (1) agus (2); tréithíonn sé airíonna dinimiciúla comhlacht agus is tomhas é d'inéirse an chomhlachta. An níos mó a bhíonn mais comhlacht, is é an luasghéarú is lú a fhaigheann sé nuair a chuirtear fórsa buan i bhfeidhm air - is é sin, is é an t-athrú a bhíonn ar a staid gluaiseachta níos moille (an níos mó a chuid inéireachta). Is féidir cóimheas mais comhlachtaí éagsúla a chinneadh trí chumhacht ar leith a chur orthu agus a luathaithe a thomhas: m1 : m2 : m3,... = a1 : a2 : a3.... Má ghlacann duine de na mais mar aonad tomhais, ansin is féidir mais na gcomhlachtaí eile a fháil. Sa teoiric mhealltachta Newton, glacann mais foirm dhifriúil - is í foinse an réimse mealltachta í. Cruthaíonn gach comhlacht réimse gravity comhréireach lena mhais agus bíonn éifeacht an réimse gravity a ghineann comhlachtaí eile aige, a bhfuil a neart comhréireach freisin le mais na gcomhlachtaí. Déantar an réimse seo a chur faoi deara go dtarraingíonn aon chomhlacht eile leis an gcomhlacht ar leith le fórsa a shainmhínítear le dlí na mearbhaíochta Newton: áit a bhfuil r an fad idir na comhlachtaí, G an seasmhach uilíoch na mearthanachta, agus m1 agus m2 is iad mais na gcomhlachtaí a tharraingíonn. Is féidir foirmle a fháil go héasca do mheáchan P de chorp a bhfuil mais m aige i réimse gravity na talún ó fhoirmle (3): (4) P = m · g Anseo, is é g = G·M/r2 an luathaithe sa titim saor in aisce i réimse gravity na talún agus is é r ≈ R radais na talún. Tugtar mais thromchúiseach an chomhlachta ar an mais a shainmhínítear le hacomhaireamh (3) agus (4). I bprionsabal ní leanann sé go ndéanann mais a chruthaíonn réimse gravity freisin innéisiam an chomhlachta céanna a shainiú. Léirigh turgnamh, áfach, go bhfuil mais inertial agus mais gravity comhréireach lena chéile (agus, le rogha na n-aonad tomhais ghnáth, tá siad comhionann go huimhriúil). Tugtar prionsabal na coibhéise ar an dlí bunúsach nádúrtha seo. Ba é Galileo a fuair amach é, a bhunaigh go raibh na comhlachtaí ar fad ar an talamh ag titim le luaschabhsaíocht chéanna. Einstein, a bhí an chéad a fhoirmliú an prionsabal, a rinne sé mar bhonn don teoiric ghinearálta na coibhneastachta. Bunaíodh prionsabal na coibhéise go turgnamhach le cruinneas an-ard. Rinne L. Eötvös tástáil chruinn ar chomhionannas mais inertial agus mheáchain (1890-1906) den chéad uair, a fuair amach go raibh na mais ag teacht le botún de ~ 108. Laghdaíodh an botún go 10-11 ag na fisiceoirí Meiriceánaigh R. Dicke, R. Krotkov, agus P. Roll i 1959-64 agus go 10-12 ag na fisiceoirí Sóivéadacha V. B. Braginskii agus V. I. Panov i 1971. Is féidir leis an bprionsabal coibhéiseachta an cinneadh is nádúrtha a dhéanamh ar mhais comhlacht, trí mheá. Measadh go bunaidh (le Newton, mar shampla) go raibh mais ina thomhas ar chainníocht na hábhar. Ní bhíonn ciall soiléir ag an sainmhíniú seo ach amháin i gcomparáid comhlachtaí comhionanna a dhéantar den ábhar céanna. Cuireann sé béim ar bhreisíocht na mais - tá mais comhlacht comhionann le suim mais a chuid codanna. Tá mais comhlacht comhionann comhréireach lena toirte; dá bhrí sin, is féidir coincheap na dlús - mais in aghaidh aonad toirte comhlacht - a thabhairt isteach. Sa fhisice clasaiceach chreidtear nach n-athraíonn mais comhlacht in aon phróisis. Bhí an dlí coinneála mais (matter), a d'aimsigh M. V. Lomonosov agus A. L. Lavoisier, ag teacht leis seo. Go háirithe, dhearbhaigh an dlí go bhfuil suim na maisí de na comhpháirteanna tosaigh comhionann le suim na maisí de na comhpháirteanna deiridh in aon imoibriú ceimiceach. Fuair coincheap na mais brí níos doimhne i meicnic teoiric speisialta na coibhneastachta Einstein, a mheasann gluaiseacht comhlachtaí (nó cáithníní) le luas an-mhór a bheith inchomparáide le luas an tsolais, c ≈ 3 × 1010 cm / sec. Sa mheicnic nua, ar a dtugtar meicnic réalaíoch, tugtar an caidreamh idir luas agus luas coirp leis an chothromán Le haghaidh luasanna íseal (v c) is é an chothromóid seo an gaol Newtonian p = mv. Dá bhrí sin, tugtar an mais i gcath ar an méid mo, agus sainmhínítear mais m de chuid na bpáirtíneach atá ag gluaiseacht mar an fachtóir comhréireachta idir p agus v, atá ag brath ar an luas: Ag cuimhneamh ar an bhfoirmle seo go háirithe, deirimid go méadaíonn mais na coirp mar a luas. Ní mór an méadú réasúnta seo ar mhais na bpáirtíneach le luas méadaithe a chur san áireamh i ndearadh luasairí páirtíneacha ardfhuinnimh. Is é an mais i ngnáthm0 (an mais i bhfréam tagartha atá ceangailte leis an gcáithnín) an tréith inmheánach is tábhachtaí de chuid cáithnín. Tá luachanna sainithe go docht ag gach grinn bhunúsach de m0 atá i bhfianaise an chineáil grinn áirithe. Ba chóir a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil i meicnic réalaíoch an sainmhíniú ar mhais ó chothromán gluaiseachta (2) nach bhfuil comhionann leis an sainmhíniú ar mhais mar an fachtóir comhréireachta idir an timthriall agus luas na coirp, ós rud é go scoir a luathaithe a bheith comhthreomhar leis an bhfeidhm a chuireann sé, agus tá an mhais le bheith ag brath ar an treo na coirp. De réir teoiric na coibhneastachta, tá mais m de chuid na gránna bainteach lena chuid fuinnimh E leis an chothromóid Cinntíonn an mais i gcath an fuinneamh inmheánach de chuid na gcáithnín, E0 ×m0c2. Dá bhrí sin, tá fuinneamh i gcónaí gaolmhar le mais (agus a mhalairt). Dá bhrí sin, ní bhíonn dlíthe caomhnaithe mais agus fuinnimh ann ar leithligh (i gcodarsnacht le fisice clasaiceach) ach tá siad comhcheangailte sa dlí aontaithe caomhnaithe fuinnimh iomlán (is é sin, lena n-áirítear fuinneamh eile na gcáithníní). Ní féidir a roinn thart ar an dlí coimhdeachta fuinnimh agus an dlí coimhdeachta mais ach amháin i bhfeisic clasaiceach, nuair a bhíonn luasanna na bpáirtíní íseal (v c) agus ní tharlaíonn próisis tiontaithe na bpáirtíní. I meicnic choibhneasta, ní saintréith bhreise de chorp é mais. Nuair a dhéantar dhá pharacsaí a chomhcheangal, ag cruthú staid chobhsaitheach chobhsaí, scaoiltear níos mó fuinnimh ΔE (coibhéiseach leis an fhuinneamh cheangailte), a fhreagraíonn don mhais Δm = ΔE/c2, sa phróiseas. Dá bhrí sin, tá mais coimeádaí comhdhéanta níos lú ag an méid ΔE/c2 ná suim na mais na ngnéithe a chruthaíonn é (an locht mais). Tá an éifeacht seo le feiceáil go láidir go háirithe i ngníomhartha núicléacha. Mar shampla, tá mais deuteron (d) níos lú ná suim mais prótain (p) agus neitrón (n); tá an locht mais Δm bainteach le fuinneamh Eγ den chuancam gamma (y) a tháirgtear le linn foirmiú deuteron: p + n → d + γ, Ey + Δm·c2. Léiríonn an locht mais a thagann chun cinn le linn fhoirmiú coirp chomhcheangailte an gaol nádúrtha idir mais agus fuinneamh. Is é an gram an t-aonad mais i gcóras na n-aonad cgs agus an cileagram i gcóras na n-aonad idirnáisiúnta. De ghnáth déantar mais adamh agus móilíneachta a thomhas in aonad mais adamh. Is gnách go léirítear mais na bpáirtnéil bhunúsacha i n-aonad mais an leictreona nó i n-aonad fuinnimh, trí fhuinneamh eile na bpáirtnéil chomhfhreagrach a chur in iúl. Mar shampla, is é mais an leictreon 0.511 mega-eileactrón-volt (MeV); is é mais an prótain 1,836.1 me, nó 938.2 MeV. Tá nádúr na mais ar cheann de na fadhbanna neamh-réitithe is tábhachtaí sa fhisice nua-aimseartha. Is gnách go nglacann na réimsí a bhaineann le páirteanna bunúsacha (mar shampla réimsí leictreamaighnéadacha agus núicléacha) le mais na bpáirtíne. Mar sin féin, níor forbraíodh teoiric chainníochtúil ar mhais, ná níl teoiricí ann a mhíníonn cén fáth go gcruthaíonn maisí na bpáirtnéil bhunúsacha speictream eisiach luachanna nó cinneadh féideartha an speictream. Sa réaltfisice, déanann mais comhlacht a ghineann réimse gravity ráidiam gravity an chomhlachta, Rg = 2GM / c2. Mar gheall ar mhealladh gravity, ní féidir aon radaíocht, lena n-áirítear solas, teacht amach ó dhromchla comhlacht a bhfuil raidiús R R g aige. Bheadh réaltaí a bhfuil méideanna den sórt sin acu gan amharc; dá bhrí sin, tugtar poill dhubh orthu. Ba chóir go mbeadh ról tábhachtach ag comhlachtaí neamhaí den sórt sin sa chruinne. REFERENCESJammer, M. Poniatie Massy v. Classicheskoi i sovremennoifizike. Moscó, 1967. (Aistrithe ó Béarla.) Khaikin, S. E. Fizicheskie osnovy mekhaniki. Moscó, 1963. Elementarnyi uchebnik fiziki, 7ú heagrán, t. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Arna eagarthóireacht ag G. S. Landsberg. Moscó, 1971. ainm na litorgóireachta a úsáideann an Eaglais Chaitliceach. Thóg na comhpháirteanna agus an t-ord chun an mhisean a sheoladh cruth thar an gcúrsa le blianta fada. Bhí siad socraithe go bunúsach ag Comhairle Trent (1545-63). Rinne an Dara Comhairle Vatacáin (196265) athruithe ar an mhisean (mar shampla, ag ligean don tseirbhís a bheith á reáchtáil i dteangacha áitiúla chomh maith le i Laidin). Is iad na hamhráin litorgáideacha a chruthaíonn cuid dochreidte de sheirbhís ar leith a dhéanann suas an rud ar a dtugtar gnáth na mise. Ainmnítear iad de réir an fhocail tosaigh i ngach téacs: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus agus Benedictus, agus Agnus Dei. Ar dtús, bhí na hamhráin litorgáideacha sa mhisean monophonic, bunaithe ar an chanadh Gregórach. Níos déanaí, le forbairt na poilifíne, tháinig socruithe poilifíneacha ar cheol litorgáideach na mise chomh maith le gnáthchomharthaí iomlána na mise a scríobh an téacs traidisiúnta ag ceoltóir amháin. Bhí idirdhealú déanta freisin idir an mhisean ard (missa solemnis) agus an mhisean íseal (missa brevis), a bhí mar riail ar na chéad dhá nó trí chuid litorgáideach de ghnáth an mhisean. Sa ré Réabhlóid bhí an mhisean ar an seánra ceoil is mó móra. Scríobh J. Dunstable (an Sasana), G. Dufay, J. Ockeghem, J. Obrecht, Josquin Depres, agus O. de Lassus (an Ísiltír), Palestrina, A. Willaert, agus G. Gabrieli (an Iodáil), agus T. L. de Victoria (an Spáinn). Ag tréimhse níos déanaí, rinne J. S. Bach (Mass in B minor), Mozart, Beethoven (dhá mhá, lena n-áirítear an Missa Solemnis), L. Cherubini, F. Schubert, F. Liszt, agus A. Bruckner leaganacha clasaiceacha den mhá. Tugtar requiem ar an mhisean sochraide. REFERENCESBobrovnitskii, I. O proiskhozhdenii i sostave rimsko-katolicheskoi liturgii i otlichii ee ot ortoslavnoi, 4ú ed. Kiev, 1873. Ivanov-Boretskii, M. V. Ocherk istorii messy. Moscó, 1910. Wagner, P. Geschichte der Messe. Leipzig, 1913. B. V. LEVIK

A successful Senate vote in Uruguay means marriage equality is only formalities away from becoming legal in that nation, making it the twelfth nation globally and second South American one to do so. Historically Catholic nations, like Argentina and Uruguay, have begun a trend in that region and the Catholic Church’s role these matters plays heavily, especially now that Pope Francis oversees the global church with his Argentine background. CNN.com reports that Uruguay legislators in the upper house approved the marriage equality measure in a 23-8 vote, sending it to the lower house, which successfully passed a similar law last year, and then onto the president for approval. The Catholic hierarchy in Uruguay has made similar statements to those made by then-Cardinal Bergoglio when marriage equality was at issue in Argentina: warnings about the destructive nature of same-gender marriage and threats to children have been prominent in both cases. Their words seem deafened now, as CNN.com reports: “For years, it was rare to see gay rights issues gaining traction in Latin American countries. “Not anymore, Javier Corrales, a professor of political science at Amherst College in Massachusetts, told CNN in 2010. “‘Latin America currently has some of the most gay-friendly cities in the developing world,’ said Corrales, who ranked cities’ gay-friendliness in a book he co-edited, ‘The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America.’ “In 2009, Uruguay was the first Latin American country to allow same-sex couples to adopt children. It was also one the first Latin American countries to allow same-sex civil unions.” In another South American nation, Colombia, legislators have begun to mull marriage equality, while Mexico continues adjudicating its tensions of having regionally-legalized rights. It is well documented at this point that Pope Francis’ record on LGBT rights is mixed, with harsh comments about same-gender marriage coupled alongside vocal support for civil unions.In Uruguay, bishops spoke fervently against passage of the bill. In Colombia, where the measure is expected to fail, there has been greater silence by the hierarchy. An interview on Public Radio International’s The World program presents one explanation for why traditionally Catholic nations in South America are leading the world in LGBT rights and equality. Lester Feder is a journalist who recalls the powerful narrative of human rights that emerged in Latin America as an explanation for why the quick integration of LGBT rights into legal structures occurred. Feder also proposes that the Catholic Church is less powerful than is thought: “”But the Catholic Church, especially in Argentina is a cultural institution with a lot of history, but its a very secular country and it doesn’t have a lot of power in politics…So, we have a kind of monolithic notion of Latin America and the influence of the Catholic Church, but the reality is more complicated.” As the papacy of Pope Francis seems to indicate a shifting tone from legalism to pastoral concern, perhaps his experiences with the trend of full equality in Latin America will shape the global hierarchy’s response from Rome. –Bob Shine, New Ways Ministry

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Ciallaíonn vótáil rathúil an tSeanaid in Uragua go bhfuil comhionannas pósta ach foirmealtachtaí ar shiúl ó bheith dlíthiúil sa náisiún sin, rud a fhágann gurb é an dá cheann déag náisiún ar fud an domhain agus an dara ceann Meiriceá Theas é a dhéanann amhlaidh. Tá na náisiúin Caitliceacha go stairiúil, cosúil le hArgintín agus Uragua, tar éis treocht a thosú sa réigiún sin agus tá ról an Eaglais Chaitliceach sna hábhair seo ag imirt go mór, go háirithe anois go bhfuil an Pápa Francis ag faireachán ar an eaglais dhomhanda lena chúlra Argintíneach. Tuairiscíonn CNN.com gur cheadaigh reachtóirí Uragua sa seomra uachtarach an beart um chomhionannas pósta i vóta 23-8, agus chuir siad chuig an seomra íseal é, a rith go rathúil dlí den chineál céanna anuraidh, agus ansin chuig an uachtarán le ceadú. Rinne an t-iararchia Caitliceach san Uragua ráitis cosúil leis na ráitis a rinne an Chardinal Bergoglio ansin nuair a bhí comhionannas pósta ina cheist san Airgintín: bhí rabhadh faoi nádúr díothúchánach pósadh an ghnéas céanna agus bagairtí ar leanaí suntasach sa dá chás. Is cosúil go bhfuil a gcuid focal faoi bhláth anois, mar a thuairiscigh CNN.com: Le blianta fada, bhí sé annamh go bhfaca ceisteanna cearta aeracha a bheith ag fáil tarraingt i dtíortha Mheiriceá Laidineach. Níor féidir é a dhéanamh níos mó, a dúirt Javier Corrales, ollamh eolaíochta polaitiúla i gColáiste Amherst i Massachusetts, le CNN in 2010. "Tá roinnt de na cathracha is cairdiúla do dhaoine aeracha i Meiriceá Laidineach faoi láthair i saol an domhain atá i mbéal forbartha", a dúirt Corrales, a rinne rangú ar na cathracha "cairdiúla do dhaoine aeracha i leabhar a d'eagarthóil sé, "The Politics of Sexuality in Latin America". Sa bhliain 2009, ba é Uragua an chéad tír Mheiriceá Laidineach a cheadaigh do lánúineacha den ghnéas céanna leanaí a ghlacadh. Bhí sé ar cheann de na chéad tíortha Mheiriceá Laidineach a cheadaigh a chéile sibhialta den chineál céanna. I náisiún Meiriceá Theas eile, an Cholóim, tá reachtaithe ag smaoineamh ar phósadh comhionannas, agus Meicsiceo ag leanúint ar aghaidh ag breithniú a chuid teannas maidir le cearta dlíthiúla a bheith acu go réigiúnach. Tá sé dea-chuntas ag an bpointe seo go bhfuil taifead an Phápa Francis ar chearta LGBT measctha, le tráchtanna garbh faoi phósadh an ghnéas céanna in éineacht le tacaíocht fhócail do chomhpháirtíochtaí sibhialta. I Uragua, labhair easpag go díograiseach i gcoinne an bhille a rith. Sa Cholóim, áit a bhfuilthar ag súil go dtitfidh an beart, tá níos mó ciúin ag an ordlathas. Cuireann agallamh ar chlár The World de Public Radio International míniú amháin ar an gcúis go bhfuil náisiúin Chaitliceacha traidisiúnta i Meiriceá Theas i gceannas ar an domhan i gcearta agus comhionannas LGBT. Is iriseoir é Lester Feder a chuimhníonn ar an scéal cumhachtach faoi chearta an duine a tháinig chun cinn i Meiriceá Laidineach mar mhíniú ar an gcúis a tharla comhtháthú tapa chearta LGBT i struchtúir dhlíthiúla. Molann Feder freisin nach bhfuil an Eaglais Chaitliceach chomh cumhachtach agus a cheaptar: Ach is institiúid chultúrtha í an Eaglais Chaitliceach, go háirithe san Airgintín, le go leor stair, ach is tír an-seiclaí í agus níl mórán cumhachta aici i bpolaitíocht...Mar sin, tá cineál coincheap monolitheach againn ar Mheiriceá Laidineach agus ar thionchar an Eaglais Chaitliceach, ach tá an réaltacht níos casta. De réir mar a léiríonn sé go bhfuil ton ag athrú ó dhlíthiúlacht go cúram seachadta, b'fhéidir go mbeidh a thaithí leis an treocht ar chomhionannas iomlán i Meiriceá Laidineach ag cruthú freagra na hiararchí domhanda ó Róimh. Bob Shine, Bealaí Nua don Aireacht

New Delhi Municipal Council, India Delhi is the capital of India and is regarded as the heart of the nation. It is situated in northern India and stands on the west bank of Yamuna River bounded by Uttar Pardesh and on the north, west and south by Haryana Delhi and also a state for administrative purposes. It is one of the largest metropolises in the country. New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) consists of only 3 per cent of the area and 3 per cent of the population of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Some of the key highlights of NDMC are: i. The New Delhi Municipal Council area comprises of the territory that has been described as Lutyen’s Delhi and which has historically come to be regarded as the seat of central authority in Union of India. ii. It comprises of important buildings like Rashtrapati Bhawan, Parliament House, Supreme Court, North and South Blocks and buildings abutting Central Vista and also all the diplomatic missions which function as territorial entities under the sovereign jurisdiction of their Flag States. iii. The Government of India is nearly the sole landowner and also owns about eighty percent of the buildings in the New Delhi Municipal Council area. Private ownership of property in this area. Private ownership of property in this area is marginal. iv. Efficient function of the Municipal services in this area is critical for the internal image of the country and is a factor which has an important bearing on the functioning of the Government apparatus itself. v. Historically, this area has enjoyed a system of Local Government very different from other parts of the National Capital Territory. On account of these special characteristics, it was felt that any scheme for the governance of this area based on conventional pattern of representative local self-government, would be unworkable and out of place since the pre-eminent character of this area is that of the seat of the Central Government. Delhi is well connected with public transport like Buse, trains, auto rickshaws, Taxi Service and the Delhi Metro Link. The Delhi Transport Corporation Buses caters to almost 55 % of the total population that run on CNG which is an eco-friendly initiative .Delhi is also well connected with the rest of India via numerous Railway Stations and forms the headquarters of the Northern Rail Network System. Delhi has well maintained National Highways and Expressways that connect to other neighbouring states. Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL), connects Delhi with other States and International cities serving over 23 million domestic and International passengers that makes it the busiest Airport in Southeast Asia.

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Comhairle Cathrach na hIndia, Nua-Dhéilí Is é Delhi príomhchathair na hIndia agus meastar gurb é croí na náisiúin é. Tá sé suite i dtuaisceart na hIndia agus tá sé ar bhruach thiar abhainn Yamuna faoi cheangal Uttar Pardesh agus ar an tuaisceart, an iarthar agus an deisceart ag Haryana Delhi agus stát freisin chun críocha riaracháin. Tá sé ar cheann de na metropolises is mó sa tír. Ní ionann Comhairle Cathrach na hOileáin Nua (NDMC) agus ach 3 faoin gcéad de limistéar agus 3 faoin gcéad de dhaonra Chríochachathair Náisiúnta na hOileáin Nua. Tá roinnt de na príomh-thaitneamhacha de NDMC: Tá mé. Cuimsíonn limistéar Chomhairle Cathrach na hIndia Nua an chríoch a bhfuil cur síos air mar Lutyen's Delhi agus a bhfuil sé tagtha go stairiúil a mheas mar shuíomh an údaráis lárnaigh i Aontas na hIndia. ii. Tá foirgnimh thábhachtacha ann mar Rashtrapati Bhawan, Teach na Parlaiminte, an Chúirt Uachtarach, Bloic Thuaidh agus Theas agus foirgnimh atá ag gabháil le Central Vista agus freisin na misean taidhleoireachta go léir a fheidhmíonn mar eintitis theoranta faoi dhlínse na Stát brataí. iii. Tá Rialtas na hIndia beagnach an t-aon úinéir talún agus tá thart ar ochtó faoin gcéad de na foirgnimh i limistéar Chomhairle Cathrach na Nua-Dhéilí ina úinéir freisin. Maoin phríobháideach a bheith ar mhaoin sa cheantar seo. Tá úinéireacht phríobháideach ar mhaoin sa cheantar seo imeallach. iv. Tá feidhm éifeachtach na seirbhísí Bardasacha sa réimse seo ríthábhachtach d'íomhá inmheánach na tíre agus is fachtóir é a bhfuil tionchar tábhachtach aige ar fheidhmiú na n-earraí Rialtais féin. v. Go stairiúil, bhain an limistéar seo taitneamh as córas Rialtais Áitiúil atá an-difriúil ó chodanna eile den Chríoch Caipitil Náisiúnta. Mar gheall ar na saintréithe speisialta seo, measadh go mbeadh aon scéim le haghaidh rialachas na ceantair seo bunaithe ar mhúnla traidisiúnta an fhéinrialaithe ionadaíoch áitiúil, neamh-infheidhmiúil agus as áit mar go bhfuil carachtar preeminent na ceantair seo mar shuíomh an Rialtais Lárnach. Tá an chathair nasctha go maith le hiompar poiblí mar Bhus, traenacha, rickshaws uathoibríoch, Seirbhís Tacsaí agus nasc Metro na Dailí. Tá busanna Corparáid Iompair Dhílli ag freastal ar beagnach 55% den daonra iomlán a ritheann ar CNG, rud atá ina tionscnamh atá cairdiúil don chomhshaol. Tá Delhi ceangailte go maith leis an gcuid eile den India trí go leor Stáisiúin Iarnróid agus is é príomhchathair Chóras Líonra Iarnróid Thuaisceart na hIndia é. Tá bóithre náisiúnta agus bóithre luathbhealaigh á gcur i bhfeidhm ag an Aire Stáit i mBaile Átha Cliath a nascaíonn le stáit chomharsanacha eile. Ceanglaíonn Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Indira Gandhi (DEL) Delhi le Stáit eile agus cathracha Idirnáisiúnta ag freastal ar níos mó ná 23 milliún paisinéir intíre agus Idirnáisiúnta a fhágann gurb é an t-aerfort is gnóthaí san Oirdheisceart na hÁise é.

Welcome to Classical Images! Description:This large beautifully hand coloured original antique 1st edition World Map on Mercators projection by Jacques Nicolas Bellin was engraved in 1748 - dated in the cartouche - and published in 1750. Background: First edition of Bellin's large four sheet joined, mid-18th century world map, published in Paris. This map pre-dates the major world discoveries of the late 18th century including Bay of the West coast of America, the discovery of the Sandwich Islands, and the Voyages of Capt Cook soon to map the East Coast of Australia & NZ. This edition is most noteworthy for its marvellous early projection of Australia and New Zealand, each with largely speculative coastlines. Australia is still attached to New Guinea and has several notes of early exploration shown. New Zealand is barely known and with only a portion of its western coastline. No sign of Antarctica and the NW Coast of America includes the first notes of Russian exploration. In North America Bellin identifies the semi-mythical civilizations of Quivira and Teguayo, both associated with legends of the Seven Cities of Gold, in what is modern day Utah, California, and Nevada. Along the western coast the strait discovered by Martin Aguilar is noted. Further north still the River of the West (Fl. de l’Ouest) extends from the west coast to the Lake of the Woods (Lac de Bois) and thence via additional waterways to the Great Lakes and the Atlantic. The River of the West appeared in many 18th century maps of the Americas and is reflective of French hopes for a water route from their colonies in Canada and Louisiana to the Pacific. Still further north the coastline becomes extremely vague, in places vanishing altogether. The Aleutians are vaguely rendered according to various sightings by Vitus Jonassen Bering and Aleksei Chirikov in the 1740s and identified as the “Archipel de Nord”. In the Pacific, various Polynesian Island groups are noted though many are slightly or significantly misplaced. The Solomon Islands are vastly oversized referencing the early 17th claims of Quiros. The other lands discovered and erroneously mapped by Quiros in 1606 and Davis in 1686 during their search of the great southern continent are also noted. Hawaii, as yet undiscovered, is absent. New Zealand is rendered twice though is accurate in its form and position. Australia, here labelled “Nouvelle Holland”, has part of its southern coastline ghosted in and Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania) is attached to the mainland. The southern coast of New Guinea is similarly ghosted in, suggesting its unexplored state. (Ref: Tooley; M&B) General Description: Paper thickness and quality: - Heavy and stable Paper color: - off white Age of map color: - Later Colors used: - Yellow, green, pink General color appearance: - Authentic and fresh Paper size: - 27 1/4in x 19 3/4in (690mm x 500mm) Plate size: - 26 1/2n x 19in (670mm x 490mm) Margins: - Min ½in (12mm) Imperfections: Margins: - Top left margin extended from plate-line Plate area: - Folds as issued Verso: - Folds as issued

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Fáilte go dtí Cultúir Chlasaiceacha! Tuairisc:Tá an 1ú heagrán sean-réalta seo den léarscáil dhomhanda ar léarscáil Mercators de chuid Jacques Nicolas Bellin, a bhí greanta i 1748 - dátaithe sa chárta - agus foilsithe i 1750. Cúlra: An chéad eagrán de mhéipéar mór Bellin a bhí comhcheangailte le ceithre leathanach, léarscáil an domhain ó lár an 18ú haois, foilsithe i bPáras. Tá an léarscáil seo roimh na mórfhionnachtana domhanda de dheireadh an 18ú haois lena n-áirítear Bà an Chósta Thiar Mheiriceá, fionnachtana na nOileáin Sandwich, agus Taistealaíochtaí an Captaen Cook go luath chun léarscáil a dhéanamh ar Chósta Thoir na hAstráile agus na Nua-Shéalainne. Tá an t-eagrán seo is suntasaí as a réamh-mheastachán iontach ar an Astráil agus ar an Nua-Shéalainn, agus tá cóstaí a bhfuil tuairimíocht mhór acu ar gach ceann acu. Tá an Astráil ceangailte fós le Ghuine Nua agus tá roinnt nótaí de thaighde luath le feiceáil. Níl mórán eolais ar an Nua-Shéalainn agus níl ach cuid dá chósta thiar. Níl aon chomhartha ar Antartach agus ar Chósta NW Mheiriceá lena n-áirítear na chéad nótaí maidir le taiscéalaíocht na Rúise. I Meiriceá Thuaidh aithníonn Bellin sibhialtachtaí leath-mhiotaseacha Quivira agus Teguayo, a bhaineann le finscéalta na Seacht gCathracha Óir, sa lá atá inniu ann Utah, California, agus Nevada. Ar feadh an chósta thiar tá an stráid a d'aimsigh Martin Aguilar faoi deara. Níos faide ó thuaidh fós Abhainn an Iarthair (Fl. Tá an t-achar de l'Ouest (an t-achar de l'Ouest) ag síneadh ón gcósta thiar go Loch na mBó (Lac de Bois) agus ansin trí uiscebhealaí breise go dtí na Lochanna Móra agus an Atlantaigh. Bhí Abhainn an Iarthair le feiceáil i go leor léarscáileanna Mheiriceá sa 18ú haois agus léiríonn sé dóchas na Fraince ar bhealach uisce óna gcolúin i gCeanada agus i Louisiana go dtí an Aigéan Ciúin. Níos faide ó thuaidh, bíonn an chósta an-neamhchinnte, ag imeacht go hiomlán in áiteanna. Tá na hAléutáin á ndéanamh go neamhshoiléir de réir radharcanna éagsúla ag Vitus Jonassen Bering agus Aleksei Chirikov sna 1740idí agus a shainaithníodh mar Archipel de Nord. Sa Aigéan Ciúin, tá grúpaí Eileáin Pholainéiseacha éagsúla faoi deara cé go bhfuil go leor acu beagán nó go suntasach mí-áitithe. Tá na hOileáin Shóláimín thar a bheith mór, ag tagairt do na héilimh Quiros go luath sa 17ú haois. Tugtar faoi deara freisin na tailte eile a d'aimsigh Quiros i 1606 agus Davis i 1686 agus iad ag cuardach an mhór-roinn theas. Tá Hawaii, nach bhfuil faighte go fóill, as láthair. Tá an tSeilann Nua á léiriú dhá uair cé go bhfuil sé cruinn ina fhoirm agus ina shuíomh. Tá cuid de chósta theas na hAstráile, a bhfuil lipéad aici anseo mar Nouvelle Holland, agus tá Tír Van Diemen (Tasmania) ceangailte leis an mórthír. Tá cósta theas na Gíne Nua ghosted i, a thugann le tuiscint a staid unexplored. (Ref: Tooley; M&B) Tuairisc Ghinearálta: Tromchla agus cáilíocht páipéir: - Trom agus seasmhach Dath páipéir: - bán amach Aois dath an mhap: - Dath a úsáideadh níos déanaí: - Buí, glas, bándearg Breathadh ginearálta ar an dath: - Fíor-dhomhanda agus úr Mhéid páipéir: - 27 1/4in x 19 3/4in (690mm x 500mm) Mhéid pláta: - 26 1/2n x 19in (670mm x 490mm) Móránna: - Min 1⁄2in (12mm) Mí-fhoirfe: - Mórthréimhse: - Mórthréimhse ar dheis ar bharr an phláta-líne

10 Facts About Ceratosaurus Ceratosaurus popped up in Jurassic Park III at one point – but what do we know about the dinosaur? Like a ’56 T-Bird parked in a car park full of hybrids, Ceratosaurus shared its range with several less-archaic carnivores. This primitive predator really stands out in films and in museums, which helps explain the odd dino’s enduring popularity. 1. Ceratosaurus Had an Armored Backside. A row of bony plates called osteoderms ran down the animal’s spine. They probably didn’t offer much defense, but they sure helped Ceratosaurus score some major style points! 2. It Might Have had Semi-Aquatic Habits. Like modern gators, Ceratosaurus came with a strong, broad, and flexible tail—and the animal’s teeth are sometimes found scattered near lungfish skeletons. So was it amphibious? According to paleontologist Robert Bakker, the idea has merit. He’s even envisioned Ceratosaurus as a wannabe crocodile of sorts, stealthily lurking beneath Jurassic rivers. But while this dinosaur was likely a halfway-decent swimmer, many feel that Bakker’s very speculative hypothesis can’t keep its head above the water. 3. It’s Been a Movie Star for Over 100 Years. Audiences watched the bonafide celebrity stalk cavemen in Brute Force (1914), take on Triceratops in One Million Years B.C.(1966), and gag at the sight of Spinosaurus poop in Jurassic Park III (2001). 4. Some Argue that This Creature Directly Competed with the Better-Known Allosaurus. Both carnivores stalked Utah and Colorado 150 million years ago, and both had nasty jaws designed for slicing (as opposed to crushing bone and all that fun stuff). Because similar bites often mean similar diets, maybe these two titans hunted the same game. Or they might have found separate niches and steered clear of each other—Allosaurus did have proportionately-smaller teeth, after all. Regardless, the late Jurassic was clearly a tough time to be an herbivore. 5. Scientists Still Aren’t Sure About What Ceratosaurus Did With its Dynamic Nasal Horn. In 1920, an American geologist named Charles Whitney Gilmore wrote that Ceratosaurus’ horn “formed a useful weapon for offense and defense.” Nowadays, however, this thing’s function no longer seems quite so clear-cut. Thin and probably on the fragile side, most 21st-century specialists hold that Ceratosaurus’ best-known feature was better-suited for display than combat. 6. It Featured Unusually Long Teeth. One specimen manages to look just as scary with its mouth shut. This dino’s upper teeth are so long that—when the creature’s maw assumes a “closed” position—they extend below the lower jaw! 7. Ceratosaurus was Relatively Rare Allosaurus seems to have been far more common than Ceratosaurus. The latter, bumpy-snouted predator is only known from a relative handful of skeletons. Meanwhile, very few dinos are as well-represented by the fossil record as Allosaurus: A single quarry contains assorted bones belonging to at least 44 individuals. How many Ceratosaurus specimens has this same site yielded? One. 8. Its Remains Have Been Found on Three Different Continents. Though frequently cited as a North American creature, Ceratosaurus material has also turned up in Portugal and Tanzania. 9. Size-Wise, Not all Ceratosaurus Were Created Equal. Ceratosaurus dentisculatus could have really done some damage. While the 18-foot Ceratosaurus nasicornis is, by far, this genus’ most famous species, C. dentisculatus was noticeably longer, with an estimated length of over 23 feet (7 metres)—and it may been twice as massive. 10. Ceratosaurus was Named by One of America’s Greatest Paleontologists. Othniel Charles Marsh (1832-1899) also introduced the world to such prehistoric icons as Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Allosaurus, Diplodocus, and Apatosaurus. Plus, he lobbied for Native American rights, regularly corresponded with Charles Darwin, and was among the first to suggest that present-day birds evolved from dinosaurs.

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10 Fíricí Maidir leis an Ceratosaurus Bhí Ceratosaurus ag teacht chun cinn i Jurassic Park III ag pointe amháin ach cad a fhios againn faoin dineasúr? Cosúil le 56 T-Bird atá páirceáilte i gcarrpháirc lán hibrideacha, roinn Ceratosaurus a raon le roinnt carnivores níos lú ársaí. Tá an dílseach primitive seo i ndáiríre i scannáin agus i músaeim, rud a chabhraíonn leis an tóir leanúnach a bhíonn ar na dinosúrranna neamhghnácha a mhíniú. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Bhí Cúl-Armáilte ag Ceratosaurus. Bhí sreang de phlátaí cnámh ar a dtugtar osteoderms ag rith síos cnámh an ainmhí. Ní dócha go raibh siad a thairiscint cosanta go leor, ach tá siad cinnte cabhraigh Ceratosaurus scór roinnt pointí stíl mór! 2. Seachadadh. D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith air nósanna Semi-Aquatic. Cosúil le alligators nua-aimseartha, tháinig Ceratosaurus le tail láidir, leathan, agus solúbtha, agus aimsítear fiacla na n-ainmhithe uaireanta scaipthe in aice le cnámha lungfish. Mar sin, bhí sé amphibian? De réir an phléintéolaí Robert Bakker, tá an smaoineamh i bhfíor-cháil. Tá sé fiú imagined Ceratosaurus mar wannabe crocodile cineálacha, stealthily lurking faoi abhainní Jurassic. Ach cé go raibh an dinosúr seo ina snámhóir leath-cháilteach, is dóigh le go leor nach féidir le hipoteis an-spéicúil Bakker a cheann a choinneáil os cionn an uisce. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Tá sé ina réalta scannáin le breis agus 100 bliain. D'fhéach lucht féachana ar an duine cáiliúil bonafide cavemen stalk i Brute Force (1914), a ghlacadh ar Triceratops i One Million Years B.C. (1966), agus gag ag radharc poop Spinosaurus i Páirc Jurassic III (2001). 4. Tá an t-am Deir cuid acu go raibh an créatúr seo i gcomórtas díreach leis an Allosaurus is fearr a bhfuil aithne air. Bhí an dá carnivores ag stalking Utah agus Colorado 150 milliún bliain ó shin, agus bhí geansaí olc ag an dá cheann atá deartha chun sliceáil (mar mhalairt ar chnámh a phruthadh agus gach rud spraoi sin). Toisc go mbíonn cnámh den chineál céanna ag ciallaíonn aiste bia den chineál céanna, b'fhéidir go raibh an dá titans seo ag fiach an tsaoil chéanna. Nó b'fhéidir go bhfuair siad niches ar leith agus d'fhág siad a chéile - bhí fiacla comhréireacha níos lú ag Allosaurus, tar éis an tsaoil. Cibé acu, bhí an Jurassic déanach go soiléir am crua a bheith ina fhéithithithíoch. 5. Tá an t-am ann. Níl eolaithe cinnte fós faoi na rudaí a rinne Ceratosaurus lena chorn nasal dinimiciúil. Sa bhliain 1920, scríobh geolaí Meiriceánach dar ainm Charles Whitney Gilmore gur arm úsáideach a bhí i gcorn Ceratosaurus chun ionsaí agus cosaint a dhéanamh. Ach sa lá atá inniu ann, ní cosúil go bhfuil feidhm an rud seo chomh soiléir sin. Ar an taobh tanaí agus is dócha ar an taobh frásaí, creideann an chuid is mó de shaineolaithe an 21ú haois go raibh gné is fearr a bhí ar eolas ag Ceratosaurus níos oiriúnaí le taispeáint ná le troid. 6. Ceacht. Bhí Fhiacla Neamhghnách Fada aige. Fásann speiceas amháin a bheith chomh scanrúil sin lena bhéal dúnta. Tá fiacla uachtaracha an dinosúr seo chomh fada sin nuair a ghlacann an creatur's ma a seasamh dúnta, síneann siad faoi bhun an fhál íseal! 7. Ceacht. Bhí Ceratosaurus réasúnta annamh Is cosúil go raibh Allosaurus i bhfad níos coitianta ná Ceratosaurus. Níl an t-easnamh seo deireanach, deathaire bumpy-snouted ar eolas ach ó chnámhacha caidrimh. Idir an dá linn, tá an-chuid dinos chomh maith leis an taifead fóisíneach mar Allosaurus: Tá cnámha assorted ag carraig amháin a bhaineann le 44 duine ar a laghad. Cé mhéad samplaí Ceratosaurus a thug an suíomh céanna? Ceann. 8. Ceacht. Fuarthas a chuid fágtha ar thrí mhór-roinn éagsúla. Cé go luaitear go minic mar chreatur Mheiriceá Thuaidh, tá ábhar Ceratosaurus tagtha chun cinn freisin sa Phortaingéil agus sa Tansáin. 9. Naoi. Ag féachaint don mhéid, níor cruthaíodh gach Ceratosaurus ar an gcéanna. D'fhéadfadh Ceratosaurus dentisculatus damáiste a dhéanamh i ndáiríre. Cé gur é an Ceratosaurus nasicornis 18 troigh, go dtí seo, an speiceas is cáiliúla den ghéineas seo, bhí C. dentisculatus níos faide go suntasach, le fad measta os cionn 23 troigh (7 méadar) agus d'fhéadfadh sé a bheith dhá uair chomh mór. 10. Tá sé seo fíor? Bhí Ceratosaurus Ainmníodh ag Ceann de na Meiriceánaigh Paleontologists is mó. Thug Othniel Charles Marsh (1832-1899) an domhan isteach freisin ar íomhaigh réamhstairiúla mar Stegosaurus, Triceratops, Allosaurus, Diplodocus, agus Apatosaurus. Ina theannta sin, rinne sé brú ar chearta na Meiriceánach Dúchasacha, chomhfhreastail sé go rialta le Charles Darwin, agus bhí sé i measc na chéad daoine a mhol go ndeachaigh éin an lae inniu ó dhinosairí.

DoDEA Health and Wellness Program: Best Practices Healthy Kids Club at Feltwell ES Healthy Kids Club, sponsored by the school nurse and counselor at Feltwell Elementary School, is an after-school activity that focuses on 3 areas of a healthy lifestyle: Physical Exercise, Healthy Eating, and Emotional Well Being. During each hour-long session, the kids prepare a healthy snack, do 40-50 minutes of exercise - rotating through a wide variety of physical activity stations, and learn one health tip (hand washing, relaxation, anger management, etc). Recipes for the healthy snacks are sent home each week and parents are encouraged to participate in physical activities with their child at home. The children also keep a log of their physical activity throughout the week, and earn a "Foot" for each increment of physical activity completed. Students can combine the "feet charms" they earn on a necklace, making a vivid visual record of their increased level of physical activity. Many students earn 50 - 60 "feet" for exercise performed outside of school during the 7 weeks of Healthy Kids Club! Often kids join the club with pre-conceived notions that they won't like healthy snacks and the physical activity, but in nearly all cases, they find that their tastes and lifestyle choices have surprisingly changed for the better. There is always a waiting list of kids who want to participate in the Healthy Kids Club at Feltwell ES! "You have two hands. One to help yourself, the second to help others." Winter Bingo Sheet Spread the word to get busy with Wellness this Winter. Download bingo sheet -Courtesy of the Bolden Elementary School Nurse Kaiserslautern Middle School (KMS) The Kaiserslautern Middle School/Commissary Partnership site located on Blackboard is where teachers can find standards-based units, lesson plans, resources, and many other spectacular ideas. This collaborative site was developed by KMS 6th grade teachers, KMS resource personnel, and commissary staff for the benefit of our military children. KMS Food for Thought Program (courtesy of AFN) Wiggle WormsWiggle Worms is a program designed to give children an opportunity to move before they come to school. Each teacher makes recommendations to who they feel would benefit from participation. Students come in at staggered times from 8:15am-8:30am jog a lap around the playground, participate in designated climbing activities and play tag games. We cool down together with another lap around the playground and a brain activity called a "hook-up." that is calming and uses both sides of the brain. Students bring water to drink before school. They may choose to give me a handshake or a hug and off they go to class with a smiling face and an energized body ready to learn. West Point Elementary School "Healthy bodies, healthy minds."

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Clár Sláinte agus Folláine DoDEA: Na Cleachtais is Fearr Clár Leanaí Sláintiúla ag Feltwell ES Is gníomhaíocht iar-scoile é Clár na Leanaí Sláintiúil, arna urraithe ag an altra scoile agus an comhairleoir ag Bunscoil Feltwell, a dhíríonn ar 3 réimse de stíl mhaireachtála sláintiúil: Cleachtadh Fisiciúil, Aiste Sláintiúil, agus Folláine Eacnamaíoch. Le linn gach seisiún uair an chloig, ullmhaíonn na páistí greim bia sláintiúil, déanann siad 40-50 nóiméad de fheidhmiú - ag casadh trí réimse leathan stáisiúin gníomhaíochta fisiceacha, agus foghlaimíonn siad tip sláinte amháin (láimhe a ní, scíth a ligean, rialú fearg, srl.). Cuirtear oidis na n-imreoirí sláintiúla abhaile gach seachtain agus spreagtar tuismitheoirí páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhaíochtaí fisiciúla lena gcuid páistí sa bhaile. Coinníonn na páistí clár dá ngníomhaíocht fhisiceach i rith na seachtaine, agus gheobhaidh siad "Foot" le haghaidh gach méadú ar ghníomhaíocht fhisiceach a chríochnófar. Is féidir le mic léinn na "chairdeal coise" a thuilleann siad a chur le chéile ar chonair, ag cur taifead féarúil ar a leibhéal méadaithe gníomhaíochta fisiceach. Faigheann go leor mic léinn 50 - 60 "cois" as aclaíocht a dhéantar lasmuigh den scoil le linn na 7 seachtaine de Chlub na Leanaí Sláintiúla! Is minic a théann páistí isteach sa chlub le nochtanna réamh-chomhcheantacha nach mbainfidh siad taitneamh as greimnéid shláintiúla agus an ghníomhaíocht choirp, ach i mbeagnach gach cás, faigheann siad amach go bhfuil a gcuid blasanna agus roghanna stíl mhaireachtála athraithe go héasca ar mhaithe le níos fearr. Tá liosta feithimh ann i gcónaí do pháistí ar mian leo páirt a ghlacadh sa Chlub Leanaí Sláintiúil ag Feltwell ES! "Tá tú dhá lámh. Ceann chun cabhrú leat féin, an dara chun cabhrú le daoine eile. " Leabhar Bingo an Gheimhridh Scaip an focal a bheith gnóthach le Folláine an Gheimhreadh seo. Leathanach bingó a íoslódáil - Ar chothroime ó Oibríocht Bunscoile Bolden Meánscoil Kaiserslautern (KMS) Is é an suíomh Comhpháirtíochta Meánscoile/Chomarsáide Kaiserslautern atá suite ar Blackboard an áit ar féidir le múinteoirí aonaid atá bunaithe ar chaighdeáin, pleananna ceachta, acmhainní agus go leor smaointe iontach eile a fháil. D'fhorbair múinteoirí grád 6 KMS, foireann acmhainní KMS, agus foireann coimisinéara an suíomh comhoibritheach seo chun tairbhe ár gcuid leanaí míleata. Clár Bia le Smaoint KMS (le cúirtéis AFN) Wiggle Worms Is clár é Wiggle Worms atá deartha chun deis a thabhairt do leanaí bogadh sula dtagann siad ar scoil. Tugann gach múinteoir moltaí dóibh siúd a bhraitheann go mbainfidh siad tairbhe as rannpháirtíocht. Tagann mic léinn isteach ag amanna sceidealta ó 8:15am-8:30am ag rith timpeall an pháirc, páirt a ghlacadh i ngníomhaíochtaí dreapadóireachta ainmnithe agus cluichí tag a imirt. Déanaimid cool síos le chéile le lap eile timpeall an pháirc súgartha agus gníomhaíocht inchinn ar a dtugtar "hook-up". go bhfuil sé suaimhneach agus úsáideann sé an dá thaobh den inchinn. Tugann mic léinn uisce le hól sula dtéann siad ar scoil. D'fhéadfadh siad a roghnú lámh a chur liom nó a nglacadh agus dul ar aghaidh go dtí an rang le aghaidh smior agus corp fuinniúil réidh le foghlaim. Scoil Bhunscoile West Point "Corp sláintiúil, intinn sláintiúil".

Republican and Democratic philosophies differ on controversial topics such as the role of the military, gun laws, gay and lesbian rights, health care, social welfare programs, tax policy, environmental and energy issues and free trade. Republicans also believe that the government should adopt a "less is more" approach when passing legislation whereas Democrats believe that a strong central government is important to maintaining a stable and inclusive society. The divide between the two parties regarding the military boils down to the strength of the intervention required in a given situation. Historically, Democrats are less inclined to turn to a military option, and this is reflected in their desires for a smaller military budget. Republicans, on the other hand, are more likely to take a hard-line approach to military matters and generally see a correlation between increased military spending and national safety. In terms of gun laws, Democrats push for legislation that regulates an individual's ability to carry a concealed weapon, for example. However Republicans view such legislation as imposing on individuals' rights under the Second Amendment to the Constitution. Republicans also believe that having fewer taxes allows for greater freedom for businesses and the overall market, ultimately leading to a healthy economy. Democrats believe that individuals who make more money should be taxed at a higher rate in order to pay for government programs like social welfare.

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Tá difríochtaí idir fealsúnacht na Poblachtánach agus na nDaonlathach ar ábhair chonspóideacha amhail ról na míleata, dlíthe gunna, cearta aeracha agus leispiacha, cúram sláinte, cláir leasa shóisialaigh, beartas cánach, saincheisteanna comhshaoil agus fuinnimh agus saorghluaiseacht. Creideann Poblachtánaigh freisin gur chóir don rialtas cur chuige "níos mó is níos mó" a ghlacadh agus reachtaíocht á rith aige ach creideann Daonlathaithe go bhfuil rialtas lárnach láidir tábhachtach chun sochaí chobhsaí agus cuimsitheach a chothabháil. Is é an t-eagrú idir an dá pháirtí maidir leis an míleata ná neart an idirghabhála a theastaíonn i gcás áirithe. Go stairiúil, tá na Daonlathaithe níos lú claonta chun dul chuig rogha míleata, agus léirítear é seo ina mianta maidir le buiséad míleata níos lú. Tá an chuid eile den phobal, ar an láimh eile, níos mó seans ann go nglacfaidh siad cur chuige crua maidir le cúrsaí míleata agus go ginearálta feiceann siad comhghaol idir méadú ar chaiteachas míleata agus slándáil náisiúnta. Maidir le dlíthe gunna, brúíonn Daonlathaithe ar reachtaíocht a rialaíonn cumas duine aonair arm i bhfolach a iompar, mar shampla. Mar sin féin, measa na Poblachtánaigh go gcuirtear reachtaíocht den sórt sin ar chearta daoine aonair faoin Dara Leasú ar an mBunreacht. Creideann Poblachtánaigh freisin go gceadaíonn níos lú cánacha saoirse níos mó do ghnólachtaí agus don mhargadh i gcoitinne, rud a fhágann go mbeidh geilleagar sláintiúil ann. Creideann Daonlathaigh gur chóir daoine aonair a dhéanann níos mó airgid a chánachas ag ráta níos airde d'fhonn cláir rialtais mar leasa shóisialaigh a íoc.

As growth proceeds, individuals become mature at approximately cm in length. (“Pacific Seahorses, Hippocampus ingens”, ; Beller, ; Froese and. Find out what’s known about Pacific Seahorses, Hippocampus ingens, Actinopterygii, Syngnathiformes, Syngnathidae, including their world range and habitats. Genus, Hippocampus Rafinesque, – seahorses. Species, Hippocampus ingens Girard, – Pacific giant seahorse, Pacific seahorse, caballito del. |Published (Last):||28 April 2017| |PDF File Size:||9.11 Mb| |ePub File Size:||14.24 Mb| |Price:||Free* [*Free Regsitration Required]| The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. Lindsey Paretti – Blood Island. Giant seahorses are found over reefs, and in protected bay and subtidal seagrass habitats, from m in depth most commonly from m. The camouflage abilities of this species are a great asset in avoiding predation. Some mysids feed on small particles which they collect by grooming their ingenw surface, whereas others are predators of zooplankton. Giant seahorses eat brine shrimp Artemia sp. They detect prey using a literal line system, which can sense changes in water pressure and movements around them. Accessed June 21, at http: Mating in pacific seahorses begins with males fighting for access to females. Some mysids are scavengers. Adult pacific seahorses range in size from 12 to 19 centimetres 4. They are often seen with their tails wrapped around black coral trees, strands of sea grasses and sea whips, and the branches of gorgonian corals, in order to camouflage themselves from predators. Laszlo Ilyes via Wikipedia Pacific seahorses feed on a diet of small invertebrates and zooplankton. According to Project Seahorse of McGill University in Montreal, in the last five years many seahorse populations have declined by 50 percent. Pacific Seahorse (Hippocampus ingens) Modified by Kesner-Reyes, Kathleen. Pacific seahorses are reddish-maroon, gray, yellow and gold; various shades of brown; and may have fine white light and dark markings running vertically down their bodies. Finally, hippocakpus male will display his empty breeding pouch, which the female will fill with eggs hippoca,pus her ovipositor. Still, pacific seahorses do get fairly large, reaching 30 cm in length. The colour of giant seahorses varies in part because this species relies heavily on camouflage. Seahorses lack teeth and stomachs. Journal of Fish Biology. This species displays sexual dimorphism: Which species are on the road to recovery? IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Juveniles are approximately 9 mm in length during the first two months of their lives. Because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae, zooxanthellae, they cannot live where light does not penetrate. Like all seahorses, females deposit their eggs in the brood pouch of the male, hippocampjs they are subsequently fertilized by the male and sealed into the pouch. Summary page Point data Common names Photos. Help us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community-centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues hhippocampus affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences. The only known oceanic island population occurs around hipplcampus Galapagos Islands. Ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals. Pacific seahorses feed on a diet of small hippovampus and zooplankton.

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De réir mar a théann an fás ar aghaidh, bíonn daoine fásta ag thart ar cm ar fhad. (Pacific Seahorses, Hippocampus ingens, ; Beller, ; Froese agus. Faigh amach cad atá ar eolas faoi Seahorses an Aigéin Chiúin, Hippocampus ingens, Actinopterygii, Syngnathiformes, Syngnathidae, lena n-áirítear a raon domhanda agus a gnáthóga. Gineas, Hippocampus Rafinesque, seahorses. Speiceas, Hippocampus ingens Girard, Seapór mór an Aigéin Chiúin, Seapór an Aigéin Chiúin, caballito del. D'fhoilsigh (Ar deireadh): ☐ Ní mór duit an t-alt a chur ar fáil ePub File Size: 14.24 Mb Price: Free* [*Free Clárú Iarrtar ] Tugann Foireann ADW aitheantas buíoch dá dtacaíocht. Lindsey Paretti Oileán na Fuil. Tá seahorses ollmhór le fáil thar na hiarrtha, agus i gcalafoirt faoi chosaint agus i gnáthóga seagrass subtidal, ó m ar doimhneacht is coitianta ó m. Tá cumas camouflage na speiceas seo ina sócmhainn mhór i seachrú predation. Tá roinnt mysids ag beathaíocht ar pharaillí beaga a bhailíonn siad trína gcumhachta a n-uasláin ingenw, ach tá daoine eile ina n-imreoirí ar zooplankton. Bíonn seahorses ollmhór ag ithe creagaí brine Artemia sp. Faigheann siad a n-íobairt trí chóras líne liteartha a úsáid, a fhéadann athruithe i bhrú an uisce agus gluaiseachtaí timpeall orthu a bhrath. Rochtain ar 21 Meitheamh, ag http: Tosaíonn páirteach i seahorses an phaciciceach le fir ag troid le haghaidh rochtana ar mhná. Tá roinnt mysids scavengers. Tá méideanna na seahorse paiseanta fásta idir 12 agus 19 ceintiméadar 4. Is minic a fheictear iad lena n-eireaball fillte timpeall crainn chorrall dubh, snáitheanna de ghruaigí farraige agus sciatháin farraige, agus brainsí corail gorgónach, d'fhonn iad féin a chlúdach ó ghalar. Laszlo Ilyes via Wikipedia Tá seahorse an Aigéin Chiúin ag ithe bia de neamhthriomacháin bheaga agus zooplankton. De réir Tionscadal Seahorse Ollscoil McGill i Montreal, tá líon mór seahorse tar éis titim 50 faoin gcéad le cúig bliana anuas. Clóisín na Síne (Hippocampus ingens) Athraíodh ag Kesner-Reyes, Kathleen. Tá seahorses an Aigéin Chiúin dearg-mharainn, liath, buí agus órga; scáthanna éagsúla donn; agus d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh solas bán íseal agus marcanna dorcha ag rith go ingearach síos a gcorp. Ar deireadh, taispeánfaidh an fear hippokapa a chuid pouch atáirgthe folamh, a líonfaidh an baineann le huibheacha hippokapa, a hippokapa ovipositor. Mar sin féin, bíonn seahorses an phacicifíc go leor mór, ag teacht go 30 cm ar fhad. Tá dath na seahorse ollmhór éagsúil go páirteach toisc go bhfuil an speiceas seo ag brath go mór ar camouflage. Níl fiacla agus boilg ag seahorses. Iris Bith-Eolaíocht na nIasc. Léiríonn an speiceas seo dhá-mhíorféireacht ghnéasach: Cé na speiceas atá ar an mbóthar chun téarnamh? Liosta Dearg IUCN de Speicis atá faoi Chontúirt Tá na giúmanna thart ar 9 mm ar fhad le linn a gcéad dhá mhí dá saol. Toisc go bhfuil siad ag brath ar algaí fóta-sintéiseacha siombaitíochta, zooxanthellae, ní féidir leo maireachtáil áit nach dtéann solas isteach. Cosúil le gach seahorse, cuireann mná a gcuid uibheacha i mála breithe an fhir, hippocampjs déanann an fear iad a fhéilleadh ina dhiaidh sin agus a shéalaítear isteach sa mála. Leathanach achoimre Sonraí pointe Ainmneacha coitianta Grianghraif. Cabhair dúinn a chosaint agus a athbhunú an saol mara trí thacú lenár tionscadail éagsúla ar líne a chaomhnú muirí pobail-lárnaithe atá go héifeachtach ag roinnt na míorúiltí na farraige le na milliúin gach bliain ar fud an domhain, ag ardú a feasacht chothromú ar an níos mó agus níos mó troubling agus go minic an-chasta saincheisteanna caomhnaithe muirí hipocampus tionchar a imirt ar an saol mara agus muid féin go díreach, tacaíocht a sholáthar do ghrúpaí caomhnaithe muirí ar an líne tosaigh atá ag déanamh difríochtaí fíor inniu, agus na heolaithe, múinteoirí agus mic léinn a bhfuil baint acu leis na heolaíochtaí saol mara. Is é an t-aon daonra oileán farraige ar a dtugtar a tharlaíonn timpeall Oileáin Galapagos hipplcampus. Ciallaíonn éicea-turaíocht go bhfuil cláir ann a fhaigheann brabús as meas a bheith ar limistéir nádúrtha nó ar ainmhithe. Tá an t-eipóipéisí an Aigéin Chiúin ag ithe hippovampus beag agus zooplankton.

IBM has been developing cutting-edge technology since the early 1880s. The company has designed everything from electric tabulating machines (a fancy name for calculators) to the Power8 12-core super processor packed with 4.2 billion transistors. "Billion" seems to be the word of the year for the technology powerhouse, which recently announced it will dedicate $3 billion in funding over the next five years to research and development of new processor technologies. Moore's Law states that processor speeds or processing power doubles every two years; both speed and transistor count will eventually reach a limit as transistors continue to shrink. The theory is rapidly becoming true. There is only so much researchers can do with silicon as the processor's manufacturing medium. IBM is looking for microchip solutions that do not use this element. It wants to use materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes to allow the chips to become smaller and faster. 12 CPU cores on a single die makes up IBM's Power8 processor. Using the new materials will allow researchers to scale the processor's transistor size down below the 7-nm limit imposed by silicon and therefore allow the transistor count to be increased on the die. The company plans to use a portion of that money to work on neurosynaptic chips that emulate the human brain's computing and power efficiency. This will eventually lead to neurosynaptic systems (super computers) that feature billions of neurons and its own programming language to execute programs while consuming only a kilowatt of power and fitting into a space no bigger than a 2-liter bottle of soda. Quantum computing is also on the table. This system uses "qubits" -- the polarization of a single photon -- instead of transistors to compute information. Zeros and ones are on the way out. Lastly, IBM will use part of the R&D money to look at ways of furthering the use of silicon in microchips (waste not, want not). Specifically, it hopes to develop nanotech components for silicon chips designed for use in big data and cloud services. This includes the integration of Si and Si/Ge FinFETs or non-planar double-gate transistors that feature less energy bleed and electrical control than traditional transistors. These new processor technologies could be used in a wide variety of beneficial applications, including medical research, weather modeling, and intelligent cloud services. All in all, $3 billion may seem like quite an investment (and it is for most of us), but the company spent $6.2 billion last year on R&D projects for mobile computing, Power7+ chips, and new storage-class memory for large servers. Obviously, IBM's research and development for these new technologies will take some time, but the company hopes to make significant breakthroughs in the next decade. When new products featuring them will hit the market is anybody's guess.

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Tá IBM ag forbairt teicneolaíocht ceannródaíoch ó na 1880í go luath. Tá gach rud deartha ag an gcuideachta ó mheaisíní táibléide leictreacha (ainm snasta do ríomhleictreacha) go dtí an próiseálaí Super Power8 12-chroí atá pacáilte le 4.2 billiún trasraitheoir. Is cosúil gurb é "billiún" an focal na bliana don chumhacht teicneolaíochta, a d'fhógair le déanaí go dtiocfaidh sé ar 3 billiún dollar a dhíol le haghaidh maoiniú sna cúig bliana amach romhainn chun teicneolaíochtaí próiseála nua a thaighde agus a fhorbairt. Deir Dlí Moore go ndéantar luas próiseála nó cumhacht próiseála a dhúbailt gach dhá bhliain; is é an luas agus líon na n-idirthráthóirí go dtiocfaidh teorainn acu sa deireadh de réir mar a leanann na trasraitheoirí ag tiontú. Tá an teoiric ag éirí fíor go tapa. Níl mórán is féidir le taighdeoirí a dhéanamh leis an síleacin mar mheán déantúsaíochta an phróiseálaí. Tá IBM ag lorg réitigh micreacripte nach n-úsáideann an eilimint seo. Tá sé ag iarraidh ábhair a úsáid amhail graphene agus nanotubes carbóin chun ligean do na sliseanna a bheith níos lú agus níos tapúla. Is é 12 chroí CPU ar dhíshealann amháin próiseálaí Power8 IBM. Trí na hábhair nua a úsáid, is féidir le taighdeoirí méid trasraitheora an phróiseálaí a scála síos faoi bhun an teorainn 7 nm a fhorchuirtear le silicon agus dá bhrí sin is féidir an líon trasraitheora a mhéadú ar an mblas. Tá sé beartaithe ag an gcuideachta cuid den airgead sin a úsáid chun obair a dhéanamh ar scipí néar-sinaptach a dhéanann samhail ar éifeachtúlacht ríomhaireachta agus cumhachta an inchinn dhaonna. Beidh córas néar-sinaptach (siopáir ríomhaire) ann a bhfuil na billiúin néarónna agus a theanga cláir féin aige chun cláir a chur i gcrích agus ní chaitear ach kilówatta cumhachta ann agus ní bheidh sé oiriúnach do spás nach bhfuil níos mó ná buidéal soda 2 lítear. Tá ríomhaireacht chandamach ar an mbord freisin. Úsáideann an córas seo "cuibítí" -- polaraíocht fóton aonair -- in ionad trasraitheoirí chun faisnéis a ríomh. Tá na n-aonad agus na n-aonad ag dul amach. Ar deireadh, úsáidfidh IBM cuid den airgead T&F chun bealaí a fheiceáil chun úsáid silicon a chur chun cinn i micreaclaí (ní dramhaíl, ní gá). Go sonrach, tá súil aige comhpháirteanna nanotech a fhorbairt le haghaidh sliseanna silicon atá deartha le húsáid i sonraí móra agus seirbhísí scamall. Áirítear leis seo comhtháthú Si agus Si / Ge FinFETanna nó trasraitheoirí dúbailte neamhphláin a bhfuil níos lú fuil fuinnimh agus rialú leictreach acu ná trasraitheoirí traidisiúnta. D'fhéadfaí na teicneolaíochtaí próiseálaithe nua seo a úsáid i réimse leathan feidhmchláir tairbheacha, lena n-áirítear taighde leighis, samhlaíocht aimsire, agus seirbhísí scamall cliste. Ar an iomlán, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh an chuma ar $3 billiún go raibh sé ina infheistíocht go leor (agus is é sin do chuid is mó againn), ach chaith an chuideachta $6.2 billiún an bhliain seo caite ar thionscadail T&F do ríomhaireacht soghluaiste, sliseanna Power7 +, agus cuimhne nua den aicme stórála do fhreastalaithe móra. Is léir go dtógfaidh taighde agus forbairt IBM ar na teicneolaíochtaí nua seo tamall, ach tá súil ag an gcuideachta go ndéanfar teacht chun cinn suntasach sa chéad deich mbliana eile. Nuair a bheidh táirgí nua a léiríonn iad a bhuail an margadh is duine ar bith a guess.

Posted by jjwiseman at December 05, 2006 11:54 PM Lisp has a specific world view which makes it less compatible with the current outside world. Let me list a few. - Lisp usually needs garbage collection. There are almost no standards for garbage collection systems. - Lisp programs often have a high cons-rate. Thus Lisp usually needs a very efficient garbage collector to be competitive. - Lisp has the idea of high dynamisn in the runtime. You can redefine a function and user code will immediately use the new one. You can change a class and existing objects will be changed. You can change an object from one class to another. All this induces additional redirections. - Lisp in its standard data types does not care that much about data layout. This can be inefficient. Various Lisp dialects have special purpose data structures. - Lisp has typed objects with identity. Objects carry around their types (often using low-level tags). This again makes Lisp objects in their data layout incompatible with most other systems. - Lisp prefers heap consistency. Usual operations should not corrupt the heap in the presence of dynamic typing. This makes it necessary to check operations before they are applied to objects. Untagged objects are cannot be checked without knowing their types from somewhere else. - In the presence of large virtual memory systems, you immediately need special infrastructure to reduce paging when you deal with a pointer chasing language like Lisp applied to a application domain with GBs of memory. - Lisp has a different surface syntax. - Support for Functional Programming (Closures, ...) and Object-oriented Programming is still unusual in the operating systems we use. Standards are rare (CORBA, .net, ...) and limited. - CLOS supports meta-level programming, multi-dispatch, extension of classes, little data hiding - making it mostly incompatible even in the basic paradigm with most Object-oriented Languages which are mostly following some kind of message-sending paradigm. - No current OS uses Lisp's infrastructure as a model of organizing memory and/or data. There is no support from other communities for the Lisp infrastructure. (Exceptions are systems like Maxima, ...). - There is little culture of static checks on the code level (by the compiler etc, ...). So you need to load software into a Lisp to inspect it or check it. There is more to mention, but this should be sufficient to list. The consequences are: - most OS-level development tools cannot easily or usefully applied to Lisp code. - the Lisp ideas about data layout are completely incompatible with OS-level ideas of data-layout. Lisp has its own ideas about data and thus needs to implement its own memory and data management. Almost none of the existing systems bought into that and tried to use Lisp's infrastructure. - if Lisp wants to talk to the OS, it needs to use the OS datastructures or convert those into its own datastructures. Lisp is not on its own with these 'problems'. Smalltalk, Prolog, Java, ... also have similar 'problems'. The combination of these things automatically makes Lisp a very different infrastructure on any currently used system. In the 'Lisp World' one should follow a few rules to be successful with software design: - the best chance to survive have extensions that follow the spirit of Lisp (syntax, semantics, ...) - See the basic Lisp as some kind of abstract machine and build on top. - when in doubt design software to be dynamic (changeable at any time). - when in doubt design software to be introspective - when in doubt design software to be reflective These rules are very different from what you see in many other software systems. There, for example, the compiler will compile it to static, non-reflective, non-evolvable machine code. It is true that this different nature makes Lisp automatically a second class citizen on any current OS. But since Lisp is sufficiently different, its feature set also guarantees its survival. There are few comparable Languages/systems in the same niche (with some overlap from Smalltalk and Prolog).

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Postáilte ag jjwiseman ag Nollaig 05, 2006 11:54 PM Tá dearcadh ar an domhan sonrach ag Lisp a fhágann go bhfuil sé níos lú comhoiriúnach leis an domhan lasmuigh reatha. Lig dom cúpla ceann a liostáil. - Lisp de ghnáth gá bailiú dramhaíola. Níl aon chaighdeáin ann i dtaca le córais bailiúcháin dramhaíola. - Is minic a bhíonn ráta ard-chomh-ráta ag cláir Lisp. Dá bhrí sin, de ghnáth bíonn gá le Lisp le bailitheoir dramhaíola an-éifeachtach chun a bheith iomaíoch. - Tá an smaoineamh ar ard-dinamhachas ag Lisp i rith an ama. Is féidir leat a athshainiú ar fheidhm agus cód úsáideora a úsáid láithreach an ceann nua. Is féidir leat rang a athrú agus athraítear rudaí atá ann cheana féin. Is féidir leat réad a athrú ó rang amháin go rang eile. Cuireann sé seo go léir ar athsheoltaí breise. - Ní thugann Lisp ina cineálacha sonraí caighdeánacha cúram an oiread sin faoi leagan amach sonraí. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a bheith neamhéifeachtach. Tá struchtúir sonraí críocha speisialta ag diailéic éagsúla Lisp. - Tá rudaí le h-aitheantas clúdaithe ag Lisp. Bíonn rudaí ag iompar a gcineálacha (go minic ag baint úsáide as lipéid leibhéal íseal). Déanann sé seo arís rudaí Lisp ina leagan amach sonraí neamh-chomhoiriúnach leis an gcuid is mó de na córais eile. - Is fearr le Lisp comhsheasmhacht na slua. Níor cheart go ndéanfadh oibríochtaí gnáth an carraig a chontúirt i láthair an tíopaithe dinimiciúil. Mar sin, ní mór oibríochtaí a sheiceáil sula gcuirtear i bhfeidhm iad ar rudaí. Ní féidir rudaí gan lipéad a sheiceáil gan a gcineálacha a fhios a bheith acu ó áit éigin eile. - I láthair na gcóras stór fíorúil mór, ní mór duit bonneagar speisialta a laghdú láithreach chun páigeáil a laghdú nuair a bhíonn tú ag déileáil le teanga a bhagaíonn le pointeoir mar Lisp a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar réimse feidhmchláir le GB de chuimhne. - Tá sintéacs dromchla difriúil ag Lisp. - Tá tacaíocht do Chlárú Feidhmiúil (Closures, ...) agus Clárú Dírithe ar Object neamhchoitianta fós sna córais oibriúcháin a úsáideann muid. Tá caighdeáin ann nach bhfuil go leor acu (CORBA, .net, ...) agus tá teorainn acu. - Tacaíonn CLOS le cláir meta-leibhéil, il-dhuilleog, leathnú ranganna, beagán sonraí a cheilt - rud a fhágann go bhfuil sé neamh-chomhoiriúnach fiú sa pharadigm bhunúsach leis an chuid is mó de Theangacha Dírithe ar Object a leanann cineál éigin de pharadigm teachtaireachta. - Ní úsáideann aon OS reatha bonneagar Lisp mar mhúnla chun cuimhne agus/nó sonraí a eagrú. Níl aon tacaíocht ó phobail eile don bhonneagar Lisp. (Is eisceachtaí iad córais mar Maxima, ...). - Níl mórán cultúir ann maidir le seiceálacha statacha ar leibhéal an chód (ag an gcumpiladaí, etc.). Mar sin ní mór duit a uaslódáil bogearraí i Lisp a iniúchadh nó a sheiceáil é. Tá níos mó le lua, ach ba chóir go mbeadh sé seo go leor chun liosta a dhéanamh. Is iad na hiarmhairtí seo a leanas: - ní féidir an chuid is mó de na huirlisí forbartha ar leibhéal an OS a chur i bhfeidhm go héasca nó go úsáideach ar chód Lisp. - tá na smaointe Lisp faoi leagan amach sonraí go hiomlán neamh-chomhoiriúnach le smaointe leibhéal OS maidir le leagan amach sonraí. Tá a smaointe féin ag Lisp faoi shonraí agus dá bhrí sin ní mór dó a chuimhne agus a bhainistiú sonraí féin a chur i bhfeidhm. Ní raibh beagnach aon cheann de na córais atá ann cheana féin ag ceannach isteach ann agus rinne siad iarracht bonneagar Lisp a úsáid. - más mian le Lisp labhairt leis an OS, ní mór dó struchtúir sonraí OS a úsáid nó iad a thiontú ina struchtúir sonraí féin. Ní bhíonn Lisp ina n-aonar leis na 'problemaí' seo. Tá 'problemaí' den chineál céanna ag Smalltalk, Prolog, Java, ... freisin. Is é an teaglaim de na rudaí seo go huathoibríoch a dhéanann Lisp bonneagar an-difriúil ar aon chóras a úsáidtear faoi láthair. Sa 'Lisp World' ba cheart do dhuine cúpla riail a leanúint chun a bheith rathúil le dearadh bogearraí: - an seans is fearr a bheith ag maireachtáil le síneadh a leanann spiorad Lisp (sintáis, séamantach, ...) - Féach ar an Lisp bunúsach mar chineál de mheaisín as cuimse agus tógáil ar an mbarr. - nuair a bhíonn amhras ann, bogearraí a dhearadh a bheith dinimiciúil (inathraithe ag am ar bith). - nuair a bhíonn amhras ort, déan bogearraí a dhearadh chun a bheith intreach - nuair a bhíonn amhras ann, bogearraí a dhearadh a bheidh léargas Tá na rialacha seo an-difriúil ó na rudaí a fheiceann tú i go leor córais bogearraí eile. Anseo, mar shampla, déanfaidh an comhlánaitheoir é a chomhlánú go cód meaisín statach, neamh-athraitheach, neamh-athraitheach. Tá sé fíor go ndéanann an nádúr difriúil seo Lisp go huathoibríoch ina shaoránach dara ranga ar aon OS reatha. Ach ós rud é go bhfuil Lisp difriúil go leor, ráthaíonn a shraith gnéithe a maireachtáil freisin. Tá cúpla teangacha / córas inchomparáide sa niche céanna (le roinnt forluí ó Smalltalk agus Prolog).

Our Curriculum (KS1&2) At Old Trafford Community Academy our topic-based curriculum aims to be exciting and challenging and teaches children to develop the knowledge, skills and understanding necessary to confidently face the world of tomorrow. The curriculum is based around our three key elements: social and emotional well-being, physical development and communication. The aim of our curriculum is to help every child enjoy the learning of a wide range of subjects and to develop an enquiring mind, the personal attributes that will help throughout teenage and adult life and to develop a sense of his or her own culture, at the same time developing a profound respect for the nationalities and culture of others. The curriculum is split into three termly, whole-school topics. For the academic year 2018-19, these are: Autumn Term – Around The World In Eighty Days Spring Term – Could It Be Magic? Summer Term – Imagine, Invent, Inspire The curriculum is led by the Vice Principals and a team of Leading Teachers. It is the responsibility of this curriculum team to ensure a broad and balanced curriculum that supports and challenges all pupils. Maths, English, Physical Education (PE) and Religious Education (RE), following the Trafford Agreed Syllabus, are taught discretely where appropriate and integrated into topics when opportunities can be exploited. Our annual curriculum overview can be found here:

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Ár gCuraclam (KS1&2) Ag Acadamh Pobail Old Trafford tá sé mar aidhm ag ár gcuraclam atá bunaithe ar ábhair a bheith spreagúil agus dúshlánach agus múineann sé do leanaí an t-eolas, na scileanna agus an tuiscint is gá a fhorbairt chun aghaidh a thabhairt ar an saol amárach go muiníneach. Tá an curaclam bunaithe ar ár dtrí phríomhghné: folláine sóisialta agus mothúchánach, forbairt fhisiciúil agus cumarsáid. Is é aidhm ár gcuraclaim cabhrú le gach leanbh taitneamh a bhaint as réimse leathan ábhair a fhoghlaim agus intinn fiosrach a fhorbairt, na tréithe pearsanta a chabhróidh le linn a saoil óige agus fásta agus tuiscint a fhorbairt ar a chultúr féin, ag an am céanna meas domhain a fhorbairt ar náisiúntachtaí agus ar chultúr daoine eile. Tá an curaclam roinnte ina thrí théamaí téarma, atá le cur i bhfeidhm ar scoil ar fad. I gcás na bliana acadúla 2018-19, is iad seo a leanas: An Teideal an Earraigh An Domhan ar fud i 80 Lá Seachtain Earraigh An D'fhéadfadh sé a bheith ina Mháighistir? Seachtain an tSamhraidh Smaoinigh, Invent, Inspire Tá an clár teagaisc faoi stiúir na n-ionadaí príomhoide agus foireann de mhúinteoirí ceannaire. Tá sé de fhreagracht ar an bhfoireann curaclaim seo curaclam leathan agus chothrom a chinntiú a thacaíonn agus a dhúshláníonn gach dalta. Múintear matamaitic, Béarla, Oideachas Fisiceach (PE) agus Oideachas Reiligiúnach (RE), de réir Syllabus Trafford Agreed, go discretely nuair is cuí agus comhtháite i dtéamaí nuair is féidir deiseanna a shaothrú. Is féidir ár gcurriculum bliantúil a fheiceáil anseo:

Lab grown diamonds aren’t as valuable as natural ones, but they can save you a lot of money. Plus, they help the environment. When buying from reliable stores, they are usually a safe bet. Here are some tips to avoid pitfalls and find a trustworthy retailer. The first thing you need to know is what a man-made diamond is. A natural diamond has many characteristics, and man-made ones are just as unique. They are created from a seed of diamond grown in a lab. This seed is coated in a particular solution, transforming it into a synthetic diamond. These lab-grown diamonds are chemically identical to natural diamonds. Man-made diamonds are made in a laboratory. Their structure is the same as a natural diamond, and they exhibit the same fire, scintillation, and sparkle. The main difference is in the process of their formation. Natural diamonds are formed under immense pressure and heat, making them very rare. With cutting-edge technology, man-made diamonds are produced under the same conditions in a lab. They undergo the same grading process as natural diamonds. Are man made diamonds worth anything? There are two methods for producing lab-created diamonds. The first uses a high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) method, and the other one uses the Chemical Vapor Deposition process. Creating man-made diamonds is similar to developing natural diamonds, except that it takes a few days while natural ones take hundreds of years to form. It means considerably less cost involved in manufacturing lab grown diamonds (compared to mining natural diamonds). The process for making lab-grown diamonds is relatively new, but it’s rapidly becoming a popular method, and the quality of these stones is a big plus. They’re cheaper than natural diamonds, but they can look as stunning as natural ones. Plus, you can use colored diamonds like red or purple diamonds in your jewelry, which is nearly impossible with genuine diamonds. Lab grown vs. Cubic Zirconia Let’s talk about the differences between lab grown diamond vs. cubic zirconia. These gemstones are often used in jewelry, watches, and other products. The most significant difference between them is the crystalline form, which has a unique crystalline structure. A diamond is made of carbon atoms arranged in a cubic crystal structure, while cubic zirconia has zero carbon. While lab grown diamonds are more expensive, they are still more durable. The biggest difference between them is that cubic zirconia can scratch easily, affecting the ring’s appearance and price while a real diamond can never be scratched. That is why you’ll want to avoid purchasing one unless you have the budget for a large ring. Another big difference between a diamond and cubic zirconia is their value. A lab-grown diamond can be twenty to forty percent less expensive than a mined diamond, which is why they’re often more affordable for consumers. And cubic zirconia jewelry is even cheaper. Are man made diamonds real? If you are in the market for a diamond, you are probably wondering, Are man made ones considered real diamonds? The answer is both yes and no. As earlier mentioned, they are both created using the same processes. That is why lab grown diamonds are not considered fake diamonds. However, they are not “natural.” A natural gemstone was formed in the Earth’s crust billions of years ago, and it is only a matter of time before a man made one. However, many people are starting to buy man made diamond jewelry. If you can’t afford a natural diamond ring, you can go for a manufactured diamond ring, and it will look equally spectacular. While they are artificial, they can still be a good choice if you want to get your hands on a high-quality diamond. Lab grown diamonds can be an excellent option for those looking to save money and still get the same quality of the diamond. However, natural is more preferable in jewelry because it has more character and unique features that can’t be replicated with lab-grown stones. For instance, an emerald-cut stone will never have the same brilliance as one from nature when you compare them side by side. If your budget allows, go with a mined diamond so that your loved ones who wear this piece can enjoy all of its beauty over time. But if you’re on a tight budget or want to do something different than what everyone else does when they buy engagement rings, then look into getting some lab-grown gems instead! Recommended Article 1 Recommended Article 2 Recommended Article 3 Recommended Article 4 Recommended Article 5 Recommended Article 6 Recommended Article 7 Recommended Article 8 Recommended Article 9 Recommended Article 10

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Ní bhíonn na diamáin a fhásann sa saotharlann chomh luachmhar le diamáin nádúrtha, ach is féidir leo a lán airgid a shábháil duit. Ina theannta sin, cabhraíonn siad leis an gcomhshaol. Nuair a cheannaíonn tú ó siopaí iontaofa, is geall sábháilte de ghnáth iad. Seo roinnt leideanna chun gaistí a sheachaint agus díoltóir iontaofa a aimsiú. Is é an chéad rud a chaithfidh a bheith ar eolas agat ná cad é daoimeant de dhéantús an duine. Tá go leor saintréithe ag diamond nádúrtha, agus tá na cinn a dhéantar de láimh ag an duine chomh uathúil sin. Cruthaítear iad ó shíol de diamond a fhásann i saotharlann. Déantar an síol seo a chlúdach i réiteach ar leith, ag athrú é ina diamond sintéiseach. Tá na diamonds saotharlainne seo comhionann go ceimiceach le diamonds nádúrtha. Déantar diaimintí de dhéantús an duine i saotharlann. Tá a struchtúr mar an gcéanna le diamond nádúrtha, agus taispeánann siad an tine céanna, scintillation, agus sparkle. Is é an príomhdhifríocht ná an próiseas ina ndéantar iad a fhoirmiú. Tá na diamonds nádúrtha foirmithe faoi bhrú agus teas ollmhór, rud a fhágann go bhfuil siad an-annamh. Le teicneolaíocht ceannródaíoch, déantar déimeantanna de dhéantús an duine a tháirgeadh faoi na coinníollacha céanna i saotharlann. Téann siad faoi na próisis ghrádála céanna le diamonds nádúrtha. An bhfuil luach ar bith ag déimeantanna de dhéantús an duine? Tá dhá mhodh ann chun diamonds a chruthaíodh sa saotharlann a tháirgeadh. Baineann an chéad cheann úsáid as modh ardbhrú, ardteochta (HPHT), agus baineann an ceann eile úsáid as an bpróiseas Cúlchisteachta Gaile Cheimiceach. Tá sé cosúil le diamonds nádúrtha a fhorbairt, ach amháin go dtógann sé cúpla lá agus go dtógann sé na céadta bliain do na diamonds nádúrtha a fhoirmiú. Ciallaíonn sé go bhfuil costas i bhfad níos lú i gceist le déimeantanna a mhonaraítear sa saotharlann a mhonarú (i gcomparáid le mianadóireacht déimeant nádúrtha). Tá an próiseas chun diamonds a fhásann sa saotharlann a dhéanamh réasúnta nua, ach tá sé ag éirí go tapa ina mhodh tóir, agus is móide mór é cáilíocht na gclocha seo. Tá siad níos saoire ná diamonds nádúrtha, ach is féidir leo breathnú chomh iontach le diamonds nádúrtha. Ina theannta sin, is féidir leat diamonds datha a úsáid cosúil le diamonds dearga nó corcra i do jewelry, rud atá beagnach dodhéanta le diamonds fíor. Leithdháileadh sa saotharlann vs. Cubic Zirconia Let labhairt faoi na difríochtaí idir lab fás diamond vs zirconia ciúbach. Is minic a úsáidtear na clocha gemstones seo i seodra, uaireadóirí, agus táirgí eile. Is é an difríocht is suntasaí eatarthu an fhoirm criostail, a bhfuil struchtúr criostail uathúil aige. Tá diamond déanta as adamh carbóin socraithe i struchtúr criostail ciúbach, agus tá ciorcóin ciúbach gan charbóin. Cé go bhfuil diamonds a óstáiltear sa saotharlann níos costasaí, tá siad fós níos marthana. Is é an difríocht is mó idir iad ná gur féidir le circonia ciúbach scratch go héasca, ag dul i bhfeidhm ar chuma agus ar phraghas an mhéara, agus ní féidir le fíor-diamant scratch a dhéanamh riamh. Sin an fáth gur mhaith leat a sheachaint a cheannach amháin mura bhfuil tú an buiséad le haghaidh fáinne mór. Tá difríocht mhór eile idir diamond agus cubic zirconia a luach. Is féidir le diamond a fhásann sa saotharlann a bheith fiche go daichead faoin gcéad níos saoire ná diamond a bhaintear amach, agus is é sin an fáth go mbíonn siad níos inacmhainne do thomhaltóirí go minic. Agus tá seodra cubic zirconia níos saoire fós. An bhfuil diaimintí de dhéantús an duine fíor? Má tá tú ag lorg daoimeant, is dócha go bhfuil tú ag fiafraí, An meastar gur fíor-daimhíní iad na daoimeanta a rinne an duine? Is é an freagra ar an dá yes agus no. Mar a luadh roimhe seo, cruthaítear an dá cheann trí na próisis chéanna a úsáid. Sin an fáth nach meastar gur diamonds bréige iad diamonds a fhásann sa saotharlann. Mar sin féin, ní nádúrtha iad. Cruthaíodh gemstone nádúrtha i crúis na Talún billiúin bliain ó shin, agus níl sé ach ceist ama sula ndéanann fear ceann. Mar sin féin, tá go leor daoine ag tosú ag ceannach seodra daoime a dhéantar ag an duine. Mura féidir leat fáinne dáimhe nádúrtha a íoc, is féidir leat fáinne dáimhe mhonaraithe a roghnú, agus beidh cuma chomh iontach céanna air. Cé go bhfuil siad saorga, is féidir leo a bheith fós ina rogha maith más mian leat a fháil ar do lámha ar diamond ardchaighdeáin. Is féidir le diamonds a fhásann sa saotharlann a bheith ina rogha den scoth dóibh siúd atá ag iarraidh airgead a shábháil agus an caighdeán céanna a fháil den diamond fós. Mar sin féin, is fearr nádúrtha i seodra toisc go bhfuil níos mó carachtar agus gnéithe uathúla aige nach féidir a athdhéanamh le clocha a fhásann sa saotharlann. Mar shampla, ní bheidh an solas céanna ag cloch gearradh smaragd le cloch ó nádúr nuair a dhéantar iad a chur in aice lena chéile. Má cheadaíonn do bhuiséad, téigh le diamond mionaithe ionas gur féidir le do ghaolta a chaitheann an píosa seo taitneamh a bhaint as a áilleacht ar fad le himeacht ama. Ach má tá buiséad te nó más mian leat rud éigin a dhéanamh difriúil ná mar a dhéanann gach duine eile nuair a cheannaíonn siad fáinní gealltanas, ansin féach ar roinnt gems saotharlainne a fhás ina ionad! Airteagal 1 mholta Airteagal 2 a mholtar Airteagal 3 a mholtar Airteagal 4 a mholtar Airteagal 5 molta Airteagal 6 molta Airteagal 7 a mholtar Airteagal 8 molta Airteagal 9 molta Airteagal 10 molta

By Anthony Almada, MS "Starch blockers," among the many ineffective diet fads of the 1980s, are trying to make a comeback—this time gaining legitimacy through scientific studies in humans. Their marketers claim they work by reducing the ability of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes to break down more complex carbs into absorbable sugars. Prescription starch blockers are already being used to manage blood sugar in diabetics, yet weight loss is not a notable side effect for these patients. Of the starch blockers that are currently available on the market as dietary supplements, one ingredient called Phase 2, or Phaseolamin 2250, has been the subject of a modest amount of research. In the only study presented at a scientific meeting, 11 subjects ate four slices of white bread with 42 grams of margarine and either Phase 2 or a placebo. Tested four hours later, those who took the starch blockers (vs. placebo) appeared to absorb two-thirds less of the digested sugars from the bread. Results from another study did show evidence that starch blockers could promote weight loss, although it appears that an appreciable amount of the weight lost may be water. Blocking carbs may work without side effects, but long-term studies need to prove this. Nutrition and exercise biochemist Anthony Almada, MS, has collaborated on more than 45 university-based studies and is cofounder of Experimental and Applied Sciences (EAS) and founder and chief scientific officer of IMAGINutrition.

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Le Anthony Almada, MS Tá "cathróirí cnámh", i measc na mbrúchán aiste bia neamhéifeachtach go leor sna 1980idí, ag iarraidh teacht ar ais - an uair seo ag fáil dlisteanachta trí staidéir eolaíocha ar dhaoine. Éilíonn a margaitheoirí go n-oibríonn siad trí chumas einsímí díleá carbhabhaidríde a laghdú chun carbaihiodráití níos casta a bhriseadh síos ina siúcraí in-ionsú. Tá coscóirí snáithín a fhorordaítear á n-úsáid cheana féin chun siúcra fola a rialú i ndaoine diaibéiticiúla, ach níl caillteanas meáchain mar iarmhairt bhreise suntasach do na hothair seo. I measc na mblocálaithe cnámh atá ar fáil ar an margadh faoi láthair mar fhorlíontaí aiste bia, tá ábhar amháin ar a dtugtar Céim 2, nó Phaseolamin 2250, ina ábhar taighde measartha. Sa staidéar amháin a cuireadh i láthair ag cruinniú eolaíoch, d'ith 11 duine ceithre sliceán arán bán le 42 gram margarine agus céim 2 nó pléascó. Nuair a rinneadh tástáil ceithre uair an chloig ina dhiaidh sin, is cosúil go raibh dhá thrian níos lú de na siúcraí díleáite ón bpain ag na daoine a ghlac na blocálaithe cnámh (i gcomparáid le pléascó). Léirigh torthaí ó staidéar eile fianaise go bhféadfadh bacálaithe cnámh a chur ar chailliúint meáchain, cé go bhfuil sé cosúil go bhféadfadh uisce a bheith ina mhéid suntasach den mheáchan a chailltear. D'fhéadfadh carb carb a bhac a bheith ag obair gan fo-iarsmaí, ach ní mór staidéar fadtéarmach é seo a chruthú. Tá Anthony Almada, MS, a oibríonn mar bithcheimic cothaithe agus aclaíochta, tar éis comhoibriú ar níos mó ná 45 staidéar ollscoile agus tá sé ina chomhbhunaitheoir ar Eolaíochtaí Taighde agus Feidhmeacha (EAS) agus ina bhunaitheoir agus ina phríomhoifigeach eolaíochta ar IMAGINutrition.

So let's start by setting . Now for we can take but in order to keep it disjoint from we take away . - So and are disjoint, agreed? Similarly, for we can take , but in order to keep it disjoint from must take away their union, or, what amounts to the same thing . We choose . So generally, we would like to define . Observe that , for all i, by definition. Also, if we see that Finally, to show that . First, from for all i it follows immediately that Second, suppose that . In that case there must exist a smallest , such that . But then we have that and therefore , a contradiction. Thus there can be no such x, hence we have that

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Mar sin, a ligean ar tús a chur le leagan. Anois le haghaidh is féidir linn a ghlacadh ach d'fhonn a choinneáil sé disjoint ó thógamar ar shiúl . - Mar sin agus tá sé dícheangailte, aontaithe? Ar an gcaoi chéanna, le haghaidh is féidir linn a ghlacadh , ach d'fhonn a choinneáil sé disjointed ó ní mór a bhaint as a n-aontas, nó, cad is ionann agus an rud céanna . Roghnaímid . Mar sin, go ginearálta, ba mhaith linn a shainmhíniú . Tabhair faoi deara go , le haghaidh gach i, de réir sainmhíniú. Chomh maith leis sin, má fheicimid go Faoi dheireadh, chun a thaispeáint go . Ar an gcéad dul síos, ó for all i leanann sé láithreach go Dara, is dócha go . Sa chás sin ní mór go bhfuil a bheith ann is lú , mar sin . Ach ansin tá muid go bhfuil agus dá bhrí sin, contrárthacht. Dá bhrí sin ní féidir a bheith ann x den sórt sin, dá bhrí sin tá muid go

Pulling large logs along the bush floor was known as skidding. The path was a ‘skidded road’, and the collection point for all the logs was the ‘bush skids’. Māori used teams of people pulling on ropes, chanting as they worked. Prize tōtara logs for canoes were skidded over challenging distances. Bullocks and horses In the 19th century the lumbering bullock team, typically 12 to 20 strong, was popular as a way of skidding logs. Where the terrain was fairly easy, horse teams, which were faster, could be used. Using animals for skidding was hard going – the teams often struggled over rough ground, steep slopes, intertwined tree roots, and deep mud. Progress was slow and the animals risked breaking their legs. Over long distances the task was made easier with a skidded road, formed from small tree trunks laid across the route. A wooden sledge, known as a catamaran, might carry the log. Certain methods were used for hauling kauri logs, because of their sheer size: - Logs were rolled sideways, using gravity, on ‘rolling roads’. - Chutes shot logs endways down a hillside, also using gravity. - Timber jacks were used to move the logs laboriously by hand. Haulers – steam-powered winches – were widely used from about 1904. Within a decade they had largely replaced bullocks and horses. Made possible by advances in steel cable technology, haulers comprised a boiler to raise the steam, a steam engine that drove two drums, and steel cables. The larger drum hauled in the log, while the smaller drum pulled the cable back out to begin the process again. Not dirt cheap The ropey was the man in charge of the wire ropes and pulleys that dragged logs to the loading skids. In wet weather the road became a quagmire. Soaked to the skin and caked with mud, the ropey had one of the dirtiest and most dangerous jobs in the bush – but he was paid a premium wage. As many as 1,000 haulers were used in New Zealand. The systems were continuously improved into the 1930s. Aerial cableways were developed, and internal combustion engines replaced steam power. Over 90% of the haulers were designed and made by local engineering companies. Although similar to overseas designs, the local haulers suited New Zealand conditions, and were durable, reliable and cost-effective. From the mid-1930s, imported caterpillar tractors superseded locally made haulers, almost as quickly as haulers had displaced bullocks. Designed for agriculture and earth moving, tractors proved cost-effective in logging. Their self-laying tracks could travel across soft and wet forest terrain. Manufacturers improved their logging capability by mounting a winch on the rear, providing the advantages of a hauler. In the 1960s, simpler, lower-maintenance machines called skidders began to take over from tractors. Like haulers, they were built for rugged logging. Skidders have four large wheels and are articulated (jointed) in the middle. They too are imported, and dominate logging today. Skidding methods evolved in this way not just in New Zealand but around the world. Each improvement cut costs and made tough terrain more accessible.

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Bhí sé ar eolas mar skidding go raibh baill mhór de charraig á n-aistarraingt ar an urlár na fionnaidh. Ba "bhóthar sleamhnán" an cosán, agus ba é an "sleamhnán na bhus" an pointe bailiúcháin do na lógóirí go léir. D'úsáid na Maorí foirne daoine ag tarraingt ar rópaí, ag canadh agus iad ag obair. Bhí lógaí tōtara duais le haghaidh canoes ag sleamhnú thar achar dúshlánach. Bál agus capaill Sa 19ú haois bhí an fhoireann báire, de ghnáth 12 go 20 duine, tóir orthu mar bhealach chun lógó a scipeáil. Nuair a bhí an tírdhreach sách éasca, d'fhéadfaí foirne capall a úsáid, a bhí níos tapúla. Bhí sé deacair ainmhithe a úsáid chun sleamhnú go minic bhí na foirne ag streachailt thar thalamh garbh, sléibhte géar, fréamhacha crainn idirghabhálacha, agus salachar domhain. Bhí dul chun cinn mall agus bhí na hainmhithe i mbaol a gcosa a bhriseadh. Ar fad fad, bhí an tasc níos éasca le bóthar sleamhnán, a bhí déanta as trunks crann beaga a bhí leagtha ar fud an tslí. D'fhéadfadh sleamhnáin adhmaid, ar a dtugtar catamaran, an t-earra a iompar. Baineadh úsáid as modhanna áirithe chun clocha kauri a iompar, mar gheall ar a méid mór: - Róltar na lógóirí ar thaobh, ag baint úsáide as gravity, ar "bhealaí rollaíochta". - Shots shot logs deireadh síos cnoc, ag baint úsáide as gravity freisin. - Baineadh úsáid as jacks timire chun na lógóirí a bhogadh go crua de láimh. Baineadh úsáid go forleathan as haulers winches gléasáilte le gaile ó thart ar 1904. Laistigh de dheich mbliana bhí siad tar éis teacht i bhformhór na n-eachtanna in ionad na mball agus na bhfear. D'éirigh le dul chun cinn i dteicneolaíocht cáblaí cruach, bhí boiler ann chun an gaile a ardú, inneall gaile a thiomáin dhá druma, agus cáblaí cruach. An tromlach níos mó tarraingthe sa log, agus an tromlach níos lú tharraing an cábla ar ais amach chun tús a chur leis an bpróiseas arís. Ní truaillithe saor Ba é an ropeey an fear a bhí i gceannas ar na rópaí sreinge agus ar na pulleys a tharraing baill den chrainn chuig na sleamhnáin luchtaithe. I aimsir fliuch bhí an bóthar ina chath. Bhí an rópaigh, atá sáithithe go dtí an craiceann agus le muirín, ar cheann de na poist is salacha agus is contúirteacha sa bhus - ach d'íocadh pá préimhe air. Úsáidtear suas le 1,000 hailer sa Nua-Shéalainn. Leathnaíodh na córais go leanúnach sna 1930idí. Forbraíodh cabhlaí aeir, agus tháinig innill dóiteáin inmheánacha in ionad cumhachta gaile. Bhí níos mó ná 90% de na haulers deartha agus déanta ag cuideachtaí innealtóireachta áitiúla. Cé go raibh na hailers áitiúla cosúil le dearaí thar lear, bhí siad oiriúnach do dhálaí na Nua-Shéalainne, agus bhí siad marthanach, iontaofa agus costéifeachtach. Ó lár na 1930idí, tháinig tarractóirí caterpillar allmhairithe in ionad haulers a rinneadh go háitiúil, beagnach chomh tapa agus a bhí haulers tar éis muiceolaí a dhíbirt. Deartha le haghaidh talmhaíochta agus gluaiseachta talún, bhí an-éifeachtach ó thaobh costais de i gcortú fiodh. D'fhéadfadh a rianta féin-chlaonta taisteal ar fud talamh foraoise bog agus fliuch. D'fhéach monaróirí ar a gcumas logála trí winch a chur ar an gcúl, rud a thug buntáistí an charr. Sna 1960idí, thosaigh meaisíní níos simplí, níos lú cothabhála ar a dtugtar skidders ag glacadh leis ó thráchtóirí. Cosúil le hailters, tógadh iad le haghaidh logging garbh. Tá ceithre rothar móra ag na sciatháin agus tá siad comhcheangailte (comhcheangailte) sa lár. Déantar iad a allmhairiú freisin, agus is iad a bhíonn i gceannas ar an mbóthar inniu. D'fhorbair modhanna sciála ar an mbealach seo ní amháin sa Nua-Shéalainn ach ar fud an domhain. Laghdaigh gach feabhas costais agus rinne siad tírdhreach deacair níos inrochtana.

Espacement trials of Mixed Douglas-fir and Western Red Cedar on Coastal Sites (EP 1130) Douglas-fir and western redcedar are recommended for planting together on many sites throughout the Coastal Western Hemlock zone in British Columbia (Green and Klinka, 1994). The two species have very different growth characteristics: Douglas-fir has rapid early height growth that is typical of a shade intolerant species while western redcedar has a slow early height growth typical of a shade tolerant species. Decisions about planting mixtures require an understanding of how the different species respond when grown together. Information is needed about the optimum spacing and management regimes of the species mixtures. To determine if the productive capacity of a site is increased over that of pure species stands by mixing Douglas-fir and western red cedar, such that the total volume of mixed stands is greater that total volume of pure stands at 3 different densities. This experiment was established in 1992 at MacDonald Lake near Sooke, B.C. The experiment examines the effects on growth and development of Douglas-fir and western redcedar when grown at 500, 1000 and 1500 sph in Douglas-fir:western redcedar mixes of 1:0, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1. Plot size is variable, consisting of 8 x 8 rows with a 2 tree-wide buffer on all sides. The trees in the 1:1 mixture were planted in an alternating pattern; the trees in the 1:3 mixture were planted as 1 row of a 1:1 mixture and the adjacent row as pure western redcedar. - de Montigny, L. and G. Nigh. 2007. Growth and survival of Douglas-fir and western redcedar planted at different densities and species mixtures. B.C. Min. For. Range, Victoria, B.C. Tech. Rep. 044.

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Trialacha ar spásáil ar fhéile Douglas agus ar chédar dearg an Iarthair i bpáirceanna cósta (EP 1130) Moltar Douglas-fir agus redcedar an iarthair a phlandaíocht le chéile ar go leor suíomhanna ar fud chrios Hemlock an Iarthair Chostaí i British Columbia (Green agus Klinka, 1994). Tá tréithe fáis an-difriúla ag an dá speiceas: Tá fás luath luath ar airde ag Douglas-fir atá tipiciúil d'ealaíon neamh-fhulaingt scáth agus tá fás mall luath ar airde ag redcedar an iarthair atá tipiciúil d'ealaíon fhulaingt scáth. Ní mór tuiscint a bheith ag cinntí maidir le meascáin phlandaithe a thuiscint maidir le conas a fhreagraíonn na speicis éagsúla nuair a fhástar le chéile iad. Tá gá le faisnéis maidir leis na córais uasta d'eadráin agus bainistíochta a bhaineann le meascáin speiceas. Chun a chinneadh an méadaítear cumas táirgthe láithreán i gcomparáid le cumas na speiceas glan trí Douglas-fir agus cédar dearg an iarthair a mheascadh, ar bhealach go mbeidh méid iomlán na gcinn measctha níos mó ná méid iomlán na gcinn glan ag 3 dlús éagsúil. Bunaíodh an turgnamh seo i 1992 ag Loch MacDonald in aice le Sooke, B.C. Scrúdaítear san turgnamh na héifeachtaí ar fhás agus ar fhorbairt an phrionsa Douglas agus an phrionsa dearga siar nuair a fhásfar iad ag 500, 1000 agus 1500 sph i meascáin de phrionsa Douglas: phrionsa dearga siar de 1:0, 1:1, 1:3 agus 0:1. Tá méid an phláta inathraitheach, agus tá 8 x 8 sraith ann le buffer 2 chrainn ar fud ar gach taobh. Bhí na crainn sa mheascadh 1: 1 curtha i bpatrún malartach; bhí na crainn sa mheascadh 1: 3 suite mar 1 sraith de mheascadh 1: 1 agus an sreang in aice leis mar fhuaimín pur. - de Montigny, L. agus G. Nigh. 2007. Fás agus maireachtáil an phrionsa Douglas agus an chléir dhearg thiar a phlandaíodh ag dlúsanna agus meascáin speiceas éagsúla. B.C. Min. Ar son. Táim ag obair ar an gclár. Teicneolaíocht. Rep. 044.

~Mythbusters Discoveries Using the Scientific Method~ By Jen Quindlen September 6, 2008 (how we solve problems in 7 steps) Step 1. State the Problem or Question: - The scientist comes up with a question or problem that needs to be solved. - The scientist does not propose a solution to the question or problem yet. Step 2. Gather Information: - The scientist does research on his/her topic to see if the problem has already been solved by someone else. - The scientist does more research to see what he/she can learn about the question or problem. step 3. Form a Hypothesis: (an educated guess or prediction that answers the question or problem) - This is based on what was learned from gathering info. Step 4. Perform an Experiment: (a procedure or operation carried out under controlled conditions in order to discover something, to test a hypothesis, or to serve as an example) - This is when the scientist tests his/her hypothesis. -There can only be one thing that is different (the variable). - Data is collected. Step 5. Analyze Data: - After the experiment is over, the data that was collected is analyzed (reviewed). -Data is generally organized into a chart or graph. Step 6. Draw Conclusions: - After analyzing the data, the scientist looks back at its hypothesis. - The scientist looks to see if the data supports the hypothesis or not.Step 7. Repeat Experiment: - If the hypothesis is supported then the scientist repeats his/her experiment. - The scientist needs to make sure that the results are the same every time. Or the other step 7. Revise Expirament: - If the hypothesis is not supported the scientist changes the hypothesis. - The scientist then starts the whole process again. Mythbusters - Electric Vehicles Question: Are electric vehicles a lot slower than gas powered vehicles? Jamie and Adam did not do any reasearch. They got straight to testing vehicles. Hypothesis: If you make a vehicle electric, then it will be a lot slower than a gasoline vehicle. - Manipulated Variable: (What is being tested?) Using an electric vehicle as an alternative to using a gas powered vehicle. - Responding Variable: (What is being observed and measured?) How the electric vehicle performs compared to gasoline powered vehicles. - Controlled Variable: (What do you keep the same?) A gas powered vehicle that is the same or similar to the electric vehicle. Jamie and Adam collected a lot of data on this topic. They tested many types of vehicles against eachother with the only difference being that one was electric, and one ran on gasoline. They first tested a Saturn. Results: Jamie and Adam felt the electric car was smoother, but the acceleration on the electric car was a lot slower than the gas powered car. Once it got up to regular speed they were about the same. Next they tested two go-carts. One being electric, and one running on gas. Each go-cart went around the track 4 times. Jamie and Adam compared the quickest lap for each car. Results: The fastest lap for the gasoline go-cart was 58 seconds. The fastest lap for the electric go-cart was 1:00min./ 60 sec. The electric go-cart did well for being only 2 seconds slower than the gas powered go-cart, but it weighed 120 lbs. more. Next, they tested two motorcycles. The electric motorcycle weighed 640 lbs. and the gas powered motorcycle weighed 400 lbs. Results: The electric motorcycle's time for 1/4 mile was 8.283 sec. The motorcycle was going 163.33 mph. The gas powered motorcycle's time for 1/4 mile was 7.893 sec. The motorcycle was going 166.33 mph. The two times were very close, though the gas powered motorcycle was a little bit faster. Lastly they tested two sports cars. The electric car weighed 1,500 lbs. The gas powered car weighed 3,400 lbs. Results: The electric car took 11.961 seconds to cross the finish line. The gas powered sports car took 12.775 seconds to cross the finish line. Jamie and Adam found out that in most of their tests, electric vehicles go a tiny bit slower than gas vehicles. They still go fast even though they weigh about 2 times more than gas powered vehicles. This myth was busted! Mythbusters - Global Warming Question: Do green house gases really make our planet warmer? Hypothesis: If you increase the amount of carbon dioxide and methane in the air, then the temperature will be greater. Jamie and Adam did do research by seeing if this experiment could be tested in their lab. It turns out that they could. Manipulated Variable- (What is being tested?) Increasing the amount of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. Responding Variable: (What is being observed and measured?) The temperature inside of the first two green houses. Controlled Variable: (What you keep the same) Green house size, amount of light, starting temperature, and ice sculptures. Jamie and Adam collected a lot of data while performing their experiment. Their plan was to build 4 greenhouses with the same ice sculpture in each. They would put a different gas in each green house. One would have methane, one would have carbon dioxide and the other two would have regular air. Once all of the miniature greenhouses were built they were given an equal amount of light. They let there experiment sit for a while, waiting for the gases to melt the ice sculptures. Once all of the ice sculptures were melted, they checked the temperature in each greenhouse. The results were in, and the temperatures of each of the greenhouses were carbon dioxide: 24.8 degrees celcius, methane: 24.9 degrees celcius, and the regular air at 23.9 degrees celcius. The 1 degree celcius makes a huge difference globally. Jamie and Adam found out that greenhouse gasses really do make our planet warmer. The global warming myth is confirmed! Mythbusters - Cow Calamity!! Question: Is all the methane gas produced by cows really bad for the environment hypothesis: (In this video there were two hypothesis) 1st hypothesis: if cows produce a lot of methane, then cows are bad for the environment. 2nd hypothesis: if methane burns, then you can use it as a power source. Jamie and Adam researched how much methane a single cow produces in one year and the amount of cows in the world. They multiplied the amount of cows by the amount of methane each cow produces to find how many lbs. of methane cows give off into our atmosphere. manipulated variable: (What is being tested?) Using methane instead of gasoline in a lawn mower. responding variable: (What is being observed and measured?) Using a green house gas as a power source rather than let it become pollution. controlled variable: (What you keep the same.) Using a regular lawn mower in the experiment. Jamie and Adam collected a lot of data on the topic of methane gas produced by cows. Cows are the biggest polluters in the world. The gas that comes from both ends of their bodies is methane. Methane has 20 times the effect of carbon dioxide on the environment. Since there are about 1 billion cows in the world, each producing about 250 to 400 lbs. of methane gas per year, cows pollute 250 - 400 billion lbs. of methane in one year. Jamie and Adam found out that methane gas is bad for the environment! This myth is confirmed, but we can use the methane as a source of power instead of letting it pollute our environment. Jamie and Adam showed this when they mixed methane gas from the cows with air and made a fire explosion which was used to start a lawn mower. What I learned............. Electric vehicles vs. regular vehicles: I learned that electric cars are not a lot slower than gasoline powered cars. Regular vehicles may go a few mph faster, but you're not going to "race" to the market every day. This is an eco - friendly choice that gives you a smooth quiet ride. Greenhouse gasses: I learned that greenhouse gasses are really bad for our environment. At first when I saw that they warm up our planet by one degree celcius I thought one degree wouldn't make much of a difference. I was very wrong though.One degree can make a huge diffference globally. Methane that comes from cows: I would have never thought that our milk and meat providing animal would be such a harm to our environment. They give off so much gas that pollutes our world. I am happy that we can use the gas as a source of power instead of letting it pollute our atmosphere.

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~ Mythbusters Fionnachtana ag baint úsáide as an modh eolaíoch ~ Le Jen Quindlen 6 Meán Fómhair, 2008 (Conas a réitímid fadhbanna i 7 chéim) Céim 1. Cuir an Fadhb nó an Ceist in iúl: - Tagann an eolaí le ceist nó le fadhb a chaithfear a réiteach. - Ní mholann an eolaí réiteach ar an gceist nó ar an bhfadhb go fóill. Céim 2. Faisnéis a bhailiú: - Déanann an eolaí taighde ar a ábhar/a ábhar chun a fheiceáil an bhfuil an fhadhb réitithe ag duine eile cheana féin. - Déanann an eolaí tuilleadh taighde chun a fheiceáil cad is féidir leis/léi a fhoghlaim faoin gceist nó faoin bhfadhb. Céim 3. Forbairt Hipitéis: (meas nó tuar oideachasúil a fhreagraíonn an cheist nó an fhadhb) - Tá sé seo bunaithe ar an méid a fhoghlaimíodh ó fhaisnéis a bhailiú. Céim 4. Déan Taithí: ( nós imeachta nó oibríocht a dhéantar faoi choinníollacha rialaithe chun rud éigin a fháil amach, hipitéis a thástáil, nó chun bheith ina shampla) - Is é seo nuair a thástáil an eolaí a / a hipoteis. -Ní féidir ach rud amháin a bheith difriúil (an t-athraitheach). - Tá sonraí á mbailiú. Céim 5. Anailís ar Shonraí: - Tar éis an turgnaimh a bheith críochnaithe, déantar na sonraí a bailíodh a anailísiú (athbhreithniú). -De ghnáth, eagraítear sonraí i gcairt nó i gclár. Céim 6. Tarraing Conclúidí: - Tar éis anailís a dhéanamh ar na sonraí, féachann an eolaí ar ais ar a hipitéis. - Féachann an eolaí an tacaíonn na sonraí leis an hipitéis nó nach ea. Céim 7. Athdhéanamh Turgnamh: - Má tá an hipitéis le tacaíocht ansin déanann an eolaí a turgnamh a athdhéanamh. - Ní mór don eolaí a chinntiú go bhfuil na torthaí mar an gcéanna gach uair. Nó an chéim eile 7. Athbhreithniú Expiration: - Mura dtacaítear leis an hipitéis athraíonn an eolaí an hipitéis. - An eolaí ansin tosaíonn an próiseas ar fad arís. Miotaseacháin - Feithiclí Leictreacha Ceist: An bhfuil feithiclí leictreacha i bhfad níos moille ná feithiclí gáis? Níor rinne Jamie agus Adam aon taighde. Chuaigh siad go díreach chuig feithiclí tástála. Hipitéis: Má dhéanann tú feithicil leictreach, ansin beidh sé i bhfad níos moille ná feithicil gásailín. - Athraitheach Manipulaithe: (Cad atá á thástáil?) Feithicil leictreach a úsáid mar mhalairt ar fheithicil gásach a úsáid. - Athraitheach Freagrach: (Cad atá á breathnú agus á thomhas?) Conas a fheidhmíonn an fheithicil leictreach i gcomparáid le feithiclí peitril-chumhachta. - Athraitheach Rialaithe: (Cad a choinníonn tú mar an gcéanna?) Feithicil gásach atá mar an gcéanna nó cosúil leis an bhfeithicil leictreach. D'aontaigh Jamie agus Adam go leor sonraí faoin ábhar seo. Rinne siad tástáil ar go leor cineálacha feithiclí i gcomparáid lena chéile agus an t-aon difríocht ná go raibh ceann leictreach, agus ceann a rith ar phéintín. Rinne siad tástáil ar Saturn ar dtús. Torthaí: Bhraith Jamie agus Adam go raibh an carr leictreach níos suaimhneach, ach bhí an luathaithe ar an gcar leictreach i bhfad níos moille ná an carr gásair. Nuair a fuair sé suas go luas rialta bhí siad thart ar an gcéanna. Ansin rinne siad tástáil ar dhá chárta go. Ceann a bheith leictreach, agus ceann ag rith ar gáis. Rith gach cart go timpeall an rianta 4 uair. Rinne Jamie agus Adam comparáid idir an timthriall is tapúla do gach carr. Torthaí: Ba é an timthriall is tapúla don go-cart gásailín 58 soicind. Ba é an timthriall is tapúla don go-cart leictreach 1:00min / 60 soicind. Rinne an cart go leictreach go maith le haghaidh a bheith ach 2 soicind níos moille ná an cart go gás-chumhachtaithe, ach bhí meáchan 120 punt aige. níos mó. Ansin rinne siad tástáil ar dhá mhótarbhealach. Bhí meáchan 640 punt ar an mbóthar rothar leictreach. agus an gluaisrothar gás-chumhachtaigh 400 lbs. Torthaí: Ba é am an mhótarthródaire leictreach ar feadh 1/4 míle 8.283 soicind. Bhí an gluaisrothar ag dul 163.33 mph. Ba é an t-am a bhí ag an mbóthar rothar gásair ar feadh 1/4 míle 7.893 soicind. Bhí an gluaisrothar ag dul 166.33 mph. Bhí an dá uair an-chosúil, cé go raibh an gluaisrothar gásair níos tapúla. Ar deireadh rinne siad tástáil ar dhá charr spóirt. Bhí meáchan an charr leictreach 1,500 punt. Meáchain an carr gás-chumhachta 3,400 lbs. Torthaí: Thóg an carr leictreach 11.961 soicind chun an líne chríochnaithe a thrasnú. Thóg an carr spóirt gás-chumhachta 12.775 soicind chun an líne chríochnaithe a thrasnú. Fuair Jamie agus Adam amach go bhfuil i bhformhór na dtástálacha, feithiclí leictreacha dul beagán níos moille ná feithiclí gáis. Tá siad fós ag dul go tapa cé go bhfuil a meáchan thart ar 2 huaire níos mó ná feithiclí gáis-chumhacht. Bhí an miotas seo busted! Mythbusters - Teas Domhanda Ceist: An ndéanann gáis cheaptha teasa ár bpláinéad níos te i ndáiríre? Hipitéis: Má mhéadú tú an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin agus meitéin san aer, ansin beidh an teocht níos mó. Rinne Jamie agus Adam taighde trí féachaint an bhféadfaí an turgnamh seo a thástáil ina saotharlann. Is léir gur féidir leo. Athraitheoir Imhionsamhalta - (Cad atá á thástáil?) Méadú ar an méid dé-ocsaíd charbóin agus meitéin san atmaisféar. Athraitheach Freagra: (Cad atá á breathnú agus á thomhas?) Teochta taobh istigh den chéad dá theach glas. Athraitheach Rialú: (Cad a choinníonn tú mar an gcéanna) Méid an tí glas, méid na solais, teocht tosaigh, agus dealbhéireacht oighir. Bailíodh go leor sonraí ag Jamie agus Adam agus iad ag déanamh a dturgnamh. Ba é an plean a bhí acu 4 teach glas a thógáil leis an dealbh oighear céanna i ngach ceann acu. Chuirfeadh siad gáis dhifriúil i ngach teach glas. Bheadh méatáin amháin, bheadh ceann amháin dé-ocsaíd charbóin agus an dá eile bheadh aer rialta. Nuair a bhí na teaschairí beaga tógtha, tugadh an méid céanna solais dóibh. Lig siad an turgnamh suí ar feadh tamaill, ag fanacht go bhfuil na gáis a leá na dealbhóirí oighear. Nuair a bhí na dealbháin oighir go léir leáite, rinne siad an teocht a sheiceáil i ngach teaslann. Bhí na torthaí ann, agus bhí teochtaí gach ceann de na teaschairí dé-ocsaíd charbóin: 24.8 céim celsius, meitéin: 24.9 céim celsius, agus an t-aer rialta ag 23.9 céim celsius. Tá difríocht mhór ag 1 céim Celsius go domhanda. Fuair Jamie agus Adam amach go ndéanann gáis cheaptha teasa ár bpláinéad a dhéanamh níos teo. Tá an miotas maidir le téamh domhanda deimhnithe! Mythbusters - Calamity na n-Aois! Tá sé! Ceist: An bhfuil an gáis mheitine go léir a tháirgtear ag muca go fírinneach dona don chomhshaol hipitéis: (Sa físeán seo bhí dhá hipitéis) An chéad hipitéis: má tá an oiread meitéin a tháirgeann na bóithre, ansin tá na bóithre dona don chomhshaol. An dara hipoteas: má dhóitear meitéin, ansin is féidir leat é a úsáid mar fhoinse cumhachta. Rinne Jamie agus Adam taighde ar an méid meitéin a tháirgeann bó amháin in aon bhliain amháin agus ar an méid bó ar domhan. Mhol siad an méid de na bóithre ag an méid de mheitéin gach bó a tháirgeann a fháil amach cé mhéad punt. na mairteola a scaoileann na bóithre isteach inár n-atmaisféar. athróg a ndearnadh ionramháil air: (Cad atá á thástáil?) Metan a úsáid in ionad gásailín i grásaire féar. Athróg freagra: (Cad atá á breathnú agus á thomhas?) Gás ceaptha teasa a úsáid mar fhoinse cumhachta seachas ligean dó a bheith ina thruailliú. athróg rialaithe: (An rud a choinníonn tú mar an gcéanna.) Ag baint úsáide as gléasra giota gnáth san turgnamh. Bailíodh go leor sonraí ag Jamie agus Adam ar ábhar gáis mheitéin a tháirgtear ag muca. Is iad na bóithre na truailleoirí is mó ar domhan. Is é an gáis a thagann ó gach ceann dá gcorp meitéin. Tá tionchar 20 uair níos mó ag meitéin ar an gcomhshaol ná a bhíonn ag dé-ocsaíde carbóin. Ós rud é go bhfuil thart ar 1 billiún bó ar fud an domhain, gach táirgeadh thart ar 250 go 400 punt. de ghás meitéin in aghaidh na bliana, truaillitheoir bó 250 - 400 billiún punt. de mheatán i gceann bliana. Fuair Jamie agus Adam amach go bhfuil gáis mheitéin dona don chomhshaol! Tá an miotas seo deimhnithe, ach is féidir linn an mheitáin a úsáid mar fhoinse cumhachta in ionad ligean dó ár gcomhshaol a thruailliú. Léirigh Jamie agus Adam é seo nuair a mheascadh siad gáis mheitéin ó na bóithre le haer agus rinne siad pléascadh tine a úsáideadh chun tosaitheoir féar a thosú. Cad a d'fhoghlaim mé ................ Feithiclí leictreacha i gcoinne feithiclí rialta: D'fhoghlaim mé nach bhfuil gluaisteáin leictreacha i bhfad níos moille ná gluaisteáin gásailín. D'fhéadfadh feithiclí rialta dul cúpla míle míle níos tapúla, ach ní bheidh tú ag "race" go dtí an margadh gach lá. Is rogha neamhdhíobhálach don chomhshaol é seo a thugann turas suaimhneach ciúin duit. Gás ceaptha teasa: D'fhoghlaim mé go bhfuil gáis ceaptha teasa an-dona dár dtimpeallacht. Ar dtús nuair a chonaic mé go bhfuil siad ag téamh ár bpláinéad ag céim amháin Celsius Shíl mé nach mbeadh céim amháin a dhéanamh i bhfad de difríocht. Bhí mé go mór mícheart, áfach. Is féidir le céim amháin difríocht mhór a dhéanamh go domhanda. Meitín a thagann ó bhaoil: Ní raibh mé riamh a cheapann go mbeadh ár bainne agus feoil a sholáthar ainmhí a bheith ina díobháil den sórt sin dár dtimpeallacht. Tá an oiread gáis a scaoileann siad a thruailleann ár saol. Tá áthas orm gur féidir linn an gáis a úsáid mar fhoinse cumhachta seachas ligean dó ár n-atmaisféar a thruailliú.

The World Health Organization recommends mothers worldwide to "exclusively breastfeed their infants for the first six months of age to achieve optimal growth, development and health. Nutritious complementary food could be given after the age 6 months, with breastfeeding continued up to the age of two year or beyond." Your baby does not need to drink water for the first 6 months; your milk is all he/she needs. Avoid giving your baby bottles, pacifiers or using nipple shields in the first few weeks of life unless directed by the Physician. The more often you breastfeed, the more milk you make. Benefits of Breastfeeding: |For the Infant||For the Mother| Promotes correct development of jaw and teeth Enhances performance on cognitive development tests Enhances immune system Decreases the incidence and severity of infectious diseases Protects against non-infectious diseases Decreases risks of childhood obesity Protects against allergies and intolerances. Provides safe and fresh milk Promotes mother-child bonding Increases energy expenditure, which may lead to faster return to before pregnancy Promotes the return of the uterus to its normal size Reduces blood loss after delivery Decreases risk for chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes Improves glucose profile in gestational diabetics Reduces the risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer Improves bone density and decreases risk for hip fracture Saves time from preparing and mixing formula Breast Milk Changes: Breast milk changes from colostrum to mature milk during 3 days after delivery to provide adequate nutrition for your baby and promote appropriate growth. Colostrum is often thick, creamy, yellow milk rich in nutrient and antibodies that protect your baby from infections and diseases Feeding frequency and duration Try to breastfeed right after delivery if possible. Continue to breastfeed your baby every 2 to 3 hours even if your milk has not come in or you do not have a lot of milk yet. In the early days of life, breastfeed your baby on demand (every1 to 3 hours), make sure feedings are at least 8 to 12 times in 24 hours. Try to breastfeed for at least 10 to 15 minutes on each breast and alternate the breast you begin with at each feeding Try to begin feeding your baby before he or she becomes too upset. Breast Milk Pumping: If you are unable to breastfeed your baby directly, it is important to suck milk from each breast during the times your baby normally would feed. This will help you continue to make milk. At first, milk supply might be low, but it will increase gradually with more pumping. Make sure you wash your hands and nipples with water and soap before expressing or handling breast milk Expressed Breast Milk Storage: |At room temperature (<25 ͦC) for 3 to 4 hours| Containers should be covered and kept as cool as possible. Covering milk with cool towel may keep milk cooler |In the refrigerator (0-5ͦ°C) for 2 to 3 days||Store milk in the back of the main body of the refrigerator| |In the freezer (-18°C) for 3 to 6 months||Store milk toward the back of the freezer, where temperature is most constant. | How to Get the Frozen Expressed Milk Ready: By transferring it to the refrigerator for thawing By holding it under warn running water or setting it in a container of warm water Avoid using a microwave oven to thaw or heat bottles of breast milk Do not re-freeze breast milk once it has been thawed Thawed breast milk can be used within 1 to 2 hours if kept at room temperature and within 24 hours if stored in the refrigerator Meal Plan Guidelines for the Mother During Bbreastfeeding: |Food groups||Recommended Foods||Serving Example| |Dairy (3 cups/day)| Low fat or fat free yogurt Low fat or fat free milk Low fat cheese or cottage cheese or labnah 1 cup of milk ¾ cup of yogurt 1 ounce (30grams)/ 2 slices of cheese 2tablespoons of labnah/cottage cheese |Fruits (2 fruits/day)| 1 medium size fresh fruit (1 cup) ½ cup of fruit juice ½ cup of dried fruits Whole grain cereals Whole grain bread 1 slice of bread (30 grams) 1/3 cup of rice/pasta ½ small potato (1/2 cup) Lean beef, chicken Fish: halibut, herring, sardines Nuts and seeds 30 grams of beef or chicken (3 small pieces) Red/ green Pepper 1 cup raw vegetables ½ cup cooked vegetables General Recommendations for Breastfeeding Mothers: Eat high-fiber foods (such as bran cereals, whole-grains, dried fruits, fresh fruits and vegetables). Plenty of fluids to help keep the stool soft Small amounts of prune juice Hot or very cold liquids to bring on a bowel movement Do mild exercise (such as walking) each day It is advised to avoid the following foods if it causes you bloating (sometimes also causes colic in the breastfed baby): Vegetables: onions, green pepper, cabbage, broccoli Legumes: lentils, beans, chickpeas |Milk taste changes| Some food might flavor your milk like spices, onions, garlic, and cumin. It is better to avoid these foods in case you noticed that your baby is not accepting your milk after their intake. Caffeine can pass into the breast milk and cause hyperactivity and sleeping problems in your baby - try not to drink more than 2 cups of coffee, tea and cola drinks per day To limit your caffeine intake, you can try decaffeinated tea and coffee, fruit juice or mineral water instead of regular tea, coffee, and other caffeine containing drinks. |Iron deficiency anemia| Eat iron-rich foods: Meat, chicken, fish Legumes: beans, lentils, peas along with Vitamin C-rich foods (such as orange juice, tomatoes, and broccoli). Vitamin C helps the body with iron absorption. Continue to take prenatal vitamins or iron supplements after your physician approval Decrease intake of coffee and tea (as they interfere with iron absorption) |Sugar Substitutes ||Although the available evidence do not suggest negative effect of sugar substitutes on lactation, it is better that they be avoided | |Herbal remedies and other drugs or supplements| Make sure to discuss with your doctor the safety of intake of any herbal remedies, drugs or supplements during breastfeeding Nicotine from tobacco smoking might decrease your milk output. Maternal smoking presents significant health risks for infants. It is recommended to avoid tobacco smoking during lactation period.

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Molann an Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Sláinte do mháithreacha ar fud an domhain "a gcuid leanaí a bheathú go heisiach le haghaidh na chéad sé mhí d'aois chun fás, forbairt agus sláinte is fearr a bhaint amach. D'fhéadfaí bia comhlántach cothaitheach a thabhairt tar éis aois 6 mhí, agus leanfaí ar aghaidh le beathú cíche go dtí aois dhá bhliain nó níos faide". Ní gá do leanbh uisce a ól ar feadh na chéad 6 mhí; ní gá dó ach do bhainne. Ná tabhair buidéil, pacifiers nó cosanta nipple do do leanbh sna chéad seachtainí de shaol mura bhfuil an Dochtúir ag tabhairt treoir. An níos minice a thugann tú seinm, is mó bainne a dhéantar. Sochair na Breastfeeding: Le haghaidh an Infant Cad a tharlaíonn le haghaidh an Máthair Cad a tharlaíonn Spreagann sé forbairt cheart an t-im agus na fiacla Feabhsaíonn sé feidhmíocht ar thástálacha forbartha cognaíocha Feabhsaíonn sé an córas imdhíonachta Laghdaíonn sé minicíocht agus déine galair ionfhabhtaithe Cosnaíonn sé i gcoinne galair neamh-inbhleachtacha Laghdaíonn sé rioscaí murtall óige Cosnaíonn sé i gcoinne ailléirgí agus neamh-fhulaingt. Soláthraíonn sé bainne sábháilte agus úr Spreagann sé naisc idir máthair agus leanbh Méadaíonn sé caiteachas fuinnimh, rud a d'fhéadfadh go dtiocfadh ar ais go luath go dtí roimh an toirchis Cuidíonn sé le hionchar don uterus a bheith chomh mór agus a bhí sé Laghdaíonn sé caillteanas fola tar éis an tsoláthair Laghdaíonn sé an baol go dtarlódh galair ainsealacha mar mar diaibéiteas cineál 2 Feabhsaíonn sé próifíl glúcóis i ndaoine le diaibéiteas toirchis Laghdaíonn sé an baol go dtarlódh ailse chíche, ailse ovaraigh Feabhsaíonn sé dlús cnámh agus laghdaíonn sé riosca le haghaidh briseadh cnámh Sábhálann sé am ó fhoirmle a ullmhú agus a mheascadh Athruithe ar an mBéal Breast: Athraíonn bainne cíche ó colostrum go bainne aibí le linn 3 lá tar éis an tsoláthair chun cothú leordhóthanach a sholáthar do do leanbh agus fás cuí a chur chun cinn. Is minic go mbíonn bainne tiubh, uachtar, buí sa chollóstrum, atá saibhir i gcothaithigh agus in antaibheathaigh a chosnaíonn do leanbh ó ionfhabhtuithe agus ó ghalair Is féidir an t-ábhar a úsáid le haghaidh na n-oidis seo a leanas: Déan iarracht a bheathú díreach tar éis an tarrthála más féidir. Lean ar aghaidh ag cothú do leanbh gach 2 go 3 uair an chloig fiú mura bhfuil do bhainne tagtha isteach nó mura bhfuil go leor bainne agat fós. Sna laethanta tosaigh den saol, cuir do leanbh ar a chíche nuair a éilíonn sé (ag gach 1 go 3 uair an chloig), déan cinnte go bhfuil 8 go 12 uair ar a laghad i 24 uair an chloig. Déan iarracht beathú cíche a thabhairt ar feadh 10 go 15 nóiméad ar a laghad ar gach cíche agus an cíche a thosaíonn tú leis a athrú ag gach beathú Déan iarracht tosú ag beathú do leanbh sula mbíonn sé nó sí ró-chrua. Pumpáil Bainne Breast: Mura féidir leat do leanbh a chothú go díreach, tá sé tábhachtach bainne a shúile ó gach císte sna huaireanta a mbeadh do leanbh ag cothú go gnáth. Cabhróidh sé seo leat leanúint ar aghaidh ag déanamh bainne. Ar dtús, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh soláthar bainne íseal, ach méadóidh sé de réir a chéile le níos mó caidéil. Bí cinnte go n-éireoidh leat do lámha agus do nipples a ní le huisce agus gallúnach sula ndéanann tú bainne cíche a bhaint nó a láimhseáil Stóráil Bainne Breast Expressed: Ag teocht an tseomra (<25 C) ar feadh 3 go 4 uair an chloig Ba cheart coimeádáin a chlúdach agus a choinneáil chomh fuar agus is féidir. D'fhéadfadh sé go gcoinníonn an bainne níos fuaraí má chlúdaíonn tú an bainne le tuáille fuara Sa chuisneoir (0-5°C) ar feadh 2 go 3 lá ☐ Sa reoiteoir (-18°C) ar feadh 3 go 6 mhí ☐ Tá bainne stóráilte i dtreo chúl an reoiteora, áit a bhfuil an teocht is seasmhaí. Tá sé seo. Conas an Bainne Iontaofa Glaisithe a Fháil Réidh: Trí aistriú go dtí an t-aisce fuar chun deoch Trí a shealbhú faoi uisce ag rith rabhadh nó é a chur i gcoimeádán le huisce te Ná húsáid oigheann mhicreathonn chun buidéil bainne cíche a dhíscaoileadh nó a théamh Ná ath-fhriotaigh bainne cíche tar éis é a dhíscaoileadh Is féidir bainne cíche deataithe a úsáid laistigh de 1 go 2 uair an chloig má choinnítear é ag teocht an tseomra agus laistigh de 24 uair an chloig má stóráiltear é sa chuisneoir Treoirlínte maidir le Plean Bia don Mháthair Le linn Bánú: Grúpaí Bia Cad atá le déanamh Leachtacha (3 cupán/lá) Iógart íseal-saillte nó saor ó saillte Bainne íseal-saille nó bainne saor ó saille Síos ísealsaillte nó cáis cottage nó labnah 1 cupán bainne 3⁄4 cupán iógart 1 ounce (30 gram) / 2 sliceanna cáise 2 spúnóg bhoird de labnah/cheese cottage ▪Fruith (2 thorthaí/lá) 1 torthaí úr meánmhéide (1 cupán) 1⁄2 cupán sú torthaí 1⁄2 cupán torthaí triomaithe Gráin ghrán iomlána Arán gráin iomláin 1 slice arán (30 gram) 1/3 cupán ríse/pasta 1⁄2 prátaí beag (1/2 cupán) Beef lean, chicken Iasc: halibut, síleog, sardainí Náis agus síolta 30 gram de fheoil bhaoil nó de chearc (3 phíosaí beaga) Píobáin Dhearg/ Glas 1 cupán glasraí amh 1⁄2 cupán glasraí cócaráilte Molacháin Ghinearálta do Mháithreacha a bhfuil bainne acu: Bíodh spraoi ag baint le do chuid bia, bíodh sé ar do chumas an bia a ithe go réidh. Go leor leachtacha chun cabhrú leis an stool a choinneáil bog Méideanna beaga sú plúine Leachtanna te nó an-fhuar chun gluaiseacht intestine a chur ar bun Bíodh aclaíocht íseal agat (mar shampla siúl) gach lá Moltar na bianna seo a leanas a sheachaint má chuireann siad bloating ort (uaireanta bíonn siad ina gcúis le coic i leanaí a bhfuil bainne acu): Glasraí: uibheacha, piobar glas, cabáiste, bróicli Leaclaí: lionsaí, pónairí, chickpeas Athraíonn blas bainne D'fhéadfadh roinnt bia blas a chur ar do bhainne cosúil le spíosraí, onions, garlic, agus cumin. Is fearr na bianna seo a sheachaint i gcás go mbreathnaíonn do leanbh ar do bhainne tar éis dóibh a ithe. Is féidir le caiféin dul isteach sa bhainne cíche agus hipeartaíocht agus fadhbanna codlata a chur i bhfeidhm ar do leanbh - déan iarracht gan níos mó ná 2 chugán caife, tae agus deochanna cola a ól in aghaidh an lae Chun do iontógáil caifein a theorannú, is féidir leat tae agus caife dí-caiféinithe, sú torthaí nó uisce mianraí a thriail in ionad caife, caife agus deochanna eile a bhfuil caifein iontu. Anemia easnamh iarann Bianna saibhir iarainn a ithe: Feoil, sicín, iasc Leacán: féin, lionsa, pianta chomh maith le bianna saibhre vitimín C (cosúil le sú oráiste, trátaí, agus brocailí). Cabhraíonn vitimín C leis an gcomhlacht ionsú iarann a dhéanamh. Lean ar aghaidh ag glacadh vitimíní réamhbhreithe nó forlíontaí iarann tar éis do dhochtúir ceadú a thabhairt duit Laghdaigh an toiliú caife agus tae (mar go gcuireann siad isteach ar ionsú iarann) Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh an t-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar a úsáidtear i measc na n-ábhar. Leigheasanna luibhe agus drugaí nó forlíontaí eile Déan cinnte go ndéanfaidh tú plé le do dhochtúir maidir le sábháilteacht aon leigheasanna luibhe, drugaí nó forlíontaí a thógáil le linn beathú cíche D'fhéadfadh an nicotine a thagann as caitheamh tobac do tháirgeadh bainne a laghdú. Tá rioscaí suntasacha sláinte ag caitheamh tobac ó mháthair do naíonáin. Moltar tobac a chaitheamh le linn tréimhse na cócó.

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) is chosen to interrogate a weld volume through its thickness to detect gas pores (porosity), lack of fusion or racking, and metal loss through erosion or corrosion. Each of these types of “defects” could have a detrimental effect on a product because additional stresses are caused by such impurities. UT operates on the principle of sound-energy reflection. A probe sends sound into a material as energy vibrations, and it echoes from an interface in its path back to a receiver. This principle of echo location is observed in dolphins and bats as the means for detecting their prey while hunting. In ultrasonics, we set up the equipment in such a way to ensure that each of the above parameters are accounted for. This means the equipment must be set up to allow the reflector to produce an echo on the display screen. The way the equipment is set up will also indicate to the inspector where the reflector is in the weld relative to the sound-path distance. Is there a defined interface that sound can echo from? This means that the target reflector needs to have a surface that echoes the signal to the receiver. If the surface is absorbent, sound energy is lost into the material and the defect will be missed. The size of the reflector plays a key role in the UT inspection, and the equipment is calibrated to detect the smallest reflector during the inspection. Additional measures need to be put in place to improve the detection of smaller “defects”. If a reflector is oriented in a way that sound energy is reflected away, it will be missed or not “seen”. The equipment must be calibrated to ensure complete coverage and detection. Conventional UT equipment has a range of probe angles available (0°, 45°, 60° and 70°), which are used to send the sound at a particular angle into the material being tested. This allows for reflection of sound energy to the receiver to take place. The procedural requirements set by Applus+ address these eventualities during the inspection. Increasingly, there is the desire to achieve more from the inspection than that delivered by just conventional UT. This is because, based on a client’s requirements, more information and recording of the information collected is required. In such cases, Phased Array will be selected. Phased Array UT (PAUT) uses the basic principles of ultrasound, but there is an ability to improve the results from a given inspection. Conventional UT has certain inspection limitations as discussed previously. PAUT is therefore selected to reduce those limitations in the following ways: - Permanent record. PAUT allows for encoded or recorded scans in order to keep a permanent record of the inspection. - Selection of inspection angles. PAUT allows the equipment to set up a range of angles (35° – 75°) in one single inspection, where as conventional UT uses one angle probe per inspection step. - Inspection time. PAUT uses an inspection setup, using a full range of angles (35° – 75°) to perform in one pass, where as conventional UT uses one angle probe per inspection step, which is very time consuming. - Inspection coverage. When performing a PAUT inspection, the range of incorporated angles (35° – 75°) are used in one inspection. This allows for a defect to be detected by the optimum angle using a single line scan. Conventional UT requires extensive scanning patterns and multiple probe selections to gather the same information. PAUT provides a visual map of signals that provide a record of the inspection. For auditing and traceability, PAUT provides a more tangible result to the client than conventional UT. PAUT is becoming more often selected than conventional UT for these above-mentioned reasons.

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Roghnaítear tástáil ultrafhónta (UT) chun tomhas weld a fhiosrú trína thiús chun pores gáis (poras), easpa leá nó racaithe, agus caillteanas miotail trí éadóis nó creimeadh a bhrath. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh tionchar díobhálach ag gach ceann de na cineálacha "míchumais" seo ar tháirge toisc go gcuireann neamhíonachtaí den sórt sin strus breise ar tháirge. Oibríonn UT ar phrionsabal na léargas-fhuinneamh fuaime. Seolann sond fuaim isteach i ábhar mar thrioblóidí fuinnimh, agus déanann sé a chraobhchomhartha ó chomhéadan ina bhealach ar ais chuig glacadóir. Breathnaíonn an prionsabal seo ar shuíomh echos i dúlfíní agus i mbathanna mar mhodh chun a n-íobairt a bhrath agus iad ag fiach. I ultrafhuaime, socraímid an trealamh ar bhealach a chinntíonn go gcuirtear gach ceann de na paraiméadair thuas san áireamh. Ciallaíonn sé seo go gcaithfear an trealamh a shocrú ionas go bhféadfaidh an léargascairt echó a tháirgeadh ar an scáileán taispeána. Léireoidh an bealach a bhfuil an trealamh socraithe don iniúchóir freisin cá bhfuil an t-aisghaire sa t-uain i gcomparáid leis an achar fuaime. An bhfuil comhéadan sainithe ann gur féidir leis an fhuaim a bheith ag teacht as? Ciallaíonn sé seo go gcaithfidh dromchla a bheith ag an léargas sprioc a dhéanann an comhartha a athsholáthar don ghlacadóir. Má tá an dromchla absorbent, cailltear fuinneamh fuaime sa t-ábhar agus ní dhéanfar an locht a mhealladh. Tá ról lárnach ag méid an athfhéataire i gcur i láthair UT, agus déantar an trealamh a chalabrú chun an athfhéataire is lú a bhrath le linn an chigireachta. Ní mór bearta breise a chur i bhfeidhm chun feabhas a chur ar bhrath "míchumais" níos lú. Má tá léargas dírithe ar bhealach go ndéantar fuinneamh fuaime a léiriú ar shiúl, caillfear é nó ní fheicfear é. Ní mór an trealamh a chalabrú chun clúdach agus braithleacht iomlán a chinntiú. Tá raon uillinneacha tástála (0°, 45°, 60° agus 70°) ar fáil i dtrealamh traidisiúnta UT, a úsáidtear chun an fhuaim a sheoladh ag uillinn ar leith isteach sa ábhar atá á thástáil. Ligeann sé seo do fhuinneamh fuaime a léiriú chuig an glacadóir. Ba cheart do na ceanglais nós imeachta a leagtar síos ag Applus+ aghaidh a thabhairt ar na féidearthachtaí seo le linn na cigireachta. Tá sé ag éirí níos mó agus níos mó ag iarraidh níos mó a bhaint amach ón iniúchadh ná an méid a sholáthraíonn ÚC traidisiúnta amháin. Tá sé seo toisc, bunaithe ar riachtanais chliaint, go bhfuil gá le tuilleadh faisnéise agus le taifeadadh na faisnéise a bhailítear. I gcásanna den sórt sin, roghnófar an Fás-Sraith. Baineann Phased Array UT (PAUT) úsáid as prionsabail bhunúsacha an ultrafhuaime, ach tá sé indéanta na torthaí a fheabhsú ó iniúchadh ar leith. Tá teorainneacha áirithe iniúchta ag UT traidisiúnta mar a pléadh roimhe seo. Is é an t-aon bhealach chun an t-airgead a fháil ó na Ballstáit a bhfuil an t-airgead sin á úsáid acu ná trí chuntas a fháil ó na Ballstáit. - Taifead buan. Is féidir le PAUT scannaigh chódáilte nó taifeadta a dhéanamh chun taifead buan den iniúchadh a choinneáil. - Roghnú na n-uillinneacha iniúchta. Ligeann PAUT don trealamh raon uillinneacha a shocrú (35° 75°) i gcur chuige amháin, áit a n-úsáideann an UT traidisiúnta scandail uillinneach amháin in aghaidh an chéim iniúchta. - Am iniúchta. Úsáideann PAUT socrú cigireachta, ag baint úsáide as raon iomlán uillinneacha (35 ° 75 °) le déanamh i rith amháin, áit a n-úsáideann UT traidisiúnta sond uillinne amháin in aghaidh an chéim cigireachta, rud a thógann an-am. - Clúdach cigireachta. Nuair a dhéantar iniúchadh PAUT, úsáidtear raon na n-uillinneacha ionchorpraithe (35° 75°) in aon iniúchadh amháin. Ligeann sé seo do locht a bhrath ag an uillinn is fearr le scanadh líne amháin. Ní mór go mbeadh an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scagadh agus a scagadh go hiomlán ar an scáileán. Soláthraíonn PAUT léarscáil amhairc de chomharthaí a sholáthraíonn taifead ar an iniúchadh. Maidir le hiniúchóireacht agus inrianaitheacht, soláthraíonn PAUT toradh níos inláimhsithe don chliaint ná UT traidisiúnta. Tá PAUT á roghnú níos minice ná UT traidisiúnta ar na cúiseanna thuasluaite.

1000mg of Cranberry Powder a day strongly reduces the recurrence of urinary tract infections Infections of the urinary tract represent a wide variety of syndromes, including urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis, and pyelonephritis. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most commonly occurring bacterial infections in medicine today and account for millions of patient visits annually. UTIs are disorders involving a repeated or prolonged bacterial infection of the bladder or lower urinary tract. Most UTIs occur in the lower urinary tract, which includes the bladder and urethra. Cystitis occurs when bacteria, with resultant inflammation infect the normally sterile lower urinary tract. Chronic or recurrent UTIs include repeated episodes of cystitis (more than two occurrences in six months), or UTIs that do not respond to usual therapies or that last longer than two weeks. UTIs are most common in women; however, men and children may experience them as well. Cranberry fruit juice has been recommended for many years for the treatment of UTIs. Recent scientific research lends additional scientific validity to this folk remedy. In the United States, UTIs account for a significant number of the bacterial infections that are reported each year. Although these infections are not usually life threatening or even a significant health risk for most individuals, there is increasing concern over bacterial resistance to antibiotics that treat UTIs and other infections. Therefore, cranberry could, in some cases, serve as a natural and much-needed complement to conventional antibiotics. In a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial, researchers sought to evaluate the efficacy of whole cranberry powder in preventing urinary tract infections. The study included 60 women between the ages of 18 to 40 years who suffer with recurrent UTIs who were randomly selected to receive either placebo, 500 mg (low dose) or 1000 mg (high dose) of whole cranberry powder daily for 90 days. At the end of the study, no significant changes in the presence of E. coli were found in the placebo group. However, a significant reduction in the presence of E. coli was found in the both the low and high dose treatment groups. The subjects also reported symptomatic relief in both treatment groups, while no reduction in symptoms was noted in the placebo group. Overall, it was found that a dose of 500 mg of whole cranberry powder per day reduced the recurrence of UTIs by 36 percent. A dose of 1000 mg per day reduced the recurrence by 65 percent. These findings suggest that whole cranberry powder should be considered a safe and effective adjunct treatment along with antibiotics to reduce the recurrence of UTIs in women. The study is published March 2011 in the journal Current Bioactive Compounds.

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Laghdaíonn 1000mg de Pól Cranberry in aghaidh an lae go mór athfhilleadh ionfhabhtuithe an chonair folláin Léiríonn ionfhabhtuithe na bpócaí miotal siondróim éagsúla, lena n-áirítear urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis, agus pyelonephritis. Tá ionfhabhtuithe an chonair folláine (UTI) ar cheann de na ionfhabhtuithe baictéaracha is coitianta sa leigheas inniu agus is ionann iad agus na milliúin cuairteanna ar othair gach bliain. Is neamhoird iad IUTanna a bhaineann le haireabhadh baictéarach athfhillte nó fada aníos ar an mblaosc nó ar an gconair uiríne níos ísle. Tarlaíonn an chuid is mó de na UTIs sa chonair uiríne níos ísle, lena n-áirítear an bolgán agus an urethra. Tarlaíonn cistitis nuair a ionfhabhraíonn baictéir, le athlasadh mar thoradh air sin, an rian feácha níos ísle urinarúil a bhíonn go gnáth steirile. I measc na n-ÚI a bhíonn ag tarlú go seasta nó go athfhillte tá eipeasóid athfhillteach de cystitis (níos mó ná dhá uair i sé mhí), nó UTIanna nach bhfreagraíonn do ghnáththeiripeanna nó a mhaireann níos faide ná dhá sheachtain. Tá UTIanna is coitianta i measc na mban; áfach, d'fhéadfadh fir agus leanaí iad a fháil freisin. Moltar sú torthaí cranberry ar feadh blianta fada chun UTIanna a chóireáil. Tugann taighde eolaíoch le déanaí bailícht eolaíoch breise don leigheas tíre seo. Sna Stáit Aontaithe, is ionann ionfhabhtuithe UTI agus líon suntasach de na haignéis baictéaracha a thuairiscítear gach bliain. Cé nach mbíonn na hairíonna seo ina mbagairt ar shaol an phobail nó ina mbagairt shláinte suntasach dóibh féin de ghnáth, tá imní méadaitheach ann faoi fhrithsheasmhacht baictéarach i gcoinne antaibheathaigh a chóireálann UTIanna agus ionfhabhtuithe eile. Dá bhrí sin, d'fhéadfadh cranberry, i gcásanna áirithe, a bheith ina chomhlánú nádúrtha agus an-riachtanach ar antaibheathaigh thraidisiúnta. I dtrialach cliniciúil randamach, faoi dhúshlán, rialaithe, rinne taighdeoirí iarracht éifeachtúlacht púdar cranberry iomlán a mheas chun ionfhabhtuithe cnaipí a chosc. I measc na mban a bhí san staidéar, 60 bean idir 18 agus 40 bliain d'aois a raibh UTI athfhillte acu a roghnaíodh go randamach chun placebo, 500 mg (dóis íseal) nó 1000 mg (dóis ard) púdar cranberry iomlán a fháil gach lá ar feadh 90 lá. Ag deireadh an staidéir, níor aimsíodh aon athruithe suntasacha i láthair E. coli sa ghrúpa plaibéabó. Mar sin féin, fuarthas laghdú suntasach ar láithreacht E. coli i ngrúpaí cóireála dáileoga íseal agus ard araon. D' thuairiscigh na hábhair faoiseamh comharthaí sa dá ghrúpa cóireála, agus níor tugadh aon laghdú ar na hairíonna sa ghrúpa plaibé. Ar an iomlán, fuarthas amach go laghdaigh dáileog de 500 mg de thús cranberry iomlán in aghaidh an lae athfhilleadh UTIanna 36 faoin gcéad. Laghdaigh dáileog de 1000 mg in aghaidh an lae an athchóirithe de 65 faoin gcéad. Tugann na torthaí seo le fios gur chóir púdar cranberry iomlán a mheas mar chóireáil chomhordaithe sábháilte agus éifeachtach in éineacht le antaibheathaigh chun athfhilleadh ITUanna i measc na mban a laghdú. Foilsíodh an staidéar i mí an Mhárta 2011 sa iris Current Bioactive Compounds.

Performing Complex Actions Using Methods Methods perform actions more complex than the simple setting or reading of a property. For example, OpenFile() is a DiagramManager method that in turn invokes a number of other operations: it must navigate the directory/file system, allocate resources for file handling, keep track of the file handle and attributes and so on. Dim MyDiagram As Diagram Dim strFile As String strFile = "C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\IDERA\ERStudio\Model\MyModel.dm1 " Set MyDiagram = DiagramManager.OpenFile(strFile)

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Gníomhartha Iomplaithe a Choimeád ag baint úsáide as Modhanna Déanann modhanna gníomhartha níos casta ná socrú nó léamh simplí maoine. Mar shampla, is modh DiagramManager é OpenFile (() a ghlaonn roinnt oibríochtaí eile: ní mór dó dul ar aghaidh sa chóras díreora / comhaid, acmhainní a leithdháileadh le haghaidh láimhseáil comhaid, rian a choinneáil ar láimhseáil comhaid agus tréithe agus mar sin de. Dim MyDiagram mar Dhiagram Dim strFile As String strFile = "C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\IDERA\ERStudio\Model\MyModel.dm1 " Cuir MyDiagram = DiagramManager.OpenFile (strFile)

Won’t it be nice when we don’t have to worry about charging our cell phones all the time? University of Washington scientists have taken a big step in making that a reality some day soon. They have invented a battery-free prototype phone detailed in a paper published July 1, 2017 in the Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, designed to require just 3.5 micro-watts of juice, which it gets by harvesting nearby ambient energy sources. Reduce Power Requirements The UW team redesigned the phone based on significantly minimizing power consumption and by effectively utilizing energy from the environment, often referred to as ambient energy scavenging. A big power saving stage in the design was replacing the typical power draining process of converting analog signals that change sound into digital data. The battery-free cellphone prototype made of off-the-shelf components utilizes the small vibrations in a phone’s microphone or speaker that occur when a person is speaking or listening to a call. In an ingenious design that uses almost no power, an integrated antenna transforms the vibration into changes in standard analog radio signal emitted by a cellular base station. This process essentially encodes speech patterns in reflected radio signals to transmit speech and to receive speech, as it converts encoded radio signals into sound vibrations. Harvest Required Ambient Energy With the power requirements greatly minimized the phone still must scavenge the 3.5 micro-watts of power it needs. The prototype uses convenient ambient sources like radio signals and stores them in a tiny solar cell, approximately the size of a grain of rice. For the successful proof of concept Skype call, the UW team made their own base station to transmit and receive the radio signals. But the future goal would be to eventually commercialize a phone that could be powered from standard cellular network infrastructure or Wi-Fi routers now normally used to make and receive calls. To help reach these future goals the UW team will work on: - Extending the phone’s operating range. - Securely encrypting phone conversations to make them secure. - To enable streaming video. - Add a visual display feature to the phone utilizing low-power E-ink screens.

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Nach mbeadh sé go deas nuair nach gá dúinn a bheith buartha faoi ár bhfón póca a mhuirearú an t-am ar fad? Tá eolaithe Ollscoil Washington tar éis céim mhór a ghlacadh chun é sin a dhéanamh ina réaltacht lá éigin go luath. Tá fón próitéitíp gan ceallraí cruthaithe acu a thuairiscíodh i bpáipéar a foilsíodh an 1 Iúil, 2017 i gCearta Cumarsáide na Cumann um Innealtóireacht ar Theicneolaíochtaí Idirghníomhacha, Soghluaiste, In-in-Ionchorpraithe agus Uibhicuite, atá deartha chun ach 3.5 micre-watt de shuain a éileamh, a fhaigheann sé trí fhoinsí fuinnimh timpeallachta in aice láimhe a bhaint amach. Laghdaigh riachtanais chumhachta D'athdhearbhaigh foireann UW an fón bunaithe ar ídiú cumhachta a íoslaghdú go suntasach agus trí fhuinneamh ón timpeallacht a úsáid go héifeachtach, a thugtar air go minic mar scagadh fuinnimh timpeallachta. Céim mór sábhála cumhachta sa dearadh a bhí ag malartú na comharthaí analógach a athraíonn fuaim i sonraí digiteacha. Baineann an próta-fhón cealla gan ceallraí a dhéantar de chomhpháirteanna atá ar fáil ar an seilf úsáid as na cithfholcadh beaga i micreafón nó i labhraí an fhón a tharlaíonn nuair a bhíonn duine ag caint nó ag éisteacht le glao. I ndearadh ingne a úsáideann beagnach aon chumhacht, déanann antenna comhtháite an t-athrú a dhéanamh ar athruithe i gcomhartha raidió analógach caighdeánach a eisíonn stáisiún bonn cealla. Códálann an próiseas seo patrún cainte i gcomharthaí raidió athraithe chun cainte a tharchur agus cainte a fháil, de réir mar a thiontú comharthaí raidió códaithe i gcathracha fuaime. Fuinneamh Comhthimpeallachta a theastaíonn chun an Fhionn a Thógáil Le riachtanais chumhachta a íoslaghdú go mór ní mór don fhón fós na 3.5 micre-watt de chumhacht a theastaíonn uaidh a scaipeadh. Baineann an fhréamhshamhail úsáid as foinsí comhshaoil áisiúla cosúil le comharthaí raidió agus stórálann sé iad i gceall gréine beag, thart ar mhéid gráin ríse. Chun an glaoch Skype a dhearbhú go rathúil, rinne foireann UW a stáisiún bonn féin chun na comharthaí raidió a tharchur agus a fháil. Ach is é an sprioc sa todhchaí fóin a thrádáil ar deireadh a d'fhéadfadh a bheith faoi chumhacht ó bhun-bhonneagar líonra ceallacha caighdeánach nó ó ródairí Wi-Fi a úsáidtear go gnáth anois chun glaonna a dhéanamh agus a fháil. Chun cabhrú leis na spriocanna seo a bhaint amach sa todhchaí, oibreoidh foireann UW ar: - An raon oibriúcháin an fhón a leathnú. - Clúdaíonn sé comhráite teileafóin go slán chun iad a dhéanamh slán. - Chun físeán sruthú a chumasú. - Feidhm taispeána amhairc a chur leis an bhfón ag baint úsáide as scáileáin E-Inc ísealchumhachta.

- 1 What are Forex Rates - 2 What are Forex Currency Exchange Rates - 3 How Are Forex Currency Exchange Rates Set - 4 Where to Find Live Forex Rates - 5 Conclusion - 6 FREE WORKSHOP What are Forex Rates Forex rates tells you how much one unit of a currency can be exchanged for another currency. Usually Forex rates are expressed in Forex currency pairs where two currencies are connected. Here is an example: EUR/USD = 1.1234 Example of EUR/USD Forex rate tells you that one unit of EUR currency is worth 1.1234 of U.S. dollars. The value of a currency rate compared to another currency can be floating or fixed. What are Forex Currency Exchange Rates Floating currency exchange rate is the rate that is defined by the supply and demand. The supply and demand are determined on the open market like Forex market. When there is strong demand for the currency, the value of that currency will rise. When the currency rate is fixed it means it will not change on daily basis. It will change when the date of a change is determined. Have in mind that fixed does not mean that the rate does not change at all. The Forex currency exchange rate changes, but two currencies in a pair move in tandem. Factors That Have Influence on Forex Currency Exchange Rates Floating rates are determined by the supply and demand. If the demand is high the rate of the currency will rise and if the demand is low the rate will fall down. What determine supply and demand of a currency? Supply and Demand If you want one currency and many other people want same currency, such large demand will cause currency rate to rise. This is supply and demand that are determined by the people. If there is disaster or rumors about bad news about U.S. or Euro, their currency rate will fall down. Bad news will have impact on the Forex rates of each currency. If there are good news on the market you will have currency rate rising. For the short term moves you can see central banks intervention when the currency rate is to high or to low. To high or to low currency rate can be good and bad for the nation. To ensure good condition of the nation, central banks will step in and make adjustments on the Forex rates market. If the government in the country is not stable that will cause the currency rate fall in value. The currency rate will fall compared to more developed countries. Protect Currency Rate There are countries that want to protect their exchange currency rate against other currencies. This means they set the rate for their currency against another and do not change it daily or weekly. When they want to change the currency exchange rate they do it once in few years on particular date known as revaluation date. This way of protecting of currency exchange rate is called pegged exchange rate. To make this possible country that have pegged currency must hold large amount of foreign currency in their reserves so they can react when necessary. The most known pegged currency was Swiss franc that was pegged against Euro. The rate of Swiss franc was held on one exchange rate, 1.20. The move have caused strong movements on the Forex exchange market. How Are Forex Currency Exchange Rates Set Current Forex currency exchange rates are determined by the floating exchange rate. That means each currency rate is affected by the economic status of the country, by its government and by the central banks. If the economic of a country is in very good shape currency will be valued much more. Currency strength will be higher on the Forex exchange because the demand will be high. If you U.S. dollar you can check is the economy of USA in a good shape. If it is then U.S. dollar strength will be high. How the government acts in the country will have affect on the rate. Investors that are looking for stable government will be more likely to invest in that country. Consequently their actions will attract or keep of investors from their country. How the investors look at that country will make the currency rate rise or to fall. Central banks will make interventions on the market and will reduce the amount of currency available to people and make it stronger. If they make the intervention with printing more currency the value of currency will fall. Where to Find Live Forex Rates You can find live Forex rates on the Internet if you make google search. You can also make trading decision with live Forex rates if you have mobile phone and broker. Broker can give you live Forex rates so you can trade on the Forex. If you are looking for site that gives you live Forex rates you can visit FxStreet. There you can find any currency you would like to have. Forex currency exchange rates are determined mostly by the supply and demand. If there is strong demand, currency rate will rise because many would like to have it. If the demand is not strong, currency rate will fall. That will mean currency is not attractive. Many other factors are influencing on the currency rate and majority are country government and central banks. They are core management of the country so their decisions have large impact on the Forex rates of their currency. You can participate on currency exchange if you like, so you can see how the rate of currency changes. For beginners who does not know how and where to start with trading In the workshop I will tell you what steps to do in order to transform yourself into a trader

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- 1 Cad iad Rátaí Forex - 2 Cad iad Rátaí Malairte Airgeadraí Forex - 3 Conas a shocraítear rátaí malairte airgeadraí Forex - 4 Cá háit a bhfaighidh tú rátaí Forex beo - 5 Conclúid - 6 OILLEÁIN SAOR IN AISCE Cad iad Rátaí Forex Tugann rátaí Forex duit cé mhéad a d'fhéadfadh aonad amháin de airgeadra a mhalartú le airgeadra eile. De ghnáth léirítear rátaí Forex i bpáirtí airgeadraí Forex ina bhfuil dhá airgeadra ceangailte. Seo sampla: EUR/USD = 1.1234 Sampla de ráta Forex EUR/USD a insíonn duit go bhfuil aonad amháin de airgeadra EUR luach 1.1234 de dhollair na SA. Is féidir luach ráta airgeadra i gcomparáid le airgeadra eile a bheith ag gluaiseacht nó seasta. Cad iad Rátaí Malairte Airgeadra Forex Is é an ráta malairte airgeadra a bhfuil sé ag teacht le soláthar agus éileamh an ráta malairte a bhfuil sé ag teacht le soláthar agus éileamh. Déantar soláthar agus éileamh a chinneadh ar an margadh oscailte cosúil le margadh Forex. Nuair a bhíonn éileamh láidir ar an airgeadra, méadóidh luach na airgeadra sin. Nuair a bhíonn an ráta airgeadra seasta ciallaíonn sé nach n-athróidh sé ar bhonn laethúil. Athrófar é nuair a chinnfear dáta an athraithe. Coinnigh i gcuimhne nach gciallóidh an ráta seasta nach n-athraíonn an ráta ar chor ar bith. Athraíonn ráta malairte airgeadra Forex, ach bogann dhá airgeadra i bpáirc i ndán. Fachtóirí a bhfuil tionchar acu ar Rátaí Malairte Airgeadra Forex Déantar rátaí soithithe a chinneadh ag soláthar agus éileamh. Má tá an t-éileamh ard, ardóidh ráta an airgeadra agus má tá an t-éileamh íseal, titfidh an ráta síos. Cad a chinneann soláthar agus éileamh ar airgeadra? Soláthar agus Éileamh Más mian leat airgeadra amháin agus go leor daoine eile ag iarraidh an t-airgeadra céanna, éileamh den sórt sin mór beidh rátaí airgeadra a ardú. Is é seo an soláthar agus an t-éileamh a chinntíonn na daoine. Má bhíonn tubaiste nó ráflaí ann faoi droch-scéal faoi na Stáit Aontaithe nó an Euro, titfidh a ráta airgeadra síos. Beidh tionchar ag drochscéal ar rátaí Forex gach airgeadra. Má tá dea-scéal ar an margadh beidh ráta airgeadra ag ardú. Maidir le gluaiseachtaí gearrthéarmach is féidir leat idirghabháil bainc cheannais a fheiceáil nuair a bhíonn an ráta airgeadra ró-ard nó ró-íseal. D'fhéadfadh ráta airgeadra ard nó íseal a bheith maith agus olc don náisiún. Chun dea-stádas na náisiúin a chinntiú, rachaidh bainc cheannais isteach agus coigeartuithe a dhéanamh ar mhargadh rátaí Forex. Mura bhfuil an rialtas sa tír cobhsaí beidh go mbeidh an ráta airgeadra titim i luach. Beidh an ráta airgeadra ag titim i gcomparáid le tíortha níos forbartha. Ráta Airgeadaíochta a Chosaint Tá tíortha ann ar mian leo a n-airgeadra a chúrsa malairte a chosaint i gcoinne airgeadraí eile. Ciallaíonn sé seo go socraíonn siad ráta a n-airgeadra i gcomparáid le hairgeadra eile agus nach n-athraíonn siad é go laethúil nó go seachtainiúil. Nuair a theastaíonn uathu an ráta malairte airgeadra a athrú déanann siad é uair amháin i gceann cúpla bliain ar dháta áirithe ar a dtugtar dáta athmheasúnaithe. Tugtar ráta malairte ceangailte ar an mbealach seo chun ráta malairte airgeadra a chosaint. Chun é seo a dhéanamh is féidir tír a bhfuil airgeadra ceangailte ní mór a choinneáil ar mhéid mór de airgeadra eachtrach ina gcúlchistí ionas gur féidir leo freagairt nuair is gá. Ba é an t-airgeadra ceangailte is mó a bhí ar eolas ná franc na hEilvéise a bhí ceangailte i gcoinne an euro. Coinníodh ráta an francais na hEilvéise ar ráta malairte amháin, 1.20. Tá gluaiseachtaí láidre tagtha ar an margadh malairte Forex mar thoradh ar an gcur chuige sin. Conas a shocraítear Rátaí Malairte Airgeadraí Forex Déantar rátaí malairte reatha airgeadraí Forex a chinneadh de réir an ráta malairte pluiteála. Ciallaíonn sé sin go mbíonn tionchar ag stádas eacnamaíoch na tíre, ag a rialtas agus ag na bainc cheannais ar gach ráta airgeadra. Má tá geilleagar tíre i riocht an-mhaith beidh luach níos mó ar airgeadra. Beidh neart airgeadra níos airde ar an malartú Forex toisc go mbeidh an t-éileamh ard. Má tá tú dollar na Stát Aontaithe is féidir leat a sheiceáil go bhfuil an geilleagar na Stát Aontaithe i riocht maith. Má tá sé ansin beidh neart dollar na Stát Aontaithe ard. Beidh tionchar ag an gcaoi a ngníomhaíonn an rialtas sa tír ar an ráta. Beidh infheisteoirí atá ag lorg rialtas cobhsaí níos mó seans a infheistiú sa tír sin. Dá bhrí sin, beidh a ngníomhartha ina n-ionstraimithe a mhealladh nó a choinneáil óna dtír féin. Déanfaidh an chaoi a bhféachfaidh na hinfheisteoirí ar an tír sin an ráta airgeadra a ardú nó a laghdú. Déanfaidh bainc cheannais idirghabhálacha ar an margadh agus laghdóidh siad méid an airgeadra atá ar fáil do dhaoine agus déanfaidh siad níos láidre é. Má dhéanann siad an idirghabháil le níos mó airgid a phriontáil titfidh luach na airgeadra. Cá háit a bhfaighidh tú rátaí Forex beo Is féidir leat rátaí Forex beo a fháil ar an Idirlíon má dhéanann tú cuardach google. Is féidir leat cinneadh trádála a dhéanamh freisin le rátaí Forex beo má tá fón póca agus bróicéir agat. Is féidir le bróicéir rátaí Forex beo a thabhairt duit ionas gur féidir leat trádáil ar an Forex. Má tá tú ag lorg suíomh a thugann tú rátaí Forex beo is féidir leat cuairt a thabhairt ar FxStreet. Is féidir leat aon airgeadra a theastaíonn uait a fháil ann. Déantar rátaí malairte airgeadraí Forex a chinneadh den chuid is mó ag soláthar agus éileamh. Má tá éileamh láidir ann, méadóidh ráta airgeadra toisc go mbeadh go leor ag iarraidh é a bheith acu. Mura bhfuil an t-éileamh láidir, titfidh ráta airgeadra. Ciallaíonn sé sin nach bhfuil an t-airgeadra tarraingteach. Tá go leor fachtóirí eile ag tionchar ar an ráta airgeadra agus is iad rialtais na tíre agus bainc cheannais an chuid is mó. Tá siad mar phríomhbhainistíocht na tíre agus mar sin bíonn tionchar mór ag a gcinntí ar rátaí Forex a gcuid airgeadra. Is féidir leat páirt a ghlacadh i malartú airgeadra más mian leat, ionas gur féidir leat a fheiceáil conas a athraíonn an ráta airgeadra. Le haghaidh tosaitheoirí nach bhfuil a fhios acu conas agus cá háit le tosú le trádáil Sa cheardlann beidh mé a insint duit cad iad na céimeanna a dhéantar d'fhonn chun tú féin a athrú ina thrádálaí

SedimentationSedimentation is the process of allowing suspended solids in water to settle out through the effect of gravitational force. This process usually follows coagulation and flocculation to let colloidal particles (very fine solids) in raw water form larger particles or flocs first. Sedimentation, also called settling or clarification, precedes the filtration process. In a purification system, water carried over from the flocculation basin enters the sedimentation tank or settling basin, where the flow of water is very slow. The water velocity is significantly decreased at this point so that it can no longer support the transport of suspended particles, thus leaving gravity to act on them. When this happens, the flocs settle at the bottom of the tank. The sediments or solids that settle out during sedimentation are collectively referred to as sludge. Some settling tanks are fitted with equipment that facilitates the automatic and continuous removal of sludge. Otherwise, tank operators would have to manually remove this. Factors Affecting Sedimentation ● Particle Characteristics The type of solid particles present in the water is one of the major factors that affect how a sedimentation tank is operated. Bigger and heavier solids such as sand, silt, and grit are removed with little effort. A water-flow velocity of less than one foot per second should be adequate to remove these particles from the water. In cases where coarse suspended matter such as those mentioned above make up majority of the particles present in the source water, sedimentation can be done as part of the pretreatment process. This process is called presedimentation, and is done to reduce the load on the coagulation/flocculation basin. However, when there is high turbidity and electrically-charged colloidal particles abound, chemical coagulants need to be added first and the particles allowed to flocculate, before sedimentation can take place. Aside from size and density, the shape of the particle also has an effect on the clarification process. Circular and flat solids will settle more easily than those with ragged edges. Within the settling tank, there may be various types of currents present which can have an impact on sedimentation, and the two most common ones are density and eddy currents. Density currents are brought about by the different elements that have come together in the tank: the concentration of the solid particles, the individual and collective weight of these particles, and the water temperature. Eddy currents on the other hand, are caused by the flow of the water entering and exiting the tank. One or both of these current types can have a positive effect on the process as they can aid in bringing the particles together and promote the formation of flocs. But then again, currents may also cause solid matter to spread out rather haphazardly in the water. When this happens, the flocs also settle at an uneven rate. ● Basin Retention Time As a general rule, water must remain in the sedimentation basin long enough for the particles to settle, and then be removed. Smaller particles settle more slowly than bigger ones and therefore, the waters carrying these require longer retention times and larger tanks. On the average, water stays in the settling tank for at least four hours. ● Basin Depth The size and depth of the sedimentation tank or basin is also key to the efficiency of the operation. Large particles are known to sweep along and combine with smaller ones as they settle and because of this, a deep basin will promote settling better than a shallow basin will. The further the flocs need to travel down, the more smaller particles they can integrate with along the way. ● Water Temperature The temperature of the water in the tank is another factor to contend with in sedimentation. With a higher temperature normally comes a higher rate of settling, and consequently, particle settling slows down as temperature goes down. A decreased rate of settling can have an effect in the other steps of the process. For instance, the retention time in the sedimentation tank will need to be longer when settling decelerates. In addition, when settling slows down, addition of coagulants may be needed to achieve about the same amount of sludge despite the decreased settling rate. The Sedimentation Basin ● Basin Shapes There are various types of sedimentation basins that can be used for this water purification process. The settling basin should ideally be located close to the flocculation basin to prevent the breakup of floc as the water flows from the first basin to the next. Sedimentation basins may be: ● Rectangular. The simplest and most common design used today, a rectangular basin allows water to flow through horizontally from one end of the tank to the other. While rectangle-shaped tanks require a sizeable land area, these basins are popular because they are ideal for large-scale water treatment plants. This type is also the most cost-effective to construct and maintain, and the least likely to short circuit. As a side note, short-circuiting in sedimentation is a tricky situation wherein the water does not follow the normal flow in the tank and proceeds to the outlet, thereby spending less time in the basin than what is normally required. ● Double-deck Rectangular. As described by its name, a double-deck rectangular settling basin is essentially made up of two rectangular tanks placed atop each other. Water from the flocculation tank enters the bottom basin and then slowly flows through and goes up to the basin on top where the exit is located. One advantage of the double-deck basin is that it conserves space while still providing ample area for particle settling to take place. However, it is also more expensive to maintain than a rectangular basin. ● Square or circular. Better known as clarifiers, square and circular sedimentation basins have inlets located at the center where the water flows in, and outlets at the edges where the treated water exits. Clarifiers are known to be prone to short-circuiting and sludge removal problems. ● Basin Zones The sedimentation basin is divided into four basic zones: inlet zone, settling zone, sludge zone, and outlet zone. ● Inlet Zone. The water enters the inlet zone of the sedimentation basin from the flocculation tank. From this point on, the water should be evenly distributed throughout the basin and its speed of flow controlled. Water velocity should be no more than 0.5 feet per second otherwise, the flocs could disintegrate back into smaller particles. Even distribution and speed control is usually done with the aid of baffles that gradually spreads the water across the area. Baffles also help prevent short circuiting. ● Settling Zone. Easily having the largest area of the sedimentation basin, the settling zone is where the solid particles actually descend to the bottom and settle out. The velocity of water here is significantly decreased to allow gravity to exert the needed pressure on the suspended flocs. Some settling zones simply consist of a wide expanse of area while others are equipped with tube settlers and lamella plates to facilitate optimal efficiency in the settling process. ● Sludge Zone. The bottom portion of the basin is designated as the sludge zone. This area serves as a holding space for the sediments or sludge that have settled out from the water until such time that these are taken away for proper disposal. As in the settling zone, the velocity of flow in the sludge area should be at a minimum to prevent the settled particles from being swept up and re-dispersed into the water. The amount of sludge typically generated may be about 3 to 5 percent of the total volume of water. The regular removal of sludge from the basin is crucial to the efficient operation of the basin, and this is why most basins have a drain at the bottom for easy sludge removal. ● Outlet Zone. When most particles have already settled at the bottom, the now-treated water proceeds to the outlet zone. The outlet serves as the control point for the depth of water that the basin contains and ensures that only clarified water exits the basin and enters the filtration area. Since the clearest water is usually that on the uppermost part of the basin, outlets are designed to evenly skim off this water. To achieve the ideal depth of water and prevent solids from flowing out before they can settle, weirs, which are like walls that have notches or slits along its length, are installed at the end of the tank. While most large-scale water purification plants include a sedimentation basin, the process may not be necessary when treating water with relatively low turbidity. In such cases, filtration follows the coagulation and flocculation processes.

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en

Is é an t-aistriú a bhaineann le hairíonna a bheith ag feidhmiú i gcásanna áirithe, ná a bheith ag feidhmiú i gcásanna áirithe. De ghnáth leanann an próiseas seo coagulation agus flocculation chun go mbeidh coirnéil coloid (solids an-fhin) i mbóthar amh ag cruthú coirnéil nó flocs níos mó ar dtús. Is é an sedimentation, ar a dtugtar socrú nó soiléiriú freisin, a théann roimh an bpróiseas scagaire. I gcóras íonú, téann uisce a iompraítear ón mbain flocculation isteach sa tanc sedimentation nó i mbain socraithe, áit a bhfuil sreabhadh an uisce an- mall. Laghdaítear luas an uisce go suntasach ag an bpointe seo ionas nach féidir leis iompar na gcáithníní ar fionraí a thacú a thuilleadh, agus mar sin fágann sé go ngníomhaíonn an mheáchain orthu. Nuair a tharlaíonn sé seo, socraíonn na flocs ag bun an tanca. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh agus a scriosadh. Tá trealamh feistithe ag roinnt tancanna socraithe a éascaíonn an t-easnamh uathoibríoch agus leanúnach de dhramhaíl. Seachas sin, bheadh ar oibreoirí tanca é seo a bhaint de láimh. Fachtóirí a Iompraíonn an Séidimentáil ● Cáilíochtaí na bpáirtíneach Tá an cineál de pharaiméadair soladacha atá i láthair san uisce ar cheann de na príomhfhachtóirí a mbíonn tionchar acu ar an gcaoi a n-oibríonn tanc sedimentation. Baintear le sóid níos mó agus níos troime mar ghaineamh, silt, agus grit le beagán iarrachta. Ba cheart go mbeadh luas sruth uisce níos lú ná troigh in aghaidh an tsoicind leordhóthanach chun na cáithníní seo a bhaint as an uisce. I gcásanna ina bhfuil formhór na gcéimeanna atá i láthair san uisce foinse ag ábhar suspended garbh mar na cinn a luaitear thuas, is féidir sedimentation a dhéanamh mar chuid den phróiseas réamhchóireála. Tugtar réamh-sínithe ar an bpróiseas seo, agus déantar é chun an t-ualach ar an mbain chúnadh/flocculation a laghdú. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhíonn turbidity ard agus go bhfuil deighiltí coloidacha leictreacha-charged ann, ní mór coagulants ceimiceacha a chur leis ar dtús agus lig na deighiltí a flocculate, sula bhféadfar sedimentation a bheith ann. Seachas méid agus dlús, tá tionchar ag cruth na bpáirtíneoil ar an bpróiseas soiléire. Beidh soladach ciorclach agus cothrom socraithe níos éasca ná iad siúd a bhfuil imeall ragged. Laistigh den chister socraithe, d'fhéadfadh go mbeadh cineálacha éagsúla sruthanna i láthair a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar shéideadh, agus is iad an dá cheann is coitianta ná dlús agus sruthanna eddy. Déantar sruthanna dlús a chruthú ag na heilimintí éagsúla a tháinig le chéile sa tanc: tiúchan na bpáirtíní soladacha, meáchan aonair agus comhchoiteann na bpáirtíní seo, agus teocht an uisce. Ar an láimh eile, is é a bhíonn ag sruth na n-uisce a théann isteach agus amach as an tanc ná sruth Eddy. Is féidir le ceann amháin nó an dá chineál reatha seo tionchar dearfach a bheith acu ar an bpróiseas toisc gur féidir leo cabhrú leis na cáithníní a thabhairt le chéile agus foirmiú flocs a chur chun cinn. Ach ar an láimh eile, d'fhéadfadh sruthanna a bheith ina chúis le hábhair soladach a scaipeadh amach go foréigneach san uisce. Nuair a tharlaíonn sé seo, socraíonn na flocs ag ráta neamhionann freisin. ● Am Coinneála i gCéim De ghnáth, ní mór uisce a bheith sa chladach sedimentation fada go leor chun go mbeidh na cáithníní a shocrú, agus ansin a bhaint. Tá na deighiltí níos lú socraithe níos moille ná na deighiltí níos mó agus dá bhrí sin, ní mór do na huiscí ina bhfuil na deighiltí sin amanna coinneála níos faide agus tancanna níos mó a bheith acu. Ar an meán, fanann uisce sa tanc socraithe ar feadh ceithre uair an chloig ar a laghad. ● Doimhneacht an Chéisc Tá an méid agus doimhneacht an tanca nó an chladaigh sedimentation ríthábhachtach freisin d'éifeachtúlacht an oibríochta. Tá a fhios go dtéann páirteanna móra ar aghaidh agus go gcomhcheanglaíonn siad le páirteanna níos lú agus iad ag socrú agus mar gheall air seo, cuirfidh bainc dhomhain socrú chun cinn níos fearr ná bainc dhomhain. An níos faide a theastaíonn ó na flócaí taisteal síos, is mó na cáithníní níos lú is féidir leo a chomhtháthú le linn an tslí. ● Teochta an Uisce Tá teocht an uisce sa tanc ina fhachtóir eile le déileáil leis i sedimentation. Le teocht níos airde tagann ráta níos airde socraithe de ghnáth, agus dá bhrí sin, moilleann socraithe na bpáirtíneach de réir mar a théann an teocht síos. Féadfaidh ráta laghdaithe socraithe éifeacht a bheith aige i gcéimeanna eile an phróisis. Is féidir an t-am a chaitear an t-ábhar a chur ar an scáileán a úsáid chun an t-ábhar a scagadh. Tá an t-ábhar a úsáidtear chun an t-ábhar a scriosadh agus a scriosadh le haghaidh scriosadh, agus tá an t-ábhar a scriosadh le haghaidh scriosadh le haghaidh scriosadh. An Mhéara Síodaithe ● Cruthanna na mballaí Tá cineálacha éagsúla coisithe talún ann ar féidir iad a úsáid chun an próiseas íonú uisce seo a dhéanamh. Ba cheart an cois coisithe a bheith suite go hiontach in aice leis an cois floclóide chun cosc a chur ar bhriseadh an floc nuair a shreabhann an t-uisce ón gcéad cois go dtí an chéad cois eile. Is féidir le baincí díolacháin a bheith: ● Ceathrúchruinneach. Is é an dearadh is simplí agus is coitianta a úsáidtear inniu, bainc cheathrúchruinneacha a ligeann d'uisce sruthú go cothrománach ó cheann amháin den tanc go ceann eile. Cé go dteastaíonn limistéar mór talún ó tancanna ar chruth ceartchearnach, tá tóir ar na coisíní seo toisc go bhfuil siad oiriúnach d'fhostóirí cóireála uisce ar scála mór. Is é an cineál seo an ceann is costéifeachtúla a thógáil agus a chothabháil, agus an ceann is lú seans go mbeidh ciorcad gearr air. Mar nóta taobh, is cás tricky é gearrchúrsaíocht i sedimentation nach leanann an t-uisce an sruth gnáth sa tinc agus a théann chuig an asraon, agus dá bhrí sin níos lú ama a chaitheamh sa mbabhla ná mar a theastaíonn de ghnáth. ● Réamhtheangach, dhá dhroim. Mar a thuairiscítear ina ainm, tá basán socraithe ceartchearnach dúbailte de bhunadh de dhá thanc ceartchearnach a chuirtear ar a chéile. Téann uisce ón mbac flocculation isteach sa bhus íseal agus ansin sreabhann sé go mall tríd agus téann sé suas go dtí an basán ar bharr áit a bhfuil an t-eiscthe. Buntáiste amháin atá ag an mbonn dúbailte ná go gcoinníonn sé spás agus go soláthraíonn sé go leor limistéar fós le haghaidh socraithe gráin a bheith ar siúl. Mar sin féin, tá sé níos costasaí a chothabháil ná cithfholcadán ceartchruthach. ● Cearnach nó ciorclach. Tá iontrálacha ag báistí sedimentation cearnach agus ciorclach atá ar eolas níos fearr mar shoiléirí, atá suite ag an lár áit a sreabhann an t-uisce isteach, agus ag na tairseacha áit a n-eascraíonn an t-uisce cóireáilte. Tá a fhios go bhfuil mionscrúdaitheoirí buailte le fadhbanna gearrchúrsaithe agus le slám a bhaint. ● Limistéir Básanna Tá an cuan sedimentation roinnte ina cheithre limistéar bunúsach: limistéar iontrála, limistéar socraithe, limistéar salainn, agus limistéar aschuir. ● Limistéar an Inléite. Tá an t-uisce ag dul isteach i gcrios iontrála an chladaigh síolúcháin ón mbac flocculation. Ón bpointe seo ar aghaidh, ba cheart an t-uisce a dháileadh go cothrom ar fud an locha agus a luas srutha a rialú. Níor chóir go mbeadh luas an uisce níos mó ná 0.5 troigh in aghaidh an tsoicind ar shlí eile, d'fhéadfadh na flocs a dhíscaoileadh ar ais i gcodanna níos lú. Déantar an dáileadh agus an rialú luas de ghnáth le cabhair ó bhaffles a scaipeann an t-uisce de réir a chéile ar fud an cheantair. Cabhraíonn baffles freisin le corraitheacht a chosc. ● Limistéar socraithe. Is é an limistéar socraithe, a bhfuil an limistéar is mó den chladach socraithe aige, an áit a dtéann na cáithníní soladacha síos go bun agus a shocraíonn amach. Laghdaítear luas an uisce anseo go suntasach chun ligean don mheáchain brú a chur ar na flóicí ar fionraí. Tá roinnt limistéir socraithe ach le fad mór de limistéar agus tá daoine eile feistithe le socraitheoirí feadán agus le plátaí lamella chun éifeachtúlacht uasta a éascú sa phróiseas socraithe. ● Limistéar Slad. Tá an chuid is ísle den chladach ainmnithe mar an limistéar salainn. Tá an limistéar seo mar spás coinneála do na taiscéimeanna nó do na salainn a shocraigh amach as an uisce go dtí go dtógtar iad chun iad a dhiúscairt go cuí. I gcás ina bhfuil an t-ábhar i gceantar an t-airgead, ba cheart an t-ábhar a bheith i gceantar an t-airgead a bhfuil an t-ábhar i gceantar an t-airgead i gceantar an t-airgead i gceantar an t-airgead. Is féidir go mbíonn an méid salainn a ghineann sé de ghnáth thart ar 3 go 5 faoin gcéad den mhéid uisce iomlán. Tá sé ríthábhachtach go mbainfear an salachar as an mbosca go rialta chun go n-oibreoidh an mbosca go héifeachtach, agus is é sin an fáth go bhfuil draen ag an mbosca is mó chun salach a bhaint go héasca. ● Limistéar Scaipthe. Nuair a bheidh an chuid is mó de na cáithníní socraithe cheana féin ag bun an uisce atá cóireáilte anois, téann sé ar aghaidh chuig an gcrios aschuir. Tá an t-aschur mar phointe rialaithe ar dhomhain an uisce atá sa chladach agus cinntíonn sé nach dtéann ach uisce soiléire amach as an chladach agus nach dtéann isteach sa limistéar scagadh. Ós rud é go mbíonn an t-uisce is soiléire de ghnáth ar an gcuid is airde den bhosca, déantar na sliocht a dhearadh chun an t-uisce seo a scáileadh go cothrom. Chun an doimhneacht uisce is fearr a bhaint amach agus chun cosc a chur ar dhruid soladach a shruthú amach sula bhféadann siad socrú, déantar dam, atá cosúil le ballaí a bhfuil notches nó slits acu ar feadh a fhad, a shuiteáil ag deireadh an tanca. Cé go bhfuil coisín sedimentation san áireamh i bhformhór na gléasraí íonchúiseamh uisce ar scála mór, b'fhéidir nach mbeidh gá leis an bpróiseas nuair a bhíonn uisce le turbidity réasúnta íseal á chóireáil. I gcásanna den sórt sin, leanann scagaire na próisis coagúlaithe agus flocculation.

Effects of Weather The weather or atmospheric conditions affect a race car so much that it is important for a racer to monitor these conditions in order to explain why his Pontiac runs faster on some days and slower on others. I race at several tracks on the East Coast and I have seen my car change by .40 second throughout the year. In most cases, the weather was responsible for the lackluster horsepower output; other times it was the sun’s slippery effects on the track. In a gasoline engine, the amount of fuel (jetting) that can be run through the engine depends on the quality (density) of the air it ingests. The weather cannot be controlled, but through careful observation and measurements, a racer can adjust his dial-in to compensate for changes in the weather. If a racer is experimenting with engine tuning like jetting or shift points, or trying out a new camshaft, it is important for him to look at the difference that the weather makes from week to week. I suggest that you carry your own set of instruments instead of relying on other sources due to the possible differences in calibration. Here are the six variables that you must monitor to recognize the weather-induced changes in your racecar. A higher barometric pressure will let the engine make more horsepower. Use richer jets to take advantage of the denser air and the car will run quicker. A lower temperature (air inlet) will make more horsepower. An increase in humidity (water vapor) will decrease an engine’s horsepower. Leaner jetting will optimize the air/fuel ratio, as noticed by the exhaust gas temperature (EGT); however, little power is regained. A headwind will slow a full-bodied race car while barely bothering a dragster. Note direction and speed. A typical 10- to 20-mph headwind will slow a car 1-3 mph. A higher altitude (elevation of track) will decrease an engine’s horsepower. This is important if you race at various geographic locations. A hot sun will elevate the track temperature and decrease traction at the starting line. More important, clouds and nightfall will suddenly increase a car’s traction abilities. A sudden change in the 60-foot time due to tire spin will be amplified throughout the run. For example, if my car slips by .04 second in the 60-foot segment, an additional .02 second is lost in the remaining part of the run. In addition to these factors, always question the accuracy of the instruments that you use to measure this data. For example, this year I found that my high-precision barometer changed readings (.22-inch Hg difference) when only the temperature changed (70 to 90 degrees F.). Now I must add a temperature factor to the barometer reading before computing the density altitude figure. In drag racing, the winner is usually the driver who makes the least of mistakes. By recognizing and compensating for the variables, you will be focused at minimizing your mistakes.

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Éifeachtaí na hAeráide Bíonn tionchar ag an aimsir nó ar na coinníollacha atmaisféire ar charr rásaíochta chomh mór sin go bhfuil sé tábhachtach do rásaitheoir na coinníollacha seo a mhaoirsiú d'fhonn a mhíniú cén fáth a bhfuil a Pontiac ag rith níos tapúla ar laethanta áirithe agus níos moille ar laethanta eile. Táim ag rás ar roinnt rianta ar an gCósta Thoir agus chonaic mé mo charr ag athrú le .40 soicind i rith na bliana. I bhformhór na gcásanna, ba é an aimsir a bhí freagrach as an aschur capallchumhachta neamhshláintiúil; uaireanta eile bhí éifeachtaí sleamhnácha an ghrian ar an mbóthar. I inneall gásailín, braitheann an méid breosla (scaitheadh) is féidir a rith tríd an inneall ar cháilíocht (dlúthú) an aeir a inghlaíonn sé. Ní féidir an aimsir a rialú, ach trí bhreathnú agus tomhais chuí, is féidir le rásaitheoir a dhiail isteach a choigeartú chun athruithe sa aimsir a chúiteamh. Má tá rásaitheoir ag turgnamh le tuning inneall cosúil le géarú nó pointí aistrithe, nó ag triail as camshaft nua, tá sé tábhachtach dó féachaint ar an difríocht a dhéanann an aimsir ó sheachtain go seachtain. Molaim duit do sheata ionstraimí féin a thabhairt leat seachas brath ar fhoinsí eile mar gheall ar na difríochtaí féideartha i gcáilíochtú. Seo na sé athróg a chaithfidh tú monatóireacht a dhéanamh orthu chun na hathruithe a spreagann an aimsir i do charr rásaíochta a aithint. Ligfidh brú barometach níos airde don inneall níos mó capair a dhéanamh. Úsáid scaird níos saibhre chun leas a bhaint as an aer níos dlúithe agus beidh an carr ag rith níos tapúla. Déanfaidh teocht níos ísle (iontráil aeir) níos mó cumhachta capaill. Laghdóidh méadú ar an taiseacht (paoir uisce) horsepower innill. Déanfaidh scaipeadh níos lú aer an cóimheas aer / breosla a bharrfheabhsú, mar a thugtar faoi deara ag teocht na ngáis dhosmálta (EGT); áfach, ní bhíonn mórán cumhachta á fháil ar ais. Beidh a aghaidh gaoithe a luathach carr rásaíochta iomlán-chorp agus scíth a ligean dragster. Tabhair faoi deara treo agus luas. Déanfaidh gaoth aghaidh tipiciúil 10 go 20 míle in aghaidh na huaire carr a mhaolú 1-3 míle in aghaidh na huaire. Laghdóidh airde níos airde (ardú na rianta) cumhacht capall an innill. Tá sé seo tábhachtach má tá tú ag rásaíocht i suíomhanna geografacha éagsúla. Ardaíonn an ghrian te teocht an rianta agus laghdaíonn sé an tarraingt ag an líne tosaigh. Níos tábhachtaí fós, méadóidh na scamaill agus an oíche go tobann cumas tarraingthe an charr. Athrú tobann ar an am 60 troigh mar gheall ar rothlú na mbonn a mhéadófar le linn an rith. Mar shampla, má tá mo charr slitting ag .04 soicind sa 60-cois píosa, tá breise .02 soicind caillte sa chuid eile den rith. Chomh maith leis na fachtóirí seo, déan ceist i gcónaí faoi chruinneas na n-ionstraimí a úsáideann tú chun na sonraí seo a thomhas. Mar shampla, fuair mé amach an bhliain seo go raibh mo bharóiméadar ardchruinnithe ag athrú léitheoireachta (difríocht Hg 0.22-orlach) nuair a bhí athrú ar an teocht (70 go 90 céim F.). Anois caithfidh mé a chur ar fhachtóir teocht chun an léitheoireacht baróiméadar sula ríomh an daite altitude figiúr. I rásaíocht tarraingt, is é an tiománaí a dhéanann an líon is lú botúin a bhuaileann de ghnáth. Trí na hathraitheoirí a aithint agus a chomhlíonadh, beidh tú dírithe ar do chuid earráidí a íoslaghdú.

HUS; STEC-HUS; Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Shiga-like toxin producing E coli hemolytic-uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is a disorder that most often occurs when an infection in the digestive system produces toxic substances. These substances destroy red blood cells and cause kidney injury. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) often occurs after a gastrointestinal infection with E coli bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7). However, the condition has also been linked to other gastrointestinal infections, including shigella and salmonella. It has also been linked to nongastrointestinal infections. HUS is most common in children. It is the most common cause of acute kidney failure in children. Several large outbreaks have been linked to undercooked hamburger meat contaminated with E coli. E coli can be transmitted through: STEC-HUS is not to be confused with atypical HUS (aHUS) which is not infection-related. It is similar to another disease called thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). STEC-HUS often begins with vomiting and diarrhea, which may be bloody. Within a week, the person may become weak and irritable. People with this condition may urinate less than normal. Urine output may almost stop. Red blood cell destruction leads to symptoms of anemia. The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may show: Treatment may involve: This is a serious illness in both children and adults, and it can cause death. With proper treatment, more than half of people will recover. The outcome is better in children than adults. Complications may include: Call your provider if you develop symptoms of HUS. Emergency symptoms include: Call your provider if you have had an episode of HUS and your urine output decreases, or you develop other new symptoms. You can prevent the known cause, E coli, by cooking hamburger and other meats well. You should also avoid contact with unclean water and follow proper hand washing methods. Alexander T, Licht C, Smoyer WE, Rosenblum ND. Diseases of the kidney and upper urinary tract in children. In: Yu ASL, Chertow GM, Luyckx VA, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Taal MW, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap: 72. Mele C, Noris M, Remuzzi G. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ricci Z, eds. Critical Care Nephrology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019:chap 50. Schneidewend R, Epperla N, Friedman KD. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndromes. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 134.BACK TO TOP Review Date: 2/6/2020 Reviewed By: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology/Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2022 A.D.A.M., a business unit of Ebix, Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.

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HUS; STEC-HUS; siondróm hemolytic-uremic Is neamhoird é E coli a tháirgeann tocsain cosúil le Shiga (STEC-HUS) a tharlaíonn go minic nuair a tháirgeann ionfhabhtú sa chóras díleá substaintí tocsaineacha. Déanann na substaintí seo glúine dearga a scriosadh agus díobháil duáin a chur ar bun. Is minic a tharlaíonn siondróm hemolytic-uremic (HUS) tar éis ionfhabhtú gastrointestinal le baictéir E coli (Escherichia coli O157: H7). Mar sin féin, tá baint ag an riocht le haignéisiúin gastrointestinal eile, lena n-áirítear shigella agus salmonella. Tá baint aige freisin le haingneacha neamh-ghasta. Tá HUS is coitianta i leanaí. Is é an chúis is coitianta le teip géarghnáin in leanaí é. Tá baint ag roinnt ráigí móra le feoil hamburger neamh-briseadh atá truaillithe le E. coli. Is féidir E. coli a tharchur trí: Ní chóir STEC- HUS a mheascadh le HUS atípic (aHUS) nach bhfuil bainteach le heinsí. Tá sé cosúil le galar eile ar a dtugtar purpura thrombotic thrombocytopenic (TTP). Is minic a thosaíonn STEC-HUS le vomiting agus diarrhea, a d'fhéadfadh a bheith folach. Laistigh de sheachtain, d'fhéadfadh an duine a bheith lag agus irritable. D'fhéadfadh daoine a bhfuil an riocht seo orthu níos lú ná mar is gnáth a bheith acu ag urinate. D'fhéadfadh go stopfadh sé beagnach an t-uisce a scaoileadh. Mar thoradh ar scrios cealla fola dearga bíonn comharthaí anaimia. Déanfaidh an soláthraí cúraim sláinte scrúdú fisiceach. D'fhéadfadh sé seo a léiriú: Is féidir leis an gcóireáil a bheith i gceist: Is galar tromchúiseach é seo i leanaí agus in dhaoine fásta araon, agus is féidir leis bás a chur air. Le cóireáil chuí, téann níos mó ná leath na ndaoine a shlánú. Tá an toradh níos fearr i leanaí ná in dhaoine fásta. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh na deacrachtaí seo a leanas: Cuir glaoch ar do sholáthraí má bhíonn comharthaí HUS agat. I measc na hairíonna éigeandála tá: Cuir glaoch ar do sholáthraí má bhí eachtra de HUS agat agus má laghdaíonn do chuid fuála, nó má fhorbraíonn tú comharthaí nua eile. Is féidir leat an chúis a bhfuil a fhios agat, E. coli, a chosc trí hamburger agus feoil eile a chócaireacht go maith. Ba cheart duit teagmháil le huisce neamhghlan a sheachaint freisin agus córais cuí le haghaidh nigh láimhe a leanúint. Alexander T, Licht C, Smoyer WE, Rosenblum ND. Ailse na duáin agus na hiodrálacha uachtaracha uachtaracha i leanaí. In: Yu ASL, Chertow GM, Luyckx VA, Marsden PA, Skorecki K, Taal MW, eds. Brenner agus Rector's The Kidney. 11ú ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chaibidil: 72. Mele C, Noris M, Remuzzi G. Siondróm uremic hemolytic. I: Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ricci Z, eds. Nephrology Cúram Criticiúil. 3ú hIonad. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: caibidil 50. Schneidewend R, Epperla N, Friedman KD. Purpura thrombotach thrombocytopenic agus na siondromaí uremic hemolytic. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Silberstein LE, et al, eds. Hematology: Bunphrionsabail agus Cleachtas. 7ú heagrán. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 134.BACK TO TOP Dáta athbhreithnithe: 2/6/2020 Athbhreithnithe ag: Todd Gersten, MD, Hematology / Oncology, Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute, Wellington, FL. Athbhreithniú a sholáthraíonn Líonra Cúram Sláinte VeriMed. Rinne David Zieve, MD, MHA, Stiúrthóir Leighis, Brenda Conaway, Stiúrthóir Eagarthóireachta, agus an A.D.A.M. athbhreithniú freisin Foireann eagarthóireachta. Níor chóir an fhaisnéis a chuirtear ar fáil anseo a úsáid le linn aon éigeandála leighis nó chun aon riocht leighis a dhiagnóisiú nó a chóireáil. Ba cheart dul i gcomhairle le gairmí leighis cheadúnaithe maidir le diagnóis agus cóireáil aon choinníoll leighis. Ní sholáthraítear naisc chuig suíomhanna eile ach chun faisnéise - ní fhormheasann siad na suíomhanna eile sin. © 1997- 2022 A.D.A.M., aonad gnó de Ebix, Inc. Tá aon dúblaíocht nó dáileadh ar an bhfaisnéis atá anseo toirmiscthe go docht.

Giving Voice To Children In this occasion, we want to pay tribute to one of our leading authors, Francesco Tonucci, Italian psycopedagogue or, as he says, “childgogue”, who has dedicated his entire life to childhood and education. With his drawings, in which he highlights the needs of children, we have understood concepts that have been perfectly defined in a single image and that are a very effective and powerful method for the dissemination of these needs. As a thinker, he makes us to observe childhood and education from other angles, making us to reflect on society in general and the things that we should change. What he teaches us, like any good teacher, is to have own criteria and to always question what is established in order to improve it. His project “The city of children” is widely recognized, the objective of which is to give a voice to this population sector, making them to participate in the important decisions that influence in the design of the cities that host this project. Tonucci claims safe spaces for children in which they can have autonomy and freedom while he advocates a new model of school inclusive but diverse at the same time and in which each child learns, respecting their own times, with a close and fun learning without homework, since leisure and play are essential for children development. In his concepts about education, he lays out that the ideal of a healthy city is that children go to the school alone, reducing the traffic problems that exist because of the fact that adults take them and allowing them to live their own experiences on the way. He also proposes that safe respect spaces are created in the school environment, without contamination, with trees and areas to move in freedom, without noise or cars, so that the child can go out the school and live the outside. He considers necessary that children can move, both for the physical benefits (prevention of obesity) as well as psychological (because while they walk or play, they interact with others). All of it will improve the attention inside the school, that it should be planned as open and flexible workshops, with different disciplines and not as classrooms with static tables. Galopín spaces and As Salgueiras were born on the basis of many of his ideas as safe environment in which children can freely and independently discover, investigate, learn, interact, live their own experiences and play. We share with him the conception that children have the right to develop their capacities from a very young age, they must have their own voice and adults must respect them as individuals, listening to them, motivating and encouraging them, to turn them into healthy, responsible and autonomous adults. And with these premises we try to make our play spaces, trying to take into account their voice.

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Ag tabhairt guth do Leanaí Ar an ócáid seo, ba mhaith linn ómós a thabhairt do cheann de na húdair is mó atá againn, Francesco Tonucci, síciopagagógóir na hIodáile nó, mar a deir sé féin, "childgogue", a thug a shaol ar fad don óige agus don oideachas. Leis na líníochtaí a dhéanann sé, ina gcuireann sé béim ar riachtanais na leanaí, thuig muid coincheapa a shainmhínítear go foirfe i ngrianghraf amháin agus is modh an-éifeachtach agus cumhachtach iad chun na riachtanais seo a scaipeadh. Mar smaointeoir, cuireann sé orainn an óige agus an t-oideachas a bhreathnú ó uillinneacha eile, rud a fhágann go léiríonn sé an tsochaí i gcoitinne agus na rudaí ba cheart dúinn a athrú. Is é an rud a mhúineann sé dúinn, cosúil le haon mhúinteoir maith, ná critéir féin a bheith againn agus an méid atá bunaithe a bheith i gceist i gcónaí chun é a fheabhsú. Tá aitheantas mór ag an tionscadal "Cath na bpáistí" a rinne sé, a bhfuil sé mar aidhm aige guth a thabhairt don earnáil seo den daonra, agus iad a chur san áireamh sna cinntí tábhachtacha a mbíonn tionchar acu ar dhearadh na gcathracha ina bhfuil an tionscadal seo. Éilíonn Tonucci spásanna sábháilte do leanaí ina bhféadfaidh siad a bheith neamhspleách agus saoirse agus é ag moladh samhail nua scoile cuimsitheach ach éagsúil ag an am céanna agus ina ndéanann gach leanbh foghlaim, ag meas a gcuid ama féin, le foghlaim dlúth agus spraíúil gan obair bhaile, ós rud é go bhfuil am saor in aisce agus spraoi riachtanach d'fhorbairt leanaí. Ina choincheapa faoi oideachas, leagann sé amach gurb é an idéalach do chathair shláintiúil go rachaidh leanaí chuig an scoil ina n-aonar, ag laghdú na fadhbanna tráchta atá ann mar gheall ar an bhfíric go dtógann daoine fásta iad agus go gceadaíonn siad dóibh a dtaithí féin a chaitheamh ar an mbealach. Molann sé freisin go gcruthófaí spásanna meas sábháilte i dtimpeallacht na scoile, gan éilliú, le crainn agus limistéir chun bogadh go saor, gan torann ná gluaisteáin, ionas gur féidir leis an leanbh dul amach as an scoil agus maireachtáil lasmuigh. Measann sé go bhfuil sé riachtanach go bhféadfaidh leanaí bogadh, mar gheall ar na tairbhí fisiciúla (cosc ar murtall) chomh maith le síceolaíocha (mar nuair a bhíonn siad ag siúl nó ag imirt, idirghníomhaíonn siad le daoine eile). Feabhsóidh sé seo go léir an aird laistigh den scoil, gur chóir é a phleanáil mar cheardlanna oscailte agus solúbtha, le disciplíní éagsúla agus ní mar sheomraí ranga le táblaí statacha. Rugadh spásanna Galopín agus As Salgueiras ar bhonn a chuid smaointe go leor mar timpeallacht shábháilte inar féidir le páistí a fháil amach go saor agus go neamhspleách, fiosrú, foghlaim, idirghníomhú, a dtaithí féin a chaitheamh agus a imirt. Comhroinnimid leis an dearcadh go bhfuil sé de cheart ag leanaí a gcumas a fhorbairt ó aois an-óg, go gcaithfidh a gcuid guth féin a bheith acu agus go gcaithfidh daoine fásta iad a urramú mar dhaoine aonair, ag éisteacht leo, ag spreagadh agus ag spreagadh iad, chun iad a dhéanamh ina ndaoine fásta sláintiúla, freagrach agus uathrialacha. Agus leis na háiteanna seo déanaimid iarracht ár spásanna súgartha a dhéanamh, ag iarraidh a gcuid guth a chur san áireamh.

At the Hotel Contessa today, 20 researchers from across the country — many of them early in their careers — gave updates on studies aimed at combating obesity in Latino kids. Salud America! is a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation program focusing on Latino health, headquartered in San Antonio and led by Amelie Ramirez, director of the Institute for Health Promotion Research at the University of Texas Health Science Center. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has an ambitious — some would say ridiculously ambitious — goal of reversing the epidemic of childhood obesity in America by 2015. Ramirez says everyone taking part in the program understands the stakes. “These are the kids who are not going to live longer than their parents because they’re going to be living with chronic disease a lot longer, and having multiple health problems,” she said. “Our boys in particular have some of the highest rates of childhood obesity. Our girls are just slightly below African Americans, but still higher than non-Hispanic white girls.” As part of this program, the 20 investigators got grants of $75,000 each in 2009 to tackle pilot programs aimed at contributing factors to childhood obesity in schools, families or the broader community. For example, Emma Sanchez, an assistant professor of health education at San Francisco State University, looked to see which California elementary schools were complying with a state law requiring students get at least 200 minutes of physical education every 10 days. “Compliance with state physical education laws was significantly associated with physical fitness,” she said. “The odds of being physically fit among all children were significantly greater if the children attended schools in districts that complied with policies.” Dr. Harris Huberman, director of child development at the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, used his grant to continue a research project that involves sending monthly newsletters to new parents. The bilingual newsletters, called Primeros Pasos (First Steps), combines nutrition advice along with parenting tips. The newsletter “tries to strike a balance between promoting positive parent-child interactions, promoting finger foods and not pressuring the child to eat, letting the child have some degree of control — together with specific nutritional guidelines about healthy eating, how much milk to give in a day,” Huberman said The results have been amazing, given the low-tech medium. Children of parents who got the newsletters were less likely to be overweight — less than 30 percent at 24 to 30 months, versus more than 50 percent for those who didn’t. When he looked into it further, he found that the parents who got the newsletter gave their babies a lot less milk, were more likely to give them a greater degree of control over what and how much they ate, and were less likely to feed them just to calm them down.

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Ag an Óstán Contessa inniu, thug 20 taighdeoir ó gach cearn den tír - go leor acu go luath ina gcuid gairmeacha - nuashonruithe ar staidéir a bhí dírithe ar throid a dhéanamh ar murtall i measc leanaí Laidineach. Beannacht Mheiriceá! Is clár de chuid Robert Wood Johnson Foundation é a dhíríonn ar shláinte Latino, atá lonnaithe i San Antonio agus faoi stiúir Amelie Ramirez, stiúrthóir an Institiúid um Thaighde um Chur chun Cinn Sláinte ag Ionad Eolaíochta Sláinte Ollscoil Texas. Tá sprioc uaillmhianach ag Fondúireacht Robert Wood Johnson - d'fhéadfadh cuid a rá go bhfuil sé uaillmhianach go hiontach - an eipidéim murtall óige a chúlghairm i Meiriceá faoi 2015. Deir Ramirez go dtuigeann gach duine a ghlacann páirt sa chlár na hionsaithe. 'Is iad seo na páistí nach bhfuil ag dul a bheith ina gcónaí níos faide ná a dtuismitheoirí toisc go bhfuil siad ag dul a bheith ina gcónaí le galar ainsealach i bhfad níos faide, agus a bhfuil fadhbanna sláinte il, 'a dúirt sí. Tá cuid de na rátaí is airde de murtall óige ag ár mbaill go háirithe. Tá ár gcailíní díreach beagán faoi bhun Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha, ach fós níos airde ná cailíní bán neamh-Hispanic. Mar chuid den chlár seo, fuair na 20 imscrúdaitheoir deontais de $ 75,000 gach ceann i 2009 chun dul i ngleic le cláir píolóta a bhí dírithe ar fhachtóirí a chuireann le murtall leanaí i scoileanna, i dteaghlaigh nó sa phobal níos leithne. Mar shampla, d'fhéach Emma Sanchez, ollamh cúnta oideachais sláinte in Ollscoil Stáit San Francisco, a fheiceáil cé na bunscoileanna California a bhí ag comhlíonadh dlí stáit a éilíonn ar mhic léinn 200 nóiméad de oideachas fisiceach a fháil gach 10 lá ar a laghad. "Bhí comhlíonadh dlíthe stáit um Oideachas Físeach go suntasach nasctha le folláine fisiciúil", a dúirt sí. Bhí na seansanna go mbeadh gach leanbh sláintiúil go suntasach níos mó dá ndeachaigh na páistí ar scoil i gceantair a chomhlíonann na beartais. D'úsáid an Dr. Harris Huberman, stiúrthóir forbartha leanaí ag Ionad Leighis Downstate Ollscoil Stáit Nua Eabhrac, a dheontas chun leanúint ar aghaidh le tionscadal taighde a bhaineann le nuachtlitir mhíosúla a sheoladh chuig tuismitheoirí nua. Tá comhairle cothaithe chomh maith le leideanna maidir le tuismitheoireacht sa nuachtlitir dhátheangach, ar a dtugtar Primeros Pasos (Céad Céimeanna). Tá an nuachtlitir ag iarraidh cothromaíocht a bhaint amach idir idirghníomhaíochtaí dearfacha tuismitheoir-leanaí a chur chun cinn, bianna finger a chur chun cinn agus gan brú a chur ar an leanbh ithe, ag ligean don leanbh a bheith ag rialú go pointe éigin, chomh maith le treoirlínte cothaitheacha sonracha maidir le hithe sláintiúil, cé mhéad bainne a thabhairt in aghaidh an lae, a dúirt Huberman Bhí na torthaí iontach, ag cur leis an meán íseal-teicneolaíochta. Bhí seans níos lú ag leanaí tuismitheoirí a fuair na nuachtlitreacha a bheith róthrom - níos lú ná 30 faoin gcéad ag 24 go 30 mí, i gcomparáid le níos mó ná 50 faoin gcéad dóibh siúd nach bhfuair. Nuair a rinne sé tuilleadh taighde, fuair sé amach go raibh na tuismitheoirí a fuair an nuachtlitir ag tabhairt i bhfad níos lú bainne dá leanaí, go raibh seans níos mó acu a thabhairt dóibh níos mó smacht a bheith acu ar an méid agus ar an méid a d'ith siad, agus go raibh seans níos lú acu a n-ithe ach iad a chur ar an meisce.

It’s Not Rocket Science! Exploring Computer Science Experiences in the Elementary School Coding. Everyone is talking about it. Experts are saying that we need to teach our kids to code to prepare them for jobs of the future. Many people say that computational thinking is now just as important as knowing how to read. If computational thinking is an essential skill for future careers, how can we ensure that all our students are exposed to these skills? How is the average teacher supposed to learn about coding and robots? Come explore how you can teach Computer Science concepts through coding unplugged (offline activities). In addition to unplugged physical coding activities, we’ll delve into some user-friendly coding apps and play with robots to get your feet wet. You’ll feel empowered to try out Computer Science activities in your classroom and explore possibilities for connecting coding experiences to Maths, Language, Writing, and Approaches to Learning. We’ll explore ways to make the connection between your current curriculum and Computer Science experiences so that you can better prepare your students to excel in this fast changing world! Elementary teachers, Technology & Innovation coaches, coordinators, integrators etc, Instructional Coaches, Early Childhood Educators - Feel comfortable bringing coding and robotics experiences into their own classrooms - Gain a greater understanding of the key concepts involved in coding - Identify connections between Computer Science and common curriculum areas - Find ways to integrate Computer Science concepts and skills in future lessons - Explore user-friendly Computer Science resources for the Early Childhood and Elementary classroom - Engage in learning experiences involving coding unplugged, coding online and robotics - Develop a greater understanding of the basic concepts of coding - Connect Computer Science concepts to common curriculum areas Cheryl Terry is an Elementary Learning Innovation Coach at NIST International School in Bangkok. She has 15 years of experience working in international schools in Thailand, China, Belgium, and Hong Kong. Cheryl is a CoETaIL graduate and is pursuing her training to become an agency trainer in Cognitive Coaching. After 20 years of classroom experience, she is now working to support innovation in schools. Cheryl is passionate about using technology to transform learning, as well as creating self-directed learners and developing metacognition practices in the classroom. She has led workshops and given presentations on ‘Creating Self-Directed Learners’, ‘Metacognition and Mindfulness’, ‘Transforming Learning Through Technology’, ‘Creating Digital Portfolios’, ‘Parenting in the Digital Age’ and ‘Leading and Sustaining Innovation in Schools’, as well as co-teaching Cognitive Coaching workshops. As a Learning Innovation Coach in the Elementary School at NIST International School, Cheryl has been working alongside teachers to design learning experiences that introduce elements of Computer Science to students from Early Childhood through to Grade 5. Cheryl is currently working with teachers to find meaningful ways to incorporate coding and robotics into curriculum areas.

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Ní Eolaíocht Roicéad é! Taithí Eolais Ríomhaireachta a Fheistiú sa Bhunscoil Códú. Tá gach duine ag caint faoi. Deir saineolaithe go gcaithfimid ár gcuid páistí a theagasc chun cód a dhéanamh chun iad a ullmhú do phoist sa todhchaí. Deir go leor daoine go bhfuil smaointeoireacht ríomhaireachta chomh tábhachtach anois agus a bheith in ann léamh. Má tá smaointeoireacht ríomhaireachta ina scileanna riachtanacha do ghairmeacha amach anseo, conas is féidir linn a chinntiú go bhfuil ár gcuid mac léinn go léir nochtaithe do na scileanna seo? Conas a dhéantar an teagascóir meán a fhoghlaim faoi chódú agus róbataí? Tar éis an t-am a chaitheamh ag foghlaim faoi na healaíona, beidh tú in ann a bheith ag foghlaim faoi na healaíona agus na healaíona eile. Chomh maith le gníomhaíochtaí códaithe fisiciúla neamhplugáilte, déanfaimid imscrúdú ar roinnt aip códaithe atá éasca le húsáid agus beidh spraoi againn le róbathanna chun do chosa a fháil fliuch. Beidh tú cumhachtithe chun gníomhaíochtaí Eolaíochta Ríomhaireachta a thriail i do sheomra ranga agus chun féidearthachtaí a iniúchadh chun taithí códaithe a nascadh le Matamaitic, Teanga, Scríbhneoireacht agus Cur chuige chun Foghlama. Déanaimid iniúchadh ar bhealaí chun an nasc a dhéanamh idir do chúrsa reatha agus taithí Eolaíochta Ríomhaireachta ionas gur féidir leat do mhic léinn a ullmhú níos fearr chun feabhas a chur ar an saol atá ag athrú go tapa seo! Múinteoirí bunscoile, cóitseálaithe Teicneolaíochta agus Nuálaíochta, comhordaitheoirí, comhtháthúcháin, etc. - Bíodh siad compordach ag tabhairt taithí chódála agus róbataice isteach ina seomraí ranga féin - Tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar na príomhchomharthaí a bhaineann le códú - Ceangail a aithint idir Eolaíocht Ríomhaireachta agus réimsí comhchoiteann an chúrsa - Bealaí a aimsiú chun coincheapa agus scileanna Eolais Ríomhaireachta a chomhtháthú i ranganna sa todhchaí - Taighde a dhéanamh ar acmhainní eolaíochta ríomhaireachta atá éasca le húsáid do sheomra ranga na luathóige agus na bunscoile - Taithí foghlama a ghlacadh a bhaineann le códú gan cheangal, códú ar líne agus róbataic - Tuiscint níos fearr a fhorbairt ar bhunchoincheapa na códaithe - Coincheapa Eolaíochta Ríomhaireachta a nascadh le réimsí comhchoiteann an chúrsa Is Coiste Nuálaíochta Foghlama Bunúsach í Cheryl Terry ag Scoil Idirnáisiúnta NIST i mBancó. Tá 15 bliain taithí aici ag obair i scoileanna idirnáisiúnta sa Téalainn, sa tSín, sa Bheilg agus in Hong Cong. Tá Cheryl céimithe ag CoETaIL agus tá sí ag leanúint a oiliúna chun bheith ina oiliúnaí gníomhaireachta i gCognóireacht Cognitive. Tar éis 20 bliain de thaithí sa seomra ranga, tá sí ag obair anois chun tacú le nuálaíocht i scoileanna. Tá Cheryl paiseanta faoi theicneolaíocht a úsáid chun foghlaim a athrú, chomh maith le foghlaimeoirí féin-stiúrtha a chruthú agus cleachtais metacognition a fhorbairt sa seomra ranga. Tá ceardlanna agus cur i láthair déanta aici ar Creatadh foghlaimeoirí féin-stiúrtha, Meite-aitheantas agus Mindfulness, Aistriú Foghlama trí Theicneolaíocht, Cruthaithe Cirtchistí Digiteacha, Príobháideachas san Aois Digiteach agus Tríocht agus Innuálaíocht a Chothú i Scoileanna, chomh maith le ceardlanna Cogaíochta Cognitive a chomh-oideachas. Mar Oiliúnóir Nuálaíochta Foghlama sa Bhunscoil ag Scoil Idirnáisiúnta NIST, tá Cheryl ag obair in éineacht le múinteoirí chun eispéiris foghlama a dhearadh a thugann gnéithe de Eolaíocht Ríomhaireachta isteach do dhaltaí ó Óige Luath go Grád 5. Tá Cheryl ag obair faoi láthair le múinteoirí chun bealaí bríomhar a aimsiú chun códú agus róbataic a ionchorprú i réimsí curaclaim.

This course is expiring, etc. etc. etc. CE Credit Hours: 1.00 Continuing Education Credit Hours CE Course Description Tobacco use continues to kill more individuals than any other preventable cause. The purpose of this brief, intermediate level continuing education course is to provide an overview of the current dangers of smoking and to outline strategies that will combat tobacco industry marketing and other influences that contribute to smoking. The course, developed using information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office on Smoking and Health, is intended to educate and motivate smokers and potential smokers in order to fight the smoking epidemic. CE Course Objectives 1. Describe the characteristics of the current smoking epidemic in the U.S. including how the risks from smoking have become deadlier over time. 2. Outline the devastating effects smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke have on the human body. 3. Discuss ways to reduce smoking rates quickly and dramatically and benefits that would occur as a result. 4. Identify vulnerabilities young people face related to smoking and second-hand smoke. 5. Summarize work still to be done to achieve the goal of a society free from tobacco-related disease and death. Did you know you can now get UNLIMITED Continuing Education Credit Hours for only $95/year? Click Here to learn more. In order to view this course, you will need to be able to view a PDF document for the course material. If your device doesn't have the capability to view a PDF, you can click here to download Adobe Acrobat for free. The board approval status information is provided based on our current understanding of the licensing agencies. Please note that it is the responsibility of each licensee to verify acceptance of our courses with their licensing agency.

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Tá an cúrsa seo ag dul in éag, etc. etc. etc. CE Uaireanta Creidmheasa: 1.00 Uaireanta Creidmheasa um Oideachas Leanúnach Cur síos ar Chúrsa CE Tá níos mó daoine ag bás as tobac ná mar a bheadh mar thoradh ar aon chúis eile a d'fhéadfaí a sheachaint. Is é is cuspóir leis an gcúrsa gairid oideachais leanúnach idirmheánach seo ná léargas a thabhairt ar na contúirtí atá ag caitheamh tobac faoi láthair agus straitéisí a leagan amach chun dul i ngleic le margaíocht thionscal tobac agus le tionchair eile a chuireann le caitheamh tobac. Tá sé mar aidhm ag an gcúrsa, a forbraíodh ag baint úsáide as faisnéis ó Oifig na nIonad um Rialú agus Cosc ar Ghalair maidir le Tobac agus Sláinte, daoine a chaitheann tobac agus daoine a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag tobac a oideachas agus a spreagadh chun dul i ngleic leis an eipidéim tobac. Cásanna Cúrsa CE 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Déan cur síos ar na tréithe atá ag an eipidéim tobacála reatha sna Stáit Aontaithe lena n-áirítear conas a tháinig na rioscaí a bhaineann le tobacáil níos marfach le himeacht ama. 2. Seachadadh. Léirigí na héifeachtaí tubaisteach atá ag caitheamh tobac agus ag dul i láthair le tobac paisinéireachta ar chorp an duine. 3. Tá an t-am ann. Déan plé ar bhealaí chun rátaí tobac a laghdú go tapa agus go suntasach agus na buntáistí a thiocfadh as sin. 4. Tá an t-am Aithint a dhéanamh ar na leochaileachtaí a bhíonn ag daoine óga a bhaineann le caitheamh tobac agus le tobac paisinéadach. 5. Tá an t-am ann. Déan achoimre ar an obair atá le déanamh fós chun an sprioc a bhaint amach de shochaí a bheidh saor ó ghalair agus bás a bhaineann le tobac. An raibh a fhios agat gur féidir leat anois a fháil gan teorainn Oibreacha Creidmheasa Oideachais Leanúnach le haghaidh ach $ 95 / bliain? Cliceáil anseo chun tuilleadh a fhoghlaim. Chun an cúrsa seo a fheiceáil, beidh ort a bheith in ann doiciméad PDF a fheiceáil don ábhar cúrsa. Mura bhfuil an cumas ag do ghléas PDF a fheiceáil, is féidir leat cliceáil anseo chun Adobe Acrobat a íoslódáil saor in aisce. Tá faisnéis faoi stádas formheasa an bhoird curtha ar fáil bunaithe ar ár dtuiscint reatha ar na gníomhaireachtaí ceadúnaithe. Tabhair faoi deara le do thoil go bhfuil sé de fhreagracht ar gach ceadúnaí glacadh lenár gcúrsaí a fhíorú lena ghníomhaireacht cheadúnaithe.

PINEY WOODS, Mississippi — Terry Cannon, at age 70, is still as active as you can be on a farm in Piney Woods, Mississippi. He tends to the cattle, grows vegetables and when a tree falls down, he is there to take care of it. "I’ve lived in rural Mississippi all my life," Cannon said. "Out here on the farm, we grow tomatoes, zucchini," Cannon added. But Cannon sees a growing problem: there aren't as many farmers who look like him. "It’s a dying generation," Cannon said. DECLINE OF BLACK FARMING Over a century ago, there were over 1 million Black farmers. The latest numbers from the USDA report there are now around 45,000. Cannon says a variety of reasons are to blame. It's easier, in his opinion, for people to work in an office in the city. He also believes some systematic racism has been felt for generations when it comes to government programs for farmers. "We didn’t have the knowledge of these programs," Cannon said. A recent study by The Counter, a nonpartisan research group that studies food and farming, found that only 1 percent of Black farmers in Mississippi, where Cannon lives, received any USDA assistance to help with recent trade wars. Fourteen percent of Mississippi farmers are Black. GOVERNMENT HELP FOR THE FUTURE Tucked away in the stimulus package passed earlier this year was a major provision to provide economic relief for Black farmers. The 45,000 or so Black men and Black women farmers now have access to $5 billion to help offset previous wrongs, including assistance with debt relief. For Cannon, it means the future may not be as dim as previously believed. Cannon introduced us to Michael Coleman, a 27-year-old Black farmer, who is proud to make this his profession. "We are here. We just aren’t recognized, Coleman said. "I really want to make a career out of this, because this is something I love to do." Coleman hopes more is done to help younger farmers who often struggle to buy land in the future. Coleman believes the $5 billion will mostly help older Black farmers in debt. "There is probably a kid right now living in the inter-city that wants to farm but he doesn’t have the resources to farm," Coleman said.

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Tá Terry Cannon, ag 70 bliain d'aois, chomh gníomhach is is féidir leat a bheith i bhfeirm i Piney Woods, Mississippi. Bíonn sé ag tabhairt aire don chaorach, ag fás glasraí agus nuair a thiteann crann, tá sé ann chun aire a thabhairt dó. "Tá cónaí orm i Mississippi tuaithe i mo shaol ar fad", a dúirt Cannon. "Anseo ar an bhfeirm, fásann muid trátaí, zucchini", a dúirt Cannon. Ach feiceann Cannon fadhb atá ag fás: níl an oiread feirmeoirí ann a bhfuil cuma air. "Is ginealach ag fáil bháis é", a dúirt Cannon. TITLEAN FÁGHAIRMHEÁLA DÚIS Níos mó ná céad bliain ó shin, bhí os cionn 1 mhilliún feirmeoir Dubh ann. Na huimhreacha is déanaí ó na tuarascálacha USDA tá thart ar 45,000 ann anois. Deir Cannon go bhfuil cúiseanna éagsúla mar chúis leis. Is é an rud is éasca, dar leis, do dhaoine oibriú i oifig sa chathair. Creideann sé freisin go bhfuil roinnt ciníochas córasach curtha in iúl le glúine nuair a thagann sé le cláir rialtais d'fheirmeoirí. "Ní raibh eolas againn ar na cláir seo", a dúirt Cannon. Fuair staidéar le déanaí ag The Counter, grúpa taighde neamhphóirtithe a dhéanann staidéar ar bhia agus feirmeoireacht, nach bhfuair ach 1 faoin gcéad d'fheirmeoirí Dubha i Mississippi, áit a bhfuil Cannon ina chónaí, aon chúnamh ó USDA chun cabhrú le cogaí trádála le déanaí. Tá 14% d'fheirmeoirí Mississippi dubh. Cabhair ó Rialtas don Todhchaí Tá foráil mhór i bpacáiste spreagadh a ritheadh níos luaithe i mbliana chun faoiseamh eacnamaíoch a sholáthar d'fheirmeoirí Dubha. Tá rochtain ag na 45,000 fear agus bean d'fheirmeoirí dubh anois ar $ 5 billiún chun cuidiú le mícheart roimhe seo a chúiteamh, lena n-áirítear cúnamh le faoiseamh fiachais. Maidir le Cannon, ciallaíonn sé nach bhféadfadh an todhchaí a bheith chomh dorcha mar a chreidtear roimhe seo. Chuir Cannon i láthair dúinn Michael Coleman, feirmeoir dubh 27 bliain d'aois, atá bródúil as seo a dhéanamh mar ghairm. "Táimid anseo. Níl muid ach aitheanta, a dúirt Coleman. "Ba mhaith liom go mór gairme a dhéanamh as seo, mar is breá liom é seo a dhéanamh". Tá Coleman ag súil go ndéantar níos mó chun cabhrú le feirmeoirí óga a bhíonn ag streachailt go minic chun talamh a cheannach sa todhchaí. Creideann Coleman go gcabhróidh na 5 billiún dollar go príomha le feirmeoirí seanbhunaithe Dubh atá i bhfiacha. "Is dócha go bhfuil páiste ag maireachtáil i measc na cathrach anois a theastaíonn uaidh feirmeoireacht a dhéanamh ach nach bhfuil na hacmhainní aige chun feirmeoireacht a dhéanamh", a dúirt Coleman.

Two springs of negligible mass have the same natural lengt (50cm) and the same spring constant. In figure 1, the two springs are joined together and then are suspendly vertically with lower end also fixed in place. In figure 2, a small object A (mass 500 g)is attached at the point where the springs are joined, object A descends 20 cm and come to rest. A is pulled downward and released gently. How much time elapses from release until A reaches its maximum height? 0 Answers | Be the first to answer We’ve answered 317,661 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question

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Tá an fhad nádúrtha céanna (50 cm) agus an t-aon choinbhinsiún cois cois cois ag dhá earrach a bhfuil mais neamhriachtanach acu. Sa phictiúr 1, tá an dá earrach ceangailte le chéile agus ansin tá siad ar fionraí go ingearach agus an ceann íseal socraithe ina áit freisin. Sa phictiúr 2, tá réad beag A (mais 500 g) ceangailte ag an bpointe ina bhfuil na spireanna ag teacht le chéile, téann réad A síos 20 cm agus tagann sé go ciúin. Tarraingtear A síos agus scaoiltear go socair é. Cé mhéad ama a théann ó scaoileadh go dtí go sroicheann A a airde uasta? 0 freagraí. Bí an chéad duine a fhreagraíonn D'fhreagair muid 317 661 ceist. Is féidir linn do chuid freagraí a thabhairt freisin.

Summer harvest is always a great time of the year. But you can also be disappointed when you start to cut up fruit and discover a maggot. Josh Byrne explains that there are over two hundred types of fruit fly in Australia that can infest fruit, but only two that you need to be concerned about to protect South Australia’s agricultural crops: Queensland fruit fly from the east coast and Mediterranean fruit fly in Western Australia. Follow the video to learn how to control the common fruit fly. If you suspect that you have the evil type, contact PIRSA for help: PIRSA fruit fly web page. More information from the ABC Byrne, J 2010, Fruit fly, viewed on 14 January, 2019, <https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/fruit-fly/9431966> Coleby-Williams, J 2015, Fighting fruit fly, viewed on 14 January, 2019, <https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/fighting-fruit-fly/9436984>

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Is é an fómhar samhraidh i gcónaí am iontach den bhliain. Ach d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh díomá ort freisin nuair a thosaíonn tú ag gearradh torthaí agus a fhaigheann tú féar. Míníonn Josh Byrne go bhfuil breis agus dhá chéad cineál eitiltí torthaí san Astráil a d'fhéadfadh torthaí a ionsaí, ach ní gá duit a bheith buartha faoi ach dhá cheann chun críocha talmhaíochta na hAstráile Theas a chosaint: eitiltí torthaí Queensland ón gcósta thoir agus eitiltí torthaí na Meánmhara san Astráil Thiar. Lean an físeán chun foghlaim conas an eitilt torthaí coitianta a rialú. Má tá amhras ort go bhfuil an cineál olc agat, déan teagmháil le PIRSA le cabhair a fháil: leathanach gréasáin PIRSA an fhliuch torthaí. Tuilleadh eolais ó ABC Byrne, J 2010, Fruit fly, a breathnaíodh ar 14 Eanáir, 2019, <https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/fruit-fly/9431966> Coleby-Williams, J 2015, Fighting fruit fly, a breathnaíodh ar 14 Eanáir, 2019, <https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/fighting-fruit-fly/9436984>

The International Skating Union (ISU) was founded in 1892 and is the oldest governing international winter sport federation. During the last half of the nineteenth century, informal international competitions in both Speed Skating and Figure Skating were organized occasionally in different parts of the world. The first modern Speed Skating competition was held in Norway in 1863 and the first major International Speed Skating race was held in Hamburg (GER) in 1885. In 1882, the first International Figure Skating competition took place in Vienna (AUT). With the emergence of international competitions, in both Speed Skating and Figure Skating, as well as the forming of skating clubs and of national associations, the need to establish international standards to govern these sports became more and more apparent. In July 1892, the Dutch association took the lead in calling for a meeting of representatives of all countries interested in international ice skating competitions. As a result, the first Congress convened in Scheveningen (NED) and the ISU was created. The fifteen delegates present at the time, all from Europe, began to establish firm rules, laying down the foundations for international competitions in both disciplines. With the addition of Canada as a Member in 1894, the ISU expanded its horizons to become a truly international governing body. Since the foundation of the ISU the ice skating disciplines have developed steadily over time to occupy the significant role they now enjoy in the world of sport.

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Bunaíodh an tAontas Idirnáisiúnta Scátála (ISU) i 1892 agus is í an fhéidearáil spóirt gheimhridh idirnáisiúnta rialaithe is sine. Le linn an leath dheireanach den naoú haois déag, eagraíodh comórtais neamhfhoirmiúla idirnáisiúnta i Skateáil Luas agus i Skateáil Figiúr ó am go ham i gcodanna éagsúla den domhan. Tionóladh an chéad chomórtas nua-aimseartha Scáitseála Luas sa Iorua i 1863 agus tionóladh an chéad mhór-thapais Idirnáisiúnta Scáitseála Luas i Hamburg (GER) i 1885. Sa bhliain 1882, bhí an chéad chomórtas Idirnáisiúnta Scátála Fíor i Vín (AUT). Le teacht chun cinn comórtais idirnáisiúnta, sa Chéim Chéim agus sa Chéim Chéim, chomh maith le clubanna sceiteála agus comhlachais náisiúnta a bhunú, tháinig an gá le caighdeáin idirnáisiúnta a bhunú chun na spóirt seo a rialú níos soiléire agus níos soiléire. I mí Iúil 1892, ghlac an comhlacht Ollainnis an ceannas ag glaoch ar chruinniú de na hionadaithe ó gach tír a raibh suim acu i gcomórtais idirnáisiúnta scátála ar oighear. Mar thoradh air sin, tionóladh an chéad Chomhdháil i Scheveningen (NED) agus cruthaíodh an ISU. Thosaigh na cúig déagóir a bhí i láthair ag an am, go léir ó na hEorpa, ag bunú rialacha daingean, ag leagan síos na bunús do chomórtais idirnáisiúnta sa dá dhisciplín. Le hAonadáil Cheanada mar Bhall i 1894, leathnaigh an ISU a chuid spéire chun bheith ina chomhlacht rialála fíor-idirnáisiúnta. Ó bunaíodh ISU, tá forbairt leanúnach tagtha ar na disciplíní sciála ar oighear thar am chun an ról suntasach a bhfuil siad ag baint taitneamh as anois i saol na spóirt a áitiú.

Fighting to protect your land is a risky task. A new study shows that every year, more people are killed defending their environment than those killed while deployed to war zones from the United Kingdom and Australia combined. The study, published in Nature Sustainability on Monday, used data on the number of environmental defender deathscollected from the international human rights group Global Witness, which released its annual report on the topic just last week. The new findings build on Global Witness’ work by trying to draw connections between a country’s number of deaths and its amount of natural resources, as well as its level of corruption. Full article at: Gizmodo

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Is tasc riosca é troid chun do thír a chosaint. Léiríonn staidéar nua go mbásaíonn níos mó daoine gach bliain ag cosaint a dtimpeallacht ná mar a mbásaíonn daoine a cuireadh chun feidhme i limistéir chogaidh ón Ríocht Aontaithe agus ón Astráil le chéile. Baineadh úsáid as an staidéar, a foilsíodh in Nature Sustainability Dé Luain, as sonraí ar líon na mbásanna cosanta comhshaoil a bailíodh ó ghrúpa idirnáisiúnta cearta daonna Global Witness, a d'eisigh a thuarascáil bhliantúil ar an ábhar díreach an tseachtain seo caite. Tá na torthaí nua ag tógáil ar obair Global Witness trí iarracht a dhéanamh naisc a tharraingt idir líon na mbásanna i dtír agus méid a hacmhainní nádúrtha, chomh maith lena leibhéal éilliú. An t-alt iomlán ag: Gizmodo

The cause of your child's 'round the clock tiredness may not be early morning alarms, school bus pickups or homework-filled nights. Your child may be dragging his or her feet everyday due to one thing in his or her bedroom - Technology. According to the National Sleep Foundation, about 70 percent of kids have at least one technology device in their room. The 70 percent who leave their electronic devices on at night sleep less, up to one hour less on average per night. Correcting their sleeping habits can help them be more alert and focused at school as well as in their daily lives. Start by trying these few tips: Be A Good Role Model For Your Kids First of all, if kids see you watching TV in bed or playing with your iPad while brushing your teeth, they don’t see the problem and they’ll do it too. Turn off all electronic devices an hour before bed. Doing this is critical and studies show it will help you sleep better as well. Studies have shown that the electrical signals coming off of your phone can put out some radiation, plus reading texts or scrolling through your Facebook feed late at night disrupts your natural winding down process and can instead stimulate your brain to "set" a new sleep time, a.k.a later bed times and decreased productivity the next morning. Keep Phones Out Of Your Child’s Room. Even if it’s on silent, kids can still get distracted from their phone or tablet. Even a burst of light from the phone when someone texts your child can interrupt his or her sleep cycle. Also, don’t allow them to use it as an alarm clock, which many kids do. Instead, buy them an actual alarm clock. If parents help their kids follow these rules, everyone can get a bit more rest and you’ll have a home full of alert and focused people. Kids may not like some of these rule changes at first, but they’ll get used to it and they’ll thank you for it in the long run!

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Ní fhéadfaidh sé a bheith ina chúis le tuirse do pháiste 'ag rith an chloig' a bheith ina aláram go luath ar maidin, a bhacáil ar an mbus scoile nó oícheanna lán le hábhar baile. B'fhéidir go bhfuil do leanbh ag tarraingt a chosa gach lá mar gheall ar rud amháin ina sheomra codlata - Teicneolaíocht. De réir an National Sleep Foundation, tá feiste teicneolaíochta amháin ar a laghad i seomraí thart ar 70 faoin gcéad de na páistí. Tá an 70 faoin gcéad a fhágann a gcuid feistí leictreonacha ar siúl san oíche ag codladh níos lú, suas le uair an chloig níos lú ar an meán in aghaidh na hoíche. Is féidir le hathrú a dhéanamh ar a gcuid nósanna codlata cabhrú leo a bheith níos airdeall agus níos dírithe ar scoil chomh maith lena saol laethúil. Tosaigh ag triail a bhaint as na leideanna seo: Bí Mar Eolaí Rolla Dea D'do Leanaí Ar dtús, má fheiceann leanaí tú ag féachaint ar an teilifís sa leaba nó ag imirt le do iPad agus tú ag scuabadh do fiacla, ní fheiceann siad an fhadhb agus déanfaidh siad é freisin. Cuir gach feiste leictreonach as uair an chloig sula dtéann tú a chodladh. Tá sé ríthábhachtach é seo a dhéanamh agus léiríonn staidéir go gcabhróidh sé leat codladh níos fearr freisin. Léirigh staidéir gur féidir leis na comharthaí leictreacha a thagann as do ghuthán radaíocht a chur amach, agus cuireann téacsanna a léamh nó scrollaíocht trí do sholáthair Facebook go déanach san oíche isteach ar do phróiseas nádúrtha dífhostaithe agus in ionad sin, d'fhéadfadh sé do inchinn a spreagadh chun am codlata nua a "shocrú", nó am codlata níos déanaí agus táirgeacht laghdaithe an mhaidin dár gcionn. Ná cuir fón póca i seomra do pháiste. Fiú má tá sé ar shuí, is féidir le páistí a gcuid fóin nó táibléad a chur in iúl. D'fhéadfadh fiú solas a thagann as an bhfón nuair a bhíonn teachtaireacht á seoladh ag duine éigin cur isteach ar a timthriall codlata. Chomh maith leis sin, ná lig dóibh é a úsáid mar chlog-alarm, rud a dhéanann go leor páistí. Ina áit sin, ceannach iad a cloc réalta fíor. Má chabhraíonn tuismitheoirí lena leanaí na rialacha seo a leanúint, is féidir le gach duine beagán níos mó a fháil amach agus beidh teach agat lán de dhaoine atá airdeallach agus dírithe. B'fhéidir nach maith le páistí cuid de na hathruithe seo ar an riail ar dtús, ach beidh siad ag baint úsáide as agus beidh siad buíoch díot as ar feadh i bhfad!

Algebra Cheat Sheet provides you with a quick reference of formulas in Algebra. 1. Basic Properties and Facts (includes properties of radicals, exponents, logarithms etc., 2. Factoring and Solving equations 3. Methods of solving Linear Equations, Quadratic Equations, Solving equations with Square roots, Solving Equations with Absolute Values 4. Functions and graphs for parabola, eclipse, Hyperbola, circle etc., 5. Common Algebraic Errors. What's New in This Release: · Updated the navigation. · Corrected a mistake in the content (Solving Quadratic Equations). Like it? Share with your friends! Other Android Freeware of Developer «Nuzedd»: Statistics Quick Reference Statistics Quick Reference was designed by a qualified statistics Instructor. Each of the concepts was explained in detail, followed by an example for better understanding Calculus Quick Reference Calculus Quick Reference lists down all the important formulas and evaluation techniques used in calculus which makes it easier for you to memorize and apply them in solving problems Trigonometry Quick Reference Trigonometry Quick Reference has all the important formulas and concepts covered to help the student review them on regular basis GeometryQuiz Enjoy fun, free Geometry Quiz at your fingertips! Challenge yourself or share with friends. The multiple-choice quiz format is easy-to-use, fun and educational. Four options for each question, only one right answer! Math for Practise and improve your math skills with this app Fence Post Plotter Plot out 2 dimensional fence diagrams easily. (It might take you some time to get used to the controls, but they become easy with a couple attempts Smart Ruler You can gauge the length with your smart phone. Smart Ruler Lite is the part 1. of Smart Tools series. (length) You can measure the length of a small object with your phone by touch. Free version with No ads. * Usage is simple Geometry Helper Geometry Helper is an Android app which performs various calculations for several geometrical shapes Supported Operation Systems: Google Android 2.1 | Google Android 2.2 | Google Android 2.3 | Google Android 3.0 | Google Android 3.1 | Google Android 3.2 | Google Android 4.0 | Google Android 4.1 | Google Android 4.2 | Google Android 4.3 | Google Android 4.4 | Google Android 5.x | Google Android 6.x | Comments on Algebra Cheat Sheet: Comments not found FreewareAndroid - Free Downloads Android Market Apps, Applications, Games, APK, WiFi, Sync, GPS for Google Android OS

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Soláthraíonn Leabhrán Cheat Algebra duit tagairt tapa do fhoirmlí in Algebra. 1. an t-am a bhí ann. Príomh-Ionad agus Fíricí (lena n-áirítear airíonna radacail, expóntaí, logarítmaí srl., 2. Seachadadh. Factoring agus Réiteach chothromanna 3. Tá an t-am ann. Modhanna chun Eacnamaíochtaí Líneacha, Eacnamaíochtaí Ceadrátacha, Eacnamaíochtaí le fréamhacha cearnacha a réiteach, Eacnamaíochtaí le Luachanna Absolut a réiteach 4. Tá an t-am Funcíochtaí agus grafaí le haghaidh paraiból, eclipse, Hyperbola, ciorcal etc., 5. Tá an t-am ann. Earráidí Algaibríceacha Coitianta. Cad atá Nua sa Scaoileadh seo: · An nascleanúint a nuashonrú. · Earráid sa ábhar a cheartú (Solving Quadratic Equations). Is maith leat é? Comhroinn le do chairde! Freeware Android eile ón Forbróir Nuzedd: Staitisticí Tuairisc Thuairisc Thuairisc Thuairisc Thuairisc a dhearadh ag Oideachasóir Staidrimh cáilithe. Mhíníodh gach ceann de na coincheapa go mion, agus cuireadh sampla ina dhiaidh sin chun tuiscint níos fearr a fháil orthu Calculus Quick Reference Cuirtear liostaí síos ag Calculus Quick Reference de na foirmlí agus na teicnící meastóireachta tábhachtacha go léir a úsáidtear i gcálcas a fhágann go bhfuil sé níos éasca duit iad a mheabhrú agus a chur i bhfeidhm chun fadhbanna a réiteach Trigonometry Quick Reference Tá na foirmlí agus na coincheapa tábhachtacha go léir i Trigonometry Quick Reference chun cabhrú leis an mac léinn iad a athbhreithniú go rialta GeometryQuiz: Bíodh spraoi agat, GeometryQuiz saor in aisce ar do shuaimhneas! Déan dúshlán duit féin nó roinn le cairde. Tá an t-oideas sciála ilrogha éasca le húsáid, spraoi agus oideachasúil. Ceithre rogha do gach ceist, ach freagra ceart amháin! Matamaitic le haghaidh Cleachtas agus feabhas a chur ar do scileanna matamaitic leis an app Plótar Post Fence Plotter Diagramaí fál 2 thomhaise a phló go héasca. (D'fhéadfadh sé a ghlacadh roinnt ama chun tú a fháil a úsáidtear chun na rialuithe, ach a bheith éasca le cúpla iarracht Ruler Cliste Is féidir leat an fad a thomhas le do ghuthán cliste. Is é Smart Ruler Lite an chuid 1. de shraith Uirlisí Cliste. (téar) Is féidir leat fad réad beag a thomhas le do ghuthán trí theacht. Leagan saor in aisce gan fógraí. * Tá an úsáid simplí Is feidhmchlár Android é Geometry Helper a dhéanann ríomhanna éagsúla do roinnt cruthanna geoimeatracha Córais Oibríochta Tacaíochta: Google Android 2.1 Google Android 2.2 Google Android 2.3 Google Android 3.0 Google Android 3.1 Google Android 3.2 Google Android 4.0 Google Android 4.1 Google Android 4.2 Google Android 4.3 Google Android 4.4 Google Android 5.x. Google Android 6.x. Tuairimí ar Leabhar Cheat Algebra: Ní fhaightear aon tuairimí FreewareAndroid - Íoslódáil Saor in Aisce Apps Margadh Android, Iarratas, Cluichí, APK, WiFi, Sioncróiriú, GPS do Google Android OS

As I understand it, while the odd dialect does trill the R (the northern extremities, in particular), the sound should be more of a 'flapped' R. Try pronouncing the word 'water' as quickly as possible, and listen to the sound the T makes. (Depending on your accent, but probably) It's not actually a 't' (or 'd') sound, but it is a Swedish R sound. It's the same as the R in the Spanish word 'tres', or the initial consonant in the Japanese ら. To me, the Swedish R sounds like the monomer that makes the trilled R, but I'm not sure of the actual, linguistic accuracy of that. If it is like that, it looks like Brazilian Portuguese R amidst the words, like querer, chorar, carinho. No, the most common pronounciation is trilled, although when spoken fast it is often reduced to a flap or an approximant. You might be thinking of Norwegian. Thanks for helping. Tricky pronunciations like these really make learning languages interesting. Is "Jag" pronounced 'yah' , 'yahg', or 'jah'? I cant tell because she speaks too fast.. I'm not a native Swedish speaker, but what I've learned over the years is that "jag" is properly pronounced "yahg", but that much of the time (probably most of the time) people shorten it to just "yah". I wonder if pronouncing it fully ("yahg") seems weird or overly formal or overly precise in casual conversation. Yeah, if you pronounce the -g it’s only for emphasis or so. It’s always dropped otherwise. It can also mean to be drinking alcohol, just like in english. "Jag dricker inte" = (literally) I don't drink = I don't drink alcohol You never say that if you mean drinking something else than alcohol; instead you specify by naming the beverage (like tea or milk.) If you don't mention what kind of bevarage you're drinking, people will assume it's alcohol you're talking about. Yes, the sound quality isn't great here. Actually it sounds like she has been drinking a bit too much. The sound on Forvo is right.

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De réir mar a thuigim é, cé go bhfuil an diailéid neamhghnách ag trill an R (na foircinn thuaidh, go háirithe), ba chóir go mbeadh an fhuaim níos mó de 'flaped' R. Bain triail as an bhfocal 'uisce' a fhuaimniú chomh tapa agus is féidir, agus éisteacht leis an fhuaim a dhéanann an T. (Ag brath ar do ghuthán, ach is dócha) Ní 't' (nó 'd') é i ndáiríre, ach is fuaim R na Sualainne é. Tá sé mar an gcéanna leis an R sa fhocal Spáinnis 'tres', nó an comh-aistriú tosaigh sa tSeapáinis ら. Maidir liomsa, is cosúil go bhfuil an R na Sualainne mar an monómar a dhéanann an R trí-bhreathnaithe, ach níl mé cinnte faoi chruinneas teanga an fhíorais. Má tá sé mar sin, tá sé cosúil le R na Portaingéile na Brasaíle i measc na bhfocal, cosúil le querer, chorar, carinho. Níl, is é an fhuaimniú is coitianta trí-bhreathnú, cé go mbíonn sé ag laghdú go minic go flap nó go dtugtha thart nuair a labhraítear go tapa é. B'fhéidir go bhfuil tú ag smaoineamh ar an Iorua. Go raibh maith agat as cabhrú. Déantar fuaimniú tricky mar seo go bhfuil teangacha ag foghlaim suimiúil i ndáiríre. An bhfuil "Jag" pronounced 'yah', 'yahg', nó 'jah'? Ní féidir liom a rá mar go labhraíonn sí ró-tapa .. Ní labhraí dúchais an tSualainnis mé, ach is é an rud a d'fhoghlaim mé thar na blianta ná go bhfuil "jag" á fhuaimniú go ceart mar "yahg", ach go bhfuil an chuid is mó den am (is dócha an chuid is mó den am) ag daoine é a ghearrú go "yah" amháin. N'fheadar an bhfuil sé a fhuaimniú go hiomlán ("yahg") aisteach nó ró-fhoirmiúil nó ró-chomhshláintiúil i gcomhrá ócáideach. Yeah, má labhraíonn tú an -g tá sé ach le haghaidh béim nó mar sin. Tá sé i gcónaí thit ar shlí eile. Is féidir leis a chiallaíonn freisin a bheith ag ól alcóil, díreach cosúil le i mBéarla. "Jag dricker inte" = (go liteartha) Ní ólann mé = Ní ólann mé alcól Ní deir tú riamh go bhfuil tú ag ciallaíonn a ól rud éigin seachas alcól; ina ionad sin a shonrú ag ainmniú an deoch (mar tae nó bainne). Mura luaitear cén cineál deoch atá á ól agat, glacfaidh daoine gur alcól atá á labhairt agat. Sea, níl an caighdeán fuaime iontach anseo. Go deimhin is cosúil go bhfuil sí ag ól beagán ró-mhór. Tá an fhuaim ar Forvo ceart.

New Data Support Einstein on Accelerating Universe Researchers with the BOSS project have measured the distance to faraway galaxies more precisely than ever before, mapping the universe as it existed roughly 6 billion years ago, when it was only 63 percent of its current size. The findings suggest that the mysterious “dark energy” causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate was foreseen by Einstein, the researchers reported at the American Physical Society meeting. To keep the universe in a static state, Einstein added a term called the “cosmological constant” to the equations for his theory of general relativity; when the universe was later found to be expanding, he called the constant his “biggest blunder.” But in recent years, the cosmological constant, which describes a repulsive force occupying all of space, has been invoked to explain the discovery, first reported in 1998, that the universe is expanding faster and faster. Evidence for accelerated expansion could be explained either by the negative pressure exerted by the cosmological constant (or some other form of dark energy) or by some flaw in general relativity. The BOSS results support the dark energy picture.

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Tacaíonn Sonraí Nua le Einstein ar Cruinne a Luathú Tá taighdeoirí leis an tionscadal BOSS tar éis an fad go réaltraí i bhfad i gcéin a thomhas níos beacht ná riamh roimhe, ag mapsáil na cruinne mar a bhí sé thart ar 6 billiún bliain ó shin, nuair nach raibh sé ach 63 faoin gcéad dá mhéid reatha. Tugann na torthaí le fios go raibh Einstein ag súil leis an mysterious dark energy ag cur leis an cruinne a leathnú ag ráta luathaithe, a thuairiscigh na taighdeoirí ag cruinniú na Cumann Físeolaíochta Mheiriceá. Chun an cruinne a choinneáil i riocht statach, chuir Einstein téarma ar a dtugtar an cosmological constant leis na cothromaíochtaí dá teoiric maidir le hinmheasúnacht ghinearálta; nuair a fuarthas amach go raibh an cruinne ag leathnú níos déanaí, d'iarr sé an t-iomlán a blunder is mó. Ach le blianta beaga anuas, tá an cosmological constant, a chuireann síos ar fhórsa repulsive a áitiú ar fad an spás, a tugadh chun míniú a dhéanamh ar an bhfionnachtú, tuairiscíodh den chéad uair i 1998, go bhfuil an cruinne ag leathnú níos tapúla agus níos tapúla. D'fhéadfaí fianaise maidir le leathnú luathaithe a mhíniú trí bhrú diúltach a dhéanann an seasmhach cosmaíoch (nó cineál eile fuinnimh dorcha) nó trí bhréag éigin sa teoiric ghinearálta na coibhneasachta. Tacaíonn torthaí BOSS leis an bpictiúr fuinnimh dorcha.

Can you listen to a phone message in one ear while a friend talks into the other? If you can, it may be thanks to your genes, scientists report. Your brain analyzes the sounds you hear so you can make sense of them. This “auditory processing” helps you decide whether a sound is a voice you should listen to or background noise you can safely ignore. Abnormal auditory processing affects up to 7% of school-age children in the U.S. The disorders also affect older adults and stroke victims. To see if auditory-processing skills can be inherited, NIH researchers studied nearly 200 pairs of twins, ages 12-50. The pairs included both identical twins, who share all of their genes, and fraternal twins, who share about half of their genes. If auditory processing is purely genetic, identical twins will be alike nearly 100% of the time, but fraternal twins won’t. The twins took several tests that assess auditory-processing skills. For example, they were asked to name 2 different short words or word fragments that were played at the same time, one to the right ear and one to the left. The results showed that this dual-listening ability is largely inherited. Up to 73% of the variation in this type of listening was due to differences in genes, the researchers say. These findings will help researchers better understand how the brain processes sound. They may also help to uncover new clues to the causes of auditory-processing disorders. Read more articles on Health News When you are 25 or if you are approaching 25, there are certain things which life is expected to have taught you by now.read more You may have tried so many things to get rid of that irritating cold but you should know what you should never do when you have cold.read more

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An féidir leat éisteacht le teachtaireacht teileafóin i gcluas amháin agus cara ag caint isteach sa chluas eile? Má tá tú in ann, b'fhéidir go bhfuil sé buíochas le do ghineanna, a thuairiscíonn eolaithe. Déanann do inchinn anailís ar na fuaimeanna a chloiseann tú ionas gur féidir leat ciall a bhaint astu. Cabhraíonn an "próiseáil éisteachta" seo leat cinneadh a dhéanamh an bhfuil guth ar cheart duit éisteacht leis nó an torann cúlra is féidir leat neamhaird a dhéanamh air. Bíonn tionchar ag próiseáil neamhghnácha éisteachta ar suas le 7% d' leanaí in aois na scoile sna Stáit Aontaithe. Bíonn tionchar ag na neamhoird freisin ar dhaoine fásta níos sine agus ar dhaoine a bhfuil stróc orthu. Chun a fháil amach an féidir scileanna próiseála éisteachta a oidhreacht, rinne taighdeoirí NIH staidéar ar beagnach 200 péire de dhúthchaillí, idir 12 agus 50 bliain d'aois. I measc na bpáirtithe bhí dhá dhúthchaoin chéanna, a bhfuil a ngéiní go léir acu, agus dá dhúthchaoin bhráithreacha, a bhfuil thart ar leath a ngéiní acu. Má tá próiseáil éisteachta géiniteach go hiomlán, beidh cúpla céanna cosúil le beagnach 100% den am, ach ní bheidh cúpla frith-bhraternal. Rinne na géarghnáin roinnt tástálacha a mheasann scileanna próiseála éisteachta. Mar shampla, iarradh orthu ainm a thabhairt ar 2 fhocal nó codán focal gearr a bhí á chluigint ag an am céanna, ceann ar an gcluas dheis agus ceann ar an gcluas chlé. Léirigh na torthaí go bhfuil an cumas seo chun éisteacht dhúbailte a fháil go mór. Deir na taighdeoirí go raibh suas le 73% den éagsúlacht sa chineál seo éisteachta mar gheall ar dhifríochtaí i ngéin. Cabhróidh na torthaí seo le taighdeoirí tuiscint níos fearr a fháil ar an gcaoi a phróiseálann an inchinn fuaim. D'fhéadfadh sé go gcabhródh siad le leideanna nua a nochtadh maidir le cúiseanna neamhoird phróiseála éisteachta. Léigh tuilleadh alt ar Health News Nuair a bhíonn tú 25 bliain d'aois nó má tá tú ag druidim le 25, tá rudaí áirithe ann a bhfuil súil leis go mbeidh an saol tar éis múineadh duit faoi láthair. léigh níos mó B'fhéidir go ndearna tú go leor rudaí chun fáil réidh leis an fuar irritating ach ba chóir duit a fhios cad ba chóir duit a dhéanamh riamh nuair a bhfuil tú fuar. léigh níos mó

By DAN WHITTLE, Courier Correspondent Historians around the globe know about Tennessean Sam Davis, the famous Confederate Coleman Scout (spy) who chose death by a hangman's noose rather than disclose identities of fellow Southern Civil War sympathizers. However, few know about "Uncle" Charlie Waldron, who was born into slavery when his mother, Sally Waldron, gave birth to him either on or near Smyrna's former Davis Plantation in the 1840s. Even fewer know about the conditions "Uncle" Charlie survived as a slave to the Davis family leading up to the Civil War. However, thanks to modern-day caretakers of the historic Sam Davis Home, Smyrna, Tennessee's largest tourism attraction, here-to-fore untold details of Uncle Charlie's and other slave lives are being made public. "For example, there are no records showing how plantation owner Charles Davis (Sam Davis' father and owner of the Davis Plantation) treated his slaves," verified Christina Runkel, Sam Davis Museum Director of Collections and Interpretation. "However, due to an archeological dig by students from Middle Tennessee State University, we know that Uncle Charlie was curious not only about his ancestors, but about Native Americans and their life styles too." "Due to the artifacts found in the interpretive 'dig' beneath the cabin Uncle Charlie lived in for years, they found multiple arrow heads and other items from the Native American culture that preceded the slave era of our nation," Runkel described while pointing out a "brick" likely built by the hands of slaves. "This particular brick shows the prints of a foot, likely the foot of the slave who helped operate the kiln that bricks were fired in," Runkel added. "This other brick, shows the stroke of a hand, likely swiped on the brick prior to the kiln." "Slaves who had masonry talents were highly-valued, because they could construct structurally-safe chimneys and make bricks for safe walkways," Runkel shared. "Many large plantation farms had individual kilns." However, cotton and swine products, including cured hams, brought the most profits to the Davis Plantation, Runkel accounted. By 1850, Tennessee had evolved into a major slave-exporting state. "In that year, eight slave auctioneers operated in Nashville, a slave market second only to Memphis in the state," as documented by Nashville author/historian Bobby L. Lovett, in his well-researched book entitled "The African-American History of Nashville, Tenn., 1780-1930." "Nashville's slave traders purchased some of their human cargo in Kentucky and sold slaves to Alabama and Mississippi. After 1855 the Tennessee brokers exported slaves to Texas and Florida." Author Lovett also shared: "While the slave business developed in Nashville, not all local whites admired the 'peculiar institution.'" Typically, in America's slavery era, there was no money exchanged when someone like Uncle Charlie was born to a slave mother. Uncle Charlie, like thousands of slaves in the South, was freed after the Civil War's conclusion and President Lincoln's historic Emancipation Proclamation." However, Uncle Charlie returned to the Davis Plantation after 1900, when he lived in the home's kitchen and in a nearby slave cabin. "The children were automatically enslaved upon birth," verified history interpreter Runkel. At the peak period of upper middle-class prosperity in the 1850s, records show the Davis Plantation had more than 50 slaves. "The Davis family was considered upper middle class, but not in the status of Murfreesboro's more wealthy Maney Plantation and Nashville's Belmont Plantation," Runkel detailed. To commemorate February as "Black History Month," the Sam Davis staff has created a special exhibit, entitled "African Americans on the Davis Plantation - Curator Talk & Tour Series." Historians, educators, parents and grandparents, plus children will have the opportunity to learn never-told-before details about slavery as it was practiced at the Davis Plantation. On Feb. 8, a Saturday, interpreter Runkel will orchestrate an in-depth "Curator Talk & Tour," when guests will get an "inside look" into the museum's featured exhibit. Admission is $15 per person, for the 90-minute presentation starting at 1 p.m. "We request reservations be made in advance by emailing firstname.lastname@example.org or by calling 615-459-2341," Runkel requested. "This is an opportunity to learn what went into creating the exhibit, an opportunity to dig into the history of the exhibit," curator Runkel shared. "There will be a topic-specified guided tour of the historic house and grounds, when participants will learn more about those who labored here as slaves, including 'Uncle" Charlie Waldron, who left the plantation after emancipation, but returned after 1900, after which he worked as a servant in the Davis' household." There is another opportunity, this one free to the public, for parents and grandparents to share this important American history with children. "On Feb. 23 (a Sunday), we will celebrate the rich musical history of African-Americans during after the Civil War," added Runkel. "That will be part of the free 'Family Day' on Feb. 23, from 12 noon to 4 p.m., suitable for children of all ages. Families will get the chance to to play an orutu (stringed instrument), a thumb piano, a finger drum and more with this hands-on program while learning the role that music played to African-Americans laboring on the Davis Plantation with songs." Two titles of enslaved African-American songs are "Follow The Drinking Gourd" and "We are Climbing Jacob's Ladder." "Visitors and children will also have the opportunity to create their own African tribal mask that day," Runkel added. "Admission is free and includes activities and museum admission." "That's when visitors can learn about several of the Davis' enslaved," Runkel shared. "In addition to Uncle Charlie, slave Isaac was an enslaved worker purchased by Charles Davis in 1954." Immediately after the war's conclusion, "Uncle" Charlie Waldron is reported to be one of those slaves who walked away from the Davis Plantation a free man. Upon returning to the Davis farm, Uncle Charlie worked and lived until his death in his eighties in 1925, as verified by a death certificate provided for this forum by Rutherford County history researcher John Lodl, a former director/curator of the Sam Davis Home. In history annals, young Sam Davis is remembered as the "Boy Hero of the Confederacy," after his death by hanging. Rather the divulge the name of Confederate allies, he purportedly told his Union captors: "I would rather die a thousand deaths rather than betray a friend." He was captured carrying Union war plans at Minor Hill, Tenn., on Nov. 20, 1863. His remains are buried behind the Sam Davis Home.

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De réir DAN WHITTLE, Courier Correspondent Tá a fhios ag staraithe ar fud an domhain faoi Tennessee Sam Davis, an Scout Coleman (spy) cáiliúil Comhdhúite a roghnaigh bás trí phósadh an fheadáin seachas aitheantais comhpháirtithe Cathartha an Deiscirt a nochtadh. Mar sin féin, is beag a bhfuil a fhios acu faoi "Uncle" Charlie Waldron, a rugadh i sclábhaíocht nuair a rugadh a mháthair, Sally Waldron, dó ar nó in aice le Sean-Plantáil Davis Smyrna sna 1840idí. Níos lú fós a fhios faoi na coinníollacha "Uncle" Charlie mhair mar sclábhaí leis an teaghlach Davis a bhí ag tabhairt suas go dtí an Cogadh Cathartha. Mar sin féin, buíochas le cúramóirí nua-aimseartha an Chonair Sam Davis stairiúil, Smyrna, an mhealladh turasóireachta is mó i Tennessee, tá mionsonraí nach raibh in iúl riamh faoi shaol Uncail Charlie agus sclábhaithe eile á gcur ar fáil don phobal. "Mar shampla, níl aon taifid ann a léiríonn conas a chaith úinéir plandála Charles Davis (athair Sam Davis agus úinéir Plandáil Davis) a sclábhaithe", a dhearbhaigh Christina Runkel, Stiúrthóir Bailiúcháin agus Tuiscintí Músaem Sam Davis. "Ar a shon sin, mar gheall ar thochailt seandálaíochta ag mic léinn ó Ollscoil Stáit Mheán Tennessee, tá a fhios againn go raibh Uncle Charlie fiosrach ní hamháin faoi a sinsear, ach faoi Mheiriceánaigh Dúchasacha agus a gcuid stíl mhaireachtála freisin". "Mar gheall ar na hearraí a fuarthas sa 'tochailt' léirmhínitheacha faoi bhun an chabáin a raibh uncail Charlie ina chónaí ar feadh blianta, fuair siad go leor cinn saigheada agus earraí eile ó chultúr na Meiriceánach Dúchasacha a chuaigh roimh ré sclábhaíochta ár náisiúin", a thuairiscigh Runkel agus é ag tabhairt le "brick" a d'fhéadfadh a bheith tógtha ag lámha sclábhaithe. "Tá sé léirithe ar an bríce seo go háirithe gur léim chos, is dócha gur léim chos an sclábhaí a chabhraigh leis an oigheann a bhí na bríceanna á n-eascadh a oibriú", a dúirt Runkel. "Tá an bríce eile, léiríonn an stróc lámh, is dócha swiped ar an bríce roimh an oigheann". "Bhí luach mór ar sclábhaithe a raibh buanna maisiúcháin acu, toisc go bhféadfadh siad siombailí a bhí sábháilte ó thaobh struchtúr de a thógáil agus brící a dhéanamh le haghaidh cosáin shábháilte", a dúirt Runkel. "Bhí forna aonair ag go leor feirmeacha plandála móra". Mar sin féin, thug táirgí cadáis agus muiceola, lena n-áirítear hams cothaithe, an brabús is mó do Plandaíocht Davis, a rinne Runkel cuntas air. Faoi 1850, bhí Tennessee tar éis éirí ina stát mór-onnmhairiúcháin sclábhaithe. "Sa bhliain sin, oibrigh ocht n-aicmeoir sclábhaí i Nashville, margadh sclábhaí dara háit i ndiaidh Memphis sa stát", mar a thaifeadadh ag údar/staire Nashville Bobby L. Lovett, ina leabhar dea-rannscrúdaithe dar teideal "The African-American History of Nashville, Tenn., 1780-1930". "Cheannaigh trádálaithe sclábhaithe Nashville cuid dá gcuid lasta daonna i Kentucky agus dhíol siad sclábhaithe go Alabama agus Mississippi. Tar éis 1855 d'onnmhair bróicéirí Tennessee sclábhaithe go Texas agus Florida. " Dúirt an t-údar Lovett freisin: "Cé go raibh an gnó sclábhaithe ag fás i Nashville, ní raibh meas ag gach bán áitiúil ar an 'institiúid speisialta.'" De ghnáth, in aois na sclábhaíochta i Meiriceá, ní raibh aon airgead a mhalartú nuair a rugadh duine éigin cosúil le Uncail Charlie le máthair sclábhaí. Bhí uncail Charlie, cosúil le na mílte sclábhaí sa Deisceart, saor tar éis dheireadh an Chogaidh Shibhialta agus an tUachtarán Lincoln a fhógairt Easaontacht stairiúil. " Mar sin féin, d'fhill uncail Charlie ar Plandaíocht Davis tar éis 1900, nuair a bhí sé ina chónaí i gcistin an tí agus i gcabán sclábhaí in aice láimhe. "Bhí na páistí faoi sclábhaíocht go huathoibríoch nuair a rugadh iad", a dhearbhaigh Runkel, ateangaire staire. Ag an tréimhse is airde de rathúnas an sclábhaí uachtaraigh sna 1850idí, léiríonn taifid go raibh níos mó ná 50 sclábhaí ag Plantation Davis. "Bhí an teaghlach Davis meastar go raibh rang lárnach uachtarach, ach ní sa stádas de Murfreesboro níos saibhre Maney Plantation agus Nashville Belmont Plantation", Runkel mionsonraithe. Chun Féibril a chomóradh mar "Mí Stair an Duibhe", chruthaigh foireann Sam Davis taispeántas speisialta, dar teideal "Meiriceánaigh Afracacha ar Plandaíocht Davis - Sraith Labhair & Turas Cúirteora". Beidh deis ag staraithe, oideachasóirí, tuismitheoirí agus seantuismitheoirí, chomh maith le leanaí sonraí a fhoghlaim nach ndearnadh a rá riamh roimhe seo faoi sclábhaíocht mar a bhí sé i bhfeidhm ag Plantation Davis. Ar 8 Feabhra, Dé Sathairn, déanfaidh an t-aistriúchán Runkel "Curator Talk & Tour" domhain, nuair a gheobhaidh na hóstach "súil istigh" isteach i taispeántas an mhúsaeim. Is $15 an duine a íocann an t-iontráil don chur i láthair 90 nóiméad a thosóidh ag 1 p.m. "Iarraimid go ndéanfar áirithintí roimh ré trí ríomhphost a sheoladh chuig firstname.lastname@example.org nó trí ghlaoch ar 615-459-2341", a d'iarr Runkel. "Is deis é seo foghlaim cad a chuaigh isteach i gcruthú an taispeántais, deis chun dul isteach i stair an taispeántais", a dúirt an cúirteoir Runkel. "Beidh turas treoraithe téama-shonraithe ann ar an teach stairiúil agus ar na forais, nuair a fhoghlaimfidh rannpháirtithe níos mó faoi na daoine a d'oibrigh anseo mar sclábhaithe, lena n-áirítear 'Uncle' Charlie Waldron, a d'fhág an plandaíocht tar éis éabhlóid, ach d'fhill sé tar éis 1900, agus ina dhiaidh sin d'oibrigh sé mar sheirbhíseach i dteaghlach Davis. " Tá deis eile ann, an ceann seo saor in aisce don phobal, do thuismitheoirí agus sean-dhuismitheoirí an stair thábhachtach Mheiriceá seo a roinnt le leanaí. "Ar 23 Feabhra (Domhnach), beidh muid ag ceiliúradh an stair cheoil shaibhir na hAfraice-Mheiriceánaigh le linn tar éis an Chogaidh Shibhialta", a dúirt Runkel. "Beidh sé sin mar chuid den 'Laethanta Teaghlaigh' saor in aisce ar 23 Feabhra, ó 12 i lár na hoíche go dtí 4 i ndiaidh a chlog, atá oiriúnach do leanaí de gach aois. Beidh deis ag teaghlaigh orutu (ionstraim stróicéadach), pianó thumb, druma finger agus níos mó a imirt leis an gclár praiticiúil seo agus iad ag foghlaim an ról a bhí ag ceol do Mheiriceánaigh Afracacha a bhí ag obair ar Plandaíocht Davis le hamhráin". Dhá theideal de amhráin sclábhaithe Afracach-Mheiriceánach is ea "Follow The Drinking Gourd" agus "We are Climbing Jacob's Ladder". "Beidh deis ag cuairteoirí agus ag leanaí a masc treibhe Afracach féin a chruthú an lá sin freisin", a dúirt Runkel. "Tá an t-aistriúchán saor in aisce agus áirítear leis na gníomhaíochtaí agus an t-aistriúchán ar an músaem". "Sin nuair is féidir le cuairteoirí foghlaim faoi roinnt de na Davis' enslaved, "Runkel roinnte. "De bhreis ar Uncle Charlie, bhí Isaac, an sclábhaí, ina shaothar sclábhaithe a cheannaigh Charles Davis i 1954". Díreach tar éis dheireadh an chogaidh, tuairiscítear go raibh "Uncle" Charlie Waldron ar cheann de na sclábhaithe sin a shiúil ar shiúl ó Plandaíocht Davis mar dhuine saor. Nuair a d'fhill sé ar fheirm Davis, d'oibrigh uncail Charlie agus mhair sé go dtí a bháis ina ochtóidí i 1925, mar a fhíoraíodh le deimhniú báis a chuir taighdeoir staire Rutherford County John Lodl, iar-stiúrthóir / cúiréara Sam Davis Home, ar fáil don fhóram seo. I anail na staire, cuirtear cuimhne ar an Sam Davis óg mar "Boy Hero of the Confederacy", tar éis a bháis trí chrochadh. Seachas ainm na gcomhghuaillithe Comhdhála a nochtadh, deirtear gur dúirt sé lena ghabháilithe ón Aontas: "B'fhearr liom bás míle bás ná cairde a thabhairt". Gabhadh é ag iompar pleananna cogaidh an Aontais ag Minor Hill, Tenn., an 20 Samhain, 1863. Tá a chuid iarsmaí curtha taobh thiar de Thionól Sam Davis.

- Armament and disarmament - Conflict and peace - Peace and development According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) and the Financial Tracking Service (FTS), the number of people in need of humanitarian aid in 2017 rose to 141.1 million and they were located in 37 countries. The Global Humanitarian Appeal stood at nearly $13 billion as of November 2017, which represented 58 per cent of the total fund target set for humanitarian assistance. The gap between the appeal target and funds raised, however, has been widening in recent years (Figure 1), as has the number of people affected by disasters—both natural and human-induced (Figure 2). The least funded countries towards their targets in 2017 were Senegal, which had 18 per cent of its target funded, primarily for projects in the food security and nutrition sector; and Peru, which was 18.5 per cent funded, primarily for water and sanitation projects. The best covered country in terms of funding was Afghanistan, where 70 per cent of funding requirements were met by donors, which included 100 per cent of the funding needs identified for food security and agriculture. Gross domestic product in these countries lags behind the world’s average: in Afghanistan it was just US$ 561 GDP per capita in 2016, in Senegal the figure was US$ 958 and in Peru US$ 6045. When disaster strikes, most efforts are directed at coordination and the first essential relief work (providing water, food, medicine and shelter). In the first 72 hours following the disaster, UNOCHA sends skilled first response staff to start coordinating assistance efforts between the government, and local and international actors. Many disasters are characterized as ‘sudden onset’, meaning that they abruptly disrupt basic services and infrastructure and must be addressed quickly by a multiplicity of actors in order to save lives. However, even in such situations, when a complex and immediate response is required, evaluations of humanitarian assistance are important. Delivery of humanitarian response in complex environments creates unique challenges to evaluation, particularly impact evaluation which requires additional rigour for causal inference. The challenges are well-known to practitioners and evaluators (see, for example, the ALNAP's Evaluation Humanitarian Action Guide, in particular chapter 18). In addition to the monitoring and evaluation efforts already in place in many international organizations, which track whether aid reaches the intended beneficiaries, the methodology set out below—adapted from evaluations used to assess development programmes—might help to answer similar questions in the humanitarian aid sphere: Since one of the international criticisms of humanitarian assistance is its lack of sustainability, addressing these questions in the recovery and resilience phases, which follow the relief phase in the three to six months after the disaster strikes, is especially important. The earthquake in Haiti in 2010 is one example of aid that failed to prevent an outbreak of cholera, which affected 6 per cent of the population over two years. In Nepal, two years after the 2015 disaster, 70 per cent of the affected population are still living in temporary shelters. Recurring drought in Somalia continues to bring hunger to vulnerable populations despite international efforts to tackle the hunger crisis year after year. Consider, for example, the provision of supplementary nutrition to impoverished households with young children during a food crisis. There are several ways to provide this nutrition: food delivery, food vouchers or cash. There are also several channels of distribution, for example by distributing the assistance to the head of household or directly to the mother of the young children. What is the most effective way to provide the nutrition assistance given the particular country context? If providing assistance to the head of household leads to the optimal distribution of resources across all household members, this is the optimal solution. If, however, in contexts where the head of household is nearly always male, it leads to an unequal distribution of resources by limiting access by young children and women, then providing it to mothers may benefit the disadvantaged members of the household. Providing assistance directly to a woman rather than a man, however, could put a woman at risk in the most male-dominated societies. Famine is not always about there not being enough food. Providing food vouchers or cash in the absence of functioning food markets, however, will not be an effective solution. An impact evaluation helps to answer some of these questions. What is the magnitude of the impact of aid? To be able to understand the process of how joint humanitarian efforts affect selected nutritional and health outcomes, nutritional, health and other data should be collected, ideally both before and after the assistance is distributed at the individual, household and community levels. What are the impacts of aid provided by a particular agency? To answer this question, it is important to define an identification strategy that is able to attribute impact to a particular intervention. First, it is desirable to have a comparable ‘sample’ to which it was not possible to provide an intervention, or which received an intervention at a later stage, to compare with the intervention group that received assistance. Having a control group helps to eliminate parallel ‘shocks’ that may influence both groups at the same time and which are not due to the intervention. To guarantee fair allocation and comparability, both samples must be selected on a random basis before the intervention—in a randomized control trial. In a humanitarian context, however, it is often the case that large areas or a large number of the population are affected (a high co-variability problem), or there would be ethical considerations around the agency delaying assistance any longer than necessary. Therefore, withholding assistance from a certain group of the population could not be considered. However, when resources are limited, or the intervention has potential side-effects as in public health programmes, random selection could still be considered. The impact is the difference between the intervention group and the comparison group before and after the programme (see Table 1). Another solution would be to start evaluating the programme after the intervention. In such cases, the evaluation team must rely on existing data available on the community before the disaster. How sustainable are these impacts? In this case, researchers return to collect additional waves of data at a later stage (medium to long term). The nature of the intervention defines the timeline of the evaluation. In the case of nutritional programmes, the research team may come back after six months, one year or even longer, depending on the scale of the programme and the availability of resources. What amount of assistance is needed and at what frequency should it be delivered? An impact evaluation team should perform rigorous statistical analyses using the data collected. It is therefore important to ensure that the data contains full information on the outcome indicators that the implementation team was aiming to improve, such as health indicators, the dietary diversity of all household members, and so on. Questions specific to the intervention should be formulated—and if possible piloted in advance—in a such a way that it is possible to learn detailed lessons about the impact of the programme. Did certain groups within the affected population become better off than others? If so, in what ways and to what extent were their livelihoods improved? The most vulnerable are usually hit the hardest by disasters. Together with the implementation team, the impact evaluation team should help to identify the intervention target group. During humanitarian emergencies, it is important that data on displacement and an existing census or similar data are accessible to the research team. Were there any unintended or negative consequences? When providing household-targeted interventions, it is essential to understand how resources are redistributed among all members of the households and whether certain groups have restricted access. Therefore, even though this requires more financial resources, surveying all household members is essential. Could aid be delivered in a more cost-effective way? Impact evaluations using randomized control trials can and have helped to identify the type of assistance—providing in-kind food, food vouchers or cash—that is most efficient or appropriate—in terms of both cost and effectiveness—for the target population and the conditions on the ground. The implementation and research team should identify the needs of the population and the context in which the intervention will take place before the intervention starts, using interviews during field visits and desk research. To summarize, all the nuances of the intervention must be considered in order to be able to design an impact evaluation. Therefore, the implementation and impact evaluation teams should synergize to guarantee that all the available information is accessible to both. The main advantage of a rigorous impact evaluation is that it contains a set of components that have been tested in many development programmes and that in combination can help to tease out unbiased impacts. Some methodologies—such as randomized control trials—are flexible enough to be adjusted to the humanitarian context and complement the existing monitoring and evaluation methodologies of humanitarian agencies. The key recommendations to humanitarian agencies are therefore: As the climate changes, it is highly likely that the number and scale of disasters will grow in the coming years. The need for humanitarian assistance is therefore also likely to increase. This creates an urgency to ensure that humanitarian aid is spent in the most effective and efficient way. Data from the World Bank, <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?name_desc=false>. Cook, J., ‘7 years after Haiti’s earthquake, millions still need aid: The resilience of the Haitian people has endured through years of natural disasters’, Huffpost, 1 Dec. 2017, <https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/haiti-earthquake-anniversary_us_58…;. Ojha, H., Baldry, E. and Shrestha, K., ‘Two years after the earthquake, why has Nepal failed to recover?’, Reliefweb, 12 May 2017, <https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/two-years-after-earthquake-why-has-n…; Lorenc, T. and Oliver, K. J., ‘Adverse effects of public health interventions: a conceptual framework’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 68, no 3 (Mar. 2014), pp. 288–290. Aker, J.C., 2013. Cash or Coupons? Testing the Impacts of Cash versus Vouchers in the Democratic Republic of Congo. SSRN Electronic Journal, pp.1–51. Hidrobo, M. et al., Impact evaluation of cash, food vouchers, and food transfers among Colombian refugees and poor Ecuadorians in Carchi and Sucumbíos. documents.wfp.org.

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- Armáil agus díarmáil - Coimhlint agus síocháin - Síocháin agus forbairt De réir Oifig na Náisiún Aontaithe um Chomhordú Gnóthaí Daonnúla (UNOCHA) agus an tSeirbhís Rianaithe Airgeadais (FTS), d'ardaigh líon na ndaoine a raibh cabhair dhaonnúil de dhíth orthu in 2017 go 141.1 milliún agus bhí siad suite i 37 tír. Bhí an t-iarratas daonnúil domhanda ag beagnach $ 13 billiún i mí na Samhna 2017, rud a léiríonn 58 faoin gcéad den sprioc iomlán ciste a leagtar amach le haghaidh cúnamh daonnúil. Tá an bhearna idir an sprioc a bhí le haighneacht agus na cistí a bhailíodh, áfach, ag méadú le blianta beaga anuas (Figiúr 1), mar atá an líon daoine a d'fhulaing tubaistí - ó thríúchas nádúrtha agus ó thríúchas de bharr an duine (Figiúr 2). Ba iad na tíortha is lú a maoiníodh i dtreo a spriocanna in 2017 an Seineagál, a raibh 18% dá sprioc maoinithe, go príomha le haghaidh tionscadal i dtionscal na slándála bia agus cothaithe; agus an Phéire, a raibh 18,5% maoinithe, go príomha le haghaidh tionscadal uisce agus sláintíochta. Ba é Afganastáin an tír is fearr a bhí clúdaithe ó thaobh maoiniú de, áit a gcomhlíonann deontóirí 70 faoin gcéad de na riachtanais maoinithe, lena n-áirítear 100 faoin gcéad de na riachtanais maoinithe a aithníodh le haghaidh slándála bia agus talmhaíochta. Tá an olltáirgeacht intíre sna tíortha seo taobh thiar den mheán domhanda: in Afganastáin ní raibh ach US $ 561 ar OTI in aghaidh an duine in 2016, sa tSínéagal bhí an figiúr US $ 958 agus sa Phéire US $ 6045. Nuair a tharlaíonn tubaiste, déantar an chuid is mó de na hiarrachtaí a dhíriú ar chomhordaithe agus ar an gcéad obair chabhrach faoisimh (uisce, bia, leigheas agus tearmann a sholáthar). Sa chéad 72 uair an chloig tar éis na tubaiste, seolann UNOCHA foirne gairmiúla chéad fhreagra chun tús a chur le hiarrachtaí cúnaimh a chomhordú idir an rialtas, agus gníomhaithe áitiúla agus idirnáisiúnta. Is éard atá i gceist le go leor tubaistí ná "toiriscint tobann", rud a chiallaíonn go gcuireann siad isteach go tobann ar sheirbhísí agus ar bhonneagar bunúsacha agus go gcaithfidh gníomhaithe éagsúla dul i ngleic leo go tapa chun beatha a shábháil. Mar sin féin, fiú i gcásanna den sórt sin, nuair a bhíonn gá le freagairt chasta agus láithreach, tá meastóireachtaí ar chúnamh daonnúil tábhachtach. Tá sé tábhachtach go mbeadh na Ballstáit in ann a gcuid gníomhaíochtaí a chur i gcrích go comhréireach agus go n-éireoidh siad go maith le forbairt na n-eagraíochtaí sin. Tá na dúshláin ar eolas go maith ag cleachtóirí agus meastóirí (féach, mar shampla, Treoir Gníomhaíochta Eacnamaíochta Daonnúla ALNAP, go háirithe caibidil 18). Chomh maith leis na hiarrachtaí faireacháin agus meastóireachta atá ar bun cheana féin i go leor eagraíochtaí idirnáisiúnta, a dhéanann rian ar an gcaoi a sroicheann cabhair na tairbhithe a bhfuil sé beartaithe dóibh, d'fhéadfadh an mhodheolaíocht a leagtar amach thíos - a oiriúnaíodh ó mheastóireachtaí a úsáidtear chun cláir forbartha a mheas - cabhrú le ceisteanna den chineál céanna a fhreagairt i réimse na cabhrach daonnúla: Ós rud é go bhfuil an easpa inbhuanaitheachta ar cheann de na cáineadh idirnáisiúnta ar chúnamh daonnúil, tá sé thar a bheith tábhachtach dul i ngleic leis na ceisteanna seo sna céimeanna athshlánaithe agus athléimneachta, a leanann an chéim faoisimh sna trí go sé mhí tar éis na tubaistí. Is sampla amháin de chabhair a d'fhág go raibh ráig cholera ann, a raibh tionchar aige ar 6 faoin gcéad den daonra thar dhá bhliain, an crith talún a tharla in Haiti in 2010. Sa Neapál, dhá bhliain tar éis na tubaiste 2015, tá 70 faoin gcéad den daonra a ndearnadh difear orthu fós ina gcónaí i gcúlchistí sealadacha. Tá an triomaíocht athfhillteach sa tSómal ag tabhairt ocrais do phobail leochaileacha in ainneoin na n-iarrachtaí idirnáisiúnta chun dul i ngleic leis an ngéarchéim ocrais bliain i ndiaidh bliana. Mar shampla, smaoinigh ar an soláthar cothaithe forlíontaí do theaghlaigh bhochta a bhfuil leanaí óga acu le linn géarchéim bia. Tá roinnt bealaí ann chun an cothú seo a sholáthar: seachadadh bia, duaiseanna bia nó airgead tirim. Tá roinnt bealaí dáileacháin ann freisin, mar shampla trí chúnamh a dháileadh ar cheann an teaghlaigh nó go díreach ar mháthair na leanaí óga. Cad é an bealach is éifeachtaí chun an cúnamh cothaithe a sholáthar i gcomhthéacs áirithe na tíre? Má thugann cúnamh do cheann an teaghlaigh dálaí is fearr ar acmhainní ar fud gach ball den teaghlach, is é seo an réiteach is fearr. Má, áfach, i gcomhthéacsanna ina bhfuil ceann an teaghlaigh beagnach i gcónaí fireann, tugann sé dáileadh éagothroime acmhainní trí rochtain leanaí óga agus mná a theorannú, ansin d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé ag baint tairbhe as a chur ar mháithreacha do bhaill faoi mhíbhuntáiste an teaghlaigh. D'fhéadfadh cúnamh a sholáthar go díreach do bhean seachas d'fhear, áfach, bean a chur i mbaol sna sochaithe is mó a bhfuil fear ina uachtar orthu. Ní bhaineann ocras i gcónaí le go bhfuil go leor bia ann. Ní réiteach éifeachtach é, áfach, baillíní bia nó airgead tirim a sholáthar i bhfianaise nach bhfuil margaí bia ag feidhmiú. Cabhraíonn meastóireacht tionchair le freagra a thabhairt ar chuid de na ceisteanna seo. Cad é méid tionchair na cabhrach? Chun a bheith in ann an próiseas a thuiscint maidir le conas a théann iarrachtaí comhpháirteacha daonnúla i bhfeidhm ar thorthaí cothaitheacha agus sláinte roghnaithe, ba cheart sonraí cothaitheacha, sláinte agus sonraí eile a bhailiú, go hidéalach roimh agus tar éis an chúnamh a dháileadh ar leibhéal an duine aonair, an teaghlaigh agus an phobail. Cad iad tionchair na cabhrach a sholáthraíonn gníomhaireacht áirithe? Chun an cheist seo a fhreagairt, tá sé tábhachtach straitéis shainaithint a shainiú a bheidh in ann tionchar a thabhairt do idirghabháil ar leith. Ar an gcéad dul síos, is inmhianaithe "sampall" inchomparáide a bheith ann nach raibh sé indéanta idirghabháil a chur ar fáil dó, nó a fuair idirghabháil ag céim níos déanaí, chun é a chur i gcomparáid leis an ngrúpa idirghabhála a fuair cúnamh. Cuidíonn grúpa rialaithe a bheith ann chun "shoic" comhthreomhar a dhíchur a d'fhéadfadh tionchar a bheith acu ar an dá ghrúpa ag an am céanna agus nach bhfuil mar gheall ar an idirghabháil. Chun leithdháileadh cothrom agus inchomparáideacht a ráthú, ní mór an dá shampla a roghnú ar bhonn randamach roimh an idirghabháil i dtrialach rialaithe randamaithe. I gcomhthéacs daonnúil, áfach, is minic a bhíonn limistéir mhóra nó líon mór de na daonra i mbaol (problema ard-chomh-athraitheachta), nó go mbeadh cúinsí eiticiúla ann maidir leis an ngníomhaireacht cúnamh a mhoilliú níos faide ná mar is gá. Dá bhrí sin, ní fhéadfaí smaoineamh ar chúnamh a choinneáil ó ghrúpa áirithe den daonra. Mar sin féin, nuair a bhíonn acmhainní teoranta, nó nuair a bhíonn fo-iarsmaí féideartha ag an idirghabháil mar atá i gcláir sláinte poiblí, d'fhéadfaí roghnú randamach a mheas fós. Is é an tionchar an difríocht idir an grúpa idirghabhála agus an grúpa comparáide roimh agus tar éis an chláir (féach Tábla 1). D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé ina réiteach eile tús a chur le meastóireacht a dhéanamh ar an gclár tar éis an idirghabhála. I gcásanna den sórt sin, ní mór don fhoireann meastóireachta brath ar shonraí atá ar fáil cheana féin faoin bpobal roimh an tubaiste. Cé chomh inbhuanaithe is atá na tionchair seo? Sa chás seo, téann taighdeoirí ar ais chun tonnta breise sonraí a bhailiú ag céim níos déanaí (meántéarmach go fadtéarmach). Is é cineál an idirghabhála a shainmhíníonn amlíne an mheasúnaithe. I gcás cláir chothaithe, d'fhéadfadh an fhoireann taighde teacht ar ais tar éis sé mhí, bliain nó níos faide fós, ag brath ar scála an chláir agus ar acmhainní atá ar fáil. Cé mhéad cabhair a theastaíonn agus cé chomh minic a ba cheart é a sholáthar? Ba cheart d'fhoireann meastóireachta tionchair anailíseanna staidrimh chruinn a dhéanamh ag baint úsáide as na sonraí a bhailítear. Tá sé tábhachtach, dá bhrí sin, a áirithiú go bhfuil faisnéis iomlán sna sonraí maidir leis na táscairí torthaí a bhí sé mar aidhm ag an bhfoireann cur chun feidhme a fheabhsú, amhail táscairí sláinte, éagsúlacht an aiste bia do bhaill uile an tí, agus mar sin de. Ba cheart ceisteanna a bhaineann go sonrach leis an idirghabháil a fhoirmliú - agus más féidir iad a thriail roimh ré - ar bhealach a d'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh sé indéanta léargas mionsonraithe a fháil ar thionchar an chláir. An raibh grúpaí áirithe laistigh den daonra a bhí i mbaol níos fearr ná daoine eile? Má tá, ar na bealaí agus go dtí cén leibhéal a tháinig feabhas ar a n-oibreacha maireachtála? Is iad na daoine is leochailí a bhíonn i mbaol na tubaistí de ghnáth. I gcomhar leis an bhfoireann cur chun feidhme, ba cheart don fhoireann meastóireachta tionchair cabhrú leis an spriocghrúpa idirghabhála a shainaithint. Le linn éigeandála daonnúla, tá sé tábhachtach go mbeidh sonraí maidir le díláithriú agus daonáireamh atá ann nó sonraí den chineál céanna inrochtana ag an bhfoireann taighde. An raibh aon iarmhairtí neamh-intinn nó diúltacha ann? Nuair a chuirtear idirghabhálacha dírithe ar theaghlaigh ar fáil, tá sé riachtanach a thuiscint conas a dhéantar acmhainní a athdháileadh i measc gach ball den teaghlach agus an bhfuil rochtain teoranta ag grúpaí áirithe. Dá bhrí sin, cé go dteastaíonn níos mó acmhainní airgeadais uaidh, tá sé ríthábhachtach suirbhé a dhéanamh ar gach ball den teaghlach. An bhféadfaí cabhair a sheachadadh ar bhealach níos costéifeachtúla? Is féidir le meastóireachtaí tionchair a úsáidtear trialacha rialaithe randamaithe cabhrú agus chabhraigh siad le cineál na cabhrach a aithint - bia in-aineolas, duaiseanna bia nó airgead tirim a sholáthar - is éifeachtaí nó is oiriúnaí - ó thaobh costas agus éifeachtachta araon - don daonra sprioc agus do na dálaí ar an láthair. Ba cheart don fhoireann cur chun feidhme agus taighde riachtanais an daonra agus an chomhthéacs ina ndéanfar an idirghabháil a aithint sula dtosaíonn an idirghabháil, ag baint úsáide as agallaimh le linn cuairteanna ar an láthair agus taighde ar an mbord. Chun a chur le chéile, ní mór aird a thabhairt ar na nuances uile den idirghabháil chun a bheith in ann meastóireacht tionchair a dhearadh. Dá bhrí sin, ba cheart do na foirne cur chun feidhme agus meastóireachta tionchair comhghníomhaíocht a dhéanamh chun a chinntiú go mbeidh rochtain ag an dá fhoireann ar an bhfaisnéis atá ar fáil. Is é príomhbhuntáiste meastóireacht thirimhiompair dian ná go bhfuil sraith comhpháirteanna ann a thástáladh i go leor clár forbartha agus a chabhraíonn le chéile chun tionchair neamhchlaonta a bhaint amach. Tá roinnt modheolaíochtaí - mar shampla trialacha rialaithe randamaithe - solúbtha go leor chun iad a choigeartú don chomhthéacs daonnúil agus chun modheolaíochtaí faireacháin agus meastóireachta atá ann cheana ag gníomhaireachtaí daonnúla a chomhlánú. Is iad na príomhmholtaí do ghníomhaireachtaí daonnúla dá bhrí sin: De réir mar a athraíonn an aeráid, is dócha go dtiocfaidh méadú ar líon na dtimpeallachtaí agus ar a mhéid sna blianta atá le teacht. Dá bhrí sin, is dócha go méadóidh an gá le cúnamh daonnúil freisin. Tá sé sin ag cruthú práinne a chinntiú go gcaitear an chabhair dhaonnúil ar an mbealach is éifeachtaí agus is éifeachtúla. Sonraí ón mBanc Domhanda, <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?name_desc=false>. Cook, J., 7 bliain tar éis crith talún na hÁitíne, tá cúnamh ag teastáil ó na milliúin fós: Tá athléimneacht mhuintir na hÁitíne tar éis blianta de thubaistí nádúrtha a sheasamh, Huffpost, 1 Nollaig 2017, <https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/haiti-earthquake-anniversary_us_58...;. Ojha, H., Baldry, E. agus Shrestha, K., Dhá bhliain tar éis na crith talún, cén fáth nach bhfuil an Neapál tar éis é a ghnóthú?, Reliefweb, 12 Bealtaine 2017, <https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/two-years-after-earthquake-why-has-n...; Lorenc, T. agus Oliver, K. J., Eifeachtaí díobhálacha idirghabhálacha sláinte poiblí: creat coincheapa, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 68, Uimh. 3 (Mar. 2014), pp. 288290. Aker, J.C., 2013. Airgead nó Cúpónna? Tástáil ar na hIonchair a bhaineann le Cás i gcomparáid le Cásanna sa Phoblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó. SSRN Journal leictreonach, pp.151. Hidrobo, M. et al., Measúnú tionchair airgid, baúicíní bia, agus aistrithe bia i measc dídeanaithe na Colóime agus Éiceadóirí bochta i Carchi agus Sucumbíos. doiciméid.wfp.org.

The second most potent greenhouse gas that contributes to Climate Change is Methane. This one has been a bit of a puzzle because there has been a dramatic increase in it during the past decade and nobody was able to explain why. That however has changed. The Methane Mystery A Washington Post article by Chris Mooney back in 2016 entitled “Atmospheric levels of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, are spiking, scientists report” not only reported on this observation but presented the actual observations … “Methane in the atmosphere was almost flat from about 2000 through 2006. Beginning 2007, it started upward, but in the last two years, it spiked,” said Rob Jackson, an earth scientist at Stanford University who co-wrote the study. … it’s important to note that there remains considerable scientific uncertainty when it comes to accounting for all the complex, global sources of methane, as well as the processes that withdraw it from the atmosphere once it has been emitted. The paper fully acknowledges that these have not all been adequately understood. There was of course speculation, and a strong leaning towards specific causes, but no hard confirmation. Well … that has now changed. The new study The title of the new paper that explains what has been going on sums it up nicely … Basically it is these guys, or to be rather specific and crude, the increase is all down to cow farts. Our revised bottom-up estimates of global livestock methane emissions are comparable to recently reported top-down global estimates for recent years, and account for a significant part of the increase in annual methane emissions since 2007. Our results suggest that livestock methane emissions, while not the dominant overall source of global methane emissions, may be a major contributor to the observed annual emissions increases over the 2000s to 2010s. Differences at regional and local scales may help distinguish livestock methane emissions from those of other sectors in future top-down studies. The revised estimates allow improved reconciliation of top-down and bottom-up estimates of methane emissions, will facilitate the development and evaluation of Earth system models, and provide consistent regional and global Tier 1 estimates for environmental assessments. Well yes, “cow farts” a tad simplistic, because what we are actually talking about here as the methane source is both “enteric fermentation” and also “manure management”. Back in 2006 the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) had produced some guidelines for estimating methane that was in need of revision. A change was needed because livestock are now being fed more and bred to be bigger. Additionally, the manner in which their manure was being handled had also changed. Once you adjust things to handle the above, they found that this happened to the numbers they had … Using the new emissions factors, we estimate global livestock emissions of 119.1 ± 18.2 Tg methane in 2011; this quantity is 11% greater than that obtained using the IPCC 2006 emissions factors, encompassing an 8.4% increase in enteric fermentation methane, a 36.7% increase in manure management methane This is not the final word on this The conclusion of the study is that the uptick in agricultural industrialization has been a major contributor to the methane uptick, but doubt still exists that this explains it all. Fingers are still being pointed towards the U.S. fracking boom as a contributor as well. Science is often like this. We have gained some further clarity, but questions still persist because often there are many layers of complexity lurking under the surface. OK, yes, I can’t resist the obvious joke here… If you are tempted to suggest that this is bullshit, then in this case you would indeed be scientifically correct.

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Is é an dara gáis cheaptha teasa is cumhachtaí a chuireann le hIomaíocht Aeráide ná Meitéin. Tá sé seo a bhí beagán de pháisle toisc go bhfuil méadú suntasach ann le linn na deich mbliana anuas agus ní raibh aon duine in ann a mhíniú cén fáth. Tá athrú tagtha ar sin, áfach. An Mistéar Meitáin Ar alt Washington Post le Chris Mooney ar ais i 2016 dar teideal "Tá leibhéil mheitéin san atmaisféar, gás cumhachtach cheaptha teasa, ag spíocáil, tuairiscíonn eolaithe" ní hamháin go ndearnadh tuairisc ar an breathnóireacht seo ach chuir siad na breathnóireachtaí iarbhír i láthair ... Bhí meitéin san atmaisféar beagnach cothrom ó thart ar 2000 go 2006. Ag tús 2007, thosaigh sé ag ardú, ach sna dhá bhliain anuas, chuaigh sé i ngleic, a dúirt Rob Jackson, eolaí talún in Ollscoil Stanford a chomhscríobh an staidéar. ... tá sé tábhachtach a thabhairt faoi deara go bhfuil éiginnteacht shuntasach eolaíoch ann fós maidir leis na foinsí casta domhanda meitéine go léir a chur san áireamh, chomh maith leis na próisis a tharraingíonn é as an atmaisféar nuair a bhíonn sé tar éis a bheith astaithe. Aithnítear go hiomlán sa pháipéar nach bhfuil na cinn seo uile tugtha faoi deara go leor. Bhí tuairimíocht ann, ar ndóigh, agus claonadh láidir i dtreo cúiseanna sonracha, ach ní raibh aon deimhniú crua. Bhuel ... tá sé sin anois athraithe. An staidéar nua Tugann teideal an pháipéir nua a mhíníonn cad atá ar siúl go deas é ... Go bunúsach tá sé na guys, nó a bheith go leor sonrach agus cruda, an méadú go léir síos go dtí farts na bó. Tá ár meastacháin athbhreithnithe ó bhun suas ar astaíochtaí meitéine domhanda ó bheathaigh inchomparáide le meastacháin domhanda ó thús síos a tuairiscíodh le déanaí le blianta beaga anuas, agus is cuid shuntasach den mhéadú ar astaíochtaí meitéine bliantúla ó 2007 atá iontu. Tugann ár dtorthaí le fios go bhféadfadh gur cúis mhór leis na méaduithe bliantúla ar astaíochtaí a breathnaíodh thar na 2000idí go dtí na 2010idí a bheith i dtuiteamh na n-astaíochtaí meitéine ó bheathach, cé nach iad na foinsí móra astaíochtaí meitéine domhanda. D'fhéadfadh go gcabhródh difríochtaí ar scála réigiúnach agus áitiúil le heisiúintí meitéine ó bheatha a idirdhealú ó na heisiúintí ó earnálacha eile i staidéir ó thús síos amach anseo. Leis na meastacháin athbhreithnithe, is féidir meastacháin na n-astaíochtaí meiteáin ó thús síos agus ó thús suas a chomhtháthú níos fearr, agus éascófar forbairt agus meastóireacht múnlaí córas na Talún, agus soláthrófar meastacháin chomhsheasmhacha réigiúnacha agus domhanda Leibhéal 1 le haghaidh measúnuithe comhshaoil. Bhuel, tá, "prits bó" rud beag simplistic, mar gheall ar cad atá muid ag caint faoi i ndáiríre anseo mar an foinse meitéin tá an dá "fermentation enteric" agus freisin "bainistíocht boilg". Ar ais i 2006 d'eisigh an IPCC (Painéal Idir-Rialtasach ar Athrú Aeráide) roinnt treoirlínte maidir le meiteán a mheas a bhí ag teastáil ó athbhreithniú. Bhí gá le hathrú toisc go bhfuil níos mó bia á thabhairt do bhaoil anois agus go bhfuil siad á gcothú chun a bheith níos mó. Ina theannta sin, bhí athrú tagtha ar an mbealach a raibh a n-uisceadán á láimhseáil. Nuair a oiriúnaíonn tú rudaí a láimhseáil an thuas, fuair siad go bhfuil seo a tharla do na huimhreacha a bhí acu ... Ag baint úsáide as na fachtóirí astaíochtaí nua, meastar go bhfuil astaíochtaí domhanda 119.1 ± 18.2 Tg meitéine ó chothú i 2011; tá an méid seo 11% níos mó ná an méid a fuarthas ag baint úsáide as fachtóirí astaíochtaí IPCC 2006, lena n-áirítear méadú 8.4% ar mheitéin fhrithghrádú intreach, méadú 36.7% ar mheitéin bainistíochta boilg Ní hé seo an focal deiridh ar an Is é an conclúid a tháinig as an staidéar ná gur cuid mhór den ardú meitéine a bhí i dtionsclaíocht talmhaíochta, ach tá amhras ann go fóill go bhfuil sé seo ina mhíniú ar fad. Tá na méara á pointing i dtreo na Stáit Aontaithe boom fracking mar ranníocóir chomh maith. Is minic a bhíonn an eolaíocht mar seo. Tá roinnt soiléire breise faighte againn, ach tá ceisteanna fós ann toisc go minic go bhfuil go leor sraitheanna casta ag gabháil faoi dhromchla an domhain. OK, yes, Ní féidir liom resist an joke soiléir anseo... Má tá tú ag mealladh a mholadh go bhfuil sé seo bullshit, ansin sa chás seo bheadh tú i ndáiríre a bheith ceart go heolaíoch.