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This event is recommended for: Postbacs. Science isn't complete until the results have been shared with others, and talking about your results is one of the important ways of making them public. The Postbac Seminar Series provides a unique opportunity for two Postbacs each month to present their research to a diverse audience of their peers. The atmosphere is relatively informal and non-threatening. The series allows Postbacs who attend to learn about the different types of biomedical research being conducted at the NIH while meeting other postbacs. Read more about the seminar series. ONLINE MEETING INFORMATION: The meeting information will be shared by email. If you have questions, please contact Runa Cheng <runa.cheng@nih.gov> and Marc Theberge <marc.theberge@nih.gov>. This month's presenters are: Jordan Meza, NIAAA Title: Increasing neuronal activity within the medial temporal lobe rescues spatial learning and memory deficits in the Scn2a mouse model of autism. Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by genetic and/or environmental insults. In humans, haploinsufficiency of the SCN2A gene, which encodes the voltage gated sodium channel Nav1.2, is strongly associated with ASD and often co-presents with intellectual disability (ID). Typically, ID manifests as deficits in learning ability, episodic memory (recalling personal experiences) and spatial memory. Greater understanding of the circuits and cellular processes underlying this disorder will aid in novel ASD treatment development. A deficit in learning and memory was confirmed in Scn2a+/- mice by using a Barnes Maze spatial learning task where mice navigate a 20-hole maze to locate a single escape hole. Additionally, cFos+ neurons were imaged and quantified in whole brains of Scn2a+/-; Fos-EGFP mice to identify regions where basal neuronal activity is abnormal. There were significantly reduced numbers of cFos+NeuN+ neurons in six brain regions, four of which are reciprocally connected and functionally linked with memory impairments in humans, rodents, and primates. Because these 4 regions are cortical, I chose to conditionally delete Scn2a in cortical excitatory pyramidal (PYR) neurons, which replicated the spatial learning deficit. Furthermore, recovery of spatial learning ability was achieved by chemogenetically increasing dendritic depolarization levels in the same population of cortical PYR neurons, suggesting reduced depolarization in these principal neurons contribute to Scn2a-associated spatial learning impairments. This research identifies brain regions that may be pharmacologically targeted to relieve ID in individuals with SCN2A haploinsufficiency. Bio: Jordan Meza graduated from Vanderbilt University in 2021 with a major in Neuroscience. During undergraduate, he worked as a research assistant in Dr. Eugenia Gurevich’s pharmacology lab studying the effect of psychostimulants on GPCR function. Currently, he works in the NIAAA’s Section for Neural Circuits under Dr. Michelle Antoine researching the neural localization and cellular mechanisms underlying genetic ASD variants. He is particularly interested in how systems in the brain work together to enable complex cognitive abilities. Sandeep David , NIDCD Title: Kif1aa-based transport along microtubules maintains synaptic vesicle populations in hair cells Abstract: Sensory hair cells utilize specialized ribbon synapses to reliably transmit sensory information to the brain. Ribbon synapses have high rates of spontaneous vesicle release and function without fatigue. To sustain this level of release, a continuous supply of synaptic vesicles must be trafficked to the presynapse. In neurons, the motor protein Kif1a has been shown to transport synaptic vesicles along microtubules to the presynapse. Whether Kinesin-mediated transport delivers synaptic vesicles along microtubules to the hair cell presynapses is not known. Using zebrafish as our model, we are able to examine the effects of the loss of Kif1aa in hair cells in vivo and find that Kif1aa is required to localize synaptic vesicles at the presynapse. Bio: Sandeep graduated from the University of Maryland in May 2021 with a degree in Physiology & Neurobiology, and he joined Dr. Katie Kindt’s lab in the Section on Sensory Cell Development and Function in the NIDCD in July 2021. In his free time, Sandeep enjoys playing soccer and disc golf, the latter of which he unceasingly tries to get his friends into. He intends to pursue a PhD in neuroscience with the hope of continuing his research studying sensory hair cells. Audrey Phan, NINDS Title: Memory Retrieval Reinstatement of Neural Connectivity Patterns Abstract: Successful memory retrieval has been shown to occur with reinstatement of neural activity first present during encoding. Previous evidence has shown memory reinstatement of oscillatory power at the level of individual electrodes; however, it is unknown whether groups of electrodes reinstate their network connectivity patterns during memory retrieval. We examined this question using intracranial electroencephalography data captured from 20 participants with medically refractory epilepsy as they performed a paired-associates verbal memory task. We first identified connected electrode pairs in the temporal lobe by selecting pairs of electrodes in this region that exhibited strong correlations with a consistent time lag across random segments of recording data. We next calculated the connectivity of these pairs at the maximal time lag while participants were performing the paired-associates verbal memory task. We calculated the similarity of connectivity patterns across electrode pairs in the temporal lobe between encoding and retrieval periods. Our data revealed a significantly higher encoding-retrieval similarity in the observed connectivity patterns for correct retrieval trials as compared to incorrect retrieval trials. Collectively, these results suggest that successful memory retrieval entails the reinstatement of regional network connectivity patterns initially present during memory encoding. Bio: Audrey Phan graduated from UC Berkeley in 2021 with Highest Honors in Cognitive Science. At Berkeley, she conducted research in the D’Esposito Cognitive Neuroscience Lab investigating the neural mechanisms of cognitive control using neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation. She is currently a postbac at NINDS in the Functional Neurosurgery Section, where she studies the neural mechanisms underlying memory using human intracranial electroencephalography data. Audrey is currently applying to MD/PhD programs and hopes to improve neuropsychiatric medicine as a future physician-scientist. In her free time, she loves to read, practice yoga, and make art.

https://www.training.nih.gov/events/view/_2/6712/Postbac_Seminar_Series_September_20_2022

ANALYSIS AND CORRELATION BETWEEN EPIGENETICS AND BRAIN ACTIVITY TO ASSESS THE RISK OF CHRONIC AND EPISODIC MIGRAINE IN WOMEN The overall objective of the project is to generate new synergies aimed at creating a network of interdisciplinary and transnational cooperation to analyze epigenetic and neuronal factors to develop migraine biomarkers in women. The AD-EEGWA project is co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain-Portugal Program (POCTEP) 2014-2020. The Biomedical Engineering Group of the University of Valladolid is a multidisciplinary group, mainly formed by Telecommunication Engineers and Doctors of different specialties (pneumology, neurology, psychiatry, neurophysiology, and ophthalmology). Its members have a wide experience in brain signal processing to help the diagnosis of different neurological diseases.Roberto Hornero – roberto.hornero@tel.uva.es The Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP) of the University of Porto was founded in 1989 and has consolidated a position as an international reference in disease research. IPATIMUP research is focused on the study of biological mechanisms of complex diseases, early diagnosis methods, decreasing the incidence of different diseases, increasing treatment effectiveness and, consequently, improving the quality of life of the patients.Nádia Pinto – npinto@ipatimup.pt The "Fundación del Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León" is a non-profit organization that aims at promoting training, research and dissemination in Public Health, Assistance and Occupational Health. IECSCYL is responsible for effectively promoting research and innovation in Health in the autonomous community of Castile and Leon, aiming at improving the health of citizens.Ángel L. Guerrero – gueneurol@gmail.com The IBMC is a multidisciplinary research institution that was created in 1997 with the aim of bringing together researchers working at the University of Porto and affiliated hospitals to produce a unique environment that promotes life science research. It became a Research Unit recognised and funded by the "Foundation for Science and Technology" (FCT) of Portugal, the main Portuguese government agency that finances science.Miguel Alves-Ferreira – miguel.ferreira@ibmc.up.pt The overarching objective of the project is to generate new synergies aimed at creating an interdisciplinary and transnational cooperation network to analyze epigenetic and neuronal factors to develop migraine biomarkers in women. The sample, collected from different places in the North of Portugal and Castile and Leon, will be representative for migraine. In particular, a sample of women between 18 and 40 years of age will be collected because they are the social group most affected by this pathology. Healthy women will also be analyzed to make a comparison possible. For all patients and controls, their clinical data, their brain activity and their genetic/epigenetic information will be analyzed. The extraction of genetic material will be done by obtaining blood samples. The DNA and RNA obtained will be sequenced and regions with different proportions of methylation in the samples, differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCs) and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) will be obtained. In parallel, the brain electrical activity from neuronal synapses will be acquired by resting electroencephalography. Subsequently, brain connectivity will be analyzed and the dynamics of the brain network in patients and controls will be characterised. Finally, it is intended to develop a tool to aid in the diagnosis of migraine based on genetic / epigenetic data and brain activity. For this purpose, patients and controls that will participate in the research will be characterised and the topographies obtained in the analysis of the signals collected in the sampling phase will be compared, applying two complementary strategies: clustering and phylogenetic networks. Increase of the number of researchers in the region of Castile and Leon - North of Portugal. Improvement of the equipment needed for the study of migraine: computers, portable EEG equipment, collection system of biological material, DNA extraction kits and associated laboratory material, etc. A new database formed by genetic and epigenetic samples, EEG recordings and clinical and sociodemographic data from 100 subjects from Castile and Leon and North of Portugal. Genomic and epigenomic results of the participants with a high scientific value, as well as characteristics of their neuronal activity. Publication of the obtained results in journals and conferences of national and international relevance. Look for epigenetic factors that can be linked to migraine. For that purpose, a set of patients and controls will be analysed in order to discover hidden relationships between clinical aspects and epigenetic diversity. Identification of brain activity patterns associated with migraine. Correlation of epigenetic and neuronal data to help in the diagnosis of migraine. The proposed diagnostic tool is highly innovative, since it combines several kinds of technologies that are nowadays available to the scientific community independently, so they can synergistically improve the accuracy of inferences. The main product derived from this project is the development of a new biomarker for the early diagnosis of migraine. This tool will be based on the obtained results from blood samples and EEG recordings from patients and controls. It might achieve a high precision by means of the combination of epigenetic data and neuronal activity. Other products are the publication of the obtained results in journals and national and international conferences, and the development of a framework for the subsequent cooperation between the partners towards the expansion to new studies related with migraine. To select the sample that will participate in the study (100 women resident in both areas of project intervention, distributed as follows: 34 control women without a history of migraine, 33 women with chronic migraine and 33 women with episodic migraine) and to collect biological samples (blood) and brain activity (electroencephalogram, EEG). To obtain the genetic/epigenetic profiles of the participants from the biological material collected in the previous activity and analysis, using advanced signal processing methods, of the EEG recordings. To identify patterns by means of meta-analysis, providing assistance in the diagnosis of migraine. This will be carried out combining EEG signals and epigenetic data from all the participants in the study. To design of a tool to help in the diagnosis of migraine, based on the analysis carried out in the previous activities. Additionally, we will evaluate the possible exploitation of the aforementioned tool. To coordinate and supervise each activity by the main beneficiary, each institution being responsible for their own actions. To participate in conferences to present the preliminary results of the project to the scientific community, publication of papers showing the final results in prestigious international journals, and preparation of communication material to make society aware of the progress of the project (website, social networks, preparation of seminars and press releases).

http://www.gib.tel.uva.es/migrainee/?lang=en_EN

Complete these steps before you reach out to a faculty member! - Familiarize yourself with program requirements. You want to learn as much as possible from the information available to you before you reach out to a faculty member. Be sure to visit the graduate degree program listing and program-specific websites. - Check whether the program requires you to seek commitment from a supervisor prior to submitting an application. For some programs this is an essential step while others match successful applicants with faculty members within the first year of study. This is either indicated in the program profile under "Requirements" or on the program website. - Identify specific faculty members who are conducting research in your specific area of interest. - Establish that your research interests align with the faculty member’s research interests. - Read up on the faculty members in the program and the research being conducted in the department. - Familiarize yourself with their work, read their recent publications and past theses/dissertations that they supervised. Be certain that their research is indeed what you are hoping to study. - Compose an error-free and grammatically correct email addressed to your specifically targeted faculty member, and remember to use their correct titles. - Do not send non-specific, mass emails to everyone in the department hoping for a match. - Address the faculty members by name. Your contact should be genuine rather than generic. - Include a brief outline of your academic background, why you are interested in working with the faculty member, and what experience you could bring to the department. The supervision enquiry form guides you with targeted questions. Ensure to craft compelling answers to these questions. - Highlight your achievements and why you are a top student. Faculty members receive dozens of requests from prospective students and you may have less than 30 seconds to peek someone’s interest. - Demonstrate that you are familiar with their research: - Convey the specific ways you are a good fit for the program. - Convey the specific ways the program/lab/faculty member is a good fit for the research you are interested in/already conducting. - Be enthusiastic, but don’t overdo it. G+PS regularly provides virtual sessions that focus on admission requirements and procedures and tips how to improve your application. Understanding neuronal integration of information. Development of neuronal encoding properties. Developmental epiletogenesis. Metaplasticity. Genetic and molecular mechanisms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Supervision Enquiry Graduate Student Supervision Doctoral Student Supervision (Jan 2008 - Mar 2019) Precise wiring between dendrites and axons during brain development is a critical requirement for forming proper neuronal connectivity, a prerequisite to generate correct brain function. Establishing this highly complex physical network entails forming precise patterns of dendritic and axonal arborization as well as correct targeting of these processes to appropriate brain regions. As compared to our current understanding of axonal development, relatively little is known regarding the structural organization and of dendritic arbor growth during dendritogenesis. Two major obstacles in studying dendritogenesis in vivo are technical challenges in observing the dynamic behavior of these structures in the developing brain, and post-imaging analyses of their complex growth patterns. Here, we used in vivo rapid time-lapse imaging in the intact and awake vertebrate brain to observe dynamic dendritogenesis and analyzed components of growing dendritic arbors of individual neurons to elucidate how short-term growth behaviors culminate to produce the dendritic arbor patterning of mature neurons. Of particular interest, this work establishes that dendritic growth cones exist on all growing dendrites, but due to their dynamic nature, they have been grossly under-reported in previous in vivo studies. In this study, I find that dendritic growth cone morphology correlates with branch behavior, report differences in two different dendritic filopodial populations in vivo, and describe how dendritic growth behavior changes over neuronal maturation. Further, we have developed a novel analysis tool called Dynamo to accurately track and analyze dendritic components. I have used this tool to screen three candidate guidance cue molecules, including ephrin-A1, ephrin-B1, and slit2, for their potential role in regulating dynamic behavior of growing dendrites, and found that slit2 exposure decreases branch motility and increases branchtip filopodial motility in vivo. I also find that neurons located in the caudomedial tectum project their dendrites in a biased rostral orientation to reach the tectal neuropil, and that interfering with the Slit receptor Robo3, prevents this biased dendrite growth. These findings provide novel insights into how dendrites develop in vivo in the awake vertebrate brain. View record During learning, and particularly during development, neurons in the brain undergo structural and functional changes that are intricately interrelated. This plasticity is guided by patterns of activity that encode information about the environment, allowing the brain to adapt to an organism's specific experiences. Here I developed optical methods and analysis tools to measure and analyze sensory-evoked activity patterns in the awake brain, and track how sensory information guides plasticity. Several different methods and their applications are presented. I described models and analysis tools for nonlinear decoding of somatic activity patterns in populations of neurons, and used them to track functional reorganization of neural circuits during training. I identified a group of ultrabright and stable organic dyes that enable two-photon imaging deep within living tissue, and applied them to produce a sensitive intracellular label for excitatory synapses. I developed a random access microscope capable of tracking activity at all excitatory synapses on a neuron simultaneously, enabling the first comprehensive measurements of a single neuron's dendritic input and firing output within the awake brain. I used this microscope to track neurons' comprehensive activity and structural changes across plasticity-inducing training, and identified rules by which somatic and dendritic activity direct the detailed growth patterns of dendrites, producing spatially clustered input patterns along neurons' dendritic arbor. Throughout this work, I've taken advantage of the Xenopus laevis model system to observe rapid experience-dependent plasticity in the awake, developing brain. These results demonstrate ways in which specific experiences direct the detailed connectivity of developing neural circuits. View record During early brain development, formation of functional neural circuits requires correct neuronal morphological growth and formation of appropriate synaptic connections. In addition, sensory experience and neural activity impart lasting effects on morphological and functional complexity by directing synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. Errors in these events may result in the creation of dysfunctional circuits underlying common neurodevelopmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASDs), schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Therefore, to understand the normal development and the pathophysiology of these disorders, we must decipher the molecular mechanisms regulating developmental neural circuit structural and functional plasticity. This dissertation discusses work on the molecular mechanisms underlying structural and functional plasticity in the developing brain, ranging from cell adhesion molecules involved with initial synapse formation to transcription factors regulating sensory experience-driven functional plasticity. In the first half of the dissertation, using two-photon time-lapse imaging of individual growing neurons within intact and awake embryonic Xenopus brains, I found that the cell adhesion molecules, neurexin (NRX) and neuroligin-1 (NLG1), confer stabilization to labile dendritic filopodia, supporting their transition into longer and persistent branches through an activity-dependent multistep process. Disrupting NRX-NLG1 function destabilizes filopodia and culminates in reduced dendritic arbor complexity as neurons mature over days. These findings suggest that abnormalities in brain neuron structural development may contribute to ASDs. In the second half of the dissertation, I used in vivo two-photon calcium imaging of visual network activity and rapid time-lapse imaging of individual growing brain neurons to identify morphological correlates of experience-driven functional potentiation and depression during critical periods of neural circuit formation. Further, I identified the transcription factor MEF2A/2D as a major regulator of neuronal response to plasticity-inducing stimuli directing both structural and functional changes. Unpatterned sensory stimuli that change plasticity thresholds induce rapid degradation of MEF2A/2D through a classical apoptotic pathway requiring NMDA receptors and caspases-9, 3 and 7, demonstrating natural sensory experience fine-tunes the plasticity thresholds of neurons during neural circuit formation. Together, work in this dissertation provides new insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how sensory experience and synapse formation direct structural and functional plasticity in the embryonic developing brain. View record The period of early brain development involves an exceptional amount of neuronal morphological growth and refinement to form functional brain circuits. Although it is known that neural activity influences dendrite morphogenesis, the molecular pathways which convert a neural activity input to changes in morphology are not well understood. Here I show that activation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway promotes growth of developing brain neurons in vivo, in a neuron maturation-dependent manner. Rapid time-lapse two-photon imaging of single neuron growth within the developing vertebrate brain and pharmacological manipulations reveal a synergistic role for PKA and Epac in growth downstream of β-adrenergic receptors and adenylyl cyclase. Inhibition of the protease calpain increases axonal and dendritic filopodial density, but only in axons is this effect downstream of PKA. Furthermore, experiments indicate that PKA localization by AKAPs may be important in its regulation of dendritogenesis. Together, the results presented here outline multiple steps of a signaling pathway important in dynamic dendritogenesis and axogenesis in vivo. View record PKMz (Protein Kinase M zeta) is a recently identified isoform of Protein Kinase C. It is persistently active upon synthesis because its sequence resembles the catalytic domain of PKC zeta but lacks the auto-inhibitory regulatory domain. Previous studies found that PKMz is critical for LTP maintenance, as well as learning and memory in the adult rat brain. However, it is not known whether and how it functions in developing neural systems. I have identified endogenous PKMz in Xenopus laevis tadpoles brain and found that its expression pattern is temporally and spatially correlated with synaptogenesis and dendritogenesis within tadpole retino-tectal system. By in vivo rapid time-lapse imaging and three-dimensional analysis of dynamic dendritic growth, I find that exogenous expression of PKMz within single neurons stabilizes dendritic filopodia by increasing dendritic filopodial lifetimes and decreasing filopodial additions, eliminations, and motility, whereas long-term in vivo imaging demonstrates restricted expansion of the dendritic arbor. Alternatively, blocking endogenous PKMz activity in individual growing tectal neurons with ZIP (zeta-inhibitory peptide) destabilizes dendritic filopodia and over long periods promotes excessive arbor expansion. Consistent with its established roles in regulating adult glutamatergic synaptic transmission, I also examined role of PKMz in regulating developing synapses, using both immunohistochemistry and in vivo patch clamp recording. Specifically, I find that knocking down endogenous PKMz using a morpholino impairs both transmission and maturation of glutamatergic synapses, and consistently induces promoted dendritic expansion as seen in ZIP treated neurons. The model that PKMz regulates dendritogenesis by regulating glutamatergic synaptic transmission was further investigated using a novel seizure model based on Xenopus tadpoles. I find that PTZ induced seizure activity increases normalized expression level of brain PKMz, which is required for over-stabilization of dendritic filopodia dynamics induced by seizure activity. Based on these findings, together with previous results from other related studies, I have constructed a discreet and stochastic computational model to simulate synaptotropic dendritic growth mechanism. I show that as formation of nascent synapses promotes dendritic expansion into region of synaptic partners by promoting maintenance of dendritic filopodia, synapse maturation drives further dendritic refinement and stabilization of appropriate dendritic structure. View record The effects of highly prevalent early-life seizures on neuronal activity-dependent developmental programs within the immature brain remain unclear. To address this issue, the present work examined the acute and persistent effects of early-life seizures on neuronal dendritogenesis, a key activity-dependent component of neural circuit development. A novel experimental model system of early-life seizures, based on the albino Xenopus laevis tadpole, was developed for these studies. The transparency of this organism allows in vivo imaging of neuronal growth and activity within the intact developing brain. Additionally, immobilization of tadpoles using reversible paralytics and immersion in agar, for electrophysiological or imaging experiments, allows examination of seizure activity and seizure-induced effects on neuronal growth for the first time within the unanaesthetized and awake brain. Chemoconvulsant-induced seizures in tadpoles were extensively characterized using behavioural assessment, measures of cell death, and in vivo examination of neural activity during seizures through electrophysiological recordings and imaging of intracellular calcium dynamics. Rapid and long-interval time-lapse in vivo two-photon imaging of individual fluorescently labelled growing optic tectal neurons within the intact tadpole brain revealed that seizures inhibit dendritic arbor growth, that these effects are mediated cell-autonomously by excessive AMPA-receptor mediated excitatory activity, and that a single seizure episode persistently stunts subsequent arbor growth. Reduced dendritic growth is a result of decreased branch elongation, increased branch elimination, and loss of dendritic filopodia. Seizures also persistently reduced the density of immunostained excitatory synaptic markers within the tectal neuropil. Rapid time lapse imaging at 5 minute intervals for 5 hours reveals selective effects on filopodial growth dynamics, characterized by rapid increase in the rate of elimination of pre-existing filopodia within minutes of seizure onset, followed by hyper-stabilization of filopodia generated during seizures. These data suggest that seizures interfere with neural circuit development by acutely destabilizing filopodia present prior to seizure induction and hyper-stabilizing filopodia formed during seizures, leading to a persistent inhibition of continued arbor elaboration and growth. This is the first examination of the effects of common early-life seizures on dendritic morphogenesis within the intact and awake brain, and these findings identify a potential morphological correlate of persistent seizure-induced neural dysfunction. View record During embryonic activity‐dependent brain circuit refinement, neurons receiving the same natural sensory input may undergo either long‐term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD). While the origin of variable plasticity in vivo is unknown, the type of plasticity induced plays a key role in shaping dynamic neural circuit synaptogenesis and growth. Here, we investigate the effects of natural visual stimuli on functional neuronal firing within the intact and awake developing brain using calcium imaging of 100s of central neurons in the Xenopus retinotectal system. We find that specific patterns of visual stimuli shift population responses towards either potentiation or depression in an N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR)‐dependent manner. In agreement with the Bienenstock‐Cooper‐Munro (BCM) theory, our results show that functional potentiation or depression in individual neurons can be predicted by their specific receptive field properties and endogenous firing rates prior to plasticity induction. Enhancing pre‐training activity shifts plasticity outcomes as predicted by BCM, and this induced metaplasticity is also NMDAR dependent. Furthermore, network analysis reveals an increase in correlated firing of neurons that undergo potentiation. These findings implicate metaplasticity as a natural property governing experience‐dependent refinement of nascent embryonic brain circuits. View record Master's Student Supervision (2010-2017) The role of activity on the formation of neural networks during development is known to be critical. In the research conducted for this dissertation the effect of experience was probed at the single neuron level. First, a method for selecting neurons based on their responses to a visual stimulus and electroporating the selected neurons in a somata dense region was developed. This method was then used to select neurons responsive to a predetermined visual stimulus and the growth behavior of the neuronal arbor was observed in the presence of visual stimuli. When neurons were trained to better discern the visual stimulus the plasticity of the neuron was correlated with the dendritic growth behavior. In general, responsive neurons tended to prune their dendritic arbors while non-responsive neurons tended to grow. Interestingly, neurons that acquired a response with training tended to grow before acquiring a response and prune after. Blockade of NMDA receptors abolished these effects. In a separate set of experiments dendritic growth patterns were observed while all excitatory activity was blocked pharmacologically. These experiments showed that short-term (1.5 hours) excitatory activity blockade does not alter dendritic growth patterns. However, 30 minutes after the start of the activity blockade, the density of filopodia increased, suggesting that the neuron was compensating for the lack of activity. View record Program Affiliations If this is your researcher profile you can log in to the Faculty & Staff portal to update your details and provide recruitment preferences.

https://www.grad.ubc.ca/researcher/13519-haas

Life-long memories are formed at an instant, but considerably outlast the neuronal activity that instigated them or even the synaptic modifications that initially retained them. In addition to early processes at the cellular level, the long-term retention of memories therefore requires that entire populations of neurons in widely distributed neural systems are reorganized. Such reorganization at the systems level is not only needed to ensure that each distinct memory is retained for long time periods, but also to provide a framework that allows for the integration of individual learning events into an accumulating knowledge base. The main objective of research in our laboratory is to describe neuronal mechanisms of long-term memory storage at the systems level and to investigate how coordinated neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity in distributed cell assemblies can result in the formation of new cell assemblies. In addition, we are interested in the translational implications of this basic research and in understanding whether the neurodegenerative processes underlying dementia can result from a failure to appropriately organize neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity during our adult lives. This is addressed by recording from many single neurons (up to 100) in the brain simultaneously and by testing how their activity is coordinated before, during, and long after learning. The recording methods are complemented by computational and analytical approaches, and also by molecular techniques that allow us to manipulate the activity of neuronal networks and to test whether the identified mechanisms are necessary for memory formation. Using these methods, we previously discovered neuronal network mechanisms that combine spatial and nonspatial information in the mammalian hippocampus, and showed that orthogonal encoding of the two types of information is used to generate very different neuronal firing patterns for very similar sensory input. Such pattern separation is thought to be a prerequisite for storing a large number of separate memories. To test this hypothesis, we currently investigate how multiple memories are encoded in the hippocampus as well as in a more widely distributed cortical network.

https://cnlm.uci.edu/stephan-leutgeb/

In psychiatric research, nuclear imaging complements MRI. A recent neuroimaging review of social anxiety disorder focused predominantly on MRI, omitting the contribution of nuclear imaging methods. Nuclear imaging investigations of neural activity are sparse but have generally yielded results consistent with studies performed using MRI. Evidence for disturbances in neurotransmitter systems in social anxiety disorder is limited but suggestive of both serotonergic and dopaminergic dysfunction. Research focusing on additional molecular targets using existing and novel tracers, combined with recent technologic innovations and trends in collaborative methodology, may shape future nuclear imaging endeavors in this field. - social anxiety disorder - positron emission tomography - single photon emission computed tomography - functional neuroimaging - molecular imaging Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by excessive anxiety in social or performance situations and a marked fear of negative evaluation and embarrassment, leading to significant distress and functional impairment (1). Epidemiologic data demonstrate that the condition is common (2) and is frequently associated with severe functional impairment and morbidity (3). There is evidence that both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the pathogenesis of SAD (4), but knowledge of the neurobiologic processes involved in the disorder and how therapies exert their effects is still far from complete. Neuroimaging modalities represent valuable tools to investigate brain function in psychiatric disorders, including SAD. Several excellent reviews and metaanalyses of functional neuroimaging have consistently highlighted hyperactivity in limbic and paralimbic structures (5–7) and have led to a proposed network model of SAD (7). Of these reviews, only the earlier two included nuclear neuroimaging studies, whereas the latest focused exclusively on MRI-based work. Several additional nuclear imaging experiments have been conducted since the publication of these reviews. The aim of this paper is to summarize the contribution of nuclear neuroimaging to the SAD literature, complementing recent work that has focused on MRI-based experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant literature was identified using the search terms (“social phobia” OR “social anxiety”) AND (“SPECT” OR “SPET” OR “single photon” OR “positron” OR “PET”) in PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed). Ten studies that did not include either a healthy control group or a pre- and posttherapy contrast were excluded because without a basis for comparison any findings reported in such studies could not be attributed to SAD or treatment effect, respectively. For similar reasons, a study that used a mixed sample, and a study in which the SAD sample had neurodegenerative comorbidity, were also excluded. Finally, 2 studies that used region-of-interest–based techniques were excluded because of significant methodologic differences that make their comparability to other studies unreliable. These differences related to the variability (between subjects) of region-of-interest placement with only limited anatomic information (based on SPECT images only), as well as the fact that neither study spatially normalized participant scans to a standard template to ensure equivalence across subjects. Nuclear neuroimaging experiments were broadly classified as those that investigated surrogates of neural activity (blood flow, perfusion, metabolism) and those that focused on imaging of functional neurochemistry. RESULTS Surrogates of Neural Activity (Blood Flow, Perfusion, Metabolism) Meaningful appraisal of studies investigating surrogates of neural activity in SAD is challenging for several reasons. First, because the imaging tracers used in these experiments target different surrogates of neuronal activity (glucose metabolism or regional cerebral blood flow [rCBF]), the correlations between modalities are not perfect. Second, differences in imaging paradigms (e.g., resting-state vs. task-based provocation) mean that the small number of existing studies must be evaluated in even smaller subgroups. Third, the analysis regions (whole brain vs. regional) and statistical thresholds used (voxel level vs. cluster level; corrections for multiple comparisons) vary widely. Finally, experiments into therapy effect are inconsistent in their choice of therapeutic intervention and mostly did not include placebo groups. Such study heterogeneity is not unique to nuclear neuroimaging experiments and is also frequently problematic in interpreting functional MRI (fMRI)–based work. Despite these drawbacks, nuclear imaging of neural activity has made some important contributions in SAD research. Resting State Current knowledge of resting regional neuronal activity in SAD is based largely on nuclear imaging experiments. Especially when interpreted together with resting-state-fMRI blood-oxygen-level–dependent data (which measure interregional correlations in resting state activity), such work is important because it establishes baseline conditions against which task-based research should be interpreted. No imaging studies investigating regional activity at rest have reported differences that are statistically significant at stringent statistical thresholds (e.g., corrected for multiple comparisons; P < 0.05), suggesting that if such differences are present, they are probably small. At more liberal statistical thresholds, these studies provide evidence of disruptions in biologically plausible regions, including increases in several frontal regions, cerebellum (8), fusiform gyrus, and temporal pole (9) and decreases in subcallosal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (10), as well as in pons, cerebellum, and precuneus (8). Investigating resting-state conditions using nuclear imaging with interregional correlations across subjects may be a more sensitive method to characterize abnormalities in SAD. A single nuclear imaging study that performed such analyses reported several disruptions (in SAD participants compared with healthy controls) significant at a stringent statistical threshold that were broadly consistent with results from fMRI work, namely increased connectivity between thalamus and middle frontal gyrus and decreased amygdala-frontal and posterior cingulate/precuneus-cerebellar connectivity (11). Symptom Provocation Increased amygdalar (and periamygdalar) reactivity in SAD during symptom provocation is a consistent finding in fMRI-based studies (7). It may therefore be surprising that results from similar experiments using 15O-water PET are variable in this respect (12–14). Possible reasons for this variability include the relatively small group sizes, differing thresholds for statistical significance, and the inferior spatial resolution of 15O-water PET. The largest of these studies, and the only one using a stringent statistical threshold, did not detect any difference in amygdalar reactivity between SAD and healthy control groups but found a correlation between amygdalar reactivity and the allelic status of serotonergic polymorphisms (14). There is no evidence from nuclear imaging studies of amygdalar hyperactivity during rest. Therapy Effects Limited evidence from nuclear imaging experiments in SAD suggests that various therapeutic interventions result in reductions in resting activity in limbic and paralimbic structures: a single dose of cannabidiol has been shown to reduce resting rCBF in parahippocampal gyrus and hippocampus (15), whereas in a combined group of SAD participants treated with either moclobemide or citalopram, bilateral reductions in rCBF were seen in insular cortex (16). A role for cingulate cortex in modulating treatment effects is supported by some of these experiments: cannabidiol has been shown to result in increased rCBF in the posterior cingulate (15) whereas functional connectivity work has demonstrated increases in rCBF-based connectivity of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex with precuneus and middle occipital gyrus (11). Finally, there is evidence that therapy results in altered glucose metabolism in the medial prefrontal cortex. In one experiment, after a course of tiagabine (a γ-aminobutyric acid reuptake inhibitor), SAD participants exhibited increased regional metabolism in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (10), whereas in another experiment, moclobemide therapy was associated with reductions in metabolism in medial dorsal prefrontal cortex (9). NOTEWORTHY The only research investigating resting regional neural activity (as opposed to connectivity) in SAD has been performed using nuclear imaging techniques. Evidence from functional neurochemistry imaging highlights dysfunction in the serotonergic and (possibly) the dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems in SAD. Future nuclear imaging research in SAD might focus on these and additional molecular targets of interest, such as exist in, for example, the oxytocinergic system, and make use of hybrid functional imaging such as PET/MRI. The effects of therapy on brain activity during task performance have also been studied in SAD. Compared with placebo, there is evidence that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, cognitive behavioral therapy, and the experimental neurokinin-1 antagonist vofopitant (GR205171) all result in reductions in rCBF to rhinal cortex, amygdala, hippocampal regions, and parahippocampal regions and that these reductions are greatest in responders (17,18). Another experiment investigating the effect of nefazodone (a phenylpiperazine serotonin reuptake inhibitor and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 receptor antagonist) reported changes in rCBF during provocation in multiple regions, including reductions in precentral gyrus, insula, hypothalamus, and middle frontal and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices (13). More detailed results of experiments that have investigated surrogates of neural activity in SAD compared with healthy controls, and the effect of therapy in SAD, are summarized in Supplemental Tables 1 and 2 and in Figure 1 (supplemental materials are available at http://jnm.snmjournals.org). Research into Functional Neurochemistry Serotonin Genetic modification of serotonergic targets in mice has implicated the serotonergic system in anxiety and depression phenotypes (19). The importance of the serotonergic system in SAD is further underscored by the relative efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating the disorder (20). In vivo, nuclear imaging of the serotonin system is able to target both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. In presynaptic neurons, the rate of influx of 11C-5-hydroxytryptophan, a serotonin precursor, is a measure of the rate of serotonin synthesis. Studies using this tracer suggest that in SAD there are higher rates of serotonin synthesis in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala, and anterior cingulate (21,22) and that synthesis decreases in the amygdala after therapy, with corresponding reductions in amygdalar rCBF on 15O-water PET (23). Serotonin synthesis rates in the amygdala and anterior cingulate have been linked with a specific genetic polymorphism (tryptophan-2 G-703T) in SAD (21). Another means of probing presynaptic serotonergic function is by imaging the serotonin transporter. The first such study, performed with 11C-(6R,10bS)-6-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)-1,2,3,5,6,10b-hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline (11C-McN5652) PET, demonstrated increased occupancy of serotonin transporter after several months of paroxetine therapy (24). A study using another PET ligand, 11C-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile (11C-DASB), found that SAD participants have a higher serotonin transporter binding potential (reflecting higher serotonin transporter availability) than healthy controls in the raphe nuclei region, caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus, and insular cortex (22). Only a single study has been performed investigating postsynaptic serotonergic function in SAD, in which researchers used 11C-N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl]-N-pyridin-2-ylcyclohexanecarboxamide (11C-WAY-100635) PET to measure binding of the serotonin 1A receptor in SAD and healthy control participants (25). That group reported significantly lower binding potentials in several limbic and paralimbic regions, including amygdala, anterior cingulate, insula, and dorsal raphe nucleus in patients (Fig. 2). Binding potential in the hippocampus was not affected. In a later analysis of the same data, the researchers reported a negative correlation between serum cortisol levels and serotonin 1A receptor binding in amygdala, hippocampus, and retrosplenial cortex across all subjects, with stronger correlations in the amygdala and hippocampus in the SAD group (26). Dopamine The dopaminergic system has an established role in reward processing. Social interaction activates the reward system in ways similar to nonsocial rewards such as money, food, or addictive substances (27). The rewards achieved through personal interactions are thought to drive social affiliation. Consequently, the observation that SAD sufferers typically shun social interaction has led some researchers to propose that the biology of SAD may have a dopaminergic component. This proposal is also supported by several clinical observations (28), and several imaging studies have to date focused on the dopaminergic system in SAD. Similar to serotonergic targets, dopaminergic imaging can investigate both presynaptic neurons (using radiolabeled dopamine precursors, or tracers that target the dopamine transporter [DAT]) and postsynaptic neurons (with ligands that bind to D1 and D2/D3 dopamine receptors). All existing studies of presynaptic dopaminergic function in SAD used SPECT tracers that target DAT, such as 123I-ioflupane, 123I-β-CIT, and 99mTc-2-[2-[[(1S,3S,4R,5R)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-4-yl]methyl-(2-sulfanylethyl)amino]ethylamino]ethanethiol (99mTc-TRODAT-1). These studies are contradictory for striatal DAT binding in SAD participants compared with healthy controls, with work suggesting decreases (29), no difference (30), or increases (31) in the disorder. Postsynaptic dopaminergic research in SAD has focused on D2/D3 receptors and has been similarly inconclusive. The earliest study used 123I-iodobenzamide to image D2/D3 receptor binding and reported reduced striatal D2/D3 binding potential in SAD patients compared with controls but found no significant correlation with disease severity (32). Later studies by the same group (30) found no difference in striatal D2/D3 binding between SAD and healthy control groups using 11C-raclopride PET (an arguably more reliable technique). In a PET study using another D2/D3 receptor ligand, 11C-(S)-(−)-5-bromo-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide (11C-FLB 457), researchers confined their analysis to extrastriatal regions and reported increased D2/D3 binding in SAD in orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Fig. 3) (33). A study that used 123I-iodobenzamide SPECT to investigate dopaminergic function in SAD patients with comorbid obsessive–compulsive disorder reported dopaminergic deficits in patients with comorbidity, whereas those with obsessive–compulsive disorder alone demonstrated no differences from the healthy control group (34). Effects of therapy on nuclear dopaminergic measures have also been investigated. In work investigating the effect of escitalopram on DAT binding, researchers reported a therapy-related increase in striatal DAT binding measured with 123I-ioflupane SPECT, although no correlation was found between symptom improvement and binding (35). Posttherapy increases in caudate DAT binding in that study were also seen in a subgroup of patients homozygous for the A10 DAT genotype. Another study investigated the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on the interaction between disease severity and extrastriatal D2/D3 binding in SAD by performing 11C-FLB457 PET (36). After therapy, investigators reported a negative correlation between symptom reduction and D2/D3 binding in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus. This study was also noteworthy in that it reinforced the understanding that psychotherapy is an intervention that has effects on biology in many respects comparable to pharmacotherapy (37). Conflicting results from these few nuclear imaging studies emphasize the need for further research to establish the role (if any) of dopamine in the disorder. Continued interest in dopamine is supported by several recent fMRI studies of the reward system in SAD (27,38). Substance P High concentrations of the neurokinin-1 receptor are expressed in several limbic structures (39). It has been suggested that substance P, which binds to this receptor, may play an important role in anxiety disorders (40). A single study that used the PET radiotracer 11C-(2S,3S)-N-[[2-11C-methoxy-5-[5-(trifluoromethyl)tetrazol-1-yl]phenyl]methyl]-2-phenyl-piperidin-3-amine (11C-GR205171) to image neurokinin-1 receptor binding in SAD demonstrated that compared with healthy controls, binding in the amygdala was higher in the disorder (41). A summary of molecular imaging targets studied in SAD is presented in Supplemental Table 3. An illustration summarizing the findings of nuclear imaging experiments that targeted neurotransmitter systems in SAD is found in Figure 4. DISCUSSION Much is already known about the neuroanatomy relevant in social anxiety (42). Neuroimaging research using both fMRI and nuclear techniques further supports functional models of SAD that show increased neuronal activity in limbic and paralimbic regions during anxiety provocation, with reductions in anxiety leading to attenuation of this hyperreactivity. Further, both fMRI and nuclear methods have provided data on disruptions in resting brain networks in the disorder. PET and SPECT have made important contributions to knowledge of resting regional brain activity and have found abnormalities in several key limbic and paralimbic regions, as well as in medial frontal cortex. Knowledge of regional neuronal activity under baseline conditions is important for two reasons. First, it enables improved interpretation of disruptions in resting-state functional connectivity, typically studied using resting-state fMRI. For example, a reduction in resting functional connectivity between two regions may be due to unmatched increases or decreases in neuronal activity in either or both regions. Although it is relatively simple to identify interregional correlations at rest, measuring the regional changes in neuronal activity that drive these correlations is more difficult with commonly used fMRI methods. Second, knowledge of both resting regional activity and resting functional connectivity is important for contextualizing the results of task-based experiments. It has, for example, been shown that by integrating subject-specific structural and resting-state functional neuroimaging data, it is possible to predict regional brain activations in response to a variety of tasks (43). Importantly, this shifts the focus from observed differences in how participants process information to disturbances in functional network architecture that underlie these differences (43). Nuclear techniques are useful in delineating the complex relationships between resting regional activity, resting connectivity, and task-based reactivity. Within regions involved in SAD, understanding of the underlying neurochemistry will be key, and it is in this regard that nuclear imaging techniques will likely make their greatest contribution. The integration of data, obtained from nuclear imaging experiments investigating functional neurochemistry, into biologic models of SAD is particularly challenging for several reasons. First, the scarcity of such data reduces their reliability and the likelihood of representativeness. Second, it is frequently impossible to determine causality when biologic disruptions are identified in anxious samples. Third, anxiety disorders as a group share many common features, making it demanding to identify features unique to SAD. Finally, the endophenotype of SAD, which must incorporate genetic and environmental influences with the interactions of multiple neurotransmitter systems that give rise to variant neural activations and ultimately to symptoms and behavior, is likely to be extremely complex. More than one such endophenotype may explain the heterogeneity of the disorder (44). Despite these challenges, some progress has been made. There are four major neurotransmitters identified as potentially important in anxiety, that is, γ-aminobutyric acid, noradrenaline, serotonin and, dopamine (28), of which only the latter two have been investigated in SAD. Signaling mechanisms via serotonin receptors (of which at least 14 have been identified) are diverse and have the potential to modulate both excitatory (γ-aminobutyric acid–ergic) and inhibitory (glutamatergic) neurotransmitter systems (45). Of all serotonergic receptors, subtype 1A is probably the best studied and of particular interest to depression and anxiety research given its high concentrations in limbic and paralimbic structures (including amygdala, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, subcallosal area, insula, and temporal pole) (46). In this light, findings of variable reductions in binding of serotonergic receptor subtype 1A in several of these regions in SAD are intriguing (25). Accepting the role of serotonin as modulatory, with both excitatory and inhibitory downstream functions, raises the possibility that variations in the concentration, distribution, or function of a variety of serotonin receptors may underlie the spectrum of changes in neural activity within these regions, and in regions with which they are functionally connected, as represented in network models of SAD (7). This possibility has been previously explored (19,23,47) and is supported by other work that has linked variations in the serotonin transporter gene to variations in amygdalar reactivity and its functional connectivity in non-SAD samples (48,49). The dopaminergic system includes both excitatory (D1 and D5) and inhibitory (D2–D4) receptors and has also received attention based on several clinical observations that have linked dopamine to SAD. These include the observations that social anxiety is a common symptom of Parkinson disease and chronic stimulant abuse, both of which are associated with presynaptic dopaminergic degeneration; reports of dopamine agonists causing SAD; and reports of successful treatment of SAD with drugs that increase dopamine availability (28). It is also noteworthy that one of the principal dopaminergic pathways, the mesolimbic pathway, is involved with reward processing, including the processing of social reward (50). The observation that people with SAD tend to avoid social interactions (and the rewards they may confer) has led some investigators to hypothesize that disrupted reward processing may be a feature of the condition (51). There is emerging evidence from fMRI work that this is indeed the case (27,38), although exactly which components of reward processing are involved is still unclear. In this context, the as yet limited and inconsistent results from nuclear imaging studies that have investigated dopaminergic targets (DAT and the inhibitory D2/D3 family of receptors) in SAD are difficult to reconcile. Research focusing on alternative dopaminergic targets such as the D1 family of receptors (which are excitatory) may be interesting. It is also possible that (with the exception of SAD caused by dopaminergic degeneration), rather than being characterized by a dopaminergic deficit per se, SAD is associated with disruptions in neurotransmitter systems that modulate dopaminergic function. Such neurotransmitters include the serotonergic system (52), for which there is stronger evidence of abnormality in SAD, as well as the endocannabinoid and oxytocinergic systems, both of which have been implicated in the experience of social reward (53,54). It is also noteworthy that nuclear imaging of neurotransmitter targets in SAD has to date focused entirely on the resting state. Research using PET imaging to study functional neurochemistry during task performance is also possible (55) and might be worthwhile to conduct in SAD. Such research may prove key in our understanding of the behavioral correlates of functional neuroimaging measures. Beyond the systems presented in this review, there are multiple other molecular tracers (e.g., targeting γ-aminobutyric acid and noradrenaline receptors) that present interesting research subjects in SAD. In addition, progress is being made on the development of a PET tracer that is selective for the oxytocin receptor in the brain (56). This would raise the prospect of in vivo imaging of central oxytocin action in SAD, which is of considerable interest given the putative role of this peptide hormone in social anxiety and social cognition (57). Ultimately, research using new ligands has the potential to identify novel molecular targets for future drug development. Nuclear studies of rCBF and metabolism have provided new insights into how anxiolytics change regional neuronal activity both at rest and during symptom provocation in SAD. More than this, imaging techniques targeting components of various neurotransmitter systems have identified changes in functional neurochemistry after therapy. Such findings are relevant to our understanding of the neurobiology of SAD and the mechanisms by which drugs exert their anxiolytic properties and are relevant for drug discovery. Although some early work suggests that certain nuclear imaging features may predict individual patients’ responses to a specific treatment, there is currently insufficient evidence that these features can be applied clinically. The possibility of personalized medicine based on molecular imaging results is a tantalizing prospect, and it is hoped that more research will lead to progress in this regard. Two further key developments may soon have an impact on the role of nuclear imaging methods in SAD research. The first is the recent advent of hybrid PET/MRI systems. The ability to image MRI signal simultaneously with dynamic imaging of a wide range of molecular targets, both at rest and during tasks, may transform functional neuroimaging research. The benefit of synchronous measurement is that it allows for the direct temporal correlation between processes imaged by fMRI (such as neural activity) and those imaged by PET (such as neurotransmitter kinetics). This direct correlation is impossible with sequential multimodal imaging because scan conditions differ. A second important development is the establishment of shared data repositories, providing open access to researchers. Initiatives such as the Human Connectome Project and the United Kingdom Biobank (which currently include only MRI-based neuroimaging data) have enabled mega analyses with vastly increased statistical power. Large databanks also allow researchers to use normative modeling, a technique that maps cohort heterogeneity along a continuum rather than the (frequently artificial) clustering used in traditional case-control studies, which assume homogeneity within cohort groupings (58). Similar benefits are seen from the trend toward large-scale, international collaborations such as the Evidence-Based Network for the Interpretation of Germline Mutant Alleles (ENIGMA) consortium (59). The future inclusion of nuclear imaging data in these or similar repositories and collaborations would potentially add great value to new research initiatives, especially when studied in combination with phenotyping and genotyping data. CONCLUSION Nuclear neuroimaging techniques represent powerful tools, complementary to MRI-based techniques, to investigate brain function and the neurobiologic effects of therapy. This is true both of the study of SAD and of neuroscience research in general. Although basic models of the fear response are now well characterized, research into both regional activity and interregional relationships of diverse brain regions outside the limbic and paralimbic circuits must still be conducted. Preliminary nuclear imaging evidence of disrupted neurochemistry in SAD requires further study to draw more definitive conclusions and to approach a foundation for designing treatments based on targeting individuals’ molecular signatures. The development of novel brain tracers, the advent of hybrid PET/MRI systems, and the growth of open-access data repositories that include nuclear imaging contributions all lend promise to further improvements in SAD research. DISCLOSURE Dan Stein and Christine Lochner receive funding from the South African Medical Research Council. Alexander Doruyter was funded by the South African Medical Research Council under the MRC Clinician Researcher Programme. Publication costs were funded by the Nuclear Technologies in Medicine and the Biosciences Initiative (NTeMBI), managed by the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa) and funded by the Department of Science and Technology of South Africa. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported. Footnotes Published online Oct. 5, 2018. - © 2018 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. REFERENCES - Received for publication April 11, 2018. - Accepted for publication October 3, 2018.

https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/59/12/1794

There are 500 percent more prisoners in the U.S. today than there were 30 years ago, and a high rate of recidivism among those released back into their communities. Inmates released from state prisons have a five-year recidivism rate of 76.6%, and federal prisoners have a 44.7% re-arrest rate, according to a U.S. Sentencing Commission Report. Many enter the criminal justice system facing harsh prison sentences for a variety of nonviolent offenses that could be dealt with using alternative sentencing methods and by addressing the root causes of crime. These convicts end up caught in a vicious circle in a system that doesn’t rehabilitate very well. It doesn’t do enough to address mental health and addiction issues, and years spent behind bars can result in a “prisonized” mentality that does not help those released navigate society on the outside. The good news is that some states, jails, and prisons recognize the need to reduce recidivism rates, and have implemented a wide variety of programs that help address crime’s underlying issues, as well as better prepare prisoners for re-entry upon release. This is a necessity when one out of every 100 adults in the U.S. is in prison, and 95 percent of them will be released and expected to lead productive lives. Prison education and rehabilitation programs can provide practical skills, career and vocational skills, and critical thinking skills. They can help with mental and behavioral issues, and provide access to higher education courses; some achieve diplomas and degrees while incarcerated. These programs are vital to improving lives, especially since many prisoners come from poverty, do not have high school diplomas, and lack outside support networks. Inmates at the Cheshire Correctional Facility and at the York Correctional Institution for Women can enroll in fully accredited Wesleyan University classes, taught by university professors in a wing of the prison. Courses range from sociology to biology, math to political theory—about 60 individual offerings in total. Among the course choices available is art history, which encourages critical thinking and historical context, allowing students to expand their worldviews. It opens up discussion on important topics like philosophy, life, death and power. The course’s exam asks them to think creatively in developing a museum exhibition with a curatorial statement. Prisoners come away better able to communicate and to articulate their own realities. Those who participate in educational programs and have been released have lower rates of recidivism—by as much as 43 percent. They do better re-joining their communities and finding employment, and are more likely to become productive members of society. More than 600,000 prisoners are released each year, so it is imperative they are supplied with the tools to be successful. The courses at Wesleyan are just one of many examples of successful programs across the country that contribute to reducing recidivism and make some strides to help end the cycle of mass incarceration. The Prison Education Project provides educational opportunities in 11 correctional facilities in California; the Bard Prison Initiative has just seen its 14th year of graduation ceremonies; Illinois is set to open a life skills facility, and prisons are beginning to explore innovative tools such as virtual reality education and personalized learning programs. There are numerous successful re-entry programs focusing on life skills, employment, mental wellness and interpersonal relationship skills. These programs are not only effective at reducing recidivism, increasing employment rates, and addressing the underlying causes of criminal behavior, they’re also cost-effective. A $1 investment in education saves $4-$5 in further incarceration costs. Released prisoners who are able to find gainful employment also help contribute positively to communities, as citizens and taxpayers. Further development of and investment in prison education and rehabilitation programs is crucial to the betterment of individuals and to society as a whole. Christopher Zoukis is the author of Federal Prison Handbook: The Definitive Guide to Surviving the Federal Bureau of Prisons, (Middle Street Publishing, 2017), and College for Convicts: The Case for Higher Education in American Prisons (McFarland & Co., 2014). He regularly contributes to The Huffington Post, New York Daily News, and Prison Legal News. He can be found online at ChristopherZoukis.com, PrisonEducation.com and Prisonerresource.com.

https://blogcritics.org/prison-education-transforms-lives-reduces-recidivism/

The MS in Criminal Justice program at USC gives you the knowledge and skills you need to positively effect change in your agency. Our program is rooted in the latest research in the field, with particular attention to issues criminal justice leaders are facing today. Students learn to become effective change agents capable of evaluating and implementing evidence-based criminal justice policy and influencing organizational leadership. Research shows that law enforcement leaders with a master’s degree are positioned to better equip their agencies to deal with the needs of the community. You’ll learn to assess the merits of criminological and criminal justice theories in relation to crime prevention and control in criminal justice practice. Students will examine the capacity of criminal justice systems to incorporate emerging technologies in accordance with procedural law. For example, students will examine the legal and privacy issues related to obtaining and handling digital evidence. The increasing role of technology throughout the criminal justice system will be explored across the program, touching on topics such as the use of the dark web by criminal organizations to circumvent the monitored areas of the internet, and the integration of augmented and virtual reality to rehabilitate offenders in a correctional facility. Our classes approach change through organizational leadership and policy. In regards to corrections, we focus on evidence-based, positive interventions. For example, we dedicate an entire course to Youthful Offenders and discuss strategies of reducing recidivism within this population. No matter where your career leads you, our online MS in Criminal Justice program will ensure you are well-equipped with the tools you need to be a leader in the criminal justice system.

https://bovardcollege.usc.edu/cj/cj-program/cj-trends/

It is consensual the importance of delivering information to victims on their rights, the services available and the next steps of the judicial proceedings. And there are clear ideas on how, when, where and by whom shall information be provided. But we also know that the way information is a prime source of dissatisfaction of victims with the criminal justice proceedings. Recent international reports show that the main problem is not information not being provided, but how it is provided. How can victims be reached? When and how to communicate with victims in a personalized way and in order to properly deliver tailored-made information? How can technology help us to achieve this purpose? How can we know what really works? Frederico Moyano Marques, Senior Adviser and Chief Operations Officer, The Portuguese Association for Victim Support (APAV), Portugal Henrik Engell Rhod, Chief Judge at the District Court on Bornholm, Denmark Rauno Kiris, State Prosecutor Internal Control Department, Office of the Prosecutor General, Estonia Eneli Laurits, District Prosecutor in North District Prosecutor’s Office, Estonia THEME 2: Technology in the courtroom: digital justice Transparent and user-friendly rule of law boosts the economy, attracts foreign investments, improves the work-flows of the entire judicial system, and as if that wasn’t enough – it remains one of the cornerstones of democracies around the world. Today, the Estonian court system is considered one of the most efficient in Europe, with its automated court procedures and electronic communication tools. Also, Denmark showed incredible progress in digitization of criminal justice chains when in February 2018 all Danish courts went digital. In the first part of the session, we will showcase the physical courtroom, the children’s interrogation room and the online court system of Estonia. The second half of the session will be devoted to the remarkable digital justice developments of Denmark. The District Court of Bornholm was the first Danish court to implement videoconferencing technology in courtrooms in 2007. THEME 3: Technologies for the benefit of victims within police setting New technological innovations have been developed to provide much needed support for victims of crime within the police setting, to prevent secondary victimization and to improve the performance of the police when dealing with victims, but we know remarkably little about how and why certain innovations are adopted, and the consequences – both intended and unintended – of technology-driven solutions to to make the world a safer place. The session will provide an examination of a wide range of new technological innovations that have applications within the police setting generally, and victim support units (in police) in particular. The following innovative tech tools and initiatives will be presented at this session. ANPR Everybody is familiar with them now: the ‘smart’ cameras which record vehicle registrations and check that you have been staying under the speed limits for a section of road. However, “automatic number plate recognition” or ANPR cameras do more than that. They are used by the local police to detect stolen or uninsured vehicles or to track down suspect cars. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology is used to help detect, deter and disrupt criminality at a local, force, regional and national level, including tackling traveling criminals, Organised Crime Groups and terrorists. ANPR provides lines of enquiry and evidence in the investigation of crime. The use of drones for the benefit of victims When a child goes missing, the first 48 hours are critical—but they are also the most stressful and chaotic. An innovator testing state-of-the-art drone technology allowed the police to operate in a populated area where the search takes place. Drones provide an aerial view that, through process of elimination, could show in real time where the child is or not. This ultimately aids first responders in quickly narrowing the search and pinpointing the missing child’s exact location. The app to protect victims of violence Digital victim calling cards Patrol officers have mobile devices with a function to provide an immediate contact card for the victim to receive updates, ask questions and also be signposted into victims services automatically. Body Worn Video being rolled out with digital evidence management systems that automatically input footage into a case file – very important to capture the victims perspective as soon as possible after the incident whilst also providing best evidence for criminal or child protection proceedings. Operation Encompass is an initiative where officers attending domestic abuse incidents with vulnerable children present make a direct referral to the children’s school via mobile devices. This is done from the scene and in agreement with the schools. As a result, teaching staff who have been given training in domestic abuse and Adverse Childhood Experiences will be ready to support the child when they attend school. Quite often vulnerable children will arrive at school without food, in a poor state of hygiene and distressed. This may manifest itself in behavioural problems that in turn can lead to exclusions and judgemental processes. Thomas Botterman, First Chief Inspector, Head of Crime Investigation Unit, Police area of Deinze-Zulte-Lievegem, Belgium Sarah De Valckenaere, Social assistant, Police area of Deinze-Zulte-Lievegem, Belgium Evi Vandendriessche, Head of Bureau Police Care, Ghent Police Forces, Belgium Andy Rhodes, Chief Constable, Lancashire Constabulary HQ, UK Danny Nachmuly, VP Sales and Marketing, Octopus ltd, Israel Dan Klein, Head of Communication, The Security and Crisis Centre by the EJC (SACC by EJC), Belgium Charlie Pearmund, Managing Director, Virtual Bodyworks, Spain THEME 4: Design and implementation of web-based and VR tools that increase the availability of, or improve access to, products and services that are necessary for people to survive and thrive How do crisis management experts use technologies to help communities prepare for the worst? SACC is a Brussels-based highly qualified team of crisis management experts providing assistance and support during crisis events, like a terror attack or a natural disaster. During a real crisis, SACC by EJC team provides assistance and support. The SACC Control Room is equipped with all necessary means and amenities for supporting a large-scale community crisis event. The aim is to help improve the connection between the communities across Europe and within the countries in order to enable maximum cooperation during a crisis. The Jewish Security App (JSA) project aims to provide an alerting application to all Jewish community leaders across the continent in order to report Hate Crime. ______ Thousands of people in the EU are now using the phone app called ‘Octopus’ – a virtual panic-button. It can instantly send an alert to control in both the victim’s home country and a European network headquarters in Brussels, where an alarm sounds. The siren causes the central control room operator to look up from his desk to a bank of nine television screens, where a red dot is now pulsing at the location of the attack; seconds later a video or audio Livestream is available. In the location country, the police are now on their way. The Octopus system is also used to gather data not just on physical attacks but on issues like anti-Semitic graffiti and online and workplace bullying. If someone sees a swastika painted on the wall, they can just snap a picture and upload it. In a control room secured behind a massive steel door, security specialists, some of whom are carrying sidearms, constantly scan the images for anything that looks out of place. ______ Another focus of this session is on virtual reality for medical and psychological rehabilitation. Virtual Bodyworks was founded by world renowned scientists in VR and it offers products that integrate a unique combination of computer science engineering, neuroscience and psychology. One of its key products is VRESPECT.ME. This application lets aggressors feel like a victim on the receiving end of aggression through immersive virtual reality and embodiment, i.e. the aggressor will see, hear and feel how it is to be attacked by him or herself. This virtual experience has been specifically designed to help aggressors develop empathy and improve social behavior. VRESPECT.ME is a powerful tool for behavioral therapy professionals in for example prisons and clinics. Next to VRESPECT.ME, Virtual Bodyworks offers several other products in the rehabilitation field and it foresees many other exciting VR applications in the future. THEME 5: Gaming and other educational technology tools for social change The Fernando Buesa Foundation, continuing with its work in the field of Education in Values, has produced a video game called “Concordia”, through which young people will discover the content of the articles on Human Rights of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and thus incorporate this knowledge into their personal experience. An adventure is proposed to young people in the comfort of the virtual environment to learn more about the need to preserve their freedom, defend justice, act with respect and solidarity, as well as possible conflicts when defending those rights. The video game, which is available in Spanish, Basque and English, can be used in educational centers as well as in the family environment as a didactic tool to deepen the knowledge and reflection on the fundamental rights of each and every one of the human beings. ______ The Hate Interrupter Teams Creative Tool is an application aimed at professionals working with young people in educational contexts, supporting them to raise awareness on Hate Speech & Behaviour and its negative impact, and to empower young people to counteract the phenomenon through creative tools. The HIT app allows users to generate content mainly based on storytelling and social marketing principles, which can be used in formal and non-formal education settings and widely disseminated through social media, allowing young people to take action and collaborate with different stakeholders to promote Human Rights. Eduardo Mateo Santamaría, The Fernando Buesa Foundation, Spain Gigi Guizzo, The Hate Interrupter Teams Creative Tool, The HIT project, EU Albert “Skip” Rizzo, Ph.D., Director, Medical Virtual Reality – Institute for Creative Technologies, Research Professor – Dept. of Psychiatry and School of Gerontology, University of Southern California THEME 6: The Use of Virtual Reality in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) This exciting session tours virtual reality in both its current therapeutic forms and its potential to transform a wide range of medical and mental health-related fields. The session will be conducted by Albert “Skip” Rizzo, the associate director for medical virtual reality at the USC Institute for Creative Technologies, whose work using virtual reality-based exposure therapy to treat PTSD received the American Psychological Association’s 2010 Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Treatment of Trauma. When working in brain injury rehabilitation in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Albert “Skip” Rizzo, PhD, was frustrated. The pencil-and-paper workbook exercises he used during sessions to help patients regain cognitive function were hardly engaging, but he was at a loss for what other tools to try. Then one day, a 22-year-old patient brought a Game Boy into his office. Dr. Rizzo watched as the young man with a frontal lobe injury played Tetris intently for 15 minutes. And as he watched, he noticed the patient’s performance improve. Technology, he realized, could be a clinical game-changer. For Dr. Rizzo, the revelation was a career game-changer. Dr. Rizzo went on to help establish a clinical virtual reality lab at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and, for the last 25 years or so, has designed, developed, and studied simulation technology for use in patient care. In a 2017 article, Forbes magazine deemed him the father of the clinical virtual reality industry. At VSE Annual Conference 2020, Dr. Rizzo will discuss the use of virtual reality for PTSD treatment and address whether he believes clinical virtual reality is truly ready for the practice setting. (Spoiler alert: He does.) Young-Suk Oh, Senior Inspector, Korean National Police Agency Victim Protection Division, South Korea THEME 7: Victim protection smart watch to help victims of dating and domestic violence Korean National Police Agency Victim Protection Division will introduce technologies (safety watches) given to women at high risk of domestic violence. The watch looks and functions like a normal smartwatch but has a red emergency button on the side that immediately connects to a 24-hour call centre, pinpoints the location of the user and starts recording sound. Authorities are notified, if necessary, and recordings can be forwarded to police.

https://2020.vse-conference.eu/about/content-themes/

Virtual Reality: Where Have We Been? Where Are We Now? and Where Are We Going? - Computer Science - 2019 This article reviews virtual reality trends both from the early artistic days through to current day state of the art technological advancements, and explores emerging and futuristic breakthroughs and their applications in virtual reality showing how virtual reality will go way beyond anything the authors could envision. VR-Modelling of Data from "Norway Digital" in Combination with other 3D Models - Computer Science - 2014 The purpose with this master thesis was to use new released data from the Norwegian Mapping Authority to make a virtual world that can be looked at with or without Oculus Rift, a new device within virtual reality that have received much attention. A Review of Extended Reality (XR) Technologies in the Future of Human Education: Current Trend and Future Opportunity - EducationJournal of Human Centered Technology - 2022 Nowadays technology development in real life will reflect on education inexorably. Today, the concept of Extended Reality (XR) technologies (XRs), such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality… Perspective-Taking in Virtual Reality for Military Personnel: An Overview of Approaches to Virtual Social Training - Philosophy, Psychology - 2019 “To be able to act properly, e.g. to help another person – you need first to notice that this person requires aid, and this aid needs to be interpreted as the knowledge that you do not want to be in… Immersion: Digital Collaborative Environments - Computer Science - 2019 This thesis investigates the potential of Virtual Reality (VR) to solve established clashes in order to improve collaboration between industry professionals, while reducing spatial confusion.… Virtual Reality as a tool for learning: The past, present and the prospect - Computer Science2 - 2020 A review of the trends of applications of virtual reality technologies, its potentials and prospects for learning in various fields shows VR holds great and promising prospects in education, tourism, entertainment, and architecture. Augmented Reality in a Virtual Reality Setup: The Camera - Computer Science - 2016 This project will be made by connecting two cameras through an FPGA to the VR system to cover all aspects that Augmented Reality suffers from, and the decrease in lag can be tested. Onmyouji: Gesture-based virtual reality game - Computer Science - 2018 Onmyouji emphasizes on the VR experience provided with utilizing hand gestures to move and cast attack as the player control with a set of gestures designed to fulfill the naturalness and intuitiveness of controls in the game. Application of ray detection technology in landmark visual interaction - Computer Science2020 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Automation and Systems (ICICAS) - 2020 The test shows that augmented reality technology can be used to display other characteristic architectural models and can play a role in displaying local characteristic buildings and promoting local traditional culture. Extending a Standard Tablet into a Gaming Platform with Projected Parallax Layers - Computer ScienceWirel. Pers. Commun. - 2017 An implementation of a visual projection approach using a clip-on hardware extension on standard tablets to create a gaming platform that can display physical parallax effects for enhanced depth. References SHOWING 1-10 OF 14 REFERENCES Virtual reality - ArtIEEE Computer Graphics and Applications - 1994 Evolving from user interface design, flight and visual simulation, and telepresence technologies, VR is unique in its emphasis on the experience of the human participant, and neither the devices used nor the level of interactiveness or fidelity determine whether a system is VR. Virtual Environments: A Survey of the Technology - Computer Science - 1993 This survey paper introduces detail information about VR systems and requirements to build correct VR environment, presents a comparison between system types of VR, and epitomizes a road of the map for selecting appropriate VR system according to the field of applications. The Ultimate Display - Computer Science - 2014 This thesis explores flat displays, deformable displays, flexible materials, static, and mobile projection displays in dynamic environments, and serves as an example application for merging the digital and the physical through flexible Materials, embodied computation, and actuation. From visual simulation to virtual reality to games - Computer Science, ArtComputer - 2005 Leveraging technology from the visual simulation and virtual reality communities, serious games provide a delivery system for organizational video game instruction and training. Heidegger and Virtual Reality: The Implications of Heidegger’s Thinking for Computer Representations - Art, Psychology - 1994 This author addresses the assumptions that underlie most research into virtual reality (VR) and other interactive computer systems. These assumptions relate to tensions between views of perception as… Gesture recognition with a Wii controller - Computer ScienceTangible and Embedded Interaction - 2008 The design and evaluation of the sensor-based gesture recognition system is presented, which allows the training of arbitrary gestures by users which can then be recalled for interacting with systems like photo browsing on a home TV. ScienceSpace: virtual realities for learning complex and abstract scientific concepts - Computer ScienceProceedings of the IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium - 1996 Three virtual worlds built to investigate the effect of immersive, multisensory computer-generated experiences on learning topics in science suggest that students can improve their mastery of abstract concepts through the use of virtual environments that have been designed for learning. A survey of glove-based input - Computer ScienceIEEE Computer Graphics and Applications - 1994 This work provides a basis for understanding the field by describing key hand-tracking technologies and applications using glove-based input, and presents a cross-section of the field to date.

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Overview-of-Virtual-Reality-Technologies-Boas/4214cb09e29795f5363e5e3b545750dce027b668?p2df

Digital education is an umbrella term that aims to convey the study of digital technologies in relation to educational, cultural and policy-making practices. The digital education research strand focuses on intersecting areas of knowledge and practice that are of particular relevance to a contemporary society as well as a growing digital economy. It aims to respond to key local, national and international challenges. Strand conveners The research expertise of the strand covers a range of research areas, including, but not limited to: - Digital inequalities - Digital literacies and competences - Digital cultures and practices - Digital research methods - Curriculum innovation - Virtual reality technologies (VRTs) - Applied use of technologies for groups with special needs - Social theory. Our staff have experience in examining and supervising research students in the broad area of digital education and technologies. We welcome new postgraduate research students to conduct research with us. Research projects Current Timely formative feedback on assessment: Using webinars to engage students University students’ perceptions of assessment and feedback are regularly reported as being less positive than their perceptions of teaching and learning, across the HE sector. Our project focuses on how we can improve students’ experiences of assessment and feedback using webinars prior to an assessment deadline to offer opportunities for “deep learning” through formative feedback and peer interaction. The project will examine the benefits of the audio/visual format of formative feedback delivered via webinars. The research will also be attentive to issues of inclusivity afforded by webinars due to the level of flexibility and accessibility of webinars available to students. The project team comprises: - Dr Jane Andrews (Faculty of Arts, Creative Industries and Education; Department of Education and Childhood) - Tom Baldry (Faculty of Arts, Creative Industries and Education; Department of Education and Childhood) - Dr Ciaran Burke (Faculty of Arts, Creative Industries and Education; Department of Education and Childhood) - Dr Verity Jones (Faculty of Arts, Creative Industries and Education; Department of Education and Childhood) - Dr Sally Reardon (Faculty of Arts, Creative Industries and Education; Department of Film and Journalism) - Libby Thompson (Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences; Department of Allied Health Professions) Project contact: Dr Jane Andrews. Funder: UWE Bristol Academic Practice Directorate Pedagogic Project, 2020-2021. Immersive virtual reality as a tool for autistic pupils and teachers Running from September 2019, this two-year project will develop, disseminate, and assess an Immersive Virtual Reality educational tool for teaching students on the autism spectrum and learning difficulties how to 'learn to learn'. It will incorporate all the necessary elements of an Individual Work System (IWS), together with the powerful supports provided by means of virtual reality. This project is funded by the European Commission’s Erasmus+ Programme. The Immersive Virtual Reality as a Tool for Autistic Pupils and Teachers project (IVRAP) is based on the combination of one of the most extended models of autism intervention on education (named Individual Work System- IWS-) with the power of Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) and Hand-Tracking sensors to manipulated virtual environments. The participating partner entities are: - Universitat de València (Spain) - UWE Bristol (UK) - Clover (Spain) - Koynos (Spain) - Cambian (UK) - SOBE (Turkey) - CEFIRE of inclusive education (Spain) - Konya Il Mem (Turkey) - Autism Europe (Belgium) - Adapta Foundation (Spain) Visit the IVRAP website. Project contact: Dr Nigel Newbutt. Funder: Erasmus + (Spain). Digital CPD for Early Childhood professionals This two year project involves working in collaboration with a regionally-based technology company to research the continuing professional experiences and preferences of early childhood professionals in England and Wales to inform the development of app-based digital learning platforms for the early childhood workforce. The project involves working closely with professionals to assess their needs and gather their views on the pilot rollout of the digital learning platforms. Project contact: Joe Brown. Autism and virtual reality A recently funded project ‘Autism and Virtual Reality’ led by Dr Nigel Newbutt has seen the development of technologies (specifically virtual reality and head-mounted displays) applied to autistic groups. This work has brought together practitioners, parents, young people, researchers and technology companies to collaborate on the use of virtual reality in schools.This line of enquiry has seen Nigel work in the US and the UK across disciplines. His EPSRC-funded work at Michigan State University uncovered findings related to acceptability, presence, immersion and possible issues with VR and HMDs for autistic adults. This work was expanded through collaboration with practitioners in and around Bristol and the UK to younger groups in schools. This was Faculty-funded and included publishing a state of the art review, a networking event and other outputs. Further information about this research project can be found below: - State of the Art review (2018) - UWE Bristol press release - News item (Independent) - PubMed article - National Autistic Society (NAS) article - YouTube. Funder: EPSRC. Recently completed How are students and staff on education programmes navigating different digital policy contexts? Underpinning the current project is Katz’s (2003) proposition that our digital devices may be integrated into our professional and personal lives to the extent that they “become us”. Teacher education courses involve trainee teachers moving between sites (university seminars rooms, school classrooms) and taking on different roles (university student, trainee class teacher). This movement presents potential challenges and tensions as they negotiate their multiple identities (Burke & Stets, 2009) and demonstrate their alignment with each institution’s practices and regulations (Ball, 2003). The use of digital technologies and mobile devices in institutional contexts, both schools and universities, can raise diverse, compartmentalised and strongly-felt attitudes and preferences (see Andrews and Jones, 2015).The tensions between personal preference in learning using technology and institutional policy and practice can conflict further with the wider goals of education and teacher education. This mixed methods study of two cohorts of trainee teachers and teacher educators in one university in England in 2014 and 2018. Thematic analysis of the data is based on concepts from Katz’s work (2003) including integration, separation, group membership and social identity as expressed through preferences and practices in uses of technology in learning. Outputs: - Article: Andrews, J and Jones, M (2015) What’s happening in ‘their space’? Exploring the borders of formal and informal learning with undergraduate students of Education in the age of mobile technologies. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2015 (1),16. - Presentation at Learning and Teaching Conference 2018 – Building Learning Communities held at UWE Bristol, 7 June 2018. - Presentation at BERA Annual Conference held at Northumbria University, 12 September 2018. Project contact: Dr Jane Andrews. Funder: Research Progression Time (RPT) scheme (internal funding) in May 2017. Members For further information about the strand, please contact members above by following their staff profile links.

https://www1.uwe.ac.uk/cahe/edu/research/researchshowcase/digitaleducation.aspx

Virtual Reality in physiotherapy Today we wanted to take a closer look at the physiotherapy sector, the role of technology in this sector and the possibilities of virtual reality in this type of therapy. To do so, we talked to Julen Lazcanotegui, a physiotherapist with a master's degree in research. He has focused his research on stroke patients, specifically on the correct screening of these patients with the aim of reducing their risk of falls. Currently, she has started her PhD with the aim of finding out how virtual reality interacts with the elderly population, both with pathology and those who do not suffer from it. What is the place of technology in physical rehabilitation today? We are in a time of transition for physiotherapy, therefore, as in all major changes, there are people who are more and less advanced and adapted to them. At the moment we can see how in the rehabilitation area of many hospitals there is no technology that is less than 20 years old. On the other hand we have physiotherapy centres that have the latest equipment to try to make their clinical practice more effective. Just as medicine did in its time, physiotherapy needs to modernise, to move from using techniques "because they work for me" to proving their effectiveness through research. In this new era of physiotherapy is where the new technologies that we are developing today are going to play a greater role. How do you think the position of technology in rehabilitation will advance? I think it will go from being a complement to an essential, it will always be necessary for the physiotherapist (properly trained for it), to be part of both the development and the treatment with these technologies. The aim of these technologies is to replace what the therapist cannot do with his own hands, supporting him and improving his results enormously. In the area of neurological physiotherapy, advances are allowing us to explore tools that we did not know about until now, from regulating the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) to the use of virtual reality to promote neuroplasticity in our patients. What benefits do you think virtual reality could bring to rehabilitation? In my opinion, virtual reality is a fundamental component of effective cognitive stimulation. This technology allows us to shape the environment our patient perceives according to their needs and abilities. The phenomenon of neuroplasticity is the ability of our neurons to form new connections. This phenomenon is key in neurological rehabilitation, both in the presence of pathology and in healthy elderly people whose cognitive abilities are impaired. To stimulate this neuroplasticity, one of the tools at our disposal is the enriched environment. Let us imagine that we are in a room, it is empty, without furniture, there is no noise and we cannot leave the room. The time it takes to get bored of this place is short, there are few phenomena that can distract our attention or pose a danger, therefore our brain does not need to be constantly alert and its stimulation is less. Now, we change terrain and find ourselves in a mountain, with its plants, smells, animals moving everywhere and the sound of nature in the background. It is logical to think that in this second situation the stimulation of our brain is greater, on the other hand, we still think it is a good idea to carry out an exercise programme within four white walls, always with the same decoration, exercises and order. This is where virtual reality comes in, a tool capable of making us travel to different areas in just a few seconds, allowing the therapist to choose and change both the training that the patient is going to do and where he/she is going to do it and how the environment is going to interact in this session. What would the incorporation of this type of therapy mean for the professional? The incorporation of this type of therapy opens the door to the personalisation of cognitive and physical work sessions for patients who cannot carry out these activities in environments with large stimuli, either for safety or for comfort. In the coming years, it will be the job of companies to design great tools for rehabilitation and of therapists to be trained to use them correctly, always participating in their development so that the final result meets the needs that we as physiotherapists observe in our patients. And for the patient? For the patient, these tools will not only help to achieve better results, but also to do so in a more dynamic and fun way, with the guarantees that research offers us.

https://en.oroi.info/post/virtual-reality-in-physiotherapy

The AEMR community of interest was developed to foster collaboration and innovation in the area of virtual reality and augmented reality. The community has over 250 representatives from entities from government, industry and academia both locally and internationally. KeywordsMilitary Community Virtual reality Mixed reality Pattern recognition 1 Introduction The Advanced Exploitation of Mixed Reality Community of Interest (AEMR COI) is an initiative that started as an effort from the Battlespace Exploitation of Mixed Reality (BEMR) Laboratory at SSC Pacific to create a community of interest in the research area of mixed reality technology. This includes the spectrum of technologies ranging from virtual reality to augmented reality. The AEMR COI is designed to include all government and non-government organizations or entities holding a significant stake in mixed reality activities, including smart avatar development, augmented and virtual reality research development, and any mixed reality related technology. The goal of the AEMR COI is to discuss, explore, and demonstrate augmented and virtual reality technology, applications, standards, use cases, and to provide appropriate guidance with recommendations to ensure effective and efficient community interoperability and collaboration. The community started in June of 2015 and has quickly grown to over 250 representatives from organizations representing nine different countries across government, industry, and academia. The community is organized into four major working groups focused on User Requirements, Technology, Human Performance, and Smart Avatars. Upcoming emerging working groups include Models, Information Exchange, and Reference Implementation Frameworks. 2 Community Approach The community intends to further evolve science and technology in the virtual reality and mixed reality domain by: (1) Encouraging scientists to discuss current development, immediate and potential uses, advantages and limitations; (2) Establishing potential collaborations; and (3) Identifying community standards such as interoperability and technology evaluation tools. This community also intends to identify and evolve potential research areas for further development by: (1) Establishing a platform for research sponsors to present their needs to the scientific community; (2) Developing research gap analyses in different areas such as smart avatar, human performance, and technology assessment; and (3) Generating research ideas and proposals to foster innovative research. 3 Mission and Venue The community mission is to foster innovation, collaboration, and interoperability in the community. Moreover, the mission is to also guide the development of new technologies towards areas of interest. The community intends to facilitate a collaborative environment to explore the rapidly evolving mixed reality technologies and facilitate their application into different domains. The mission includes facilitating the implementation of mixed reality technology in operational and support (maintenance, logistics, and training) environments by demonstrating those technologies and applications to industry leaders, technical specialists, academia, and government program managers and officials. The community will assess the technical requirements necessary to bring these capabilities to the operational domain, and support tasks that would benefit substantially from them. The AEMR COI uses the All Partners Access Network (APAN) site to host its community. APAN is the Unclassified Information Sharing Service for the U.S. Department of Defense. Information about the community, related videos, documentations, and wikis are being held in this website. Discussions, news, updates, and other important information can also be found in this site. Meetings are being held over a telecom number and screen sharing is being offered over Defense Collaboration Services (DCS). Members are kept informed via email subscription to the different working groups, and the overall group distribution list. 4 Working Groups There are four active working groups which concentrate their efforts in determining use cases and vignettes, evaluating current technologies, finding research gaps, determining useful metrics and tools to evaluate performance with VR technologies, and developing smart avatar technology. These four working groups were developed to support each other in their mission to enhance the community knowledge and practice in this research domain. 4.1 The User Requirements Working Group (URWG) 4.2 The Technology Assessment Working Group (TAWG) 4.3 The Human Performance Working Group (HPWG) 4.4 The Smart Avatar Working Group (SAWG) 5 Future Working Groups There is a plan to open more working groups as the community expands; the groups below are just some examples of future working groups. Notice that the working groups are linked and developed in order to help support each other. 5.1 Models and Algorithms Working Group (MAWG) The MAWG participants would collaborate on the development and evaluation of the algorithms and theoretical models used to identify and track objects, predict their trajectories, and predict potential conjunctions. These algorithms, and the object identification taxonomy, are part of the foundation of the AEMR community. 5.2 Adoption and Best Practices Working Group (ABPWG) The ABPWG would coordinate the AEMR COI activities such as managing the COI Wiki, managing member list and associated e-mail groups, and producing the newsletter. The ABPWG would also run the COI configuration management effort, as well as related efforts, and tasks. They would use JIRA to oversee the changes to the data model, ensuring that the correct version of the data model is saved in the Document Library. They would conduct outreach efforts to other entities (e.g., U.S. Government organizations, NGAs, industry, academia, etc.) and coalition partners (e.g., AUS, CAN, NZ, UK, etc.) to enlist new contributors to the community, and identify conference and training opportunities for COI participants. The ABPWG would also support the creation and management of a common 3D model repository for U.S. Government users to minimize the duplication of effort and cost associated with creating, or buying, the 3D models needed by each virtual environment developer. 5.3 Data Model Working Group (DMWG) The DMWG would include personnel from different organizations, including government and contractor computer scientists, who analyze the details of the XML, schema, etc. used by the legacy systems. One of the significant problems in the application of virtual reality and augmented reality technology is the large number of different data-formats for 3D models. The goal of the DMWG is to identify duplication, or similarity, of actual data models formats and descriptions. They would then resolve these overlaps to satisfy the functional requirements. The DMWG members would coordinate with the MAWG, URWG, and the ABPWG to ensure that the existing and future requirements are integrated. 6 Community Roadmap One of the long terms goals of the community is to organize the research domain effectively so that past research can be used to support future research. In order to do that, the community would have to support the development of an Enterprise Data Model (EDM). The EDM will provide a framework for a common data model enabling net-centric information exchange among the AEMR Stakeholders. The Common Data Model refers to data structures, definitions, attributes, XML schema, WSDLs, namespace, etc. which are common across multiple virtual reality and mixed reality systems (Fig. 7). 7 Community Opportunities The AEMR community will be represented at the RIMPAC 2016 exercise as part of the SSC Pacific Battlespace Exploitation of Mixed Reality (BEMR) capability demonstration. The Rim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC) is the world’s largest international maritime exercise and is hosted by the U.S. Navy’s Pacific Fleet. Held every two years in the June July timeframe, the 2014 RIMPAC includes 22 nations, 49 surface ships, 6 submarines, more than 200 aircraft, and 25,000 personnel. RIMPAC is a unique training opportunity that helps participants foster and sustain the cooperative relationships that are critical to ensuring the safety of sea lanes and security on the world’s oceans. 8 Sponsor Opportunities and Contact Information Funding opportunities are available through our sponsor program. This program enables sponsors to support this community in exchange for a community package which includes areas of potential interest, with goal-oriented group discussion, and deliverables such as gap analysis in that domain, and potential white papers. To hear more about the AEMR COI, to join, or to request a presentation in one of our four working group meetings, please contact us at aemr-admin@spawar.navy.mil. Notes Acknowledgements This project was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the BEMR laboratory at SSC Pacific. We would like to thank the support of our volunteer chairs for our working groups: Dr. Allen Yang from UC Berkeley, Dr. Ying Choon from UC San Diego, Dr. Luca Bertuccelli from United Technologies, and Mr. Terry McKearny from The Ranger Group.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-40542-1_14?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8f3a02e5-a184-42d7-ba79-6c2d7ffb8d34

- Please check and comment entries here. Topic review Virtual Reality Therapy for Depression Subjects: Clinical Neurology View times: 21 Definition Virtual reality (VR) describes a family of technologies which immerse users in sensorily-stimulating virtual environments. Such technologies have increasingly found applications in the treatment of neurological and mental health disorders. Depression, anxiety, and other mood abnormalities are of concern in the growing older population—especially those who reside in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). 1.Introduction Virtual reality (VR) is the use of various technologies to digitally simulate or recreate an environment in which an observer can realistically hear, see, and/or feel as though they are a part of the simulation . This dynamic perceptualization is achieved through technologies such as wearable head-mounted displays (HMDs), noise cancellation headsets, and other multimodal stimuli to immerse the wearer in the virtual atmosphere . While VR has been a critical training tool in the fields of aviation, military combat, and surgery, it has recently shifted towards clinical psychology and therapy . In fact, with the decreasing costs and increasing accessibility of digital media, VR has significant potential in reconstructing conventional approaches to patient care . VR is a popular topic in psychological research studies for its potential in treating various mental disorders such as schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. Psychotherapy experts rank VR as one of the top psychological interventions with an overall positive growth projection in the coming decades . Rothbaum and colleagues first assessed the clinical effects of VR therapy (VRT) on acrophobic college students . Their study established the efficacy of VRT for trauma and anxiety, and provided a basis for further studies on other psychiatric illnesses . With its ability to continuously expose patients to traumatic experiences or threats on a regular basis, VR can train patients to cope with, and eventually eliminate, the fears and negative emotions associated with stressful experiences . One particular demographic that could benefit from the psychological and therapeutic effects of VR is older individuals who reside in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). An increasing number of older people prefer to age-in-place until they become unable to care for their needs . The choice of moving to a LTCF, however, often becomes inevitable at a certain stage due to deteriorating health conditions. This inevitability, along with demographic changes due to continuous increases in life expectancy, has become a concern . Scholars such as Schwarz and Brent, argue that the proportion of people aged 80 years or older is expected to triple by 2040 . In the United States of America, the age structure of the overall population is projected to change tremendously in the next decade: from 13 percent of the population aged 65 and older in 2010 to around 20 percent in 2030 . Hence, there is a need for social infrastructure to accommodate the physical and psychological needs of this growing population that may transition into LTCFs. Transitioning into a LTCF may cause severe distress and amplify pre-existing mental health impairments, corresponding to a higher rate of depression of nursing home residents when compared to non-residents . Furthermore, age-related cognitive decline and desires for a familiar environment can further an older individual’s mental deterioration. As mental illnesses can exacerbate other underlying health conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, afflicted individuals may require more demanding and attentive care . VR can serve as a tool to aid the adjustment of older people into new LTCF environments by immersing them in a familiar space to relieve stress, or by familiarizing them with their new surroundings with continuous exposure. VRT can, therefore, mitigate the negative mental health trends seen in individuals in care homes. 2. VR’s Effect on Depression and Mood in Older People The medical applications of VR have been extensively reviewed . Applications span numerous disciplines—including medical education and training, robotic surgery, molecular biology, forensic pathology, and others . We will focus primarily on the applications of VR in psychology, specifically as a therapeutic intervention for depression and mood in LTCFs. Given the limitations of behavioral therapy due to the complex psychological states of older individuals, the application of VR for mental health treatment is critical. It is evident that depression is associated with increased stress levels related to place attachment and relocation. A number of studies investigated reminiscence therapy using digital media and new technologies, such as VR, as a treatment for memory loss in people with dementia . In the cognitive and behavioral sciences, VR is defined as “an advanced form of human–computer interface that allows the user to interact with and become immersed in a computer-generated environment in a naturalistic fashion,” meaning that patients can “live” the experience of being in completely different spaces during the VR session (telepresence) . However, the use and implementation of the technology is debated amongst researchers and healthcare practitioners. Describing the spectrum and limitations of VR technologies, Klein et al. write that “virtual reality worlds with a high level of interaction demands are often too hard to grasp for people with dementia in terms of cognitive elaboration and comprehension of the metaphors used. Nevertheless, there is indication that simulated locations and objects can have a positive impact for reminiscence therapy” . Such positive effects of VR are demonstrated by a number of recent cognitive and psychological studies. For instance, Yang and colleagues examined the impact of VR technology on falls and depression among older individuals with mild depression, with their results showing that depression and internal stress scores were reduced after the intervention. They concluded that the VR exercise program exerted a positive effect on the psychological function of the aged and could be potentially utilized as a therapeutic intervention for reducing depression and internal stress among older people . While literature of VRT as an intervention for depression are currently limited, numerous recent trials demonstrate the value of VRT in enhancing moods and cognition in older people (Table 1). These include several ambulatory studies. For instance, Chan et al. studied 236 healthy members (aged 60 and above) of community centers in Hong Kong. Members of the trial group were exposed to a VR-based tour of Hong Kong’s landmark sites, which included both present-day and 20-year-old images. After a single exposure, they exhibited increases in overall positive emotions—including increased interest, enthusiasm, and excitement. They also exhibited decreases in overall negative affect and its components, such as distress, hostility, and guilt . In another study, Graf et al. exposed 14 home-residing pensioners to a VR “forest walk” experience via the Oculus Go headset system. The experience included a virtual dog as a companion, and several cognitively stimulating mini-games. After the VR exercise, participants demonstrated an increased overall positive affect . Moreover, Banos and colleagues exposed 18 Spanish Senior University participants (aged 58 to 79 years) to VR nature walks meant to elicit joy and/or relaxation. After one, two, or three exposures, both the joy-inducing and relaxation-inducing virtual environments (VE) increased perceived joy and relaxation, and reduced sadness and anxiety . These trials underscore the ability of a single VRT session to influence mood among older individuals. Other longer-term ambulatory studies also corroborate the potential of VRT to induce positive moods among older people. Barsasella et al. exposed 29 Taipei Medical University Aging Center patients (ages 60–94) to VR biweekly for six weeks (twelve total exposures). VR experiences were delivered through several applications on the High-Tech Computer Corporation’s Vive platform. Notably, participants exhibited statistically significant increases in happiness, as measured through the Chinese Happiness Inventory, post-intervention . Additionally, Gamito and colleagues exposed Portuguese senior daycare center users to biweekly VR interventions over the course of six weeks. The intervention was a city-based VR in which participants carried out everyday activities, such as household organization, shopping, and watching television. Intervention group members exhibited increases in general and visual memory as well as attention . Similar results to those of the aforementioned trials were obtained from studies in LTCFs. Brimelow et al. exposed 13 Australian residential aged care facility (RACF) residents, aged 66–93 years, to relaxing scenes through the Samsung Galaxy S7 smartphone-Samsung Gear VR headset system. After a single exposure, participants exhibited decreased total apathy and increased levels of facial expression, eye contact, physical engagement, verbal tone, and verbal expression . In another study by Saredakis and colleagues, 17 RACF residents were exposed twice to a wandering experience based on Google Street View. This VR intervention utilized the Wander application through YouTube VR and the Oculus Go headset. The investigators found correlations between decreased apathy after the VR experiences and increased semantic fluency . Finally, D’Cunha et al. exposed 11 RACF residents to an immersive bicycling experience through projected footage and stationary pedal exercisers. While no significant changes in mood or apathy were observed, the majority of participants enjoyed the experience, which allowed them to reminisce on cycling memories . 3. Concluding Remarks Numerous studies substantiate the claim that VRT has clear potential in alleviating negative feelings while promoting improved cognitive ability and positive emotions in older patients. They indicate that VRT reduces overall negative feelings—such as apathy, distress, and anxiety—while increasing overall positive outlook compared to pre-exposed VRT patients . It is worth noting here that, while anatomical and molecular factors such as NTs were not assessed in the reviewed studies, the described psychological findings suggest that VRT modulates the neurological mechanisms underlying mood and depression (Figure 1). Moreover, not only does VRT correlate with psychological relief, but evidence also suggests that VRT can improve both physical and cognitive functionality in older patients. As shown by Brimelow et al. and Saredakis et al., patients who underwent VRT exhibited improvements in visual memory, linguistic fluency and expression, and physical engagement . These heightened abilities can alleviate the feelings of social exclusion felt by many LTCF residents, furthering the positive effects of VR on a patient’s overall psychological well-being. In this light, VRT has the potential to improve mood and cognition, and mitigate the effects of depression—including those related to place attachment—in residents of care homes. While VRT offers many benefits, there are various challenges involved in its large-scale implementation in mental rehabilitation and therapy (Figure 2). Current technologies are costly and bulky, limiting their applicability in care homes due to inadequate financial resources or physical space. Furthermore, adequate training for using the technologies is required for physicians and caretakers to maximize benefit from the treatments. VRT has been attributed to various side-effects, including dizziness, nausea, and eye-fatigue, effectively limiting the population who can participate in the treatments . Given that older people already have decreased cognitive ability due to mental deterioration, VRT may cause further aggravation and discomfort. Moreover, lack of technological understanding and insufficient physical ability may also make older individuals apprehensive of VRT, making it harder to implement as a therapeutic intervention . In addition to user concern, further research is necessary to consolidate the benefits of VRT so to make it a more accepted long-term intervention within the medical field . In the context of broader future applications of VRT, as well as being a potential treatment for psychological ailments in older people, VRT can also be suggested for other age groups—including children, adolescents, and middle-aged individuals. A recent study by Mesa-Gresa and colleagues yielded positive results for the use of VR for autism and phobias in children and adolescents, exemplifying the extent to which VRT can aid in psychological rehabilitation in various populations . This study found that VRT increased the emotional understanding and enhanced the communication skills of individuals on the autism spectrum. With this, prospects for the future application of VRT for psychological disorders are endless. Figure 1. Potential benefits and limitations of the use of VRT in LTCFs. Numerous studies support that VR provides an opportunity for LTCF residents to adapt to their new environments in a controlled atmosphere, ultimately alleviating distress and subsequent psychological turmoil, and instead promoting positive feelings and emotions. Virtual environments can elicit positive psychological responses due to their ability to establish the necessary visual, cognitive, and social bonds to connect the individual to the living space. The neuroscientific influences of these virtual environments that simulate real structural environments are profound. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey finds that approximately 90% of an individual’s life is spent within a built system . Built systems are necessary for one’s social, mental, and physical development—ultimately influencing one’s perception and psychological state. As the process of aging starts to deteriorate the cognitive mind, the ability to emotionally connect to a new environment is also hindered, contributing to social exclusion and depression in older individuals. Hence, social planners, architects, neuroscientists, and psychologists must collaborate when designing infrastructures catered to older people due to the influence of these structured environments on psychological well-being . To maximize the positive effects of VRT, proper infrastructure for VR equipment and adequate training of healthcare providers are necessary. Educational programs to destigmatize VR may also prove beneficial for establishing end user trust . Finally, further quantitative and qualitative research is needed in the fields of environmental psychology and environmental neuroscience to explore and substantiate the potential of VR technology in emotional and mental health. The entry is from 10.3390/geriatrics6020058 References - Li, A.; Montano, Z.; Chen, V.J.; Gold, J.I. Virtual reality and pain management: Current trends and future directions. Pain Manag. 2011, 1, 147–157. - Bouchard, S.; Rizzo, A. Applications of Virtual Reality in Clinical Psychology and Clinical Cognitive Neuroscience–An Introduction. In Virtual Reality for Psychological and Neurocognitive Interventions; Rizzo, A., Bouchard, S., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2019; pp. 1–13. - Valmaggia, L.R.; Latif, L.; Kempton, M.J.; Rus-Calafell, M. Virtual reality in the psychological treatment for mental health problems: An systematic review of recent evidence. Psychiatry Res. 2016, 236, 189–195. - Norcross, J.C.; Pfund, R.A.; Prochaska, J.O. 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In Proceedings of the Conference on Mensch und Computer (MuC ’20), Munich, Germany, 6 September 2020; pp. 155–164. - Baños, R.M.; Etchemendy, E.; Castilla, D.; García-Palacios, A.; Quero, S.; Botella, C. Positive mood induction procedures for virtual environments designed for elderly people. Interact. Comput. 2012, 24, 131–138. - Barsasella, D.; Liu, M.F.; Malwade, S.; Galvin, C.J.; Dhar, E.; Chang, C.C.; Li, Y.J.; Syed-Abdul, S. Effects of Virtual Reality Sessions on the Quality of Life, Happiness, and Functional Fitness among the Older People: A Randomized Controlled Trial from Taiwan. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 2020. - Gamito, P.; Oliveira, J.; Alves, C.; Santos, N.; Coelho, C.; Brito, R. Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Stimulation to Improve Cognitive Functioning in Community Elderly: A Controlled Study. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2020, 23, 150–156. - Brimelow, R.E.; Dawe, B.; Dissanayaka, N. Preliminary Research: Virtual Reality in Residential Aged Care to Reduce Apathy and Improve Mood. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2020, 23, 165–170. - Saredakis, D.; Keage, H.A.; Corlis, M.; Loetscher, T. Using Virtual Reality to Improve Apathy in Residential Aged Care: Mixed Methods Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e17632. - D’Cunha, N.M.; Isbel, S.T.; Frost, J.; Fearon, A.; McKune, A.J.; Naumovski, N.; Kellett, J. Effects of a virtual group cycling experience on people living with dementia: A mixed method pilot study. Dement. Lond. 2020. - Lavoie, R.; Main, K.; King, C.; King, D. Virtual experience, real consequences: The potential negative emotional consequences of virtual reality gameplay. Virtual Real. 2020, 25, 69–81. - Garrett, B.; Taverner, T.; Gromala, D.; Tao, G.; Cordingley, E.; Sun, C. Virtual Reality Clinical Research: Promises and Challenges. JMIR Serious Games 2018, 6, e10839. - Baniasadi, T.; Ayyoubzadeh, S.M.; Mohammadzadeh, N. Challenges and Practical Considerations in Applying Virtual Reality in Medical Education and Treatment. Oman Med. J. 2020, 35, e125. - Wiederhold, B.K.; Riva, G. Virtual Reality Therapy: Emerging Topics and Future Challenges. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2019, 22, 3–6. - Mesa-Gresa, P.; Gil-Gomez, H.; Lozano-Quilis, J.A.; Gil-Gomez, J.A. Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review. Sensors 2018, 18, 2486. - Klepeis, N.E.; Nelson, W.C.; Ott, W.R.; Robinson, J.P.; Tsang, A.M.; Switzer, P.; Behar, J.V.; Hern, S.C.; Engelmann, W.H. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2001, 11, 231–252. - Chiamulera, C.; Ferrandi, E.; Benvegnu, G.; Ferraro, S.; Tommasi, F.; Maris, B.; Zandonai, T.; Bosi, S. Virtual Reality for Neuroarchitecture: Cue Reactivity in Built Spaces. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 185.

https://encyclopedia.pub/11746

Virtual reality (VR) based stress therapy system refers to a system that applies virtual reality technology in a stress therapy session aiming to reduce mental stress. Previous studies conducted found that the system is effective in reducing stress. However, most of the studies done only aimed to measure the effectiveness of the system in reducing stress without having a guideline on how to design the virtual environment. Therefore, this paper aim to identify potential factors and its elements that must be considered when designing a virtual environment for a VR- based stress therapy application. Systematic literature review technique was employed as a guideline to search for relevant studies. The search was conducted using pre-defined keywords. Potential studies were filtered three times before it was finalised. After the selection process, the chosen studies were reviewed and important data that answers this study’s two research questions were extracted for analysis purposes. Ten studies were found to fulfil the inclusion criteria and answer all the research questions. From the review conducted, four factors were identified as aspects that should be considered when designing a virtual environment for a VR-based stress therapy application. In addition, each factor consisted of several elements. KeywordsVirtual reality Stress therapy Virtual environment Designing factors Notes Acknowledgement This study was funded by Tenaga Nasional Berhad Seed Fund (U-TE-RD-18-03) in collaboration with TNB Counselling Unit. We would like to thank UNITEN R&D Sdn. Bhd. for fund management.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-34032-2_4

Clinical psychologists in primary mental health care in Norway - what to do? One-year trial of 12-hour shifts in a non-intensive care unit and an intensive care unit in a public hospital: a qualitative study of 24 nurses’ experiences Exploring the Potential for Use of Virtual Reality Technology in the Treatment of Severe Mental Illness Among Adults in Mid-Norway: Collaborative Research Between Clinicians and Researchers Background Virtual reality (VR) technology is not currently used in the treatment of severe mental health illness in Norway. Objective We aimed to explore the potential of VR as a treatment for severe mental health illness in Norway, through collaborative research between clinicians and researchers.... Managing absence and dropout in vocational rehabilitation - a mixed-methods analysis of practices and perspectives among vocational rehabilitation companies in Norway Adult mental health outpatients who have minor children: Prevalence of parents, referrals of their children, and patient characteristics Foster parents' needs, perceptions and satisfaction with foster parent training: A systematic literature review This current systematic literature review aims to examine what is known about foster parents' needs, satisfaction and perceptions of foster parent training. A systematized search in relevant databases resulted in 13 publications, with mostly quantitative studies, originating from four countries. Res... Quality of life and service satisfaction in outpatients with severe or non-severe mental illness diagnoses Purpose Our study investigated quality of life (QoL) in patients with severe or non-severe mental illness diagnoses (SMI and non-SMI) and the association between QoL and service satisfaction measured as patients’ perception of continuity of care (CoC), therapeutic relationship, and unmet service nee... Tilskudd til rekruttering av psykologer i kommunale helse- og omsorgstjenester. En delevaluering i forbindelse med følgeevalueringen av Kompetanseløft 2020 Oppdragsgiver: Helsedirektoratet...

https://www.sintef.no/en/all-employees/employee/?empid=1031

Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus is committed to new technologies applied to healthcare, with a constant focus on patients. This potential for innovation has resulted in an increasing number of projects, such as the Surgical Block, pioneering treatment of ADHD using virtual reality or high-performance diagnosis based on mass sequencing. Surgical Block In the field of technology applied to healthcare, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital has a unified Surgical Block, among the most advanced in Europe. Opened in September 2016, this block represented a huge leap forward in terms of technology, that allows Vall d’Hebron to offer high-complexity surgeries, with neurosurgery navigators, 3D imaging systems, integrated ultrasound and the new Da Vinci Xi robot. Virtual reality and ADHD The Psychiatric Department of Vall d'Hebron University Hospital is the first in Spain to launch a pilot to analyse the usefulness of virtual reality in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This initiative follows on from research by the Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), and has received the Mobile World Capital Barcelona award for technological innovation. Telemedicine Another project based on virtual reality is neurorehabilitation. This new application of telemedicine and telerehabilitation is the result of public and private collaboration and allows stroke patients to perform rehabilitation exercises from home, under the supervision of the medical team. Mass sequencing Also at the Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), a ground-breaking fourth-generation mass sequencing platform is being tested, which allows us to shorten the time needed for diagnosis and customise treatment against infectious diseases, including cancer, Hepatitis and HIV.

https://hospital.vallhebron.com/en/what-can-we-do-you/technology-applied-healthcare

On June 23,the Opening Meeting ofResearch on the Virtual Reality Media Narrative, the 2021 Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China, was held via virtual and reality combination meeting. ProfessorLifang Xu, Director of theDigital Publishing Instituteof Wuhan University,is the chief expert of this project. The experts participated in the opening meeting were as followings: Chuanfu Chen, head of the expert review group, Senior Professor of Humanities and Social Sciences at Wuhan University, Ran Ao, Executive Vice President and Secretary-General of the China Audio-video and Digital Publishing Association, Liying Lin, General Manager of the China National Publications Import and Export (Group) Co., Ltd., Xinzhou Xie, Professor and Dean of the New Media Research Institute, Peking University, Kun Zhang, Professor and Dean of the National Communication Strategy Research Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Yang Shen, Professor and Director of the Metaverse Culture Laboratory, School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Jie Chen, Professor and Executive Director of the Digital Publishing Research Center, Zhejiang University, Jun Xiao, Professor and Deputy Director of the Center for Studies of Media Development, Wuhan University, Jianhong Li, President ofPublishing Research. Xiaoguang Wang, Professor and Associate Dean of our School, presided over the opening ceremony.Qing Fang, Professor and Dean of the Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences, Wuhan University,Wei Lu, Professor and Dean of our School, delivered speeches.Lifang Xumade the overall report of the project. She pointed out that virtual reality, as the next-generation media, will lead to a brand-new way of communication, dissemination and sharing of information, knowledge, emotion and meaning, and push mankind into the era of "post-symbol communication". This project would devote to building the core conceptual framework and basic theory of Virtual Reality Media Narrative (VRMN), and explore the feasibility of VRMN in methodology and practice from the perspectives of narrative text creation and generation, technical norms and standards, user interaction and feedback. On this basis, China's virtual reality media narrative system should be built up, and the system would make contributions to accumulating Chinese narrative resources and enhancing the position of the country in future media narrative. Five sub-project leaders, which areQing Fang, Professor at our School,Rongting Zhou, Professor at the Department of Communication of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China,Lixin Ding, Professor at the School of Computer Science, Wuhan University,Jinhong Liu, Professor at the School of Law, Humanities and Sociology, Wuhan University of Technology,Xinxin Zhang, Professor at the Department of Publishing and Digital Communication, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, gave brief reports on the research contents, research ideas, research difficulties and research plans of the sub-topics. They said that this project would take the narrative activities of virtual reality media as the research object, through scientific investigation and research, clarify the related concepts, essence and influence of VRMN, analyze the content creation and generation mechanism of VRMN, sort out the feedback and interaction mechanism of users, explore the supporting role of technologies and norms for the above mechanisms, and finally put forward the countermeasures for the construction of China's VRMN system, so as to implement the goal of "telling Chinese stories to the world in Chinese discourse".Lei Xu, Associate Professor and Deputy Director of the Department of Publishing Science of our School, presided over the report session of the project team. Jie Xu, Professor and Director of the Department of Publishing Science of our School, presided over the expert review session. Experts thought that the project topic selection has important theoretical value and practical significance. The overall project planning and sub-project design have clear objectives and logic. The follow-up project research can further learn from the rich media and narrative theory resources, clarify the causes and contradictions of different media and their narrative modes, and build a solid VRMN basic theoretical system; Based on the concept of "science and technology serving people, people-oriented", pay attention to the practical transformation and applicability of achievements, and provide intelligent support for management departments from the perspective of industry development; Highlight "Chinese characteristics" and serve the practical needs of telling Chinese stories well in digital space with advanced technology and means. Chuanfu Chenmade a conclusion of the opening meeting. He fully affirmed the value of project topic and research framework, and put forward suggestions and expectations for the future work of the project team as followings: Firstly, it is necessary to conciliate the problems, focus on the theme, focus on the implementation of the project research work, strive to produce landmark, high-level and visible academic achievements, and provide support for relevant major decisions of the state and industry; Secondly, it is necessary to highlight the cultural connotation, integrate Chinese values and traditional culture as important factors into the project research, and build a virtual reality media narrative theoretical system with Chinese characteristics; Thirdly, pay attention to the actual needs, strive for the project research to meet the real needs of the publishing field and cultural industry, keep pace with the times, and enhance the engineering value of the project and the applicability of the research results.

https://sim.whu.edu.cn/info/1212/12427.htm

In the current political climate, bipartisan consensus on social policy is rare. One shared priority between progressives and conservatives, however, is reducing recidivism in the criminal justice system. This bipartisan consensus has led to many local, state and federal agencies investing in a variety of anti-recidivism programs in recent years. Common programs in the U.S. can be grouped into three general categories: diversion before incarceration, treatment during incarceration, and support for ex-offenders after their release. Given the widespread investment in these programs, one might expect corresponding proof of their effectiveness – but that is not always the case. Therefore, governments must be mindful to review past research and meta-analyses when making policy decisions aimed at reducing repeat offenses. A diversion-before-incarceration approach shows mixed results Diversion programs use treatment as an alternative to incarceration, often through specialized courts and law enforcement. Drug and DUI courts, for example, emphasize treatment of substance-use disorders over punishment. These courts – which have been used in the U.S. since the 1980s – are sometimes supplemented with supervision and biological testing to promote sobriety. The results from meta-analyses of these programs suggest that they are highly effective. Research has also clarified particular aspects of the courts which contribute most consistently to reductions in recidivism – primarily an emphasis on completion rates and focus on non-violent offenders. Another comparable model is mental health courts, which were designed to address the disproportionate number of individuals with mental illness entering the criminal justice system. The primary divergence from drug courts is that treatments are dictated by judicially-supervised medical professionals rather than judges themselves. Although these courts show less of an impact on recidivism than drug or DUI courts, numerous studies have demonstrated statistically significant reductions. Because of the nuances of differing programs, however, more research is still needed to identify the most effective aspects of mental health courts. The type and seriousness of offenses for which mental health courts are used are the two factors most closely linked to reduced rates of recidivism. While the aforementioned court-based programs have demonstrated a pattern of success, the same is not true of police-led diversion programs. Because police officers often need significant re-training in order to successfully divert individuals experiencing mental illness, chemical dependency, and more, many police diversion initiatives do not achieve their desired results. Some initiatives like Seattle’s Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) program, which focuses specifically on diverting perpetrators of low-level drug offenses and street prostitution, have demonstrated positive and statistically significant results. However, available meta-analyses do not show a consistent positive impact. Treatment during incarceration is consistently effective After decades of emphasizing a punitive approach in prisons, many criminal justice practitioners have now refocused their efforts on treatment during incarceration. This shift has been driven by psychological research, which has largely dispelled long-held myths about the rehabilitative effects of punitive criminal justice strategies. One treatment-focused example is the “Therapeutic Communities” (TCs) model, defined by the National Institute on Drug Abuse as “a mutual self-help alternative to… address addiction,” with some variation in the use of medication-assisted treatment. An essential component of TCs is the use of a “hierarchical social learning model, wherein participants earn increased social and personal responsibility as they progress through stages of treatment.” TCs have been shown to reduce recidivism in a number of studies. Approximately 55% of studies in a recent meta-analysis found TCs to be effective in reducing re-arrest. These effects are particularly salient in the short-term, suggesting that TCs should be paired with other forms of long-term substance abuse treatment in order to consistently prevent recidivism. Another promising treatment method is known as cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT. According to the American Psychological Association, CBT is a distinct form of psychological treatment wherein patients are shown that psychological problems are based on faulty ways of thinking and learned patterns of unhelpful behavior – and then combats these patterns with the use of improved coping mechanisms. There is substantial evidence that the use of CBT reduces recidivism – and this research includes evidence specific to both juveniles and adults, as well as within specific groups such as sex offenders, violent offenders, and those suffering from substance abuse. Although results are not universal, the advent of CBT in prison programming is one of the most promising trends in criminal justice today. Many post-release programs have not been proven effective One of the most common public refrains around criminal justice is that stable employment prevents recidivism. The reality is more nuanced. While evidence exists that stable employment reduces repeat offenses, many employment and job training programs fail to help individuals find and keep good jobs. And, if the goal of such programs is to reduce recidivism, governments should invest in better – not necessarily just more – job training programs for formerly incarcerated people. Like employment, access to stable housing is essential for successful re-entry to society after incarceration. Housing leads to positive post-release outcomes for formerly incarcerated individuals, especially those with histories of behavioral health issues and homelessness. However, because of a lack of evidence about the many existing housing programs that exist today, conclusive evidence about the most promising programs remains elusive. Additional trials must evaluate promising approaches such as supportive housing with services, housing relocation vouchers, and others in order to develop an understanding of what works and what does not. Halfway houses and sober living houses similarly focus on providing a stable, supportive living environment for formerly incarcerated individuals. Halfway houses – also known as residential reentry centers (RRCs) – are live-in service providers which provide access to many complementary programs. Likewise, sober living houses are comparable arrangements – with some important differences including a lack of regulation or insurance coverage and the fact that treatment programs in sober living houses are not mandatory. Neither method, however, has been conclusively proven to positively impact rates of recidivism in multiple meta-analyses. Other innovative post-incarceration programs are worth mentioning, such as restorative justice – a system that uses reconciliation between offenders and victims to encourage positive post-incarceration behavior. Some research has shown a statistically significant impact on youth offenders, and a 2015 study of 12 restorative justice programs in the United Kingdom and Australia found significant positive short- and long-term effects in adults. Conversely, just this year a meta-analysis from the federal Office of Justice Programs (OJP) found no statistically significant impact on recidivism on a broader scale. Although many scholars and practitioners have lauded the benefits of restorative justice approaches, modern restorative justice programs are far from uniform. Further research should aim to provide greater clarity about which specific elements have been proven most effective. The effectiveness of such research may also be hindered by the structure of the programs themselves – because participation in restorative justice programs is by nature voluntary, researchers must look to new research methods in order to avoid the deleterious effects of self-selection bias. Finally, another category of post-incarceration programming focuses on supervision over treatment. Intensive supervision programs generally rely on regular check-ins with probation officers – and these programs are common throughout the U.S. despite scant evidence that they are effective in reducing recidivism. Some studies, in fact, have demonstrated that intensive supervision can lead ex-offenders to be more likely to recidivate. The exception is for programs that emphasize treatment in addition to supervision – a 2018 meta-analysis indicated that this approach consistently produces statistically significant reductions in recidivism rates. Another supervision-based method is electronic monitoring, such as through the use of ankle bracelets. Like intensive supervision, electronic monitoring is widely used despite a lack of statistically significant evidence. While this approach remains popular in both state and federal systems because of its lower costs in comparison to incarceration, the lower cost seems to be the primary justification for its use. To reduce recidivism, the criminal justice system must invest in evidence-based approaches There is no doubt that many of the programs mentioned above reduce recidivism and fill important service gaps in the U.S. criminal justice system. Although some programs did not produce statistically significant results, there is nonetheless an abundance of positive evidence. There are also important nuances in the data: many programs, for example, demonstrate better results when combined with other forms of treatment-based programming. Drug courts, therapeutic communities, cognitive behavioral therapy and housing assistance appear to offer the most compelling results in terms of recidivism reduction, while many other common programs do not. Thankfully, an increasingly broad array of meta-analyses can provide important guidance for an evidence-based decision-making process. Policymakers across the ideological political spectrum agree on the importance of reducing recidivism – and with this objective in mind, public investments should be redirected towards programs that have demonstrated consistent results. Additionally, governments must strive to incorporate new evidence into the decision-making process as it emerges. By looking more closely at what existing data tells us, our society will be able to maximize the benefits of public and private dollars while ultimately moving more quickly towards the common goal of reducing recidivism. Will von Geldern is a graduate of the MPA program at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs. His writing on social innovation, economic inequality, and evidence-based policy has been featured in the Stanford Social Innovation Review, Crosscut, and the Cornell Policy Review.

https://ksr.hkspublications.org/2019/09/04/never-going-back-an-evidence-based-approach-to-reducing-recidivism/

Three dissertations were completed in the Learning with Disabilities (LWD) IGERT program at Wright State University each developing innovative technologies to assist persons with disabilities. The LWD specialization is a collaboration between four Ph.D. programs at WSU: Biomedical Sciences, Computer Science, Engineering, and Human Factors and Industrial/Organizational Psychology. The focus is on the development of assistive technologies to help people with disabilities. Maurissa D’Angelo’s dissertation was titled “Analysis of Amputee Gait using Virtual Reality Rehabilitation Techniques.” The virtual reality system provided real-time feedback and objective performance metrics to help the participants to improve gait. This research demonstrated the potential of Virtual reality to provide efficient and effective rehabilitation for amputees and other disabled individuals. Carissa Brunsman-Johnson’s dissertation was titled “Adaptive User Interfaces to Support Web-based Information Seeking for the Blind.” A keyword search aid was developed to help persons who are blind to find information on websites. The keyword system significantly improved search efficiency. The system improved the success rate in finding information and reduced both time and mental workload. Robert Keefer’s dissertation was titled “A User Centered Design Prototype of a Mobile Reading Device for the Visually Impaired.” This project developed a voice user interface to help people who are blind to control an image processing system for scanning and reading newspapers. Address Goals It is remarkable how many assistive technologies end up in the closet barely used if ever. This program illustrates the power of problem centered research, where multiple disciplines collaborate to solve a problem that involves the performance of humans and technology. In the Learning with Disabilities specialization students must grapple with the physical and psychological aspects of disabilities, with the capabilities and limitations of information technologies, and with the interface between humans and technology. This promotes a systems approach where the human and the technologies are treated as an integrated system of systems. An important challenge for the students in this program is to work directly with persons with disabilities to acquire a deep understanding of the person’s needs, as opposed to more conventional approaches where design can be technology focused – defining the solutions around the technological opportunities.

http://www.igert.org/highlights/488.html

Studies have shown that the use of virtual reality devices (VR) as exposure therapy resources tend to produce favorable effects on the homeodynamic balance of patients with different diseases. The sensory and sensory-motor stimuli experienced through interaction with such technologies are able to promote, for instance, relief of pain intensity, stress levels reduction and reduced risks of hypertension syndrome in blood pressure tests. Thus, the emerging body of studies about the design, validation and development procedures of such ambiences is extremely fruitful and relevant, especially regarding their consistent contributions to the biological homeostasis of human beings. In this sense, this research aims to model humanized and homeodynamic hospital VR environments for nursing professionals of the Center for Integral Care to Women (CAISM-UNICAMP), capable of reducing their stress levels resulting from physical and mental overload, to which these professionals are daily exposed in the hospital settings, and further increased by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. For this, the study starts from the mapping and identification of design parameters of humanized hospital environments, both through literature systematic review on transdisciplinary cooperation (e.g. between humanized hospital environments, intelligent biointerfaces and virtual reality), and data collected in field research (e.g. collection of architectural data, design, and observation of professionals’ routine and semi-structured interviews with the healthcare team, before and after the experimental protocol application). The design and conception of these virtual environments are based on the cooperation between the fields of Architecture and Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, especially subsidized by the concept of Homeodynamic Environments and Products. In addition, the investigation is also based on literature reviews about the use of VR in healthcare; a set of recommendations for conducting clinical studies using VR; exploration of VR soundscapes to reduce stress levels in hospitalized patients; and guidelines for conducting usability assessments for health-related VR applications for patient treatment, rehabilitation, and medical professional training. The tests and validation of the humanized and homeodynamic ambiences modeled are conducted with the nursing professionals of CAISM-UNICAMP, with the organization of participants in experimental and control groups. Such interventions are also associated and synchronized with the performance of intelligent biointerfaces, in order to collect consistent neuropsychophysiological data, performed during the immersion of the research subjects in the simulated environments. Thus, the results of this research aim to contribute to the reduction of stress levels of CAISM-UNICAMP nursing professionals, both in pandemic and post-pandemic context. Copyright (c) 2021 Rachel Zuanon, Rogério Augusto Bordini This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/linksymposium/article/view/92

Addressing reoffending through addressing offender mental health: Exploring the viability of the Change Laboratory method as means of promoting social innovation in the delivery of integrated mental health care offenders in prison services. Lahtinen, P., Esko, T., Kajamaa, A., Johnsen, B., Sepannen, L. and Hean, S., 2018. Addressing reoffending through addressing offender mental health: Exploring the viability of the Change Laboratory method as means of promoting social innovation in the delivery of integrated mental health care offenders in prison services. Project Report. Stavanger: University of Stavanger. Recidivism rates are a typical measure of the success of the criminal justice system. Effective collaboration is required between criminal justice services and mental health services to effectively achieve offender rehabilitation and reduce reoffending. Previous work on collaborative practice in the Norwegian prison systems (Hean et al., 2016) has concluded that more effective models of collaboration are required between the mental health and criminal justice services. It made the case for implementation of the Change Laboratory Method (CL) of interagency working and workforce transformation as a means of supporting interagency collaborative practice in this context. The CL has been used successfully and extensively by researchers internationally to transform interagency working practices in a wide range of countries (e.g., Finland, Brazil; New Zealand) and contexts (e.g. child protection, secondary health care and business) with an extensive list of products and work transformations arising from them (e.g. new adaptations of care pathways, new forms of service delivery) (Kerosuo & Engeström, 2003, Warmington et al., 2005, Tolviainen, 2007, Virkkunen et al., 2014). However, CLs as interventions are a new idea in Norwegian prison development, none as yet having been applied across organisational borders or specifically to the challenges facing collaboration between correctional and health and welfare services. It is essential therefore to explore first the feasibility of the such a possible intervention before implementation. The aim of this developmental project was therefore to conduct first the ethnographic phase of a CL intervention in a case study Norwegian prison, and identify issues that would benefit from future intervention, organizational development and learning. Second, the project explored the viability of the CL as a means of addressing these and improving collaboration between Correctional and Mental Health Services. The purpose of the first CL phase is for the interventionist team to describe the current situation of collaboration in the prison. The focus was to reveal challenges (theoretically described as contradictions) by seeing them as systemic causes of problems in collective activity instead of indications of individuals’ actions. Data from the first CL phase was gathered through interviews, observations and documentary data from an open department at the prison in Region West of the Norwegian Correctional Services. A cultural-historical activity theory approach guided the methods of data collection and analysis. This meant that the collaborative tools and voices of frontline workers, such as officers and mental health workers were brought to the fore. The analysis illustrated the complexity of the collaboration network in the prison, its variety of actors, and its challenges. This report presents the characteristics of current collaboration practices, examples of good practice as well as its challenges, and the complexity of the collaboration network between the mental health and prison services. These collaboration practices have developed with an aim to enhance the welfare of offenders and to reduce recidivism. However, the increasing needs of offender, of which loneliness and mental health were central, have come into play, which challenges the outputs of the services and collaboration between service providers. We report here three potential contradictions for future exploration by the prison that arose from the analysis. The first pertained to the challenges facing the BRIK assessment tool. BRIK is a tool used in the prison through which information on offender’s needs and resources are collected and evaluated by the officer and offender together. However, a lack of time to keep the content of BRIK regularly updated and ensuring the quality of its content ,is a challenge. In the report, we suggest that these challenges are connected to the fact that users of the tool (members of interagency meetings, offenders and officers) perceive the meaning and purpose of BRIK differently. For offenders, BRIK represents a tool to get more face-to-face time with the officer, which points to the inmate’s need of having more social contact. However, for the officer BRIK is one of their work tasks, a task required of them by Correctional Services authorities. For members of interagency meetings with health and other services, however, BRIK is a tool for understanding an offender’s motivation behind any specific request they might make of the meeting. This contradiction between different needs and meanings of purpose of BRIK challenges the effective use of the instrument. The second contradiction lay in observations that the prison officer`s purpose of work has changed over time but the development of tools to support their work has not kept up with these changing objectives. The third contradiction pertained to the suboptimal work organization, development, and flow of psychological knowledge in the prison. The purpose of this ethnographic phase of the CL presented in this report is not to fully elaborate these above contradictions collected by researchers as it essential to the model that these are articulated and understood by the prison, mental health and other prison based actors themselves when participating in future interventions. The contradictions raised by the ethnographic phase must be further revealed within this group of actors working together. Based on the potential contradictions raised in the ethnographic phase of the CL we now recommend a second phase of the CL in which our observations and findings of the collaborative network would be presented as mirror data to representatives of this network. This next phase would seek to open up new perspectives and motivate people in the prison to examine and develop their current practices further and collectively. During the process of CL, the organization would learn to solve their own contradictions and develop their activity. However, to ensure the implementation of this second phase ,careful negotiation, sensitivity and commitment of the researchers, prison management and frontline professionals involved, is required. The project was made possible through co funding from the Norwegian Criminal Justice service and COLAB an EU funded project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2016 nr. 734536.

http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/31548/

May 3, 2022 EU: Promoting judicial cooperation to support foreign individuals on probationA new transnational initiative is taking steps to promote the implementation of the Framework Decision... - July 7, 2021 Strengthening the operation of the criminal justice system in GuyanaThrough the Ministry for Legal Affairs and the Inter-American Development Bank, the Government of Guyana... - August 1, 2019 Working with road traffic offenders: BriSaR project approvedBriSaR project - Bringing Safety on the Roads - has been approved to be funded by Erasmus+ programme.... - June 25, 2019 Improving the implementation of Exit Programmes – WayOut project 2nd meetingThe second meeting of the WayOut Project Steering Committee was held on June 24 and... - June 5, 2019 Knowledge and strategies exchange in AWARE’s first joint staff trainingThe main goal of this training event was to expand and exchange different kinds of... - April 16, 2019 VR for Drug Rehabilitation: New tool for young offenders in probationThe project aims to develop and test an innovative drug treatment programme using advanced virtual... - January 9, 2019 Using Virtual Reality technologies for Drug RehabilitationThe “VR for Drug Rehabilitation” project seeks to develop a rehabilitation model for drug-using probationers... - November 19, 2018 Standards? What purpose? – 1st Swiss Forum on Prison and ProbationThe programme of the event, that took place at the Theater Equilibre and at the... - August 20, 2018 RE[ENTER] on improving offender reintegration gets EU supportThe RE[ENTER] project is aimed at strengthening the capacity of criminal justice professionals and volunteers... - July 27, 2018 Radicalisation & extremism: WayOut project gets DG HOME supportThe WayOut project – Integrated Exit Programme for Prisons and Probation – gets the support...

https://websitedraft.prisonsystems.eu/category/probation/

Attendees of the ERNACT hosted workshop shared ideas, concerns and opinions about the use of these technologies in the public sector. 16 October 2020 - ERNACT project When organising the ERNACT workshop on ‘Disruptive Digital Technology & Cohesion Policy’ during the European Week of Regions and Cities , we thought that it could be a good opportunity to engage with the audience and receive some valuable feedback for the recently launched DISTINCT project. The session was targeted at public service providers and digital tech suppliers (universities, research centres, companies...) and our aim was to identify some solutions and challenges related to the role and use of disruptive technology. Over 40 professionals across Europe ( Spain, France, Ireland, UK, Iceland, Sweden, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, The Netherlands... ) answered our call and joined us for a very fruitful workshop. Most of the participants work in Local or Regional Government and Education. Trying to make the session as interactive as possible, we invited all the attendees to use the Slido tool and answer some questions based on the topics proposed by speakers: disruptive technologies, looking forward in the Interreg Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme; Artificial Intelligence (AI) In Government services; the use of technologies for public services automation; potential of disruptive technologies for public services provision in rural areas and the role of Virtual Reality (VR) / Augmented Reality (AR) in public services provision. Asked about their personal interests , they chose 'Digital services for citizens', 'Research and innovation in SMEs' and 'Government services', closely followed by another topic: 'SME products, services and processes'. Thanks to the participation of the attendees, we can conclude the following: We asked them if they could have an idea for the use of AI in the public sector or Government and we received many answers, among others: combine Internet of Things ( IoT) sensor and other sensor platforms to build up flood management predictive services; s mart cities; c lean energies: sea waves and tides, solar, geothermal, etc; s implify Reporting, 24 hours service for municipal information, AI in rural areas, a nalysing how procedures can be made more user friendly, b ooking appointments online, p lanning applications... In reference to their concerns about using Artificial Intelligence , %27 expressed that they don't have any concerns. However, 41% made a reference to the help diagnose in complex mental conditions (e.g., dementia) and another 23% mentioned the decrease of visits by medical staff to patients at home. Asking about w hich of the following is most relevant to Health & Social Care : Virtual Reality (VR), I nternet of Things (IoT) or Artificial Intelligence (AI), 57% of the participants chose the third option. Regarding Training , 81% of the attendees selected Virtual Reality rather than Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence. Finally, in reference to which of the three options is the most relevant to Environmental Services , the most preferred option was Internet of Things with the 81% of the votes, followed by the Artificial Intelligence and the Virtual Reality. With the last question of the quiz, we wanted to find out w hich of the following public service areas would benefit most from AR/VR and we got the following responses: the tourism sector followed by citizens training and health. If you are interested in disruptive technologies keep an eye on the Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme funded, ERNACT led and recently launched DISTINCT project ! During 18 months, we will explore the application of this kind of technologies in public service provision, the usage and benefits of VR, IoT, AI and Blockchain in health and social care, environmental management, and training. Click here to email Ianire Renobales at ERNACT for further information Other Stories ERNACT develops a plan to increase the uptake of disruptive technology solutions by SMEs 27 January 2021 Thanks to the DEVISE project, the network has approached digital collaboration services to better connect the North West of Ireland more » DEVISE Údarás na Gaeltachta: 'End of Year Statement 2020' 26 January 2021 ERNACT partner opened 16 gteic digital hubs during last year. In that way, the Gaeltacht digital network doubled again in 2020. more » ERNACT Wars, navy, exploration vessels and expeditions across the Atlantic 25 January 2021 Maritime tale of the day with TIDE project partner Bill Horner from Devon County Council. more » TIDE Derry & Strabane launches Intelligent Cities Challenge programme 21 January 2021 Citizens, key stakeholders and international experts exchange knowledge and expertise. Watch the full webinar!

https://ernact.eu/NewsDetail.aspx?MediaNewsId=1068

About this Research Topic Virtual Reality in Paediatrics aims to explore ways VR technology can provide meaningful value to paediatric patients, how it can be integrated with currently validated medical routines, and how an evidence-based approach can further the development of this field. Children represent the most fragile and vulnerable category of patients. When undergoing therapy and disease treatments they experience stressful and often painful conditions, disrupting their daily routine, negatively impacting the quality of their life and their families’ routines, while reducing therapy efficiency, influencing the timing and resources involved in patients management. Moreover, feelings of distress experienced during therapy could have not only immediate but also long term impacts on children’s mental health. While medical interventions have achieved extraordinary goals in pediatric patients’ care, the support of their cognitive, emotional and social needs can still be significantly improved, both during hospitalization and in the follow up stage. Together with traditional analog interventions performed by medical specialists and hospital charities, digital technologies offer today new frontiers in supporting, treating and empowering children through drug-free, non invasive and user-centered solutions. Among them, virtual reality could play a key role in mental health and social well being support. With the rise of more accessible, performant, and user friendly VR systems, the opportunity to design virtual reality content specifically adapted to paediatric needs and conditions is growing day by day. Pain and anxiety management, ADHD and autism treatment, psychomotor rehabilitation support: all these fields gained a new tech ally to improve the quality of care and optimize healthcare related outcomes through a human-centered approach with digital bases. However, the field is still at its infancy and in a context of rapidly changing VR platforms it emerges as a fragmented research scenario that deserves to be interconnected. Our aim is to facilitate the emergence of a structured, reliable and ethics-focused approach to paediatric fields through the lenses of virtual reality, based on high-quality, safe, multidisciplinary research to inform the integration of diverse interventions in the paediatric framework. We therefore welcome submissions of Original Research and Reviews on the following topics: ● Design and evaluation of immersive content to support children while undergoing medical treatments, aiming to reduce the related stress, anxiety, pain, loneliness and isolation; ● Design and evaluation of immersive content to support children's disease awareness, to educate them on how to deal with the disease, connected medical procedures and any related topic; ● Design and evaluation of immersive content to support both children and their families during hospitalization and/or during the follow up (even home care); ● Design and evaluation of immersive content to diagnose, threat or prevent any medical condition (such as ADHD, autism, depression, post-stroke rehabilitation, trauma or abuse treatment). Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/15566/virtual-reality-in-paediatrics

The Commission for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was initiated at the IPRA Conference in 1996 and fully established in 2000. The focus of the commission has been the recognition of First Peoples, globally embracing over 250 million people, with a great diversity of cultures and distinctive ways of life and important knowledge systems. However Indigenous Peoples have been historically invaded by colonial empires, bringing much cultural destruction and loss of traditional lands and in the modern period are commonly subordinated as minorities within nation states where they suffer the effects of development, marginalization, environmental destruction and cultural hegemony. Nevertheless, the world-wide movement of Indigenous Peoples to assert their human rights, gain land, cultural, political and economic rights, legal recognition, education, health and other forms of social equality has been an important movement in the international context. Often, Indigenous People have been involved in internal-conflicts within states but have also celebrated their cultures and achieved important developments in securing their distinctive rights, as recognised by the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. This commission welcomes participation from Indigenous researchers, scholars and educators as well as all those working or interested in promoting the rights of Indigenous peoples. At several IPRA conferences this Commission has been able to engage with local Indigenous communities and gain their participation. Convener

https://www.iprapeace.org/index.php/using-joomla/extensions/components/content-component/article-category-list/131-indigenous-peoples-rights-commission

By Francesca Willow Francesca is a writer and artist living in London. Her site, Ethical Unicorn, aims to take a holistic, fact-based approach to sustainable living and social justice by thoughtfully discussing systemic and hidden cycles that need to be broken. She is one of Above Green’s 2017 top 50 eco-conscious blogs. I put this post together in the light of the recent investigation of WWF from Buzzfeed News. If you haven’t read it yet, I advise you to do so. I want to clarify that I’m not trying to take up the space of Indigenous voices; I’ve just compiled a list of organisations and resources concerned with supporting Indigenous communities around the world, in an attempt to use this platform to redirect your attention to those who need to be heard. If you know of others that are missed here, please let me know and I’ll add them. (If you yourself are an Indigenous person and you want to utilize the platform I have in some way to share your story or be heard, please contact me here.) According to the UN, there are over 370 million indigenous people living across 90 countries worldwide, speaking an overwhelming majority of the world’s estimated 7,000 languages and representing 5,000 different cultures. Indigenous people have sought recognition of their identities, ways of life and their rights to traditional lands, territories and natural resources for years, yet throughout their rights have continually been violated. In 2007 a UN declaration enshrined minimum standards for the survival, rights, dignity and well-being of Indigenous people, however Survival International argues their land ownership rights are still not properly respected. Indigenous voices need to be at the forefront of global environmental efforts. If they aren’t it is all too easy for colonial conservation and violence to take the lead. Below are the resources I have found thus far when it comes to advocating for justice and rights for Indigenous people across the world. Organisations advocating for Indigenous rights Survival International Survival International, formed in 1969, works in partnership with tribal peoples to protect their lives and land, aiming to put a stop to racism, land theft, forced development and genocidal violence. They stop loggers, miners, and oil companies from destroying tribal lands, they lobby governments to recognize Indigenous land rights, and they document and expose atrocities committed against tribal people and take direct action to stop them. Additionally, the organization argues that Indigenous people need to be at the forefront of environmental protection conversations. 80% of the most biodiverse areas on Earth are home to Indigenous and tribal peoples, and these people have developed highly effective measures for maintaining the richness of their environment and methods to preserve biodiversity, long before the word conservation was even coined. Survival International works as a unified organisation, operating in seven languages across six country offices which all have charitable/nonprofit status. They are funded almost entirely by the public. They take no money from national governments, who are the principal violator’s of Indigenous rights, they also don’t accept donations from any company that abuses tribal peoples’ rights or is likely to do so. Their staff include regional experts with direct experience of, and contacts in, hundreds of tribal communities and organisations. To help, you can donate, raise money, request a Survival speaker, organize or join Survival events, or campaign to fight for land rights, oppose racism and forced development, and to put Indigenous people at the forefront of environmental efforts. Center for World Indigenous Studies The CWIS is the leading Indigenous peoples’ think tank, ensuring that communities can safeguard their rights and resources. It defines itself as a group of activist scholars advancing the rights of Indigenous peoples worldwide. In 1979, during the first Conference of Tribal Governments at Tumwater in the Pacific Northwest, tribal leaders adopted a resolution to establish a documentary centre for tribal records and research. Grand Chief George Manuel called for the creation of a “Fourth World Think Tank”, and Dr. Rudolph Ryser (who grew up as a member of the Cowlitz tribe but is of Weskarini, Ondeia and Cree heritage) took the helm and created the CWIS. So far the CWIS have drafted 27 laws and regulations, mentored and educated over 3500 students, digitized over 4000 tribal documents, and treated over 7000 individuals. Since their founding, they have led the development and implementation of public policy that benefits Indigenous nations around the world, particularly in areas such as the environment, Indigenous food systems and food security, medicine, intellectual and cultural property rights, economic development, education and more. They also publish the Fourth World Journal, the world’s leading publication for ideas and analysis about and by writers from the world’s more than six thousand Fourth World nations. Cultural Survival Cultural Survival advocates for Indigenous Peoples’ rights and has supported Indigenous communities’ self-determination, cultures and political resilience since 1972. They partner with Indigenous communities to advance Indigenous Peoples’ rights and cultures worldwide. Their programmes work to inform, create resources, support access to information, bolster freedom of expression, and assist Indigenous communities to organize and shape their futures in ways consistent with their traditions, languages, and cultures. They publicise Indigenous Peoples’ issues through their award-winning Cultural Survival Quarterly and, at the request of communities, they launch campaigns to urge decision makers to respect Indigenous Peoples’ rights to their lands as they confront destructive mining projects, mega-dams, or land-grabs. Their organisation is Indigenous-led and has a diverse board of directors that is comprised of Indigenous and non-Indigenous perspectives. Overall, their work encompasses advocacy, community media, Indigenous rights radio, bazaars (annual celebrations of Indigenous arts, music, and cultures from around the world), and grant making. IWGIA IWGIA stands for International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Founded in 1968, it is a global human rights organisation that describes itself as ‘dedicated to promoting, protecting and defending Indigenous peoples’ rights.’ IWGIA cooperates with Indigenous peoples’ organisations and international institutions to promote recognition of and advocate for the rights of Indigenous peoples. They focus on defending Indigenous peoples’ land rights, promoting inclusion in climate action and participation in local and international decision-making processes. Today, Indigenous peoples from all over the world are involved in IWGIA’s global network. IWGIA initially focused on Indigenous peoples in Latin America and Asia but, from the late 1980s on, also began working with Indigenous peoples in Russia and Africa. They now have 31 projects around the world. IWGIA also releases a global report, the Indigenous World, which provides an update of the current situation for Indigenous peoples worldwide. You can download the report here. Get involved and support their work here. Forest People’s Program Forest Peoples Programme is a human rights organisation operating around the tropical forest belt, working with forest peoples from across the globe to secure their rights to their lands and their livelihoods. They work with over 60 partner organisations representing Indigenous peoples and forest communities from across the globe, working to promote an alternative vision of how forests should be managed based on respect for the rights, knowledge, cultures and identities of the peoples who know them best. Peoples who live in forests around the world have customary rights, and have developed ways of life and knowledge that are attuned to their forest environments. Unfortunately, forests are commonly treated as empty lands controlled by the state that are available for development, colonization, logging, plantations, dams, mines, oil wells, gas pipelines and agribusinesses, which force peoples out of their homes. Many conservation schemes also deny forest peoples’ rights; Forest People’s Program work through advocacy, practical projects and capacity building to change this. Minority Rights Group International Minority Rights Group International campaigns worldwide with around 130 partners in over 60 countries to ensure that disadvantaged minorities and Indigenous peoples can be heard. They utilize training and education, legal cases, publications and the media and cultural programmes to support minority and Indigenous people, and their campaigns target governments and communities to eradicate further discrimination based on age, class, gender and disability, which can have a multiple impact on minorities. These are just some of the larger organisations, other organisations whose work you can follow include: International - Amazon Conservation Team - Amazon Watch - Global Forest Coalition - International Indian Treaty Council - Life Mosaic - Rainforest Foundation - Rights and Resources Initiative - World Rainforest Movement Arctic Australia Canada - Assembly of First Nations - Congress of Aboriginal Peoples - Federation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations - Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami - Native Women’s Association of Canada - Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated - Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada - RAVEN (Respecting Aboriginal Values & Environmental Needs) USA - Alaska Federation of Natives - First Nations Development Institute - Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission - Honor the Earth - Indigenous Environmental Network - Inter-Tribal Environmental Council - National Congress of American Indians - Native American Rights Fund - White Earth Land Recovery Project Hop over to Ethical Unicorn for more tangible ways to support and affirm the rights of indigenous people. Visit my shopping page for options that support artisan-made and indigenous makers. Photo by John Fowler.

http://thepeahen.com/how-to-support-indigenous-rights/

The United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) will be held on 22 April to 3 May in New York. Here is our shortlist of books on the diverse issues affecting Indigenous Peoples around the world that will be discussed at the Forum. If you have some more suggestions let us know on Twitter. The Indigenous World 2018 This compilation by IWGIA is the result of a collaborative effort between indigenous and non-indigenous activists and scholars who voluntarily share their valuable insights and analysis. For 32 years the purpose of The Indigenous World has been to give a comprehensive yearly overview of the developments indigenous peoples have experienced. Rising tensions between States and indigenous peoples are reaching a tipping point and The Indigenous World 2018 adds to the documented records, highlighting the increase in attacks and killings of indigenous peoples while defending their lands. Indigenous Youth in the Brazilian Amazonia - Changing Lived Worlds by Pirjo Virtanen How do Amazonian native young people perceive, question, and negotiate the new kinds of social and cultural situations in which they find themselves? Virtanen looks at how current power relations constituted by ethnic recognition, new social contacts, and cooperation with different institutions have shaped the current native youth in Amazonia. Indigenous Peoples' food systems: the many dimensions of culture, diversity and environment for nutrition and health by Harriet Kuhnlein, Bill Erasmus and Dina Spigelski Food systems of Indigenous Peoples who retain connection to long-evolved cultures and patterns of living in local ecosystems present a treasure of knowledge that contributes to well-being and health, and can benefit all humankind. This book seeks to define and describe the diversity in food system use, nutrition and health in 12 rural case studies of Indigenous Peoples in different parts of the world as a window to global Indigenous Peoples’ circumstances. International handbook of research on indigenous entrepreneurship by Léo-Paul Dana and Robert B. Anderson The comprehensive and thoroughly accessible International Handbook of Research on Indigenous Entrepreneurship aims to develop a multidisciplinary theory explaining entrepreneurship as a function of cultural perceptions of opportunity. The Handbook presents a multitude of fascinating, superbly illustrated studies on the facets of entrepreneurship amongst indigenous peoples. Indigenous cultures in an interconnected world by Clair Smith and Graeme K. Ward Indigenous Cultures in an Interconnected World is a comprehensive, thought-provoking discussion of the challenges that globalization presents for Indigenous peoples everywhere. It outlines successful strategies that have been used by Indigenous peoples to promote their identities and cultural values. It looks at their role as equal and active participants and, indeed, as innovators and leaders in an interconnected world. The authors present a truly global perspective on Indigenous issues. They feature a cross-disciplinary integration that takes a holistic approach and includes vignettes of Indigenous cultural practices. Indigenous Peoples and the extractive sector - towards a rights respecting engagement - Tebtebba Foundation This report provides an overview of the present state of play of the extractive industries in relation to indigenous peoples, taking as its point of departure the adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples(UNDRIP) in 2007, together with the 2009 UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues International (UNPFII) Expert Group Meeting on Extractive Industries, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility, and the 2009 International Conference on Indigenous Peoples and the Extractive Industries. The report is divided into four chapters and concludes with a set of recommendations. Land rights of Indigenous Peoples in Africa by Albert Kwokwo Barume This book looks at the issue of land and land rights in the context of Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. A special focus of the book is to analyse some of the land cases filed by indigenous peoples in order to draw some lessons learned and recommendations that may benefit indigenous peoples and their organizations in the future, but also help those who want to support their cause. In this regard, the book also intends to consider existing international legal frameworks relevant to the rights of indigenous peoples over their lands in order to see how African indigenous peoples can make better use of international law and existing jurisprudence to defend or protect their rights in courts. The traditional knowledge advantage: Indigenous Peoples’ knowledge in climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies - IFAD Higher temperatures, wildlife extinction, rising sea levels, droughts, floods, heat-related diseases and economic losses are among the consequences of climate change. Climate change disproportionally affects the poorest and most marginalized communities living in vulnerable regions, among them indigenous peoples, whose livelihoods depend on natural resources. Indigenous Peoples’ knowledge can provide important insights into the processes of observation, adaptation and mitigation of climate change consequences.

https://www.ifad.org/en/web/latest/-/story/recommended-books-on-indigenous-peoples?p_l_back_url=%2Fes%2Fweb%2Flatest%2Fstories%3Fdelta%3D4%26start%3D49

Fellows receive $20,000 per year for two years, plus additional funds from the ISE for them to participate in an ISE Congress. The Field Fellowships aim to support remarkable individuals with an outstanding and long-term record of commitment to issues relating to ethnoecology and/or traditional resource rights. Past Field Fellows have included Indigenous or non-Indigenous community leaders, academics, practitioners, and Indigenous, human or environmental rights activists. Rather than providing support for specific projects, the Field Fellowships aim to provide some breathing space to over-burdened and under-supported individuals doing extremely valuable work, giving them the ability to focus more intensely and freely on their work. Benki Piyãko Ashaninka is a widely-known and respected Ashaninka leader who has, since a young age, been at the forefront of his people’s struggle for their territorial rights, the preservation of their forest, the maintenance and strengthening of their Indigenous identities, and the promotion of their cultural and spiritual values. Benki is also a respected shaman and artist. He has been instrumental in shaping a new generation of leaders, working with local communities, Indigenous groups and other organizations within and beyond his home state of Acre, Brazil, to establish training centers, programs and initiatives that support group learning of effective land-use practices and cultural revival. He has, as a result of his important and innovative work in the field of human rights and the environment, received several prestigious national and international awards. Click here to watch a video of Benki at the ISE Congress in Bhutan in 2014. Dario Novellino is a social anthropologist who has dedicated his life to supporting indigenous peoples’ struggle for self-determination, mostly on the Island of Palawan (The Philippines). Like Darrell Posey before him, Dario is both an accomplished academic and dedicated advocate. A fluent speaker of Batak, with whom he has lived for extended periods of time over the past twenty-seven years, he has written extensively about their world-views and life-ways and, on the basis of that knowledge and relationship, campaigned extensively for their social, territorial and environmental rights. Over the years Dario has also worked closely with a number of indigenous organizations. More recently, he helped establish ALDAW, a regional advocacy network that provides indigenous and local people with the information and communication tools necessary protect their lands against the onslaught of large-scale mining and palm oil agribusiness that is ravaging their lands. He recently received the prestigious Paul K. Feyerabend Award, in recognition for his contribution to human rights and environmental justice. Amay in Mintapod village, Bukidnon province, Mindanao Island (Photo: Arian M. Santos, 2005). Datu Mantangkilan Cumantang, also known as Amay (Father), is a well-respected figure not only within the community of Mintapod, where he is the Datu (Leader), but also among all the Higaonon people of northern Mindanao Island. Amay was awarded the Field Fellowship on the basis of his long-standing and profound commitment to cultural and environmental renewal among his people and, especially, for his efforts at securing the protection of Mt. Kimangkil, a sacred mountain to the Higaonon and the source of most of Mindanao Island’s major rivers. Amay and his allies have maintained an active and peaceful opposition to commercial logging, mining, oil palm plantations and violent insurgents, but this has come at a cost: many Datus have been murdered or injured, and Amay has had to go into hiding several times. During his time as Field Fellow, Amay worked to strengthen customary law, promoting its transmission to the younger generation and its application to securing their territories, well-being and livelihoods. Jenne de Beer is widely considered to be the “father” of the Non-Timber Forest Products movement by his many Asian collaborators. Through his work as a researcher, advocate and writer, he drew global attention to the key contribution of forest products to local livelihoods and their huge potential for the sustainable use of forests. His extensive work at the grassroots level throughout South and Southeast Asia not only helped academics and decision-makers to develop a critical understanding of this sector, but also served to empower forest-based communities, helping them mobilize around the use of their forest products to protect their ancestral homelands and guarantee their livelihoods. During his Field Fellowship, Jenne continued to support the long-term traditional resource rights of Indigenous peoples in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Vietnam and Cambodia, focusing on the key role that traditional foodways play in cultural and environmental renewal. Miguel Alexiades was the first ISE Darrell Posey Field Fellow. An anthropologist and ethnobotanist by training, Miguel Alexiades has worked since 1985 with Ese Eja peoples in the border regions of Amazonian Peru and Bolivia, with the intent of developing the synergies that exist between research and advocacy, or between understanding and social change. Working closely with the regional Indigenous federation FENAMAD (Federación Nativa del Río Madre de Dios y Afluentes), Miguel helped establish a number of initiatives relating to the revival and application of Indigenous knowledge to the environment, human health and well-being. The Field Fellowship supported his work helping the Ese Eja to map and document their cultural knowledge linked to their traditional homelands. This was done in order to support claims relating to resource and land rights, including their hunting and fishing rights in the Bahuaja-Sonene (Peru) and Madidi (Peru) National Parks, and as a tool for redressing some of the effects of social and territorial fragmentation caused by the colonization of the area in the last century.

https://www.dpfellowship.com/field

comments in relation to the report. I consider the report a comprehensive document that will be of use to the mineral industry, and those dealing with the industry, for some time into the future. Representatives of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission attended two of the workshops last year to discuss the MMSD Australia process and materials, read the research reports, and I have previously made written submissions to MMSD Australia (see my letter of 14 November 2001 and 1 February 2002). It appears the report has accounted for the majority of the points raised through all these processes. Importantly, human rights matters are reflected in various parts of the report. Following my concern about their absence from some of the research material and related discussions, this is a welcome and important inclusion which has improved the report's relevance and credibility. 1 Commendable points In addition to the general comments above I wish to specifically commend five areas in the report. (a) The discussion under the section 'Some words about sustainable development' identifies 'elements of critical importance to [sustainable development and] the mining and minerals sector includ[ing] intergenerational equity ... intragenerational equity the precautionary principle [and] cultural diversity' (p26). The report, correctly, indicates that safeguarding these elements requires 'recognition of the rights of communities and other stakeholders' . I discuss, below (in section 3), how a rights based approach could be usefully reflected in other areas of the report. (b) On several occasions last year, there appeared to be divergent approaches as to what MMSD Australia should focus on (namely, is it 'how to make mining sustainable', or more 'locating mining within the greater scope of sustainable development'?). Therefore, the report's discussion of this issue is appropriate and I am encouraged the narrower, insular view is not taken up, with the report noting 'The MMSD Australia process recognised the need to ensure that industry is fully accountable for the adverse environmental and social effects of its activities' (p29). (c) The report's summary of 'critical issues' serves to focus attention on the key matters covered in MMSD Australia. I congratulate the report's statement that 'Companies need to demonstrate that operations are established with the prior informed consent of the local indigenous communities. This means fully informing traditional owners on the implications of projects - and, where necessary, enabling those owners to obtain independent advice - and resisting the temptation to proceed by creeping, incremental concession' (p36). This is in accordance with the human rights principles outlined in my earlier submissions and for companies to embrace such an approach can only assist in better relationships between Indigenous people and miners over land use and management. (d) The report spends a short time addressing statements of company values and business principles. I agree with the report's comment that 'companies need to integrate those principles fully into decision-making and operations to ensure they are enforced throughout the organisation' (p48). There is little achieved where company values or principles remain merely a public-relations exercise and are not reflected in the company's activities. (e) I am most encouraged by the discussion in the section 'Managing Australia's Mineral Wealth'. As I have previously noted to AMEEF, the research paper prepared by Mr Willet provides useful information on the economics and regulation of Australia's mineral industry. Some of Mr Willett's work is summarised in the report. I expressed concern, both in writing and during MMSD meetings, that various matters, including Indigenous rights, cannot be analysed solely in terms of dollars. I agree with the report's assessment (p77) that: Purely economic criteria are clearly not sufficient to determine issues of land access. The mining industry must accept, for example, that mineral deposits in areas of high biodiversity or cultural value may be off limits. This is not a particularly new proposition for Australia, which has long had a similar regime for National Parks. Long standing mineral sand mining was stopped on Fraser Island, the vast area of the Great Barrier Reef is protected from any mining or exploration activity and mining of the promising deposits of Coronation Hill was not permitted for cultural reasons. 2 Matters to be corrected There are two aspects of the report that I think are factually inaccurate, and you may wish to consider my comments below. (a) The report states that the Wik case determined 'that native title rights were not necessarily extinguished by the grant of pastoral (and by implication, mining) leases' (p65). The discussion of mining leases in this manner could be confusing. The report is correct in saying that Wik established that native title is not necessarily extinguished by pastoral leases - the High Court reasoned that it was necessary to consider the type of lease in question (some leases granted exclusive possession and were inconsistent with the continued recognition of native title, whereas other leases did not have this effect). Mining leases, although not the focus of Wik, often give the miner exclusive possession of the land and such rights as may 'extinguish' native title. However, the significance of Wik for mining tenements (it is all mining tenements - not just mining leases) is that many of them are located on pastoral leases. If native title rights could not exist on any pastoral lease, the mining tenement need not consider the issue of native title. Perhaps the relevant paragraph could be better worded as follows: In 1996 the High Court determined - in the Wik case - that native title rights were not necessarily extinguished by the grant of pastoral (and by implication, mining) leases. This had implications for the mining industry because numerous mining tenements are located on pastoral leases. Elements of the mining industry - and some State governments - conducted a fierce and ultimately highly damaging campaign against native title rights. (b) The second aspect is the statement 'expedited mechanisms exist under the Native Title Act for the protection of cultural heritage sites, but some indigenous organisations advocate against their use' (pp69-70). I understand this is a reference to the 'expedited procedure' under the Native Title Act ('NTA') and I find this statement inaccurate for the following reason. The 'expedited procedure' (NTA ss32 and 237) is an exception to the right to negotiate. This procedure allows the government to grant mining rights over land, without following the standard negotiation procedure, where the government considers granting the tenement is not likely to: (a) directly interfere with community or social activities, (b) interfere with significant areas or sites, AND (c) involve major disturbance to land (see 237, NTA). Contrary to this process, various governments use the expedited procedure in a 'blanket' fashion applying it to any mineral tenement other than a mining lease. Some governments continue such use of the expedited procedure, notwithstanding that the National Native Title Tribunal ('Tribunal') has repeatedly ruled, and various parties have agreed, that numerous non 'mining lease' tenements cannot be granted under the NTA's expedited procedure. These cases from the Tribunal show that government 'blanket' use of the expedited procedure is incorrect because numerous non 'mining lease' tenements have been adjudged inappropriate for the expedited procedure. You can understand why I believe it inaccurate to state 'expedited mechanisms exist for the protection of cultural heritage sites'. In some instances, it is the very opposite of this - ie. the Tribunal has over-ruled the government's desire to use the expedited procedure because such use would have damaged 'cultural heritage sites'. I suggest it may be better to word this section of the report as follows: Expedited mechanisms exist under the Native Title Act for [deleted: the protection of cultural heritage sites] 'fast-tracking' mineral tenements that are considered to be 'low-impact', but some indigenous organisations advocate against their use in order to protect native title rights. This is a source of frustration to exploration companies and State governments. 3 Indigenous human rights There are several other areas where I consider the report's analysis has not fully addressed the situation of Indigenous people in relation to the mining industry. I raise these points from a recognition, which I assume is uncontroversial, that in relation to activities affecting Indigenous people's traditional lands and lifestyles, Indigenous people have pre-existing rights. These rights derive from various human rights treaties which require Indigenous people's culture, land and resources be protected. In addition, in relation to these activities, Indigenous people have a right to effectively participate in the decision-making process. Where companies do not respect the human rights of Indigenous people it is incumbent on governments who are signatories to these treaties to regulate to ensure their treaty obligations are met. Thus it can be seen that, from a human rights perspective and based on international law, corporate responsibility in relation to such activities is not a matter of choice, but an imperative. This perspective is not fully developed in the report Rather the report's characterisation of Indigenous people is that of simply 'another stakeholder' with the same right to participate as any other affected group. This ignores the particular rights - civil, political, economic, cultural and social - that Indigenous people have at international law. I have explained this in my submission to a Commonwealth Parliamentary Committee considering the effect of Australia's (voluntarily-assumed) obligations under the International Covenant on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: The Convention requires that State Parties balance the rights of different groups identifiable by race. An appropriate balance based on the notion of equality is not between miners, pastoralists, fishing interests, governments and Indigenous people, but between the rights - civil, political, economic, cultural and social - of Indigenous and non-Indigenous titleholders. I raise these points in relation to two parts of the report. (a) The 'critical issues' section should indicate that the necessity for 'prior informed consent of local indigenous communities' (p36), is not limited to simply 'safeguarding cultural diversity'. The effective participation of Indigenous people is an issue of relevance to each of the areas identified as critical issues: resource management, fair distribution of benefits, engaging stakeholders, and delivering lasting benefits to communities. Restricting effective Indigenous participation to cultural issues such as heritage, overlooks the importance of Indigenous participation in the economic development of their land and resources. (b) The discussion of Indigenous rights in the 'Mining and Indigenous Communities' section could, in my view, be improved with the following amendments (p65): Indigenous property rights derive from the traditional laws of Indigenous people. Prior to Mabo, the indigenous system of law and culture was [deleted: seen as inferior to the Western system, and indigenous property rights were vulnerable to extinguishment or impairment under] not recognised by the common law. Mabo and the Commonwealth Parliament's Native Title Act 1993 were based on the recognition of indigenous laws and customs that pre-existed the acquisition of sovereignty in Australia. [insert following sentence from below] The Native Title Act allowed indigenous groups [deleted: to lay claim to unallocated Crownseek formal recognition and protection of their traditional rights in] land to which they had a clear cultural connection. [Deleted: Through these developments, Indigenous people gained some rights in relation to their traditional lands, although these are still characterised as inferior to Western property rights and vulnerable to extinguishment or impairment. Native title rights, in most Court decisions, company agreements, and parliamentary laws, have to yield to any valid non-Indigenous property right in the same land.] If you have any questions regarding this matter, please contact John Southalan. John's direct telephone number is (02) 9284 9728, or you can use e-mail to johnsouthalan@humanrights.gov.au Yours faithfully Dr William Jonas AM Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner 1. eg '[The Western Australian] Department of Minerals and Petroleum Resources asserts, as a matter of policy, that tenure other than mining leases (in particular exploration and prospecting licence applications), attract the expedited procedure', Technical Taskforce on Mineral Tenements and Land Title Applications, Final Report, Government of Western Australia, Perth, 2001, p157. 2. Examples of recent cases include Freddie -v- Western Australia & Povey (19 December 2001, Member Stuckey-Clarke), Velickovic -v- Western Australia & o'rs (8 June 2001, Member Franklyn), and Young on behalf of the Ngadju People -v- Western Australia & South Coast Metals (7 June 2001, Member Sosso). There are also many cases where, after the native title party has had to prepare and lodge an objection to the expedited procedure, the tenement application has been withdrawn or the expedition notice dropped. This indicates either the government or applicant did not want, or was unable to justify, that tenement's proceeding under the expedited procedure. Recent cases of this type include Gulngarring & Luwanbi on behalf of the Warai -v- Northern Territory of Australia & o'rs (19 December 2001, Member Sosso), Johnny & o'rs for the Kunapa/Kurtinja/Mangirriji and Kunakiji/Lurrkunu Peoples -v- Northern Territory & Rio Tinto Exploration (28 November 2001, Member Franklyn), and Lansen on behalf of the Mara, Alawa,Yanyuwa and Gurdanji Peoples -v- Northern Territory & North Mining Limited (22 October 2001, Member Sumner). 3. Freddie -v- Western Australia & Povey (National Native Title Tribunal, 19 December 2001, Member Stuckey-Clarke) 4. Submission of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Native Title and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Fund, see Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, Native Title Report 2000, Human Rights & Equal Opportunity Commission, Sydney, 2001, p187-188 (footnotes omitted). Last updated 12 June 2002.

https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/submissions-draft-report-mmsd-australia-project-2001

Indigenous Cultural Property Law is a complex and evolving area of law that encompasses a wide range of issues related to the protection of Indigenous knowledge. The laws in this area are designed to recognize the unique relationship that Indigenous peoples have with their cultural heritage and to ensure their rights to their cultural heritage are respected and protected. I developed a particular interest in Indigenous Cultural Property Law at COP 27, which was often mentioned in conversations with Indigenous leaders and environmental activists. In many countries, Indigenous Cultural Property Law is closely linked to laws related to protecting archaeological sites and managing cultural heritage more broadly. This can include laws that regulate the excavation of archaeological sites, the treatment and preservation of cultural artifacts, and the repatriation of cultural objects that have been removed from Indigenous communities. In addition to addressing issues related to the physical protection of cultural heritage, Indigenous Cultural Property Law also addresses the intangible aspects of Indigenous cultures, such as traditional knowledge, spiritual practices, and oral histories. In international law, Indigenous Cultural Property Law is supported by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), which is the key reference for the promotion and protection of Indigenous rights around the world. Importantly, this declaration affirms the rights of Indigenous peoples to self-determination and recognizes their right to maintain and strengthen their institutions, cultures, and traditions. It also recognizes the right of Indigenous peoples to the lands, territories, and resources they have traditionally owned and occupied. As the UNDRIP recognizes, Indigenous peoples should take a prominent role in decision-making that affect their rights and lives. At COP 27, however, Indigenous communities’ claims were notoriously absent from negotiation rooms and the cover text. In large part, thanks to the events happening in the Blue Zone and the Indigenous Peoples Pavilion, I had access to indigenous voices who shared their knowledge and solutions to the climate crisis. As I reflect on the critical takeaways from COP 27, I decided to amplify a set of claims using Indigenous Cultural Property Law as a framework. Here are some of the lessons I learned from Indigenous communities at COP 27: - We are urged to protect traditional ecological knowledge. Indigenous peoples deeply understand their local environment and the impacts of climate change on their lands. Traditional forms of knowledge ought to be understood as scientific and empirical, with important lessons to support policymaking in the era of climate change. Indigenous Cultural Property Law can be used to recognize and protect this traditional ecological knowledge, which would inform decisions related to environmental law and policy. - Climate Policy must ensure the preservation of cultural sites and landscapes. Many Indigenous cultural sites and landscapes have significant ecological value and are often located in areas particularly vulnerable to climate change. Indigenous Cultural Property Law can help protect these sites and landscapes, which would preserve critical habitats that are essential for biodiversity. - The recognition of Indigenous peoples’ rights is critical for climate governance. Climate change can have a significant impact on the rights of Indigenous peoples, including their access to land, water, and other resources. Indigenous Cultural Property Law can be used to recognize and protect these rights and to ensure that Indigenous peoples have a meaningful role in decision-making processes related to climate change. - We need increased consultation and participation of Indigenous peoples. Indigenous Cultural Property Law can be used to ensure that Indigenous peoples are consulted and participate in decision-making processes, especially when energy and water projects impact their lands. This can include the assessment of the potential impacts of projects on Indigenous cultural heritage and the development of protection, monitoring, and mitigation measures to address these impacts. - Promoting climate justice also calls for the repatriation of cultural heritage. Climate change can threaten cultural heritage and the disappearance of sacred components of Indigenous cultures. Indigenous Cultural Property Law can be used to support the repatriation of cultural heritage that has been removed from Indigenous communities, which can help ensure that these objects are protected and preserved for future generations. It is important to note that the Indigenous Cultural Property Law alone is not enough to address the challenges of climate change; it should be combined with other measures related to protecting people and the environment. The adoption and development of Indigenous Cultural Property Law should involve greater participation and consultation of Indigenous peoples in decision-making related to protecting and managing their cultural heritage in all of its forms. This should include recognizing and supporting Indigenous peoples’ rights to control access to their cultural heritage and determine the use and management of their lands and resources. If you’d like to learn more about Indigenous perspectives at COP 27, read here. For more on Indigenous Cultural Property Law, check out this article.

https://climateblue.org/2023/01/16/indigenous-cultural-property-law-is-important-for-climate-change-policy-lessons-from-indigenous-communities-at-cop-27/

# Recognition of Native American sacred sites in the United States The Recognition of Native American sacred sites in the United States could be described as "specific, discrete, narrowly delineated location on Federal land that is identified by an Indian tribe, or Indian individual determined to be an appropriately authoritative representative of an Indian religion, as sacred by virtue of its established religious significance to, or ceremonial use by, an Indian religion". The sacred places are believed to "have their own 'spiritual properties and significance'". Ultimately, Indigenous peoples who practice their religion at a particular site, they hold a special and sacred attachment to that land sacred land. Among multiple issues regarding the human rights of Indigenous Peoples is the protection of these sacred sites. During colonization, Europeans claimed governance over the lands of numerous native tribes. After decolonization, Indigenous groups still fought federal governments to regain ownership of their ancestral lands, including the sacred sites and places. This conflict between the Indigenous groups has risen in the United States in recent years and the rights to the protection of sacred sites has been discussed through United States constitutional law and legislature. The Religion Clauses of the First Amendment assert that the United States Congress has to separate church and state. The struggle to gain legal rights over the Glen Cove burial grounds in California is among many disputes between Indigenous groups and the federal government over sacred lands. ## United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted by the United Nations in 2007. The declaration emphasizes the right of Indigenous peoples, some of which include the protection of sacred sites and their religious practices. Articles 11, 12, and 25 of the Declaration specifically addresses these rights. ### Article 11 Article 11 of the Declaration states: Indigenous peoples have the right to practise and revitalize their cultural traditions and customs. This includes the right to maintain, protect and develop the past, present and future manifestations of their cultures, such as archaeological and historical sites, artefacts, designs, ceremonies, technologies and visual and performing arts and literature States shall provide redress through effective mechanisms, which may include restitution, developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples, with respect to their cultural, intellectual, religious and spiritual property taken without their free, prior and informed consent or in violation of their laws, traditions and customs. ### Article 12 Article 12 of the Declaration States: Indigenous peoples have the right to manifest, practise, develop and teach their spiritual and religious traditions, customs and ceremonies; the right to maintain, protect, and have access in privacy to their religious and cultural sites; the right to the use and control of their ceremonial objects; and the right to the repatriation of their human remains. States shall seek to enable the access and/or repatriation of ceremonial objects and human remains in their possession through fair, transparent and effective mechanisms developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples concerned. ### Article 25 Article 25 of the Declaration states: Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or otherwise occupied and used lands, territories, waters and coastal seas and other resources and to uphold their responsibilities to future generations in this regard. ## Applying the United States Legal System ### Religion Clauses Indigenous peoples in the United States argued that they have the right to protect sacred sites on the grounds of religious freedom. The Religion Clauses of the First Amendment have been two main documents discussed in the dispute of sacred sites protection. #### Free Exercise Clause & Establishment Clause The Free Exercise Clause and the Establishment Clause prevents the United States federal government from establishing a religion by emphasizing the separation of church and state. However, the basis of the Establishment Clauses causes a problem with regards of the protection of religious practices of religious liberties by the federal government. ### Article VI of United States Constitution While the Religious Clause may puts limits on the actions of the federal government with regards to sacred sites protection, Article Six of United States Constitution require Congress to treat "’Indian affairs as a unique area of federal concern’". Any legal relationship between both parties is treated with special consideration in the basis that Indigenous peoples have become dependent on the United States government after the land was taken from them. As John R. Welch et al. states, "the government 'has charged itself with moral obligations of the highest responsibility and trust'". The federal government has a responsibility to maintain the agreements it made with the Indigenous peoples through the treaties. The federal government should "manage Indian trust lands and their bounties in the best interests of beneficiaries". ### American Indian Religious Freedom and Restoration Act The American Indian Freedom and Restoration Act, or the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA), was passed by congress in 1978. The act was passed to recognize Indigenous people's religious practices by not limiting access to sacred sites. The AIRF also obliges federal agencies to administer laws to "evaluate their policies in consultation" with Indigenous groups to assure that their religious practices are protected. Nonetheless, Arizona Democratic Representative Morris K. Udall who cosponsor of AIRFA asserted that the Act does "not create legal rights" and "'depends on Federal administrative good will'" for it to be applied. Consequently, Indigenous groups are not able to effectively use AIRFA in their fight against public land management agencies. ### Religious Freedom Restoration Act The Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) prohibits the federal government from restricting or burdening a person's exercise of religion. Under the RFRA, a plaintiff can present a case by showing that the federal government's actions burdens his ability to exercise his religion. Still, although the law is not a procedural law and protects the free exercise of minority religion, it does not protect religious activities conflicting with government's land use ### National Environmental Policy Act The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a national policy that promotes better environmental conditions by preventing the government from making damaging the environment. This Act relates to the sacred sites protection because it promotes and encourage a "harmonious" relationship between humans and the environment Furthermore, because this Act is a procedural law, those who bring a suit to the law must "allege a legal flaw in the process the agency followed to comply with NEPA such that the agency's final decision was reached without a complete understanding of the true effects of the action on the quality of the environment. ### National Historic Preservation Act The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) is procedural law that implements "a program for preservation of historic properties across the United States for reasons including the ongoing loss and alteration of properties important to the nation's heritage and to orient the American people to their cultural and historical foundations". ### Executive Order 13007 On May 24, 1996, President Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 13007. Under this order, executive branch agencies are required to: "(1) accommodate access to and ceremonial use of Indian sacred sites by religious practitioners and (2) avoid adversely affecting the physical integrity of such sites". This order holds management of Federal lands of taking the appropriate procedures to ensure that Indigenous peoples governments are involved in actions involving sacred sites. ## Glen Cove (Ssogoréate) Sacred Burial Sites Glen Cove, also known as Sogorea Te or Ssogoréate, is located in Vallejo, California and is a ceremonial and burial ground for native tribes living near the area for over 3,500 years. These tribes include the Ohlone, Patwin, Miwok, Yokuts, and Wappo. The Greater Vallejo Recreation District (GVRD)and the City of Vallejo wanted to turn the burial ground into a public park since 1988. The construction on the site requires removing the burials and sacred objects. The affected Indigenous tribes fought against the developing the land, claiming that doing so is a violation of their human and religious rights. They insist that the site means more to them than the members of the public, saying, "It is one of the few surviving remnants of our history on this land." In protest of the GVRD development, The Protect Glen Cove Committee and the Board of Directors of Sacred Sites Protection (SSP&RIT) called for Indigenous activists to assemble at Glen Cove. Beginning April 14, 2011, Indigenous tribes and supporters began occupying the area by organizing daily spiritual gatherings and ceremonies. On July 19, 2011, after 98 days of occupation and spiritual ceremonies, the Committee to Protect Glen Cove announced that the Indigenous tribes have won the jurisdiction over the land. The Yocha Dehe and Cortina tribes established a cultural easement and settlement agreement, which grants the tribes "legal oversight in all activities taking place on the sacred burial grounds of Sogoreate/Glen Cove".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_of_Native_American_sacred_sites_in_the_United_States

Orang Asli children during WASH programme. In commemoration of International World Indigenous People’s day, we explore the ongoing challenges of access to health for Indigenous communities. Drawing on an example from the Orang Asli community in Malaysia, we outline the potential entry points for overcoming some of the challenges, noting in particular the resilience and leadership of women in the communities. Globally, Indigenous people make up about 5% of the total population, but are also ~15% of the world’s extreme poor. Indigenous peoples are ethnically distinct, usually minority groups, who are recognised as belonging to a territory prior to colonial occupation or designation as a nation state. Compared to non-indigenous communities, health disparities remain stark. In most regions, their life expectancies are lower and they present with higher rates of malnutrition, chronic illnesses including diabetes, and higher reports of violence and injury, including self-harm and suicides. Many communities have been displaced having lost access and rights of use to land, which has been taken over for the purposes of development. Experiences of discrimination and poverty have resulted in poor utilisation of public services such as health and education facilities. These disparities are evident in countries worldwide regardless of national wealth and standards of available health services. In recognition of the loss of individual and collective human rights, the UN has set an essential, international standard in efforts to eliminate human rights violations, discrimination and marginalisation of the world’s Indigenous peoples. The UN also seeks to celebrate the achievements and contributions that Indigenous peoples make in the world, and to advocate for the promotion and protection of their rights. The Orang Asli (original people) make up 0.7% of the population in Peninsular Malaysia and 63% in East Malaysia. The Orang Asli face significantly poorer poor health outcomes than the majority, non-indigenous society. Between 2003 – 2007, infant mortality rate was estimated to be double the national figure. Among Orang Asli children, the prevalence and intensity of parasite infections remain high, up to 90% in some communities. These poor health outcomes are a consequence of complex interactions between socio-economic, living and working conditions. This is despite a raft of national government policies aimed at improving the quality of life for Orang Asli communities. A limited awareness of available health services, language barriers, and differing cultural practices are just some of the factors contributing to the problem of poor health in indigenous communities. As such, healthcare services are often poorly equipped to deal with treating patients from indigenous communities. In Malaysia, the local Orang Asli or ‘Original People’, are often viewed by authorities as ‘backward, ignorant and resistant to modern health services’, and therefore responsible for their poor state of health. Furthermore, healthcare professionals are often unaware of the cultural health beliefs and practices of indigenous groups, which can lead to ineffective and sometimes detrimental service delivery. Because of misaligned beliefs and visions, indigenous communities may display unresponsiveness, and even resistance, towards healthcare professionals. A lack of clean, easily accessible water is a problem for many Orang Asli communities. For those living in forests, water sources may be far away from settlements. This forces families, usually the women, to travel long distances to collect and carry back heavy pails of water. These challenges mean that water is treated as a precious resource – the same load of water is commonly used for washing clothes and then bathing. Some communities live on plantations where pesticides are commonly used. Despite this, water from open wells is used for household chores, cooking and drinking. The Global Peace Foundation, an international non-profit organization, has been working with several Orang Asli communities to address the issue of clean water. Dr. Teh Su Thye, CEO of the Malaysian office, said “the lack of clean water has resulted in health issues like skin and waterborne diseases, where many complain of skin rashes and itchiness on many parts of their bodies”. Diarrhoea is also common and has led to the hospitalisation of children. Over a series of observations, interviews and workshops, community members began to describe their water challenges to Dr Teh and his team. Problems of water scarcity, the absence of proper sanitation and poor hygiene habits were some of the concerns expressed by the Orang Asli community. These water-related health challenges were actively addressed by the Global Peace Foundation by implementing water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes. One such program is the Communities Unite for Purewater (CUP) initiative. It is a collaboration between the Global Peace Foundation and Orang Asli villages. Villages have been given easy to use water filters to make sure that everyone has access to clean water. This is combined with a fun, interactive community awareness session where people, mostly women and children, learn the importance of handwashing, how to do it properly and other key behaviours for good hygiene. Social Innovation for health works best when initiatives are created with communities and not just for communities. Taking the time to build relationships and trust is a vital part of any remedy to alleviate complex health and social problems. The work that the Global Peace Foundation Malaysia has done is an example of this. For programmes to be truly sustainable, they must be integrated into national health systems. This requires the combined efforts of the many actors involved from communities and NGOs, through to Ministries of Health and other policy makers. To bridge the gap between bottom-up initiatives and top-down policies, a shift in mentality must take place. The provision of public health services must be inclusive of and responsive to the needs of the Indigenous People, rather than one that reinforces the community’s dependency on the state. In truly ensuring that no one gets left behind, it is important that all health issues that are facing Indigenous Peoples are viewed from their point of view. ‘Health for all’ does not mean that solutions are ‘one size fits all’.

https://iigh.unu.edu/publications/articles/health-for-all-indigenous-peoples-included.html

The Good Project supports education, healthcare, and preservation programs for the Yanomami people through intercultural and participatory perspectives. We document, learn, and share their way of life to foster cross-cultural awareness, and promote the recognition and protection of indigenous rights and ancestral lands. Health The Yanomami have unique knowledge and skill sets in healing the sick and maintaining health. However, as communities integrate with the national society, they are faced with novel challenges such as introduced diseases, public health concerns, and the intersection of bio medicine and shamanism. Intercultural Education Article 14 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples states that “Indigenous peoples have the right to establish and control their educational systems and institutions providing education in their own languages, in a manner appropriate to their cultural methods of teaching and learning.” The Good Project supports existing programs that provide intercultural and bilingual education for indigenous people. Research The more we can close our knowledge gap in how diet, lifestyles, and the human microbiome are linked to health and well-being, the better equipped the world can be to fight disease from the jungles to urban cities. Raising Awareness “Education gives us the chance to understand that we are all tied together as citizens of the global community, and that our challenges are interconnected.” — Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary-General. The Good Project participates in intercultural programs in schools and communities worldwide to promote the importance of studying indigenous peoples and the need to protect them.

https://www.jointhegoodproject.org/copy-of-home

The books, magazines, documents and websites featured on this page are offered as useful educational resources. Fragments of Extinction The sound excerpts on this website have been optimized for personal headphones. Selected from hundreds of hours of field recordings, these excerpts provide only a small sample of the many habitats documented but give an idea of the variety and complexity of the sonic environments investigated in the project Fragments of Extinction. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 2018 Please click here to access and download the full report as a PDF document . Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature The Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature is a network that connects organizations that promote the recognition, guarantee and protection of the rights of nature. It does this as a transversal idea for all organizations, in order to recognise nature as a subject of rights, to change the unsustainable pattern that the planet and humanity are facing. Please click on the link above to view the entire site for Rights of Nature; a fascinating source of materials and information. Rights of Nature: The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund Rights of Nature: The Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund is working with communities that recognize that environmental protection cannot be attained under a structure of law that treats natural communities and ecosystems as property. Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund are dedicated to “Building sustainable communities by assisting people to assert their right to local self-government and the rights of nature.” Awakening the Dreamer Symposium The Awakening the Dreamer, Changing the Dream Symposium is an interactive transformational workshop that inspires participants to play a role in creating a new future: an environmentally sustainable, spiritually fulfilling, and socially just human presence on this planet. Through the symposiums around the world, thousands of participants are transforming their relationship with themselves and with planet earth. Earth Justice(Developing a New Jurisprudence) Given that environmental laws have not been able to instill in humans the true spirit of environment protection and are not entirely successful, Earth Justice aims to create a new jurisprudence by advocating the ‘Rights of Nature’. It recommends the creation of a blueprint for a new set of rights which has found expression in some of the legal systems around the world. The book also looks at different ways and means in which cultural and traditional tenets, which foster environment protection, can be internalised into law. The ultimate aim is to change the anthropocentric approach of the environmental legal regime and foster the growth of an ecocentric approach. The Rights of Nature: A Legal Revolution That Could Save the World Lawyers from California to New York are fighting to gain legal rights for chimpanzees and killer whales, and lawmakers are ending the era of keeping these intelligent animals in captivity. In Hawaii and India, judges have recognized that endangered species — from birds to lions — have the legal right to exist. Around the world, more and more laws are being passed recognizing that ecosystems — rivers, forests, mountains, and more — have legally enforceable rights. And if nature has rights, then humans have responsibilities. In The Rights of Nature, noted environmental lawyer David Boyd tells this remarkable story, which is, at its heart, one of humans as a species finally growing up. Read this book and your world view will be altered forever. Eradicating Ecocide In Eradicating Ecocide, international environment lawyer and Ecocide law expert Polly Higgins sets out to demonstrate how our planet is fast being destroyed by the activities of corporations and governments, facilitated by 'compromise' laws that offer insufficient deterrence. She offers a solution that is radical yet pragmatic, and, as she explains, necessary. This is the first book to examine the power of law to change everything. Higgins provides context by presenting examples of laws in other countries and in earlier times in history which have succeeded in curtailing the power of governments, corporations and banks, and have triggered change. Eradicating Ecocide is a crash course on what laws work, what doesn't and what else is required to prevent the ever escalating destruction. Eradicating Ecocide provides a comprehensive overview of what is required in law in order to prevent ecocide. It is a book unlike any other; based on the principle of 'first do no harm', it applies equally to global as well as smaller communities and anyone who is involved in decision-making. Wild Law: A Manifesto for Earth Justice We are rapidly destroying our only habitat, Earth. It is becoming clear that many of the treaties, laws and policies concluded in recent years have failed to slow down, let alone halt or reverse, this process. Cormac Cullinan shows that the survival of the community of life on Earth (including humans) requires us to alter fundamentally our understanding of the nature and purpose of law and governance, rather than merely changing laws. In describing what this new ‘Earth governance’ and ‘Earth jurisprudence’ might look like, he also gives practical guidance on how to begin moving towards it. Wild Law fuses politics, legal theory, quantum physics and ancient wisdom into a fascinating and eminently readable story. It is an inspiring and stimulating book for anyone who cares about Earth and is concerned about the direction in which the human species is moving. Carbon Trade Watch Why Indigenous communities are saying NO to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) mechanism. A READER: a collection of articles written by REDD Monitor, Global Justice Ecology Project, Censat Agua Viva, Amazon Watch, Acción Ecológica, COECOCEIBA-AT, OFRANEH, World Rainforest Movement, Carbon Trade Watch, RisingTide, ETC Group and Indigenous Environmental Network.

https://www.rightsofmotherearth.com/education

Kinding Sindaw celebrates our 30 year anniversary ! Combining healing chant, thunderous gong, tantric movement, and foodways transmitted by Indigenous rituals, Posaka awakens all the senses in an encounter guided by authentic tradition-bearers visiting from the Southern Philippines. Joining Kinding Sindaw and its New York-based community of musicians, dancers, and martial artists living in diaspora, Posaka is a performance series that explores themes of displacement, resilience, and collective healing through ancestral arts. Photo by Daisy Wen Kinding Sindaw is an NYC-based nonprofit dance theater company composed of indigenous tradition-bearers, Filipino American artists, and educators from all backgrounds founded in 1992. Kinding Sindaw exists to assert, preserve, reclaim, and re-create the traditions of dance, music, martial arts, storytelling, and orature of the indigenous peoples of Mindanao, Southern Philippines. Founded by a Meranao Bai Labi , Tradition and Culture Bearer, Potri Ranka Manis, Kinding Sindaw recreates the oral traditions of ancestral art forms from Mindanao and is a resident company of La MaMa Experimental Theater Company. Our mission is to educate and enlighten communities about the history and cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Philippines. Through the use of indigenous music, dance and cultural art forms, we serve as an important educational and cultural resource in New York City. We aim to promote the advocacy for indigenous peoples, as well as increase awareness of universal themes that are part of the human experience. The range of our programs also integrates the health benefits of the ancestral movements that we show and teach to our audiences. Through these cultural art forms, we advocate for the preservation of natural resources that are the livelihood of the Indigenous peoples. Wellness and healing rituals are also embodied in the repertoire of Kinding Sindaw to increase health and healing awareness of participants and audiences.

https://www.lamama.org/shows/posaka-2022

You've probably heard by now that physical inactivity is associated with an increase in risk for a wide range of illnesses, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers among others. Unfortunately, the rates of inactivity go up the older you get. According to survey data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2008 32.7%--almost a third--of adults 65 and over reported NO leisure-time physical activity within the prior month. Recently-updated exercise guidelines from the American College of Sports Medicine call for adults, seniors included, to get at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise each week. For seniors looking to start a workout routine, you should consider these eight factors when you make your plan. 1. Safety first. Medications, vision and hearing problems, illness and inexperience can all affect a senior's ability to exercise safely. You should always get a physician's clearance before beginning a new workout routine, and especially if you're a man over age 45 or a woman over age 55. Certain conditions, like osteoporosis, arthritis, heart disease or diabetes require special care to design a workout routine that is safe and effective. And learning the proper form and exercise technique is essential for a safe workout routine. 2. Start slowly and build up gradually. Listen to your body to find the right level. You should be challenged, but not exhausted or in pain. If you give your body time, it will adapt and get stronger, but if you push too hard at the start, you're likely to get injured or discourage. 3. Include strength building. As you age, you begin to lose muscle mass as well as bone mass, and resistance training helps both problems. Workout routines for seniors should always include some form of resistance training. That could mean a weight lifting program, a workout with elastic bands, or a workout that uses body weight as the resistance. Include strength training 2 or 3 times per week, but leave 48-72 hours for recovery between sessions. 4. Include endurance training. Endurance applies to both muscle endurance and cardiovascular endurance, and it describes your ability to sustain an activity level over time. Using a scale of 0-10 to describe your perceived level of exertion, you should begin a new exercise program in a light to moderate zone of 3-5. As you get more fit, you can gradually increase your exertion level to 6 or 7. Strive to build up to 30-60 minutes of moderate exertion at least five days per week. 5. Include balance elements. As we age, our risk of losing our balance and falling increases. Vision or inner ear problems can affect your balance as can medications you may be taking. Much of our age-related balance trouble, though, is caused by muscle weakness. A lack of core strength and lower body strength can lead to instability and falls. Building that muscle stability along with practicing shifting the center of gravity over a changing base of support can increase balance in seniors. 6. Include flexibility training. Gentle stretching and range of motion exercises can help seniors maintain the flexibility they need to move freely and without pain. Muscles, ligaments and tendons all tend to tighten with age, but regular use can help keep them pliable and loose. It's a good idea to end your workout with a few gentle stretches while the muscles are still warm. 7. Keep it social. For many seniors, the best part about a workout routine is the chance to interact and socialize with others. A group fitness class, or even working out with a trainer can bring an element of socialization that's often missing for seniors. 8. Keep it functional. For seniors, the goal of a workout is less about vanity and more about feeling good and managing the tasks of daily life. A good workout routine for seniors includes exercises that emphasize all five movement patterns that are essential to daily living, including bend and reach, single leg, rotational, pushing and pulling movements. It's never too late to begin a workout routine, and seniors can experience tremendous gains in strength, endurance, balance and flexibility. Workout routines can be easily adapted for seniors at any level of experience and fitness, and the benefits of regular activity last a lifetime.

http://www.primeoflifefitness.com/Fitness-over-40-blog/bid/102219/Workout-Routines-for-Seniors-8-Essential-Factors

What is Strength Endurance? Strength endurance is a measurement of the body's ability to continually perform repetitive acts that require significant expenditure of strength. Many people work hard on aerobic exercises to build endurance, but these are designed to help in performing relatively light activities for a long time. When individuals are trying to build strength endurance, they are more interested in maintaining their maximum strength level for the longest time possible. Training strength endurance involves combining different elements of traditional endurance training and strength training. In the area of sports, strength endurance can be a useful attribute. In many cases, athletes have to use maximum physical exertion for a long period of time or repeatedly with very little rest. An example would be a fighter in a boxing match. Every time he throws a punch, he may use a great deal of strength. Over time, the punches may get weaker as his endurance may begin to falter. If he can maintain that strength for a longer period of time, he can still be punching hard enough to threaten his opponent in the later rounds. This can be contrasted to other sports that generally require a greater focus on pure endurance or pure strength. For example, running a marathon is generally a pure endurance sport because it’s much more focused on a person’s ability to maintain a consistent low-level performance over a long period of time. There are also pure strength events, such as certain weight-lifting sports that allow long rest periods between each outburst of exertion. Overall, these kinds of sports are generally less common than sports that require a mix of both attributes. A common problem with improving strength endurance is finding a balanced exercise regimen. When people try to develop strength, the traditional approach involves exerting force against the greatest resistance possible for a very short amount of time and then resting. Generally, intense levels of resistance require at least some kind of rest period, and for greater levels of resistance, more rest is often required. People who are working on strength endurance often balance this out by shortening the rest period so that the heart rate never gets all the way down to a normal level. For example, in a normal workout, a person may do five bench presses followed by a rest time of five minutes or more. Someone working on strength endurance may do the same exercise and then only rest for about 50 seconds or so before doing it again. Another approach to strength-endurance training is to lift less weight, but perform a lot of repetitions. According to experts, this can work to some extent, but it often fails to achieve the ultimate goal of sustaining maximum resistance ability.

https://www.thehealthboard.com/what-is-strength-endurance.htm

The focus of this analysis is on the biochemical, not so much the biomechanical, although the biochemical responses of the body are closely linked to the forces that one puts on the body. All overuse running injuries could be classified as training errors, and thus, all such injuries could be prevented with the right volume, duration, intensity and frequency of running. The person has too many times put high forces on a certain musculoskeletal structure. This too much is in relation to the resilience of these tissues. Good training applies the right amount stresses, as such that that resilience of, for example tendon tissue, increases, and the person gets fitter. This phenomenon is called “mechanotransduction” and brings about strengthening of the muscle tissue, the tendon’s connective tissue in response to loading regimes . Training programmes reflect the planning of such work outs with the aim of achieving super-compensation without incurring an overuse injury. Super-compensation is the post training period during which the trained function/parameter has a higher performance capacity than it did prior to the training session. Timing of the sessions is important because of the time dependency of muscle protein breakdown and synthesis, which is the mechanism that provides the clearest rational for training adaptation. When the training programme is right, when the right volume, duration, intensity and frequency of, for example running, are right, all such injuries are prevented. The person recovers from the bout and achieves super-compensation: the patient, the client, the athlete is a little bit stronger days after the session. For this to happen, the total muscle protein synthesis needs to be greater than the muscle protein breakdown at every micro-cycle of training. Reviews on the physiology experiments of muscle protein synthesis (MPS), generated over the last 20 years, have reflected on the intensity of the loading and the timing of the loading [5,6]. However these data have not yet been incorporated into a training model that reflects on various intensity workouts throughout a standard micro-cycle: a week. Methodology We have used the evidence from the extensive body of research to describe a training model that optimises both rehabilitation from sports injuries and endurance training. We brought this information into a model graph that presents the fitness and fatigue levels over the period of a week of training. This will guide the athlete and the coach on the intensity levels of the various workouts during a standard micro-cycle of training: a week. Results A certain level of stress is needed to increase a person’s adaptive capacity. Eustress [3,4], typically experienced during lower intensity workouts, will bring about this adaptation in the treatment of sports injuries, such as tendinopathies. Eustress is an old concept, first introduced by Hans Selye 80 years ago. Easy runs in the park, walking up staircases, hikes up and down hills is what gets people fitter, stronger, more resilient. Longer term this is what gets tendon, muscles, bones and joints adapted to withstand stress the forces the human body is designed to endure. We can estimate how long it takes for a certain type session to recover from, which gives us indications of how to build a training programme and achieve super-compensation. Atherton and Smith reviewed the research, especially the recent work using stable isotope tracers. It gave us a lot more information on how the body adapts following bouts of training. It consistently revealed that exercises need to be at intensities greater than 60% of capacity to create any muscle protein synthesis. This muscle protein synthesis takes places in the hours after the exercises, after the training session and never continues for longer than two days. With untrained individuals, the intensity and volume needed to give net muscle synthesis is much lower than with trained athletes. In the trained state exercise-induced increases in MPS are shorter lived and peak earlier than in the untrained state, resulting in a smaller overall muscle protein synthetic response . Therefore, for trained athletes who experience a plateau of performance levels and do not progress any further with their rehabilitation, there is a need to plan training with higher intensity workouts. High intensity exercise leads to muscle protein breakdown that is initially higher than MPS . Exercises with sufficient resistance are needed to induce net muscle synthesis for atrophied muscles and tendons with degeneration after an injury. In a tendon rehabilitation programme the right training programme for the individual, carried out at the right level of forces and duration, is obviously at a reduced level than before the injury occurred. This will give the resilience building that is needed to get tendon regeneration, to get the strength, the elasticity and the endurance back in the tendon. Only the right programme at the right intensity with the right progression will get the athlete back to race fitness, and will lead the untrained office worker back to full health and fitness. These models will guide the athlete and guide the patient and his / her coach, physiotherapist, podiatrist or personal trainer on the intensity levels of the various workouts during a standard micro-cycle of training: a week. An example of an effective micro-cycle of training and rehabilitation is portrayed in the below figure. The athlete only improves their endurance and tendon strength if the sessions after the high intensity session are at a lower intensity. Only then there will be more muscle protein synthesis than muscle protein breakdown with as a result super-compensation. Figure. In this example of fluctuations of muscle endurance levels during a week of training there is a high intensity training session at the start of the week. In the remaining days of the week there are once daily medium and low intensity training sessions. Only after 7 days the athlete achieves “super-compensation” and is ready to put in another high intensity training session. Conclusion The re-building of the muscle and tendon and the recovery from high intensity training sessions and workouts often take up to 7 days. Because the muscle protein synthesis response from a training session only lasts up to 2 days [5,6], a trained person requires further sessions during the week to build their muscles and tendons. The long established principles of training plans and super-compensation used in strength and endurance training need to be used in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of tendinopathies and enthesopathies. References - Oestergaard Nielsen, R. et al (2012), “Training Errors and Running Related Injuries: a systematic review” IntJ Sports Phys Ther., 7(1): 58–75. - Kan, K.M. & Scott, A. (2009), “Mechanotherapy: how physical therapists’ prescription of exercise promotes tissue repair”, Br J Sports Med, 43, 247-251. - Kupriyanov, R. & Zhdanov, R. (2014), “The Eustress Concept: Problems and Outlooks” World Journal of Medical Sciences 11 (2): 179-185. - Szabo et al (2012) “The legacy of Hans Selye and the origins of stress research: A retrospective 75 years after his landmark brief “Letter” to the Editor of Nature”, Stress, 15(5): 472–478. - Atherton, P.J. and Smith, K. (2012) “Muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrition and exercise” J Physiol., 590: 1049–1057. - Damas et al (2015) “A Review of Resistance Training-Induced Changes in Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Their Contribution to Hypertrophy” Sports Med. 45, 801 –807. This article was written by Adri Hartveld (Mr) MSc MCSP and presented at the Staffordshire Conference for Clinical Biomechanics 2017.

https://resilic.com/the-role-of-lower-intensity-workouts-in-achieving-net-muscle-protein-synthesis/

There are many reasons why your body tends to slow down and become more sedentary as the years go by. Perhaps you’ve recognized that your physical strength and athleticism might not be what it was before. You may find that health problems, issues with pain caused by injuries, or a fear of falling stops you from pursuing a more active lifestyle. However, maintaining a regular exercise routine can improve your overall physical and even mental health without causing any additional pain to any preexisting injuries. In honor of National Senior Health Fitness Day Celebrated on Wednesday, May 30, 2018 and in honor of National Senior Health Fitness Day, here are five ways you can be more active without adding any additional pain. As always, it is important to get medical clearance before adding any new exercise program into your routine, especially if you have a preexisting condition. 1. Warm Up and Cool Down Before starting any physical activity, it is important to ensure your body is properly warmed up. A light cardiovascular exercise, such as walking outdoors or on a treadmill, combined with adequate stretching—particularly around the area you will be exercising—helps prepare your body for exercises by gradually increasing your heart rate and circulation, as well as loosen the joints and increase blood flow to the muscles. Like warming up, cooling down is an essential part to any exercise routine. Cooling down after physical activity helps to reduce your heart and breathing rates—helping to avoid fainting or dizziness—as well as gradually cools your body’s temperature. Cool down for 5-10 minutes with a low-intensity activity, such as walking or stretching the area that was focused on. 2. Listen to Your Body While exercise can be strenuous from time to time, it should never be a painful experience. Especially when preexisting conditions are present, it is important to listen to your body for signs of overexertion. Practicing mindfulness as you exercise can be helpful when you’re wanting to avoid additional pain in any areas that may be injured. Recognize how your body feels before and during your exercise in order to avoid any accidents or injuries. If you feel faint, dizzy, short of breath, or develop chest pain, immediately stop your physical activity and call your doctor. 3. Improve Endurance with Aerobics Aerobics is a popular way to improve your endurance at an older age. That is because aerobic activities like swimming and water aerobics are more low-impact exercises that help increase your heart rate, while also being less straining on painful joints, helping to protect preexisting injuries. Other aerobic activities include tai chi, dancing, walking, and cycling. 4. Sneak Strength Training into Your Everyday While you may never have the muscle strength you did in your primitive years, you may be able to build up your strength from what it is right now with simple, everyday activities. Carrying groceries, climbing stairs, and getting up out of a chair are all things that require muscle strength. Small weights, such as 1-2-pound dumbbells, or using your body weight for resistance, can help you complete a variety of activities to help strengthen all of your major muscle groups. 5. Work on Balance and Flexibility If you have a fear of falling, focusing on balance and flexibility might need to become a higher priority for you. Introducing more balance-focused activities into your exercise routine, such as yoga, may help to improve the condition of present injuries, as well as prevent future injuries that may be caused by falling. Steadily introducing less-strenuous activities to your exercise routine can help improve current injuries, as well as armor your body to prevent any future injuries. It is important to always consult with your physician before adding new daily physical activities. However, living a more active lifestyle may help to improve your overall physical and mental state, as well as improving your overall quality of life. If you currently suffer from any condition that contributes to pain in the lower back, contact the trained and knowledgeable chiropractors at MacKenzie SDI. Conveniently located in Coquitlam, MacKenzie SDI has been focused on providing each of their clients with the highest quality of chiropractic care by treating a variety of conditions, including: For more information about how you can live a pain-free life without using potentially harmful medications that only mask your pain, call to schedule your consultation today.

https://mackenziesdi.com/national-senior-health-fitness-day/

When designing an exercise program for a child, it is not as simple as applying the same principles you would to designing an adult program. The same rules do not apply. The challenges may appear to be the same, but they are very different. At the same time, you cannot apply the same fitness assessments to a child that you would give an adult. You need to assess the child in the light of the entire growth process. Knowing that the child and adult are very different, both mentally and physically, you need to take several factors into consideration when assessing clients and designing their exercise programs. When designing a program for a child, you have to take where they are in the growth process into consideration. As a child continues to develop, the physiological processes in the body continue to develop as well. The muscular, skeletal and nervous systems continue to develop as well during the process. However, in an adult, these changes have already been made, and the body has reached its point of homeostasis, and has reached a point of “balance”. Children have immature regulatory systems and temperature control mechanisms compared to an adult. Temperature control of the cardiovascular system is critical for the exercising participant and is more of a challenge for children and adolescents. Their surface area-to-mass ratio is larger than adults which allows for a greater heat exchange by convection and radiation. When designing an exercise program, the trainer needs to keep intensity in mind since children do not sweat as much as adults due to low surface area of the skin compared to adults. They can acclimate to the heat, but it takes them longer than adults. The tendency is to try to do too much too soon. It is recommended to postpone or recommend strenuous activity when heat and humidity are high and making sure plenty of fluids are ingested before, during and after exercise. Thirst is not an accurate guide for fluid need. As their body temperature increases, they can become susceptible to heat exhaustion easier than adults. Children should not be exposed to hot environments (sauna, hot rooms, etc.) for extended periods due to this. Children have immature nervous systems compared to the adult counterpart. Myelination of the nerves is not complete until the age of sexual maturity. The child cannot be expected to have high levels of skill, power, and strength until he or she has reached their neural maturity as well. They simply cannot elicit the same response to training or reach the same skill levels as adults. There are also several differences in the circulatory system between children and adults. As children get older and progress into adolescence, their heart rate progressively declines. However, at childhood, it is normal for a child to have a higher heart rate than an adult if they are performing the same types of exercise. This makes estimation of maximal heart rate by set equations such as 220-age somewhat inaccurate for children and adolescents until the late teenage years. It also means unless there are signs of stress or duress, there is no cause for concern for heart rate values greater than 200 bpm. Healthy individuals should be able to exercise for several minutes at maximal heart rates. In fact, because VO2 max (the greatest amount of oxygen that can be inhaled during aerobic exercise) is relative to the individual’s body weight, VO2 max values are as high as or higher than most adults. Heart rate will return to resting values quicker in children and adolescents than adults. Their maximum heart rate and target heart rates lower due to aging as well. The resting and during exercise systolic blood pressure rises progressively particularly during puberty reaching adult values soon after the growth spurt. Diastolic pressure in both adults and children show very little derivation. When designing aerobic programs for children, you have to take these heart rate differences in consideration. Exercise capacity also increases gradually throughout childhood. Increases/improvements in endurance capacity occur because of increased muscle mass and enhanced oxygen transport and metabolic capacities. Children will experience a decreased heart rate with endurance training, but not to the same extent as adults do. Children as they get older will be able to handle more activity as they mature due to the increase of capacity, and the decreased heart rate. When you compare children to adults, the children have immature skeletal systems and less muscle mass. The immature skeletal system causes fragile bone growth (epiphyseal) centers which when put under very heavy stress, can fracture, causing injury to the growth plates. Very young children should avoid very heavy and strenuous resistance training. This does not mean that all children should avoid resistance training. Trainers, parents, and the children should be responsible enough to not allow maximal effort exercises, and practice proper form and technique to avoid these types of injuries. One of the most promising benefits of strength training may be increased bone mass. Bone mass continues to increase throughout growth and development, but a peak in bone mass is reached at a young adult age. Attaining a higher peak bone mass as a young adult may delay the age at which a loss of bone from aging occurs. A loss of bone later in life, especially among menopausal women, can lead to osteoporosis, causing bones to become increasingly porous, brittle and fragile. As mentioned above, the child contains much less muscle mass than adults. The muscle in adults is stronger as well. Again, the very young should avoid heavy and strenuous resistance training to avoid injury. It has been shown that heavy resistance training will not provide as much value in very young children as in older children. Gains from strength training for preadolescents are generally attributed to neural adaptations and motor learning, rather than circulating androgens. Muscle hypertrophy, or an increase in the cross-sectional area of a muscle, is not usually detected in children as a result of training. Since muscle size has been correlated with strength, studies indicating no increase in muscle hypertrophy implied that strength training was ineffective in younger participants. During the first seven years there is steady growth of the muscles, followed by a slowing trend preceding puberty. There is also much less hormonal activity in children than adults. Children have very low testosterone levels compared to adults. The amount of testosterone in the child increases along with puberty and levels off slowly after puberty ends. During the time of puberty would be the best time to increase strength training and hypertrophy work due to the increasing testosterone and other hormonal changes. Adults and children also have very different ventilation patterns. The primary role of the respiratory system is to provide oxygen and to eliminate carbon dioxide from the muscle cells. The amount of air exchanged per minute is called minute ventilation and is the product of the number of breaths (frequency) times the volume of each breath (tidal volume). Children and adolescents exhibit a higher frequency and lower tidal volume than adults at all intensities. Because rapid breathing is readily noticed, it can be upsetting to a well-intentioned adult. The higher frequency and lower tidal volume is normal and no call for alarm. Children reach adult levels of ventilation at 16-18 years old. Younger children who train for endurance will develop adult type ventilation patterns, such as decreasing their breathing frequency, while increasing their tidal volume. Lung diffusion (spontaneous migration of substances from regions where their concentrations are high to regions where their concentrations are low) capacities are also lower in children than adults due to their lungs not being fully developed.

http://www.totalhumanperformance.net/2010/10/kids-are-the-same-as-adults/

"Do you struggle to motivate yourself to go to a gym?" Sharad Paul, MD, asked me over email. Yes, I thought without blinking. "How many times have you signed on to a gym or fitness center and ended up canceling the membership because you couldn't be bothered?" he continued. More than I'd like to admit on the internet, I said to myself. We were discussing the idea that some people have a predisposition to certain forms of exercise based on their genetic makeup. My genes, I learned, speak to my loathing of a regimented workout schedule. Yes, there are "laziness genes," and I have them. (Thanks, Mom and Dad.) In his book, The Genetics of Health, Paul discusses in great detail the differences in the way we interact with health and exercise based on our DNA. Below, he describes how to tell which exercises you're most likely to excel at based on your corresponding genes. To find out your makeup, test your genes, and then keep reading. 1. Power Genes Power exercises are those that use your body weight—including push-ups, sit-ups, lunges, weight-lifting, and working with resistance bands. Any household chore that involves lifting a weight (grocery bags) or your own weight (climbing stairs) also qualifies. As we get older, it is especially important to maintain power exercises, as they help reduce sugar levels, get rid of excess fat, and improve our posture and brain function. The ACTN3 gene determines if your genes make you a natural at strength and power exercises. It encodes the alpha-actinin-3 protein, which is only expressed in fast-twitch muscle fibers. (They fatigue faster but are used in powerful bursts, like sprinting.) Here's the breakdown: If you have the CC variant of the ACTN3 gene, you are significantly more likely to excel at strength-based activities. If you have the TC variant of the ACTN3 gene, you have a slightly enhanced power and strength potential. 2. Endurance Genes Endurance exercises cause our heart rates to increase, like brisk walking, running, biking, and swimming—anything you'd refer to as "aerobics" or "cardio." VO2 max, or maximal aerobic capacity, is a measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen that your body processes during one minute of exercise and is a marker of your physical fitness. It is no surprise that some people are naturally better bike riders, long-distance runners, or swimmers. With the NFIA-AS2 gene, individuals with the CC variant tend to have greater VO2 max, which is advantageous for endurance exercise such as running or biking. The GSTP1 gene, which codes the enzyme glutathione S-transferase P1, causes great improvement in VO2 max when one is undertaking aerobic training. Together, these genes can predict your genetic advantage for excelling in endurance activities, and in the future, it will be used to predict athletic performance even more. 3. Laziness Genes We now know that individuals who possess the AA or AG variant of the BDNF gene are more likely to experience positive mood changes and exercise for enjoyment. They also perceive their effort and exertion level as lower during exercise compared to individuals who possess the GG variant. In other words, if you have the GG variant, your gym-aversion could be a genetic trait. However, there is hope—the more you practice endurance training, the more you end up expressing new, helpful motivational genes. Studies found that when mice were trained with regular endurance exercises, they activated new genes and had innately high levels of substances that promote tissue growth and health. Next up: The startling connection between your workout and your skin.

https://www.byrdie.com/genetic-testing-for-weight-loss?utm_source=emailshare&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=shareurlbuttons

When it comes to exercising, we are all almost different. What one person could easily do without much effort may seem extremely hard for you. Now, does this mean you are exercise intolerant? Well, in this article, we will be discussing exercise intolerance in detail, you’ll learn what it is and important things you must know about it. So, let’s dive straight in. What Is Exercise Intolerance? Exercise intolerance technically means not being able to tolerate exercising due to some underlying health or physical condition. Someone with weak muscles will be unable to do a plank compared to someone with strong, well-toned muscles. Exercise intolerance is not a disease or syndrome but a symptom of a condition. For us to fully understand the concept of exercise, we have to discuss the components of exercise. What Are The Components Of Exercise? Exercise has various components. These components are usually assessed to ensure that an individual is physically fit and can also help to point out why someone is intolerant to exercise. These components are: 1. Cardiovascular Endurance This involves how the body takes in oxygen, how it is absorbed into the body and how it is circulated through the body by the heart and lungs through blood vessels. For some individuals, running up a flight of stairs makes them breathless. This is either because the body is using up too much oxygen and is not getting enough from the atmosphere or the oxygen carried within the body is not sufficient or the hemoglobin found in the blood to transport oxygen is depleted. 2. Muscle Endurance When it comes to muscle endurance, ask yourself: “How long can I plank for?” Muscle endurance is the ability of the muscle to contract against resistance for a particular period of time. If you try planking for the first time, you might struggle for the first 10 seconds. This means your muscle endurance is poor because your muscles are not contracting long enough against a resistance, which is your body in this case. People living with musculoskeletal disorders tend to have difficulty contracting some muscles to move which makes them unfit. Muscle endurance also helps the body balance. 3. Muscle strength How strong are you? Still using our plank scenario, the contracted muscles provide a force to enable stay in the plank position. The force provided by the muscles is known as muscle strength. The strength in the muscles of your arms and core help you achieve the plank position. 4. Flexibility How mobile are your joints? Flexibility is the ability to move the joints of the body easily and freely. Any flexible person also does not have tight muscles. An easy way to check your flexibility is bending over to touch your toes. If you have to bend your knees before you touch your toes, then you have tight hamstrings. 5. Body Composition This is the percentage break down of the fat and non-fat (muscle, bone, organs, and water) components of the body. The non-fat component of the body is commonly known as lean mass. A healthy body composition has a lower percentage of fat and a higher percentage of lean mass. What Are The Risk Factors For Exercise Intolerance? Some of the risk factors are: 1. Genetic Factors Some medical conditions can be hereditary. Conditions like sickle cell anemia can be passed on from one generation to another. 2. Sedentary lifestyle Majority of us have jobs that confine us to a table and chair for at least 8 hours in a day. From this position, we go into a car, drive home and then when we get home, we go to bed and the cycle goes over and over again. The heart and muscles are not working effectively as they are meant to because some muscles are doing more work than the other and the heart is not tasked to strengthen itself. This sedentary lifestyle can later lead to: - Poor cardiovascular endurance - Poor muscle endurance - Poor muscle strength because there will be an imbalance of muscle strength - Poor flexibility because the weaker muscles get tighter - Poor body composition 3. Bad Diet Habits Improper eating habits can increase the fat mass of the body and can predispose you to obesity. Food provides the energy needed to exercise and also replaces as energy is being used up. The only way energy can be replaced is when we eat a balanced diet. 4. Smoking Smoking is the leading cause of most pulmonary and cardiovascular disorders. Your body needs oxygen to exercise but cigarettes contain carbon monoxide that prevents the oxygen from binding to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells. This reduces the amount of oxygen available to the body’s cells. 5. Alcoholism Excessive intake of alcohol can cause dehydration, which can weaken the body because of inadequate water. It can also affect our balance and coordination as it has a negative effect on our nerve endings. This can affect our exercise performance as well. What Causes Exercise Intolerance? As mentioned earlier, exercise intolerance is a symptom. Medical conditions that offset the components of exercise cause exercise intolerance. Some of these conditions are: 1. Anemia This is a condition in which there is reduced hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin transports oxygen around the body, which helps to keep our cardiovascular system in check. When reduced, it affects the rate at which our body receives oxygen thereby affecting our cardiovascular endurance. 2. Overexertion Most people tend to over exercise a lot to get quick results. This puts a lot of stress on the bones and muscles, which compromise the muscular endurance, muscle strength and flexibility components of exercise. 3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder This is a disorder affecting the lungs in which there is an obstruction of the free flow of oxygen into and out of the lungs. If oxygen inhaled is not effective, the blood will be oxygen deprived and the body will not get enough oxygen. 4. Heart Failure This is a condition in which the heart does not pump blood effectively. If blood is not pumped effectively, oxygen cannot be transported around the body. 5. Hypertension This is a condition where there is an increased pressure within the blood vessels. This gives the heart a lot of work to forcefully pump blood through the blood vessels. 6. Fibromyalgia This is a condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue. Exercising may cause more pain and more fatigue. Other conditions include: - Heart diseases - Pulmonary diseases like asthma - Muscular dystrophy How Do I know If I Have Exercise Intolerance? These signs are not because of the exercises performed but the result of the underlying medical condition and exercises. Ask yourself these questions when looking at the signs mentioned; - “How many minutes does it take you to do an activity before you feel their effect?” - ” Is it a new activity?” - ” Is it part of your normal day?” Look out for the following: - Breathlessness - Muscle pain - Rapid breathing - Fatigue - Muscle cramps - Increase heart rate - Cyanosis - Muscle weakness - Body pains like back pain, chest pain, neck pain How Do I Overcome Exercise Intolerance? There are various ways of overcoming exercise intolerance. The main thing is to find out what is causing your exercise intolerance by seeing a doctor and understanding what your condition is all about. 1. Pharmacological Interventions Depending on the underlying condition, doctors prescribe medications. Medications such as bronchodilators, which help to open up the bronchi in the lungs so you can breathe in enough oxygen, are usually recommended. 2. Exercise One of the major ways to overcome exercise intolerance is ironically by exercising. Here are some things to note when you want to exercise: 1. It is a gradual process. It will take a while for your body to adapt to this new habit. Do not rush yourself. Take your time. Remember no two individuals are the same. 2. Listen to your body. Once you start an exercise regimen and you feel tired, don’t push yourself to do it. Take a break. Your body needs time to rest and gradually build up its endurance and strength. 3. Do not overdo it. If you read the pamphlet that comes with your medication, there’s a section that says, “If you skip a dose, do not make up for the skipped dose but continue like you took the dose”. The same goes for exercising. Just because you missed the exercise plan 2 days ago does not mean you should combine that exercise plan with the one of today. Carry on like you did the exercise you missed out on. 4. Get someone to supervise you while you exercise. Whoever supervises you will ensure the exercises are done accurately and provide assistance when necessary. The supervisor will also tell you when to stop if any symptom of exercise intolerance tends to appear. 5. Ensure your exercise plan works on every aspect of exercise. A well drawn up exercise plan should target cardiovascular and muscular endurance, flexibility, and muscle strength and body composition. 6. A physiotherapist can help draw out an exercise plan and create realistic goals over a particular time frame to help build you up. I recommend a physiotherapist because they are the movement and exercise experts and they will understand your condition and the impact exercise will have on it. How Do You Prevent Exercise Intolerance? In order to prevent exercise intolerance, some lifestyle changes have to be put in place. - Reduce your sitting time. Living a sedentary lifestyle is the 4the major cause of developing heart-related disorders. Start an active lifestyle. Try being active for at least 150 minutes a week, which involve aerobics and muscle strengthening exercises. - Eat clean. Reduce your salt intake. Have a balanced diet - Go for frequent medical check-ups - Quit smoking and reduce alcohol intake. Prevention is better than cure. - Ensure you get enough sleep so that your body is well rested after a long day. Are Some Medical Conditions Incompatible With Exercise? Just like every medication, exercise is contraindicated in some conditions that have exercise intolerance as a symptom. These conditions are: - Recent myocardial infarction - Pericarditis - Acute myocarditis - Severe aortic stenosis - Unstable arrhythmia - Unstable ischemia - Resting high blood pressure higher than 200/100mmHg - Pulmonary embolism - An aortic aneurysm How helpful was this post? We are sorry that this post was not helpful to you! Let us improve this post! Thanks for your feedback!

https://www.25doctors.com/exercise-intolerance

In the previous post we discussed the importance of having a training plan (http://www.thescienceofstriking.com/mental-training/what-does-your-annual-training-plan-look-like-part-1/), and basing this plan around 1) your goals for the year, 2) your current performance level based on anaylsis of the previous year’s competitions, and 3) your competition calendar for the year. In this post we will take look at the first of 2 case studies. As alluded to in the previous post, some athletes (usually those participating in tournament-style events) will have the advantage of having their competition calendar planned out in advance, while others may have to fight at short notice. The first case study will be an example of the former. Let’s say the athlete is a male amateur boxer hoping to make the 2020 Olympic games, his national trials for which will be in December of this year. As he has narrowly missed international selection at previous attempts, he does need to peak for this national trial in order to guarantee him a place on the team, after which he can refocus on the larger goal of winning gold. The athlete is scheduled for 3 other events for the year, one in April, one in early June, and one in August. The athlete is a hard hitter for his division, but often gases out, and loses punching endurance towards the end of a match. Testing Battery His testing battery showed that he has above average maximal strength for his weight division (1.4 x bodyweight bench press, 2 x bodyweight back squat), and reasonable lower limb and upper limb power) however he has relatively poor upper body muscle endurance (relative 4-minute push up test (bodyweight x reps/100) of 72). The athlete had previously used running as his main method of energy systems testing and training, however for this training cycle he decided to use the aerodyne bike so that there is a combination of both upper body and lower body loading. He takes this score as a baseline. A 3min x 3 round maximal effort mitt session was also used to assess heart rate recovery between rounds, which was found to be poor (<25 beat recovery in 1 minute). Formulated Goals Following this evaluation, this athlete’s goals might look like this: - Qualify for the Olympic team (outcome based) – 10 months - Improve maximal aerobic speed test or aerodyne by 5% (performance based) – 4 months - Improve relative push up endurance test to 90 (performance based) – 8 weeks - Average inter-round heart rate recovery of 35 beats per minute (performance based) – 3 months - Improve overall punch output by in training sessions by 15% (process based) – 4 months - Get at least 8 hours sleep per night on average to increase recovery (process based) – set the habit within the first 2 weeks of training This goal-setting process should then dictate the training plan required to achieve these goals. GPP 1 (Jan 7- Feb 3, Feb 4- Mar 3) His focus for the first 2 blocks is to maintain his strength & power levels, while increasing muscular endurance, and aerobic capacity. This would constitute the general physical preparation phase (GPP), where training volumes would be high, but the relative intensity moderately low. A small amount of maintenance power training would be combined with one day of heavier load strength work, with 2-3 sessions of higher repetition work, particularly for the upper body. In an attempt to minimize potential interference of combining training modalities, this high-repetition glycolytic resistance training would be combined with energy systems work more aerobic in nature. An example of this would be tempo intervals. The second GPP block might decrease resistance training to 3 times per week, as skills and energy systems work increases. If possible, an in-glove monitoring system such as the hykso punch trackers (https://shop.hykso.com/) may be used to accurately measure total punch output in rounds. A shift in energy systems focus may involve a change from tempo intervals aerobic power intervals. SPP (Mar 3-31) The Specific Physical Preparation Phase (SPP) in this case would be the first 4 weeks of an 8-week fight camp, and might see a change in energy systems work from aerobic to shorter-interval glycolytic work, and a change in resistance training to increased power training, and higher-load strength work, whilst at the same type including some muscle endurance work to maintain this quality. The overall volume of resistance training would also decrease to allow in increase in technical and tactical work. Competition Phase (Apr 1-28) This second 4 week block of the camp would be focused on gradually reducing training volume and dissipating fatigue. A small amount of power, strength and muscle endurance work would be kept as maintenance, while energy systems might focus more on very short burst alactic work. Increased focus on technical and tactical work would continue up until the fight. In the next post we will continue with this case study into the second half of their training year.

http://www.thescienceofstriking.com/training/what-does-your-annual-training-plan-look-like-part-2-case-study-1/

- This event has passed. Circuit Training Boot Camp with Sara January 19, 2021 @ 7:30 am - 8:20 am This class will apply a variety of different circuit training methods to allow students to build muscular strength and endurance, cardiovascular fitness, and flexibility to promote lifetime fitness. This class will be streamed online initially and if the conditions in Routt County for Covid-19 improve to the levels which will not increase the risk of transmission, may be held in person. If you can attend on campus, you will need to fill out a health survey each day and wear a mask. Faculty: Sara Gorevan Classes: January 19 through May 6 Meets: Tu, Th; 07:30 AM - 08:20 AM Cost: $85 Register Now!

https://coloradomtn.edu/event/circuit-training-boot-camp-with-sara/

There are two main factors to consider when determining how many calories you burn riding a bike. First, the longer your bike ride, the more calories you will burn. You can expect to burn around 250 calories per mile if you cycle at a pace of 12mph. But, if you want to burn more calories than that, you should increase the duration of your bike rides. If you’re worried about causing injury, start out slowly and gradually increase the duration of each ride. Next, you’ll need to know how much power you need to pedal your bike. A good power meter will tell you how many calories you’re actually burning. By using a power meter, you can calculate your calorie burn by bike riding. Remember, about half of your energy will be spent fighting air resistance, which will be more pronounced when you’re larger. Another 25 percent of your calories will be burned by the weight you’re moving, and another 15 percent will come from friction in your gears. The calories you’ll burn while cycling depend on your height, weight, and BMI. If you’re about 150 pounds, you’ll burn about 540 calories per hour if you cycle at a speed of 12 mph. While that’s not as much as an intensive walk, it’s still good exercise for a fit rider. Related Questions / Contents How Many Calories Does a 1 Mile Bike Ride Burn? The number of calories burned during a one mile bike ride depends on your weight, body size, and speed. However, on average, you can burn between 50 and 60 calories per mile. This figure varies depending on your individual body type, age, and other physiological factors. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a 150-pound person riding at 16-19 mph will burn about 850 calories. This is about the same amount of calories burned while running at the same heart rate. However, it’s best to use a heart-rate monitor to determine how many calories you are burning for each sport. In addition, if you’re trying to lose weight, you should avoid riding in headwinds or steep grades. To calculate the number of calories burned while cycling, you can use a calorie calculator. Using a calorie calculator will help you optimize your bike rides and meet your fitness goals. However, the calculation of calories can be difficult due to several factors. The calculator below can make the process simple and fast. Is Biking Good For Weight Loss? The key to cycling for weight loss is to find a workout that you enjoy and stick to it. The amount of time you spend on a bike is less important than the distance you cover. While it might be tempting to hammer yourself on a bike and cut your diet, neither option will keep you healthy long-term. You also want to avoid overtraining or injury, especially if you’re new to cycling. The amount of calories burned by cycling will depend on your age, gender, and body weight. You’ll also need to consider the length of the ride and the intensity. The best results are usually seen when you pedal consistently, without stopping at stoplights or intersections. Stopping at intersections and stoplights will take away from the duration of the workout and reduce the calorie-burning potential. Cycling is also a fantastic form of exercise because it is low impact, which is great for your body. It will help strengthen your heart, strengthen your lungs, and increase your body’s ability to utilize oxygen. Lastly, biking will improve your sleep quality. A study conducted by researchers at the University of Georgia found that people with low fitness levels had trouble sleeping at night. Is Biking Better Than Running? Biking and running are both excellent cardio exercises, but they are different in several ways. Biking places less stress on your joints and has a lower impact on your body than running does. Moreover, you can enjoy the great outdoors while you pedal. Cycling is also a great way to lose weight. Biking is more fun than running because it requires less weight. It also requires less energy, allowing you to focus on engaging your muscles. Biking also tends to be more enjoyable, making it more likely to encourage you to keep going. Running, on the other hand, requires you to carry water bottles and other necessities. Biking is a better choice for those with arthritis or other health conditions, as it is low-impact. Depending on your fitness level, cycling is an excellent cardiovascular exercise. In a single hour, a 130-pound person can burn between 600 and 800 calories. However, cyclists need to be aware that cycling can be dangerous if done improperly. Beginners are advised to start off by cycling for around half an hour, and gradually increase the distance and intensity. Is Walking Or Biking Better For Belly Fat? Walking or cycling is an excellent way to burn calories and burn fat. Both exercises work the calf muscles, which help push the body forward during the push-off and push phase of cycling and walking. Walking is also an excellent way to build strength in the abdominal region. Depending on your physical condition and ability, walking or cycling can be the ideal exercise to burn belly fat. To lose belly fat, you must burn more calories than you consume. To lose one pound of fat, you should burn at least 3700 calories. Walking requires a good pair of shoes and can be done anytime. Biking can be a good option if you have access to a bicycle and want to burn calories while running errands. Biking is an excellent choice for burning belly fat because it improves overall health. Compared to walking, biking burns more calories in the same amount of time. It is also free and accessible. While walking does not burn as much fat as cycling, it is still an effective way to lose weight. Is Cycling 2 Hours a Day Too Much? Many studies suggest that cycling is good for your health. Regular aerobic exercise increases circulation and delivers oxygen to your skin cells. Cycling also strengthens your lower body muscles and helps regulate the mobility of certain joints. As a result, it is helpful for people with arthritis and joint pain. Depending on your fitness level, cycling twice a day may not be too much for you. But, if you’re looking to lose weight, cycling for at least an hour a day is the way to go. This exercise is great for your heart health, improves mood, and burns calories, which are essential for weight management. In addition, cycling is easy on the joints and is suitable for people of all ages. The British Heart Foundation recommends 20 miles of cycling a week. Studies have shown that people who cycle 20 miles a week have a lower risk of developing heart problems than those who don’t exercise. It doesn’t take much to cover 20 miles. You can even cycle two miles to work each day to reach this target. Which Exercise Burn the Most Calories? There is no single exercise that burns the most calories when riding a bicycle. It depends on several factors, including the type of bike you use, resistance, and speed. In addition, if you’re a heavier rider, you’ll burn more calories than a lighter rider. Depending on your physical fitness level, biking can burn more calories than jogging or running. It’s a great way to fit exercise into your busy lifestyle, and it’s also much safer than walking or running on flat surfaces. In addition, cycling has other health benefits, including a reduced risk of cancer. Cycling can also improve your cardiovascular fitness. The average person can burn up to 280 calories per hour cycling at a moderate speed. The higher the speed, the more calories you’ll burn. How Can I Burn 1000 Calories a Day? If you’re looking to lose weight, you’ll want to understand how your body works and burns calories. You’ll want to know how much energy you actually burn during your workouts, and how much you need to eat to stay healthy. Then you’ll need to figure out how to increase your physical activity to burn more calories. A good way to increase your exercise-induced calories is to engage in sports. Not only will you increase your strength, but you’ll improve your cardiovascular system. Sports, such as soccer and basketball, require coordination of the lower and upper body, which helps you burn calories. A one-hour game of soccer or basketball can burn up to 1000 calories. While the exact amount of steps needed to burn a thousand calories depends on your height and stride, it’s easy to see how this form of cardio exercise can help you burn fat. For example, a 125-pound person can burn about 600 calories per hour by riding at six miles per hour. However, if you weigh 185 pounds, your calories will burn at a rate of up to 888 per hour. For that reason, you’ll need to be careful not to push yourself too hard, or your body may get damaged. Learn More Here:

https://www.cyclingrevolution.com/how-many-calories-do-you-burn-riding-bike/

Muscles – we rarely think about them until they feel sore. Did you know there are around 600 muscles in the human body performing a wide variety of functions ranging from supporting movement and pumping blood to lifting heavy things. There are three main kinds of muscles and they are: - Skeletal muscle: these muscles are attached to your bones and allow movement. Examples include your triceps and biceps which are present on your upper arm. - Smooth muscle: these muscles are present in internal organs such as the uterus and digestive tract, as well as blood vessels. Smooth muscle is laid out in layered sheets that contract in waves. - Cardiac muscle: these are muscles found in the heart. [Muscles]. Better Health Channel. Are Men And Women’s Muscles Different? We all know that men and women have different body compositions. But how does this play out when it comes to their muscles? Hormonal as well as genetic differences – more than 3,000 genes are differentially expressed in female and male skeletal muscle – between men and women lead to the variations that we see in their muscles.Haizlip, K. M., B. C. Harrison, and L. A. Leinwand. “Sex-based differences in skeletal muscle kinetics and fiber-type composition.” Physiology 30, no. 1 (2015): 30-39. - Men tend to have greater muscle mass than women. The male sex hormone testosterone is thought to be responsible for this. Increased levels of testosterone during puberty leads to boys developing bigger muscles as well as deeper voices and facial and body hair. Women have (and need) testosterone too, but in much smaller quantities.Smith, Francis W., and Pamela A. Smith. “Musculoskeletal differences between males and females.” Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 10, no. 1 (2002): 98-100..Nemours Foundation.}} - Research indicates that male skeletal muscles have a higher maximum power output and are typically faster than female muscles. - It has been observed that female muscles typically recover faster and are more fatigue resistant after activities involving repeated contractions.Glenmark, Birgitta, Maria Nilsson, Hui Gao, Jan-Ake Gustafsson, Karin Dahlman-Wright, and Hakan Westerblad. “Difference in skeletal muscle function in males vs. females: role of estrogen … Continue reading What Does Ayurveda Say About Muscles? Muscle tissue is known as ‘mamsa dhatu’ in ayurveda. The word ‘mamsa’ is derived from the Sanskrit root ‘mans’ meaning flesh or meat. Mamsa dhatu is thought to be formed from blood (rakta dhatu). It is considered to be predominantly made up of the earth element (prithvi mahabhuta), from which it gets its solid fleshy bulk. And it’s controlled by kapha dosha, which is composed of water and earth elements – usually when kapha dosha increases mamsa dhatu increases, and when it decreases mamsa dhatu decreases. When mamsa dhatu is depleted, it is thought to result in joint pains, debility of sense organs, and the emaciation of cheeks, buttocks, etc. On the other hand, when mamsa dhatu is in excess it can lead to tumors, enlargement of lymph glands, and increase in the size of cheeks, thighs, abdomen, etc. Why Should You Build Muscle? Most adults gradually start losing skeletal muscle mass after their early 40s. By some estimates men typically lose around 30% of their muscles over their lifetimes. This progressive loss of muscle mass is known as sarcopenia. It can impair metabolism and muscle performance and lead to a decline in physical mobility and function.[Slowing or reversing muscle loss].Mayo Clinic. [Lift weights to boost muscle].Harvard Health Publishing. Healthy muscles are important for your overall health. They’re linked to: 1. A Longer Lifespan Research indicates that healthy adults with higher levels of muscular strength have a 14% lower risk of death compared to those with lower muscular strength.García-Hermoso, Antonio, Iván Cavero-Redondo, Robinson Ramírez-Vélez, Jonatan R. Ruiz, Francisco B. Ortega, Duck-Chul Lee, and Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno. “Muscular strength as a predictor … Continue reading But that’s not all. Research has found people with better muscular strength have a lower risk of death in various populations, from those suffering from cardiovascular disease, cancer, peripheral artery disease, or renal failure to those suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.Volaklis, Konstantinos A., Martin Halle, and Christa Meisinger. “Muscular strength as a strong predictor of mortality: A narrative review.” European journal of internal medicine 26, no. 5 … Continue reading 2. Better Weight Management Muscles burn more calories than fat – 10 pounds of muscle will burn around 50 calories at rest while the same amount of fat will burn around 20 calories. This means that even when you’re lounging around you’ll burn more than twice the amount of calories if you carry more muscle than fat.[Want to Lose Weight? Build Muscle]. Cleveland Clinic. In fact, some research indicates that muscular strength is inversely related to obesity and may provide some protection against excessive abdominal fat as well as excessive body fat.Jackson, Allen W., Duck‐Chul Lee, Xuemei Sui, James R. Morrow Jr, Timothy S. Church, Andrea L. Maslow, and Steven N. Blair. “Muscular strength is inversely related to prevalence and incidence … Continue reading 3. Lower Risk Of Falls Weaker muscles equal less balance, mobility, and stamina. And this can increase your chances of falling and fractures. Research shows that people with sarcopenia are 2.3 times more likely to suffer from a fracture – for instance, a broken collarbone, hip, arm, wrist, or leg – after a fall. It has also been found that lower limb muscle strengthening exercises are effective at preventing falls in the elderly.Ishigaki, Erika Y., Lidiane G. Ramos, Elisa S. Carvalho, and Adriana C. Lunardi. “Effectiveness of muscle strengthening and description of protocols for preventing falls in the elderly: a … Continue reading[Lift weights to boost muscle].Harvard Health Publishing. 4. Better Bone Health Research indicates that muscle strength is related to bone mineral density even in young people.Snow‐Harter, Christine, Mary Bouxsein, Barbara Lewis, Susan Charette, Pamela Weinstein, and Robert Marcus. “Muscle strength as a predictor of bone mineral density in young women.” … Continue reading So it shouldn’t come as a surprise that strength training (also known as resistance training) which helps to build muscle strength and mass can also make your bones stronger. How does that happen? Activities that apply stress on your bones can activate bone forming cells.[Strength training builds more than muscles]. Harvard Health Publishing. 5. Improved Physical Functions Muscle strength is known to decline with age – on average, someone in their 80’s will have 40% lower strength than someone in their 40s. And muscle weakness, especially of the lower limbs, is linked to increased risk of falls and disability. Research indicates that strengthening muscles (through resistance training) can result in improvements in simple activities such as climbing steps, getting up from a chair quickly, or walking. This tells us how important muscle strength is for carrying on with our day to day activities.Liu, Chiung‐ju, and Nancy K. Latham. “Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults.” Cochrane database of systematic reviews 3 (2009). 6. Better Cognitive Function Research has shown that there’s a link between increased lower body and upper body muscle strength and an increased ability to process, receive, and store information in older people.[Lift weights to boost muscle]. Harvard Health Publishing. How To Boost Muscle Growth Many factors play a role in keeping your muscles strong and health1. y: 1. Exercise Exercise, particularly strength (or resistance) exercise is important for increasing your muscles’ size, power, strength, and endurance. Strength exercises involve making your muscles work harder than they normally do. They usually work against resistance or use your body weight. Some examples include: - Using resistance bands - Climbing stairs - Lifting weights - Heavy gardening - Climbing stairs - Cycling - Yoga - Dance - Sit-ups, push-ups, and squats You need to practice strength exercises at least twice a week. And do keep in mind that for the activity to offer muscle strengthening benefits you need to work your muscles till you require a short break before continuing.[How to improve your strength and flexibility]. NHS. Experts suggest that in addition to strengthening exercises you should also get 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity (brisk walking, water aerobics, hiking, etc.) or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity (jogging, swimming, aerobics, tennis, etc.) in a week, or a combination of these.[Physical activity guidelines for older adults]. NHS. 2. Diet A healthy balanced diet is important for your muscles. Protein is particularly important. To build muscle you need to consume around 0.45 grams of protein per pound of body weight. So, if you weigh 140 pounds you should ideally have 63 grams of protein per day. Cheese, poultry, eggs, milk, peanuts, beans, and fish are good sources of protein. Carbs are also important, as they work as fuel for your muscles. Choose healthy carbohydrates from whole grains, vegetables, and fruits, rather than going for processed foods. Your muscles also need other nutrients such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, etc. A healthy balanced diet with fresh vegetables and fruits, whole foods, and healthy fats will supply you with the nutrients that you need.[How Can You Avoid Muscle Loss as You Age?].Cleveland Clinic. [Muscles]. Better Health Channel. According to ayurveda, foods with sweet (madhura) taste promote muscle growth when consumed in appropriate amounts. Meanwhile excessive use of sour (amla )foods leads to muscle inflammation, excessive salty (lavana) foods leads to sloughing, excessive pungent (katu) foods leads to reduction in muscle bulk, and excessive bitter (tikta) foods reduce muscle elasticity. 3. Sleep Research has found that men who get less than 6 hours of sleep have poorer muscle strength than men who sleep for 7 to 8 hours. How does that happen? Studies have shown that good sleep quality and duration can improve muscle mass and prevent its loss. And high muscle mass is linked to greater muscle strength. The researchers suggest that this is because sleep deprivation is linked to an increase in the secretion of cortisol and changes in the rhythmic secretion of testosterone. However, a significant association between sleep duration and muscle strength has not been observed in women. The researchers suggest that this is because menstrual cycles and female hormones could be a significant mediator, which influence the link between muscle strength and sleep duration in women.Chen, Yanbo, Yufei Cui, Shulei Chen, and Ziqiang Wu. “Relationship between sleep and muscle strength among Chinese university students: a cross-sectional study.” Journal of … Continue reading 4. Herbs That Boost Muscle Growth Various herbs and spices can also help you build muscle: i. Saffron: One study found that consuming saffron was effective at reducing the percentage of body fat and increasing the percentage of lean body mass. It was also observed that this effect was enhanced when they practiced Pilates in addition to consuming saffron.Sharifi, Setareh, and Ghobad Hassanpour. “The Effect of Pilates Training along with Saffron Consumption on Body Composition of Female.” Precautions: - Saffron is usually safe in small amounts that are typically used in food. However, pregnant women should avoid this spice. - Saffron may cause side effects such as dizziness, dry mouth, vomiting, and nausea even in smaller doses (30 – 50 mg). - There have been rare instances of women suffering from abnormal uterine bleeding after using saffron supplements. - People using anticoagulants or suffering from certain kidney diseases should use saffron with caution. It’s better to check with your doctor first.[The Health Benefits of Saffron].Verywell Fit. ii. Ginkgo biloba: An animal study found that ginkgo can lead to a gain in muscular mass. It has been found to regenerate aged muscle and restore a younger gene expression pattern.Bidon, Caroline, Joel Lachuer, Jordi Molgo, Anne Wierinckx, Sabine De La Porte, Bernadette Pignol, Yves Christen et al. “The extract of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 reactivates a juvenile profile in … Continue reading Precautions: - Ginkgo is typically safe for healthy adults in moderate amounts. However, if you are pregnant, or older you should avoid ginkgo. - Ginkgo seeds can be poisonous. Do not consume them roasted or raw. - As it may increase your risk of bleeding you should not use ginkgo if you have a bleeding disorder or take medication (such as anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs) or supplements that can increase your risk of bleeding. If you are scheduled for surgery, stop using ginkgo at least 2 weeks beforehand. - Ginkgo can impact your blood sugar levels. Monitor your blood sugar closely if you take diabetes medication or have diabetes and use ginkgo. - Animal studies show that ginkgo is associated with an increased risk for thyroid and liver cancers. - Consuming large amounts of a compound known as ginkgotoxin can cause seizures. This compound is present in ginkgo seeds as well as ginkgo leaves though in smaller quantities. Avoid ginkgo if you are prone to seizures or epileptic. - Ginkgo can cause side effects such as heart palpitations, dizziness, headache, upset stomach, allergic skin reactions, and constipation. - Ginkgo can interact with a number of medications including certain statins, certain antidepressants, Ibuprofen etc. Check with your doctor to find out if any medication you’re on interacts with ginkgo.[Ginkgo].Mayo Clinic. iii. Ashwagandha: One study that looked at the effect of ashwagandha supplementation on men who practiced resistance training found that it helped to increase in muscle strength and size and reduce body fat percentage.Wankhede, Sachin, Deepak Langade, Kedar Joshi, Shymal R. Sinha, and Sauvik Bhattacharyya. “Examining the effect of Withania somnifera supplementation on muscle strength and recovery: a … Continue reading Precautions: - Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid ashwagandha. As should children. - You should check with your doctor before using ashwagandha if you have an autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, type-1 diabetes, lupus, Hashimoto’s disease, etc. - Ashwagandha can lower blood sugar and blood pressure as well as impact thyroid levels. Please consult your doctor before taking ashwagandha if you use medications which impact these factors. - Ashwagandha can increase the power of sedatives, barbiturates, and anxiety medication. People who take medication which affects their cortisol levels or have low cortisol levels should not take ashwagandha. Check with your doctor if any medication that you’re on interacts with ashwagandha. - Ashwagandha can impact bleeding. If you have a bleeding disorder or take a blood thinner check with your doctor before using ashwagandha. You should stop using ashwagandha at least two weeks before a planned surgery. - Ashwagandha can have side effects like heaviness in the head, giddiness, increased testosterone levels, blurry vision, as well as increased stomach acid. Please consult your doctor before using ashwagandha if you have peptic ulcers.[The Health Benefits of Ashwagandha]. Verywell Health. - Since ashwagandha has diuretic properties it’s advisable to check with your doctor before using it if you suffer from kidney problems.

https://blog.kapiva.in/strength/building-muscle-is-better-for-overall-health/

Case study 17.3 Now Mr Williams has been diagnosed as frail, what interventions might a nurse offer as part of an integrated approach to care? You might consider the following: - Explore Mr William’s perspective on his current health and wellbeing, as well as his understanding of what being frail might mean to him. - After gaining his consent, you could develop a personal plan to improve his wellbeing and prevent further falls. This should include a thorough history and assessment of Mr William’s previous lifestyle, health beliefs and support systems. - You might explain the principles that underpin health improvements in diet, activity, lifestyle and connecting with other people and groups. - You would collaborate with him to form a plan that will gradually increase his activity levels and increase strength, endurance and flexibility. - You might discuss his diet and fluid intake and explore adjustments he may consider. - You could help him explore options in her local community, with family and friends and others to maintain connections and build interests that engage and increase his involvement.

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Are there certain foods that are particularly suitable to have more muscles? If I want to build up strength and muscle mass, how can I feed myself? Answer from Sukadev: First of all, there are three things to consider. To really build muscle, there are three factors: first, training; second, genetic predisposition; third, diet. Fourth, one would also say: a good regeneration. Now the first question is, from which point of view do you want to build muscles?. Let’s say you’ve been bedridden for a while, or you’ve had an arm in plaster and now you’d like to build muscle again. Or you’ve been in the hospital for a while, your muscles have weakened, and now you want to rebuild those muscles. Which nutrition do you need now? Here the answer is relatively simple: eat normally and healthily and start doing physical exercises. Typically you will work with a physiotherapist. Or you do your yoga exercises or go to the gym. If you have had muscle loss due to illness and rest and want to get back to your normal muscle mass, you don’t need a special diet. A normal diet – consisting of whole grains, legumes, vegetables, salads, fruits and a certain amount of nuts and seeds – is enough to give you enough protein. The second option would be that you have a normal job and normal muscles, but would like to strengthen your muscles. Maybe your orthopedist told you that your back muscles are too weak, which is why you have back problems. Or your thigh muscles are too weak, which is why you have knee problems. Or you want to prevent knee problems in general. Or you want to increase your body’s basal metabolic rate and you’ve heard that muscles create a higher basal metabolic rate. Even if you want to lower the fat content of your body and reduce belly fat, it would be good to have more muscles. In this case, there is also no need for a special diet. Additional protein to the normal diet is not necessary. On the contrary, it puts a strain on the kidneys. If you are a normal office worker* and want to strengthen your back, thigh or abdominal muscles, simply to be healthier, a normal, healthy and vegan wholefoods diet is perfectly sufficient. Suppose you want to build muscle mass properly. Maybe because you are a strength athlete* or a bodybuilder*. Or you are vegan* and you want to show that you can build up "real muscles" vegan as well. What diet do you need now? First of all, do you have the genetic predisposition?? In sports science we speak of sog. fast twitch muscle fibers and slow twich muscle fibers. Only those who have a sufficient amount of almost twitch muscle fibers can actually build larger amounts of muscle mass. So there are such people who are born runners*, born endurance athletes*. These people can do as much weight training and eat as much protein as they want – they will get some muscle strength but never muscle packs. There are other people who actually need little training and little protein and who, given the right conditions, gain muscle mass relatively quickly. If you know that you may have built large muscle packs as a child, teenager* or early adult* when you did a little exercise, then you know you have a "gift" for it. But if you’re someone who doesn’t find it that hard to go for a brisk two-hour walk, a brisk or medium-fast two to three-hour bike ride, or a long jog with a little bit of training, then you know: You are most likely the endurance type (and not the strength type). If you are an endurance athlete*, then you don’t even need to try to build muscle packages. But if you are someone who is suited to build muscle packs, then it is a matter of finding the appropriate strength training. It is also important to provide your body with enough protein. If you are a vegan, you could eat a lot of legumes, a lot of nuts (not too many, otherwise the fat content will be too high)!), whole grain products, maybe tofu and tempeh (because there the protein is available in an easily digestible form). If you like, you can take vegan protein powders on top of that. In the meantime, there are various protein powders, especially for strength athletes*, which are also very healthy, which are also organic, which are purely vegetable and easily digestible. But you really only need these if you have the genetic predisposition and are willing to really exercise enough, have a very good strength training program and actually want to gain muscle mass. Video: With which diet you build muscles? Video lecture with the topic "With which diet you build muscles?" A short treatise by the founder of Yoga Vidya, Sukadev Volker Bretz on yoga nutrition, perhaps helpful for you if you are interested in health. Seminars Cooking seminars and trainings Nutrition More questions and answers about nutrition Here you can find answers to more questions about nutrition: - The Yoga Diet - Nutrition – The traffic light system - Nutrition – What is good for the kidneys - Nutrition – What is unhealthy - Nutrition – What happens in the body - Which diet builds muscles - With which diet do I gain weight - What diet is the best way to lose weight - Which diet makes hair grow faster - From which diet you get pimples - Why alkaline nutrition - Why do so many people eat unhealthy - Why nutrition is so important - Why healthy nutrition is important for children - What is the use of nutrition without carbohydrates - What is more important for health Pranayama or healthy diet - Which nutrition with Arthrose – gout – rheumatism - What diet for high blood pressure - What diet for diabetes - What diet for diarrhea - What diet for Hashimoto - What diet for irritable bowel syndrome - What food promotes concentration - What healthy food makes you feel full - What is the healthiest way for people to eat? - How diet affects health - Where can I get Yogi Tea - Where to study nutrition What diet to build muscle with? More information about yoga diet and health Here you will find more information about yoga nutrition and health and some things related to Which diet builds muscle??

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The creatine kinase (CK) enzyme in rat heart tissue appears to have a KM around 6mM of creatine as substrate. and is known to positively influence mitochondrial function as higher cytoplasmic phosphocreatine concentrations (not so much creatine per se) increase the oxidative efficiency of mitochondria This is thought to be due to the transfer of high energy phosphate groups. Syrotuik and Bell investigated the physical characteristics of responder and non-responder subjects to creatine supplementation in recreationally resistance trained men with no history of CM usage. The supplement group was asked to ingest a loading dosage of 0.3 g/kg/d for 5 days. The physiological characteristics of responders were classified using Greenhaff et al criterion of >20 mmol/kg dry weight increase in total intramuscular creatine and phosphocreatine and non responders as <10 mmol/kg dry weight increase, a third group labeled quasi responders were also used to classify participants who fell in between the previously mentioned groups (10-20 mmol/kg dry weight). Overall, the supplemented group showed a mean increase in total resting muscle creatine and phosphocreatine of 14.5% (from 111.12 ± 8.87 mmol/kg dry weight to 127.30 ± 9.69 mmol/kg dry weight) whilst the placebo group remained relatively unaffected (from 115.70 ± 14.99 mmol/kg dry weight to 111.74 ± 12.95 mmol/kg dry weight). However when looking at individual cases from the creatine group the results showed a variance in response. From the 11 males in the supplemented group, 3 participants were responders (mean increase of 29.5 mmol/kg dry weight or 27%), 5 quasi responders (mean increase of 14.9 mmol/kg dry weight or 13.6%) and 3 non-responders (mean increase of 5.1 mmol/kg dry weight or 4.8%). Using muscle biopsies of the vastus lateralis, a descending trend for groups and mean percentage fiber type was observed. Responders showed the greatest percentage of type II fibers followed by quasi responders and non-responders. The responder and quasi responder groups had an initial larger cross sectional area for type I, type IIa and type IIx fibers. The responder group also had the greatest mean increase in the cross sectional area of all the muscle fiber types measured (type I, type IIa and type IIx increased 320, 971 and 840 μm2 respectively) and non-responders the least (type I, type IIa and type IIx increased 60, 46 and 78 μm2 respectively). There was evidence of a descending trend for responders to have the highest percentage of type II fibers; furthermore, responders and quasi responders possessed the largest initial cross sectional area of type I, IIa and IIx fibers. Responders were seen to have the lowest initial levels of creatine and phosphocreatine. This has also been observed in a previous study which found that subjects whose creatine levels were around 150 mmol/Kg dry mass did not have any increments in their creatine saturation due to creatine supplementation, neither did they experience any increases of creatine uptake, phosphocreatine resynthesis and performance. This would indicate a limit maximum size of the creatine pool. The muscle endurance objective is pursued when you want your muscles to be able to perform the same motions over an extended period of time or in other words when you want your muscles to be strong and not become tired rapidly. You'll want to use at least 4 sets from which at least 16 repetitions are performed. The muscle endurance objective is often used for muscles in your lower body, such as those located in your legs or your buttocks. Finally, starvation (nutrient deprivation for four days) appears to increase activity of the creatine transporter secondary to decreasing serine phosphorylation (SGK target) with no influence on tyrosine phosphorylation (c-Src target). Starvation-induced increases in creatine influx do not necessarily mean more phosphocreatine, however, due to a depleted cellular energy state. That said, many people experience stomach cramps when they consume creatine monohydrate and it’s possible that taking a creatine with a different pH — usually creatine hydrochloride — can have a different effect on stomach acid and make for a creatine that digests more easily. As far as we know, the easier digestion doesn’t necessarily mean it’s more effective or that you need less of it to achieve the desired result. Creatine is a natural source of energy for muscle contraction. The body produces creatine in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. People can also get creatine by eating meat or fish. (Vegetarians may have lower amounts of creatine in their bodies.) Most of the creatine in the body is stored in skeletal muscle and used during physical activity. The rest is used in the heart, brain, and other tissues. In fact, in one new study comparing the effects of aerobic exercise versus resistance training on the psychological health of obese adolescents, researchers found that people in the resistance group experienced significantly greater self-esteem and perceived strength over four weeks. But what’s most interesting is that the feeling of getting stronger — rather than any measurable gains — was all it took to give them a boost. You are eligible for a full refund if no ShippingPass-eligible orders have been placed. You cannot receive a refund if you have placed a ShippingPass-eligible order. In this case, the Customer Care team will remove your account from auto-renewal to ensure you are not charged for an additional year and you can continue to use the subscription until the end of your subscription term. Using clinically effective doses of potent ingredients, Transparent Labs' StrengthSeries Creatine HMB combines creatine monohydrate with HMB in order to boost strength, lengthen endurance, and reduce fat. Along with the addition of BioPerine, StrengthSeries Creatine HMB is able to increase the rate of absorption and dispersion of this powerful creatine formula. Each serving of Creatine HMB contains 5g of Creatine, 2 g of HMB, and 5mg of BioPerine! Keep Reading » Peirano, R. I., Achterberg, V., Dusing, H. J., Akhiani, M., Koop, U., Jaspers, S., Kruger, A., Schwengler, H., Hamann, T., Wenck, H., Stab, F., Gallinat, S., and Blatt, T. Dermal penetration of creatine from a face-care formulation containing creatine, guarana and glycerol is linked to effective antiwrinkle and antisagging efficacy in male subjects. J.Cosmet.Dermatol. 2011;10(4):273-281. View abstract. Remember, this is for the extreme skinny guy...But I want you to start hitting a buffet once a week. Try and position this eating frenzy after a hard workout so that the majority of calories get shuttled into the muscles which will really help you pack on those pounds and gain weight in the right places. Don't go too overboard, but this will train your body to 'accept' more food and it will increase your appetite in the days to come. Take advantage of this strategy. When looking specifically at human studies, there has been a failure of creatine supplementation to induce or exacerbate kidney damage in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Subjects do not experience kidney damage for up to or over a year’s worth of supplementation in the 5-10g range. Postmenopausal women, people with type II diabetes, people on hemodialysis, otherwise healthy elderly, young people, and athletes do not experience kidney damage either. Moreover, numerous scientific reviews on both the long- and short-term safety of supplemental creatine have consistently found no adverse effects on kidney function in a wide range of doses. However, while doses >10 g/day have been found not to impair kidney function, there are fewer long-term trials using such high chronic daily intakes. Beast Creature could be another good option for female athletes. It’s tasty, it contains five types of creatine, and it contains ingredients that could improve fat loss by increasing insulin sensitivity. One potential bonus is that it also has 70 percent of your daily biotin, a nutrient often included in women’s multivitamins due its purported benefits for hair and nails. Kilduff, L. P., Georgiades, E., James, N., Minnion, R. H., Mitchell, M., Kingsmore, D., Hadjicharlambous, M., and Pitsiladis, Y. P. The effects of creatine supplementation on cardiovascular, metabolic, and thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the heat in endurance-trained humans. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2004;14:443-460. View abstract. Beginners are advised to build up slowly to a weight training program. Untrained individuals may have some muscles that are comparatively stronger than others; nevertheless, an injury can result if (in a particular exercise) the primary muscle is stronger than its stabilizing muscles. Building up slowly allows muscles time to develop appropriate strengths relative to each other. This can also help to minimize delayed onset muscle soreness. A sudden start to an intense program can cause significant muscular soreness. Unexercised muscles contain cross-linkages that are torn during intense exercise. A regimen of flexibility exercises should be implemented before weight training begins, to help avoid soft tissue pain and injuries. Beast Creature could be another good option for female athletes. It’s tasty, it contains five types of creatine, and it contains ingredients that could improve fat loss by increasing insulin sensitivity. One potential bonus is that it also has 70 percent of your daily biotin, a nutrient often included in women’s multivitamins due its purported benefits for hair and nails. Don’t get us wrong—cardio is important for keeping your body fat down and keeping your heart health in check. (Bonus points if you run or bike, since outdoor exercise is linked to better energy and improved mental health.) But when it comes to building muscle, hitting the treadmill won't help you much. “Every component of exercise, minus cardio, can help with muscle hypertrophy,” which is the scientific term for muscle building, says Michelle Lovitt, an exercise physiologist and trainer in Los Angeles. “Cardio tends to burn calories and puts your body in a deficit, which is great for leaning out, but not building mass.” These effects were noted before in a preliminary study of depressed adolescents (with no placebo group) showing a 55% reduction in depressive symptoms at 4g daily when brain phosphocreatine levels increased. Other prelimnary human studies suggest creatine might lessen unipolar depression and one study on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) noted improved mood as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. If there are any benefits for swimming performance from creatine supplementation, they appear to be limited to a 50 meter sprint or a handful of 50 meter sprints with short intermissions. Excessive sprinting (over six sprints with short breaks) or too long of a break (five minutes rather than two) seem to not be associated with the benefits of creatine supplementation.

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The term “physical fitness” has many different meaning. It can mean your general health or your strength to do everyday tasks. In general physical fitness is a condition of overall health and well being and, more importantly, the capacity to do regular parts of daily activities, including sports and other activities. Fitness in this context usually means a measurement of the capacity to tolerate stress, move against resistance, maintain a given body composition over a period of time, as well as increase one or more of the abovementioned capabilities. Strength and endurance are often included as components of an overall definition of fitness since they relate to the ability to function in different situations. They are often measured as a ratio (e.g., the amount of strength versus the amount of endurance). However, they can also be expressed directly as a percentage of overall strength or endurance. When it comes to physical fitness, exercise is not the only way to improve it. Regular exercise is also important for maintaining and improving the condition of the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular fitness is the capacity to do moderate exercise that is appropriate for your sex and age. Aerobic capacity or endurance is the ability to do exercise that is intense enough to produce a substantial amount of oxygen consumption. The later is often referred to as the “endurance component” of fitness. Another important part of fitness is flexibility. Flexibility relates to active joints, muscles and ligaments. Some people may say that flexibility is only an important part of fitness. This may be true if you have a problem with flexibility, but many people do not. If you have a problem with flexibility, you may benefit from doing some form of flexibility exercise regularly. There are many specific types of physical activity that can be part of a good fitness routine. Some types of exercise activities are better suited for certain fitness goals than others. Activities in sports medicine are used to help improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system. For example, if a person has some type of heart problem or hypertension, they should consult their doctor before they begin any type of exercise program. Fitness is broken down into five components. These five components make up the foundation of any good exercise program. Aerobic fitness deals with the heart and lungs; muscular strength deals with the skeletal muscles; flexibility deals with your motor skill and dexterity; stamina deals with your overall physical endurance; and body composition deals with the distribution of calories in your body. By following an exercise plan that combines all of these components, you will have a more successful fitness program. The best way to create a workout program that includes all of these components is to include both aerobic and anaerobic exercise in your routine. When you exercise aerobically, you use your muscles to move the air through your body. An aerobics class, or other low impact physical activities can be a great way to improve your fitness level. You also may want to consider using a treadmill, bicycle, elliptical trainer or StairMaster to increase the variety of physical activities you can do. Fitness is a very important part of being a healthy and fit person. There are many ways to become fit and stay fit. By following a daily activity plan, you can keep your weight at a healthy level, your cholesterol level in check, and improve your overall health-related quality of life. To become a fit person, there are many factors that you need to consider. You should first consult your physician to assess your current health-related situation. Then you should determine what your personal fitness goals are. For example, if you want to drop some weight, then you should set a goal for how much weight you would like to lose and stick to it. If you have high blood pressure, then you should set a daily activity goal to lower your blood pressure by a specific amount each day. Setting weekly and monthly fitness goals can help you stay on track as you work towards achieving your health goals. When it comes to fitness and staying in shape, interval training is a good way to increase your fitness level and stay motivated. Interval training involves increasing your intensity for a short period of time. After the period of high intensity exercise, you then work your way back down to a more normal pace. Many people who start interval training find that the results are much faster than they were at when they were simply walking or jogging. Fitness is an important part of staying healthy and well-rounded. It can improve the health of your heart and lungs, improve your flexibility and mobility, and decrease your overall blood pressure. It’s important to stay active, eat a balanced diet, and get regular exercise. A healthy lifestyle can help you live a longer, healthier life.

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Use formula 14.12 to verify the Cauchy Schwartz inequality and to show that equality occurs if and only if one of the vectors is a scalar multiple of the other. 1∕2. Hint: Do not try to do this with methods from trigonometry. Find the angle between the vectors 3i − j − k and i + 4j + 2k. Find the angle between the vectors i − 2j + k and i + 2j − 7k. and θ is the included angle between the two vectors F and D. cosθ is sometimes called the component of the force F in the direction, D. A boy drags a sled for 100 feet along the ground by pulling on a rope which is 20 degrees from the horizontal with a force of 40 pounds. How much work does this force do? A girl drags a sled for 200 feet along the ground by pulling on a rope which is 30 degrees from the horizontal with a force of 20 pounds. How much work does this force do? A large dog drags a sled for 300 feet along the ground by pulling on a rope which is 45 degrees from the horizontal with a force of 20 pounds. How much work does this force do? How much work in Newton meters does it take to slide a crate 20 meters along a loading dock by pulling on it with a 200 Newton force at an angle of 30∘ from the horizontal? An object moves 10 meters in the direction of j. There are two forces acting on this object F1 = i + j + 2k, and F2 = −5i + 2j−6k. Find the total work done on the object by the two forces. Hint: You can take the work done by the resultant of the two forces or you can add the work done by each force. Why? An object moves 10 meters in the direction of j + i. There are two forces acting on this object F1 = i + 2j + 2k, and F2 = 5i + 2j−6k. Find the total work done on the object by the two forces. Hint: You can take the work done by the resultant of the two forces or you can add the work done by each force. Why? An object moves 20 meters in the direction of k + j. There are two forces acting on this object F1 = i+j+2k, and F2 = i+2j−6k. Find the total work done on the object by the two forces. Hint: You can take the work done by the resultant of the two forces or you can add the work done by each force. dx. Show this dot product satisfies conditions 14.1 - 14.5. Explain why the Cauchy Schwarz inequality continues to hold in this context and state the Cauchy Schwarz inequality in terms of integrals.

https://klkuttler.com/books/CalculusOneAndManyVariables/x1-14700014.3

230 meters is the equivalent of 754.5 feet and around 251 yards. The only physical thing we know for sure is 230 meters long is the base length of the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The largest of the three major pyramids of Giza is an astonishing structure that stands at 146 meters and was the tallest man-made structure until 1221C.E. Today, man has surpassed even their own expectations, with 230-meters tall buildings being among the shortest in the world. But what else is 230 meters long? Let’s take a look. 1. The Golden Gate Bridge Did you know the engineer behind the spectacular Golden Gate Bridge didn’t have an engineering degree when he started constructing it. Years later, the man would write the definitive textbook now used as the basis of structural engineering globally. Individual towers of the Golden Gate Bridge stand just over 227 meters above the San Francisco Bay, and it occupies about 2,737 meters of distance. 2. 2 Football Fields The American football field is said to be 100 yards or 91 meters long, but it’s actually 110-120 meters because of the two 10 yard end zones. If you join two football fields length to length, you will have approximately 230 meters to run on. Interestingly, other countries such as Canada have a football field whose length is 140 meters long and 59 meters wide. 3. 2 City Blocks In many US cities, a city block is between 100 and 200 meters, depending on how spaced the buildings are. For example, in Manhattan, a block is 1/20 mi or 80 meters long. This refers to the travel distance between two district points in the city, and is usually measured by the number of buildings easy to west and north to south. Depending on which city you live in, 230 meters can be the length of two blocks or three. 4. 10 Tennis Courts A regulation-sized tennis court must be 23.7 meters long. This is quite small compared to the length of a football field or any other major league sport. It is a sufficient size however since the players have to be close to each other in order to serve the ball to the other side. With that size in mind, you will need 9 to 10 tennis courts to get 230 meters, and that’s a lot of players. 5. 230 Adult Steps Adult steps are a fantastic way to determine the length of something that can’t be measured with a tape measure. Most adult steps measure around 3 feet or 1 meter long. Of course, this differs with the person’s height, how fast they are walking, and sex. If we take the 1-meter step of a 5’5-6’3 man, you can see how 230 meters is exactly 230 steps. 6. 6 Highway Telephone Poles The height of a telephone pole differs depending on where you live. In most residential areas, they can range from 9 to 18 meters long. The height difference comes in because of the plantations around as well as buildings. For the same reasons, telephone poles on the highways of USA are taller, standing at 36 meters tall. Considering one pole is 36 meters, you would need 6 of them joined together to make 230 meters. 7. 70-Story Building Like everything else in the world, there is no agreement on how tall a building story should be. Some make storys that are 3.1 meters long, while others are 4.5 meters. If we take the 3.1 or 10ft storys, 230 meters is a 70 story building. You have to consider that every building, especially the tall ones, has a mechanical bottom floor estimated to be 6.2 meters high and a top mechanical floor usually the same height. Examples of famous buildings that are exactly 230 meters tall include Unicredit Tower in Milan and Tour First in Paris. 8. Merchant Ship Merchant ships are classified based on size and area of operations. Right from construction, the size of a ship is determined to serve a certain area or purpose. While there are many types of merchant ships globally, the Handymax vessels are typically around 200 meters in length. These ships are classified as small-sized ships used as bulk carriers. They have a 60,000 tonnes capacity and can easily enter most ports and harbors. The dimension of stuff has been an interest of mine ever since I was a child. What I believe is most fascinating about the dimension of stuff is how extremely long, tall and wide some objects are both on earth and in the universe.

https://dimensionofstuff.com/8-things-that-are-about-230-meters-long/

PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS: - Unexplored high-grade vein system with no evidence of any exploration in modern times; - Past producing silver mine (~1900-1910); hosts numerous classic epithermal high-grade veins measuring 10+ kilometers of strike over widths of 6+ meters; Historic* mine records indicate grades of 600 to 900 gpt silver; - Underground workings include 4 shafts and 6 levels of drifts measuring over 1,000 meters in length (70k to 100k tonne estimated production); historic sampling grades include: - 1900 gpt silver over 4 meters - 679 gpt silver along 133 meters of vein strike and 1.3 meters of vein width - 618 gpt silver along 218 meters of vein strike and 0.9 meters of vein width - Kootenay surface samples highlights completed in 2018 and 2019: - 330 gpt Ag over 2 meters chip; 692 gpt Ag over 0.8 meters chip; 360 gpt Ag over 1.8 meters chip - 426 gpt Ag over 0.7 meters chip; 275 gpt Ag over 3.5 meters chip; 182 gpt Ag over 6.6 meters chip - Highlights from the Company's drill programs in 2019 and 2020 include: - Hole CDH-21-110: 650 gpt silver over 17 meters within a wider interval of 269 gpt over 29.9 meters (D Vein) - Hole CDH-21-103: 2,035 gpt silver over 6.0 meters within a wider interval of 333 gpt silver over 44 meters (D Vein); - Hole CDH-21-094: 809 gpt silver over 2.63 meters within a wider interval of 354 gpt silver over 9 meters (F Vein); - Hole CDH-20-082: 1,186 gpt silver over 4.6 meters within a wider interval of 112 gpt silver over 70.5 meters (B Vein); - Hole CDH 19-41 (Twin of CDH-19-008): 650 gpt silver over 7.45 meters within a wider interval of 159 gpt silver over 39.9 meters intercepting banded quartz vein (F Vein); - Hole CDH-19-038: 628 gpt silver over 1.5 meters within a wider interval of 301 gpt silver over 4.63 meters and 175 gpt silver over 10.0 meters in the B Vein. Quartz, quartz-barite veins and veinlet stock work and silicified rhyolite - Hole CDH-19-030: 982 gpt silver over 1.9 meters within an intercept of 721 gpt silver over 4 meters and 415 gpt silver over 11.5 meters.This intercept is within a new type of mineralization hosted within silicified breccias in close proximity to a distinct lithologic contact. The overall interval averaged 200 gpt silver over 25.85 meters intercepting quartz veinlets and hydrothermal breccias across the J Vein structure - Hole CDH-19-005: 775 gpt silver over 1.15 meters within 2 meters of 518 gpt silver and 230 gpt silver over 4.83 meters. (F Vein) - Hole CDH 19-009: 519 gpt silver over 2.90 meters including 1,070 gpt over 0.90 meters in a hanging wall vein and a separate intercept of 50 gpt silver over 10.40 meters followed by a 3.0-meter mined stope or tunnel interpreted as the F Vein. - Hole CDH 19-011: 648 gpt silver and 0.64 gpt gold over 1.0 meter within 245 gpt silver over 5.0 meters and 133 gpt silver over 11 meters in the F Vein with two separate footwall veins intercepted: 228 gpt over 1.2 meters and 102 gpt over 1.87 meters. - Hole CDH 19-012: 699 gpt over 2.1 meters, 113 gpt silver over 1.35 meters, and 113 gpt silver over 0.6 meters in three separate hanging wall veins and 755 gpt silver and 1.16 gpt gold over 1.75 meters within 476 gpt silver and 0.66 gpt gold over 3.15 meters and 184 gpt silver and 0.21 gpt gold over 11.0 meters in the F Vein. - Detailed results of the reported drill holes to date can be seen in the table listed on the following link: COLUMBA_DRILL_RESULTS COLUMBA 3D MODEL COLUMBA VIDEO Click on Video below to view historic underground mining data and drill results. The following two diagrams illustrate zonation: GRADES INCREASE AT DEPTH OVERVIEW Columba is a past producing high-grade silver mine, which operated from 1900 until 1910, when work ceased in the region due to the Mexican Revolution. The Property covers a large, high-grade silver epithermal system comprised of numerous veins, which the Company has mapped over strike lengths from 200 meters to up to 2 kilometers. Channel sampling on these veins in 2019 returned widths of up to 6 meters and carried grades of up to 692 gpt silver. The Property has never been systematically explored in modern times. Kootenay can acquire a 100% ownership in the concessions by making staged payments over a 4-year period totaling US$3,290,000. Payments are weighted to the back-end of the agreement with an initial payment of US$15,000 and first and second year payments totaling US$75,000 and US$150,000, respectively. Upon earn-in the vendors retain a 2% NSR of which 1% can be purchased by the Company for US$750,000. BACKGROUND & HISTORICAL DATA Columba hosts a series of high-grade silver veins on surface as well as extensive underground workings. On surface four (4) old shafts are reported to extend to depths of up to 200 meters and connect to at least six (6) levels of widespread underground drifts covering lengths of up to 1,000 meters. The majority of the work appears to have been done in the early 1900’s and again in the mid 1900’s with an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 tonnes being mined. Historical reports obtained by Kootenay indicate the potential for the discovery of high-grade deposits. For example, historic data from underground workings at a depth of 100 meters include nine (9) individual channel samples taken along a 25-meter length of vein where several high-grade intervals were reported to return silver values from 350 gpt over 1.2 meters to a high of 1,900 gpt over 4 meters (see table below for sample details). Historic Sampling of Vein at 100-meter Depth |Sample Type||Width | (meters) |Silver | (gpt) |Channel||1.80||600| |Channel||1.25||350| |Channel||1.40||650| |Channel||1.50||400| |Channel||1.50||600| |Channel||2.00||700| |Channel||3.00||1,800| |Channel||4.00||1,900| |Channel||4.00||600| The historic data is from plan maps of sampling across the veins in underground workings and from smelter reports reporting on tonnes and grade of material delivered which are consistent with the historic plan maps. Assays taken by the Company of surface tailings are also consistent with historic numbers. The Company cautions that a qualified person has not done sufficient work to verify the historical sampling data and has not substantiated any data as it pertains to the Property; therefore, the reader should not rely upon such historical grades. The information is not necessarily indicative of mineralization on the Property and is provided as background and context material for the reader. The Company is treating the historical sampling data as a guideline to determining potential future exploration programs. EXPLORATION WORK COMPLETED AT COLUMBA To prepare for initial drilling, in 2018 the Company completed mapping and sampling which resulted in the confirmation of anomalous silver in numerous veins at surface mapped over strike lengths from 200 meters to 2 kilometers. Exploration channel sampling by Kootenay returned grades ranging from 1 gpt to a high of 692 gpt silver over widths of 0.5 to 6 meters. Initial drill holes at Columba were completed by Kootenay in 2019 targeting the F vein, which was briefly mined during the 1910 era and again in the late 1950’s to early 1960’s. Drilling along both the F and I veins was carried out by the Company to verify vein width, grades and location of the vein. Results thus far have confirmed good widths of quartz, quartz-calcite vein, vein breccia and stockwork with many holes hitting unexpected hanging wall veining. Phase I drilling by Kootenay included 6,853 meters of drilling over 41 holes. In 2020,a follow up phase 2 drill program comprised of 43 holes, totaling over 9,114 meters, was carried out; targeting infill and step out drilling within the high-grade F vein and the J-Z Vein area. Results from this campaign were again impressive as drilling intercepted additional high-grade silver mineralization within the F vein, including an impressive hanging wall structure parallel to the F vein not apparent from surface including. In addition, drilling also confirmed the discovery of a broad zone of high grade hydrothermal breccias that encompasses a low to medium grade quartz stockwork system at the J-Z Zone. Detailed results for all drill holes drilled to date can be viewed by clicking the following link: COLUMBA DRILL RESULTS In 2021, the Company completed a Phase 3 drill program totalling 5,782 meters over 30 holes. Drilling targeted numberous areas including the F Vein, the JZ Zone and the East Block (located 200 meters east form the JZ Zone). Kootenay also completed follow up drilling on the B and D Veins, located approximately 600 meters south of the F Vein. Results from drilling at these veins confrimed two more promising high-grade areas producing some of the best high grade silver intercepts on the Property to date (News Release November 3, 2021). WORKED PLANNED Kootenay is currently planning a drill program at Columba. Details of this program will be available shortly.

https://kootenaysilver.com/projects/columba-silver-project

For example area of the floor area of a room area of the walls and area of the house first measures in feet then converted into square meters. Use a rectangle or square shaped rug and sofa set in the right size for your room. Smart 15 Square Meters Apartment Design Apartment Design Small Apartments Built In Storage For example if a room is 4 meters wide and 5 meters long the area of the room is 20 square meters. Meters square room. Often youll need to measure a space thats not a perfect rectangle. 1 2018 was 330 square feet even though this varies widely depending on the total square footage of your home. A living room that measures 12×18 feet is a fairly small one while the large type likely to be found in custom homes would measure about 22×28 feet. Are you looking for best average square meters of 3 bedroom house with pictures. The average living room size as of Oct. 18 meters squared is a decent size room. This fresh air will need to. Homes in the range of 2000 to 2900 square feet had an average. Square meters are a measurement of area usually used to measure a two-dimensional space such as a field or floor. For a large cleanroom it costs less per square foot but more in total since there are more square feet involved. However perfectly square spaces are rarely encountered outside of classroom tasks. Measure the width of your space. When the area of a room is known an estimate of the cost of the floor covering is also possible. Best Average Square Meters Of 3 Bedroom House With Pictures. Enter the Length and Width of an area and output square feet and square meters. For example a 10×10 room is 100 sq ft 10 2 a 15×15 room is 225 sq ft 15 2 while a 20×20 room is 400 sq ft 20 2. Youll also find that the formula above works great for rectangular areas. The square metre international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures or square meter American spelling is the SI derived unit of area with symbol m 2. Multiply the carpet cost per meter by the area of the room. By selecting a theme you may slim down your search and search for way more particular issues to construct up your kitchen design. However as the unit is exponentiated the quantities grow exponentially by the corresponding power of 10. If the room is an odd shape break the shape down into individual rectangles calculate the area in square meters for each rectangle and then add the areas of all the rectangles for the rooms total area in square meters. This would make the room look open and spacious. Consider that a bed is about one meter broad and 2 meters tall thats 2 square meters right there. If it is 3 by 3 meters it is 9 meters squared. It might be easiest to try to split up oddly shaped areas into separate shapes and measure the square meters of each of them separately. For example if an indoor space is 8 metres long and 1 metre wide its total area is 8 square metres. The perfect strategy to sort through all the things is to come up with a few designs based on one central theme on your kitchen. Thanks so so so muchAlright I feel like in a cage in this room it i. 26 Interior Design Company Templates – Microsoft Word DOC Adobe Photoshop PSD. Square meters are bigger than square feet so it will take fewer of them to cover the same area. To calculate a rectangular rooms area in square meters multiply its length in meters by its width in meters. The average living room size. If you are looking for best average square meters of 3 bedroom house with pictures youve come to the right place. Right here you can see one of our 10 square meters room gallery there are many picture that you can found do not miss them. The density limit must be rounded down to the nearest whole number. If a fume hood exhausts air to the exterior of the building that exhausted air will need to be replaced with fresh air. When you have a square living room make sure the elements in your living room are perfectly placed. 1 Adding and subtracting SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples. For instance if carpet is 30 per square. Divide the area of your space calculated in square metres by 4 to calculate the maximum number of people allowed. Square meters length width. The color of the walls of a square living room should not be in a darker shade. Measure the length and width in feet and multiply them together to get a result in square feet. Since 1 square foot 0093 square meters multiply your result by 0093 to get the answer in square meters instead. Hello everyoneFirst I want to thank Jasmin D because she supports me on Patreon. SI unit of area is the square meter. Multiply the length by the width to calculate the area in square metres. Using fume hoodsbiosafety cabinets. This is down to economies of scale. A square room will be even simpler since the length is equal to the width. Measuring Oddly Shaped Rooms. Using the eight square metre rule the density limit is 8 so no more than 1 person would be permitted to be in that indoor space at the same time. For example you might measure the footprint of a couch in square meters then measure your living room in square meters to see if it will fit. Generally a square meter is the measurement of the area that we usually use to measure a two-dimensional space such as a field or floor. This measurement is often needed to determine the amount of floor covering that is needed. The bigger the room the lower the cost per square foot.

https://musicweb.uk.net/tag/square/

PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS: - Unexplored high-grade vein system with no evidence of any exploration in modern times; - Past producing silver mine (~1900-1910); hosts numerous classic epithermal high-grade veins measuring 10+ kilometers of strike over widths of 6+ meters; - Historic* mine records indicate grades of 600 to 900 gpt silver; - Underground workings include 4 shafts and 6 levels of drifts measuring over 1,000 meters in length (70k to 100k tonne estimated production); historic sampling grades include: - 1900 gpt silver over 4 meters - 679 gpt silver along 133 meters of vein strike and 1.3 meters of vein width - 618 gpt silver along 218 meters of vein strike and 0.9 meters of vein width - Kootenay surface samples highlights completed in 2018 and 2019: - 330 gpt Ag over 2 meters chip - 692 gpt Ag over 0.8 meters chip - 360 gpt Ag over 1.8 meters chip - 426 gpt Ag over 0.7 meters chip - 275 gpt Ag over 3.5 meters chip - 182 gpt Ag over 6.6 meters chip - Highlights from the Company's drill program include: - Hole CDH 19-41 (Twin of CDH-19-008) : 650 gpt silver over 7.45 meters within a wider interval of 159 gpt silver over 39.9 meters intercepting banded quartz vein (F Vein); - Hole CDH-19-038: 628 gpt silver over 1.5 meters within a wider interval of 301 gpt silver over 4.63 meters and 175 gpt silver over 10.0 meters in the B Vein. Quartz, quartz-barite veins and veinlet stock work and silicified rhyolite - Hole CDH-19-030: 982 gpt silver over 1.9 meters within an intercept of 721 gpt silver over 4 meters and 415 gpt silver over 11.5 meters.This intercept is within a new type of mineralization hosted within silicified breccias in close proximity to a distinct lithologic contact. The overall interval averaged 200 gpt silver over 25.85 meters intercepting quartz veinlets and hydrothermal breccias across the J Vein structure - Hole CDH-19-005: 775 gpt silver over 1.15 meters within 2 meters of 518 gpt silver and 230 gpt silver over 4.83 meters. (F Vein) - Hole CDH 19-009: 519 gpt silver over 2.90 meters including 1,070 gpt over 0.90 meters in a hanging wall vein and a separate intercept of 50 gpt silver over 10.40 meters followed by a 3.0-meter mined stope or tunnel interpreted as the F Vein. - Hole CDH 19-011: 648 gpt silver and 0.64 gpt gold over 1.0 meter within 245 gpt silver over 5.0 meters and 133 gpt silver over 11 meters in the F Vein with two separate footwall veins intercepted: 228 gpt over 1.2 meters and 102 gpt over 1.87 meters. - Hole CDH 19-012: 699 gpt over 2.1 meters, 113 gpt silver over 1.35 meters, and 113 gpt silver over 0.6 meters in three separate hanging wall veins and 755 gpt silver and 1.16 gpt gold over 1.75 meters within 476 gpt silver and 0.66 gpt gold over 3.15 meters and 184 gpt silver and 0.21 gpt gold over 11.0 meters in the F Vein. - Detailed results of the first 34 reported drill holes can be seen in the table listed on the following link: COLUMBA_DRILL_RESULTS COLUMBA VIDEO Click on Video below to view historic underground mining data. Results show grades increase with depth, a pattern common in epithermal vein deposits. The following two diagrams illustrate zonation: GRADES INCREASE AT DEPTH OVERVIEW Columba is a past producing high-grade silver mine, which operated from 1900 until 1910, when work ceased in the region due to the Mexican Revolution. The Property covers a large, high-grade silver epithermal system comprised of numerous veins, which the Company has mapped over strike lengths from 200 meters to up to 2 kilometers.Recent channel sampling on these veins has returned widths of 0.5 to 6 meters and carried grades of up to 692 gpt silver. The Property has never been systematically explored in modern times. Kootenay can acquire a 100% ownership in the concessions by making staged payments over a 4-year period totaling US$3,290,000.Payments are weighted to the back-end of the agreement with an initial payment of US$15,000 and first and second years payments totaling US$75,000 and US$150,000 respectively. Upon earn-in the vendors retain a 2% NSR of which 1% can be purchased by the Company for US$750,000. BACKGROUND & HISTORICAL DATA Columba hosts a series of high-grade silver veins on surface as well as extensive underground workings. On surface four (4) old shafts are reported to extend to depths of up to 200 meters and connect to at least six (6) levels of widespread underground drifts covering lengths of up to 1,000 meters. The majority of the work appears to have been done in the early 1900’s and again in the mid 1900’s with an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 tonnes being mined. Historical reports obtained by Kootenay indicate the potential for the discovery of high-grade deposits. For example, historic data from underground workings at a depth of 100 meters include nine (9) individual channel samples taken along a 25-meter length of vein where several high-grade intervals were reported to return silver values from 350 gpt over 1.2 meters to a high of 1,900 gpt over 4 meters (see table below for sample details). Historic Sampling of Vein at 100-meter Depth |Sample Type||Width | (meters) |Silver | (gpt) |Channel||1.80||600| |Channel||1.25||350| |Channel||1.40||650| |Channel||1.50||400| |Channel||1.50||600| |Channel||2.00||700| |Channel||3.00||1,800| |Channel||4.00||1,900| |Channel||4.00||600| The historic data is from plan maps of sampling across the veins in underground workings and from smelter reports reporting on tonnes and grade of material delivered which are consistent with the historic plan maps. Assays taken by the Company of surface tailings are also consistent with historic numbers. The Company cautions that a qualified person has not done sufficient work to verify the historical sampling data and has not substantiated any data as it pertains to the Property; therefore, the reader should not rely upon such historical grades. The information is not necessarily indicative of mineralization on the Property and is provided as background and context material for the reader. The Company is treating the historical sampling data as a guideline to determining potential future exploration programs. EXPLORATION WORK COMPLETED AT THE COLUMBA To prepare for drilling, Kootenay completed mapping and sampling which resulted in the confirmation of anomalous silver in numerous veins at surface mapped over strike lengths from 200 meters to 2 kilometers. Initial channel sampling by Kootenay returned grades ranging from 1 gpt to a high of 692 gpt silver over widths of 0.5 to 6 meters. With sampling and mapping of known veins has been completed, prospecting for new veins and additional sampling and mapping continues will continue in preparation for drill testing. The first holes completed during the the first phase drill program targeted the F vein, which was briefly mined during the 1910 era and again in the late 1950’s to early 1960’s. Initial drilling along the F and I veins was carried out by the Company to verify vein width, grades and location. Results thus far have confirmed good widths of quartz, quartz-calcite vein, vein breccia and stockwork in 17 of 18 holes with some holes hitting unexpected hanging wall veining. In 2019, Kootenay completed 6,853 meters of drilling over 41 holes. Detailed results for all drill holes can be viewed by clicking the following link: Columba Drill Results. WORKED PLANNED Follow up drilling for 2020 is being designed based on the results of the 2019 drill program. Numerous priority areas have been identified and additional structures remain untested all of which will be addressed in the upcoming program in 2020, which is expected to start at the beginning of February.

https://www.kootenaysilver.com/projects/columba-silver-project

Coaches do a quick review of how to tap and turn efficiently in the shuttle run. Have kids freeze in the tap position once or twice and correct as needed, then 5 minutes of: Shuttle Runs on Coaches call, with 4 lines, 3 meters/6 feet apart Get Ready 1 minute Wounded Eagle 1 minute Couch Stretch against the wall each side Practice Movement Practice Review Movement Skills Strong Tree and Safe Shoulder for positions in the Push up to Plank Hold. Cue kids to keep their fingers pointed straight ahead (to avoidinternal rotation) Have class perform 10 push up to Plank and Hold top position for 15 seconds each. Play Work- Play For 10-12 minutes: 20 alternating Planked Shoulder Taps 10 Push Up to Plank Hold 20 Jumping Jacks 10 Blocked Squat (add 5# db for advanced movers) Game Play Dominoes Stage two sets of 6-10 relatively soft objects 10”-12” apart in a line that will behave like dominoes when knocked over (AbMats work well) and arrange class in two lines. Place start cones 2-3 meters from first domino. Using various exercises, kids race to start the domino chain reaction. Broad jumps were a class favorite, although walking lunges, planks, army crawls and bear crawls were also used.

https://thebrandxmethod.com/february-2022-kids-workout-2/

By Rahim Zamanov - Trend: Iran will able to increase gas exports to neighboring Turkey in the next three years, Iran's Deputy Oil Minister for International Affairs, Ali Majedi, said on Feb 26, IRNA News Agency reported. "If Turkey increases gas imports from Iran, then Tehran can think about giving a discount to Ankara," Majedi added. "An international court is currently considering the case," Majedi said. "The final verdict will be announced in a few months." Majedi said that referring to Turkey's formal complaint against Iran in connection with a high gas price. Ankara appealed to the International Court of Arbitration over the price on Iranian gas in March 2012. If the court rules in favor of Turkey, Iran will be obliged to provide Turkey with a 30 percent discount on gas purchases. On February 16, Iranian Oil Minister Bijan Namdar Zanganeh said that Iran is considering Turkey's request to double its natural gas imports from the Islamic Republic, Press TV reported. Zanganeh stated that Turkey has expressed an interest in increasing its gas purchases from Iran to 20 billion cubic meters a year. However, the oil minister said Iran has not yet made a decision on Turkey's request for reducing the gas price. Iran is currently charging Turkey $490 for every 1,000 cubic meters of gas. In 1996, the two countries signed an agreement, according to which Iran would supply 10 billion cubic meters of gas to Turkey annually. Iran should export about 27.3 million cubic meters of gas per day to its northwestern neighbor in accordance with the agreement. In October 2013, Turkish Energy Minister Taner Yildiz said that Turkey is importing 10 billion cubic meters of gas a year from Iran but would buy more if it were available. Turkey will also import at least 5 million tons (100,000 barrels per day) of Iranian crude in 2014, the same amount that it purchased last year, since any more cuts in the volume from Iran would "threaten" the country's economy, Hurriyet Daily News quoted Yildiz as saying. "Now we are importing about 5 million tons, and if we [reduce] that, then that would threaten our energy supply security," he added.

https://en.trend.az/business/energy/2246329.html

Solar flux and sunspot numbers were down slightly from last week. Average flux was down less than three points, and average sunspot numbers were down about 14 points from the week previous. Geomagnetic disturbances were down also, but only by a little. The most active day was May 25, when the planetary A index was 19 and the planetary K index was as high as five. For the CQ Worldwide WPX CW Contest this weekend, the predicted solar flux for Friday through Sunday is 155, 165 and 165, which is good. Unfortunately there was a coronal mass ejection on the sun which may cause a planetary A index of 12, 25 and 20 for those same three days. Saturday could be difficult for the contest. Beyond the weekend, the solar flux should reach 175 by June 7 or 8, then drop to 150 around June 11, 140 by June 16, and 130 around June 21. June 14 could be bad for HF because of geomagnetic disturbances caused by coronal hole effects. In VHF news, N4VHF in Florida worked ZF1DC on 6 meters in Cayman Islands on May 17 and KA4DON just a short distance away worked IK4GRO in Italy on 6 meters on May 22. On May 23 N0LL in Kansas worked or heard a number of stations up and down the East Coast and around the Midwest using 2 meter E-skip. Sunspot Numbers for May 20 through 26 were 121, 128, 121, 104, 104, 130 and 152 with a mean of 122.9. 10.7 cm flux was 142.5, 140.3, 140.2, 140.7, 136.9, 143.1 and 152.6, with a mean of 142.3, and estimated planetary A indices were 10, 7, 5, 10, 11, 19 and 8, with a mean of 10. The path projection for this week is from Cleveland, Ohio. To Europe, 80 meters 0030-0500 UTC, 40 meters 2300-0630 UTC, 30 meters 2130-0830 UTC, 20 meters all hours, best signals 0100-0430 UTC, worst 0730-0800 UTC, 17 meters 2000-0000 UTC. To Southern Africa, 80 meters 0030-0430 UTC, 40 meters 0000-0430 UTC, 30 meters 2230-0600 UTC, 20 meters 2030-0700 UTC, 17 meters 2000-0130 UTC. To the Caribbean, 80 meters 2330-1000 UTC, 40 meters 2200-1200 UTC, 30 meters all hours, best 0130-0900 UTC, weakest 1600-1700 UTC, 20 meters 2230-1130 UTC, 17 meters 1930-1400 UTC, 15 meters 2300-0430 UTC. To South America, 80 meters 0030-0930 UTC, 40 meters 2330-1000 UTC, 30 meters 2200-1100 UTC, 20 meters all hours, strongest 0100-0930 UTC, weakest 1600-1800 UTC, 17 meters 1230-0630 UTC, 15 meters 0100-0300 UTC. To Australia, 80 meters 0700-1030 UTC, 40 meters 0600-1130 UTC, 30 meters 0600-1200 UTC, 20 meters 0400-1400 UTC, 17 meters 0200-0900 UTC, 15 meters 0100-0600 UTC. To Japan, 40 meters 0930-1030 UTC, 30 meters 0800-1230 UTC, 20 meters 1700-1300 UTC.

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It can withstand temperatures upto 750° C. Fire-Safety: Non-combustible when tested to BS 476 :Part 4 :1970. Facing: Faced with reinforced Aluminium foil.Other facings available on request. Thermal conductivity: |product shows remarkably low thermal conductivity values when tested in accordance with BS 874 : 1986. | R value for thermal resistance is 1.56m².k/w, at 10ºC for 50mm thickness Moisture: does not absorb any moisture from the air. Moisture has no effect on the stability of the building roll. |Density:| |Available in densities of 40 to 48 kg/m³ in standard widths of 1.1 meters, | 1.2 meters and 6.0 meters lengths. Non - standard sizes available on request. |Packing:| building rolls are packed in HDPE bags. Product Details: |Size||9 sq.mt - 36 sq.mt| |Thickness||25mm - 50mm| |Max Withstanding Temperature||200 degree| |Brand||Twiga| Additional Information: Delivery Time: within 2 days Product Details:

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Multiband End-Fed Antenna - A homebrew project for a multiband end-fed antenna made with a single FT140-43 and 50pf capacitor and 20 meters of wire. The Fan Dipole Fence - The FFD is a multiband antenna, quick, easy and cheap. This antenna is designed to work on 80, 40, 20, 17, 10 and 6 meters and to be placed in a backyard. 6 Bands Fan Dipole Antenna - Extension to an existing fan dipole originally modeled for 40 20 and 6 meters. This modification will add 80 15 and 10 meter bands.

https://www.dxzone.com/tag-6-and-10-meter-antenna/3.html

by Stan Zawrotny, K4SBZ The ARRL Field Day rules say that you can operate on the “160, 80, 40, 20, 15 and 10 Meter HF bands, as well as all bands 50 MHz and above.” That’s a big help – anywhere except the WARC bands (60, 30, 17 and 12 Meters). But where should you actually operate? And when? Which modes? Let’s start off with a general rule for HF: You should operate on the higher bands (20, 15 and 10) during the daytime. At dusk, move to 40 meters. After dark, operate on 40, 80 and 160 Meters. To narrow that down a little more, 20 Meters is the “Money Band” during the day. 40 and then 80 are the best choices at night. But, if you want to make the most contacts in the most ARRL and RAC sections, you need to have all of the bands in your arsenal. Here is a band-by-band synopsis of the current band conditions, as I see them. “Your mileage may vary” – by mode, time of day, changing propagation and capabilities of your station. A summary of the band’s frequencies and modes follows each band’s forecast. Daytime 20 Meters: As previously mentioned, 20 Meters is the “Money Band” during the day. It is also the busiest. That’s because you can work the world on 20 Meters. Don’t expect to hear many locals here. Their signals are going over top of you to the ionosphere to be reflected down hundreds of miles away. It’s difficult to work Alabama, Georgia, Florida and South Carolina on 20. Most of your contacts will be west of the Mississippi or north of the Mason-Dixon Line. 20 may be a little slow during the middle of the day and then pick up after 3 pm. After sunset, 20 usually closes down, but has been known to be open all night. 20 Meters starts at 14.000 MHz and extends up to 14.350. As with most bands, CW occupies the lower end, from 14.000 to 14.150 MHz. Only Extra Class operators are allowed in 14.000 to 14.025. Imbedded in the CW band are “watering holes” for PSK31 (14.070), FT8 (14.074), FT4(14.080) and RTTY (14.083 to 14.110). Voice (SSB) occupies the upper end of 20, from 14.150 to 14.350. General Class operators must stay above 14.225 MHz. The band will be busiest between 14.225 and 14.300. If you are looking for an opening to call CQ, you stand a better chance of finding one above 14.300 MHz. Avoid the SSTV watering hole at 14.230. You should probably also avoid 14.280 which seems to be a favorite for Latin American hams. 15 Meters: 15 Meters is an alternative to 20. It is also a longer distance band with the West Coast and South America most common. 15 is more likely to be open during mid-day, closing around 4 pm. The range for 15 Meters is 21.000 to 21.450 Mhz. CW occupies the lower end up to 21.200 MHz, with the first .025 MHz reserved for Extras. Technicians may operate CW, but not voice, on 15 Meters. You will find PSK31 at 21.070, FT8 at 21.074, FT4 at 21.140 and RTTY from 21.080 to 21.110 MHz. SSB starts at 21.200 with Generals restricted to above 21.275 MHz. 10 Meters: During this low sunspot period, 10 Meters has mostly not been open except for short periods. However, during the early summer months, 10 has been known to be open for long distances, with the skip usually favoring the West Coast and South America. This usually occurs during late morning and early afternoon. However, at the time of this writing (two weeks before Field Day), 10 has been open later. I have made FT8 contacts around the clock. The 10 Meter spectrum is quite large: from 28.000 MHz to 29.700. The lower end, up to 28.300 is for CW. The PSK31 sub-band is at 28.070. RTTY starts at 28.080. FT8 is at 28.074 and FT4 is at 28.180 MHz. Voice starts at 28.300 with no sub-band set aside for Extras. It’s important to note that Technician Class may operate up to 28.500 MHz. Nighttime 40 Meters: 40 Meters is actually open most of the day for short-range contacts, so you will nearly always find a little activity there. 40 opens up right around, or just before, sunset. As the Gray Line moves westward, so does the range for 40 until it reaches the West Coast or beyond. From sunset on, 40 is very crowded. 40 Meters is the 7 MHz band, extending from 7.000 to 7.300 MHz. CW occupies the lower end up to 7.125 MHz, with the usual .025 beginning reserved for Extras. The PSK31 watering hole is at 7.080 (note that the “.070” pattern is broken here). RTTY starts at 7.0430, FT8 is at 7.0740 and FT4 is at 7.0475. Technicians have CW privileges along side the Generals on 40. SSB starts at 7.125 for Extras and Advanced Classes and at 7.175 for Generals. The range from 7.175 to 7.200 is the busiest. Look out for the “Good Ole Boys” who occupy 7.200 MHz. They don’t take kindly to anyone encroaching on “their” frequency. The section above 7.200 also has a couple of European shortwave AM stations. Remember that from 10 MHz down, SSB is Lower Sideband. Doing “search and pounce,” it’s easier to start high and tune down into the signal. 80/75 Meters: After dark, 80 Meters starts to open up and remains open all night. 80 is not as crowded as 40. Many hams fill their logs on 40 Meters, then move down to 80. Most activity will be East Coast and Mid-West. 80 Meters (3.500 to 4.000 MHz) is so broad that it is sometimes broken into 80 Meters (3.5 to 3.7 MHZ) for CW and 75 Meters (3.6 to 4.0 MHz) for SSB. It is sometimes difficult to get an antenna tuned to both ends of the band. The 80 Meter CW band has the first .025 reserved for Extras. Generals and Technicians share the rest. PSK31 occupies 3.580 MHz, RTTY is from 3.590 to 3.600, FT8 is at 3.573 and FT4 is at 3.575 MHz. On the 75 Meter Band, SSB starts for Extras at 3.600, for Advanced at 3.700 and for Generals at 3.800 MHz. You will encounter a lot of rag chewers in the General portion of the band. They don’t like “contesters.” 160 Meters: This is known to many as the “Top Band.” 160 is definitely a nighttime band, not opening up until well after dark. It is also a high QRN band, especially during the summer months and any other time when there are thunderstorms. Another factor resulting in low activity is the size of an antenna resonant at 160 Meters. Most multi-band antennas do not include 160. The entire length of the 160 Meter band from 1.8 to 2.0 MHz is both CW and SSB with no sub-bands for Extras. There is a PSK31 watering hole at 1.838. FT8 can be found at 1.840 MHz. There are no watering holes for RTTY or FT4. VHF 6 Meters: Most HF rigs also have 6 Meter capability. 6 Meters, the “Magic Band,” is best during the summer months, especially June. During the ARRL VHF June Contest, June 13 and 14, the FT8 sub-band was as active as 20 meters. While the propagation favoring 6 Meters usually occurs during the day, the band was open to some degree all night long from Tallahassee to New England and the Mid-Atlantic during the contest. Many multi-band HF antennas will operate on 6 Meters. In a few hours, mostly on Sunday, I was able to make 77 contacts in 17 states, mostly in the Southeast, Mid-West and New England. Reports on 3830Scores.com from other hams indicate that CW and SSB were also active. Please note that I was using a multi-band HF OCF dipole, not a beam antenna. There have been recent reports of 6 meters being open to Europe for short spells. Although 6 Meter extends for 4 MHz from 50 to 544 MHz, activity is mostly on the first MHz. CW will mostly be found from 50.0 to 50.120. 50.125 is the SSB calling frequency. You will find SSB CQs from 50.120 up to 51.000 MHz. The primary FT8 frequency is 50.313, with some activity also on 50.323. 50.318 is the FT4 sub-band. You can use FM simplex from 51.1 to 52.0 MHz. From 52.05 to 53.0 MHz, FM simplex shares the band with FM repeaters. Modes You can use any authorized mode for Field Day. However, most of the activity will be CW or SSB. RTTY is fairly active on FD. PSK31 will have some activity, however, PSK31 operators usually don’t understand about contests and FD, so you may find them sending their “brag” reports rather than the FD exchange. If so, try asking for the necessary information. They won’t know their class, but most will be operating 1D. FT8 and FT4 have both been very active in contests recently. Because of their weak-signal capability, FT8 and FT4 may be active even when CW and SSB fade out. A Field Day reporting feature is now built into WSJT-X. Assistance Many hams report (“spot”) their contacts to the DX clusters. You can monitor a DX cluster to see who is active on what frequency. Be aware that the DX clusters are world-wide, so a spot may be by someone in Europe and not workable by you. You can usually filter the clusters to give only the modes, bands, and reporting stations that you need. There are a number of DX clusters available. One popular cluster is DX Summit at http://www.dxsummit.fi/#/. Most of the contesting software packages provide a direct link to a cluster and also show a band map with the stations heard on the band that you are on. If you have activated the CAT capability, linking your rig to your computer, you can click on the callsign and the logger will change your rig directly to that frequency. Check your logger’s user guide for specifics.

http://k4tlh.net/field-day-band-forecast/

- A concealed escape stairway in the wall leads out of the Wada. - An "'escape chute "'is a special kind of emergency exit, used where conventional fire escape stairways are impractical. - The building was built in the 20's, yet still had four corner escape stairways with fire doors at each exit. - The building was totally renovated with fire sprinkler systems, fire escape stairways, new HVAC systems, and a complete electrical renovation. - Each floor has two pressurized fire escape stairways with widths of 1.35 meters, higher than the standard 1.20 meters of comparable structures.

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roads to be equal to the remaining area of the park, What should be the width of the roads? (a) 10 meters (b) 12.5 meters (c) 14 meters (d) 15 meters 2.A rectangular swimming pool is 48 m long and 20 m wide. The shallow edge of the pool is 1 m deep. For every 2.6 m that one walks up the inclined base of the swimming pool, one gains an elevation of 1 m. What is the volume of water (in cubic meters), in the swimming pool? Assume that the pool is filled up to the brim. (a) 528 (b) 960 (c) 6790 (d) 10560 - A thread is wound on a cylinder such that it makes exactly twenty-four complete turns around the cylin- der. The two ends of thread touch the top and bottom of cylinder. If cylinder has a radius of 15 cm and its curved surface area is 2880 cm’ then find the leng of the string.

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Cancun, Q.R. — By majority vote, the Senate of the Republic approved to propose to reform Articles 7 and 19 of the General Law of National Assets (LGBN) in order to reduce the Federal Maritime Land Zone from 20 to 10 meters. The reduction of the land zone would then expand the surface of the maritime beach and make it freely and unreservedly passable. Amid praise and applause for the 4T and despite warnings by scientists, academics and specialists, the proposal was approved by 111 of the 115 legislators. The results of the vote have since been sent to the Chamber of Deputies. José Luis Pech, Quintana Roo Senator, stated that this reform to the Ley General de Bienes Nacionales (LGBN) is “an act of justice and seeks to say goodbye to private beaches”, guaranteeing their enjoyment for all. “With this modification, the aim is to make it very clear in the General Law of National Assets that maritime beaches include the first 10 meters of sand from the highest tide and that they will be for public use, with free and open access to the sea in any direction.” “Consequently, Zofemat (Zona Federal Marítimo Terrestre), which currently comprises 20 meters above high tide, is divided into two parts: The first 10 meters are for the enjoyment of Mexican men and women and the other 10 may be concessioned,” explained Pech who also pointed out that the reform covers lagoons, lakes and estuaries or natural deposits of sea water. With the reduction of the federal zone, the resources that the municipalities collect for the use, enjoyment and exploitation of that strip, now of up to 20 meters of those who have a concession, will decrease by half once the validity of the current concession ends. Senator Pech clarified that since the law cannot be retroactive, the current Zofemat concessions will continue to cover their 20 meters until their validity ends, so “at this time” there will be no impact on federal or municipal income. Pech Várguez says that currently, it is not clear what is understood by “public beach” since its physical dimensions are not defined and its legal concept is complex, contrary to what happens with the delimitation of Zofemat, which favors the authorization of private concessions on the best beaches in the country. It is those concessions, he says, that prevent residents from enjoying the beaches.

https://www.riviera-maya-news.com/senate-approves-to-move-ahead-with-reforming-zofemat-land-zone/2021.html

meters deep. - MANTA REEF 6 minutes by motor boat, duration 45 minutes, exploration of coral sea 14/25 meters deep, zone with mantas and small rays. - CANYONS REEF, canyons among coral 12 to 32 meters deep, 10 minutes navigation. - NATIONAL SUBMARINE PARK LA CALETA, EXPLORATION: two wrecks among wonderful coral, 18/20 meters deep. 35 minutes from Boca Chica. - CAVE fresh water Cueva Taina 20 minutes by jeep on dirt road in low tropical forest, descent in cave among stalactites and stalagmites 1 km far from the sea, 10/23 meters deep. - CATALINA ISLAND (GREAT DIVING), 1 hour by minibus + 30 minutes navigation by motor boat, first dive along one of the most impressive Caribbean coral reef, 5 to 40 meters deep, surrounded by shoals of surgeon fish. Second dive "Acquario" among clouds of fishs, with the chance of meeting sea eagles and big mantas.

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Your Difficulty Rating: -none- Change Your Ticks:Add New Tick Description The route starts down the gully past the beautiful birch tree. Follow bolts up the ramp and pull some fun moves around the two bulges. It would be helpful to extend the two bolts before the bulge to reduce rope drag later. About 35 meters to the first belay ledge. Pitch two, 20 meters up exposed but easier climbing to a second set of rings. An optional third pitch goes up then right across a ledge system. Continue angling up and right and then straight up for a nice long pitch of easy but very featured climbing. 35 meters Pitch 1: 14 bolts, 5.9 35 meters Pitch 2: 7 bolts, 5.7 20 meters Pitch 3: 9 bolts, 5.7 35 meters Pitch 3 finishes on a steep tree'd ledge. You can finish here and scramble up to the top of the wave wall and walk off like that, or rappel back down the rap anchors if you want to climb some of the other routes.

https://www.mountainproject.com/route/119176989/highland-heatwave

A mechanistic model for calculating windthrow and stem - Helda cubic meters of timber in both cases (Solantie. 1983 Laiho 1987). .. of a Scots pine tree with a height of 20 m. taper 1:100 and crown/stem linearly as a function of the windspeed between . results of stem breakage would have been much. Return to Pine trees in Queensland - INTAD - Industrial The scientific definition of a pine tree is that it is a member of the coniferous genus Pinus caribea grows to about 30 metres in height with a spread of 4 metres. However the amount of wood returned per tree is higher than for Slash pine. for a tree to grow to a size which is suitable for sawn timber - is one of the reasons The Economic Value of Portuguese ForestsThe - Editorial Express depending on tree species considering market services (timber and .. The value of forests and of the multiple services they provide has been at the core of the .. hand the maritime pine tree (commonly referred to as pine) classified as resinous or . 20 One cubic meter of timber contains approximately 250kg of carbon Lineal Metres to Cubic Meters Calculator Converter - Blocklayer.com Calculate and Convert Lineal to Cubic and Cubic to Lineal + Cost and Log Volumes. mm 1 lineal metres of 100 × 50 = 0.005 m³. Thickness mm 200 lineal metres of 100 × 50 Print large images over multiple pages Printing to Scale Help Trees and Shrubs - National Park Service 7 Aug 2002 pinyon pine tree Normally this reddish barked tree is small and many branched. This is Ponderosa is a valuable timber pine; it is one of the most heavily harvested woods. . The narrow linear leaves are hairy and alternate with entire margins. . It grows 1 to 4 meters tall but can reach 8 m in height. Modeling Green Weight of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) specified portion of loblolly pine tree stems. In order to develop . weighing truckloads of timber and obtaining a volume based off the weight and the number of stems. Multiple linear regression equations were used to estimate truckload volumes with weight of Board foot cubic foot and cubic meter are all common units Volume Equations - Yale School of Forestry Environmental Studies Volume Tables for the Important Timber Trees of the. United States: Part II . The construction of standard tree volume tables by weighted multiple regression. Investments in timberland: investors' strategies and economic To everyone thank you very much. Bruno Kanieski Moreover the wood market is promising and demand for timber products is likely to increase in the conversion to cubic meter used was 1.04 for Pine tree and 1.15 for Eucalyptus according to SBS2008. The production demonstrates a linear growth with an annual Urban Forestry Lab. Calculating Board Footage In A Tree From these two measurements a forester can determine how much lumber is in a tree and thereby predict how much wood is in a particular timber area. The unit of wood . A fairly straight pine tree is an ideal tree for this exercise. Blowouts. Timber Conversion Charts - Davids Timber The following are a list of general timber conversions which are used Lineal meters x nominal width x nominal depth = Cubic meters; Eg: 300 lineal x 0.100 x Subterranean Termite Control - Florida Department of Agriculture between a dead pine tree and pine lumber; therefore their food may be in . damage caused by fire or other calamities yet many more houses are in soil. Wood debis in dirt fill. Concrete entrance slab. Direct access from porch fill to wood . 10 linear ft. Heavy ture meter to help detect the presence of termites. Termite Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine) - Cabi 17 Jul 2014 English: Caribbean pine tree; Caribbean pitch pine; Cuban pine; P. caribaea belongs to Pinus section Diploxylon characterized by hard timber and 2 xylem Prior to about 1950 P. caribaea was much confused in the literature with P. usually falling in second year light or yellowish green linear rigid Download - 493kb In polycyclic trees the number of clusters per metre is similar in the bottom two logs (12 m) as Epicormic shoots forming on a pruned radiata pine tree where the . On many sites basal area maximum growth occurs in the summer– . In open-grown trees crown diameter and stem diameter are linearly or almost linearly. Estimating Weight of Logs and Standing Timber: A Guide for Standing timber logs and lumber are often bought and sold by the board foot. The “board footage” of logs is an estimate of the amount of lum- ber that will be Nine Layers of the Edible Forest Garden (Food Forest) Temperate 27 May 2013 Timber trees large nut trees and nitrogen-fixing trees are the typical trees in this Typically up to 10 feet (3 meters) high. Many of these plants can be utilized in the Herbaceous Layer the Tapping the Pine Tree… .. to learn chess because it locks you into one way of thought linear thinking in boxes”. Autologistic regression analysis of spatial-temporal binary data via Studies of forest declines are important because they both reduce timber production and models to include temporal terms and multiple-response variables aimed at likelihood of red pine tree mortality whereas there is no direct association between . tivariate spatial data is generalized linear latent variable models. Eco-Friendly Wood Carpentry Wood Window A pine tree's life cycle indicates that it is recommended to be removed from In fact this amount can not be reached because many forests are not accessible. approximately 720000 linear meters of glulam and a volume of 4500 cubic meters; The required semi-finished wood comes from 22500 cubic meters of timber Tallest Douglas Fir in America rephaim23 12 Nov 2012 Common sized Timber in Giant Old Growth Douglas fir stands. . A pine tree has been subsequently discovered in the Umpqua country to the has hundreds of such firs many of them too big to be handled by the equipment now .. It was six feet (18 metres) in diameter 10 feet (3 metres) from the ground. Timber Conversion Calculator Hyne Timber Timber Conversion Calculator Are you looking to convert lineal metres to cubic metres, or prices per square metre to prices per lineal metre? Look no further, this online calculator will help you with your general timber volume and price conversions. Linear Metre Calculator - Bespoke Garden Rooms, Timber ... This is the amount of timber in linear metres you will need for the width of boards you intend using to cover the square metre area. By entering the board length measurement optional , the calculator will tell you how many boards at a given length you will need. How Much Lumber in that Tree? E2915 - MSU Extension Local customs, however, sometimes require using other log rule calculations when standing timber is sold. Estimated volumes from two other log rules, Doyle and Scribner Decimal C, are given in Tables 3 and 4. If you are going to fell the trees yourself and haul the logs to the mill, read the board foot values in Table 2, the International rule. Calculate Linear Metres to Square Metres Linear Meters measures length. If your material comes in set widths, you can calculate the area a given total length of this material will cover. And if you know the total area to cover, you can calculate the length of material at a given width, to fit the area. Square Metres to Linear Metres ... What is a linear metre? - hipages.com.au A linear metre is a term primarily used in the building industry, often to quantify and price materials including roofing, timber and flooring products. Linear metre vs square metre. As the definition implies a linear or lineal metre applies to a length of a material, such as carpeting or roof sheeting. How much decking do I need? - Everist-Timber To find out how many lineal meters you need, take your square meters and divide it by the width of the decking boards. ... You would then add 10% to take into account for timber wastage by X it by 1.1. 86 x 19 decking covering a deck that is 6m X 4m needs: 264 X 1.1 = 290.40 or 290 LM . I hope this was helpful. Back. Next. 03 5979 1674. Flooring & 38; Decking Calculator - Narangba Timbers Timber Decking Resources. At Narangba Timbers we are the "decksperts" when it comes to timber decking. Our friendly staff can provide you with all the information you need to make the best decisions and the most cost-effective decisions for your DIY timber decking project. Timber Conversion Calculator - TasmanKB Outdoor Timber ... An Australian owned family business involved in the wholesale distribution of quality timber and panel products. Our timber is both locally produced and imported, sourced from well-managed plantations and native forests in Australia and other parts of the world. How to Determine the Board Feet of Lumber in a Tree Hunker Determining the amount of usable lumber in a tree is a key concern prior to any timber removal. If there is a specific project calling for a certain amount of wood, you'll need to know how many trees to remove. Even if you are simply removing a single tree, it's helpful to have an estimate of its yield. 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(Yicai Global) Oct. 8 -- China's total shale gas output has reached 20 billion cubic meters since production began in 2015 at the Fuling field in the western municipality of Chongqing. Output at Fuling, the world's biggest shale field outside of North America, will reach 10 billion cubic meters this year, state broadcaster CCTV reported, adding that the site boasts some 600.8 billion cubic meters in proven reserves. The field provides clean energy to six provinces and two municipalities along the Yangtze River via the Sichuan-to-East gas transmission pipelines with daily output enough to satisfy up to 32 million households. China aims to achieve 30 billion cubic meters in accumulated shale gas output by 2020 and between 80 billion and 100 billion cubic meters by 2030, the National Energy Administration stated in September 2016.

https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/china%E2%80%99s-shale-output-hits-20-billion-cubic-meters

Services Suites @ Times Square Kl Services Suites @ Times Square Kl apartment is located around 1250 meters away from Aquaria KLCC and 1350 meters from Menara Kuala Lumpur. The conveniences such as a luggage storage, a restaurant and a car park are offered on site. Avenue 10 Food Court treats guests with Malaysian meals and lies within 100 meters from the property. The apartment offers rooms with an in-room safe, climate control, cable TV with on-demand movies, multi-channel television and a personal computer for a comfortable stay in Kuala Lumpur. The property comprises 2 bedrooms. A marble bathroom is provided. Kitchen amenities feature a microwave, an electric kettle and a fridge. 20 minutes' walk to Old Kuala Lumpur Railway train station. Guests can dive into a swimming pool.

http://services-suites-times-square-kl.hotels-kualalumpur.com/en/

Another activation of the team “KRV” – WWII airfield “Zhitkur” – NEW ONE ZDW5 In the period from 29 to 30 August 2020, members of the NGO “Club of Radio Amateurs of the city of Volzhsky” plan to activate the inactive airfield “Zhitkur”, located in Pallasovskiy district of Volgograd region (NEW ONE RAFA: ZDW5; RDA: VG-37, Loc. LN38DX). The approximate working period from 10.00 UTC 29.08.2020 to 08.00 UTC 30.08.2020. The airfield was created in 1942 for aviation support of the Battle of Stalingrad, then it was based here up to ten bombings, assault, and fighter aircraft regiments. After WWII, it was involved in the life support system of the Kapustin Yar Cosmodrome. Callsignals of the radio expedition: 1st position UA4AVN/p (Oleg) – SSB – 100 W, 2nd position R4ADD/p (Yuri) – CW, FM – 100 W. Ranges: 80, 40, 30, 20, 15, 10 meters (recommended frequencies of the program RAFA); 2 meters (145.500 & 145.550). TX: Yaesu FT-897, 857D. ANT: in.vee on 80 meters, in.vee on 40 – 20 meters, dipole on 30 meters, on 10.5 meters masts, on 2 meters 8 elements (2 stacks of 4 elements) on 5 meters mast, OPEK HVT-400B, GP on 10 meters, END Fed. POWER: petrol generator Patriot GP1000i for 1 KW. LOGs: N1MM+, UR5EQF. There is a good opportunity to fulfill the conditions of the diploma of the club “Travel with us”.(TWU) (http://krv.hamlog.ru). Photoactivation report will be placed on ua4avnmail–ru.jimdo.com Please drop in the cluster, as there is no internet or mobile connection at the location of the airfield. See you on the air!

https://pskovradio.club/%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B-%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B2-%D0%B0%D1%8D/

GAZPROM WANTS $1.7 B Ukraine received 3.529 billion cubic meters of Russian gas in May boosting the amount of unpaid supplies to 9.839 billion cubic meters, Gazprom's representative Sergei Kupriyanov said in a news conference on June 3, a day after Kiev and Moscow agreed to continue gas pumping and drop plans to go to court, Prime has said. "As of today Ukraine has not paid for 9.839 billion cubic meters of Russian gas," Kupriyanov said. He said that the gas exports have hit a seasonal record worth U.S. $1.7 billion. The companies now are to consult with their governments a gas supply price of U.S. $350-380 per 1,000 cubic meters, a medium price between $268.5 and $485 Kiev used to pay. Gazprom CEO Alexei Miller said that the next meeting will depend on how Ukraine repays its debt for the supplies in November and December at a price of $385 as well as payments for April and May gas at $500. oilandgaseurasia.com |October, 17, 10:35:00| | | OIL PRICE: ABOVE $81 ANEW |October, 17, 10:30:00| | | СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО ИРАНА И РОССИИ |October, 17, 10:25:00| | | ЦЕНА URALS: $81.10625 |October, 17, 10:20:00| | | INDIA'S PIVOTAL IMPORTANCE |October, 17, 10:15:00| | | INDIA NEEDS OIL |October, 17, 10:10:00| | | SAUDI - INDIA'S DOWNSTREAM Chronicle: U.S. IN EUROPE REUTERS - The United States must not determine European energy policy or decide whether Germany buys Russian gas, a top German diplomat said on Tuesday. TOTAL IN RUSSIA: THE LARGEST FT - “Total has great ambition in this country, we want to be the largest foreign oil and gas player here,” the company’s chief executive Patrick Pouyanné said on Monday at the launch of a factory outside Moscow. PETROBRAS - CNPC COOPERATION PLATTS - Petrobras is to form two joint venture companies with China National Petroleum Corp. (CNPC) to complete construction of a refinery and revitalize four mature fields in the offshore Campos Basin, the state-owned Brazilian company said NORWAY'S DEFENCE BLOOMBERG - The wealth fund’s initial case had focused on limiting Norway’s exposure to a drop in oil prices, given its status as western Europe’s biggest petroleum producer. When the proposal was first made last year, it rocked markets, and drew responses from a number of major investors.

https://wognews.net/news/2014/6/gazprom-wants-$17-b

The Overlapping Genetics of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Frontiers In Neuroscience , 14 , Article 42. 10.3389/fnins.2020.00042. | | Preview | Text | fnins-14-00042.pdf - Published version Download (317kB) | Preview Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are two diseases that form a broad neurodegenerative continuum. Considerable effort has been made to unravel the genetics of these disorders, and, based on this work, it is now clear that ALS and FTD have a significant genetic overlap. TARDBP, SQSTM1, VCP, FUS, TBK1, CHCHD10, and most importantly C9orf72, are the critical genetic players in these neurological disorders. Discoveries of these genes have implicated autophagy, RNA regulation, and vesicle and inclusion formation as the central pathways involved in neurodegeneration. Here we provide a summary of the significant genes identified in these two intrinsically linked neurodegenerative diseases and highlight the genetic and pathological overlaps.

https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10095758/

Head, Lab. Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Neuroscience, "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research Via La Masa, 19 20156 Milano, Italy Tel: +39(0)239014488 Fax: +39(0)23546277 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Ettore Beghi Capo Laboratorio Malattie Neurologiche "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research Via Giuseppe La Masa, 19 20156 - Milano Tel: 0239014542 Fax: 0239001916 E-mail: [email protected] Research Lines: - Descriptive, analytical, and experimental epidemiology in the field of ALS, epilepsy, headache, and other neurodegenerative disorders - Validation of diagnostic criteria for neurological disorders - Assessment of the prognosis of chronic neurological disorders (ALS, epilepsy) - Randomized pragmatic trials for treatments of neurological disorders - Creation of guidelines for neurological disorders - Assessment of costs of brain disorders • Behavioral, neuropathological and neuroimaging characterization of rodent models of ALS • Development of motor neuronal cell models of familial ALS. • Studies on the pathogenic mechanism of ALS in cellular models and transgenic SOD1 mutant mouse and rats with particular interest on the role of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and protein aggregation. • Development of target genes-based therapies for the protection of motor neurons. • Therapeutical interventions in transgenic SOD1 mutant mouse models: pharmacological, stem cells, genes-based therapies • Studies aimed to identify biomarkers for the diagnosis and progression of the disease in ALS patients and rodents models. Top 10 Publications: - Logroscino G, Traynor BJ, Hardiman O, Chiò A, Mitchell D, Swingler RJ, Millul A, Benn E, Beghi E. Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Europe. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009 Aug 25 [Epub ahead of print] - Beghi E, Millul A, Micheli A, Vitelli E, Logroscino G; SLALOM Group. Incidence of ALS in Lombardy, Italy. Neurology 2007; 68: 141-145. - Beghi E. 127th ENMC International Workshop: implementation of a European registry of ALS. Naarden, The Netherlands, 8-10 October 2004. Neuromuscul Disord 2006; 16: 46-53. - Millul A, Beghi E, Logroscino G, Micheli A, Vitelli E, Zardi A. Survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a population-based registry. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 25: 114-119. - Beghi E, Balzarini C, Bogliun G, Logroscino G, Manfredi L, Mazzini L, Micheli A, Millul A, Poloni M, Riva R, Salmoiraghi F, Tonini C, Vitelli E; Italian ALS Study Group. Reliability of the El Escorial diagnostic criteria for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology 2002; 21: 265-270 - Basso M, Samengo G, Nardo G, Massignan T, D'Alessandro G, Tartari S, Cantoni L, Marino M, Cheroni C, De Biasi S, Giordana MT, Strong MJ, Estevez AG, Salmona M, Bendotti C, Bonetto V. Characterization of detergent-insoluble proteins in ALS indicates a causal link between nitrative stress and aggregation in pathogenesis.PLoS One. 2009 Dec 2;4(12):e8130.

https://www.euromotorproject.eu/partners/italy/milan-mario-negri/

Disorders and diseases of the nervous system are diagnosed, evaluated and cared for by a multidisciplinary team of board certified and subspecialty fellowship trained neurologists, neurology residents, nurse practitioners, neurology nurses, social workers, technologists and support staff. Our integrated care programs are designed to provide services in all aspects of neurologic care. Subspecialty areas of clinical expertise include: Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, epilepsy, headache, movement, inherited & neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson’s disease & the Parkinsonian Syndromes, Huntington’s disease, cerebellar ataxias, dystonias and spasticity), multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular disease (including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral nerve and neuropath pain disorders), stroke & other neurovascular disorders, paroxysmal disorders-including sleep, and pediatric neurology. Visit Neurological Care at The University of Vermont Medical Center for more information.

http://www.med.uvm.edu/neuro/clinical

"Neurological disorder" refers to a disease of the brain, spine, and the nerves that connect them. There are over 600 known diseases of the nervous system, including: - Parkinson's Disease - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) - Multiple sclerosis (MS) Due to the fact that the brain, spinal cord and nerves make up the human nervous system, together they control not some, but all of the workings of the body. When a part of the nervous system is not working properly, you can have difficulty moving, speaking, swallowing, breathing, and learning. Neurological symptoms associated with common disorders: - ALS: The disease may include muscle weakness in the hands, arms, legs, or the muscles of speech, breathing, or swallowing. ALS may involve twitching, or cramping in the hands or feet, and impairment in the ability to use the hands or arms. "Thick speech," shortness of breath, difficulty with breathing or swallowing can also occur. - Multiple Sclerosis: A lifelong, chronic disease of the central nervous system that may affect one's ability to write, speak, or walk. Inflammation and scarring of the central nervous system disrupts communication between the brain and other parts of the body. - Parkinson's disease: The symptoms for Parkinson's disease may include: tremors, slowed movement (bradykinesia), rigid muscles, impaired posture and balance, loss of automatic movements, speech problems, and writing changes. Defining a Disability The Social Security Administration (SSA) defines a disability as the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of a medically determinable impairment (physical or mental), which is expected to either result in death or last for a continuous period of at least 12 months. The SSA's Listing of Impairments describes impairments for each major body system, including neurological disorders. Such impairments on the Listing of Impairments are severe enough to cause severe functional limitations. Listing of Impairments – Neurological Disorders Under Section 11.01, the category of neurological impairments includes, but is not limited to: - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Parkinson's disease - Multiple sclerosis - Epilepsy (convulsive and nonconvulsive) - Central nervous system vascular accident - Brain tumors - Cerebral palsy - Muscular dystrophy What are the evidentiary requirements? In order to file a disability claim for a neurological disorder, it will be necessary to provide medical evidence showing that you have an impairment, as well as the severity of the impairment. This medical evidence will come from sources that have treated or evaluated you for your impairment. Acceptable sources for medical documents include: - A licensed physician - Licensed or certified psychologists - Licensed optometrists - Licensed podiatrists (for establishing impairments of the foot or ankle) - Qualified speech-language pathologists Currently, the SSA emphasizes the importance of making determinations based on medical evidence from treating sources because treating physicians have the ability to provide a detailed picture of the patient's impairment and can provide a more detailed perspective that cannot be obtained from a brief hospitalization. The SSA will also investigate the claimant's complaints in regards to: - The claimant's daily activities; - The location, frequency, duration, and intensity of pain; - Types, dosage, and side effects of medications; - Any aggravating factors; - Measures used by claimant to relieve pain; and - Other relevant factors concerning claimant's functional limitations due to pain and other symptoms. Contact a Las Vegas Social Security Disability Attorney You have worked long and hard to provide for yourself and your family. If you are suffering from a neurological disorder, it is absolutely life-changing and you deserve to receive the full Social Security disability benefits that you are entitled to. At Disability Action Advocates, our legal team is intimately familiar with the Listing of Impairments and all neurological disorders on that list. We care about your health and your financial wellbeing, we urge you to contact a Las Vegas Social Security disability representative from our office to discuss your case in a free case evaluation.

https://www.socialsecuritydisabilitylasvegasnv.com/blog/2014/august/neurological-disorders-and-ssd/

Neurological disorders have severe impacts on people’s lives in terms of both disability and dependency and have been linked to suicide. Yet, a comprehensive overview was lacking. This study examined whether people with specific neurological disorders die by suicide more often than other people. The study was based on the register data covering the entire population of Denmark during 1980-2016. The findings from study, which was published in JAMA, shows that people with neurological disorders have a 75% higher suicide rate than people with no neurological disorders. Still, suicide deaths are rare events. While the suicide rate for the general population was around 20 per 100,000, the rate for people with neurological disorders is around 40 per 100,000 person-years. One out of 150 persons diagnosed with a neurological disorder dies by suicide. For severe neurological diseases, such as Huntington’s, one out of 61 diagnosed went on to die by suicide. This study is the most comprehensive assessment of neurological disorders’ link to suicide conducted to date. The study shows that people who have been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Huntington’s disease have a particular high risks, as the suicide rate associated with these disorders is 4-5 times higher than in the general population. People who have been exposed to traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, or epilepsy have a suicide rate, which is double the level of the one found among those with no such disorders. People with dementia were found to have a 2-3 time higher suicide rate during the first three months after being diagnosed. On the other hand, people who had been diagnosed with dementia more than a year ago were found to have a lower suicide rate than the general population. – This is the first time we have examined this many different neurological disorders to gain a more detailed understanding of when risk of suicide is pronounced. These insights can help us shape dedicated preventive effort says Dr. Annette Erlangsen, lead author and senior researcher at Danish Research Institute for Suicide Prevention (DRISP). The project has received support from the Psychiatric Research Foundation, Region of Southern Denmark. Link to study: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2760389 DRISP: Annette Erlangsen, Merete Nordentoft Partners:

https://drisp.dk/en/to-examine-whether-people-with-specific-neurological-neurological-disorders-and-suicide/

May. 6, 2021—A protein implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis prevents the activation of an innate immune response that leads to cell death, Vanderbilt researchers have discovered. Protein study may be key to treating fibrotic diseases Jul. 30, 2020—A protein linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurological disease that causes muscle weakness, may be a key to treating fibrotic disease of the kidneys and other organs, researchers at Vanderbilt University Medical Center reported recently.

https://news.vumc.org/tag/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurological disease that reduces and eventually eliminates patients' muscle control. It is commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease after the famous baseball player who died of ALS in 1941.ALS is a rare condition. Approximately 5,600 cases are diagnosed annually in the United States, according to the ALS Association. An estimated 30,000 Americans are living with the disease at any given time.Patients who develop ALS lose control of their muscles as the neurons responsible for movement begin to die. In healthy bodies, motor neurons transmit signals from the brain, through the nerves and then to the muscles. This enables the muscles to move. When the nerves die, these muscles begin to waste away from the lack of use (atrophy). ALS affects motor neurons throughout the body, including those in the brain that control the muscles of speech, swallowing and facial expression, and those in the spinal cord that control other aspects of movement.The impact of the disease usually is first seen in the patient's hands, arms or legs. The muscles become weak and the patient may lose fine movement control in the hands. This may affect everyday activities such as buttoning clothes and tying shoes. The disease continues to spread to other muscle groups, gradually reducing the patient's ability to move. Eventually patients become paralyzed due to muscle degradation. Most patients have no loss of mental function. However, some may develop dementia.ALS is usually a fatal disease. It typically progresses until it causes death from respiratory failure, because the muscles that control breathing degrade. In some cases, patients experience a remission or halting of disease progression, but the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are not well-understood. According to the ALS Association, approximately 20 percent of ALS patients live five years or longer after the onset of symptoms, while 10 percent live longer than 10 years. However, most patients succumb to the condition approximately three to five years after diagnosis.The disease can develop at almost any age, but most cases occur in the middle to later stages of life. The majority of patients notice the early symptoms of ALS between the ages of 40 and 70. Other individuals experience symptoms earlier, with some people developing the disease in their 20s. Men are 20 percent more likely than women to develop the disease early in life. However, disease occurrence in the later years of life is equal for men and women, according to the ALS Association.The vast majority (90 to 95 percent) of ALS cases occur sporadically with no identifiable cause (sporadic ALS). However, 5 to 10 percent of ALS patients have a family history of the disease (familial myotrophic lateral sclerosis). In these cases, it is thought that the disease is the result of a genetic mutation that has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that only one parent must carry the mutated gene for it to be passed to future generations. Sporadic ALS and familial ALS have identical symptoms, patterns of progression and prognosis.A type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, called Guamanian ALS, was observed in Guam and elsewhere in the Pacific during the 1950s. However, this form of ALS is now rare. Many of these cases were also associated with other neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.ALS can be confused with other conditions that have similar symptoms, such as Parkinson's disease, Lyme disease and stroke. However, an important distinction between ALS and some other motor disorders is that ALS rarely results in any decline of mental function. ALS patients also do not have the tremor that is characteristic of Parkinson's disease. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease, which means that the signs and symptoms of grow more severe as the disease advances. The first indication of ALS is usually muscle weakness or twitching. These symptoms are usually mild when they first occur and are often overlooked by patients and caregivers. They can also be mistaken for other disorders, such as Parkinson's disease or stroke. In the case of late-onset ALS, early symptoms can be confused with the natural signs of aging.The early symptoms typically start in one hand or in the facial muscles before moving to other parts of the body. Other early symptoms include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can develop in anyone. The symptoms of the disease are caused by the degradation of motor neurons, which are essential for muscle control and movement. What causes the neurons to degrade is unknown in the vast majority of cases.A genetic mutation has been identified in 20 percent of patients with familial ALS (which equates to one or two percent of all ALS patients). The mutation affects the body's ability to produce the antioxidant SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1). Without this antioxidant, harmful free radical chemicals collect in the body and may cause the degeneration of motor neurons.Patients with the SOD1 mutation have the ability to pass the mutation to any offspring they may have. ALS is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that only one parent must have the mutation for it to be passed onto the next generation. There is a 50 percent chance that the offspring of people with this genetic mutation will develop the disease based on the typical autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, although there can be some variability in individual cases.Researchers continue to search for other causes of both familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Possibilities include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is typically diagnosed on the basis of signs and symptoms of progressive muscular weakness. Physical and neurological examinations are conducted to test muscle strength and reflexes. These examinations can also detect additional signs of disease, such as muscle twitching and atrophy. A family history of the disease is likely to confirm familial ALS.The physician is likely to conduct other diagnostic tests to rule out other possible causes of muscle weakness and other signs and symptoms of the disease. When ALS is suspected, these tests may need to be repeated over time to monitor the progression of muscle weakness. Tests used to diagnose ALS include: There is no cure for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), nor is there a method of preventing its development. Treatment is palliative in nature, thus focusing on helping the patient maintain as much mobility as possible and prolonging the patient's life. Excessive amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate are believed to cause neurons to die. An antiglutamate medication (riluzole) reduces the amount of this neurotransmitter in the body. It has been shown to slow the progression of the disease and extend the life of ALS patients by at least a few months. Side effects of the medication include weakness, dizziness, gastrointestinal disorders and changes in liver function. Surgical procedures to ease breathing problems are sometimes performed in the latter stages of the disease. During a tracheostomy, a hole is made in the trachea (windpipe) and a tube is inserted. This bypasses many of the muscles involved in breathing and allows air to more easily reach the lungs. Other forms of ALS treatment provide supportive care to ease the symptoms of patients. These might include: Death usually occurs within two to seven years from the onset of symptoms. However, exceptions do occur. Some people have lived more than twenty years after diagnosis. Preparing questions in advance can help patients to have more meaningful discussions with healthcare professionals regarding their condition. Patients may wish to ask their doctor the following questions related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): As the disease progresses, the individual becomes unable to speak, swallow, or move. The muscles used in respiration usually become affected making breathing difficult. Resulting complications may include choking, pressure sores, and respiratory complications. Swallowing dysfunction may cause pneumonia. Neurologist, physical therapist and occupational therapist.

https://www.nmihi.com/a/als.htm

While evidence suggests pathological proteins linked to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders are capable of spreading from cell-to-cell within the brains of affected individuals, new research shows no evidence to support concerns that these abnormal disease proteins are “infectious” or transmitted from animals to humans or from one person to another. ··3 min read A new finding turns one of the basics of neurobiology on its head, demonstrating that it is possible to turn one type of already differentiated neuron into another within the brain. Researchers have identified a new genetic mutation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), opening the door to future targeted therapies. Efforts to treat disorders like Lou Gehrig’s disease, Paget’s disease, inclusion body myopathy and dementia will receive a considerable boost from a new research model created by UC Irvine scientists. Professional football players in this study were three times more likely to die as a result of diseases that damage brain cells compared to the general population. A player’s risk of death from Alzheimer’s disease or ALS was almost four times higher than the general population. ··5 min read By increasing the signaling activity of a protein called muscle skeletal receptor tyrosine-protein kinase (MuSK), researchers were able to keep nerve cells attached to muscle longer into the progression of the disease in a mouse model of ALS. Scientists knew that mutations in the FUS gene (Fused in Sarcoma) cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement. The researchers were successful in identifying mutations in this gene that cause Essential Tremor, and proved that the disease mechanisms for ET and ALS FUS mutations are different. ··2 min read Researchers from the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute at the University of Barcelona have coordinated research into how the IDPN nitrile causes neurological syndromes similar to those of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a severe neuromuscular degenerative disease. Findings could have broad therapeutic potential for many neurodegenerative diseases. Degeneration of the axon and synapse, the slender projection through... ··4 min read Researchers discover common cause of all forms of ALS. The underlying disease process of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS and Lou Gehrig’s disease), a fatal neurodegenerative disease that paralyzes its victims, has long eluded scientists and prevented development of effective therapies. Scientists weren’t even sure all its forms actually converged into a common disease process. ··2 min read Buck Institute research in mice moves into preclinical stage; working toward human trials Lithium profoundly prevents the aggregation of toxic... ··4 min read Research into amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, has lead to new information about neuronal loss...

https://neurosciencenews.com/neuroscience-terms/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis/page/13/

At Sunrise Medical Group, we pride ourselves on providing patients with the highest quality procedures in a warm and caring atmosphere, while educating patients and their families about their neurological condition. Neurological conditions can affect the brain, spinal cord and nerves, which can impair function and cause pain, numbness, or tingling sensations. Because these conditions may impact a patient’s quality of life and even his or her ability to function independently, SMG employs a multidisciplinary approach. Our teams of caring professionals will address all aspects of your diagnosis and strive to reduce its effect on your daily life. We are available to provide continued neurological care or provide a second opinion for patients or physicians, including other neurologists. Our neurological specialists diagnose and treat a wide range of neurological conditions, such as: - Alzheimer’s disease - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrig’s disease) - Autism - Back pain - Bell’s palsy - Carpal tunnel - Cerebral palsy - Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease - Dementia - Encephalitis - Epilepsy/Seizures - Guillain-Barre syndrome - Headaches - Huntington’s disease - Hydrocephalus - Meningitis - Movement disorders - Multiple sclerosis - Multiple system atrophy - Muscular dystrophy - Myasthenia gravis - Myopathies - Neurofibromatosis - Neuropathies - Parkinson’s disease - Peripheral neuropathy - Stroke - Traumatic brain injuries - Tremors - Tumors of the nervous system - Vertigo To schedule an appointment with one of our neurologists, click here If you have questions regarding neurology, visit our FAQ section.

https://www.sunrisepractices.com/our-care/general-neurology/

The brain makes up approximately two percent of our total body weight. Despite that, it’s the most complex organ in the body. It allows us to think, feel and have memories. Without it, we wouldn’t be us! Like the rest of the body, however, it can be affected by various conditions. For example, there’s dementia, epilepsy, and other seizure disorders. The same thing goes for the rest of the nervous system—that is, it’s not immune to disease. In fact, there are many disorders that affect the nerve network. What’s defined as a neurological problem? What are some examples? Want to know? Then make sure to read the rest of the post! What Is a Neurological Problem? Neurological problems occur due to injury or changes to the brain, spine, or nerves. Some are congenital (present from birth) while others have a sudden onset due to illness or injury. While some conditions are treatable, others will get worse over time. In fact, it’s not uncommon for some to result in some degree of disability. As a result, an individual may require physical support in their daily lives. 4 of the Most Common Neurological Conditions There are more than 470 known neurological conditions. Given that, it’s not surprising to know that people have started initiatives to help those in need such as the National Brain Appeal Charity. Anyway, here are some of the most common neurological conditions. - Dementia Dementia causes problems with thinking, reasoning, and memory. It occurs when parts of the brain become diseased or damaged. As it is, it can be caused by a number of things such as traumatic brain injury, vascular disorders, and long-time alcohol use. Alzheimer’s disease can result in dementia as well. In fact, it’s the most common cause of dementia. - ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative condition that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary movement. As such, it’s not uncommon for it to affect speech and limb movements. Unfortunately, there’s no cure. With that said, there are medications that can help with the symptoms. - Epilepsy Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that causes frequent seizures, which is due to a disruption of electrical activity in the brain. Generally speaking, there are two types of seizures—focal (affects one part of the brain) and generalized (affects the whole brain). Common triggers include stress, lack of sleep, caffeine, and bright lights. - Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder that affects a specific part of the brain called the substantial nigra. In the early stages, it can lead to voice changes, cramped handwriting, and stooped posture. As the condition progresses, it can lead to motor problems such as stiffness of the arms and legs, tremor, and problems with balance. Understanding Neurological Disorders Now you know what a neurological problem is! As you can see, there are many disorders that can affect the nervous system. For more similar posts, check out the rest of our health section!

https://www.previousmagazine.com/what-is-a-neurological-problem-everything-you-need-to-know

I think I can safely state that obesity can lead to diabetes, which in turn can lead to several other negative health issues. However, according to a recent study by Kiomourtzoglou and colleagues (2015) being obese and having type 2 diabetes can actually protect people against a few rare conditions. The population-based nested case-control study of 3,650 Danish residents diagnosed as having amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or motor neurone disease) compared them with 365,000 controls. The estimated odds ratio for ALS was 0.61 (95% CI 0.46 to 0.80) in patients with diabetes and 0.81 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.16) in those with obesity. ALS usually strikes people between the ages of 40 and 70, and approximately 20,000 Americans can have the disease at any given time (although this number fluctuates). For unknown reasons, military veterans are approximately twice as likely to be diagnosed with the disease than the general public (ALS Association, 2015). Studies of populations of military personnel who were deployed to the Gulf region during the 1991 war show that those veterans were more likely to develop ALS compared to military personnel who were not in the region (NINDS, 2015). References Kioumourtzoglou, M-A., Rotem, R.S., Seals, R.M., Gredal, O., Hansen, J. & Weisskopf, M.G. (2015) Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, and Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A Population-Based Study. JAMA Neurology. 72(8), pp.905-911. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0910. The ALS Association (2015) About ALS. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.alsa.org/about-als/what-is-als.html?referrer=https://www.google.co.uk/. [Accessed: 19 August, 2015]. NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) (2015) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis/detail_ALS.htm. [Accessed: 19 August, 2015].

https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/2015/08/19/als-whats-the-role-of-obesity-type-2-diabetes/

Rare diseases that have ineffective diagnoses and treatments are the neurological disorders. These disorders target the nervous system, which include the brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves that run throughout the human bodyExamples of rare neurological conditions are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Huntington’s disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare, degenerative, fatal brain disorder. It affects about one person in every one million per year worldwide; in the United States there are about 350 cases per year. - Rare Brain Disorders - Normal pressure hydrocephalus. - Frontotemporal dementia. - Transient ischemic attack. - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. - Traumatic brain injury. - Creutzfeldt-jakob disease.

https://preview.tnginc.org/services/other-rare-neurological-disorders/

Brown LabLab WebsitePrincipal Investigator: Solange Brown, M.D., Ph.D. Neuroscience The Brown Lab is focused on the function of the cerebral cortex in the brain, which underlies o...ur ability to interact with our environment through sensory perception and voluntary movement. Our research takes a bottom-up approach to understanding how the circuits of this massively interconnected network of neurons are functionally organized, and how dysfunction in these circuits contributes to neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. By combining electrophysiological and optogenetic approaches with anatomical and genetic techniques for identifying cell populations and pathways, the Brown Lab is defining the synaptic interactions among different classes of cortical neurons and determining how long-range and local inputs are integrated within cortical circuits. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, corticospinal and spinal motor neurons progressively degenerate. The Brown Lab is examining how abnormal activity within cortical circuits contributes to the selective degeneration of corticospinal motor neurons in an effort to identify new mechanisms for treating this disease. Abnormalities in the organization of cortical circuits and synapses have been identified in genetic and anatomical studies of neuropsychiatric disease. We are interested in the impact these abnormalities have on cortical processing and their contribution to the disordered cognition typical of autism and schizophrenia. view moreResearch Areas: autism, neurodegenerative diseases, brain, electrophysiology, ALS, schizophrenia, cerebral cortex, optogenetics - Dwight Bergles LaboratoryLab WebsitePrincipal Investigator: Dwight Bergles, Ph.D. Neuroscience The Bergles Laboratory studies synaptic physiology, with an emphasis on glutamate transporters ...and glial involvement in neuronal signaling. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms by which neurons and glial cells interact to support normal communication in the nervous system. The lab studies glutamate transport physiology and function. Because glutamate transporters play a critical role in glutamate homeostasis, understanding the transporters' function is relevant to numerous neurological ailments, including stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Other research in the laboratory focuses on signaling between neurons and glial cells at synapses. Understanding how neurons and cells communicate, may lead to new approaches for stimulating re-myelination following injury or disease. Additional research in the lab examines how a unique form of glia-to-neuron signaling in the cochlea influences auditory system development, whether defects in cell communication lead to certain hereditary forms of hearing impairment, and if similar mechanisms are related to sound-induced tinnitus. view moreResearch Areas: epilepsy, synaptic physiology, ALS, stroke, neuronal signaling, glutamate transport physiology and function, audiology, neuroscience, neurology, nervous system, molecular biology - Paul Worley LabLab WebsitePrincipal Investigator: Paul Worley, M.D. Neuroscience The Paul Worley Lab examines the molecular basis of learning and memory. In particular, we clon...ed a set of immediate early genes (IEGs) that are rapidly transcribed in neurons involved in information processing, and that are essential for long term memory. IEG proteins can directly modify synapses and provide insight into cellular mechanisms that support synapse-specific plasticity. view moreResearch Areas: synaptic plasticity, neurons, memory, learning, immediate early genes - Roger Johns LabPrincipal Investigator: Roger Johns, M.D. Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Investigators in the Roger Johns Lab are examining the molecular mechanisms behind the onset an...d continuation of chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain. This work has led to a better understanding of the vast network of molecules at neuronal synapses, particularly the postsynaptic density (PSD), which is key to the propagation of pain signals. We're working to develop new analgesics that interfere with the PSD protein interactions in an effort to better treat patients who suffer from chronic pain. view moreResearch Areas: neuropathic pain, asthma, neuronal synapses, postsynaptic density, chronic pain - Systems Neurobiology LaboratoryLab WebsitePrincipal Investigator: Sascha du Lac, Ph.D.

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/research/research_lab_results.html?query=synapses&pagesize=50&page=1

BrainStorm enrolls first ALS patient in late-stage NurOwn trial Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics (NSDQ:BCLI) said today that the first patients have been enrolled in its Phase III trial evaluating NurOwn as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, at Massachusetts General Hospital and UC Irvine Medical Center. The trial, which is slated to enroll 200 patients, is designed to include the pre-specified patient subgroups who saw superior outcomes in the NurOwn Phase II ALS trial. BrainStorm said it expects top-line data from the trial in 2019. Get the full story at our sister site, Drug Delivery Business News. The post BrainStorm enrolls first ALS patient in late-stage NurOwn trial appeared first on MassDevice. Source: Mass Device - Category: Medical Devices Authors: Sarah Faulkner Tags: Clinical Trials Neurological Stem Cells Wall Street Beat BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc. Source Type: news Related Links: Generation and characterization of a human iPSC line from an ALS patient carrying the Q66K-MATR3 mutation Publication date: Available online 6 October 2018Source: Stem Cell ResearchAuthor(s): Daniele Pollini, Rosa Loffredo, Marina Cardano, Luciano Conti, Serena Lattante, Angelantonio Notarangelo, Mario Sabatelli, Alessandro ProvenzaniAbstractFibroblasts isolated from an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)-patient carrying a mutation in Matrin-3 (p.Q66K -MATR3) gene were reprogrammed to the pluripotency stage by using non-integrating episomal plasmids. We generated the Q66K#44DRM induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line that showed regular karyotype, expressed pluripotency-associated markers and were able to properly different... Source: Stem Cell Research - Category: Stem Cells Source Type: research A Review of Stem Cell Therapy for Acquired Brain Injuries and Neurodegenerative Central Nervous System Diseases Publication date: September 2018Source: PM&R, Volume 10, Issue 9, Supplement 2Author(s): Thomas K. WatanabeAbstractCell-based therapies have been the subject of much discussion regarding their potential role in enhancing central nervous system function for a number of pathologic conditions. Much of the current research has been in preclinical trials, with clinical trials in the phase I or I/II stage. Nevertheless, there is considerable interest in the public about the potential regenerative role that stem cells may have in improving function for these neurologic conditions. This review will describe the different types of ... Source: PMandR - Category: Rehabilitation Source Type: research Single-copy expression of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked TDP-43 mutation (M337V) in BAC transgenic mice leads to altered stress granule dynamics and progressive motor dysfunction. Abstract Mutations in the gene encoding the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from the majority of 'sporadic' cases of ALS, establishing altered TDP-43 function and distribution as a primary mechanism of neurodegeneration. Transgenic mouse models in which TDP-43 is overexpressed only partially recapitulate the key cellular pathology of human ALS, but may also lead to non-specific toxicity. To avoid the potentially confounding effects of overexpression, and to maintain regulated spatio-temporal and cell-specific expression, we gener... Source: Neurobiology of Disease - Category: Neurology Authors: Gordon D, Dafinca R, Scaber J, Alegre-Abarrategui J, Farrimond L, Scott C, Biggs D, Kent L, Oliver PL, Davies B, Ansorge O, Wade-Martins R, Talbot K Tags: Neurobiol Dis Source Type: research AbstractMany central nervous system diseases currently lack effective treatment and are often associated with defects in microvascular function, including a failure to match the energy supplied by the blood to the energy used on neuronal computation, or a breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. Pericytes, an u nder-studied cell type located on capillaries, are of crucial importance in regulating diverse microvascular functions, such as angiogenesis, the blood–brain barrier, capillary blood flow and the movement of immune cells into the brain. They also form part of the “glial” scar isolating dam... Source: Acta Neuropathologica - Category: Neurology Source Type: research Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal paralytic disease with no cure or treatment to stop disease progression. Because ALS represents an urgent unmet medical need, a significant number of therapeutics... Source: Stem Cell Research and Therapy - Category: Stem Cells Authors: Luis Barbeito Tags: Commentary Source Type: research Immunomodulatory Properties of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Healthy Donors In this study, we aimed to compare the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs isolated from the bone marrow of patients suffering from ALS and healthy donors. Moreover, the influence of proinflammatory cytokines on the immunoregulatory functions of MSCs was also evaluated. We found that MSCs from ALS patients and healthy donors comparably affected mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and reduced the percentage of T helper (Th)1, Th17 and CD8+CD25+ lymphocytes. These MSCs also equally increased the percentage of Th2 and CD4+FOXP3+ T lymphocytes. On the other hand, MSCs from ALS patients decreased more strongly... Source: Journal of NeuroImmune Pharmacology - Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research Abstract Age-related neurological disorders continue to pose a significant societal and economic burden. Aging is a complex phenomenon that affects many aspects of the human body. Specifically, aging can have detrimental effects on the progression of brain diseases and endogenous stem cells. Stem cell therapies possess promising potential to mitigate the neurological symptoms of such diseases. However, aging presents a major obstacle for maximum efficacy of these treatments. In this review, we discuss current preclinical and clinical literature to highlight the interactions between aging, stem cell therapy, and th... Source: Neurobiology of Disease - Category: Neurology Authors: Nguyen H, Zarriello S, Coats A, Nelson C, Kingsbury C, Gorsky A, Rajani M, Neal EG, Borlongan CV Tags: Neurobiol Dis Source Type: research Authors: Khairoalsindi OA, Abuzinadah AR Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to loss of the upper and lower motor neurons. Almost 90% of all cases occur in the sporadic form, with the rest occurring in the familial form. The disease has a poor prognosis, with only two disease-modifying drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The approved drugs for the disease have very limited survival benefits. Edaravone is a new FDA-approved medication that may slow the disease progression by 33% in a selected subgroup of ALS patients. This paper covers ... Source: Neurology Research International - Category: Neurology Tags: Neurol Res Int Source Type: research Purpose of review This review analyses the recent efforts to develop therapeutics using transplantation of stem cells for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recent findings Stem cells are considered as a potential therapeutic for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, in an effort to either replace cells that are lost, or to enhance the survival of the remaining cells. In ALS, meaningful attempts to verify the safety and feasibility of many cell transplantation approaches have only recently been completed or are underway. Due to the complexities of reconstructing complete motor neuron circuits in adult patients, c... Source: Current Opinion in Neurology - Category: Neurology Tags: MOTOR NEURON DISEASE: Edited by Jeremy Shefner and Shafeeq S. Ladha Source Type: research Pathogenic TFG Mutations Underlying Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Impair Secretory Protein Trafficking and Axon Fasciculation Publication date: 28 August 2018Source: Cell Reports, Volume 24, Issue 9Author(s): Erin L. Slosarek, Amber L. Schuh, Iryna Pustova, Adam Johnson, Jennifer Bird, Matthew Johnson, E.B. Frankel, Nilakshee Bhattacharya, Michael G. Hanna, Jordan E. Burke, David A. Ruhl, Kyle Quinney, Samuel Block, Jennifer L. Peotter, Edwin R. Chapman, Michael D. Sheets, Samuel E. Butcher, Scott M. Stagg, Anjon AudhyaSummaryLength-dependent axonopathy of the corticospinal tract causes lower limb spasticity and is characteristic of several neurological disorders, including hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mu...

https://medworm.com/429149439/brainstorm-enrolls-first-als-patient-in-late-stage-nurown-trial/

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemperal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are debilitating neurological disorders that cause extreme suffering to patients and caregivers alike. Affected neurons in the spinal cord and brain of patients with ALS and FTLD are characterized for many individuals by having too much ubiquinylated and misfolded inclusions of cytosolic trans-activating response (TAR) DNA binding protein TDP-43. It is estimated that half of FTLD patients have associated TDP-43 pathology, making TDP-43-associated FTLD the single largest subtype. TDP-43 is also a key component of the ubiquitinated inclusions found in the cytosol of most patients with ALS, especially sporadic ALS (sALS, 85-90% of patients). In addition, numerous mutations in TDP-43, particularly in the glycine-rich C-terminal domain, are linked to familial ALS (fALS). The translational research effort described in this grant application seeks to identify selective radiotracers that image TDP-43 in real time in the brain or spinal cord of relevant patient via positron emission tomography (PET). Unlike for amyloid (e.g. florbetapir) and tau, no TDP-43 radiotracers have been reported to date. PET ligands for ALS and FTLD are expected to provide early and more accurate diagnosis of disease, help to monitor the progression of disease over time, and evaluate whether various therapeutic treatments are having a positive effect in individual patients. We have discovered new small-molecule probes that bind to TDP-43 using an alpha-screen assay that we developed, and here propose to further refine and validate these as radiotracers, including in animal models such as transgenic mice and normal non-human primates. Aim 1 is to obtain more potent TDP-43 binders as candidates for 18F or 11C hot ligand synthesis, by conducting iterative SAR development preparing ~200-250 new chemical entities (NCEs) to obtain small molecule candidates that bind to TDP-43 with PET-suitable biophysical properties, using modern methods of medicinal chemistry, structure-based design, pharmacophore development and synthetic chemistry. Biochemical characterization will use our alpha-screen assay and evaluation of binding to pathologically-relevant misfolded TDP-43. ADME characterization will ensure that the biophysical properties of the top leads selected are amenable for PET. In Aim 2, we will prepare radiolabeled TDP-43 binding ligands suitable for in vivo imaging based on top Aim 1 leads, an area of expertise for which Marty Pomper, Johns Hopkins, key personnel on the application, has considerable experience. Finally, in Aim 3, we seek to validate one or more TDP-43 PET ligands using ex vivo and in vivo methods including in vivo characterization in TDP-43 transgenic mice, TDP-43-?NLS mice and normal non-human primates, with a desired outcome of >80% specific TDP-43 blockade. It is expected that at the end of this two year funding period we will have in hand at least one compound en route to an IND application. An example of commercial use would be to confirm a TDP-43-based diagnosis for dementia caused by FTLD, when compared to the amyloid-associated Alzheimer's disease. The diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemperal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are debilitating neurological conditions that cause extreme suffering to patients and caregivers alike. We are developing new radiopharmaceutical tracers for TDP-43, a key protein implicated in the pathology of both ALS and FTLD. These new tracers are PET imaging agents, suitable for use for early detection of disease and evaluation of the progression of the disease, which will also help researchers conducting clinical trials on new therapies to determine the efficacy of treatment.

https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R44-AG059278-02

Systems of modal logic are systems of logic concerned with modalities, primarily “neccessity” and “possibility”. The term “modal logic” is often used more ambiguously and generally to refer to any system of logic that deals with operators which are not truth-functional. Systems concerned with temporal order or moral reasoning, for example, are often labeled as modal logics. However, for the sake of keeping things neatly categorized, this site refers to the broader category as contextual logics, and considers modal logic to be a type of contextual logic. The term “modal” refers to modes of truth — different ways in which things are true. Propositions in a modal logic system are thought to have some kind of modal state for their truth. So, any proposition, P, may be considered true in one of several ways. P may be actually true, but it may also be necessarily true, meaning that it's impossible for P to be false. P may also be possibly true. In most cases, modal logics consider actuality to be a modal state as well. In this case, the proposition is simply stated as P without any additional operator. Note that any propositional variable in a modal logic formula has no truth value until it is forced into some interpretation, so a statement "P". In other words, without a modal operator, the term is considered to be contingent. If some interpretation makes P true, then we say that P is actually true — it is true in the modal state of actuality. (Classical logic systems consider only one modal state, so all things that are true are actually true.) The two main operators that appear in modal logic systems are necessarily (□) and possibly (◊). Some contextual logical systems, such as deontic logic, which deals with moral concepts such as permissibility and obligation, occasionally use the same symbols to represent different concepts, though keeping the same operational rules. Other times, those systems will employ different symbols or letters to represent operators. One method of providing a semantics to a modal logic is through the means of possible worlds, introduced in 1959. This method is also sometimes known as Kripke semantics after its creator Saul Kripke. This semantic approach envisions a model of possible worlds, or alternative states of affairs as Hintikka refers to them, in which atomic formulae may be true or false. Necessity is then defined semantically as ‘true in all possible worlds‘, while possibility is defined as ‘true in at least one accessible possible world’. For a more detailed explanation, see possible world semantics.

http://philosophy-index.com/logic/systems/modal.php

These latter are intensional compounds, in the sense that the truth-value of the compound is not determined merely by the truth-value of the components...any intensional mode of statement composition...must be carefully examined in relation to its susceptibility to quantification...It is known, in particular, that no intensional mode of statement composition is needed in mathematics.Quine saw the need for serious restrictions on the significant use of modal operators (p.127). Just three years later, Ruth Barcan Marcus, publishing under her maiden name Ruth C. Barcan, added a modal axiom for possibility to the logical systems S2 and S4 of C.I. Lewis. Lewis was pleased, although by that time, he had given up any work on logic. Quine reacted negatively to Marcus's suggestion in 1946 that modal operators (Lewis's diamond '◇' for possibly, and a box '◻' for "necessarily" suggested by Barcan's thesis adviser, F.B. Fitch) could be transposed or interchanged with universal and existential quantification operators (an inverted A '∀' for "for all" and a reversed E '∃' for "for some"), while preserving the truth values of the statements or propositions. Marcus asserted this commuting of quantification and modal operators in what A.N. Prior called the "Barcan formulas." ∀x ◻Fx ⊃ ◻ ∀x Fx ∀x ◇Fx ⊃ ◇ ∀x Fx ∃x ◻Fx ⊃ ◻ ∃x Fx ∃x ◇Fx ⊃ ◇ ∃x FxIn his 1943 article, Quine had generated a number of apparently paradoxical cases where truth value is not preserved when "quantifying into a modal context." But these can all be understood as a failure of substitutivity of putatively identical entities. Information philosophy has shown that two distinct expressions that are claimed to be identical are never identical in all respects. So a substitution of one expression for the other may not be identical in the relevant respect. Such a substitution can change the meaning, the intension of the expression. Quine called this "referential opacity." This is a problem that can be solved with unambiguous references. Frege had insisted that we must look past the reference or designator (his "Bedeutung) to the sense ("Sinn") of the reference, which is just what Lewis was attempting to do with his attempted addition of intension and "strict" implication.. Perhaps Quine's most famous paradox of referential opacity is this argument about the number of planets: Given, say that (2) The number of planets is 9we can substitute 'the number of planets' from the non-modal statement (2) for '9' in the modal statement (1) gives us the false modal statement (3) The number of planets is necessarily greater than 7But this is false, says Quine, since the statement (2) The number of planets is 9is true only because of circumstances outside of logic. (27) 9 eq the number of planets is said to be a true identity for which substitution fails in (28) ◻(9 > 7) for it leads to the falsehood (29) ◻(the number of planets > 7). Since the argument holds (27) to be contingent (~ ◻(9 eq the number of planets)), 'eq' of (27) is the appropriate analogue of material equivalence and consequently the step from (28) to (29) is not valid for the reason that the substitution would have to be made in the scope of the square.The failure of substitutivity can be understood by unpacking the use of "the number of planets" as a purely designative reference, as Quine calls it. In (27), "the number of planets" is the empirical answer to the question "how many planets are there in the solar system?" It is not what Marcus would call a "tag" of the number 9. The intension of this expression, its reference, is the "extra-linguistic" fact about the current quantity of planets (which Quine appreciated). The expression '9' is an unambiguous mathematical (logical) reference to the number 9. It refers to the number 9, which is its meaning (intension). We can conclude that (27) is not a true identity, unless before "the number of planets" is quantified, it is qualified as "the number of planets qua its numerosity, as a pure number." Otherwise, the reference is "opaque," as Quine describes it. But this is a problem of his own making. As Marcus says, when we recognize (27') as contingent, ~◻(9 eq the number of planets), it is not necessary that 9 is equal to the number of planets, its reference to the number 9 becomes opaque. The substitution of a possible or contingent empirical fact that is not "true in all possible worlds" for a logical-mathematical concept that is necessarily true is what causes the substitution failure. When all three statements are "in the scope of the square" (◻), when all have the same modality, we can "quantify into modal contexts," as Quine puts it. Both expressions, '9' and 'the number of planets, qua its numerosity,' will be references to the same thing, They will be identical in one respect, qua number. They will be "referentially transparent." The Necessity of IdentityIn her third article back in 1947, "The Identity of Individuals," Barcan had first proved the necessity of identity. This result became a foundational principle in the modern incarnation of Leibniz's "possible worlds" by Saul Kripke and David Lewis Her proof combined a simple substitution of equals for equals and Leibniz's Law. Quine described in his 1953 Reference and Modality (p.153) as in the form (x)(y) (x = y) ⊃ ◻ (x = y)which reads "for all x and for all y, if "x = y," then necessarily "x = y." Quine found this relationship in the 1952 Textbook, Symbolic Logic, by F. B. Fitch, who was Ruth Barcan's thesis adviser. Although Fitch mentions her work in his foreword, he does not attribute this specific result to her where he presents it. His proof is based on the trivial assumption of substitutability, which he calls "identity elimination." 23.4 (1) a = b, (2) ◻[a = a], then (3) ◻[a = b], by identity elimination. (p.164)Then in 1961, Marcus published a three-step proof of her claim, using Leibniz's Law relating identicals to indiscernibles. In a formalized language, those symbols which name things will be those for which it is meaningful to assert that I holds between them, where 'I ' names the identity relation... If 'x' and 'y' are individual names thenStatement (2) says that the indiscernibility of x from y, by definition means that for every property φ, both x and y have that same property, φx eq φy. A few years after Marcus' 1962 presentation, David Wiggins developed a five-step proof of the necessity of identity, using Leibniz' Law, as had Marcus. He did not mention her. David Wiggins on IdentityDavid Wiggins and Peter Geach debated back and forth about the idea of "relative identity" for many years after Geach suggested it in 1962. Ruth Barcan Marcus pubilshed her original proof of the necessity of identity in 1947 and repeated her argument at a 1961 Boston University colloquium. Whether Wiggins knew of Marcus 1961 is not clear. He should have known of her 1947, and there is similarity to her 1961 derivation (which uses Leibniz's Law). Wiggins gives no credit to Marcus, a pattern in the literature for the next few decades and still seen today. Saul Kripke clearly modeled much of his derivation after Wiggins, especially his criticism of the derivation as "paradoxical". Kripke gives no credit to either Marcus or Wiggins for the steps in the argument, but his quote from Wiggins, that such a claim makes contingent identity statements impossible, when they clearly are possible, at least tells us he has read Wiggins. And we know Kripke heard Marcus present at the 1961 colloquium. Here is Wiggins (1965), I WANT to try to show (i) that there are insuperable difficulties any term + relation + term or subject + predicate analysis of statements of identity, (ii) that, however important and helpful the sense-reference distinction is,1 this distinction does not make it possible to retain the relational or predicative analysis of identity statements, and (iii) that a realistic and radically new account is needed both of ' = ' and of the manner in which noun-phrases occur in identity-statements. Till we have such an account many questions about identity and individuation will be partly unclear, and modal logics will continue without the single compelling interpretation one might wish. The connexion of what I am going to say with modal calculi can be indicated in the following way. It would seem to be a necessary truth that if a = b then whatever is truly ascribable to a is truly ascribable to b and vice versa (Leibniz's Law). This amounts to the principle Saul Kripke on IdentityKripke simplifies Wiggins (1965). We can compare the two expositions: Now there undoubtedly exist contingent identity-statements. Let a = b be one of them. From its simple truth and (5) [= (4) above] we can derive '◻ ( a = b)'. But how then can there be any contingent identity statements?Kripke goes on to describe the argument about b sharing the property " = a" of being identical to a, which we read as merely self-identity, and so may Kripke. If x and y are the same things and we can talk about modal properties of an object at all, that is, in the usual parlance, we can speak of modality de re and an object necessarily having certain properties as such, then formula (1), I think, has to hold. Where x is any property at all, including a property involving modal operators, and if x and y are the same object and x had a certain property F, then y has to have the same property F. And this is so even if the property F is itself of the form of necessarily having some other property G, in particular that of necessarily being identical to a certain object. [viz., = x] Well, I will not discuss the formula (4) itself because by itself it does not assert, of any particular true statement of identity, that it is necessary. It does not say anything about statements at all. It says for every object x and object y, if x and y are the same object, then it is necessary that x and y are the same object. And this, I think, if we think about it (anyway, if someone does not think so, I will not argue for it here), really amounts to something very little different from the statement (2). Since x, by definition of identity, is the only object identical with x, "(y)(y = x ⊃ Fy)" seems to me to be little more than a garrulous way of saying 'Fx' and thus (x) (y)(y = x ⊃ Fx) says the same as (x)Fx no matter what 'F' is — in particular, even if 'F' stands for the property of necessary identity with x. So if x has this property (of necessary identity with x), trivially everything identical with x has it, as (4) asserts. But, from statement (4) one may apparently be able to deduce various particular statements of identity must be necessary and this is then supposed to be a very paradoxical consequence.The indiscernibility of identicals claims that if x = y, then x and y must share all their properties, otherwise there would be a discernible difference. Now Kripke argues that one of the properties of x is that x = x, so if y shares the property of '= x," we can say that y = x. Then, necessarily, x = y. However, two distinct things, x and y, cannot be identical, because there is some difference in extrinsic external information between them. Instead of claiming that y has x's property of being identical to x ("= x") , we can say only that y has x's property of being self-identical, thus y = y. Then x and y remain distinct in at least this intrinsic property as well as in extrinsic properties like their distinct positions in space. David Lewis on IdentityDavid Lewis, the modern metaphysician who built on Leibniz' possible worlds to give us his theory of "modal realism," is just as clear as Leibniz on the problem of identity. [W]e should not suppose that we have here any problem about identity. We never have. Identity is utterly simple and unproblematic. Everything is identical to itself; nothing is ever identical to anything else except itself. There is never any problem about what makes something identical to itself, nothing can ever fail to be. And there is never any problem about what makes two things identical; two things never can be identical.Except, says an information philosopher, "in some respects." Modal Logic and Possible WorldsIn the "semantics of possible worlds," necessity and possibility in modal logic are variations of the universal and existential quantifiers of non-modal logic. Necessary truth is defined as "truth in all possible worlds." Possible truth is defined as "truth in some possible worlds." These abstract notions about "worlds" – sets of propositions in universes of discourse – have nothing to do with physical possibility, which depends on the existence of real contingency. Propositions in modal logic are required to be true or false. Contingent statements that are neither true or false are not allowed. So much for real possibilities, which cannot be based on truths in some possible worlds. Historically, the opposition to metaphysical possibility has come from those who claim that the only possible things that can happen are the actual things that do happen. To say that things could have been otherwise is a mistake, say eliminative materialists and determinists. Those other possibilities simply never existed in the past. The only possible past is the past we have actually had. Similarly, there is only one possible future. Whatever will happen, will happen. The idea that many different things can happen, the reality of modality and words like "may" or "might" are used in everyday conversation, but they have no place in metaphysical reality. The only "actual" events or things are what exists. For "presentists," even the past does not exist. Everything we remember about past events is just a set of "Ideas." And philosophers have always been troubled about the ontological status of Plato's abstract "Forms," entities like the numbers, geometric figures, mythical beasts, and other fictions. Traditionally, those who deny possibilities in this way have been called "Actualists." In the last half-century, one might think that metaphysical possibilities have been restored with the development of modal logic. So-called modal operators like "necessarily" and "possibly" have been added to the structurally similar quantification operators "for all" and "for some." The metaphysical literature is full of talk about "possible worlds." The most popular theory of "possible worlds" is David Lewis's "modal realism," an infinite number of worlds , each of which is just as actual (eliminative materialist and determinist) for its inhabitants as our world. There are no genuine possibilities in Lewis's "possible worlds"!It comes as a shock to learn that every "possible world" is just as actual, for its inhabitants, as our world is for us. There are no alternative possibilities, no contingency, that things might have been otherwise, in any of these possible worlds. Every world is as physically deterministic as our own. Modal logicians now speak of a "rule of necessitation" at work in possible world semantics.The necessarily operator ' ◻ ' and the possibly operator ' ◇ ' are said to be "duals" - either one can be defined in terms of the other (◻ = ~◇~, and ◇ = ~◻~), so either can be primitive. But most axiomatic systems of modal logic appear to privilege necessity and de-emphasize possibility. They rarely mention contingency, except to say that the necessity of identity appears to rule out contingent identity statements. The rule of necessitation is that "if p, then necessarily p," or p ⊃ ◻p. It gives rise to the idea that if anything exists, it exists necessarily. This is called "necessitism." The idea that if two things are identical, they are necessarily identical, was "proved" by Ruth Barcan Marcus in 1947, by her thesis adviser F.B.Fitch in 1952, and by Willard Van Orman Quine in 1953. David Wiggins in 1965 and Saul Kripke in 1971 repeated the arguments, with little or no reference to the earlier work. This emphasis on necessitation in possible-world semantics leads to a flawed definition of possibility that has no connection with the ordinary and technical meanings of possibility. Modal logicians know little if anything about real possibilities and nothing at all about possible physical worlds. Their possible worlds are abstract universes of discourses, sets of propositions that are true or false. Contingent statements, that may be true or false, like statements about the future, are simply not allowed. They define necessary propositions as those that are "true in all possible worlds." Possible propositions are those that are only "true in some possible worlds." This is the result of forcing the modal operators ◻ and ◇ to correspond to the universal and existential quantification operators for all ∀ and for some ∃. But the essential nature of possibility is the conjunction of contingency and necessity. Contingency is not impossible and not necessary (~~◇ ∧ ~◻). We propose the existence of a metaphysical possibilism alongside the notion necessitism. "Actual possibilities" exist in minds and in quantum-mechanical "possibility functions"It is what call "actual possibilism," the existence in our actual world of possibilities that may never become actualized, but that have a presence as abstract entities that have been embodied as ideas in minds. In addition, we include the many possibilities that occur at the microscopic level when the quantum-mechanical probability-amplitude wave function collapses, making one of its many possibilities actual. Actual possibles can act as causes when an agent chooses one as a course of action. Why Modal Logic Is Not MetaphysicsModal logicians from Ruth Barcan Marcus to Saul Kripke, David Lewis, and the necessicist Timothy Williamson are right to claim metaphysical necessity as the case in the purely abstract informational world of logic and mathematics. But when information is embodied in concrete matter, which is subject to the laws of quantum physics and ontological chance, the fundamental nature of material reality is possibilist. There are two reasons for the failure of modal logic to represent metaphysical reality. The first is that information is vastly superior to language as a representation of reality. The second is that truths and necessity cannot be the basis for metaphysical possibility. Possible world semantics is a way of talking about universes of discourse - sets of true propositions - that considers them “worlds.” It may be the last gasp of the attempt by logical positivism and analytic language philosophy to represent all knowledge of objects in terms of words. Ludwig Wittgenstein’s core idea from the Tractatus had the same goal as Gottfried Leibniz’s ambiguity-free universal language,

http://metaphysicist.com/history/modal/

NLP is a great tool to use the communication as the ‘L’ in NLP stands for linguistics. Having an understanding of linguistics, meaning the words we use in everyday language, is a great way to understand yourself and other people. Once you understand some of the linguistic patterns that people have a tendency to use unconsciously, it allows you to understand more about what they are thinking which means you can communicate at a far deeper level with them. Communication in the workplace is one of the great places to use this, if you could better understand the people around you, and make yourself understood how much simpler would life be? So in this blog post on going to go through some of the classic linguistic patterns that we all use, break them down into three main areas and look at some ways that you can use this practically everyday. The three broad areas of linguistic patterns formed are deletions, distortions and generalisations. There is so much information around us in the world that we have take in every second that our unconscious mind will invariably delete, distort and generalise that information so that we can make sense of it. We do the same when we speak. These are linguistic patterns which have a tendency to delete information within them. When you hear these patterns being spoken by another person it is an indicator of the way their mind is thinking and what they are deleting. So here are some examples. Mind reading. Example. “You don’t like me”. This is when someone is claiming to know the internal state of somebody else, there is absolutely no way that anyone can read the mind of another person. If someone said this to you it could be useful to respond with ” how do you know I don’t like you specifically?”. This then takes the conversation to a level of detail which can be discussed. Cause and effect. Example: “You make me sad”. This form of deletion is very common and people often use it. They could be indicating that some body or something makes them sad. If we look at the sentence in detail the person that said it is putting ’cause’ outside of themselves. Ultimately we have the ability to feel happy or sad at any time we like, and it is impossible for something else to ‘make’ us feel sad or happy. Think of a fantastic holiday that you went on, picture yourself sitting on the beach feeling the warmth of the sun on your face, smelling the fresh smells of the seaside and hearing the sounds of the children playing, the waves lapping and the seagulls. You might even want to remember the warm feeling of the sand as it moves between your toes and helps you to relax. As you think of that holiday now just notice how it makes you feel. Was it the holiday that ‘made’ you feel happy, or was it your internal representation? You see nothing ‘makes’ you do anything, you always have a choice how you decide to respond or react to anything and so when a person uses the word ‘makes’ it indicates that they are not in total control of the way they think. A response could be ” How does what I’m doing cause you to choose to be sad?”. This response is putting ’cause’ back with the other person and highlights to them that they are actually choosing to be sad. More information on NLP cause and effect Universal Quantifiers. These are linguistic patterns which include words such as every, never, everyone, all and no one. Example: “I never relax” A response to this could be “Never? How do you know that you aren’t relaxed when you are asleep?”. This could lead the other person to realise that the use of the word ‘never’ is actually not true, and rarely is the use of a universal quantifier indicated. If someone were to say ” everybody hates me” then as soon as we can find one person that does not hate them that statement is no longer true. Universal quantifiers can be quite negative words, being able to spot them in another person and challenge them in a way that helps them to realise that the statement is not true is a very useful skill. Modal Operators of Necessity. Generally speaking people will do things out of ‘possibility’ or ‘necessity’. Some people may do a particular job because of all the ‘possibilities’ that their role brings them, some people may do that job because they ‘need’ to. Of course money is important for going to work and some people do need to go to work for the bare essentials, however, assuming that this is not the case the use of the word need indicates that they are viewing things with the ‘necessity’ to do them. Example: “I need to work more hours” A possible response could be “What would happen if you didn’t?”. This simply highlights the alternate possibility of not working so many hours to the other person. This is a linguistic challenge to open up the possibilities of other ways of doing things. If a person thinks they ‘need’ to work more hours, for what purpose? Is it just to earn more money? Is working longer hours the only way to earn more money? Challenging these statements and looking out for modal operators of necessity open up possibilities to the other person which they may not have thought about. This is a great technique if you are in management or a leadership role. Comparative Deletions These words such as bigger, better, more, less, most and less. People have a tendency to use these without really thinking, if we say something is better, then unless we compare it to something we have deleted the thing that it is better than. Marketeers use comparative deletions a lot especially the word ‘better’ as they can save them in straplines and marketing speak without anyone questioning what their product is better than! Example: “I need to work more hours” Aha, yes the same example again. Sometimes when we speak there are a lot of linguistic patterns going on in one sentence and in this one there is a modal operator of necessity ‘need’ and a comparative deletion ‘more’. A way to open up the options to this person could be to ask ” More hours, compared to what?”. Again this is opening up the other person’s mind to examine exactly the amount of hours that they are working, once they do this they start to analyse the problem and with the analysis can often come the solution. “I need to work more hours” could be something that a member of your team says to you, and a typical response could be ” no you don’t!” except with this response we end up with a game of ping-pong when they reply ” yes I do!”. Using the challenges I mentioned above such as “more hours, compared to what” and “what would happen if you didn’t” will open up your team members eyes and ears to the possibilities of working a different way. This will also allow communication to develop between you rather than get lost in the ping-pong yes I do, no you don’t pantomime conversation! Over the next week I would like you to listen out for these trigger words in other people’s conversations, watch live interviews on the television and see if you can spot the use of any of these linguistic patterns. Once you tune your ears into them you will be amazed at the number of times people use them. Some of these linguistic patterns are something that we talk about and practice on my NLP Taster Days, please do visit my website to find out when the next day is and ensure you book your place.

http://mysuccessfullife.co.uk/communication-using-nlp-some-neat-linguistic-tricks/

References in: Add referencesYou must login to add references. | | | | | | The paradox of knowability is a logical result suggesting that, necessarily, if all truths are knowable in principle then all truths are in fact known. The contrapositive of the result says, necessarily, if in fact there is an unknown truth, then there is a truth that couldn't possibly be known. More specifically, if p is a truth that is never known then it is unknowable that p is a truth that is never known. The proof has been used to argue (...) | | The Taming of the True poses a broad challenge to realist views of meaning and truth that have been prominent in recent philosophy. Neil Tennant argues compellingly that every truth is knowable, and that an effective logical system can be based on this principle. He lays the foundations for global semantic anti-realism and extends its consequences from the philosophy of mathematics and logic to the theory of meaning, metaphysics, and epistemology. | | The Fitch paradox poses a serious challenge for anti-realism. This paper investigates the option for an anti-realist to answer the challenge by restricting the knowability principle. Based on a critical discussion of Dummett's and Tennant's suggestions for a restriction desiderata for a principled solution are developed. In the second part of the paper a different restriction is proposed. The proposal uses the notion of uniform formulas and diagnoses the problem arising in the case of Moore sentences in the different status (...) | | In this paper, we provide a semantic analysis of the well-known knowability paradox stemming from the Church–Fitch observation that the meaningful knowability principle /all truths are knowable/, when expressed as a bi-modal principle F --> K♢F, yields an unacceptable omniscience property /all truths are known/. We offer an alternative semantic proof of this fact independent of the Church–Fitch argument. This shows that the knowability paradox is not intrinsically related to the Church–Fitch proof, nor to the Moore sentence upon which it (...) | | The thesis that every truth is knowable is usually glossed by decomposing knowability into possibility and knowledge. Under elementary assumptions about possibility and knowledge, considered as modal operators, the thesis collapses the distinction between truth and knowledge (as shown by the so-called Fitch-argument). We show that there is a more plausible interpretation of knowability—one that does not decompose the notion in the usual way—to which the Fitch-argument does not apply. We call this the potential knowledge-interpretation of knowability. We compare our (...) | | Famously, the Church–Fitch paradox of knowability is a deductive argument from the thesis that all truths are knowable to the conclusion that all truths are known. In this argument, knowability is analyzed in terms of having the possibility to know. Several philosophers have objected to this analysis, because it turns knowability into a nonfactive notion. In addition, they claim that, if the knowability thesis is reformulated with the help of factive concepts of knowability, then omniscience can be avoided. In this (...) | | | | The well-known argument of Frederick Fitch, purporting to show that verificationism (= Truth implies knowability) entails the absurd conclusion that all the truths are known, has been disarmed by Dorothy Edgington''s suggestion that the proper formulation of verificationism presupposes that we make use of anactuality operator along with the standardly invoked epistemic and modal operators. According to her interpretation of verificationism, the actual truth of a proposition implies that it could be known in some possible situation that the proposition holds (...) | | This paper presents a generalized form of Fitch's paradox of knowability, with the aim of showing that the questions it raises are not peculiar to the topics of knowledge, belief, or other epistemic notions. Drawing lessons from the generalization, the paper offers a solution to Fitch's paradox that exploits an understanding of modal talk about what could be known in terms of capacities to know. It is argued that, in rare cases, one might have the capacity to know that p (...) | | This is a reply to Timothy Williamson ’s paper ‘Tennant’s Troubles’. It defends against Williamson ’s objections the anti-realist’s knowability principle based on the author’s ‘local’ restriction strategy involving Cartesian propositions, set out in The Taming of the True. Williamson ’s purported Fitchian reductio, involving the unknown number of books on his table, is analyzed in detail and shown to be fallacious. Williamson ’s attempt to cause problems for the anti-realist by means of a supposed rigid designator generates a contradiction (...) | | | | | | Fitch’s argument purports to show that for any unknown truth, p , there is an unknowable truth, namely, that p is true and unknown; for a contradiction follows from the assumption that it is possible to know that p is true and unknown. In earlier work I argued that there is a sense in which it is possible to know that p is true and unknown, from a counterfactual perspective; that is, there can be possible, non-actual knowledge, of the actual (...) | | | | | | Such a conception, says Dummett, will form "a base camp for an assault on the metaphysical peaks: I have no greater ambition in this book than to set up a base ...

https://philarchive.org/references/SCHCKR-2

# Epistemic modal logic Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge. While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition dating back to Ancient Greece, epistemic logic is a much more recent development with applications in many fields, including philosophy, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, economics and linguistics. While philosophers since Aristotle have discussed modal logic, and Medieval philosophers such as Avicenna, Ockham, and Duns Scotus developed many of their observations, it was C. I. Lewis who created the first symbolic and systematic approach to the topic, in 1912. It continued to mature as a field, reaching its modern form in 1963 with the work of Kripke. ## Historical development Many papers were written in the 1950s that spoke of a logic of knowledge in passing, but the Finnish philosopher G. H. von Wright's 1951 paper titled An Essay in Modal Logic is seen as a founding document. It was not until 1962 that another Finn, Hintikka, would write Knowledge and Belief, the first book-length work to suggest using modalities to capture the semantics of knowledge rather than the alethic statements typically discussed in modal logic. This work laid much of the groundwork for the subject, but a great deal of research has taken place since that time. For example, epistemic logic has been combined recently with some ideas from dynamic logic to create dynamic epistemic logic, which can be used to specify and reason about information change and exchange of information in multi-agent systems. The seminal works in this field are by Plaza, Van Benthem, and Baltag, Moss, and Solecki. ## Standard possible worlds model Most attempts at modeling knowledge have been based on the possible worlds model. In order to do this, we must divide the set of possible worlds between those that are compatible with an agent's knowledge, and those that are not. This generally conforms with common usage. If I know that it is either Friday or Saturday, then I know for sure that it is not Thursday. There is no possible world compatible with my knowledge where it is Thursday, since in all these worlds it is either Friday or Saturday. While we will primarily be discussing the logic-based approach to accomplishing this task, it is worthwhile to mention here the other primary method in use, the event-based approach. In this particular usage, events are sets of possible worlds, and knowledge is an operator on events. Though the strategies are closely related, there are two important distinctions to be made between them: The underlying mathematical model of the logic-based approach are Kripke semantics, while the event-based approach employs the related Aumann structures based on set theory. In the event-based approach logical formulas are done away with completely, while the logic-based approach uses the system of modal logic. Typically, the logic-based approach has been used in fields such as philosophy, logic and AI, while the event-based approach is more often used in fields such as game theory and mathematical economics. In the logic-based approach, a syntax and semantics have been built using the language of modal logic, which we will now describe. ### Syntax The basic modal operator of epistemic logic, usually written K, can be read as "it is known that," "it is epistemically necessary that," or "it is inconsistent with what is known that not." If there is more than one agent whose knowledge is to be represented, subscripts can be attached to the operator ( K 1 {\displaystyle {\mathit {K}}_{1}} , K 2 {\displaystyle {\mathit {K}}_{2}} , etc.) to indicate which agent one is talking about. So K a φ {\displaystyle {\mathit {K}}_{a}\varphi } can be read as "Agent a {\displaystyle a} knows that φ {\displaystyle \varphi } ." Thus, epistemic logic can be an example of multimodal logic applied for knowledge representation. The dual of K, which would be in the same relationship to K as ◊ {\displaystyle \Diamond } is to ◻ {\displaystyle \Box } , has no specific symbol, but can be represented by ¬ K a ¬ φ {\displaystyle \neg K_{a}\neg \varphi } , which can be read as " a {\displaystyle a} does not know that not φ {\displaystyle \varphi } " or "It is consistent with a {\displaystyle a} 's knowledge that φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is possible". The statement " a {\displaystyle a} does not know whether or not φ {\displaystyle \varphi } " can be expressed as ¬ K a φ ∧ ¬ K a ¬ φ {\displaystyle \neg K_{a}\varphi \land \neg K_{a}\neg \varphi } . In order to accommodate notions of common knowledge and distributed knowledge, three other modal operators can be added to the language. These are E G {\displaystyle {\mathit {E}}_{\mathit {G}}} , which reads "every agent in group G knows" (mutual knowledge); C G {\displaystyle {\mathit {C}}_{\mathit {G}}} , which reads "it is common knowledge to every agent in G"; and D G {\displaystyle {\mathit {D}}_{\mathit {G}}} , which reads "it is distributed knowledge to the whole group G." If φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is a formula of our language, then so are E G φ {\displaystyle {\mathit {E}}_{G}\varphi } , C G φ {\displaystyle {\mathit {C}}_{G}\varphi } , and D G φ {\displaystyle {\mathit {D}}_{G}\varphi } . Just as the subscript after K {\displaystyle {\mathit {K}}} can be omitted when there is only one agent, the subscript after the modal operators E {\displaystyle {\mathit {E}}} , C {\displaystyle {\mathit {C}}} , and D {\displaystyle {\mathit {D}}} can be omitted when the group is the set of all agents. ### Semantics As we mentioned above, the logic-based approach is built upon the possible worlds model, the semantics of which are often given definite form in Kripke structures, also known as Kripke models. A Kripke structure M for n agents over Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } is an (n + 2)-tuple ( S , π , K 1 , . . . , K n ) {\displaystyle (S,\pi ,{\mathcal {K}}_{1},...,{\mathcal {K}}_{n})} , where S is a nonempty set of states or possible worlds, π {\displaystyle \pi } is an interpretation, which associates with each state in S a truth assignment to the primitive propositions in Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } (the set of all primitive propositions), and K 1 , . . . , K n {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{1},...,{\mathcal {K}}_{n}} are binary relations on S for n numbers of agents. It is important here not to confuse K i {\displaystyle K_{i}} , our modal operator, and K i {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{i}} , our accessibility relation. The truth assignment tells us whether or not a proposition p is true or false in a certain state. So π ( s ) ( p ) {\displaystyle \pi (s)(p)} tells us whether p is true in state s in model M {\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}} . Truth depends not only on the structure, but on the current world as well. Just because something is true in one world does not mean it is true in another. To state that a formula φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is true at a certain world, one writes ( M , s ) ⊨ φ {\displaystyle (M,s)\models \varphi } , normally read as " φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is true at (M,s)," or "(M,s) satisfies φ {\displaystyle \varphi } ". It is useful to think of our binary relation K i {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{i}} as a possibility relation, because it is meant to capture what worlds or states agent i considers to be possible; In other words, w K i v {\displaystyle w{\mathcal {K}}_{i}v} if and only if ∀ φ {\displaystyle \forall \varphi } , and such v {\displaystyle v} 's are called epistemic alternatives for agent i. In idealized accounts of knowledge (e.g., describing the epistemic status of perfect reasoners with infinite memory capacity), it makes sense for K i {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{i}} to be an equivalence relation, since this is the strongest form and is the most appropriate for the greatest number of applications. An equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. The accessibility relation does not have to have these qualities; there are certainly other choices possible, such as those used when modeling belief rather than knowledge. ## The properties of knowledge Assuming that K i {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{i}} is an equivalence relation, and that the agents are perfect reasoners, a few properties of knowledge can be derived. The properties listed here are often known as the "S5 Properties," for reasons described in the Axiom Systems section below. ### The distribution axiom This axiom is traditionally known as K. In epistemic terms, it states that if an agent knows φ {\displaystyle \varphi } and knows that φ ⟹ ψ {\displaystyle \varphi \implies \psi } , then the agent must also know ψ {\displaystyle \,\psi } . So, This axiom is valid on any frame in relational semantics. This axiom logically establishes modus ponens as a rule of inference for every epistemically possible world. ### The knowledge generalization rule Another property we can derive is that if ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is valid (i.e. a tautology), then K i ϕ {\displaystyle K_{i}\phi } . This does not mean that if ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is true, then agent i knows ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } . What it means is that if ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is true in every world that an agent considers to be a possible world, then the agent must know ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } at every possible world. This principle is traditionally called N (Necessitation rule). This rule always preserves truth in relational semantics. ### The knowledge or truth axiom This axiom is also known as T. It says that if an agent knows facts, the facts must be true. This has often been taken as the major distinguishing feature between knowledge and belief. We can believe a statement to be true when it is false, but it would be impossible to know a false statement. This axiom can also be expressed in its contraposition as agents cannot know a false statement: This axiom is valid on any reflexive frame. ### The positive introspection axiom This property and the next state that an agent has introspection about its own knowledge, and are traditionally known as 4 and 5, respectively. The Positive Introspection Axiom, also known as the KK Axiom, says specifically that agents know that they know what they know. This axiom may seem less obvious than the ones listed previously, and Timothy Williamson has argued against its inclusion forcefully in his book, Knowledge and Its Limits. Equivalently, this modal axiom 4 says that agents do not know what they do not know that they know This axiom is valid on any transitive frame. ### The negative introspection axiom The Negative Introspection Axiom says that agents know that they do not know what they do not know. Or, equivalently, this modal axiom 5 says that agents know what they do not know that they do not know This axiom is valid on any Euclidean frame. ### Axiom systems Different modal logics can be derived from taking different subsets of these axioms, and these logics are normally named after the important axioms being employed. However, this is not always the case. KT45, the modal logic that results from the combining of K, T, 4, 5, and the Knowledge Generalization Rule, is primarily known as S5. This is why the properties of knowledge described above are often called the S5 Properties. However, it can be proven that modal axiom B is a theorem in S5 (viz. S 5 ⊢ B {\displaystyle S5\vdash \mathbf {B} } ), which says that what an agent does not know that they do not know is true: ¬ K i ¬ K i φ ⟹ φ {\displaystyle \neg K_{i}\neg K_{i}\varphi \implies \varphi } . The modal axiom B is true on any symmetric frame, but is very counterintuitive in epistemic logic: How can the ignorance on one's own ignorance imply truth? It is therefore debatable whether S4 describes epistemic logic better, rather than S5. Epistemic logic also deals with belief, not just knowledge. The basic modal operator is usually written B instead of K. In this case, though, the knowledge axiom no longer seems right—agents only sometimes believe the truth—so it is usually replaced with the Consistency Axiom, traditionally called D: which states that the agent does not believe a contradiction, or that which is false. When D replaces T in S5, the resulting system is known as KD45. This results in different properties for K i {\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{i}} as well. For example, in a system where an agent "believes" something to be true, but it is not actually true, the accessibility relation would be non-reflexive. The logic of belief is called doxastic logic. ### Multi-agent systems When there are multiple agents in the domain of discourse where each agent i corresponds to a separate epistemic modal operator K i {\displaystyle K_{i}} , in addition to the axiom schemata for each individual agent listed above to describe the rationality of each agent, it is usually also assumed that the rationality of each agent is common knowledge. ## Problems with the possible world model and modal model of knowledge If we take the possible worlds approach to knowledge, it follows that our epistemic agent a knows all the logical consequences of their beliefs (known as logical omniscience). If Q {\displaystyle Q} is a logical consequence of P {\displaystyle P} , then there is no possible world where P {\displaystyle P} is true but Q {\displaystyle Q} is not. So if a knows that P {\displaystyle P} is true, it follows that all of the logical consequences of P {\displaystyle P} are true of all of the possible worlds compatible with a's beliefs. Therefore, a knows Q {\displaystyle Q} . It is not epistemically possible for a that not- Q {\displaystyle Q} given his knowledge that P {\displaystyle P} . This consideration was a part of what led Robert Stalnaker to develop two-dimensionalism, which can arguably explain how we might not know all the logical consequences of our beliefs even if there are no worlds where the propositions we know come out true but their consequences false. Even when we ignore possible world semantics and stick to axiomatic systems, this peculiar feature holds. With K and N (the Distribution Rule and the Knowledge Generalization Rule, respectively), which are axioms that are minimally true of all normal modal logics, we can prove that we know all the logical consequences of our beliefs. If Q {\displaystyle Q} is a logical consequence of P {\displaystyle P} (i.e. we have the tautology ⊨ ( P → Q ) {\displaystyle \models (P\rightarrow Q)} ), then we can derive K a ( P → Q ) {\displaystyle K_{a}(P\rightarrow Q)} with N, and using a conditional proof with the axiom K, we can then derive K a P → K a Q {\displaystyle K_{a}P\rightarrow K_{a}Q} with K. When we translate this into epistemic terms, this says that if Q {\displaystyle Q} is a logical consequence of P {\displaystyle P} , then a knows that it is, and if a knows P {\displaystyle P} , a knows Q {\displaystyle Q} . That is to say, a knows all the logical consequences of every proposition. This is necessarily true of all classical modal logics. But then, for example, if a knows that prime numbers are divisible only by themselves and the number one, then a knows that 8683317618811886495518194401279999999 is prime (since this number is only divisible by itself and the number one). That is to say, under the modal interpretation of knowledge, when a knows the definition of a prime number, a knows that this number is prime. This generalizes to any provable theorem in any axiomatic theory (i.e. if a knows all the axioms in a theory, then a knows all the provable theorems in that theory). It should be clear at this point that a is not human (otherwise there would not be any unsolved conjectures in mathematics, like P versus NP problem or Goldbach's conjecture). This shows that epistemic modal logic is an idealized account of knowledge, and explains objective, rather than subjective knowledge (if anything). ## Epistemic fallacy (masked-man fallacy) In philosophical logic, the masked-man fallacy (also known as the intensional fallacy or epistemic fallacy) is committed when one makes an illicit use of Leibniz's law in an argument. The fallacy is "epistemic" because it posits an immediate identity between a subject's knowledge of an object with the object itself, failing to recognize that Leibniz's Law is not capable of accounting for intensional contexts. ### Examples The name of the fallacy comes from the example: Premise 1: I know who Bob is. Premise 2: I do not know who the masked man is Conclusion: Therefore, Bob is not the masked man. The premises may be true and the conclusion false if Bob is the masked man and the speaker does not know that. Thus the argument is a fallacious one. In symbolic form, the above arguments are Premise 1: I know who X is. Premise 2: I do not know who Y is. Conclusion: Therefore, X is not Y. Note, however, that this syllogism happens in the reasoning by the speaker "I"; Therefore, in the formal modal logic form, it'll be Premise 1: The speaker believes he knows who X is. Premise 2: The speaker believes he does not know who Y is. Conclusion: Therefore, the speaker believes X is not Y. Premise 1 B s ∀ t ( t = X → K s ( t = X ) ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B_{s}}}\forall t(t=X\rightarrow K_{s}(t=X))} is a very strong one, as it is logically equivalent to B s ∀ t ( ¬ K s ( t = X ) → t ≠ X ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B_{s}}}\forall t(\neg K_{s}(t=X)\rightarrow t\not =X)} . It is very likely that this is a false belief: ∀ t ( ¬ K s ( t = X ) → t ≠ X ) {\displaystyle \forall t(\neg K_{s}(t=X)\rightarrow t\not =X)} is likely a false proposition, as the ignorance on the proposition t = X {\displaystyle t=X} does not imply the negation of it is true. Another example: Premise 1: Lois Lane thinks Superman can fly. Premise 2: Lois Lane thinks Clark Kent cannot fly. Conclusion: Therefore Superman and Clark Kent are not the same person. Expressed in doxastic logic, the above syllogism is: Premise 1: B L o i s F l y ( S u p e r m a n ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{Lois}Fly_{(Superman)}} Premise 2: B L o i s ¬ F l y ( C l a r k ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{Lois}\neg Fly_{(Clark)}} Conclusion: S u p e r m a n ≠ C l a r k {\displaystyle Superman\neq Clark} The above reasoning is invalid (not truth-preserving). The valid conclusion to be drawn is B L o i s ( S u p e r m a n ≠ C l a r k ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {B}}_{Lois}(Superman\neq Clark)} .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_modal_logic

What is a better word for must? What is a better word for must? What is another word for must? |essential||necessity| |requirement||requisite| |fundamental||imperative| |need||condition| |necessary||obligation| WHAT DOES IT’S A MUST MEAN? If you refer to something as a must, you mean that it is absolutely necessary. [informal] Taking out travel insurance may seem an unnecessary expense, but it is a must. Synonyms: necessity, essential, requirement, duty More Synonyms of must. How do you use the word must? Must is used to express obligation, give orders and give advice. It can only be used for present and future reference. When the past is involved, you use have to….to speculate about the truth of something. - She must be mad! - You must be joking! - There must be some mistake. - Mr Robertson is here; it must be Tuesday. Can must be an adverb? When modifying an entire sentence, adverbs can be placed in four positions: at the beginning; at the end; after the verb to be and all auxiliary verbs: can, may, will, must, shall, and have, when have is used as an auxiliary (for example in I have been in Spain twice); Is a must or it’s a must? 1 Answer. Usually, the word “must” is a verb. This is the way that the word “must” is used in the sentences “Is it a must to get married?” and “For running, good shoes are a must.” However, the word “must” is extremely rarely used as an adjective…. How do you make a must question? How do we make questions with “must”? “Must”, as we know, is used with obligation in English. In terms of creating a sentence with “must”, the word order is not difficult. When we want to change the affirmative to the interrogative form, the only thing that we have to do is invert the subject and “must”…. Can a question start with must? In English, “must” is used when we are talking about obligations. Unlike other verbs in English which usually adopt the verb “to do” as an auxiliary, “must” does not. In fact, to create the interrogative form of “must”, all we have to do is invert the subject and “must” and our interrogative is formed…. Can we use must and have to together? If we are using must to talk bout obligations, then we can’t use it with have to. In other words, we cannot use must to make have to more emphatic. Can we use must and should together? The phrase “should must” is incorrect. To understand why, consider the definitions of the two words: Should refers to something that is preferable for any reason, such as efficiency, morality or social norms. Must refers to something that is mandatory for any reason, such as law, company policy, or strong expectations. Where we use must and should? We use have to / must / should + infinitive to talk about obligation, things that are necessary to do, or to give advice about things that are a good idea to do. Must and have to are both used for obligation and are often quite similar. They are both followed by the infinitive. I must go now. / I have to go now. Is should a must? Must and Should are both modal verbs. MUST is used when expressing obligation or an unavoidable requirement, whereas SHOULD is more of a recommendation, or simply a desirable goal…. What type of modals must? modal auxiliary verb What are the 4 types of modals? Types of modals - Will/ Would. Will is used to show a wish, prediction, request, demand, order, assumption, promise, etc. - Can. Can is used to show permission, possibility, and ability. - Could. Could is used to represent a suggestion, request, permission, future possibility and ability in the past. - May. - Might. - Must. - Should. What are the 3 types of modals? The three categories of modals are Epistemic (relating to knowledge), Deontic (relating to ideals), and Dynamic (relating to performance). What are the four types of modals? There are ten types of modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to. Can (or cannot/can’t) shows ability, in the sense of knowing how or being able to do something. In informal situations, it expresses permission, in the sense of being allowed to do something. How do you use modals correctly? Three basic rules to follow - Use the modal verb as is. Don’t change its form and turn it into the present, future, or past forms. - Use the base form of the verb after a modal. Don’t use “to” or the full infinitive verb “to”. - If you need to use modals in the negative form, then use only “not” AFTER the modal verb. What is the easiest way to learn modals? Follow These Steps To Teach Modal Verbs. Start by introducing all the modal verbs you wish to talk about. This may include can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, and ought to but, depending on the level of your class, you can narrow it down to those you feel are most important. What are the 13 Modals? Modals are can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would and need (need can also be a main verb). What is it important to learn modals and its different types? Modal verbs help when speaking about ability, making requests and offers, asking permission, and more. The modal verbs in English differ from other verbs, because they are not used separately, and do not indicate a specific action or state, they just reflect its modality, the attitude of the speaker to the action. How modals use in a sentence? Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs) like can, will, could, shall, must, would, might, and should. Modal verbs add meaning to the main verb in a sentence by expressing possibility, ability, permission, or obligation. You must turn in your assignment on time. He might be the love of my life. What are the example of modals? Modal verbs |Modal||Meaning||Example| |can||to request permission||Can I open the window?| |may||to express possibility||I may be home late.| |may||to request permission||May I sit down, please?| |must||to express obligation||I must go now.| What are modals and its functions? A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability, permission, request, capacity, suggestions, order, obligation, or advice. Modal verbs always accompany the base (infinitive) form of another verb having semantic content. Can uses and examples? It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility. Examples: I can ride a horse…. - I can drive Susan’s car when she is out of town. - SHIFT TO “BE ALLOWED TO ” - I can drive Susan’s car while she is out of town next week. Can must should and May are examples of? (Use of modal verbs – can, must, will, should, could, may) Which is stronger must or have to? For example: “What does this movie have to do with that book?” This shows that the movie and the play may or may not be related based on the context. On the other hand, “must” is used to convey a stronger meaning than simply “have to”, it’s more forceful. Should must have to examples? “I had a terrible stomachache.” “You should have gone to the doctor’s.” “I didn’t hear from my father last week.” “You should have called him.” “She isn’t happy with the salary she’s getting.” “She shouldn’t have accepted the job.” What is difference between must and have to? Have to mainly expresses general obligations, while must is used for specific obligations: I have to brush my teeth twice a day. I must tell you something. Important: To express obligation, duty or necessity in the future or the past, must and need are not used. Shall VS must in law? Use “must” not “shall” to impose requirements. “Shall” is ambiguous, and rarely occurs in everyday conversation. The legal community is moving to a strong preference for “must” as the clearest way to express a requirement or obligation. Has to and have to examples?

https://easierwithpractice.com/what-is-a-better-word-for-must/

Run the operator in viewport by pressing SpaceBar while mouse cursor is over View 3D, to bring up the operator search dialog and type in "validate meshes", then press Enter. It will give you a summary in the info header, but also prints to the system console. Well, this is for an exporter. I've written the code as an addon so that it generates a menu item to do a one-click validate and selective export. I just wanted to see if I could test it from the console to make sure my functions that I wrote were right before I started trying to troubleshoot why it won't import as an addon. well you could actually use my code as it is, just change the main() parameter from context to scene, or even objects (but you'll have to use bpy.context.scene in the from_object() call). That way, you get a nice, standalone function to validate (e.g. import it into another script which does the export). But you can also wrap it as operator. What does it say in the system console as you try to import it as addon? CoDEmanX wrote: well you could actually use my code as it is, just change the main() parameter from context to scene, or even objects (but you'll have to use bpy.context.scene in the from_object() call). I'm now getting the feeling that the file name has to match some information in the bl_info structure. Any resources with the correct procedure out there? AlphaNow wrote: I'm now getting the feeling that the file name has to match some information in the bl_info structure. Any resources with the correct procedure out there? #opening and then closing with w mode clears current file contents. file will be appended to within the export function. CoDEmanX wrote: enumerate is a built-in function, better not call your own functions like that! Heh, that makes sense. Changed the function name, and all seems to be well. Much appreciated. So, I'm seeing some unneeded functionality and I'm not sure how to get rid of it. I wrote my exporter, following a tutorial i found, and the exporter part of things work, as does all the object/mesh verification. But when I select File->Import/Export-> <MyFileType> it opens a file browser. I've coded the exporter to just work against the currently opened .blend file, always. How can I get rid of the file browser if I'm not using that functionality? I understand that I could access self.filename and get the filename that the user selects, but I don't want it to even show up. Let me know. Thanks. your exporter is actually part of a modal operator. It has invoke() and execute(), the modal() part is derived from the ExportHelper (i assume you use it?). In the export helper code, a file selector is added when operator invoked(!). The file selector is a modal operator. When target is chosen, modal() ends and operator goes on with execute(). So it goes invoke() -> modal() -> execute(). For menu entries, it is the default to invoke operators. In other contexts, they are rather executed. You could skip the invoke() and modal() (=file selector), and directly go on to the execute() which does the export, and pass it a filename or whatever params are required. (This would have been done by the file selector otherwise). To make a menu entry execute an operator instead of invoking, you need to set .operator_context before adding the operator using .operator() - but both are elements of a UILayout instance! If you set layout.operator_context = ... , it would apply to a couple entries, and not just yours. props.filename = "..." # assuming your operator has a StringProperty "filename" CoDEmanX wrote: your exporter is actually part of a modal operator. It has invoke() and execute(), the modal() part is derived from the ExportHelper (i assume you use it?). So, if I didn't use ExportHelper, it wouldn't invoke the file selector? I want to export to the same directory where the currently open file is located. Currently, the export function already determines what file is open, and then does a little string manipulation to change the extension, then goes ahead with the export. I also ran into a new problem which probably has something to do with my understanding(or lack thereof) of how python deals with lists. In order to minimize the amount of information I need to manipulate in the recipient program, I am going through the set of edge_keys for each polygon. The program seems to randomly choose the order in which it represents the endpoints of edges, but does store the edges in the correct order. I am trying to take a copy of the edge_keys, then swap the edge endpoints at each index if adjacent endpoints in the edge_keys list are not equal. [(1,2),(24,1),(2,24)] -> [(2,1),(1,24),(24,2)] through use of a loop of comparisons, if statements, and endpoint swaps. Then, when adjacent (and wrapped) endpoints are equal, i can just export 1,24,2 and it will properly represent the poly in question. But it seems when I try to assign values to the individual sub-elements, i get an error about assigning tuples(not in front of my workstation, cant recall the exact language). edges=edges#this is where the problem happens. I dont have to do it this way, if there's an easier way to do the sort, i'd be interested to see it. Yes, but it wouldn't export either, as execute() would never be called (remember: operators in menus are invoked be default, not executed). ExportHelper is just a convenience class, it calls bpy.context.window_manager.fileselect_add(). You could do that yourself as well. Well you can do what i described above (overwrite operator_context) and ignore the file selector / ExportHelper. That should just work fine. It will give you a menu entry that will directly execute the operator and not call the invoke() method which would bring up the file selector. It's a list of tuples, and tuples are immutable. You can't change them once created, you can only replace the entries in the (mutable) list by new tuples. So, I started with this tutorial on writing an export script, and it included a starter script file that was already laid out. then, below that if statement, I declared several functions which call each other at the appropriate moments. As per your previous post, i renamed my parent function to main. though honestly not sure if this matters AT ALL beyond calling the operator from the command line. what other changes do I need to make to be able to have this listed in the Import/Export menu and call execute() but not show the file picker?

https://www.blender.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=28286&p=106969

On December 6, we will have a we will have a long LogiCIC/LIRa joint session with two talks by Hans van Ditmarsch and Thomas Bolander. Please note that the session will be held from 15:00 to 18:00. Everyone is cordially invited! FIRST TALK: Speaker: Thomas Bolander, Technical University of Denmark Title: Don’t Plan for the Unexpected: Planning Based on Plausibility Models Date and Time: December 6, 2012, 15:00-16:30 Venue: Science Park 904, Room B0.201 Abstract: We present a framework for automated planning based on plausibility models, as well as algorithms for computing plans in this framework. Our plausibility models include postconditions, as ontic effects are essential for most planning purposes. The framework presented extends a previously developed framework based on dynamic epistemic logic (DEL), without plausibilities/beliefs. In the pure epistemic framework, one can distinguish between strong and weak epistemic plans for achieving some, possibly epistemic, goal. By taking all possible outcomes of actions into account, a strong plan guarantees that the agent achieves this goal. Conversely, a weak plan promises only the possibility of leading to the goal. In real-life planning scenarios where the planning agent is faced with a high degree of uncertainty and an almost endless number of possible exogenous events, strong epistemic planning is not computationally feasible. Weak epistemic planning is not satisfactory either, as there is no way to qualify which of two weak plans is more likely to lead to the goal. This seriously limits the practical uses of weak planning, as the planning agent might for instance always choose a plan that relies on serendipity. In the present paper we introduce a planning framework with the potential of overcoming the problems of both weak and strong epistemic planning. This framework is based on plausibility models, allowing us to define different types of plausibility planning. The simplest type of plausibility plan is one in which the goal will be achieved when all actions in the plan turn out to have the outcomes a priori believed most plausible by the agent. This covers many cases of everyday planning by human agents, where we—to limit our computational efforts—only plan for the most plausible outcomes of our actions. SECOND TALK: Speaker: Hans van Ditmarsch, LORIA, Nancy & (associate) IMSc, Chennai Title: Refinement modal logic Date and Time: December 6, 2012, 16:30-18:00 Venue: Science Park 904, Room B0.201 Abstract: This is joint work with Laura Bozzelli, Tim French, James Hales, and Sophie Pinchinat.In this talk I will present refinement modal logic. A refinement is like a bisimulation, except that from the three relational requirements only ‘atoms’ and ‘back’ need to be satisfied. Our logic contains a new operator ‘forall’ in addition to the standard modalities box for each agent. The operator ‘forall’ acts as a quantifier over the set of all refinements of a given model. We call it the refinement operator. As a variation on a bisimulation quantifier, it can be seen as a refinement quantifier over a variable not occurring in the formula bound by the operator. The logic combines the simplicity of multi-agent modal logic with some powers of monadic second order quantification. We present a sound and complete axiomatization of multiagent refinement modal logic. There is an extension to the modal mu-calculus. It can be applied to dynamic epistemic logic: it is a form of quantifying over action models. There are results on the complexity of satisfiability, and on succinctness. We are highly interested in applications of this logic to epistemic planning.

https://projects.illc.uva.nl/lgc/seminar/2012/11/logiciclira-session-with-hans-van-ditmarsch-and-thomas-bolander/

The modal logical axiom 4, □P → □□P (“If necessarily P, then necessarily necessarily P”), is widely accepted. It is the characteristic axiom of the modal logical system S4, which is subsumed under the most popular modal logical system S5. Axiom 4 is equivalent to ◊◊P → ◊P (“If possibly possibly P, then possibly P”), which requires that the accessibility relation between worlds be transitive. There is a powerful argument (Hugh Chandler 1976, Nathan Salmon 1981, 1989) against axiom 4. It rests on the thought that an ordinary object could have had a slightly different origin from its actual origin but could not have had an origin very different from its actual origin. By constructing a sorites-like sequence of possible worlds at which the origin of a given object shifts incrementally along the sequence, the argument concludes that accessibility is not transitive, i.e. that what is possibly possible may not be possible. A recent attempt to defend S4 from this argument (Murray and Wilson 2012) proposes that we abandon the absolute notion of possibility and instead accept a world-indexed notion of possibility; each world comes with its own version of possibility. I offer a different defense of S4, which preserves both axiom 4 and the absoluteness of possibility. Its key move is to postulate objects as extended not only in physical space-time but in logical space as well, that is, as “five-dimensional worms.” Since S4 and the absolute notion of possibility are very intuitive, quite useful, and widely well regarded, and since my proposal saves both of them, I take the proposal to constitute an argument in favor of “five-dimensionalism.” The Modal Status of Laws: In Defence of a Hybrid View Abstract Three popular views regarding the modal status of the laws of nature are discussed: Humean Supervenience, nomic necessitation, and scientific/dispositional essentialism. These views are examined especially with regard to their take on the apparent modal force of laws and their ability to explain that modal force. It will be suggested that Humean Supervenience and the nomic necessitation approach struggle to explain the modal force of laws, whereas scientific/dispositional essentialism fares slightly better. However, none of the three views, at least in their strongest form, can be maintained if some laws are metaphysically necessary, but others are metaphysically contingent. Some reasons for thinking that such variation in the modal status of laws exists will be presented, with reference to physics. This drives us towards a fourth, hybrid view, according to which there are both necessary and contingent laws. The prospects for such a view are studied.

https://www.metaphysics.sk/products/keynote-speakers2/

Modal logic is a collection of formal systems originally developed and still widely used to represent statements about necessity and possibility. For instance, the modal formula ◻P → ◊P can be read as "if P is necessary, then it is also possible". This formula is widely regarded as valid when necessity and possibility are understood with respect to knowledge, as in epistemic modal logic. The first modal axiomatic systems were developed by C. I. Lewis in 1912, building on an informal tradition stretching back to Aristotle. The relational semantics for modal logic was developed by Arthur Prior, Jaakko Hintikka, and Saul Kripke in the mid twentieth century. In this semantics, formulas are assigned truth values relative to a possible world. Relations Edit details Edit relations Attach new author Attach new topic Attach new resource Resources treated in Modal Logic (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) 8.0 rating 5.0 level 8.0 clarity 2.0 background – 1 rating A modal is an expression (like ‘necessarily’ or ‘possibly’) that is used to qualify the truth of a ju... treated in Intelligent Agents I The objective of this course is to introduce students to knowledge representation and reasoning metho...

https://archive.knowledgepicker.com/t/479/modal-logic

There has been a debate by empiricists whether the notions of necessity and possibility even belong in an ontology. Others have tried to come up to the challenge of empiricists by developing modal logic. Modal/Modality: Modal statements tell us something about what could be or must be the case. Nothing can be rectangular and circular at the same time. (Necessary truth) Bill Clinton left the house yesterday. (Possibly) The heart of modal semantics is the idea of a plurality of possible worlds. They claim that this is a perfectly reasonable belief and that this helps in clarifying the concept of de dicto modality and also the notion of de re modality. De dicto: the notion of necessity or possibility as ascribed by a proposition. De re: the notion of a thing’s exemplifying a property necessarily or contingently. Two different versions of possible worlds have been adopted. Some view that possible worlds provides the materials for a reductive nominalism. This is David Lewis’s approach and it requires us to accept that all possible worlds are as equally real and fully concrete entities. Other philosophers follow a different approach illustrated by Alvin Platinga. The notion of a possible world is taken to be one element in a network of interrelated concepts including the notion of a property, a proposition, de dicto modality and de re modality. We cannot reduce the concepts to concepts outside the network, but we can clarify concepts in the network by showing their relationships to each other. This is a Platonistic view; the actual world is the maximally possible state of affairs. Problems About Modality Many philosophers believe there are serious issues with modal notions. Critics of modal notions tend to be empiricists and challenge that our appeal to these concepts cannot be traced back to our empirical experience of the world. They argue that experience never reveals what is necessarily the case or possibly the case, but only what is the case. The argument is simply since we don’t experience anything in the world that is modal, that we shouldn’t use modal notions. When it comes to notions of talking about the necessary or possible is merely based on language and not the nonlinguistic world. Putting it simple, that bachelors are unmarried is true only in the virtue of the meaning of the words bachelor and unmarried. Possible Worlds The concept of possible worlds has been something developed for dealing with modal logic. A possible worlds metaphysician would say criticism is a misplaced reaction. Even though the average person doesn’t speak of possible worlds, there is a deep intuitive roots that exist in humans and the framework of possible worlds is traced back to prephilosophical beliefs we all share. The way that they describe this is that we have all thought about the way things may have been otherwise. What may have been different if you failed that test or got a flat tire on the way to work. We have the capacity to think of a different world that went differently than the one we are living. The term ‘possible worlds’ is merely giving a name to this idea. Possible Worlds Nominalism There appears to be a connection between ascriptions of both de dicto and de re modality and talk about the way things might have been, talk about various possible worlds. How do we interpret this connection? Not all possible world metaphysicians answer this question the same way. There are two main views: One group insists that the notions of possible worlds, of propositional necessity, possibility, and contingency, and of essence and accident are all components in a network of interconnected and mutually supporting concepts. The view is that it is impossible to understand any of these concepts by reference to concepts that are not a part of the network. Another group claim to find in the framework the resources for carrying out the reductive project of a very austere nominalism. The opposition of these two groups is a central theme in recent metaphysics. Possible Worlds Nominalism - David Lewis Lewis tells us that if we want to know what kinds of things possible worlds are, we don’t need to do anything sophisticated, all we have to do is look at the actual world around us. His view is “more things of that sort, differing not in kind but only in what goes on at them.” Lewis doesn’t believe in the “actual world” as all the worlds are real, exist and are equally valid. His view of the actual world is just one of the total ways things might have been and it is nothing more than myself and all my surroundings. Since we have all these possible worlds there could be the concrete objects of transworld individual. An individual that exists in more than one world, living their respected lives, pursuing several different goals. This is a difficult concept for people to grasp. Lewis agrees with this notion that presupposes the falsehood of the principle of Indiscernibility of Identicals. Simply put if you have a concrete object with the same properties that exist, that they have to be the same object. If world 1 individual pursues different goals than world 2 than the individual isn’t the same. In Lewis’ view, each individual exists in just one possible world, there are only world-bound individuals. Lewis explains it as follows: You are in the actual world and no other, but you have counterparts in several other worlds. Your counterparts resemble you closely in content and context in important respects. They resemble you more closely than do the other things in their worlds. But they are not really you. For each of them is in his own world, and only you are here in the actual world. Actualism and Possible Worlds - Alvin Platinga Many philosophers don’t like Lewis’ view of things as they view it more as a science fiction fantasy than anything real. Lewis’ ontology is one we might call possiblism, he holds that possible, but nonactual objects. There are also actualists like Platinga. As he sees it, the only concept of existence we have is that of a thing that actually exists. So obviously the idea of all these worlds with real concrete objects occupying space and time is science fiction. Platinga does have a view of possible worlds, so this might all seem very strange. His view is that since he has the resources for showing how the claim that there are possible worlds that are not actual is compatible with a strong version of actualism. Platinga believes in a Platonistic account of abstract entities. On the view, all properties are necessary beings; they all exist necessarily. They are not however, all exemplified, so properties can exist even though they may not be exemplified. Notes This wasn’t a tough chapter to read, but the summation of information is a bit tough. The arguments presented are quite annoying and the possible world ‘games’ is a bit much. I find that people really go out of their way to correct some sort of issue in metaphysics by inventing even more strange ideas. The possiblism presented by David Lewis seems quite stupid from the point of view of metaphysics and explaining existence. Actualism, as per the definition, seems more appropriate to me, but the actualism presented by Alvin Platinga seems like a similar version of stupid.

https://www.nolasagna.com/metaphysics/intro-loux-crisp/chapter5

This paper deals with the subcategory of modality – participantinternal possibility modality and its coding in Kazakh with – A al analytical formant. Despite the fact that the category of modality has been studied from the period of Aristotle, there is still no unanimity about its definition, its subcategories and its coding in human language. As the result of the research on the topic participantinternal possibility modality is identified as one of the subcategory of modality which deals with the ability and capacity of the subject of the proposition. In Kazakh participantinternal possibility modality is mostly given by analytical formants, especially by – A al. Moreover, it will be displayed that – A al expresses all semantic properties of participantinternal possibility modality such as inherent / learnt and mental / physical. Therefore it constitutes the core of the functionalsemantic of the given modality. The paper also accounts for the interaction of – A al in modal usage with other category operators. The domain of modality is one of the controversial issues of linguistics in general as well as of Kazakh linguistics. This paper will focus on one of the subcategories of modality, participantinternal possibility modality (henceforth PIPM) which refers «...to a kind of possibility … internal to a participant engaged in the state of affairs. In the case of possibility we are dealing with a participant’s ability (capacity)» [1, 80] and its expression with analytical verb – A al in Kazakh. Our central hypothesis is that – A al belongs to the core of the ‘functional-semantic field’ of participant-internal possibility modality and expresses all semantic meanings of ability like inherent / learnt and mental / physical. There are only few works done to define modality and its means of expression in the Kazakh language. Most of them do not consider modality as a separate category, but investigate separate language units which express modality in general. For instance, Mamadilov Q. and Zhanpeyisov E. analyze modal verb constructions and their meanings, Tolegenov O. deals with mood as one way of expressing modality, Nurmakhanova A. investigates verb constructions and their functions in a sentence, considering expression of modality as one of their functions. As these works concern with formal properties of a language they are considered to be structural studies which treat language as a grammatical system consisting of rules. But the primary function of the language is communication and it is best seen and can be analyzed in its functions. Thus, functional approach is carried out in this paper to identify language units which express participant-internal possibility modality and ability meaning constitutes «functional-semantic field» of PIPM. The only work on modality in the sense of functionalism in Kazakh is done by Qulmanov S. He explores modality as a functional-semantic category and its means of expression in Kazakh. He defines possibility, probability, obligative, volintative, prohibitive and preventative modality meanings in Kazakh and language units which express these meanings. But in the literature (Palmer F., Van Der Auwera J. and Plugian V.A., Bybee J.) it was pointed out that possibility or dynamic modality can be internal, which constitutes ability meaning, and external which gives root possibility meaning, which is not considered by Qulmanov S. In Kazakh these meanings are mostly given by different means and sometimes the same unit can express both of these meanings. In this paper we will concentrate only on participant-internal possibility and its coding with – A al analytical formant. The data in this paper were drawn from 10 novels in Kazakh which comprise 3500 pages and 140 sentences or passages were collected with ability meaning. In 41% of cases ability meaning was given by -A al analytical formant. The structure of the paper is as follows. In Section 2 we will briefly look at the theoretical issues on the topic. Section 3 contains the core of our analysis, i.e. peculiarities of -A al in giving ability meaning. Section 4 outlines relation of PIPM with other categories as aspect, voice. Theoretical issues According to Bybee J. and Fleischman S. «modality – … is the semantic domain pertaining to elements of meaning that language expresses. It covers a broad range of semantic nuances – jussive, desirative, intentive, hypothetical, potential, obligative, dubtative, hortatory, exclamative, etc. – whose common dominator is the addition of a supplement or overlay of meaning to the most neutral semantic value of the proposition of an utterance, namely factual and declarative» [2, 2 ]. We understand modality as an additional meaning to the proposition of the sentence. The overlaying meaning can be explained in terms of possibility and necessity as the action or situation described in the preposition can be 1) necessarily / possibly true / false from the point of speaker (epistemic modality); 2) necessary / possible to do from the point of speaker (deontic modality); 3) necessary / possible to do for the subject of the sentence (dynamic modality). The latter meaning covers PIP modality. Many scholars tend to use different terms to refer to ability meaning. In this work we look at the classical works on modality. Bybee J., Perkins J, Pagliuca W. treat ability meaning as one of the submeanings of agent-oriented modality and define it as «ability reports the existence of internal enabling conditions in the agent with respect to the predicate action». Also add that ability meaning can generalize to «root possibility, which reports on general enabling conditions and is not restricted to the internal condition of ability, but also reports on general external conditions, such as social and physical» [3, 177-178]. Palmer F. considers ability meaning is covered by sub-class of dynamic modality «subjectoriented» modality and defines that «… dynamic modality is subject-oriented in the sense that it is concerned with the ability or volition of the subject of the sentence, rather than opinions (epistemic) or attitudes (deontic) of the speaker (and addressee)» [4, 36]. The reason for choosing the term « subjectoriented» lies in that fact that only animate creatures have an ability to do something, but the subject of the sentence can be inanimate which have power or quality to do the action in the predicate [5, 76-79]. Van Der Auwera J. and Plugian V. A. favors the term «participant-internal possibility» which means that inner qualities of the subject of the sentence make it possible to fulfill the action given in the proposition [1, 80]. The term can also be contrasted to «participant-external possibility» where because of the external circumstance it is possible to carry out the action. Terms used by Palmer F, Bybee J. et al. and Auwera J. et al. in some sense cover the same semantic domain. For instance, «subject-oriented possibility», «ability» and «participant-internal possibility» refer to ability/capacity meaning, but we likewise side with Auwera J. et al. as ‘participantinternal possibility» is more specific, can be opposed to its counterpart, also it refers not only to the ability but also capacity of the participant. Also we exploit ability meaning in relation to animate subjects. According to The good English Guide «ability is an acquired skill: her ability to speak several languages. A capacity is more an innate talent: her capacity for learning languages» [6, 43]. Thus, participant-internal possibility can be further classified as inherent / learnt and mental / physical. -A al – participant-internal possibility modality operator According to M. Erdal «a verb phrase can beside a fully lexical kernel, include another verb, which can be grammatical to varying degrees …when only one of the verbs in a verb phrase is lexical to any degree the construction is called ‘analytical» [7, 244]. In Kazakh an analytical verb consists of lexical verb inflected by auxiliary verb and they express a certain grammatical meaning. For example, if we look at the morphological structure of the following analytical verbs, all of them consist of auxiliary verbs preceded by lexical verbs ending in converb suffixes. 1 a. ayt-a al-a-dï, say-CV take-CV-3SG (He) can say oqï-p žür, study-CV go-3SG (He) is studying In these examples – e ber, – a al, – p žür are analytical formants, which add additional grammatical meanings (modal, aspectual) to the main verb. Each of these analytical formants has an indivisible, single meaning. «They express one single meaning no matter how many components they are composed of and the meanings of components are indivisible and idiomatic. Thus, it is impossible to add any other morphological element to the analytical formant structure» [8, 7]. For instance, – A al analytical formant should consist of these exact elements to express ability meaning, if we use another converb suffix like – ïp al, it will have another meaning, precisely, benefactive meaning. The most prominent operator of ability in Kazakh is – A al analytical formant. It is composed of present converb – a (with variants –e (used after stems ending in consonant) and –y (used after stems ending in vowels); this do not change the meaning) and auxiliary verb al which lexically means «take», but in this format its meaning is bleached. According to Clauson G. the origin and development of the form is obscure [9, 82]. The earliest usage of this form as a marker of possibility / ability seems to be in a Khwarezmian Turkic text from the first half of the 14th century [10, 83]. Since then – A al «has developed into one of the most prominent possibility operator in the Turkic languages which is spread specially throughout the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups [10, 1-28] in «non-fused (e.g. Tatar, Kazakh and Kirghiz) and fused variants (e.g. Uzbek, Uyghur)». [11, 83] As it was mentioned above in – A al analytical formant auxiliary verb al «take» has advanced its lexical meaning to a grammatical one as a result of grammaticalization. When – al is preceded by converb suffixes it gains a modal usage and functions like English «can / be able to» or Russian «мочь / уметь» (can / may, to be able to. Я могу / умею танцевать. I can dance.) (3, 4). Although when – al is not in analytical formant scope it is used in its lexical meaning (2) : - Oġan aqša usïnïp edim, al-dï Him money offer, take-PST When I offered him money, he took (it). - Suw-da balïq-tay žüz-e al-a-mïn. (M. Maġaïyn) water-LOC fish ADV swim-CV AUX-PreS- 1SG I can swim like a fish in water. Edige – ädebiyetši. Sondïqtan ol ne närse-ni bol-ma-sïn asqaq, Edige – literary man-3SG. Therefore he any thing-ACC be-NEG-DAT lofty, äserli et-ip süwrette-y al-a-dï. Impressive AUX-CV describe –CV AUX- PreS-3SG Edigeisaliteraryman. Thereforehecandescribe anything loftily, impressively. (M. Maġaïyn) - A al analytical formant does not describe the action itself, but shows its state. For instance, in (3) and (4) not the action of swimming and describing is manifested, but its state of possible actualization. - A al can express inherent /learnt and physical and mental participant-internal possibility meanings. Sometimes the distinction between these meanings is not clear cut. For example : - -Qureke, ol bäri-miz-ge ortaq qarïndas qoy. Ek-eüw-miz tiri Qureke, she all-3PL-DAT common sister PART. Two-ENUM-3PL alive tur-sa-q on-ï qayda-n bol-sa da qutqar-a al-a-mïz. stand-COND-3PL she-ACC where-ACC be- COND too rescue-CV AUX-FUT-1PL. Qureke, she is our sister. If we are alive, we will be able rescue her from any situation. (Q. Shabdanulï) - Men – …...žaz-atïn adam-mïn. Sol Ivan Ivanovič qusap men de šatïp-butïp žaz-a I – write-PART human-1SG. That Ivan Ivanovič like I too anyhow writeCV al-a-mïn. On-ïƞ kör-gen-in men de kör-di-m. AUX-PRES-1SG. He-2SG.POSS see-PART- ACC I too see-PST-1SG. I – am a writer. I can also write anyhow as that Ivan Ivanovič. I also experienced what he did. (M. Maġaïyn) In (5) in order to be able to rescue somebody you have to be physically strong and mentally skilled. In this sentences physical ability meaning overlaps with mental ability of a person. In (6) the overlapping meanings are inherent and learnt ones. Someone needs talent and acquired skills to be a writer. Talent and acquired skills of the speaker is displayed by the context well, where he admits that he is a writer he is talking about his talent, when he refers to his experience, learnt skills are meant. Nevertheless, in most cases these meaning are given separately. For example: - -So da söz bol-ïp pa! Özim de köter-e al-a-mïn. – That to word be-CV Q! REFL. too lift –CV AUX-FUT-1SG It is not a big deal! I can lift that myself. (S. Šäymerdenov) - Žat-qa ayt-uw kerek bol-sa, Abay otïr-ǵan žer-de o-nï Memory-DAT say-INF need be-COND, Abay sit-PART place-LOC it-ACC aǵïz-ïp, suwdïrat-ïp ayt-ïp ta ber-e al-a-dï. flow-CV, fluent-CV say-CV too give-CV AUXPRES-3SG. When it is neccesary to say by heart, Abay can say that quickly and fluently. (M. Äüwezov) - Biraq küz-diƞ ay-sïz qaraƞǵï tün-in-de, dauwïl-dï, žauwïn-dï But autumn-GEN moon-ADJ dark night-ACC- LOC, wind-ADJ, rain-ADJ tuni, kerek bol-sa žalǵïz tüp tobïlǵïnï, žalǵïz šoǵïr qaraǵaydï night, need be-COND sole bush spirea-ACC, sole bush pine tree-ACC tab-a al-atïn. find-CV AUX-PART. But ,when it is necessary, even in dark moonless night, windy, rainy night of autumn he can find a bush of spirea, a bush of pine tree. (M. Äüwezov) Whereas (7) displays a physical strength / ability of a person to lift a heavy thing, (8) shows Abay’s mental skill to learn something very vast and say it fluently. In (4) Edige because of his innate capacity can describe anything impressively and beautifully. (9) shows that person is so skilled and knows the area very well that even in moonless, rainy and windy night can find a bush of tree in steps of Kazakh, where were no signs of direction. Interaction of participant-internal possibility modality with other grammatical categories If we analyze all analytical verbs of the given example, it not difficult to notice that lexical verb in the construction takes a converb suffix, thus remains in a non-finite form, whereas auxiliary verb is inflected by the tense and personal markers. – A al inflected by present tense markers shows that person have a general ability/capacity to carry out the action (3),(4),(6),(8), by a past tense marker shows that a person had a general ability (9) or was able to fulfill a certain single action. Therefore, – A al+ PRES refers to Iterative aspect and – A al+ PST refers to both Iterative and Dynamic aspect. In future form – A al shows, first, an ability in the future, on the other hand speaker’s belief that a subject of a sentence will be able to a carry out a certain activity. In this sense, PIPM overlaps with epistemic modality. Oralbayeva N. in her analysis on the combinability of – A al with other forms, stated that as – A al indicates the person’s ability, it is inflected to the verb with tense and personal markers, other suffixes which are connected with the process of an action precede -A al [8, 79]. Analyzing our data, we have found out that only voice markers precede – A al, precisely, causative (10), cooperative-reciprocal - and reflexive-middle voice suffixes (12) : - Žämiyla qayġï-sï-n da, ökpe-si-n de Žämiyla sorrow-3SG.POSS-ACC too, resentment-3SG.POSS-ACC too aqïl-ġa žeƞ-giz-e al-dï. mind-DAT win-CAUS.CV AUX-PST. Žämiyla could control her sorrow and resentment by her sense. (I. Esenberliyn) - -Sen ekeü-miz til tab-ïs-a al-a-mïz. - You two-1PL tongue find-REC-CV AUXFUT-1PL. - We can get on well (with each other). (M. Maġaïyn) - Maxmut… sïrt adam-ġa sïpayï kör-in-e al-atïn. Maxmut exterior person-DAT polite see-REF- CV AUX-PART. Maxmut could seem polite to other people. (I. Esenberliyn ) The semantics of – A al and passive voice suffix is not compatible as ability always goes with the subject of the sentence, which is not the case in passive voice. Palmer F. illustrates this feature in English which is also true for Kazakh: «the semantics would suggest that neutral dynamic modals ought to be voice neutral and that subjectoriented once ought not. If it is possible for Bill to beat John, it is possible for John to be beaten by Bill, but it is not reasonable to suggest that, if Bill has the ability to beat him, John has the ability to be beaten.» [4, 101]. Abbreviations | | 1SG | | first-person singular | | CV | | converb REFL. reflexive | | 1PL | | first-person plural | | DAT | | dative | | 2SG | | second-person singular | | ENUM | | enumerator | | 3SG | | third-person singular | | FUT | | future | | 3PL | | third-person plural | | GEN | | genitive | | ACC | | accusative | | LOC | | locative | | ADJ | | adjective | | NEG | | negative | | ADV | | adverb | | PART | | participle | | AUS | | auxiliary | | POSS | | possessive | | CAUS | | causative | | PST. | | Past | | COND | | conditional | | Q. | | interrogative References - Van Der Auwera J., Plungian V.A. Modality’s semantic map // Linguistic Typology. – 1998. – № 2. – P. 79–124. - Bybee J., Fleischman S. Modality in Grammar and discourse. – Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins publishing company, 1995. – 575 p. - Bybee J., R. Perkins and W. Pagliuca. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. – 420 p. - Palmer F.R. Modality and the English modals. – 2 Edition. – London: Logman, 1990. –256 p. - Palmer F.R. Mood and modality. – 3 Edition. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. – 236 p. - Howard C. The good English Guide. – Kent: Mackeys Ltd, 1993. – 97 p. - Erdal M.A. Grammar of Old Tukic. – Netherlands: Brill NV, 2004. – 583 p. - Oralbaeva N. Qazaq tilindegi etistiktiƞ analitikalïq formanttarïnïƞ qurïlïsï men maġïnasï. – Almaty: Ġïlïm baspasï, 1979. – 195 p. - Clauson G. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. – Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. – 1040 p. - Schönig C. (Un)Möglichkeitsformen in den sogenannten Altaischen Sprachen // Materialia Turcica. – 1987. – № 13. – P. 1–28. - Rentzsch J. Modality in the Baburnama // Turkic languages. – 2011. – № 15. – P. 82–83.

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1. A belongs of necessity to all B. 2. B belongs to all C. 3. Therefore, A belongs of necessity to all C. Malink's book proposes a formal system which, if consistent, shows that Aristotle's judgments about syllogisms form a consistent set. But because of the artificiality of the system, and its lack of fit with Aristotle's reasoning and language, the book will not put aside worries that "Aristotle's modal syllogistic is incoherent".1 There is a helpful introduction, outlining the entire argument of the book, technical appendices and, in between, sections for each main branch of Aristotelian syllogistic (assertoric, apodeictic, and problematic), each section presenting a novel idea regarded as essential by Malink for rendering Aristotle's judgments within that branch consistent. The appendices are the substance of the book. There Malink first provides tables which list exhaustively Aristotle's judgments of the validity, invalidity, or inconcludence of some 400 syllogisms or premise pairs. Next, Malink sets down an axiomatic formal system, the "predicable semantics". Finally, he shows that, within that system, each syllogism judged valid by Aristotle may be vindicated with a proof; each judged invalid may be shown to be so with a countermodel; and each premise pair judged inconcludent may be shown to have a like status in the formal system. That is, Malink treats Aristotle's 400 or so judgments like data points and his own formal system like a theory which successfully predicts all those data points. Thus Malink's main conclusion: "the set of Aristotle's claims of validity, invalidity, and inconcludence is consistent" (269). Malink is the first researcher within the program of studying Aristotelian syllogistic "from the standpoint of modern formal logic" to have achieved this. Yet what does this result establish, as a matter of interpreting Aristotle? It would be open, of course, to a logician to give us a formal system which has this unusual property of coinciding with all of Aristotle's judgments and leave it at that. But Malink's stated goal is to understand and interpret Aristotle, and so his technical result must be evaluated as a contribution to interpretation. Here, as Malink concedes, everything depends on the naturalness versus artificiality, and the closeness of fit to Aristotle, of the formal system (270). To the extent that the system is contrived and the fit is poor, then the worry about the incoherence of the modal syllogistic remains. Indeed, if only a highly contrived system can render Aristotle's judgments consistent, then the system actually serves as further evidence of Aristotle's own lack of consistency. The bulk of Malink's book is devoted to motivating the formal system and discussing its merits as an interpretation, typically in relation to the "orthodox" interpretation of Aristotelian syllogistic as a branch of first-order logic with modal operators. Malink frankly acknowledges various "limitations" of his approach and tallies them up in the last chapter: the formal system cannot account for ten proofs in the apodeictic and problematic syllogistic; it actually requires that two such proofs be rejected as leading to inconsistent results; some of Aristotle's counterexamples must be rejected as well; and in the problematic syllogistic it must rely upon constructions and definitions which are "too artificial to be attributed to Aristotle" (268-70). These are simply the aspects of the formal system which uncontroversially diminish its appeal as an interpretation. In addition, the novel ideas behind the formal system can be regarded as limitations too, not strengths, if one finds them unconvincing—as, if only something implausible can render Aristotle consistent, then Aristotle is implausibly consistent. The Problematic Syllogistic. Malink insists that Aristotle's claims here can be rendered consistent only if we take Aristotle to be denying principles of modal opposition which are intuitively plausible, which he appears committed to in various arguments, and which he actually seems to affirm (204-5). Perhaps, but let us count the cost. To follow Malink, we must interpret Aristotle as in effect denying the principle of double negation—that, although "possibly not" in the relevant propositions means precisely "not of necessity", nevertheless "not possibly not" does not mean "of necessity" (204-5). Again, we must believe that Aristotle invents ad hoc a new type of categorical: "when Aristotle appeals to contradictories of negative M-propositions ["possibly not" propositions] in indirect proofs, these contradictories are not among his sixteen kinds of categorical propositions. They are merely contradictories of negative M-propositions. They occur in indirect proofs of moods that have an M-conclusion, but not elsewhere in the modal syllogistic" (205). Finally, to deal with Aristotle's plain language to the contrary, Malink would have us think that Aristotle is confused as between the object language and the metalanguage: "within the language used to talk about the modal syllogistic, Aristotle helps himself to principles of modal opposition that are not valid in the modal syllogistic itself" (205). So Malink's treatment of the problematic syllogistic, depending upon one's comfort with the degree of fit, will appear either ingenious or desperate. The Assertoric Syllogistic. Here Malink's novel idea is his interpretation of what it is to predicate one term of all of another (κατὰ παντός), traditionally called the dictum de omni, viz.: "We say <that a term is> 'predicated of all' in the case where is not possible to find anything [of the things][of the subject term] of which that term will not be said" (An. Pr. 24b28-30). Malink's "heterodox" interpretation of the dictum is this: "A is predicated of all of B" means "For any member of some plurality associated with some term, without restriction, if B is predicated of all of it, then A is predicated of all of it." Now Malink's interpretation of the dictum is circular, but that is not immediately an objection. Malink insists, reasonably enough, that if "predicating of all" is to serve as a primitive relation which establishes the predicable semantics as a "preordering" which is suitably reflexive and transitive, then the definition of that relation must be circular in that way. Concede, then, that it is essential, in Malink's reconstruction, that the notion be used again in order to define itself. But precisely at this point a difficulty arises: Aristotle could easily have used κατὰ παντός to explain κατὰ παντός in a circular fashion, but he does not. That is, the very thing insisted upon by Malink as essential to the definition, if it is to serve as the foundation of the predicable semantics, is conspicuously absent from Aristotle's language. Moreover, this "heterodox" interpretation has no advantages over the orthodox and several additional disadvantages. If the orthodox account erred by construing categorical statements as invariably about individuals, this one errs by never allowing that an individual can serve as a counterexample, since individuals do not have pluralities associated with them, in the required sense, and, for Aristotle, they are not predicated of anything. Note that in "Man is not predicated of all of animal, but animal is predicated of all of man" (25a25-6), presumably what corroborates the first claim is the possibility of finding a species of animal "of which man will not be said", and the second, the impossibility of finding an individual man "of which animal will not be said". And Aristotle clearly presumes that counterexamples can be individuals in his explication of the dictum in An. Post. I.1. Neither does it give a good account of existential import. Malink defines an I-categorical, "Some A is B", as: "Some member of some plurality associated with some term is such that both A is predicated of all of it and B is predicated of all of it." He additionally holds that "A is predicated of all of A" is true for any term whatsoever. He ascribes this principle to Aristotle and makes it an axiom in the formal system. Moreover, Malink thinks that each term is a member of the plurality associated with that term. So from "A is predicated of all of B" it follows that "Something is both A and B", because B itself is a member of a plurality associated with a term; B is predicated of all of it; and, by the initial assumption, so is A. Yet, once again, there is no good fit to Aristotle's reasoning and language: it is essential to Malink's way of underwriting existential import that a term be predicated of all of itself; but that claim simply does not appear in Aristotle's own explication (25a17-19). Furthermore, Malink's account forces us to adopt bizarre views about the basis of existence claims. If I claim, for instance, "All the men are awake," and there are five of them, on Malink's account it is true that "Some man is awake", not because of the five, but because man is man, and that man (the term) is awake. Again, because for Malink it is an axiom that a term is predicated of all of itself, then, for all terms, it always is the case that something is that term, and therefore "Nothing is A" is false always for all terms. Many absurdities follow, such as that no E-categorical is true when there happens to be a name for the concurrence of the terms. The Apodeictic Syllogistic. Malink's innovation here is meant to explain why Aristotle claims that the following syllogism is valid ("Barbara NXN"):2 —whereas Aristotle claims in the same passage that, if the modality of the premises is reversed ("Barbara XNN"), the syllogism becomes invalid. Aristotle's position seems to offend against the idea that an argument's conclusion can be no stronger than the weakest link, besides apparently leading to difficulties elsewhere. Malink's generally novel idea here is to draw from Aristotle's theory of categories in the Topics.3 Malink says that, on that theory, some terms— "essence" terms—are never truly predicated universally of anything, except when they are predicated in view of something that holds of necessity. Basically, essence terms are those that would be used in a proper scientific taxonomy which reveals the essences and necessary connections of things. For example, "animal" would not be predicated of all of anything except of some species of animal. Thus "Animal belongs to all man" is not true except when "Animal belongs of necessity to all man" is also true. Thus, if it could be guaranteed that only an essence term could be understood for the term, B, in the first syllogism above, then the second premise would imply a hidden premise, which would be true of necessity: Barbara NXN would imply Barbara NNN, and the puzzle about Aristotle's claims would be removed. However, Malink claims, only of an essence term could it be true that some term belong to all of it of necessity. Thus, the nature of the first premise in Barbara NXN guarantees that, if that premise is true, then B is an essence term. To capture this interpretation in his formal system, Malink makes it an axiom that, in his words: "If one term is predicated of necessity of all of a second, and that second is predicated of all of a third, then the first is predicated, too, of necessity of all of the third." Serious difficulties strain the plausibility of this interpretation: (1) It makes the validity of some syllogisms depend on the "matter" to which they are applied (essences arranged hierarchically), rather than their logical form simply. But Aristotle seems to say that Barbara NXN is true in virtue of its logical form (30a19-20). That there is an axiom in the formal system which builds in this restriction does not deflect the difficulty, since the axiom would not be a logical axiom. Besides, the axiom would be useless for types of necessity other than formal necessity, such as necessity of end, or necessity of compulsion (see Met. V.5) where, indeed, Barbara NXN seems to have an even more intuitive application. To see this, take as terms "compelled to enlist"-"able-bodied man"-"football player" for necessity of compulsion, and "take a boat"-"traveler to Corfu"-"foreign tourist" for necessity of end. (2) It seems against Aristotle's intentions to render Barbara NXN valid by reducing it to Barbara NNN. Aristotle does after all state as his view that "a syllogism can reach a necessary conclusion with only one necessary premise" (32a8). Again, presumably, as in other cases, the very same counterexample (moving-animal-man), which Aristotle gives to show the invalidity of Barbara XNN, should be applicable to Barbara NXN, where it should fail to show invalidity; but on Malink's interpretation the counterexample is not even allowable, as the second premise, "man belongs to all moving", would not involve an essential predication. Again, when Aristotle wishes to explain what an X-premise means in an apodeictic syllogism, he says that the premise asserts that something holds, but not that it holds of necessity (cf. 31b23). Again, Aristotle's argument against the validity of the XNN form is that, if the conclusion were necessary, the first premise too would in fact be necessary, which, he says, "is false": by parity, it would not simply be something unstated, but actually "false", for the second premise in NXN to be or to amount to a necessary premise. True, it is consistent with all of these considerations that Aristotle believed that there was a kind of shadow N-premise, in addition to the explicit X-premise —but not plausible. Why does he not mention the shadow premise? At least, one would have expected Aristotle to draw attention to potentially misleading cases of non-apparent Barbara XXN validity, that is, where the first premise uses "essence" terms but leaves out any explicit statement of necessity. (3) The gap between Malink's formal system and Aristotle's reasoning is especially yawning for the syllogistic form Darii NXN. In that syllogism, the second premise is particular ("B belongs to some C"); ostensibly, then, in that premise the term B is never applied to all of another term; ostensibly, then, Malink's axiom cannot come into play, and "B belongs to some C" will not imply "B of necessity belongs to some C", as would be required. Aristotle explains the syllogism very simply: that, as A holds of necessity of all B, and C, as it happens, is B, then A holds of necessity of C. But on Malink's account, for the syllogism to be valid one must bring in the premise that "B belongs to all of B", and one must bring in the definition of an I-categorical which was explained above, which construes it as containing implicitly two universal claims, and one must also introduce a certain odd construction of a necessary I-categorical, as "Either B belongs of necessity to some C, or C belongs of necessity to some B". So why does Aristotle not appeal to a single one of these putatively essential logical moves? How would his perfect syllogisms be perfect, on Malink's reconstructions? Note we are simply appealing to the same standard of a sound interpretation that Malink appeals to when criticizing the "orthodox" interpretation (111). Malink's book has perhaps put to rest "a notorious unsolved riddle in the history of philosophy", as the blurb on the back claims, but inadvertently, through compelling a solution opposite to that intended. Notes: 1. See for example G. Striker, "Modal vs. Assertoric Syllogistic", Ancient Philosophy 14 (1994), 39-51 at 39. 2. Where "N" indicates a premise as necessary, and "X" as simply being true, without the modality of necessity. 3. But see R. Patterson, Aristotle's Modal Logic: Essence and Entailment in the Organon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

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Citations of: Illusions of gunk Philosophical Perspectives 20 (1):493–513 (2006) Add citationsYou must login to add citations. | | | | Presentists face a challenge from truthmaker theory: if you hold both that the only existing objects are presently existing and that truth supervenes on being, then you will be hard pressed to identify some existent on which a given true but traceless claim about the past supervenes. One reconciliation strategy, advocated by Cameron (2011), is to appeal to distributional properties so to serve as presently existing truthmakers for past truths. I argue that a presentist ought to deny that distributional properties (...) | | In a series papers, Jonathan Schaffer defended priority monism, the thesis that the cosmos is the only fundamental material object, on which all other objects depend. A primitive notion of dependence plays a crucial role in Schaffer’s argu- ments for priority monism. The goal of this paper is to scrutinize this notion and also to shed new light on what is at stake in the debate. I present three familiar arguments for priority monism and point out that each relies on (...) | | The Razor commands us not to multiply entities without necessity. I argue for an alternative principle—The Laser—which commands us not to multiply fundamental entities without necessity. | | Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, EarlyView. | | Many philosophers since Hume have accepted that imagining/conceiving a scenario is our prime guide to knowing its possibility. Stephen Yablo provided a more systematic criterion: one is justified in judging that p is possible if one can imagine a world which one takes to verify p. I defend a version of Yablo’s criterion against van Inwagen’s moderate modal scepticism. Van Inwagen’s key argument is that we cannot satisfy Yablo’s criterion because we are not in a position to spell out far-fetched (...) | | All parts of mereologically ‘gunky’ entities have proper parts. All parts relevant to mereologically ‘junky’ entities *are* proper parts. This essay explores the application of gunk and junk beyond the standard category of material object. One such application yields what is here dubbed ‘deep’ gunk and junk: a material entity x all of whose intrinsic elements from any fundamental ontological category C either have proper parts from C that also are intrinsic elements of x, or are proper parts of entities (...) | | It’s widely accepted that we have most reason to accept theories that best fulfill the following naturalistically respectable criteria: internal consistency, consistency with the facts, and exemplification of the theoretical virtues. It’s also widely accepted that metaphysical theories are necessarily true. I argue that if you accept the aforementioned criteria, you have most reason to reject that metaphysical theories are necessarily true. By applying the criteria to worlds that are all prima facie possible, I show that contingent local matters of (...) | | Revisionary ontologies seem to go against our common sense convictions about which material objects exist. These views face the so-called Problem of Reasonableness: they have to explain why reasonable people don’t seem to accept the true ontology. Most approaches to this problem treat the mismatch between the ontological truth and ordinary belief as superficial or not even real. By contrast, I propose what I call the “uncompromising solution”. First, I argue that our beliefs about material objects were influenced by evolutionary (...) | | The Vagueness Argument for universalism only works if you think there is a good reason not to endorse nihilism. Sider's argument from the possibility of gunk is one of the more popular reasons. Further, Hawley has given an argument for the necessity of everything being either gunky or composed of mereological simples. I argue that Hawley's argument rests on the same premise as Sider's argument for the possibility of gunk. Further, I argue that that premise can be used to demonstrate (...) | | There is a systematic and suggestive analogy between grounding and causation. In my view, this analogy is no coincidence. Grounding and causation are alike because grounding is a type of causation: metaphysical causation. In this paper I defend the identification of grounding with metaphysical causation, drawing on the causation literature to explore systematic connections between grounding and metaphysical dependence counterfactuals, and I outline a non-reductive counterfactual theory of grounding along interventionist lines. | | | | One of the main motivations for compositional nihilism, the view that there are no composite material objects, concerns the many puzzles and problems associated with them. Nihilists claim that eliminating composites provides a unified solution to a slew of varied, difficult problems. However, numerous philosophers have questioned whether this is really so. While nihilists clearly avoid the usual, composite-featuring formulations of the puzzles, the concern is that the commitments that generate the problems are not eliminated along with composites. If this (...) | | Modal realism is an ontological position made familiar by David Lewis, according to which there exist possible worlds other than the actual world that we inhabit. It is hard to uphold modal realism, and indeed modal realism has only a few advocates. However, as most contemporary metaphysicians agree, this does not mean that it is easy to refute modal realism. In this paper, I argue against modal realism from a metaontological point of view. First, I provide a precise formulation of (...) | | I argue that mereological nihilism fails because it cannot answer the special arrangement question: when is it true that the xs are arranged F-wise? I suggest that the answers given in the literature fail and that the obvious responses that could be made look to undermine the motivations for adopting nihilism in the first place. | | When some objects are the parts of another object, they compose that object and that object is composite. This article is intended as an introduction to the central questions about composition and a highly selective overview of various answers to those questions. In §1, we review some formal features of parthood that are important for understanding the nature of composition. In §2, we consider some answers to the question: which pluralities of objects together compose something? As we will see, the (...) | | | | An encyclopedia entry which covers various revisionary conceptions of which macroscopic objects there are, and the puzzles and arguments that motivate these conceptions: sorites arguments, the argument from vagueness, the puzzles of material constitution, arguments against indeterminate identity, arguments from arbitrariness, debunking arguments, the overdetermination argument, and the problem of the many. | | Presentists, who believe that only present objects exist, face a problem concerning truths about the past. Presentists should (but cannot) locate truth-makers for truths about the past. What can presentists say in response? We identify two rival factions ‘upstanding’ and ‘nefarious’ presentists. Upstanding presentists aim to meet the challenge, positing presently existing truth-makers for truths about the past; nefarious presentists aim to shirk their responsibilities, using the language of truth-maker theory but without paying any ontological price. We argue that presentists (...) | | Metaphysics is supposed to tell us about the metaphysical nature of our world: under what conditions composition occurs; how objects persist through time; whether properties are universals or tropes. It is near orthodoxy that whichever of these sorts of metaphysical claims is true is necessarily true. This paper looks at the debate between that orthodox view and a recently emerging view that claims like these are contingent, by focusing on the metaphysical debate between monists and pluralists about concrete particulars. This (...) | | According to some views of reality, some objects are fundamental and other objects depend for their existence upon these fundamental objects. In this article, I argue that we have reason to reject these views. | | I first explore the notion of the world's being such that everything in it is a proper part. I then explore the notion of the world's being such that everything in it both is and has a proper part. Given two well recognized assumptions, I argue that both notions represent genuine metaphysical possibilities. Finally I consider, but dismiss, some possible objections. | | The notion of fundamentality, as it is used in metaphysics, aims to capture the idea that there is something basic or primitive in the world. This metaphysical notion is related to the vernacular use of “fundamental”, but philosophers have also put forward various technical definitions of the notion. Among the most influential of these is the definition of absolute fundamentality in terms of ontological independence or ungroundedness. Accordingly, the notion of fundamentality is often associated with these two other technical notions. | | Mereological nihilism is the thesis that composite objects—objects with proper parts—do not exist. Nihilists generally paraphrase talk of composite objects F into talk of there being “xs arranged F-wise” . Recently several philosophers have argued that nihilism is defective insofar as nihilists are either unable to say what they mean by such phrases as “there are xs arranged F-wise,” or that nihilists are unable to employ such phrases without incurring significant costs, perhaps even undermining one of the chief motivations for (...) | | Eliminativism about macroscopic material objects claims that we do not need to include tables in our ontology, and that any job – practical or theoretical – they have to do can be done by 'atoms arranged tablewise'. This way of introducing eliminativism faces the worry that if there are no 'atoms', that is, if there are no simples and the world is 'gunky', there are no suitable entities to be 'arranged tablewise'. In this article, I discuss various strategies the eliminativist (...) | | | | This paper applies what I call the shrieking method (a refined version of an idea with roots in Priest's work) to one of – if not the – issues confronting glut-theoretic approaches to paradox (viz., the problem of ‘just true’ or, what comes to the same, ‘just false’). The paper serves as a challenge to formulate a problem of ‘just true’ that isn't solved by shrieking (as advanced in this paper), if such a problem be thought to exist. | | A material composite object is an object composed of two or more material parts. The world, it seems, is simply awash with such things. The Eiffel Tower, for instance, is composed of iron girders, nuts and bolts, and so on. You and I, as human beings, are composed of flesh and bone, and various organs. Moreover, these parts themselves are composed of further parts, such as molecules, which themselves are composed of atoms, which are composed of sub-atomic particles. Material composite (...) | | _ Source: _Page Count 28 This paper develops four proposals for explicating the notion of an ersatz part. It then evaluates each proposal with respect to a number of jobs for which ersatz parts are posited. We argue that each of the four notions of ersatz parthood do better with respect to some jobs, and worse with respect to others. Thus, we think, it’s horses for courses: which notion of ersatz part one chooses will be sensitive to which metaphysical project (...) | | Some argue that theories of universals should incorporate structural universals, in order to allow for the metaphysical possibility of worlds of 'infinite descending complexity' ('onion worlds'). I argue that the possibility of such worlds does not establish the need for structural universals. So long as we admit the metaphysical possibility of emergent universals, there is an attractive alternative description of such cases. | | Sider (2011, 2013) proposes a reductive analysis of metaphysical modality—‘(modal) Humeanism’—and goes on to argue that it has interesting epistemological and methodological implications. In particular, Humeanism is supposed to undermine a class of ‘arguments from possibility’, which includes Sider's (1993) own argument against mereological nihilism and Chalmers's (1996) argument against physicalism. I argue that Sider's arguments do not go through, and moreover that we should instead expect Humeanism to be compatible with the practice of arguing from possibility in philosophy. | | Two kinds of explanation might be put forward. The first goes like this: the necessary connection between the location of a whole and the location of its parts holds because the location of the whole is nothing but the collective location of its parts. The second style of explanation goes like this: the connection holds because what it is for a material whole to have something as a part, is (perhaps among other things) for the whole to contain the part. | | The Simple Question (SQ) asks: “What are the necessary and jointly sufficient conditions any x must satisfy in order for it to be true that x is a simple?” The main motivation for asking SQ stems from the hope that it could teach us important lessons for material-object ontology. It is universally accepted that a proper answer to it has to be finite, complete and devoid of mereological expressions. This paper argues that we should stop treating SQ as the central (...) | | Se examina una de las maneras más naturales e intuitivas de entender las nociones de entidad fundamental y dependencia ontológica. Se argumenta que quienes adoptan estas nociones enfrentan serios problemas y se recomienda abandonarlas, lo que no quiere decir que no haya otra forma plausible de entender estos conceptos.

https://philarchive.org/citations/WILIOG