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The occupiers looted and destroyed much of Poland 's cultural and historical heritage , while persecuting and murdering members of the Polish cultural elite . Most Polish schools were closed , and those that remained open saw their curricula altered significantly .
| 579e67484c18abd08976e5bd37c28e3b | 1,859 |
Nevertheless , underground organizations and individuals – in particular the Polish Underground State – saved much of Poland 's most valuable cultural treasures , and worked to salvage as many cultural institutions and artifacts as possible . The Catholic Church and wealthy individuals contributed to the survival of s... | b0d20654b6a9b29be58dd22bd942cefc | 1,860 |
= = Background = =
| d514b18e9690308b2ac67a227be74a70 | 1,862 |
In 1795 Poland ceased to exist as an sovereign nation and throughout the 19th century remained partitioned by degrees between Prussian , Austrian and Russian empires . Not until the end of World War I was independence restored and the nation reunited , although the drawing of boundary lines was , of necessity , a cont... | f98125362a25a6f76b1ce8b1eebaac5d | 1,864 |
On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland , initiating World War II in Europe , and on 17 September , pursuant to the Molotov @-@ Ribbentrop Pact , Poland was invaded by the Soviet Union . Subsequently Poland was partitioned again – between these two powers – and remained under occupation for most of the war . By 1... | 288d40703849ef3bafce6e700cd1c40f | 1,865 |
= = Destruction of Polish culture = =
| 68083fbdf68e4f141e8b9323b04dede0 | 1,867 |
= = = German occupation = = =
| d78c73e9afa5df64b2e8ba3890012a24 | 1,870 |
= = = = Policy = = = =
| 1261cdcd276c746e606452437134aced | 1,873 |
Germany 's policy toward the Polish nation and its culture evolved during the course of the war . Many German officials and military officers were initially not given any clear guidelines on the treatment of Polish cultural institutions , but this quickly changed . Immediately following the invasion of Poland in Septe... | 020e5ea2431790cafab68fd198573572 | 1,875 |
Much of the German policy on Polish culture was formulated during a meeting between the governor of the General Government , Hans Frank , and Nazi Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels , at Łódź on 31 October 1939 . Goebbels declared that " The Polish nation is not worthy to be called a cultured nation " . He and Fra... | 3e0eae1a83f4329386e13ccbf126e640 | 1,876 |
In March 1940 , all cultural activities came under the control of the General Government 's Department of People 's Education and Propaganda ( Abteilung für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda ) , whose name was changed a year later to the " Chief Propaganda Department " ( Hauptabteilung Propaganda ) . Further directives i... | 9d035c1d3f915e7efe8c606afbf514d7 | 1,877 |
In 1941 , German policy evolved further , calling for the complete destruction of the Polish people , whom the Nazis regarded as " subhumans " ( Untermenschen ) . Within ten to twenty years , the Polish territories under German occupation were to be entirely cleared of ethnic Poles and settled by German colonists . Th... | e33e4140e26f79cf8d07c94fe7dccb08 | 1,878 |
Given that the Second Polish Republic was a multicultural state , German policies and propaganda also sought to create and encourage conflicts between ethnic groups , fueling tension between Poles and Jews , and between Poles and Ukrainians . In Łódź , the Germans forced Jews to help destroy a monument to a Polish her... | a652c1f8403eb2fe7b778adf851e14b2 | 1,879 |
= = = = Plunder = = = =
| c9e5d95631080551963b66423778eb52 | 1,881 |
In 1939 , as the occupation regime was being established , the Nazis confiscated Polish state property and much private property . Countless art objects were looted and taken to Germany , in line with a plan that had been drawn up well in advance of the invasion . The looting was supervised by experts of the SS @-@ Ah... | ff17ee95a5f2273177708e7c58f0b2df | 1,883 |
= = = = Destruction = = = =
| 4bfbad441dd211e9a5e27ec18ee26bd9 | 1,885 |
Many places of learning and culture — universities , schools , libraries , museums , theaters and cinemas — were either closed or designated as " Nur für Deutsche " ( For Germans Only ) . Twenty @-@ five museums and a host of other institutions were destroyed during the war . According to one estimate , by war 's end ... | 5eacb6604905af57a45d25ec0f3e8632 | 1,887 |
Many university professors , as well as teachers , lawyers , artists , writers , priests and other members of the Polish intelligentsia were arrested and executed , or transported to concentration camps , during operations such as AB @-@ Aktion . This particular campaign resulted in the infamous Sonderaktion Krakau an... | 586a4efa28fb0ccdd2d6eb0b5b5f3fde | 1,888 |
As part of their program to suppress Polish culture , the German Nazis attempted to destroy Christianity in Poland , with a particular emphasis on the Roman Catholic Church . In some parts of occupied Poland , Poles were restricted , or even forbidden , from attending religious services . At the same time , church pro... | c57d2889de1bec2aa4d732cb983ab392 | 1,889 |
To forestall the rise of a new generation of educated Poles , German officials decreed that the schooling of Polish children would be limited to a few years of elementary education . Reichsführer @-@ SS Heinrich Himmler wrote , in a memorandum of May 1940 : " The sole purpose of this schooling is to teach them simple ... | 540632f9724f57f001e2583d0a3af4ea | 1,890 |
The state of Polish primary schools was somewhat better in the General Government , though by the end of 1940 , only 30 % of prewar schools were operational , and only 28 % of prewar Polish children attended them . A German police memorandum of August 1943 described the situation as follows :
| 28b8846ab4dfbf0e9837964a87d45700 | 1,891 |
Pupils sit crammed together without necessary materials , and often without skilled teaching staff . Moreover , the Polish schools are closed during at least five months out of the ten months of the school year due to lack of coal or other fuel . Of twenty @-@ thirty spacious school buildings which Kraków had before 1... | 9f027de88ba575f25d2934e59182fcb1 | 1,892 |
In the General Government , the remaining schools were subjugated to the German educational system , and the number and competence of their Polish staff was steadily scaled down . All universities and most secondary schools were closed , if not immediately after the invasion , then by mid @-@ 1940 . By late 1940 , no ... | 2e8b6421a038b03a39f7d8b6439c3d18 | 1,893 |
The Germans were especially active in the destruction of Jewish culture in Poland ; nearly all of the wooden synagogues there were destroyed . Moreover , the sale of Jewish literature was banned throughout Poland .
| b0b9dfd2ea21c7e2228a7a89e28eb3d6 | 1,894 |
Polish literature faced a similar fate in territories annexed by Germany , where the sale of Polish books was forbidden . The public destruction of Polish books was not limited to those seized from libraries , but also included those books that were confiscated from private homes . The last Polish book titles not alre... | 2ac1759eb3b7316b219548b5752ce39c | 1,895 |
Polish flags and other symbols were confiscated . The war on the Polish language included the tearing down of signs in Polish and the banning of Polish speech in public places . Persons who spoke Polish in the streets were often insulted and even physically assaulted . The Germanization of place names prevailed . Many... | be03e8876c9fbd9d6ea63754f11f8d01 | 1,896 |
= = = = Censorship and propaganda = = = =
| c2e288d8fa25d92c94ac9dff4d43861a | 1,898 |
The Germans prohibited publication of any regular Polish @-@ language book , literary study or scholarly paper . In 1940 , several German @-@ controlled printing houses began operating in occupied Poland , publishing items such as Polish @-@ German dictionaries and antisemitic and anticommunist novels .
| 25c4d3fe5471db7956816960324d42b3 | 1,900 |
Censorship at first targeted books that were considered to be " serious " , including scientific and educational texts and texts that were thought to promote Polish patriotism ; only fiction that was free of anti @-@ German overtones was permitted . Banned literature included maps , atlases and English- and French @-@... | 00275ab5521db8020ba0f580ae3c1c4d | 1,901 |
Poles were forbidden , under penalty of death , to own radios . The press was reduced from over 2 @,@ 000 publications to a few dozen , all censored by the Germans . All pre @-@ war newspapers were closed , and the few that were published during the occupation were new creations under the total control of the Germans ... | 14894afe8f37c908e23b0295a4b3cf09 | 1,902 |
Music was the least restricted of cultural activities , probably because Hans Frank regarded himself as a fan of serious music . In time , he ordered the creation of the Orchestra and Symphony of the General Government in its capital , Kraków . Numerous musical performances were permitted in cafes and churches , and t... | d3c469fad636d1be260aac231e2c35be | 1,903 |
The development of Nazi propaganda in occupied Poland can be divided into two main phases . Initial efforts were directed towards creating a negative image of pre @-@ war Poland , and later efforts were aimed at fostering anti @-@ Soviet , antisemitic , and pro @-@ German attitudes .
| d2133dc306658fd2c03ba88c17a52fde | 1,904 |
= = = Soviet occupation = = =
| 31a50c9aef513922b13fa12feca2973a | 1,906 |
After the Soviet invasion of Poland ( beginning 17 September 1939 ) that followed the German invasion that had marked the start of World War II ( beginning 1 September 1939 ) , the Soviet Union annexed the eastern parts ( " Kresy " ) of the Second Polish Republic , comprising 201 @,@ 015 square kilometres ( 77 @,@ 612... | e0089380ffcadee7ded06afdc6c1aa24 | 1,908 |
The Soviet authorities regarded service to the prewar Polish state as a " crime against revolution " and " counter @-@ revolutionary activity " and arrested many members of the Polish intelligentsia , politicians , civil servants and academics , as well as ordinary persons suspected of posing a threat to Soviet rule .... | beda18a0753247ff64b5fedb00986d0d | 1,909 |
The Soviets quickly Sovietized the annexed lands , introducing compulsory collectivization . They proceeded to confiscate , nationalize and redistribute private and state @-@ owned Polish property . In the process , they banned political parties and public associations and imprisoned or executed their leaders as " ene... | e8ba807ecd0732d51a0900cdf124a8c4 | 1,910 |
The Soviet authorities sought to remove all trace of the Polish history of the area now under their control . The name " Poland " was banned . Polish monuments were torn down . All institutions of the dismantled Polish state , including the Lwów University , were closed , then reopened , mostly with new Russian direct... | a6f8a9caeae1a9e05a59379c706c53d5 | 1,911 |
All publications and media were subjected to censorship . The Soviets sought to recruit Polish left @-@ wing intellectuals who were willing to cooperate . Soon after the Soviet invasion , the Writers ' Association of Soviet Ukraine created a local chapter in Lwów ; there was a Polish @-@ language theater and radio sta... | 18939d4f972bacedbd5e6dcfc6656d37 | 1,912 |
The Soviet propaganda @-@ motivated support for Polish @-@ language cultural activities , however , clashed with the official policy of Russification . The Soviets at first intended to phase out the Polish language and so banned Polish from schools , street signs , and other aspects of life . This policy was , however... | 963ca56bc88c5ae3f946ff6f16cf5247 | 1,913 |
Many Polish writers collaborated with the Soviets , writing pro @-@ Soviet propaganda . They included Jerzy Borejsza , Tadeusz Boy @-@ Żeleński , Kazimierz Brandys , Janina Broniewska , Jan Brzoza , Teodor Bujnicki , Leon Chwistek , Zuzanna Ginczanka , Halina Górska , Mieczysław Jastrun , Stefan Jędrychowski , Stanisł... | 1b1f3f7bb9b807c9ac9fb3300acfc2fc | 1,914 |
Other Polish writers , however , rejected the Soviet persuasions and instead published underground : Jadwiga Czechowiczówna , Jerzy Hordyński , Jadwiga Gamska @-@ Łempicka , Herminia Naglerowa , Beata Obertyńska , Ostap Ortwin , Tadeusz Peiper , Teodor Parnicki , Juliusz Petry . Some writers , such as Władysław Bronie... | 647f36647cf6ca55ee57223ad920a2f7 | 1,915 |
= = Underground culture = =
| 1e37c9c6ecbfa1bb9f35395f3f26282d | 1,917 |
= = = Patrons = = =
| 24714f54c7461ec5991542ef0205461b | 1,920 |
Polish culture persisted in underground education , publications , even theater . The Polish Underground State created a Department of Education and Culture ( under Stanisław Lorentz ) which , along with a Department of Labor and Social Welfare ( under Jan Stanisław Jankowski and , later , Stefan Mateja ) and a Depart... | f0eda2f65754da68e26d0266b49be237 | 1,922 |
Other important patrons of Polish culture included the Roman Catholic Church and Polish aristocrats , who likewise supported artists and safeguarded Polish heritage ( notable patrons included Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha and a former politician , Janusz Radziwiłł ) . Some private publishers , including Stefan Kamieńsk... | 39c648791795fd8ab7decad043f3554b | 1,923 |
= = = Education = = =
| b65e5d4e247555513815b75e28fa54d1 | 1,925 |
In response to the German closure and censorship of Polish schools , resistance among teachers led almost immediately to the creation of large @-@ scale underground educational activities . Most notably , the Secret Teaching Organization ( Tajna Organizacja Nauczycielska , TON ) was created as early as in October 1939... | 468ed22a3211ca1ec9eac36528670ac8 | 1,927 |
In Warsaw , there were over 70 underground schools , with 2 @,@ 000 teachers and 21 @,@ 000 students . Underground Warsaw University educated 3 @,@ 700 students , issuing 64 masters and 7 doctoral degrees . Warsaw Politechnic under occupation educated 3 @,@ 000 students , issuing 186 engineering degrees , 18 doctoral ... | 7512497b03d4226dce8868d8acd842b2 | 1,928 |
The German attitude to underground education varied depending on whether it took place in the General Government or the annexed territories . The Germans had almost certainly realized the full scale of the Polish underground education system by about 1943 , but lacked the manpower to put an end to it , probably priori... | 0715a90aa063f0dc3b5f9963eef1c4dc | 1,929 |
= = = Print = = =
| 7437e0bc97ba2969d3b2f5771bc9ac6d | 1,931 |
There were over 1 @,@ 000 underground newspapers ; among the most important were the Biuletyn Informacyjny of Armia Krajowa and Rzeczpospolita of the Government Delegation for Poland . In addition to publication of news ( from intercepted Western radio transmissions ) , there were hundreds of underground publications ... | 5d8f5230da1fcdced6d2f1d80de35f21 | 1,933 |
The two largest underground publishers were the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of Armia Krajowa and the Government Delegation for Poland . Tajne Wojskowe Zakłady Wydawnicze ( Secret Military Publishing House ) of Jerzy Rutkowski ( subordinated to the Armia Krajowa ) was probably the largest underground publisher... | ccb7431cdcf092a5720fe66139d5ca53 | 1,934 |
Under German occupation , the professions of Polish journalists and writers were virtually eliminated , as they had little opportunity to publish their work . The Underground State 's Department of Culture sponsored various initiatives and individuals , enabling them to continue their work and aiding in their publicat... | 6fbd825df0d7070cf2c565f36290337b | 1,935 |
= = = Visual arts and music = = =
| 14181bde816b7110b6518a983c7d7099 | 1,937 |
With the censorship of Polish theater ( and the virtual end of the Polish radio and film industry ) , underground theaters were created , primarily in Warsaw and Kraków , with shows presented in various underground venues . Beginning in 1940 the theaters were coordinated by the Secret Theatrical Council . Four large c... | 3d4694cd37157c64f1a7a9b9ffc07495 | 1,939 |
Polish music , including orchestras , also went underground . Top Polish musicians and directors ( Adam Didur , Zbigniew Drzewiecki , Jan Ekier , Barbara Kostrzewska , Zygmunt Latoszewski , Jerzy Lefeld , Witold Lutosławski , Andrzej Panufnik , Piotr Perkowski , Edmund Rudnicki , Eugenia Umińska , Jerzy Waldorff , Kaz... | a67526761f45d3548f34e003fbae16d2 | 1,940 |
Visual arts were practiced underground as well . Cafes , restaurants and private homes were turned into galleries or museums ; some were closed , with their owners , staff and patrons harassed , arrested or even executed . Polish underground artists included Eryk Lipiński , Stanisław Miedza @-@ Tomaszewski , Stanisław... | c3aadd7c9c2c5cb45f5ae96597443547 | 1,941 |
= = = Warsaw Uprising = = =
| 774362dcfd9970f41312a68d02cc6e12 | 1,943 |
During the Warsaw Uprising ( August – October 1944 ) , people in Polish @-@ controlled territory endeavored to recreate the former day @-@ to @-@ day life of their free country . Cultural life was vibrant among both soldiers and the civilian population , with theaters , cinemas , post offices , newspapers and similar ... | bbd1f6591ca6ea13d64d3cb233c55c9c | 1,945 |
Eugeniusz Lokajski took some 1 @,@ 000 photographs before he died ; Sylwester Braun some 3 @,@ 000 , of which 1 @,@ 500 survive ; Jerzy Tomaszewski some 1 @,@ 000 , of which 600 survived .
| bcf48035c05e0676cb696c013cf6a986 | 1,946 |
= = Culture in exile = =
| 209b18cc36cad6267a7503af3b0b1fe3 | 1,948 |
Polish artists also worked abroad , outside of occupied Europe . Arkady Fiedler , based in Britain with the Polish Armed Forces in the West wrote about the 303 Polish Fighter Squadron . Melchior Wańkowicz wrote about the Polish contribution to the capture of Monte Cassino in Italy . Other writers working abroad includ... | f118daf9fbe09c2a79b6adaec5f6239d | 1,950 |
= = Influence on postwar culture = =
| cd43c4d65eed9bed6ee6079573628398 | 1,952 |
The wartime attempts to destroy Polish culture may have strengthened it instead . Norman Davies wrote in God 's Playground : " In 1945 , as a prize for untold sacrifices , the attachment of the survivors to their native culture was stronger than ever before . " Similarly , close @-@ knit underground classes , from pri... | 2a69646fd85e65e3ff6942d1c8390846 | 1,954 |
The experience of World War II placed its stamp on a generation of Polish artists that became known as the " Generation of Columbuses " . The term denotes an entire generation of Poles , born soon after Poland regained independence in 1918 , whose adolescence was marked by World War II . In their art , they " discover... | 529188cea3bbf2a84d1c17a25b10320a | 1,955 |
Over the years , nearly three @-@ quarters of the Polish people have emphasized the importance of World War II to the Polish national identity . Many Polish works of art created since the war have centered on events of the war . Books by Tadeusz Borowski , Adolf Rudnicki , Henryk Grynberg , Miron Białoszewski , Hanna ... | 43a7780f0363b280976fbcc936f69a6f | 1,956 |
Educational and training programs place special emphasis on the World War II period and on the occupation . Events and individuals connected with the war are ubiquitous on TV , on radio and in the print media . The theme remains an important element in literature and learning , in film , theater and the fine arts . No... | 0273244175871c9fe4e9738812c393bc | 1,957 |
= Arihant @-@ class submarine =
| 37e56705f18e68a9c77255a2a95f0e9a | 1,960 |
The Arihant class ( Sanskrit , for Killer of Enemies ) is a class of nuclear @-@ powered ballistic missile submarines being built for the Indian Navy . They were developed under the US $ 2 @.@ 9 billion Advanced Technology Vessel ( ATV ) project to design and build nuclear @-@ powered submarines .
| a9eff185b7ef29e58a221d279f8c0e2a | 1,962 |
The lead vessel of the class , INS Arihant was launched in 2009 and after extensive sea trials , was confirmed as ready for operations on 23 February 2016 . Arihant is the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Counc... | 82e7db21bb6cc6c700781134ea8e97ce | 1,963 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 1,965 |
In December 1971 , during the Indo @-@ Pakistani War of 1971 , the US President Richard Nixon sent a carrier battle group named Task Force 74 , led by the nuclear @-@ powered USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal in an attempt to intimidate India . In response , the Soviet Union sent a submarine armed with nuclear mis... | 68e06a5ac498f19c6e6e855ed6a8cf52 | 1,967 |
The Indian Navy 's Advanced Technology Vessel project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s . Then Defence Minister George Fernandes confirmed the project in 1998 . The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear @-@ powered fast attack submarines , though following nuclear tests ... | 391154f2fb0455ed389bdd6c6bb66782 | 1,968 |
= = Description = =
| 7096d9cc91723f919ab4f5acdab6bccb | 1,970 |
The Arihant @-@ class submarines are nuclear powered ballistic missile submarines built under the Advanced Technology Vessel ( ATV ) project . They will be the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India . The submarines are 112 m ( 367 ft ) long with a beam of 11 m ( 36 ft ) , a draught of 10 m ( 33 ft ) , d... | d68ab6a2f8cdaabd0db5ca76a6853d89 | 1,972 |
The submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to 12 K @-@ 15 Sagarika missiles with one warhead each ( with a range of 750 km or 470 mi ) or 4 K @-@ 4 missiles ( with a range of 3 @,@ 500 km or 2 @,@ 200 mi ) . The submarines are similar to the Akula @-@ class submarine of Russia . The Indian Na... | c7babe3e21e345b332852a06e33d5f03 | 1,973 |
= = Development = =
| 424802451cd24f59c8607c235508ad76 | 1,975 |
The submarines are powered by a pressurised water reactor with highly enriched uranium fuel . The miniaturized version of the reactor was designed and built by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research ( IGCAR ) in Kalpakkam . It included a 42 @-@ metre ( 138 ft ) secti... | 5faf9499856c16fe64c85e3557d39820 | 1,977 |
The detailed engineering of the design was implemented at Larsen & Toubro 's submarine design center at their Hazira shipbuilding facility . Tata Power SED built the control systems for the submarine . The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by Walchandnagar Industries . The... | 2b1b91e46fbffbc703ad35bc2cce3d16 | 1,978 |
= = Ships in class = =
| 3364102ad48632464286d0cb5f3e2a20 | 1,980 |
Exact number of planned submarines remains unclear , according to media reports about three to six submarines are planned to be built . The first boat of the class , INS Arihant is expected to be commissioned by 2016 . The first four vessels are expected to be commissioned by 2023 . In December 2014 , the work on a se... | 970992e0b425f36610bc0be2211affb9 | 1,982 |
= = Timeline = =
| ff060e8dc9037c13d203182f8cdd3c92 | 1,984 |
= SMS Markgraf =
| bc5e87a16a714a165291abe6e057de2b | 1,988 |
SMS Markgraf was the third battleship of the four @-@ ship König class . She served in the Imperial German Navy during World War I. The battleship was laid down in November 1911 and launched on 4 June 1913 . She was formally commissioned into the Imperial Navy on 1 October 1914 , just over two months after the outbrea... | d22f923f08979e27eb9f774cafaf1bbf | 1,990 |
Along with her three sister ships , König , Grosser Kurfürst , and Kronprinz , Markgraf took part in most of the fleet actions during the war , including the Battle of Jutland on 31 May and 1 June 1916 . At Jutland , Markgraf was the third ship in the German line and heavily engaged by the opposing British Grand Fleet... | 9914812ee36fb9e9f8bc59e69dbeeec5 | 1,991 |
After Germany 's defeat in the war and the signing of the Armistice in November 1918 , Markgraf and most of the capital ships of the High Seas Fleet were interned by the Royal Navy in Scapa Flow . The ships were disarmed and reduced to skeleton crews while the Allied powers negotiated the final version of the Treaty o... | 8e660f96e5d8567a44951092f588d49b | 1,992 |
= = Construction and design = =
| 4e43278e4a076c24d68945dc0ce3c01f | 1,994 |
Markgraf was ordered under the provisional name Ersatz Weissenburg and built at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen under construction number 186 . Her keel was laid in November 1911 and she was launched on 4 June 1913 . At her launching ceremony , the ship was christened by Frederick II , Grand Duke of Baden , the head o... | 6f2c9f1708a216a4fc13d02a811417af | 1,996 |
Markgraf displaced 25 @,@ 796 t ( 25 @,@ 389 long tons ) as built and 28 @,@ 600 t ( 28 @,@ 100 long tons ) fully loaded , with a length of 175 @.@ 4 m ( 575 ft 6 in ) , a beam of 19 @.@ 5 m ( 64 ft 0 in ) and a draft of 9 @.@ 19 m ( 30 ft 2 in ) . She was powered by three Bergmann steam turbines , three oil @-@ fired... | 9eb8f5485d6b02c3d006cd1608f33208 | 1,997 |
She was armed with ten 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) SK L / 50 guns arranged in five twin gun turrets : two superfiring turrets each fore and aft and one turret amidships between the two funnels . Her secondary armament consisted of fourteen 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) SK L / 45 quick @-@ firing guns , six 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5... | 6d259124d71ad2f5f67ac881ad08baf8 | 1,998 |
= = Service history = =
| 23e5a754ef5bf8e29b4df264b6ec61aa | 2,000 |
Following her commissioning on 1 October 1914 , Markgraf conducted sea trials , which lasted until 12 December . By 10 January 1915 , the ship had joined III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet with her three sister ships . On 22 January 1915 , III Squadron was detached from the fleet to conduct maneuver , gunnery ... | 6e0a50b716a755e5da5459b6bdf8f5ad | 2,002 |
In the aftermath of the loss of SMS Blücher at the Battle of Dogger Bank , Kaiser Wilhelm II removed Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl from his post as fleet commander on 2 February . Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet ; von Pohl carried out a series of sorties with the High Seas Fleet throughou... | 1b65cd360bb76c01fcc281c15f9e0626 | 2,003 |
Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer became commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet on 18 January 1916 when Admiral von Pohl became too ill from liver cancer to continue in that post . Scheer proposed a more aggressive policy designed to force a confrontation with the British Grand Fleet ; he received approval from the Kais... | 9a19bae39b7b0f71e3ada709f34247ed | 2,004 |
= = = Battle of Jutland = = =
| cb7375d2004774367fe08f8358f9243d | 2,006 |
Markgraf was present during the fleet operation that resulted in the Battle of Jutland which took place on 31 May and 1 June 1916 . The German fleet again sought to draw out and isolate a portion of the Grand Fleet and destroy it before the main British fleet could retaliate . Markgraf was the third ship in the German... | e4bda73bd3a4342e3db0c2685ebacf7e | 2,008 |
Shortly before 16 : 00 the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group encountered the British 1st Battlecruiser Squadron under the command of Vice Admiral David Beatty . The opposing ships began an artillery duel that saw the destruction of Indefatigable , shortly after 17 : 00 , and Queen Mary , less than half an hour later ... | 2eab169057f48e7b40a6a4c1f07c7518 | 2,009 |
Markgraf opened fire on the battlecruiser Tiger at a range of 21 @,@ 000 yards ( 19 @,@ 000 m ) . Markgraf and her two sisters fired their secondary guns on British destroyers attempting to make torpedo attacks against the German fleet . Markgraf continued to engage Tiger until 18 : 25 , by which time the faster battl... | c228a0a8611eb8d08a950041de8423d0 | 2,010 |
Shortly after 19 : 00 , the German cruiser Wiesbaden had become disabled by a shell from the British battlecruiser Invincible ; Rear Admiral Paul Behncke in König attempted to position his four ships to cover the stricken cruiser . Simultaneously , the British III and IV Light Cruiser Squadrons began a torpedo attack ... | 30b1de12fd47a38408cf40d5e35ca836 | 2,011 |
Markgraf then fired on the battlecruiser Princess Royal and scored two hits . The first hit struck the 9 @-@ inch armor covering " X " barbette , was deflected downward , and exploded after penetrating the 1 @-@ inch deck armor . The crew for the left gun were killed , the turret was disabled , and the explosion cause... | c304b9a9b09c9f9704a18ea83ccca35f | 2,012 |
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