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3 ) , zinkenite , jamesonite , and boulangerite . Antimony pentasulfide is non @-@ stoichiometric and features antimony in the + 3 oxidation state and S @-@ S bonds . Several thioantimonides are known , such as [ Sb
| 8bf317553b43bd77d3d88161f25e22b3 | 2,984 |
6S
| 9eff438ab38b8439f7ad52483e2d4283 | 2,985 |
10 ] 2 − and [ Sb
| d47e620e0bdca0fbbb4dc3d602a9c235 | 2,986 |
8S
| f829cf863a996c103aa21dcbc7be8bb2 | 2,987 |
13 ] 2 − .
| 250463721f70ecda51fc684ba2f19c6e | 2,988 |
= = = Halides = = =
| 6743fecaee07c1e883fcf7a9af05b2df | 2,990 |
Antimony forms two series of halides : SbX
| 7a0a3fcab13f01c6327ff5f1886d1441 | 2,992 |
3 and SbX
| 3e83af89ec15113db6b736d80ba86729 | 2,993 |
5 . The trihalides SbF
| a1719a896c5dcdf1ed08949c6e54b05c | 2,994 |
3 , SbCl
| 55067bd1fd2927ea0a0cb5263b6f592c | 2,995 |
3 , SbBr
| f7782145328104420564bbcf7369fc74 | 2,996 |
3 , and SbI
| 3b3ba17fcdf65cf746e663b1b0a881e2 | 2,997 |
3 are all molecular compounds having trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry .
| 2ad78ed925cf1068bbae81f10002397b | 2,998 |
The trifluoride SbF
| 576c984c9b88e704f2fc5370c9318b15 | 2,999 |
3 is prepared by the reaction of Sb
| f48360b238687998fd297070411efd13 | 3,000 |
2O
| 54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5 | 3,001 |
3 with HF :
| 86b0b6adce56ee00d0d41351315b8923 | 3,002 |
Sb
| 8eeaa6ba3c48edea9bf92a04d037985a | 3,003 |
2O
| 54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5 | 3,004 |
3 + 6 HF → 2 SbF
| 684a01830f567f36451d2d3ec1207baf | 3,005 |
3 + 3 H
| 46ca8a5a24feef8d3582616ecf5e6570 | 3,006 |
2O
| 54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5 | 3,007 |
It is Lewis acidic and readily accepts fluoride ions to form the complex anions SbF −
| f440f030e8300068e23f2ef92d4d2a58 | 3,008 |
4 and SbF2 −
| a7153ad3600d39337da65bfaa7c7a603 | 3,009 |
5 . Molten SbF
| a019ac7730a67629bed8a2d02241d3b6 | 3,010 |
3 is a weak electrical conductor . The trichloride SbCl
| a46feb95d910b4868a3280bf7e907ccf | 3,011 |
3 is prepared by dissolving Sb
| 1de2591080f248eee4f9d63e29f3a6ac | 3,012 |
2S
| 0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca | 3,013 |
3 in hydrochloric acid :
| bd053609e4283041247505cf81b69387 | 3,014 |
Sb
| 8eeaa6ba3c48edea9bf92a04d037985a | 3,015 |
2S
| 0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca | 3,016 |
3 + 6 HCl → 2 SbCl
| 59f8f5eecc0a78eb9bcb97007fc12162 | 3,017 |
3 + 3 H
| 46ca8a5a24feef8d3582616ecf5e6570 | 3,018 |
2S
| 0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca | 3,019 |
The pentahalides SbF
| f28fc2510f623818dba0a5315ce9cb75 | 3,020 |
5 and SbCl
| 614e0522b414116ac5da8ac3f505c965 | 3,021 |
5 have trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry in the gas phase , but in the liquid phase , SbF
| 48365127a62fe7741c5e6b452d3f7b89 | 3,022 |
5 is polymeric , whereas SbCl
| 592a89c4b511849f918519323174ee0b | 3,023 |
5 is monomeric . SbF
| d3a3874e8a88b1a916529f2156a8e9d6 | 3,024 |
5 is a powerful Lewis acid used to make the superacid fluoroantimonic acid ( " H2SbF7 " ) .
| 44af34e0dae5bc0d4e2e8d0d48fbbf29 | 3,025 |
Oxyhalides are more common for antimony than arsenic and phosphorus . Antimony trioxide dissolves in concentrated acid to form oxoantimonyl compounds such as SbOCl and ( SbO )
| 3c477cf7893f0e80559235c71dfb386e | 3,026 |
2SO
| aac9ea9b6ce1624d0e63ba2c69826da3 | 3,027 |
4 .
| 0dcf5f43e217d2f7f2c3a030a17fdb66 | 3,028 |
= = = Antimonides , hydrides , and organoantimony compounds = = =
| 2a76c0c8d79a7f0b1d49f25527b74e19 | 3,030 |
Compounds in this class generally are described as derivatives of Sb3 − . Antimony forms antimonides with metals , such as indium antimonide ( InSb ) and silver antimonide ( Ag
| 4e65e075c8fd5f8b9ba5aecbb9f64c69 | 3,032 |
3Sb ) . The alkali metal and zinc antimonides , such as Na3Sb and Zn3Sb2 , are more reactive . Treating these antimonides with acid produces the unstable gas stibine , SbH
| 0c89acc3b787a5dfec2d77ca7ebd02f3 | 3,033 |
3 :
| 36910f52a7a570c70cca3633d3d6cdab | 3,034 |
Sb3 − + 3 H + → SbH
| dafd520b9e1447ef7173b6429bd1d337 | 3,035 |
3
| a25f4a2d709972e093f529321eab46e6 | 3,036 |
Stibine can also be produced by treating Sb3 + salts with hydride reagents such as sodium borohydride.Stibine decomposes spontaneously at room temperature . Because stibine has a positive heat of formation , it is thermodynamically unstable and thus antimony does not react with hydrogen directly .
| 6801faea912ab5dde7db8f009e0e7f49 | 3,037 |
Organoantimony compounds are typically prepared by alkylation of antimony halides with Grignard reagents . A large variety of compounds are known with both Sb ( III ) and Sb ( V ) centers , including mixed chloro @-@ organic derivatives , anions , and cations . Examples include Sb ( C6H5 ) 3 ( triphenylstibine ) , Sb2... | be596a283fb0340cb6cb7d52be6e71b9 | 3,038 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 3,040 |
Antimony ( III ) sulfide , Sb2S3 , was recognized in predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic ( kohl ) as early as about 3100 BC , when the cosmetic palette was invented .
| 9f9de5fca122994168deceb892ccd6de | 3,042 |
An artifact , said to be part of a vase , made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at Telloh , Chaldea ( part of present @-@ day Iraq ) , and a copper object plated with antimony dating between 2500 BC and 2200 BC has been found in Egypt . Austen , at a lecture by Herbert Gladstone in 1892 commented that " w... | 419985ba06a925c4114307965c58b459 | 3,043 |
Moorey was unconvinced the artifact was indeed a vase , mentioning that Selimkhanov , after his analysis of the Tello object ( published in 1975 ) , " attempted to relate the metal to Transcaucasian natural antimony " ( i.e. native metal ) and that " the antimony objects from Transcaucasia are all small personal ornam... | 679d97bf089601bd47544176371b3ccb | 3,044 |
The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder described several ways of preparing antimony sulfide for medical purposes in his treatise Natural History . Pliny the Elder also made a distinction between " male " and " female " forms of antimony ; the male form is probably the sulfide , while the female form , which is superior , h... | 8b137b6ec1b1b6862b6732aa18f202b1 | 3,045 |
The Roman naturalist Pedanius Dioscorides mentioned that antimony sulfide could be roasted by heating by a current of air . It is thought that this produced metallic antimony .
| 416bd990c203d286f109af57f7be1a0c | 3,046 |
The first description of a procedure for isolating antimony is in the book De la pirotechnia of 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio ; this predates the more famous 1556 book by Agricola , De re metallica . In this context Agricola has been often incorrectly credited with the discovery of metallic antimony . The book Currus ... | 7b6f405ef27428f3e76c7b966cd3e208 | 3,047 |
The metal antimony was known to German chemist Andreas Libavius in 1615 who obtained it by adding iron to a molten mixture of antimony sulfide , salt and potassium tartrate . This procedure produced antimony with a crystalline or starred surface .
| 5ba8d51013f2bfe1f351a95d6adc105b | 3,048 |
With the advent of challenges to phlogiston theory it was recognized that antimony is an element forming sulfides , oxides , and other compounds , as is the case with other metals .
| 5d57e1374d651a8d83b31672e2128a6d | 3,049 |
The first natural occurrence of pure antimony in the Earth 's crust was described by the Swedish scientist and local mine district engineer Anton von Swab in 1783 ; the type @-@ sample was collected from the Sala Silver Mine in the Bergslagen mining district of Sala , Västmanland , Sweden .
| ba19feebb4f9fce047597190b894514b | 3,050 |
= = = Etymology = = =
| 729e19d093732290e2cdfbb7270137b2 | 3,052 |
The ancient words for antimony mostly have , as their chief meaning , kohl , the sulfide of antimony .
| 8b8b3f970364d620b0c03417cc211566 | 3,054 |
The Egyptians called antimony mśdmt ; in hieroglyphs , the vowels are uncertain , but there is an Arabic tradition that the word is ميسديميت mesdemet . The Greek word , στίμμι stimmi , is probably a loan word from Arabic or from Egyptian stm
| 143fb2d50e13bb7311ab90be0b88c66a | 3,055 |
and is used by Attic tragic poets of the 5th century BC ; later Greeks also used στἰβι stibi , as did Celsus and Pliny , writing in Latin , in the first century AD . Pliny also gives the names stimi [ sic ] , larbaris , alabaster , and the " very common " platyophthalmos , " wide @-@ eye " ( from the effect of the cos... | 676e9b779f441b123fa197667c0c8aa5 | 3,056 |
The use of Sb as the standard chemical symbol for antimony is due to Jöns Jakob Berzelius , who used this abbreviation of the name stibium . The medieval Latin form , from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek take their names for antimony , is antimonium . The origin of this is uncertain ; all suggestio... | d99e26d597f735e921d85342ecbaf442 | 3,057 |
Another popular etymology is the hypothetical Greek word ἀντίμόνος antimonos , " against aloneness " , explained as " not found as metal " , or " not found unalloyed " . Lippmann conjectured a hypothetical Greek word ανθήμόνιον anthemonion , which would mean " floret " , and cites several examples of related Greek wor... | 11f809900645db5e7c530fcc8bb00d0d | 3,058 |
The early uses of antimonium include the translations , in 1050 – 1100 , by Constantine the African of Arabic medical treatises . Several authorities believe antimonium is a scribal corruption of some Arabic form ; Meyerhof derives it from ithmid ; other possibilities include athimar , the Arabic name of the metalloid... | baaabd4651792323f19acf40cf86c323 | 3,059 |
= = Production = =
| faaebcbbaf42e685bce2a1bbbaaad33b | 3,061 |
= = = Top producers and production volumes = = =
| 959b6fa0b2ab20ea594d8112f558497c | 3,064 |
The British Geological Survey ( BGS ) reported that in 2005 , China was the top producer of antimony with an approximately 84 % world share , followed at a distance by South Africa , Bolivia and Tajikistan . Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan province has the largest deposits in China with an estimated deposit of 2 @.@ 1 milli... | cd2c32ccc56ce6e7e6ad81fd079a2efd | 3,066 |
In 2010 , according to the US Geological Survey , China accounted for 88 @.@ 9 % of total antimony production with South Africa , Bolivia and Russia sharing the second place .
| 6aaf8ed563ff26fb9bf6d86deeb628d8 | 3,067 |
However , Roskill Consulting estimates for primary production show that in 2010 China held a 76 @.@ 75 % share of world supply with 120 @,@ 462 tonnes ( 90 @,@ 000 tonnes of reported and 30 @,@ 464 tonnes of un @-@ reported production ) , followed by Russia ( 4 @.@ 14 % share , 6 @,@ 500 tonnes of production ) , Myanm... | d9e7e304048642b574b02cfce6ea35b7 | 3,068 |
Roskill estimates that secondary production globally in 2010 was 39 @,@ 540 tonnes .
| f8500059308499f1f882f5f51abffffa | 3,069 |
Antimony was ranked first in a Risk List published by the British Geological Survey in the second half of 2011 . The list provides an indication of the relative risk to the supply of chemical elements or element groups required to maintain the current British economy and lifestyle .
| 1b8e1e2b00df927947e6f4f022e80bc5 | 3,070 |
Also , antimony was identified as one of 12 critical raw materials for the EU in a report published in 2011 , primarily due to the lack of supply outside China .
| 1cf11cb9181a94b1deacb4609ea4ba3c | 3,071 |
Reported production of antimony in China fell in 2010 and is unlikely to increase in the coming years , according to the Roskill report . No significant antimony deposits in China have been developed for about ten years , and the remaining economic reserves are being rapidly depleted .
| 45bd19159f2aa597eba948554101faea | 3,072 |
The world 's largest antimony producers , according to Roskill , are listed below :
| 6a6b643f398f4e8d64f0d45bd17335fa | 3,073 |
= = = Reserves = = =
| c28db9b4c2da8755f9947b526f8a27bb | 3,075 |
According to statistics from the USGS , current global reserves of antimony will be depleted in 13 years . However , the USGS expects more resources will be found .
| b008056724f22c772ea968ea4a08c703 | 3,077 |
= = = Production process = = =
| b1308151c7d36e30fd7f731d8a1bda4b | 3,079 |
The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality of the ore and composition of the ore . Most antimony is mined as the sulfide ; lower @-@ grade ores are concentrated by froth flotation , while higher @-@ grade ores are heated to 500 – 600 ° C , the temperature at which stibnite melts and is separated from ... | c5b7b365329b30af3afd987b2f29fb88 | 3,081 |
Sb
| 8eeaa6ba3c48edea9bf92a04d037985a | 3,082 |
2S
| 0157494bb18752deb092df009321f5ca | 3,083 |
3 + 3 Fe → 2 Sb + 3 FeS
| 21f70af55a06affffe4e5b93c457a774 | 3,084 |
The sulfide is converted to an oxide and advantage is often taken of the volatility of antimony ( III ) oxide , which is recovered from roasting . This material is often used directly for the main applications , impurities being arsenic and sulfide . Isolating antimony from its oxide is performed by a carbothermal red... | 51c10f7abf45f170b3ce6df9f1592bf6 | 3,085 |
2 Sb
| 8ce871833ad7ca6ce3354101f024cfa9 | 3,086 |
2O
| 54bcb7a033def9c1d331b27d80b6bee5 | 3,087 |
3 + 3 C → 4 Sb + 3 CO
| 10c61be9c310fe29a6200464dcd9dc1f | 3,088 |
2
| f41ce9bd6ef9d73c5f155e3317d47066 | 3,089 |
The lower @-@ grade ores are reduced in blast furnaces while the higher @-@ grade ores are reduced in reverberatory furnaces .
| 014cabb167ef92a790a9fba2b400a9f4 | 3,090 |
= = Applications = =
| c0e0bedbcbecea5c5cafcbcb5ba54d8a | 3,092 |
About 60 % of antimony is consumed in flame retardants , and 20 % is used in alloys for batteries , plain bearings and solders .
| 2c8ec275c1c5cc77f4bf1fb7520b0160 | 3,094 |
= = = Flame retardants = = =
| c5681d0b42cf93fa39aaef4d085c66d1 | 3,096 |
Antimony is mainly used as its trioxide in making flame @-@ proofing compounds . It is nearly always used in combination with halogenated flame retardants , with the only exception being in halogen @-@ containing polymers . The formation of halogenated antimony compounds is the cause for the flame retarding effect of ... | bba1b95e655bb7f3cc4c0e31889bf13a | 3,098 |
= = = Alloys = = =
| 3d178337e73da25b917d126c2f616149 | 3,100 |
Antimony forms a highly useful alloy with lead , increasing its hardness and mechanical strength . For most applications involving lead , varying amounts of antimony are used as alloying metal . In lead – acid batteries , this addition improves the charging characteristics and reduces generation of unwanted hydrogen d... | c9ed3d9987b5f4bed27204f9d3a0d375 | 3,102 |
= = = Other applications = = =
| 106f09dfd1ae6e66647136937661b295 | 3,104 |
Three other applications make up nearly all the rest of the consumption . One of these uses is as a stabilizer and a catalyst for the production of polyethyleneterephthalate . Another application is to serve as a fining agent to remove microscopic bubbles in glass , mostly for TV screens ; this is achieved by the inte... | 6582823a21deace682bf8a8921f3f068 | 3,106 |
Antimony is being increasingly used in the semiconductor industry as a dopant for heavily doped n @-@ type silicon wafers in the production of diodes , infrared detectors , and Hall @-@ effect devices . In the 1950s , tiny beads of a lead @-@ antimony alloy were used to dope the emitters and collectors of n @-@ p @-@ ... | a63b1dbbd5f8054914e6f4a238de35e7 | 3,107 |
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