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Manage all Customer Engagement Programs for the company, including our customer satisfaction program with JD Power, online reputation, and our online floral program; playsa vital role in the design, development and execution of the customer engagement strategy, with primary goals of fostering an outstanding customer experience and driving incremental revenue through positive word-of-mouth. Provides guidance to location management and staff to improve customer engagement, helping them understand key trends and opportunities, while improving service excellence to customers. SPECIFIC RESPONSIBILITIES 40% Project Management - Project Manages customer engagement marketing programs and activities, which includes determining and deploying resources, preparing cost-benefit analyses and identifying potential impacts on process changes and how those changes will affect the organization and customer. 40% Field Operations and Market Support Provides guidance for customer satisfaction programs, service excellence efforts, and incentive programs to ensure high performance standards. Performs analysis of market data, coupled with feedback from market leadership to determine market needs regarding customer experience. Works with market leadership and location staff to understand their areas for improvement and provide solutions to assist them in customer service improvement, operational efficiency and service excellence. Articulates company needs to vendor partners and guides them in the program development and evolution to help achieve team and company objectives. Provides consultative services to field management on Customer Engagement programs and initiatives to help each market achieve and, their goals. Presents program details at field meetings and trains for customer service improvement. 20% Leadership Provides oversight, guidance and mentoring for junior team members. Manages internal resources and external consultants to complete departmental goals and projects. Oversees adherence to program budget and resources for project completion in an accurate and timely manner. Manages relationship with third-party vendors and consultant partners. Provides regular formal and informal feedback to ensure performance appraisals and the identification of developmental needs are fair, accurate and effectively communicated. Requirements & Qualifications EDUCATIONAL/EXPERIENCE/MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS Education: - Bachelor’s degree in Marketing, Business, or a related discipline Experience: At least five (5) years of experience in in a related discipline At least two (2) years direct supervision expereince Knowledge, Skills & Abilities: Highly proficient in Excel Familiar with basic statistics and statistical models (SPSS software knowledge encouraged) Proficient in Word Excellent communication and presentation skills Ability to manage multiple projects Able to effectively give a presentation in front of a small to medium group using Microsoft PowerPoint Core / Critical Competencies Demonstrates a Commitment to Services Excellence, Trustworthiness and Integrity Shows consistency among principles, values, ethical standards and personal behavior Is trusted by subordinates and peers to keep one’s word and follow through on commitments Promote Innovation Encourages and generates new ways to look at processes and problems Identifies cost savings and revenue opportunities Generates and champions new ideas and initiatives Achieve Results Balances time, resources and quality requirements to achieve business goals Sets high standards of performance for self and others Drives the achievement of agreed-upon results Display Adaptability Actively supports change initiatives Coaches staff to adapt to multiple demands, shifting priorities, and rapid change Communicate Effectively Conveys information clearly and concisely in written and spoken communication Listens effectively and provides frequent feedback Creates environment in which team members share information openly and honestly Makes effective and motivating presentations Collaborate with Others Utilizes optimal level of collaboration with team members to achieve business goals Shares credit with others for their contributions Celebrates team successes Build Productive Relationships (Internal / External) Relates well to people with diverse backgrounds and perspectives Maintains composure and constructive relationships even under difficult circumstances Work Conditions Work Environment Work indoors during all seasons and weather conditions Limited amount of local and/or multiple location traveling required Standard business dress is required. Work Postures - Sitting continuously for many hours per day, up to 6 hours per day Physical Demands - Physical effort requiring manual dexterity is required, includes paperwork, calculators, computers and phone usage Work Hours - Occasionally working beyond “standard” hours as the need arises SCI Overview Who we are. What we do. We’re more than North America’s largest provider of funeral, cremation and cemetery services. We are mothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, sons and daughters who are devoted to the communities where we live and work. We are more than 20,000 dedicated individuals who provide caring assistance to families in need, honor veterans and public servants and deliver lifesaving programs to help keep children and seniors safe. We operate under the umbrella of the Dignity Memorial network of 1,800 funeral homes and cemeteries. Dignity Memorial providers care for more than 300,000 families each year and understand the importance of thoughtful, personalized arrangements. We believe creating meaningful ways to pay tribute to a loved one begins with compassion and is shaped by the understanding that each life is truly unique. For us, there is no greater responsibility than honoring and preserving the story of one’s life. Benefits Options: Health benefits (medical, dental, vision, life) 401K Retirement Savings Plan with company match Vacation and sick time Tuition reimbursement Funeral discounts, and more SCI offers advanced on-line training resources, career advancement opportunities in the largest organization in the industry, attractive benefits, and a wonderful community to serve with plenty of culture and personality. For additional information regarding our company, please visit our corporate site at www.sci-corp.com . As used herein, “SCI” refers to Service Corporation International and its affiliated companies. Equal Opportunity Employer, M/F/D/V Service Corporation International is an equal opportunity employer and is committed to providing employment accommodation in accordance with the relevant legislation. If you require accommodation to apply or if selected to participate in an assessment process, please advise Human Resources. Service Corporation International est un employeur équitable, et s’engage à offrir des mesures d’accommodation en respect à la législation pertinente. Si vous nécessitez un mesure d’accommodation pour appliquer, ou pour participer au processus de sélection, veuillez aviser le département des Ressources Humaines.

https://veterans.sci.jobs/houston-tx/corporate-customer-engagement-manager/53AB0BA4266845B08EC14E2A788018B9/job/?vs=28

Find out the top 10 core skills you need to master as a business operations support specialist and what hard skills you need to know to succeed in this job. A Business Operations Support Specialist is responsible for using different skills to help the company like accounting, scheduling, bookkeeping, etc. The primary duties of this position include resolving operational problems within the defined schedules and service legal agreements, monitoring the system operations and troubleshoot problems, assisting in budget preparation and resource allocation for support services, installing, supporting and maintaining a network and system tools, developing preventive measures and documenting issue resolution procedures, handling escalated issues and following up outstanding issues promptly, addressing customer issues quickly and accurately, developing support plan to prioritize and resolve multiple issues, contributing to business meetings and reporting on issue status, managing job schedule tool and monitoring repair activities. Core Skills Required to be a Business Operations Support Specialist Core skills describe a set of non-technical abilities, knowledge, and understanding that form the basis for successful participation in the workplace. Core skills enable employees to efficiently and professionally navigate the world of work and interact with others, as well as adapt and think critically to solve problems. Core skills are often tagged onto job descriptions to find or attract employees with specific essential core values that enable the company to remain competitive, build relationships, and improve productivity. A business operations support specialist should master the following 10 core skills to fulfill her job properly. Customer Oriented: Customer Oriented is a skill that focuses primarily on the client as the King offering quality services that meet the customer's expectations with an aim to inspire people rather than just try to sell their product. A Business Operations Support Specialist needs to be customer oriented to boost the image of their company, stand out from the rest of the people and devise innovations of tomorrow that focus its sights on a new target ? satisfying the customer expectations. Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is solving a problem or determining a question to an issue which is often applied to repairing failed products or processes on a machine or a system. A Business Operations Support Specialist must be able to diagnose any trouble in the management flow caused by a failure of any kind and determine to remedy the causes of the symptoms with the final product being the confirmation that the solution restores the process to an excellent working state. Collaborating with others: Collaborating is willingly working with one another and cooperating in whatever task one is assigned without behaving poorly or having an attitude change that hurts others. A Business Operations Support Specialist is meant to collaborate with all workers and management both male and female without causing frustrations or sidelining any worker or delaying their promotion from any informal conversations where most decisions are often made. Physical Abilities: Physical Abilities is the ability of one's strengths and limitations that are also known as the individual resources to perform well at the tasks given. A Business Operations Support Specialist must understand that his employees are very different types of people who vary in what they can or cannot do and treat each one with respect while supporting them to become the best in what they do. Self Confidence: Self Confidence is the ability to know who you are and what you are capable of doing which shows in your behavior, your body language, how you speak, etc. A Business Operations Support Specialist must be confident enough to inspire confidence in others while encouraging them to handle daily tasks and their personal lives with self-confidence that will, in turn, produce a well-rounded individual. Monitoring Others: Monitoring others is tracking employee activities monitor the worker engagement with the workplace-related tasks. A Business Operations Support Specialist should always monitor his workers to measure productivity, track attendance, incoming and outgoing phone calls, safety spying, employee theft, employee's location, horseplay and collect proof of hours worked using the latest computer detective monitoring system that provides accurate data that cannot be debated. Goal and Objective Setting: Goal and Objective Setting is the strategic plan that is set and laid down identifying how goals should be accomplished, by who and by what time. A Business Operations Support Specialist must detect and schedule each employee's goals, strategy, and objectives and keep motivating them to ensure all of them are met within the set time bringing growth to both the company and the employee. Business Ethics: Business Ethics is the ability to learn what is right and wrong in the world of business and choosing to do what is right at all times. A Business Operations Support Specialist must emulate good business ethic that is essential for the long-term success of an organization by implementing an ethical program that will foster a thriving entrepreneurial culture while increasing profitability and personal maturity. Scheduling: Scheduling is creating daily workflow charts that the employees are supposed to follow when working and submitting their projects. A Business Operations Support Specialist must be dedicated to establishing and maintaining the schedule using either manual or technology methods to ensure it is always updated according to the tasks, the employees responsible or the time allocated to each task without fail or delay. Analytical Skills: Analytical Skills is the ability to collect and analyze information, solve problems and make decisions according to the policies and regulations of the business. A Business Operations Support Specialist should hire employees who use clear, logical steps and excellent judgment to understand an issue from all angles before executing an action depending on the objective and the methodical approaches to benefit a company's productivity. Hard Skills Required to be a Business Operations Support Specialist Hard skills are job-specific skill sets, or expertise, that are teachable and whose presence can be tested through exams. While core skills are more difficult to quantify and less tangible, hard skills are quantifiable and more defined. Hard skills are usually listed on an applicant's resume to help recruiters know the applicant's qualifications for the applied position. A recruiter, therefore, needs to review the applicant's resume and education to find out if he/she has the knowledge necessary to get the job done. A business operations support specialist should have a good command of the following hard skills to succeed in her job.

https://www.employeepedia.com/hire/job-skills/8662-skills-needed-to-be-a-business-operations-support-specialist

Aurora Hanley offers a broad, balanced curriculum with a flexible timetable designed around each student, recognising their individual abilities, interests and needs. All activities are based on personalised goals to ensure they are engaging, meaningful and achievable for everyone. Students are encouraged to be actively involved in school life, by making choices, contributing to their own programmes and sharing ideas regularly. Individual behaviour management plans help our students develop positive self-regulation and coping strategies, facilitating their learning and creating a positive school experience for everyone. Our focus on behavioural management is supported via our Clinical Psychology teams, who work together with students and their families to explore and develop individual strengths and aspirations. Our other therapeutic provision includes speech and language therapy and occupational therapy, with our clinical staff working in conjunction with teaching and support staff to provide holistic support for every student.

https://www.theauroragroup.co.uk/page/?title=Our+Curriculum&pid=184

If you are interested in this sample, we will happily email it to you. We will occasionally send you account related emails. Ethnicity and Issues of Racism in the United States Essay Introduction The history of ethnicity and issues of racism in the United States dates back to a few centuries. Consequently, various generations have addressed the issue of ethnicity in different contexts and in regards to varying historical events. Scholars have often tried to contextualize the issue of ethnicity in the United States. Consequently, anthropologists and sociologists have forwarded various theories and counter-theories in regards to the issues of ethnicity. Ethnicity has had a wide range of effects on various social groups across the country and the world at large. One scholar who has added his voice to the debate on ethnicity is Philip Yang. Yang’s book, “Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches” addresses how ethnicity has evolved within the American culture. Another scholar, Eduardo Silva addresses the issues of ethnicity and racism in the post Civil Rights era in the United States. Silva’s book is titled “Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and Racial Inequality in Contemporary America”. Both Yang and Silva address the same issues albeit from different points of view. This essay explains the relationship between Bonilla-Silva’s notion of colorblind racism and Yang’s perspective of ethnic segregation. In addition, the paper discusses how these two factors validate or invalidate each other. Bonilla-Silva’s Notion of Colorblind Racism According to the author, the matters of race are still rife within the American society even after the initial struggles that were witnessed during the Civil Rights era. In addition, the effects of racism have continued to have negative effects on the quality of life of most minority races in the United States. Racism has persisted in the United States even after several institutions and frameworks have been put in place to safeguard victims from the effects of racism. Bonilla-Silva begins his book by posing a question: “How is it possible to have this tremendous degree of racial inequality in a country where most whites claim that race is no longer relevant…how do whites explain the contradiction between their professed color blindness (within) the United States’ color-coded inequality?” (Bonilla-Silva 2). According to Bonilla-Silva, we are going through a period of less overt racism where racial stereotypes are mostly confined to situations where systems are subtly beneficial to the white minority. In addition, a majority of the white majority are strategically ignorant of the fact that minority races have trouble accessing services that grant them education, credit, and housing among other amenities. Bonilla-Silva’s main concern in “Racism without Racists” is the role that is often played by the white majority when this group plays down the existence of modern-day racism. The core of the notion of colorblind racism is that even in the post-Civil Rights era, ‘differing’ realities still apply to both the majority and the minority races in the United States. In essence, most white people’s reality of racism is different from that of non-whites. For example, the majority of the white population considers incidences of racism as isolated incidents that rarely apply to the overall situation in America. On the other hand, individuals from minority races are aware that racism is alive and thriving within the American society. To eliminate colorblind racism, Bonilla-Silva suggests a strategy that focuses on structural changes that focus changing the ideologies that prevent individuals from confronting racism in a realistic manner. Most of the ideologies that shape colorblind racism involve theoretical perspectives and attitudes that can only be eliminated through coordinated efforts. Consequently, if the finer elements of colorblind racism are not changed, they will continue to have far-reaching negative impacts on American ethnicity. The origins of colorblind racism can be traced back to the 1960s, right after the struggle for Civil Rights. Consequently, the attainment of the Civil Rights sent the wrong because the “whites felt that, with legal protection against racial discrimination, discrimination no longer occurs” (Desai 25). Yang’s Perspective on Ethnic Stratification and Ethnic Segregation Author Philip Yang concentrates on the study of ethnic studies, a branch of sociology that came to fore as a result of the Civil Rights Movement. Consequently, ethnic studies are based on the need to check the advent of ethnic stratification and segregation. The author also focuses on the issue of racism in the context of an individuals’ environment. When addressing the issue of ethnic stratification and segregation, the author focuses on various elements including national origin, culture, and language among others. In addition, the author observes that the issues of ethnic stratification and segregation are also closely connected to other physical characteristics such as color and other tangible distinctions. For instance, Yang points out how various groups are distinguished with hyphenations such as ‘African-Americans’, ‘Asian-Americans’, ‘Native-Americans’ among others (Yang 111). Consequently, it is important to note that not all Americans are ‘wholesome’, hence the invocation of ethnic stratification and segregation. The author is careful while defining the elements that make-up an ethnic group. For instance, ethnicity is found to contain both narrow and broad elements. On most occasions, the narrow-viewed outlook of ethnicity is often used to propagate segregation and consequent racism. It is also possible to draw important correlations between the issues of segregation and stratification using ethnicity as the basic idea. Yang’s main argument is that ethnic stratification occurs when the society adopts a certain level of complacency where issues of ethnicity are concerned. For instance, Yang provides a solution to ethnic stratification by noting that “ethnic studies allow individuals to avoid unnecessary altercation over the complex and sometimes overlapping boundaries between a culturally defined ethnic group and a racial group” (Yang 11). The topic of segregation can most likely be traced back to issues of ethnicity while stratification is synonymous with racism. Comparison between Bonilla-Silva and Yang’s Terminologies Both Bonilla-Silva and Philip Yang have written their books with the view of unearthing the truth about ethnicity and racial matters within the United States. Bonilla-Silva’s concept of ‘colorblind racism focuses on the misconceptions that often dismiss racism in America. On the other hand, Yang focuses on various manifestations on ethnicity within the United States including ethnic stratification and segregation. Segregation is a term that can be used in regards to the shallow elements of ethnicity as explained by Yang. For instance, in the past America has experienced segregation based on factors such as skin color and language. Consequently, segregation as explained by Yang falls below the threshold of Bonilla-Silva’s colorblind racism. Colorblind racism is an ideology that seeks to ‘cancel out’ the effects of contemporary racism. Colorblind racism goes beyond the narrow description of segregation because this concept encompasses high-level elements such as naturalization, liberalism, racism, and reverse racism. Colorblind racism is also an alien concept in environments where individuals are still battling racial segregation. Consequently, ethnic segregation can be categorized as a preceding factor while considering colorblind racism. The theoretical argument in Yang’s ethnic segregation is contextualized in an environment that has factors that mirror the issues of racism within the United States. Bonilla-Silva’s notion of colorblind racism can also be contextualized within the United States. However, ethnic segregation is a universal concept as opposed to colorblind racism. The notion of ethnic stratification is more complex than that of ethnic segregation because it encompassed the underlying factors in matters that deal with racism and ethnicity. According to Yang, color and other external factors are not the only factors that prompt individuals to shun others based on ethnicity. Consequently, ethnicity stratification is more likely to degenerate into ‘silent racism’. For instance, it is hard to identify and prove there is racism in environments that feature elements of stratification. Some individuals might also take it upon themselves to cover up racism using the mask of ethnicity. When the issue of stratification is compared to colorblind racism, some similarities emerge including the reinstatement of the ethnic hierarchy. Whenever, there are assumptions about a certain ethnic group, both colorblind racism and ethnic stratification issues are easily noticeable (Lieberson 175). Bonilla-Silva provides the example of the ‘assumptions of the white elites’ and how they can be used to illustrate colorblind racism. However, this same example can apply to the definition of Yang’s ethnic stratification. Conclusion Both Yang and Bonilla-Silva present compelling views about racism and ethnicity. However, the authors categorize their theories according to context. In the end, it is apparent that all authors are addressing a similar issue but their choice of context differs. For instance, the issue of ethnic segregation is consequently cancelled out by the concepts of colorblind racism and ethnic stratification. Works Cited Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism And The Persistence Of Racial Inequality in the United States, New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006. Print. Desai, Dipti. “The Challenge of New Colorblind Racism in Art Education.” Art Education 63.5 (2010): 22-28. Print. Lieberson, Stanley. “Stratification and Ethnic Groups.” Sociological Inquiry 40.2 (2011): 172-181. Print. Yang, Philip. Ethnic Studies: Issues and Approaches, New York: Suny Press, 2000. Print.

https://literatureessaysamples.com/ethnicity-and-issues-of-racism-in-the-united-states-essay/

Developing children's positive behaviour in child care Each child is unique and they each have different temperaments. Some children are active, others are quiet; some adapt easily to change while others react uneasily to change; some give clear signals to others about what they want and need while others find it difficult to communicate their needs with others. There are many factors that contribute to children’s behaviour. Programs and routines, equipment and resources, the physical environment, interactions between children and between adults, how they rest and sleep, nutrition and medical conditions all affect the child’s behaviour at a service. While at home changes to the family environment, birth of a sibling or moving house can also have an effect. Consistency in the behaviour guidance strategies used at the service and at home help the child’s learning and development. Guiding every child's behaviour Educators at your service will provide different levels of support to children of different ages. For example, a toddler who is not yet verbal and may bite others as a way of gaining some control over their environment will need a different level of understanding and support to that of an older child who demonstrates inconsiderate behaviour as they interrupt the play of others by continually knocking down their construction. Each situation is seen as a ‘teachable moment’ where children can learn, develop empathy, understand the consequences of their behaviour and actions, and build their own strategies for responding to challenging situations. Each child has capacity to learn and develop the life-long skills of resilience, negotiation and problem solving, supported through positive relationships with educators and other children as they attend child care. Developing positive relationships with children is the most powerful tool that educators have to guide children’s behaviour. The day to day interactions lay the foundations for developing the child’s self-esteem, positive attitudes, values and behaviour patterns. In your service you should see educators: displaying Early Childhood Australia’s Code of Ethics in their interactions with children and families. providing children with strategies to make informed choices about their behaviours. noticing and listening carefully to children’s concerns and discussing diverse perspectives on issues of inclusion and exclusion, and unfair behaviour. designing play environments that are adequately equipped with resources and arranged to allow individual, small and large group activities. being consistent and fair as they guide every child’s behaviour positively. setting an example by being in control of their own behaviour, and positively managing their interactions with children, families and colleagues. providing children with clear expectations and instructions for play, in a manner that every child understands. managing noise levels during play and routine activities (such as meals) so that each child’s needs are accommodated as they play, eat and sleep or rest. sensitively and actively inviting families to collaboratively develop strategies to support children’s behaviour in the service and the family home. The national legislation informs providers and educators about quality interactions with children. Interactions should maintain the dignity and rights of each child and educators should give each child positive guidance and encouragement toward acceptable behaviour. At no time is it acceptable that educators or staff raise their voices, smack, humiliate or isolate the child. Working collaboratively with your child's educator All services are required to have a policy about interactions with children, which guides how they provide opportunities for children to interact and develop respectful and positive relationships with each other and with staff members. The policy will be available to you and is a good starting point as you work collaboratively with educators to develop your child’s behaviour. It is also important to ensure that all children are treated fairly and that they are supported to develop and practice their problem solving and negotiation skills and to interact positively with their peers. Developing a shared understanding between families and educators about how children’s behaviour is managed is important. It helps create consistency in the behaviour guidance strategies used at the service and at home, making the child’s learning and development more effective. Children’s self-regulation will develop, and their positive involvement with their learning and development will increase. Both family life, and life at child care will also improve, making everyone’s lives easier!

https://www.247familydaycare.com.au/post/developing-children-s-positive-behaviour-in-child-care

Important resources from family support systems, employment, and educational attainment inhibit the risk of death. Independently, these factors are particularly salient for suicide, but it is less clear how they combine ... Examining the Effects of Exposure to Religion in the Workplace on Perceptions of Religious Discrimination (Springer, 2016) Charges of religion-related employment discrimination have doubled in the past decade. Multiple factors are likely contributing to this trend, such as the increased religious diversity of the US population and the increased ... Single mother families and employment, race, and poverty in changing economic times (Elsevier, 2017) Using American Community Survey data from 2001, 2005, and 2010, this paper assesses the relationships between employment, race, and poverty for households headed by single women across different economic periods. While ...

https://scholarship.rice.edu/handle/1911/64823/discover?filtertype=subject&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=employment

This report provides background material for understanding labour market transfers from the federal government and, in particular, for understanding the implications of one specific transfer, the Labour Market Agreement (LMA), for literacy organizations across Canada. This document describes a project undertaken in 2010-11 to increase understanding and awareness of the concept of Literacy and Essential Skills (LES) among literacy and adult educators, employment service providers, employers, and workers or job seekers in British Columbia’s southern interior region. In this report, the authors point to a combination of factors that add up to difficult times for the plastics industry in Canada. Some factors may be temporary, like the overvalued Canadian dollar. But others, like increased competition from China and India, are part of a new reality the sector must deal with. This is a compilation of articles commissioned by The Alliance of Sector Councils (TASC) to provide an overview of the tools, programs and resources developed and delivered by Canada’s sector councils. The material is grouped according to four themes: job-ready education; supporting diversity; training, standards, and labour market intelligence (LMI); and international comparisons. The voluntary guidelines contained in this document provide common protocols to support the planning, development, implementation, and maintenance of national occupational standards and personnel certification programs, and the accreditation of educational or training courses and programs. The rationale for using common protocols is to maximize efficiency, minimize cost, and optimize the benefits of a harmonized system. This report explores the role that literacy plays in Canada’s labour markets, with a specific focus on how literacy influences the success of the country’s Aboriginal populations. This document is part of a series of occupational curricula, based on Essential Skills and designed for use in adult upgrading programs. It is paired with a corresponding practitioner’s guide. This report was prepared by the Ontario Literacy Coalition (OLC), now called Essential Skills Ontario. It focuses on a growing gap between the traditional understanding of the labour market and its relationship to technology. New technologies are filtering down into all sectors of the economy and the result is that jobs once considered menial now require a set of complex digital skills. The authors note that improvements in post-secondary educational attainment are an important response to the growing demand for skills in the Canadian labour market. However, in addition to academic skills, employers require their employees to have occupational skills, including both job-specific technical skills and “soft skills” like interpersonal communication and teamwork. This document is part of a series prepared by The Alliance of Sector Councils (TASC), a network of more than 35 sector councils and similar organizations across Canada.

http://library.copian.ca/keywords/labour-market?page=7

In 2002, the ratio of women’s earnings to men’s increased to 78 percent, from 76 percent a year earlier. Since 1979, when the Bureau of Labor Statistics began regularly collecting information on usual weekly earnings in the CPS, the ratio of women’s to men’s earnings has increased by 15 percentage points. Women who usually worked full time in 2002 had median earnings of $531 per week, compared with the $685 median for men. The female-to-male earnings ratios were higher among blacks (90 percent) and Hispanics (87 percent) than among whites (78 percent). It is important to remember that many factors may underlie the disparity between the earnings of men and women: differences in work schedules, educational attainment, length of experience in the workforce, occupational and industry makeup of each group, and discrimination, for examples. These data are from the Current Population Survey. For more information on labor market trends in 2002, see "U.S. labor market in 2002: continued weakness," by Terence M. McMenamin, Rachel Krantz, and Thomas J. Krolik, Monthly Labor Review, February 2003. Related Articles: SUGGESTED CITATION Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, Women’s earnings up relative to men’s in 2002 on the Internet at https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2003/apr/wk3/art03.htm (visited August 09, 2020). OF INTEREST Recent editions of Spotlight on Statistics - Using BLS Data to Match People with Disabilities with Jobs Presents data that can help increase access and opportunity for people with disabilities in the nation’s labor market. - How Women and Aging Affect Trends in Labor Force Growth Examines how women’s labor force participation and the aging of the U.S. population affect trends in labor force growth. - Meal Appeal: Patterns of Expenditures on Food away from Home Examines spending on food away from home, such as meals or snacks from restaurants, vending machines, employer cafeterias, or other venues. - Job Flexibilities and Work Schedules in 2017–18 Examines data on job flexibilities, such as working at home, flexible schedules, and shift work.

https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2003/apr/wk3/art03.htm

Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu addresses the annual convocation of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, in Bihar on November 07, 2021. (PIB) Champaran: Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu on November 7, 2021, emphasised the need to promote agro-based industries in rural areas so as to create employment opportunities for the rural youth. Referring to the phenomena of reverse migration from cities to villages during the COVID-19 pandemic, he said that entrepreneurship in agriculture can immensely benefit the Indian economy by creating jobs in areas where they are needed the most. Addressing the second Annual Convocation of Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa at its Piprakothi Campus (East Champaran) in Bihar, the Vice President said that the Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) can immensely help small and marginal farmers with forward (processing, marketing and export) and backward (input and extension services) linkages in the Food Supply Chains. Therefore, he emphasised the need to promote FPOs through handholding and capacity building, and appreciated the University for initiating training programmes in this regard. Reiterating that there is a lot of scope for food processing in India, he urged the Universities to encourage farmers in their respective region to form collectives. Observing that Indian agriculture is characterized by marginal and small farmers with fewer resources, VP Naidu highlighted the need for increasing the farmers’ income through various sources, including improved resource use efficiency. Calling for greater use of technology in food management to ensure food security for all, he said “The developed world is already reaping benefits from the use of Artificial Intelligence in agriculture and India too must harness its potential to help improve farm income.” In this regard, the Vice President asked Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University to work on the Impact Assessment of Technologies and also evaluate alternative farming techniques and their sustainability. He lauded the farmers for record foodgrain production despite the challenges thrown by COVID-19 pandemic. Stressing that “agriculture is our basic culture,” he urged the Center and State governments, public leaders, universities and research institutions, and the media to give more importance to agriculture. Congratulating all the students who graduated today, the Vice President asked them to strive to excel in their chosen domain and contribute to the growth and development of the country. On this occasion, he also praised Radha Mohan Singh, Member of Parliament and the former Union Minister of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, for his efforts in establishing several farmer-centric institutes at Piprakothi, Champaran. Recalling Mahatma Gandhi’s historic Champaran Satyagraha movement in support of farmers, Shri Naidu said that he felt privileged and honoured to stand on that pious soil. Reminding the students that Bihar is the land of great personalities like Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jai Prakash Narayan and Karpuri Thakur, the Vice President asked them to take inspiration from their lives and high moral standards they followed. In this regard, he also stressed the need to mould public opinion in such a way so that people select and elect their representatives based on four Cs, namely – character, calibre, capacity and conduct. Stating that with institutions like Nalanda, Bihar was “the knowledge centre of the world,” Shri Naidu called for regaining that past glory and to make it a knowledge and innovation hub again. The Vice President also inaugurated the Pt Deendayal Upadhyaya College of Horticulture & Forestry (its administrative building and two hostels for the girls and boys), Centre of Excellence on Embryo Transfer Technology and Indigenous Cattle Breeds – Conservation and Improvement Centre. He also paid floral tribute at the statue of former Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee on the University campus.

https://politicswatch.in/vp-naidu-for-promotion-of-agro-based-industries/

Cambodia is a vibrantly young and growing nation. Youth under the age of 30 represent two thirds of the country’s population, which continues to grow at around 1.6% per year. This demographic dividend can be used to further boost economic growth and bring about positive social transformation in Cambodia. Yet the country’s ability to realize these benefits in the future is dependent on youth’s access to decent and higher value jobs, their capacity to start and sustain their own enterprises, and their ability to adapt to rapid technological change driven by the arrival of the fourth industrial revolution. The "Promoting Decent Youth Employment in Cambodia" project aims to support the Royal Government of Cambodia to promote and expand decent employment among youth and to identify and test avenues for young people to maximize returns on their jobs and income opportunities in the context of the changing landscape of Industry 4.0. PROJECT FOCUS The project focuses on the following three results: - Improving national and sector-specific policies related to youth skills development and employment in the context of Industry 4.0; - Developing human capital for higher-value added employment to support Cambodia’s transition to Industry 4.0; and - Increasing capabilities of young entrepreneurs to start and sustain businesses that are responsive to changing industry needs. ACHIEVEMENTS In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the project showed its resiliency and achieved the following results: - An industrial survey is taking place to understand the I4.0 technologies and automation in the garment and footwear sector and its potential impact on youth workforce in Cambodia. The result of the survey comes out in September 2020; - The project joined hands with the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications to roll out a national assessment on the labor market of ICT skills in Cambodia. The survey is expected to be completed by December 2020 and the result from the assessment is expected to benefit the RGC and development partners’effort to develop national skill roadmap. - A digital literacy assessment was completed in June 2020 and the findings are being made into an accessible format for the target and wider audience. - The project supported the National Employment Agency in organizing the 2019 National Career Fair and Productivity Workshop raising awareness around productivity concept, automation technologies in garment sector and industry 4.0, and development of TVET system. - The Accountancy Technical Qualification (ATQ) programme has advanced to teaching stage. 80 per cent of learning materials have been developed and its first batch of 350 students (51% women) enrolled in the programme. ATQ accepted by 5 teaching institution and it aims to engage with more universities in Siem Reap province in 2020 and 2021. - The project partnered with Khmer Enterprise which an implementing agency of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the private sector, and local business incubators to launch two incubation programmes for 20 youth and tech startups and 30 women-owned enterprises (76% women). - The project successfully partnered with the Regional Youth Co:Lab and implemented the National Dialogue to promote youth entrepreneurship and youth’s employability skills which engaged more than 600 youths and reached more than half a million public audiences through social media campaigns. - Through collaboration with the Young Entrepreneurs Association of Cambodia (YEAC), more than 1,900 young people (38% are women) had the opportunity to receive curricular entrepreneurship training and were engaged with an emerging and vibrant entrepreneurship ecosystem in both the capital city and provinces. The partnership also sees the development tax guides and investment guidebook and digital investment platform developed for provinces—Siem Reap and Kampong Cham. Meet with Sreylin Meng, participant of the Incubator and Accelerator Programme. Dr. Job Show [Episode #1] Dr. Job Show [Episode #2] Dr. Job Show [Episode #3] Status: Ongoing Project start date: April 2019 Estimated end date: December 2021 Focus area: Project office: Implementing partner:

https://www.kh.undp.org/content/cambodia/en/home/projects/equipping-cambodias-youth-for-the-arrival-of-industry-4-0.html

The National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) was set up in 2004 by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government as an advisory body and a watchdog for the informal sector. Its mandate was to increase the productivity of enterprises in the unorganised sector and create large-scale employment, particularly in rural areas. This report highlights, through surveys and data analysis, the problems faced by marginal and small farmers and their households. It also mentions the agrarian policies of the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government (1998-2004) and provides a brief history of government initiatives for the development of marginal and small farming in India. The report discusses programmes that can improve the condition of small and marginal farmers and focuses on possible solutions. - Marginal and small farmers are the backbone of Indian agriculture because they constitute about 84 per cent of all farm households, own 43 per cent of land, operate about 46 per cent of the total cultivated area, and produce half of the country’s agricultural output. However, a marginal or small farmer typically only owns or operates less than two hectares of land. - When foodgrain production and agricultural growth dipped (1997-99 and 2003-04), marginal and small farmers were the worst affected. They benefitted to a lesser extent from government programmes than farmers with more land. - The share of marginal and small farmers in owned land has gone up from 16.3 per cent in 1953-54 to about 43.5 per cent in 2002-03 because of the sub-division of land holdings and land distribution. - By 2002-03, marginal and small farms accounted for nearly 80 per cent of operational holdings as compared to 61 per cent in 1960-61. - 41.8 per cent of marginal and small farmers belong to the other backward classes (OBCs), 19.3 per cent to the scheduled castes (SCs) and 13 per cent to the scheduled tribes (STs). - The rising costs of cultivation and poor returns have increased the indebtedness of farmers. The average outstanding loan per farmer household was Rs. 12,585 in 2002-03. Farm business expenditure (capital and current) accounted for 58 per cent of the total loan, marriages accounted for 11 per cent and consumption expenditure for 9 per cent. Thus the main reason for debt in farmer households was operational costs. - Besides small land holdings, which lead to inadequate incomes, marginal and small farmers face other difficulties, including imperfect markets for their produce, a lack of access to credit and poor technical know-how. - With the development of more integrated markets, led by large private players, smaller cultivators face asymmetric conditions and large transaction costs. The government’s attempts to mitigate farmers’ risks through measures such as the minimum support price have not been successful because the coverage of the scheme is limited, in terms of crops and area. - The decline in government support in investment in agriculture, research and expenditure in the post-90s period has led to a much greater dependence on private sources for agricultural inputs, extensions, markets and credit. Most suicides have occurred among marginal and small farmers. The central and state governments have set up several commissions, including the National Commission on Farmers and the Committee on Agricultural Indebtedness, to suggest remedial steps. - Banks do not approach marginal and small farmers actively because of the perceived risk that they will default on loans. So the NCEUS asked the government to set up a Credit Guarantee Fund in the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to guarantee a cover on loans to small units. - The Special Programme for Marginal and Small Farmers will promote the formation of farmers’ self-help groups, enable greater access to institutional credit, train farmers, strengthen their sources of non-farm income, and support women farmers by promoting joint ownership, leasing or operation of land. - To improve the incomes and skills of marginal and small farmers, to strengthen their livelihood security and to offer them alternative opportunities in the non-farm sector, the Commission has asked the State to constitute a Marginal and Small Farmers Development Society at the district level. Focus and Factoids by Vedika Inamdar. FACTOIDS AUTHOR National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector, New Delhi The Commission had the following members: Dr. Arjun K. Sengupta, Dr. K.P. Kannan, Dr. R.S. Srivastava, V.K. Malhotra, Dr. T.S. Papola and B.N. Yugandhar.

https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/a-special-programme-for-marginal-and-small-farmers/

Unleashing the potential of India’s agricultural sector Agriculture has been essential in India since the dawn of its civilization. With one of the largest arable lands complemented by favorable climatic conditions, it enables the subcontinent to produce a variety of crops. Even today, despite rapid urbanization, the growth of the agricultural sector is intrinsically linked to the growth of the economy as a whole. In terms of economic productivity, it contributes to at least 1/6th of the national income and contributes to the maintenance of food security in the country. India’s total exports of agricultural and related products amounted to US$41.25 billion in FY21. The sector employs over 50% of India’s population and 70% of India’s rural population depends on agriculture for its livelihood. As a result, productivity growth in the agricultural sector is shown to have the greatest impact on poverty reduction (about twice that of the manufacturing sector). Recognizing this, the government has stated its goal of doubling farmers’ income by 2022. However, the sector has been fraught with challenges in terms of availability of formal capital, mechanization, logistics and market accessibility. The gravity of which was heightened by the chain of events wrought by the pandemic, but conversely revealed the uncharted reach of agriculture. The impact of Covid-19 on the agricultural sector Even though India has been a net food exporter in recent years, the pandemic has disrupted production and marketing, due to labor and logistical constraints. It also wreaked havoc on the rural economy, as the negative income shock restricted farmers’ access to markets and increased food prices. However, even though farming is considered a low-margin, high-cost profession, farming has proven to be one of the very few sectors to absorb a large workforce that has undergone reverse migration. . It should be noted that recent quarterly post-COVID GDP estimates show that agriculture is the only sector to register positive growth of 3.4% in the financial year (fiscal year below) 2020-21 ( quarter 1: April 2020 to June 2020). This is a testament to the robustness and resilience of India’s agricultural sector which has cushioned the Indian economy during the crisis. The increased responsibility and potential of the sector during the pandemic has led to it being prioritized in post-pandemic recovery. Today, the ecosystem has more than a compelling need to take advantage of technological innovations to create a self-sustaining agricultural sector that is the gold standard for the rest of the world. Unleashing the potential of India’s agricultural sector The Indian government recognizes the potential of agriculture and the overall thrust of the Union Budget 2022 appears to be aimed at building a more robust and resilient agricultural infrastructure for farmers through modern technological intervention and significant financial investments within of the agritech start-up and large agricultural companies. value chain ecosystem. The introduction of “Kisan drones” for land records, digitization and crop valuation will lead to improved efficiency in key agricultural interventions, especially for smallholder farmers; it could also help boost employment opportunities in the rural landscape if the opportunity is catalysed by the government. The groundbreaking decision to focus on crop diversification and the promotion of domestic oilseed production is significant, as it will promote both expansion and improved productivity in the often neglected horticultural sector. The Indian government has introduced various programs and policy changes to support the growth of agriculture in India, many of which have initiated the adoption of technology and provided better access to inputs to improve the current processes and structures of agriculture. agriculture and the existing food system within the country. But these policy initiatives have historically focused only on increasing agricultural productivity and failed to effectively transform the value chain. Although there are indications of further improvement in yields due to improved inputs. Intervention in agriculture must go beyond capital investment. For this reason, it was encouraging to see the State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) doing their due diligence in budgeting through increased financial support to promote higher education, research and training in the sector. It requires a clear knowledge of the problems of grassroots farmers that go beyond capital needs. The key to increasing farmers’ income lies in increasing farmers’ share of the price paid by the final consumer by decreasing the cost of marketing, transaction cost and other intermediaries. As a sector that relies heavily on the efforts of farmers (most of whom are small, marginal farmers), it is in its interest to empower them. One of the measures taken by smallholder farmers to increase their margins and pool their resources is through Farmer Producer Organizations and Farmer Collectives (FPC). A major impediment to this is the lack of a solid value chain approach that solves end-to-end issues. However, there is a deliberate attempt to reverse the situation through government-led policy initiatives and on-the-ground intervention by private actors with the aim of strengthening this scalability in trust and collaboration with the farmer. . The rapid development of technologies and infrastructure has added a new dimension in which problems such as hyperlocalization and fragmented supply chains can be solved. The recently increased access to mobile connectivity in India has also increased the potential to address issues of information dissemination and provision of verified market linkages on both the demand and supply side. This potential is being quickly tapped by private actors providing transparency and working directly with farmers, enabling them to take the first step towards digital transactions. Several players in the agritech ecosystem are now trying to increase the balance within the agricultural value chain by providing customized solutions to the pain points of smallholder farmers. On the horizon Agriculture depends on connecting all stakeholders within the agricultural value chain and empowering the farmer. In fact, recent reports indicate that India’s agtech sector has the potential to grow to $24.1 billion over the next five years, indicating the potential the ecosystem is about to unleash. As a very enterprising country, Indian farmers and entrepreneurs have the ability to co-create sustainable, efficient and self-sustaining systems. For this understanding, field data from the supply and demand side is imperative to make informed and targeted decisions. If we create an ecosystem where all stakeholders in the agricultural value chain have access to a higher balance through financial intermediation, market linkages, information, etc., there is no reason why agriculture cannot be the biggest contributor to our economy. Warning The opinions expressed above are those of the author.

https://fiberartfest.com/unleashing-the-potential-of-indias-agricultural-sector/

King renews call to develop, support rural world King Mohammed VI on Tuesday renewed the call to promote the development in the rural areas, support the inhabitants of these areas and respond to their pressing needs, as the segments of Moroccan society most affected by difficult living conditions reside, for the most part, in rural areas and in the suburbs. “I have called, time and again, for measures to promote development in rural areas, through income-generating activities, employment opportunities, faster access to basic social services, in addition to school enrolment measures and initiatives to combat poverty and vulnerability,” said the king in an address to the nation on the occasion of the 66th anniversary of the Revolution of the King and the People. The population living in rural areas and in the suburbs need further assistance, greater attention should be paid to their conditions, and continued action is required to respond to their pressing needs, said the King. In the address that he delivered from the Norteastern city of Al Hoceima, the Monarch recalled part of that endeavor, the ambitious six-year program worth $5.2 billion designed to reduce disparities in rural areas in the period 2016-2022, urging the populations concerned to be proactive in order to change their status in society and improve their living conditions. One of the possibilities in this regard is to make sure they benefit from access to education, which is available throughout the country, and from vocational training opportunities and social welfare programs, the Monarch explained. The King stressed further the need to tap all resources in rural areas, particularly communal agricultural land (sulaliyat land), which should be used for the implementation of investment projects in the agricultural sector. As to the stakeholders that need to be involved in the undertaking, he underlined that government efforts are not sufficient to ensure the success of such a major operation. The Government’s efforts “must be supported by private sector initiatives and projects to inject strong momentum into agricultural investment projects, jobs and services, particularly in rural areas,” he said stressing the need for close coordination between the sectors concerned. In the same vein, “we should make the most of the opportunities and possibilities offered in fields other than that of agriculture, such as rural tourism, commerce and local industry,” he said, noting that the aim is to boost and encourage private initiative and self-employment. The Monarch insisted again on the importance of vocational training, especially in villages and suburban areas, to provide youths with skills, and thereby enable them to enter the labor market and contribute to the country’s development. For the King, promoting vocational training is now an urgent necessity, not just to create employment opportunities, but also to enable Morocco to meet the challenge of economic competitiveness and keep abreast of global developments in various fields.

https://northafricapost.com/33330-king-renews-call-to-develop-support-rural-world.html

The university system and partnerships with the business world has created an excellent level of human capital. This has led to the creation of scores of start-ups with new ideas, patents and creativity. The number of patents registered in Sicily is amongst the highest in all the regions in Italy. The Regione Siciliana has created, with the help of three million euros from the Regional Operational Programme ("POR" scheme), Nilo Sicilia – a network of the four Sicilian Universities which aims to connect the academic world with the production sector. In the Sicilian POR scheme using European Social Funds 2007-2013, the registered medium- high training courses are organized by the information technology, social work, tourism and non-profit sectors. These courses fall within the Regional Training Scheme and account for 80% of all registered courses. The European Social Fund for 2007-2013 allocates over a billion euros for improving the flexibility of the work market by supporting the adaptability of the workforce to changing market conditions. Three objectives have been defined which should help to strengthen a number of driving- force factors and facilitate the transfer of skills. This in turn should stimulate technology transfer and business development, guaranteeing quality and productivity in the work place. A) develop continuous training systems and support labour force adaptability; B) promote innovation and productivity through improved organization and work quality; C) develop policies and services in order to anticipate and manage changes, promote competitiveness and entrepreneurship. These aims are stated in the following operational aims: A1) develop regional systems and strategies to facilitate access to training services, favouring the ‘weaker’ worker; A2) promote continuous individual training, also aimed at helping workers adapt to innovation and the information society; B1) improve the quality and organization of the work place, also to protect employment rates; C1) enhance the capacity to adapt to change, innovation and competitiveness of businesses, in particular SMEs. This focus on consolidating and developing the region’s training schemes aimed mainly at employees of local SMEs, is in line with training policy on a national level. The Region’s work programme relating to the European Social Fund - POR FSE 2007-2013 – shows public investment funds allocated for professional training of Sicilian employees of over a billion euros. This includes some of the following: - development of permanent training systems and strategies in businesses; training and services for workers aimed at improving their adaptability to change; promotion of entrepreneurship and innovation (€ 61,717,632); - definition and awareness-raising of more innovative and production-work organization models (€ 42,824,479); - modernization and strengthening of labour market institutions (€ 67,805,424); - implementation of active and preventative measures for the labour market (€ 14,274,826); - support of autonomous work and setting up of businesses (€ 210,553,687); - development of human potential in research and innovation, in particular through studies and post-graduate training for research, and through networking between universities, research centres and businesses (€ 116,402,811); - promotion of partnerships, agreements and initiatives through the creation of a network of main stakeholders (€ 1,049,619). The number of employed persons (aged 25-64) who in 2005 were involved in some form of training account for 4.6% of the corresponding reference population. This figure confirms the active policy of the Region which was launched in 2000, and is in line with the figures for other regions in the South of Italy. This investment in co-financed training with FSE funds – continuous training – for employees of businesses in the South doubled in the four years between 2000-2004. In the programme period 2000-2004, 9.6% of the adult workforce had access to permanent training of some description. In the first half of 2006, employment increased by 2.8% - the rise in the same period in 2005 was of 2.2%.

http://www.sprintsicilia.it/en/pages/workforce.php

Foundation provides grant to Rutgers to stimulate Greece employment The Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) has gifted a landmark grant of $27,477,000 to support a major initiative that aims to help revitalize one of Greece’s most critical sectors— agriculture — by training and developing a new generation of farmers and inspiring agriculture and food entrepreneurs. The three-year project is spearheaded by Rutgers University–New Brunswick in partnership with the Agricultural University of Athens (AUA) and American Farm School (AFS). The interdisciplinary team from Rutgers, AUA, and AFS will strive to create job opportunities for youth in agriculture, which is Greece’s second-largest employer; help to prepare young workers for jobs at food-related businesses and family farms; and help them start their own businesses. The grant is part of SNF’s Recharging the Youth €100 million euros initiative that unfolded at the height of Greece’s socioeconomic crisis to help create meaningful employment opportunities for thousands of unemployed young people. “The starting point of this landmark initiative was our desire to help as many young people as possible with employment opportunities within Greece’s agricultural and food sectors, that have unlimited growth potential.” said Andreas C. Dracopoulos, SNF co-president. “But the grant is so much more than just an employment vehicle. It has the potential, we hope, to jump-start one of the country’s most important and strategic assets with unlimited growth potential, agriculture. We are not seeking to reinvent the wheel through this major grant. We are just trying to help boost its chances to become the growth and development engine that it should be.” READ:Rutgers graduation 2018: 12,961 receive degrees on Mother's Day READ:Battling noise pollution is a national challenge at Rutgers University “This is a strong collaboration to tackle this complex and critically important project,” said Rutgers–New Brunswick Chancellor Deba Dutta. “It illustrates how our research benefits society, as well as the range of our problem-solving and interdisciplinary skills at home and abroad.” In 2015, SNF awarded Rutgers and its partners a $2.1 million grant to begin planning a multiyear `project. In this first phase, faculty and leadership from AUA and AFS with support from Rutgers conducted 20 studies on a range of sectors, such as alternative fruit crops, incubators, agro-tourism, Greek wine and spirits, technology, and aquaculture. The goal of this first phase was to determine the current state of the sectors, their growth potential, and their overall viability for employing Greek youth. SNF then asked Rutgers and its Greek partners to prepare a proposal to implement the next phase of the project, called “Recharging the Youth: New Agriculture for a New Generation.” This new $27,477,000 grant is the largest philanthropic foundation gift in Rutgers’ history. “This historic and benevolent grant brings to light the work that Rutgers researchers do to change lives and improve conditions across the globe,” Rutgers President Robert Barchi said. “Agriculture has always been an integral part of Greece’s economy,” said Eva Polyzogopoulou, SNF Assistant Director of Programs and Operations. “Nowadays it has also become a gateway for many young Greeks looking to return to the countryside and revive the work and the land of their ancestors. SNF’s grant aims at providing existing and new farmers with the training and tools required in order to assist them in improving their cultivating methods and developing quality products. The talent is already there. What we need to do is to simply connect the dots and offer them the guidance needed in order to excel. It is undoubtedly a complex endeavor that requires the support of all actors in the specific field. Our collaboration with Rutgers University and two of the most renowned academic institutions in the country, the Agricultural University of Athens and the American Farm School, will bring in best practices and guarantee that agriculture in Greece is offered a bright future.” “As one of the founding partners in this initiative, our collective expertise in cutting edge agricultural research, business-oriented innovative solutions, economics and advisory services will help support the future needs of the agro-food system in Greece,” said Deputy Rector and Professor Maria Kapsokefalou at AUA. Panos Kanellis, President of AFS/Perrotis College, shared, “Through this collaboration we are committed to creating those new action-learning arenas that will bring Greece to the forefront of European innovation in the agro-food sector and create a fertile, sustainable environment for youth entrepreneurial engagement in the sector - we will make this project a game-changer for Greek youth and a significant development opportunity for rural communities.” Among other projects, the team plans to lay the groundwork for a Greek advisory and business development extension service in Greece that incorporates elements of the U.S. cooperative extension system of which Rutgers is a part. “Researchers from the Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station bring expertise in a host of fields that are essential to this effort,” said Robert M. Goodman, executive dean of agriculture and natural resources at Rutgers. “Our work in Greece draws upon our strengths in many areas.” This next phase of the project will focus on agricultural and food system sectors that are considered most promising and attractive for developing jobs for youth and that will set the stage for further growth and success — including an emphasis on entrepreneurship and new business development. “By promoting agriculture as a dynamic and profitable industry, prioritizing workforce development training, and supporting innovative entrepreneurial initiatives in the agro-food industry, the proposed project will target sectors with great growth potential and successfully reduce youth unemployment,” said Kenneth M. Karamichael, youth development expert and project leader at Rutgers. About one-third of the grant will help develop a network of farm incubators and regional food innovation centers similar to the model followed at Rutgers. The incubators, which are key facilities for training programs, will be supplemented by other training locations, such as existing farms and businesses that could host internships, including those operated by the Greek university partners and the private sector. “The overall conclusion that emerged from this process is that youth employment in the agro-food sectors is a critical component to the revitalization of the Greek economy, as well as a timely response to the nation’s youth unemployment crisis,” said Effie Lazaridou, Rutgers’ Greece-based managing director of the project.

https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/education/2018/05/23/foundation-provides-grant-rutgers-stimulate-greece-employment/637044002/

The 2nd National Agri-tourism Conference (Feb18-19, 2019) held at Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi (PMAS-AAUR), with an aim to promote agri-tourism business development ideas and to cope with the entrepreneurship opportunities by counterfeiting the challenges for the exposure and rural development of agriculturists. The conference was organized by PMAS-AAUR department of Horticulture in collaboration with University of Baltistan, Agriculture University Faisalabad, Alpine Club, Agri. Tourism Development Corporation Pakistan (ATDCP) and Tourism Department Gilgit Baltistan (GB). Minister for Education Gilgit Baltistan Mohammad Ibrahim Sanai was the chief guest at the inaugural session of the conference. In his address, he said that tourism sector is growing rapidly and became one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. He said landscape of Pakistan has everything and there is dire need to encourage private sector to invest in tourism sector of Pakistan as this industry of Pakistan has huge but untapped economic potential. He applauds the efforts of PMAS-AAUR and organizers for the exposure of agri-tourism in Pakistan and assured full support for the promotion of agri-tourism. He hoped the conference will open new horizons for the stakeholders in terms of education, linkage and agri-entrepreneurship ideas. Prof. Dr. Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi, Vice Chancellor, PMAS-AAUR, in his welcome address, stressed the farmers with small land holdings and lesser resources to increase the profitability of their farms the need to open-up opportunities for businessmen and agri entrepreneurs on a broader scale. He said that agricultural tourism is becoming an important activity to develop opportunities as more population has moved to cities and have lost their connection to the areas where agriculture prevails. He said that universities can play a pivotal role in the promotion of tourism and agricultural tourism will also help the poverty alleviation in the rural population He emphasized on students belonging to agriculture lands to come with agri entrepreneurship ideas and explore the opportunities by adding value to their agriculture lands and promoting their cultures to enhance the tourism industry and for their rural Mr. Ashraf Sada, CM Standing Committee Gilgit Baltistan Council, Prof. Dr Naeem Khan, Vice Chancellor, University of Baltistan, Mr. Farhat Karim Hashmi, Group Head Agri.Technology ZTBL, Moulana Abdul Wahid, Mentor Khashal Agri-Tourism Village, Mr. Tariq Tanveer CEO, ATDCP, Dr. Shahzad Basra Focal Person Agri tourism Club UAF, G. M. Saqib Deputy Director Govt of Gilgit Baltistan, Dr. Allah Dad Khan, D.G. Agriculture KPK, Aftab Rana President Sustainable Tourism Foundation Pakistan, Mr. Abu Zafar Saiq President Alpine Club of Pakistan, also addressed the participants.

http://www.uaar.edu.pk/news-detail.php?news_id=382

A knowledge sharing programme initiated by a cooperative to improve the position of small producers in the value chain. Projects & Practice Mobilising rural awareness in Finland about sustainable transport opportunities A social enterprise used RDP funding to foster social innovation and entrepreneurship in one of the most depopulated regions in Europe. The IlmastoAreena is a unique platform aiming to bring together all stakeholders, including rural citizens, in the discussions for solutions to climate change. A rural women’s association used Rural Development Programme (RDP) support to organise wool processing training courses and to create employment opportunities by valorising wool, a by-product of sheep meat production. Reintroducing the traditional practice of controlled forest burning, as means to promote biodiversity and create new business opportunities in the forestry sector. An educational institution for farmers in Austria used RDP support to develop a training programme using digital, web-based technologies and applications. A series of seminars to improve the economic performance and viability of agricultural enterprises, by offering information and training on risk management tools. This project is an example of how villagers can get access to high-speed broadband networks even in remote and sparsely populated rural areas. It is the winning initiative of the 2019 Rural Inspiration Awards in the 'Rural Revitalisation' category. Precision farming has great economic and environmental potentials and a project was set up to promote its use in the Austrian context.

https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/projects-practice/_en?f%5B0%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19761&f%5B1%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19721&f%5B2%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19720&f%5B3%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19760&f%5B4%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19749&f%5B5%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_focus_area%3A17123&f%5B6%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_focus_area%3A17117&f%5B7%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19754&f%5B8%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_focus_area%3A17112&f%5B9%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19730&f%5B10%5D=sm_enrd_eu_countries%3AHungary&f%5B11%5D=sm_enrd_eu_countries%3ASpain&f%5B12%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_measure%3A17092&f%5B13%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A20461&f%5B14%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_focus_area%3A17115&f%5B15%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19738&f%5B16%5D=sm_enrd_eu_countries%3ACzech%20Republic&f%5B17%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19742&f%5B18%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_focus_area%3A17128&f%5B19%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A20471&f%5B20%5D=sm_enrd_eu_countries%3AAustria&f%5B21%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19755&f%5B22%5D=sm_enrd_eu_countries%3AFinland&f%5B23%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_focus_area%3A17119&f%5B24%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A20477&f%5B25%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A20655&amp%3Bf%5B1%5D=im_field_enrd_prj_keywords%3A19763

Bhilla means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article. In Hinduism Purana and Itihasa (epic history) Bhilla (भिल्ल).—A tribe.* - * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 7. 19. The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE. Languages of India and abroad Marathi-English dictionary bhilla (भिल्ल).—m (S) A race of people that inhabit hills, forests, fastnesses, and subsist by hunting and robbing: also an individual of that race, a Bhil.Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English bhilla (भिल्ल).—m A race of people that inhabit hills, a Bhil. Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world. Sanskrit-English dictionary Bhilla (भिल्ल).—Name of a wild tribe (who lives in the Vindhya hills, in the forests of Mālawa, Mewar, Khandesha and the Deccan); मलये भिल्लपुरन्ध्री चन्दनतरुकाष्ठमिन्धनं कुरुते (malaye bhillapurandhrī candanatarukāṣṭhamindhanaṃ kurute) Subhāṣ. -llī 1 The lodhra tree. 2) A woman of the Bhil tribe; भिल्ली पल्लवशङ्कया वितनुते सान्दुद्रुम (bhillī pallavaśaṅkayā vitanute sāndudruma) ... Udb. Derivable forms: bhillaḥ (भिल्लः).Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary Bhilla (भिल्ल).—m. A barbarian of a particular tribe. Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family. Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin. See also (Relevant definitions) Starts with: Bhillabhushana, Bhillaci Hatti, Bhillagavi, Bhillama, Bhillana, Bhillarasa, Bhillata, Bhillataru, Bhillati, Bhillava. Ends with: Gardabhilla, Medabhilla. Full-text (+4): Bhillabhushana, Bhillagavi, Medabhilla, Bhillana, Bhilli, Bhillota, Bhilavada, Bhillicakreshvara, Bhillaci Hatti, Bhila, Bhillataru, Parnaka, Katakai, Kalabhila, Antyaja, Pulinduka, Gava, Nirbhaya, Mayabatu, Mayavatu. Relevant text Search found 14 books and stories containing Bhilla; (plurals include: Bhillas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:

https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/bhilla

The Tati language is one of the oldest Persian languages surviving from ancient times, said the head of the Anthropology Department of Qazvin Province’s Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization. In an exclusive interview with Iran Daily, Mojtaba Abbasi said, presently, the northern province of Qazvin is the main area where the Tati language is spoken. He said that Tati is in the category of Median languages, dating back to 500 BCE, and that Tati has some similarities with many common languages and dialects spoken in various parts of Iran, including Persian, Taleshi, Gilaki, Lori and Kurdish. He continued that, presently, a large number of people who are living in Qazvin Province, especially in its center, Takestan and Buin Zahra, speak Tati as their first language. “Various Tati dialects are spoken by people residing in various parts of the province. The structure of their languages can be different from each other,” he said. Abbasi observed that Tati was once spoken in a large section of northern Iran, but it is now limited to Qazvin Province and some small parts of northwestern Iran. Stressing on the importance of preserving the ancient language, he said that Tati was registered on Iran’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2011. He continued that a traditional religious ceremony, marking the third day of the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (PBUH) — the third Shia Imam —is held in Qazvin annually, noting that it was registered on Iran’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List. He pointed out it is a remembrance of the ceremony held by women of the Bani Assad Tribe, who lived around Karbala in Iraq, where Imam Hussein (PBUH) and his companions were martyred. “The people of the Bani Assad Tribe attempted to bury the holy bodies of the martyrs, but the men were threatened by the enemies. However, the women buried the martyrs despite all threats,” he said. He said that the ceremony is held annually on the 12th day of the lunar month of Muharram. Abbasi said Panjah Bedar, a ritual of the Qazvini people, was also registered on Iran’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List, adding that the tradition, dating back more than 1,000 years, is still observed in the province. “Qazvin is a province with low rainfall, and the livelihood of the farmers is highly dependent on the amount of annual precipitation. Thus, since ancient times, on the fiftieth day of spring, people go to nature to pray for rain,” he said. He noted that if the amount of rainfall during a year satisfies the needs of the people, they will pray to thank God. He said that prayer is usually held in the old mosalla (an open space outside a mosque, mainly used for prayer) of the city of Qazvin. “People press small pebbles to the wall of an old ab-anbar (water reservoir) situated there. They believe that if the pebbles stick to the wall of the ab-anbar, God will answer their prayers,” he noted.

https://irandaily.ir/News/316883.html

The culture of Spain is based on a variety of historical influences, primarily based on the culture of ancient Rome, Spain being a prominent part of the Greco-Roman world for centuries, the very name of Spain comes from the name that the Romans gave to the country, Hispania. What are different Spanish cultures? Spanish regions have their own cultures and some have their own official languages as well, including Catalan, Galician, Basque and Valencian. Spaniards identify strongly with their home region and even with their specific province of origin. What cultures influenced Spain? Spanish culture was influenced by the Celtics, the Phoenicians of the eastern Mediterranean, the Carthaginians and the Germanic tribe known as the Visigoths. But, it was the Romans, and later the Muslims from North Africa, who played the greatest role in shaping Spain’s cultural future. What are the three cultures of Spain? The ancient medieval city of Toledo is one of Spain’s most magnificent treasures. Known as the ‘city of three cultures’ during the Middle Ages, it is said that Christians, Muslims and Jews all peacefully coexisted within the city’s protective walls. What is Spanish culture known for? Spain is famous around the world for Flamenco music and dance, bullfights, fantastic beaches, and lots of sunshine. But what people sometimes forget is that Spain has been one of the cultural centers of Europe for thousands of years. … Another important part of the culture in Spain is music. What is Spanish tradition? Best known among Spain’s folkloristic traditions are certainly Flamenco and bullfights. You will find bullfights indeed throughout the country, the most popular event perhaps being the “Running of Bulls” during the Sanfermines in Pamplona. But bullfights are part and parcel of any Fiesta. Is Spanish a culture or language? Spanish, a Romance language, has become the hegemonic language in Spain. It has also become a global language (with the majority of its speakers now located outside of Spain, most of them in Latin America) and one of six official languages of the United Nations. What religions are in Spain? The majority of the Spanish population is Catholic. The presence of Catholicism in Spain is historically and culturally pervasive. Why do Filipino have Spanish names? Filipino Spanish surnames The names derive from the Spanish conquest of the Philippine Islands and its implementation of a Spanish naming system. After the Spanish conquest of the Philippine islands, many early Christianized Filipinos assumed religious-instrument or saint names. What is the most popular culture in Spain? Top 12 Things Spain is Famous for in the world - Alcohol And Drinks. … - La Sagrada Familia. … - Spanish Football. … - Paella. … - La Tomatina. … - Flamenco. … - Tapas. … - Corrida De Toros (Bullfigting) Last but not the least is a sport Spain is very famous, or for some, infamous for – Bullfighting. What is the cultural epicenter of Spain? OPTIONAL EXTENSION: MADRID: SPAIN’S CULTURAL EPICENTER. What is the food culture in Spain? Spain’s most common food is the tortilla de patata, or potato omelet, according to Fodor’s. Other gastronomical delicacies include seafood paella, chorizo sausage, gazpacho soup and tapas. Lunch is the biggest meal of the day, typically consisting of a soup or salad course followed by a main entree and a small dessert. What are Spanish beliefs? The religion most practised is Catholicism and this is highlighted by important popular festivals, such as during Holy Week. Other religions practised in Spain are Islam, Judaism, Protestantism and Hinduism, which have their own places of worship that you can find on the Ministry of Justice search engine.

https://sentidocastelldemar.com/travelers/what-cultures-are-spanish.html

For thousands of years this sacred site was known as Ma-na-ta-ka® (Place of Peace - the Unbroken Circle). Elders of many nations from the four corners of Turtle Island made long pilgrimages to this magnificent place to perform ceremonies and share the gift of the curative waters called No-wa-sa-lon (Breath of Healing). They received other special gifts like healing stones, healing clay and healing herbs to enhance their journey through life. American Indian Flutes -- Great Bargain! Native Remedies - Many Added Items! will not be identified as spam. The Manataka American Indian Council is a non-profit, educational, cultural and spiritual organization dedicated to preserving the ancient sacred grounds of Manataka. This website does not imply or suggest that items for sale on this website are hand made by a person who is a member of a federally recognized tribe, unless otherwise indicated and clearly identified with the item. You are advised to first assume all items displayed for sale on this website are not made by a member of a federally recognized tribe. For a list of items specifically made by persons who are members of a federally recognized tribe refer to the Purchasing Policy page.

https://www.manataka.org/

The self-name of this tribe is Nyahkur, which means “people of the forest.” The Thais call them Chaobon, meaning “people of the hills.” The Nyahkur consider this latter term derogatory. Despite their small numbers, the Nyahkur are considered a historically important group. Many linguists believe that their language is a link between Mon and Khmer. One scholar says, “Their language contains so many Khmer and Mon words that some linguists consider the language as a bridge—even more closely related to ancient Mon than to the modern Mon dialect.” The Nyahkur people comprise one of Thailand's least known tribes. They inhabit valleys surrounded by lush hills in the three central Thailand provinces of Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima and Phetchabun. The majority of Nyahkur are in Chaiyaphum. Most live in mixed villages with Isan and Thai people. The Nyahkur people have been described as “addicted to borrowing.” This has caused them to be trapped in poverty and a never-ending cycle of financial woe. As early as 1919, an anthropologist called the Nyahkur a “disappearing society” due to rampant disease, alcohol addiction and other destructive vices. There is a bride price for Nyahkur weddings based on the woman’s beauty, her abilities as a worker and the wealth of her parents. In the past the Nyahkur were animists enslaved to powerful demons. In recent decades, due to the influence of their Thai and Isan neighbors, they have embraced Buddhism. Practically all Nyahkur now claim to be Buddhists. In reality, however, they have retained most of their former animistic practices and placed a veneer of Buddhism over them. The Nyahkur believe in various spirits: village guardian spirits, mountain spirits and soil spirits. They call these spirits nthock. They blame evil spirits for almost everything that goes wrong. They believe that if they wear a necklace made of flat pieces of copper to protect them against nthock lakthep, the most powerful evil spirit. The Nyahkur wear charms and amulets, such as Buddhist images, necklaces of beads and old silver coins. Despite more than 40 years of missionary effort, there are no known Nyahkur Christians today. A team of missionaries first moved into the village of Ban Wang Ai Pho in 1982, and they have worked there since. One source says, “They were not successful in baptizing the Chaobon [Nyahkur] people, because of the superstitious and animistic nature of their beliefs. But they were very successful in studying and preserving Chaobon culture and they gave a helping hand in social, health, administrative, and human matters.” Pray for the spiritual blindness and bondage to the evil one to be removed so they can understand and respond to Christ. Pray God will have mercy on the Nyahkur, doing whatever it takes to place them in a position to receive him. Ask God to open the hearts of the Nyahkur to the gospel. Pray for an unstoppable movement to Christ among them.

https://m.joshuaproject.net/people_groups/print/14077/TH

Are Yoruba and Igbo similar? In language, they are both of the Kwa-group Niger-Congo origin. The similarities between the Yoruba and the Igbo language are remarkable, if not uncanny, which point to an identical fount. Despite having so much in common, politics has been a pesky point of dissonance for both groups. What is the difference between Igbo and Yoruba? The Igbo people generally reside in southeastern Nigeria, which is commonly referred to as Igboland. … While members of the Yoruba ethnic group are primarily found in southwestern Nigeria and all over Benin, Ghana and Togo, there are large concentrated populations in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Can Yoruba understand Igbo? But Yoruba and Igbo, which were originally dialectal versions of the same language, are now different languages because they are no longer mutually intelligible. Is Igbo older than Yoruba? Grand Summary: Historical, forensic and verifiable records, available, have shown grandly that the Igbo Nation is 2,550yrs older than the Yoruba Nation; 2,250yrs older than the Hausa Nation; 3,140yrs older than the Fulani Nation; and 550yrs older than the Bini/Agbon (Agbor) Nation. Which language is closest to Igbo? “Igbo is in the family of Niger-Congo languages called Kwa by European linguists, which includes many Nigerian and West African languages like Ashanti, Akan, Yoruba and Benin (Edo). What tribe is Igbo? Igbo, also called Ibo, people living chiefly in southeastern Nigeria who speak Igbo, a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The Igbo may be grouped into the following main cultural divisions: northern, southern, western, eastern or Cross River, and northeastern. Which tribe has the most beautiful ladies in Nigeria? The black hair and the beautiful smile, the above make the Igbo women the most beautiful in Nigeria and even in Africa. Their sexiness, boldness and sassiness makes them goddesses in their own right. If you are looking for the tribe with the most beautiful women, search no further because it Igbo women. Which tribe is the poorest in Nigeria? Top 10 Poorest Tribes in Nigeria 2021 |Rank||Tribe| |1||Kanuri| |2||Fulani| |3||Hausa| |4||Uncinda| Can Igbo marry Yoruba? Despite the fact that Igbos and Yorubas aren’t in too good terms, there are typically contentions and hutches when Yoruba and Igbo couples marry out of their tribe. There are many who chose to do inter-marriage, damning all consequences involved. … The Yoruba and Igbo ethnic groups are two significant tribes in Nigeria. Which tribe is richest in Nigeria? While the Igbos are known to be the richest tribe in Nigeria due to the business sense know how, they are also one of the most dangerous tribes in the country today. Find out the richest Yoruba men and women in Nigeria. The Igbos are known for trade and commerce. Was Obatala an Igbo? Obayemi accounts for a first pavement of culture in what is now known as the cradle of Yoruba origin, but which was once originally settled by the Igbo led by Obatala. Did Yoruba came from Mecca? The origin and existence of the Yoruba race can be traced to their ancient father ODUDUWA who migrated from the ancient city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. … During the old Oyo empire, the Yoruba kingship rule gained much popularity and spread across some part south eastern part of Nigeria. Which is the most powerful tribe in Nigeria? The Hausas are seen as the strongest tribe in Nigeria because most of them occupy important public offices in the country. In fact, since Nigeria gained her independence in 1960, this group have produced 90% of presidents the country has ever had. What was Nigeria called before 1914? The entire territory of the Royal Niger Company came into the hands of the British government. On 1 January 1900, the British Empire created the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. In 1914, the area was formally united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Which tribe is the oldest in Nigeria? Igbo. The Igbo people are descendants of the Nri Kingdom, the oldest in Nigeria. They have many customs and traditions and can be found in southeast Nigeria, consisting of about 18% of the population. This tribe differs from the others in that there is no hierarchical system of governance.

https://lexpressbooking.com/african-countries/is-igbo-similar-to-yoruba-2.html

The following are the challenges in inter-tribal or inter-racial marriages: - Differences in Culture. Cultures are different from tribe to tribe; what some tribes see as the norm is a taboo to others. The way of greeting, talking, addressing elders, wedding, naming ceremonies, burial, etc are different. This can pose as serious challenges to couples especially young ones or old one who are rigid and not ready to understand each other. - Differences in Food. Food is also different, people are known to disdain food from other cultures and tribes. - Differences in Languages. This is one of the major problems in inter-tribal marriages as the couple may have to communicate with each other; using a third language that is not their mother tongue. This poses serious problems when family members of any of the couple are around and they begin to speak their language which the partners do not understand. He/she will feel lost, may even think they are planning evil against him or her. - Differences in Beliefs and custom. Each tribe has their set beliefs, which other tribes may not support or even hate. - Different festivals and anniversaries. Each culture also has different kind of festivals and ceremonies which other tribes may not be positively disposed to. - Differences in mode of dressing. Each tribe has the way they dress which is peculiar to their own tribe, which may not be what other tribes like. - Old Inter-tribal hatred. Most tribes have deep rooted hatred for other tribes. They disdain their food, culture, dressing, language, etc. Almost everybody believes his or her tribe is the best. Some tribes’ hatred even dates as far back as years because of wars fought between the tribes in the ancient time. - Differences in religion. Some tribes are known with some religions even if both people in the marriage are Christian; their family members are still in those religions and they will definitely have their own input on the marriage.

https://www.dailyfamily.ng/challenges-inter-tribal-marriages/

10:1 These are the chronicles of Noah's sons, Shem, Ham and Yefeth. Children were born to them after the flood. 10:2 The sons of Yefeth were Gomer, Magog, Madai, Yavan, Tuval, Meshekh, and Tiras. 10:3 The sons of Gomer were Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah. 10:4 The sons of Yavan were Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, and Dodanim. 10:5 From these the isolated nations branched out into their lands. Each had its own language for its families in its nations. 10:6 The sons of Ham were Cush, Mitzraim, Put, and Canaan. 10:7 The sons of Cush were S'bha, Havila, Sabhta, Raamah and Sabht'ka. The sons of Raamah were Sheba and Dedan. 10:8 Cush was the father of Nimrod, who was the first to amass power in the world. 10:10 The beginning of his kingdom was Babylon, along with Erekh, Akkad and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. 10:12 as well as Resen, between Nineveh and Calach. [Nineveh] is a great city. 10:14 the Pathrusim and the Casluchim (from whom the Philistines descended) and the Caphtorim. 10:18 the Arvadites, the Tzemarites, and the Chamathites. Later the families of the Canaanites became scattered. 10:19 The Canaanite borders extended from Sidon toward Gerar until Gaza, and toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Tzevoyim, until Lasha. 10:20 These are the descendants of Ham, according to their families and languages, by their lands and nations. 10:21 Sons were also born to Shem. He was the ancestor of the Hebrews, [and] the brother of Yefeth, the eldest. 10:22 The sons of Shem were Elam, Asshur, Arpachshad, Lud, and Aram. 10:23 The sons of Aram were Utz, Chul, Gether, and Mash. 10:24 Arpachshad had a son Shelach. Shelach had a son Eber. 10:25 Eber had two sons. The name of the first was Peleg, because the world became divided in his days. His brother's name was Yoktan. 10:29 Ophir, Havilah, and Yovav. All these were the sons of Yoktan. 10:30 Their settlements extended from Meshah toward Sepher, the eastern mountain. 10:31 These are the descendants of Shem, according to their families and languages, by their lands and nations. 10:32 Such were the families of Noah's sons, according to their chronicles in their nations. From these, the nations spread over the earth after the flood. All the following nations belong to the Indo-European language group. Some have identified Yefeth with the Greek Iapetus. Most probably the Celts (cf. Herodotus 2:33), the Franks, or the Gauls, all of whom were closely related. Early sources translate this as Afrikey (Targum Yonathan. Cf. Targum on 1 Kings 20:22, 22:49, where this is the translation of Tarshish; see Genesis 10:4). This Afrikey, however, is not Africa, but Frikia or Phrygia (Arukh HaShalem; Buber on Pesikta Zutratha 26a. See note on Genesis 10:3, 'Togarma'). The Phrygians were an ancient nation who lived to the south of the Black Sea (cf. Iliad 2:862; Herodotus 7:30,31). They were originally known as Brigians (Herodotus 7:73). Linguistically, the Phrygians were related to the Armenians, but they may have also been related to the Franks, since there is a resemblance between the two names. Indeed, there are some ancient sources that identify Gomer with the Franks (Sefer HaYashar, p.26; Tol'doth Yitzchak). The Phrygians were pushed out of their general land in the 8th century b.c.e. by the Cimerians, a people who originally lived in southern Russia (Crimea), to the north of the Black Sea (cf. Herodotus 4:11, 1:16, 1:103). It is therefore significant that the Talmud identifies Gomer with Germamia (Yoma 10a; Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9). Germamia denotes Cimeria rather than Germany (cf. Arukh HaShalem). In ancient Assyrian, the Cimerians were indeed known as the Gimerrai, cognate to Gomer (in other places, however this is the translation of Togarma, see Targum on Ezekiel 27:14, 38:6). The Cimerians were seen as originally having been a Nordic people (Odyssey 11:12-19). Some sources identify them with the Cimbri of Jutland (around Denmark), a nation of Teutonized Celts. Josephus writes that Gomer was the founder of the nation known as the Galatians (Antiquities 16:1; cf. Abarbanel). Galatia was in the same area as Phrygia and Cimeria, but it was renamed Galatia (from Gaul) when it was conquered by the Celts of Gaul. Other ancient sources agree with this, writing that Gomer lived to the east of the Tina (Halys, cf. Herodotus 1:6) River (Sefer HaYov'loth 9:8). Most probably a Teutonic people, living to the north of the Holy Land (cf. Ezekiel 38:2). Some sources identify Magog with Germania (Targum Yonathan; Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:5; Pesikta Zutratha). Others identify them with the Goths (Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9). These were a Teutonic people who migrated to Scythia, in what is now southern Russia. It is therefore not contradictory when some sources identify Magog with Scythia (Josephus; Yoma 10a, according to Rabbenu Chananel; Arukh s.v. Germamia). Ancient histories state that the Scythians came from Asia, driven by the Massagetae (cf. Meshekh), and settling near the Cimerians (Herodotus 4:11; see note on Genesis 10:2, 'Gomer'). Linguistically, the Scythians were related to the Iranians, and hence, to the Persians and the Medes. It is therefore significant that there was a Persian tribe known as the Germanians (Herodotus 1:125). Other sources note that Magog may denote the Mongols, whose very name may be a corruption of Magog. Indeed, Arab writers referred to the Great Wall of China as the 'wall of al Magog' (Rabbi Aaron Marcus, Kesseth HaSofer, p. 112a). Other ancient sources agree with the identification of Magog as living to the north of the Black Sea (Yov'loth 9:8). Ancestor of Medes (Josephus; Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9). This is also the opinion of the Talmud (Yoma 10a, cf. Hagahoth Beth Chadash, Rabbenu Chananel ad loc; Eyn Yaakov ibid.). Another source translates Madai as Chamadai (Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:5), possibly referring to Hamadan, an ancient Medean capital. An ancient source states that Madai is to the west of Gomer and Magog, on the shores and the islands (Yov'loth 9:9). (See Herodotus 7:62). Yawan in ancient Hebrew, denoting Ionia (cf. Josephus. Also see Herodotus 7:94). Other sources state that Yavan is Macedonia (Targum Yonathan; Yoma 10a, see note on Genesis 10:2, 'Madai'). Others translate it as Ovisos (Yerushalmi, Megilla 1:9), denoting Ephisus, an ancient Greek city in Lydia, founded by the Ionians around 1050 b.c.e. An ancient source states that Yavan lived on the islands and the shore of Lydia (Yov'loth 9:10), where indeed the Ionians lived. A northern country, see Ezekiel 38:2, 27:13. This is usually identified with Bithynia (Targum Yonathan; Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:5; Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9). The Talmud also refers to it as Beth-unyaki, which is the Talmudic term for Bithynia (Yoma 10a). This is in the area to the east of the Bospherus (Yov'loth 9:11). Josephus, however, says that the Tuvalites were the Ibers. Some say that these were the people of the Iberian Peninsula, and hence they were the original Spaniards. Indeed, one source says that this is why the Spanish refer to themselves as cen-tuvales (gentualla), literally 'people of Tuval' (Abarbanel). However, there was also an Iberian people who lived to the east of the Black Sea. A northern kingdom; cf. Ezekiel 38:2, 27:13; Psalms 120:5. Most Talmudic sources identify Meshekh with Mysia (see Targum Yonathan; Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:5; Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9; Yoma 10a; Buber on Pesikta Zutratha 26a). This was the land to the west of Bithynia, along the Dardanelles (Hellespont) and Marmara Sea (cf. Yov'loth 9:12; Herodotus 7:42,74). They might possibly be associated with Mycenae, an ancient city in Greece. Josephus, however, associates Meshekh with Cappadocia, whose capital is Mazaka, in what is now central Turkey (see Herodotus 1:72). It is very close to Galatia (see Gomer). Another possibility would be to identify Meshekh with the Massagatae, an ancient people who lived in Russia to the east of the Aral Sea (cf. Herodotus 1:201). It was these people who drove the Scythians into Cimeria (Ibid. 4:11). It is also possible to identify Meshekh with the Moschians mentioned in ancient sources (Herodotus 7:78). The name may be related to the Muskeva River, and hence to Moscow. Indeed, there are sources that say the Meshekh was the forerunner of the Slavs (Kesseth HaSofer). The Targum identifies this as Tarkey (Targum Yonathan), which is identified as Thrace. Josephus likewise states that Tiras is Thrace. This is a people who lived in the Balkans, in what is now European Turkey and Bulgaria. Indeed (as we see in the Targum) Turkey derives its name from Thrace. Linguistically Thracian is related to Albanian. There is also a possible relationship with the Etruscans. It is notable that there was a Tearus (Tiras) River going through Thrace (Herodotus 4:89). In the Talmud, however, there is a dispute as to the identity of Tiras, with some saying that it is Thrace, while others say that it is Persia (Yoma 10a; Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9). The Persians, however, received their name from Perseus, whose kingdom was originally Tiryns (Herodotus 7:61). Moreover, one of the original Persian tribes was the Terusieans or Derusieans (Ibid. 1:125). Another ancient source identifies Tiras with the larger Mediterranean islands (Yov'loth 9:14). This is a nation associated with the Ararat area; Jeremiah 51:27. In Talmudic sources, it is rendered as Asia (Targum Yonathan; Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:6; Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9). In ancient times, besides denoting the entire continent, Asia also referred to what is now the western part of Asiatic Turkey, bordering on the Aegean Sea. However, there was also a tribe of Asies living in the area of Sardis (the modern Sart), the capital of Lydia (Herodotus 4:45). Both are the same area. Josephus, on the other hand, says that the Ashkenazites are the Reginians. Some associate this with Rhegium (the modern Regga), on the tip of the Italian peninsula (cf. Herodotus 1:167). However, there was also a Rhagae or Rages that was a major city in Medea (cf. Tobit 4:1). This was a bit south of the present Teheran, due south of the Caspean sea (cf. Arukh HaShalem, s.v. Asia). The Medes indeed were known to descend from the race of the Achemenids (Herodotus 7:61). More logical, however, would be to associate the 'Reginia' of Josephus with Regnum Polemonis, to the south-east of the Black Sea, immediately in the Ararat area. The 'Asia' mentioned in Talmudic sources could then be Amasia, a city in that area. By the tenth century, the term Ashkenaz was used to refer to Germany (Siddur Rav Amram Gaon). This may be because, as we have seen, Gomer, the father of Ashkenaz, was associated with 'Germania.' But according to this, the 'Reginia' mentioned in Josephus may have been the Rennus or Rhine area. There are other sources that relate Ashkenaz to the Ashkuza mentioned in ancient writings, or to the Scythians. In 1 Chronicles 1:6, however, the reading is Diphath (cf. Rashi ad loc.). Josephus identifies these people with the Paphlagonians, an ancient people who lived on the Rifas River (see Kesseth HaSofer 113a. Cf. Herodotus 7:72; Iliad 2:851). Other sources identify it with Parkhvan, Parkvi or Parsvey (Targum Yonathan; Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:6), most probably Parkvi, a country in Northern Ariana (in Persia). Still others identify it with Chadiv or Hadiath (Yerushalmi, Megilla 1:9; Bereshith Rabbah 37). The correct reading is most probably Hadiyv, which is identified with Adiebena, a district in Assyria between the Lycus and Caprus rivers. Abarbanel identifies these people with the Etruscans, who settled in Italy, Venice and France. A northern people; See Ezekiel 27:14, 38:6. Josephus identifies these people with the Phrygians (see Gomer). Other sources have Barberia (Targum Yonathan; Targum on Chronicles 1:6), which some identify as Germania, Barbara, or Britannia. Indeed there are sources that render Togarmah as Germaniki or Germania (Yerushalmi, Megilla 1:9; Bereshith Rabbah 37; Targum on Ezekiel 38:6). There are other sources that identify Togarmah with the Armenians (Keseth HaSofer) or Turks (Abarbanel). Indeed, in a modern sense, Togarmah is used for Turkey. The name Togarmah corresponds to Tegarma, found in cuneiform inscriptions, referring to an area near Carchemish in Armenia. This is seen as an island; see Ezekiel 27:7. Josephus identifies it with the Aeolians (Antiquities 1:6:1), who were known to have inhabited the island of Lesbos (Herodotus 1:151). Others, however, identify it with Sicily (Abarbanel). This is supported by the Targum which renders it Italia (Targum on Ezekiel 27:7). Talmudic sources identify Elisha with Alsu or Elis (Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9; Bereshith Rabbah 37). This may be identified with Elis, an ancient land in Peloponnesus (southern Greece) along the Ionian Sea (see Iliad 2:615). A small village, Ilis or Eleis, currently remains on the site of the city of Elis. In the interior of the country was the sanctuary and valley of Olympia, where the quadrennial Olympic games were held for over 1000 years. Others identify this Talmudic source with Hellas, since the Greeks called themselves Hellas or Ellis (Kesseth HaSofer). This was indeed an ancient appelation for a Greek tribe (cf. Iliad 2:681; but see Thucydides 1:3). It may also be associated with the Halys River, which separated the Greek-dominated area from the Asiatic. The name Helles is also found in the Hellespont, the channel that currently separates Europe from Asia (the modern Dardanelles). In 1 Chronicles 1:7, it is Tarshishah. It was famed for its ships, see 1 Kings 10:22, 22:49, etc. Also see Isaiah 23;10, 66:19, Ezekiel 38:13, Jonah 1:3. Josephus identifies it with Cilicia, whose capital was Tarsus. The identification with Tarsus is also upheld in Talmudic sources (Targum Yonathan; Yerushalmi, Megilla 1:9). Some associate it with Tuscany, Lombardi, Florence and Milan (Abarbanel. Cf. Sefer HaYashar). An island people; cf. Jeremiah 2:10, Ezekiel 27:6. Also see Numbers 24:24, Isaiah 23:1, 23:12, Daniel 11:30. Josephus identifies it with Cyprus, whose main city was Citius (cf. Abarbanel). The Targum, however identifies it with Italy (Italion, Italia), and hence, it is seen as the source of the Italian and Romans (cf. Targum on Numbers 24:24). In 1 Chronicles 1:7 it is Rodanim (cf. Bereshith Rabbah 37:1). The Dodonians were known to be an ancient people (cf. Iliad 2:748; Herodotus 2:52-57). The Targum renders it as Dardania, a city on the Dardanelles, after which the strait was named (cf. Herodotus 1:189, 7:43; Iliad 2:819). The Targum (Yonathan) also adds Ridos, Chamen and Antioch. Ridos is identified with Rhodes (Abarbanel). Others identify the Dodanim with the Bohemians (Tol'doth Yitzchak; cf. Sefer HaYashar). See note on Genesis 2:13. There was also an ancient city of Kish 8 miles east of Babylon. Other ancient sources also indicate that it was to the east of the Holy Land (cf. Yov'loth 9:1). The Targum however, renders it as Arabia (Targum Yonathan; Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:8). This, however, may also have referred to an area in Africa on the upper Nile (cf. Herodotus 2:19). Josephus identifies Cush here with Ethiopia. The Hebrew name for Egypt. Regarding the origin of the name 'Egypt,' see Josephus, Contra Apion 1:15. See Jeremiah 46:9, Ezekiel 27:10, 38:5, Nahum 3:9. Josephus identifies it with Lybyos or Lybia in North Africa. In Coptic (ancient Egyptian), Lybia is also known as Phiait. The Targum, however, renders it as Alichrok, possibly Heracleotes. Other ancient sources state that it is to the east of the Holy Land (Yov'loth 9:1). Aborigine tribe of the Holy Land. See Genesis 10:15-19. Usually transliterated as Seba. Cf. Isaiah 43:3, 45:14, Psalms 72:10. Josephus identifies this with the Sabeans, a people living in southern Arabia. The name may still be preserved in the town of As Sabya. The Targum renders it Sinirai or Sinidai. In the Talmud, this nation is identified with Sakistan or Sagistan (Yoma 10a). Sagistan is a district in Drangonia in the Persian Empire, occupied by Scythians. See note on Genesis 2:11. The Targum has India. Josephus, however, has Getuli. Usually transliterated Sabta. Josephus identifies this nation with the Astaborans. The Talmud identifies it with outer Takistan, see S'bha. The Targum renders it S'midai, Smadai or Samrai, a Cushite tribe, possibly the Sabrata of North Africa. They were traders in spices, precious stones and gold; Ezekiel 27:22. Here the Targum has Lubai, the Lybians. The second time Raamah is mentioned in this verse, however, the Targum (Yonathan) has Mavryatinos, which is Mauretania, a district in northwest Africa. (cf. Yevamoth 63a; Sifri, Deuteronomy 3:20). Usually transliterated as Sabteca. The Targum renders it Zingain, possibly the African Zeugis. Actually Sh'bha. See 1 Kings 10:1, Genesis 10:28, 25:3. Josephus identifies these with the Sabeans, as he does to S'bha. The Targum renders it Zamdugad, Zamrugad (on Genesis) or Zmargad and Dmargad (on Chronicles). Josephus identifies this nation with the Judadeans of western Ethiopia. The Targum has M'zag, perhaps the Mazices of northern Africa. See Micah 5:5. He is credited as being the first Babylonian king and the builder of the Tower, see Genesis 11:1-9 (Sefer HaYashar; Josephus 1:4:3. Cf. Targum Yonathan on Genesis 10:11). See note on Genesis 14:1, 25:29. Babel or Babhel in Hebrew. See Genesis 11:9. See Ezra 4:9, Rashi ad loc. This was a city near Ur, on the lower Euphrates River. The Talmud (Yoma 10a) identifies it with Urikhuth, or Arkhath. This is identified with Uruk, an ancient name for Erekh. The Targum had Hadas, which may be identified with Edessa. The Midrash identifies it with Charan (Bereshith Rabbah 37). This was the royal city of Accad, which was the capital of northern Babylonia. The exact site of the city is unknown, although it was near Sippar, and about 30 miles north of Babylon. The Targum renders this as Netzivim (Targum Yonathan; Bereshith Rabbah 37). This was a city in the northeast end of Mesopotamia (cf. Shabbath 32b). The Talmud identifies this as Nofar-Ninfi (Yoma 10a). This is Nippur, midway between Erekh and Babylon on the Euphrates River. It is the modern Niffer. Other sources identify it with Ctesphon, a city on the eastern bank of the Tigris (Targum Yonathan; Bereshith Rabbah 37). Usually identified with Sumer. The Targum calls it the land of Pontus (Targum Yonathan). This is obviously not Pontus, which was a land to the south of the Black Sea. Rather, it is the Latin word pontus, meaning sea. Hence, Pontus was the 'land of the sea,' that is the land toward the Persian Gulf. See note on Genesis 14:1. See Genesis 10:22. Hebrew for Assyria. It also denotes a city on the Tigris River, some 50 miles south of Nineveh. The Talmud (Yoma 10a) identifies it with Selik, that is Seleucia. See Genesis 2:14. The ancient capital of Assyria, on the Tigris River. See Jonah 1:2, 2 Kings 19:36. Literally 'broad places of the city,' or 'avenues of the city.' The Talmud says that it is Euphrates of Mishan (Yoma 10a). Meshan or Mesene is the island formed by Euphrates, the Tigris and the Royal Canal. The Targum, however, translates it, 'avenues of the city.' Thus, it would not be a place name, but would denote the fact that Asshur built Nineveh as a city with avenues. This is a city a few miles south of Nineveh. Its modern name is Nimrud! The Talmud states that it is 'Borsof on the Euphrates' (Yoma 10a). This is Borsif or Borsippa, some 20 miles south of Babylon on the Euphrates. It is, however, a long distance from Nineveh. The Targum renders it Pariyoth of Charyoth, probably denoting Chadiyath in Assyria. The Talmud identifies Resen with Aktispon or Ctesphon (Yoma 10a; cf. Tosafoth, Gittin 6a, s.v. U'MiBhey). See comment on Calneh. The Targum renders it Talsar or Talasar, see Targum on Isaiah 37:12, 2 Kings 19:12. This refers to Nineveh (Yoma 10a; Rashi). The Targum renders this Givatai. This appears to be related to the name Gipt or Egypt, and also to the word Coptic, which denotes the ancient language of Egypt (cf. Megillah 18a, Sanhedrin 115a). Josephus, however, states that all the nations in this verse are unidentifiable. The Targum renders this Martiorti or Mariotai. These are the people of Mareotis, a district in lower Egypt containing the town of Marea. Literally 'fire people,' since their faces are like fire (Rashi). The Targum translates this name as Livvakai or Livkai, possibly a Lybian tribe. Josephus states that they are Lybians. See note on Genesis 10:6 regarding Put. The Targum translates this as Pontsikhnai or Pantsekhyaanaei, probably denoting Pentaschoinos. This is a district in Egypt later referred to as Dodekaschoinos. See Isaiah 11:11, Jeremiah 44:1, 44:15, Ezekiel 29:14, 30:14. The Targum translates it as Nasyotai or Gasyotai, denoting Casiotis, the district surrounding Mount Casius, east of Pelusium in Egypt. The Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:12 reverses the definition of Pathrusim and Casluchim. In the Midrash it is rendered as Parvitoth (Bereshith Rabbah 37). The Targum renders this as Pentpoletai, most probably Pentapolis, an Egyptian district also called Cyrenaica. In the Midrash it is rendered Pekosim (Bereshith Rabbah 37). Saadia Gaon identifies it with Sa'id on the upper Nile. Pelishtim in Hebrew. These people lived on the shore of the Mediterranean between the Holy Land and Egypt (cf. Exodus 13:17). Tzidon in Hebrew, to the north of the Holy Land, see Genesis 10:19. This was the capital of Phoenicia. However, according to the Targum (on 1 Chronicles 1:13), Canaan's first-born was Bothnias (or Cothnias), who was the founder of Sidon. Cheth in Hebrew, father of the Hittites, one of the tribes living in the Holy Land; cf. Genesis 15:20. They lived to the west of the Dead Sea around Hebron; Genesis 23:5. Both the Hittites and Amorites were associated with the Jerusalem area; Ezekiel 16:3,45. Yebhusi in Hebrew. Jebus (Yebhus) is identified with Jerusalem; Judges 19:10, 1 Chronicles 11:4; Joshua 15:63, Judges 1:21. The Jebusites therefore lived in the Jerusalem area. Later, however, this area was settled by the Hittites (Pirkey Rabbi Eliezer 36; Rashi on Deuteronomy 12:17). A people who originally lived on the west of the Dead Sea, but were driven out (Genesis 14:7). They lived around Hebron, where they allied with Abraham (Genesis 14:13). They also lived around Shechem (Genesis 48:22). Later, they settled the land on the east bank along the Arnon River, near Moab (Numbers 21:13). They also lived in Gilead (Numbers 32:39). They later invaded the Holy Land again (Judges 1:34). Inhabitants of the Holy Land (Genesis 15:21). According to tradition, they left the Holy Land before the Israelite invasion and settled in Africa (Yerushalmi, Shabbath 6:31; Rashi on Exodus 33:2, 34:11). Chivi in Hebrew. They lived in the central part of the Holy Land near Shechem (Genesis 34:2). They also lived in Gibeon, and survived the conquest of the Holy Land (Joshua 9:3,7, 11:19). They lived in the north, near Mount Lebanon, from Hermon to Chamath (Judges 3:3). Some identify them with the people of Tripoli (Targum Yerushalmi). The Midrash apparently notes that they were cave dwellers (Chaldun; Bereshith Rabbah 37). They were also adept at testing soil by taste (Shabbath 85a, but see Tosefoth ad loc. s.v. Chivi). See note on Genesis 36:3. They are identified as the residents of Arce, a city at the northwest foot of Mount Lebanon (Josephus; Bereshith Rabbah 37. Cf. Bekhoroth 57b). (cf. Isaiah 49:12, Radak ad loc.). Josephus states that their identity is unknown. Others, however identify them with the Antusai (Targum Onkelos; Targum Yonathan; Bereshith Rabbah 37). This is most probably associated with the city of Orhosia, a Phoenician seaport, south of the Eleutheros River. Other sources identify the Sinites with the Kafruseans (Targum Yerushalmi). These are identified as the inhabitants of the island of Aradus on the Phoenician coast (Josephus; Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9, Bereshith Rabbah 37). Others identify them with the town of Antridanai, that is, Antarados, a town opposite the island of Arados (Targum Yerushalmi). Another source identifies them with the Lutsai, probably the inhabitants of Arethusia, between Epiphania and Emasa. Literally 'wool people,' possibly because they sold or worked with wool (Bereshith Rabbah 37). Talmudic sources render their area as Chametz, Chomtzia, Chamitai and Chumtzai (Targum Yonathan; Yerushalmi, Megillah 1:9, Bereshith Rabbah 37). This is identified with Emasa (the modern Hums) a city of Syria on the eastern bank of the Orontes River. See note on Genesis 36:36. This is to the north near Mount Hermon; Judges 3:3. Also see Numbers 13:21, 34:8, Amos 6:14, Ezekiel 47:17. It is on the Orontes River. Josephus states that it is the place called Amathe, although the Macedonians call it Ephania (cf. Bereshith Rabbah 37). It is also identified with Antioch (Targum Yonathan). Capital of the Philistine nation, toward the south of the Holy Land, near the coast (Genesis 20:1, 26:1). Aza in Hebrew. City on the south of Holy Land along the Mediterranean shore. These four cities were in what is now the southern end of the Dead Sea (Genesis 14:2,3). They were destroyed by God for their wickedness (Genesis 19:24,25). These cities formed the southeast border of the Canaanite territory. Or Lesha. This is identified with Caldahi (Targum Yonathan; Bereshith Rabbah 37). This is most probably Callirohoe, a resort city on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. (Cf. Targum Yonathan; Ibn Ezra). Literally, 'the sons of Eber' (see Genesis 10:24, 11:14). In Hebrew, 'Hebrews' are Ivri'im, literally, 'Eberites,' or 'Sons of Eber.' Others, however, translate this verse, 'sons of all who live on the other side of the river' (Rashi; Ramban). See Genesis 14:19. It is associated with Media (Isaiah 21:2, Jeremiah 25:25). We thus find that the capital city of Shushan (Susa) was in the province of Elam on the Ulai River (Daniel 8:2). Josephus thus writes that Elam was the ancestor of the Persians. It is thus described as the territory between Shushan and Media (Saadia Gaon). Other sources identify it with the area between the Tigris and India (Yov'loth 9:2). Identified with Assyria (cf. Josephus). See Genesis 2:14, 10:11. Their territory was basically east of the Tigris. He was the ancestor of Abraham (see Genesis 11:10). Josephus states that he was the ancestor of the Chaldeans, who lived on the lower Euphrates. In Hebrew, the Chaldeans were known as Casdim (see note on Genesis 11:28). They lived near the Persian Gulf (Yov'loth 9:4). The Targum translates the name as Arphasdai (Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:17,18). See Herodotus 6:5. Josephus identifies this with Lydia, south of the Black Sea (see Herodotus 7:74). Ancestor of Aramaea (from where the language Aramaic comes), to the northeast of the Holy Land, approximately where Syria is now. Josephus states that the Greeks called the Aramaeans Syrians. Its capital was Damascus (Isaiah 7:8). It also included the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Yov'loth 9:5). Laban was thus called an Aramaean (Genesis 22:20, 24:4, cf. Deuteronomy 26:5). Aram was important because of its association with Abraham's family. Cf. Jeremiah 25:20, Job 1:1. Josephus writes that Utz founded the cities of Trachnitis and Damascus, and settled the lands between the Holy Land and Celesyria (Antiquities 1:6:4). Other sources identify Utz with Armatyai (Targum on 1 Chronicles 1:17), which is most probably the modern Armannia (Romania, near Constantinople). See Targum on Lamentations 4:21, 1 Chronicles 1:42, Job 1:1. See note on Genesis 10:23 'Chul'. Josephus states that Chul founded Armenia, a land to the south of the eastern Black Sea. See Herodotus 7:73. According to Josephus, the founder of the Bactrian nation. In 1 Chronicles 1:17 it is Meshekh (see Genesis 10:2). Josephus identifies it with Charax Spanisi. Other sources state that it is the land in the area of Mount Mash in Mesopotamia, north of Netzivim (Kesseth HaSofer). Ancestor of the Hebrews. See note on Genesis 10:21. He was a prophet (Rashi). This refers to the split occurring after the destruction of the Tower of Babel (see Genesis 11:8). This took place in the year that Peleg died (Seder Olam; Rashi). According to the chronologies (see Genesis 11:19), this was in the year 1996, when Abraham was 48 years old. Josephus states that he and his children lived near the Cophon River in India. In Arabian traditions, he is Kochton, the founder of Yemen (see Kesseth HaSofer, 123a). Some identify him with the founder of Morad in Yemen (Kesseth HaSofer). Others say that it is Allumaeoltae mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography. Possibly Shalepynoi mentioned by Ptolemy (Geography 6:7, p. 154). Literally, 'Courtyard of Death.' Some identify this with Hadarmaveth in southern Arabia (Kesseth HaSofer 122a). To the west of Hadarmaveth, there is a Mount Varach (Kesseth HaSofer). Some interpret this as denoting 'the south.' This was a fortress to the south of San'a (Kesseth HaSofer). See 1 Chronicles 18:10; Zechariah 12:11. This was the ancient Arabic name for San'a, the capital of Yemen (Kesseth HaSofer). Literally a palm tree. Some say that it is an area in Mina, abundant in palm trees (cf. Pliny 6:28). Some identify this with Avalitae on the Ethiopian Coast. Literally 'Father of Mael.' Some identify this with the Mali, a tribe living in the Mecca area, described by Theophrastus (Enquiry into Plants 9:4). This is the Minaei described by Strabo. Or Sheba. See Genesis 10:7, 25:3. The place from which King Solomon brought gold; 1 Kings 9:28, 10:11. Cf. Psalms 45:9, Isaiah 13:12. From the context, it is a place on the Arabian peninsula. Some identify it with El Ophir, a town in Oman. Josephus, however, identifies Ophir with Aurea Chersonesus, belonging to India (Antiquities 8:6:4). The Septuagint translates Ophir as Sophia, which is Coptic for India. There was indeed an ancient city known as Soupara or Ouppara in the vicinity of Goa on the western coast of India. Later authors identified Ophir with the New World (Rabbi Azzaria de Rossi, Meor Eynaim, Imrey Binah 11; David Gans, Nechmad VeNaim 3:75; Tzemach David 2:1533; Seder HaDoroth 5254). See notes on Genesis 10:7, 2:11. Some identify this with Chavlotai, an area on the Persian Gulf described in ancient geographies (Strabo 16:728. This is Huvaila in Bahrein. Others state that it is Avalitae on the Avalite Bay (now Zeila), a city on the Sea of Adan south of Bab el Mandeb. There is also a Nagar Havili in India, on the Arabian Sea, some 80 miles north of Bombay. There is also a town Chwala on the Caspian Sea, and therefore in Russian the Caspian Sea is called Chwalinskoje More. The name Havilah in the Torah may refer to more than one place. This is identified as Yovevitai or Yoveritai mentioned by Ptolemy, along the Salachitis Gulf (Gulf of Oman). This refers to the children of Yoktan. According to some authorities, however, it refers to all the children of Shem (Cf. Ramban on Genesis 11:12). This is identified with Mecca (Saadia). Others say that it is Mocha (Al Mukha) in Yemen (cf. Ptolemy, Geography 6:7, 14a, 74b). Others identify it with Mesene (Khowr-e Musa) at the mouth of the Tigris, where it flows into the Persian Gulf. Some sources identify this with Medina (Saadia Gaon). The Midrash states that it is T'phari or Taphar (Bereshith Rabbah 37). Others identify it with Isfor in southern Arabia. Some identify this with Alakdar in eastern Arabia, on the Indian Ocean (Kesseth HaSofer). The descendants of Shem are known as the Semites. Theirs is the Semitic language group. There are seventy nations mentioned in this chapter. These are the seventy nations or seventy languages often mentioned in Talmudic literature.

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The East Photography equipment tribe ‘Maasai’ can be found in Kenya and particular parts of Tanzania. Their subsistence strategy provides primarily been pastoral for a number of centuries. The Maasai kuchenherd cows, sheep and goats for a sustenance as they depend on the meat and dairy for their your survival. The Maasai are also semi-nomadic people, thus, making them pastoral nomads (O’Neil 2). This helps them move from place to place, in search of better climatic and external circumstances suitable for raising their herd animals. They constantly go on to areas having greener pastures and sufficient water to ensure their animals are more healthy; it also helps grass developing back again in areas that have been grazed by simply cattle. All their choice of location would also depend upon other factors such as security from potential predators such as elephants. The Maasai do not construct permanent negotiations as they are constantly on the move; that they live in non permanent dwellings which might be simple to develop. The interpersonal structure with the Maasai has played a key role in preserving the tribe’s principal subsistence technique as pastoral for centuries. The age-based sociable structure is very fair and consistent while there is no elegance based on famille or family segregations. However , there are certain gender-based roles and customs in the tribe. The boys are split up into the young ones, the players also understand as ‘moran’, and the elders. On the other hand, the young girls marry to soldier men, endure children and raise all of them; the women may also become parents after all their bear four children. The youths turn into warriors about the “age of 13 to 17” and move to a different village, are in unsecure enclosures called ‘manyatta’ built by way of a mothers and ultimately get married (Martin 7). It’s the duty with the warriors to ensure that the tribe is safe and cattle are protected coming from predators. They are really mentally conditioned as well as actually trained coming from a very young age to perform this duty. The Maasai girls specialize in building houses from sticks, off-road and cow dung. It will help the tribe to move on your travels easily and sustain their particular semi-nomadic life style. The Maasai men also build thorn fences to keep their cows safe in enclosures. The elders are supposed to impart perception and live passive lives, as the responsibilities and duties with the tribe pass over to the next technology of a warrior. The authority figure in all their social product is a person known as laibon, roughly translated as ‘medicine man’; the ‘laibon’ as well fills the religious demands of the group and methods shamanism pertaining to healing. This uniform socio-cultural structure lends stability and contributes to the subsistence with the Maasai life-style, as there may be very little space for rebellion within the group. Many original cultures around the globe are going through transition as a result of modernization as well as the Maasai are no exception to the rule. Estate had resulted in the Maasai being confined to smaller areas, thus intimidating their life-style. To cope with these kinds of changes, a tiny segment from the tribe has recently changed their subsistence strategy to agriculture, sportfishing and acquiring menial job in urbanized areas. The travel industry offered by the federal government has forced certain Maasai tribes to diverge far from their self-sufficient lifestyle and act as showpieces for vacationers (Akama 717). However , the Maasai nonetheless retain certain aspects of their cultural identify such as speaking a terminology called ‘Maa’ and wearing a red fabric called the ‘shuka’; additionally, they pierce their particular earlobes and adorn huge metal jewelry. Despite the influence of the modern day world, a big segment in the Maasai group is still quite self-sufficient because they produce their particular food from cattle and complete other requires such as shelter and medication. Works Reported Page Akama, John. Marginalization of the Maasai in Kenya. Annals of Tourism Exploration, Volume 26, Number a few, July 99. Martin, Marlene. Society-MASAI. The middle for Social Anthropology and Computing. 06 14, 2009 Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism. Palomar College. June 16, 2009 Subculture theory evolves Essay Having gained a much better understanding of subculture theory, it truly is likewise essential to determine the importance of learning the deviant subculture and why it is vital to continue ... Why did Islam spread so quicly Essay Classical Empires arose in all civilizations, once they experienced reached some level of technology and advancement. The most famous good examples in history will be the Persian Autorite, the Ancient ... Diversity and Multiculturalism Essay Community is a phrase describing a bunch representing a population smaller than the State. They may be people of distinct culture, religion, language and ethnicity from the rules of the ... What Is Success Theory of Knowledge Presentation Outline Essay My topic was, what is achievement? And the primary knowledge issue I aimed at is, should success end up being measured in happiness or perhaps money? The idea of success ... Negative effect of video games on children Essay The Negtive Effects of Video Gaming in Children Children don’t need to buy a pricey gaming system to play video games any more, than can merely log onto the world ... Why is teaching culture important in the ESL classroom Essay 1 ) Introduction The seminar paper will argue that teaching culture should be a essential part of every English category. It will stage put the various benefits that this teaching ... Discourse: Ellen Lupton’s Deconstructivist Theory Essay Essential concepts by Ellen Lupton’s A Post-Mortem on Deconstruction? * Deconstruction is a part of a broader field of criticism known as “post-structuralism, ” whose theorist have included Jacques Derrida, ... Child Development of Infant Toy Essay I was given the assignment to produce toy to get a baby coming from things found in a home. I chose to create a toy for babies back in the ... Multicultural Health Care Setting Essay Nurses must be cultural skilled before going in foreign countries for them to be able to deliver nursing care that will enable effective interactions and the progress appropriate responses to ... Organizational Culture and Personal Values Essay Job satisfaction and job efficiency are interrelated topics, that are derived from specific personal beliefs, (Iaffaldano & Muchinsky, 1985). Organizations can use specific processes to shape employee values, which will ...

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It is important to note that Jesus is THE ‘First-born,’ unique and only Son of the Father (Rom.8:29; Col.1:15; 1:18; Heb1:6; Rev.1:5; cf. Jn1:14; 1:18; 3:16; 3:18; 1Jn4:9), and that Judah is the tribe of the first-born – by assignment – which leads to the first and technical reason for Jesus’ descent from Ju Tribe of Judah – according to Wikipedia. It is different for a variety of administrative reasons. The genealogy recorded by Luke is the direct line of ancestry of Jesus from Adam and from God, traced out over seventy generations. Due to the fact that Jesus’ tribe is the same as his (adoptive) father’s tribe, Jesus’ tribe is Judah. After supplying Israel with its first king, Saul, the tribe of Benjamin was eventually absorbed into the tribe of Judah, which became known as Judah. While no tribe was named after Joseph, two tribes were named after Joseph’s sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, despite the fact that Joseph himself was never named. In a similar vein, what tribe did Mary, Jesus’ mother, come from? Due to the fact that Jesus’ tribe is the same as his (adoptive) father’s tribe, Jesus’ tribe is Judah. During the reign of Herod, the king of Judaea, there lived a certain priest called Zacharias, who belonged to the family of Abia; and his wife belonged to the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth; and they had a child together. Panther and Melchi were brothers who were sons of Levi and descended from the line of Nathan, whose father was David of the tribe of Judah.Panther and Melchi were the sons of Levi and descended from the stock of Nathan.Barpanther and his descendants record identical information a century later, but with the addition of an extra generation, according to John of Damascus and others (Aramaic for son of Panther, thus indicating a misunderstood Aramaic source). Even though he was born in Bethlehem, Jesus was a Galilean from Nazareth, a town near Sepphoris, one of the two major cities in Galilee, according to the gospels of Matthew and Luke (Tiberias was the other). He was born to Joseph and Mary somewhere between 6 bce and just before the death of Herod the Great (Matthew 2; Luke 1:5) in 4 bce, according to the earliest available evidence. The New Testament claims that Jesus was born in the city of Bethlehem in Judea, but one rogue Israeli archaeologist claims that the Christian messiah was really born in Bethlehem of the Galilee, which is more than 60 miles away from the city of Jerusalem. The tribe of Judah established in the territory south of Jerusalem and through time became to become the most powerful and influential tribe in the region. This ancient kingdom not only produced the renowned kings David and Solomon, but it was also predicted that the Messiah would emerge from among its ranks. A number of those who believe that Mary’s relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side believe that she was of the royal Davidic line and thus of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan is in fact the genealogy of Mary, whereas some believe that the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is in fact the genealogy of Joseph. While both theories are plausible, neither hypothesis — contrite prostitute or devoted spouse — is consistent with what can be claimed about Mary Magdalene from what is described in the Bible: She was a woman from Magdala, a small Galilean town known for its fishing, who became Jesus’ first female disciple and was the first person to witness Jesus’ resurrection, which is considered the cornerstone of Christian faith and tradition. The name Yeshua/Y’shua is etymologically connected to another biblical name, Joshua, because its roots are in the name Yeshua/Y’shua. In the English-speaking world, the given name ‘Jesus’ is rarely used as a given name, but its analogues, such as the Spanish Jess, have had long-standing popularity among persons from different linguistic backgrounds, such as those from Latin America. All About Mary However, presently we assume that Mary and Joseph were both in their teens when Jesus was born, about sixteen and eighteen respectively. This was the standard for Jewish newlyweds at that time. The most significant distinction between Aramaic and Hebrew is that Aramaic is the language of the Arameans (Syrians), whereas Hebrew is the language of the Hebrews (Israelites) (Israelites). Both Aramaic and Hebrew are closely related languages (both Northwest Semitic) that share a lot of vocabulary and are spoken in the same region. According to biblical tradition, Benjamin was one of the twelve tribes that made up the people of Israel, and he was also one of the two tribes (together with Judah) that eventually became known as the Jewish people. The tribe was named after Jacob (also known as Israel) and his second wife, Rachel, who had two children, the younger of whom was named Israel. It is only because they were permitted to return to their country after the Babylonian Exile in 586 bc that the descendants of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin have survived as Jews. Those in charge of editing the Encyclopaedia Britannica Adam Zeidan was responsible for the most recent revisions and updates to this article. Jesus is referred to be the Lamb of God (John 1:36) in order to emphasize His gentleness and willingness to offer Himself as a sacrifice to atone for our sins. Nevertheless, He is also referred to as the Lion of the tribe of Judah (Revelation 5:5) in order to demonstrate His full authority and dominion over the entire universe. David was the eldest of eight sons born to Jesse, a farmer and sheep breeder from the Israelite tribe of Judah. He was the youngest of the eight boys. According to Christian theology, the Lion of Judah is also cited in the Book of Revelation as a word that represents Jesus, who is known as the Lamb of God. Interestingly, the term ″lion of Judah″ was also used by the Solomonic Emperors of Ethiopia, who were known as the Lions of Judah.

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Now the Hopi Reservation in Black Mesa, Arizona is surrounded by the Navajo reservation and is where the vast majority of the Hopi live today. However, a few Hopi live on the Colorado River Indian Reservation, on the Colorado River in western Arizona. The Hopi are a Native American tribe who primarily live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona. As of the 2010 census, there are 19,338 Hopi in the United States. The Hopi Tribe is a sovereign nation located in northeastern Arizona. Over the centuries we have survived as a tribe, and to this day have managed to retain our culture, language and religion despite influences from the outside world. Each village is self-governing and autonomous, and members of the Hopi tribe often identify themselves by their village and clan affiliations. The Hopi are widely considered to be the “oldest of the native people” within north America and have current total population of nearly 14,212. Tourism in the Hopi Reservation and Blue Canyon, Arizona You are welcome to stay in the hotel, but you should not be venturing out on your own deeper into the land. Intensely spiritual and fiercely independent, Hopi people value their privacy, particularly while conducting religious ceremonies throughout the year. The Hopi language comes from the Uto-Aztecan language family and is related to Shoshone, Comanche and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs. The Navajo language comes from the Athapaskan language family and is related to the languages of the Cibecue and Tonto Apaches and languages spoken in California, Alaska and Canada. The Hopi people trace their history in Arizona to more than 2,000 years, but their history as a people goes back many more thousands of years. According to their legends, the Hopi migrated north to Arizona from the south, up from what is now South America, Central America and Mexico. The Hopi village of Oraibi has been continuously inhabited since its founding, which is estimated to have been around 1100, and even today the small village holds to their traditional way of living, and they don’t especially appreciate visitors coming by to gawk. Though it lacks a physical casino at this point, the Hopi Tribe has officially joined the Indian gaming industry. The tribe’s Class III gaming compact with the state of Arizona goes into effect on Tuesday. Hopi language, a North American Indian language of the Uto-Aztecan family, spoken by the Hopi people of northeastern Arizona. The Clovis culture, the earliest definitively-dated Paleo-Indians in the Americas, appears around 11,500 RCBP (radiocarbon years Before Present), equivalent to 13,500 to 13,000 calendar years ago. The land of the Hopi is in northeastern Arizona, approximately 92 miles northeast of Flagstaff, just outside of Tuba City. Visits to the First Mesa require guided tours. Tours of First Mesa provide the best way to experience the Hopi villages with guides certified by the Hopi Tribe. The Hopi call themselves ” Hopituh Shi-nu-mu,” meaning “The Peaceful People” or “Peaceful Little Ones.” Like many Native American tribes, the Hopi are organized into clans, focusing on the matrilineal lines will help those searching for Hopi ancestors. The Hopi are deeply religious people who live by an ethic of peace and goodwill. They have worked very hard to retain their culture, language, and religion, despite outside influences. They are widely known for their crafts—pottery, silver overlay, and baskets. The Hopi religion is very complex. It has a very developed belief system with many gods and spirits; this includes Earth Mother, Sky Father, the Sun, the Moon, kachinas (invisible spirits of life), and Masaw (the world’s guardian spirit). The Painted Desert is the badlands of the Four Corners area, which runs from the Arizona-New Mexico area to the east end of Grand Canyon National Park. It is known for its brilliant and varied colors, which not only include the more common red rock but even shades of lavender.

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Is Igbo a place? Igboland is the home of the Igbo people and it covers most of Southeast Nigeria. This area is divided by the Niger River into two unequal sections – the eastern region (which is the largest) and the midwestern region. Is Lagos A Igbo state? The origin of Lagos has its roots to the ancient Benin Kingdom domiciled in Edo State today. Lagos has been the home of different tribes, ethnic groups who have lived in peace for centuries. … The Igbo people are an ethnic group domiciled in the present day south central and south eastern part of Nigeria. Are Igbos rich? Igbo people are known for their diligence and broad participation in business life in Nigeria. Igbo businessmen and women have been playing significant roles in Nigerian industrial and business spheres for a long time. This explains why so many of them are quite wealthy. Which tribe is the poorest in Nigeria? With the Kanuri tribe contributing significantly to the population of Nigeria, it is sure to say that a lot of them lives in abject poverty. Also, with the occupying states of the tribe being rated high in terms of poverty, the ethnic group can be seen as the most poorest in the country. Which tribe is the richest in Nigeria? While the Igbos are known to be the richest tribe in Nigeria due to the business sense know how, they are also one of the most dangerous tribes in the country today. Find out the richest Yoruba men and women in Nigeria. The Igbos are known for trade and commerce. Is Igbo from Israel? (Courtesy: Chika Oduah.) The Igbo are one of Nigeria’s largest ethnic groups. Among them is a minority of practicing Jews who believe they are descended from the “lost tribes” of Israel. Who are the main Igbos? The primary Igbo states in Nigeria are Anambra, Abia, Imo, Ebonyi, and Enugu States. The Igbos also are more than 25% of the population in some Nigerian States like Delta State and Rivers State. Traces of the Igbo Culture and language could be found in Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Bayelsa States. How old is Yoruba? The Yoruba-speaking peoples share a rich and complex heritage that is at least one thousand years old. Today 18 million Yoruba live primarily in the modern nations of southwestern Nigeria and the Republic of Benin.

https://cats-africa.com/african-countries/you-asked-is-igbo-a-state.html

The common name tilapia hails from the name of the cichlid genus Tilapia. This genus used to be much bigger, but it has now been split into several different genera, e.g. Oreochromis and Sarotherodon. It is however still common to refer to the old members of the genus Tilapia as tilapias in everyday speech. The genus Tilapia belongs to the tribe Tilapiini in the subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. All species in the tribe Tilapiini are referred to as tilapiine cichlids. The genus name Tilapia is a latinisation of the word thiape, which means fish in Tswana. Tswana (also known as Setswana) is a language belonging to the Bantu group of the Niger-Congo languages. Tswana is the national and majority language of Botswana. The genus name Tilapia was introduced by Andrew Smith in 1840. Andrew Smith was a Scottish surgeon, explorer, naturalist and zoologist. At the age of 23 he was sent to Africa to supervise the medical care of European soldiers and soldiers of the Cape Corps. Since tilapia is such a popular food fish, it has been ascribed with a specific name in many different languages and dialects. Tilapia is for instance known as amnoon (אמנון) in Hebrew and bolty (بلطي) in Arabic. In Ancient Egypt, the Nile tilapia was called ỉn.t and represented by its own hieroglyph. The hieroglyph is number K1 on the Gardiner's Sign List. (The Gardiner's Sign List is a list of common Egyptian hieroglyphs compiled by Egyptologist Sir Alan Gardiner.) When used as a logogram, the hieroglyph meant "a Nile tilapia". When used as a determinative (ideogram), it could refer not only to the Nile tilapia but also to flathead mullets, another group of important food fishes for the Ancient Egyptians. When used as a part of the phonogram, the hieroglyph represented the ỉn: sound. In English, certain species of tilapia can be referred to as "St. Peter's fish". There is a passage in the New Testament where the apostle Peter (who would later become known as St. Peter) catches a fish in the Sea of Galilee that turns out to be carrying a shekel coin in its mouth. According to the legend, the fingerprints of Peter caused dark spots to appear on the sides of the fish. Dark spots on the sides of the body are a common trait in several species of tilapiine chiclids. The tilapia species living in the Sea of Galilee (which is actually a lake) is Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus. When tilapia farming commenced in East Asia, new words for the tilapia fish in general and/or for certain types of tilapia appeared in many local languages and dialects. Tilapia is for instance known as ikan nila in Indonesia. Several Asian countries, including the Philippines, use the term pla-pla to denote large tilapia and reserve the name tilapia for small tilapias only. In mainland China, tilapia is known as luofei (罗非鱼). This name is based on the origin of the Nile tilapia. The Chinese name for the Nile is niLOU and the name for Africa is FEIzhou. LOU + FEI = loufei. In Taiwan, tilapia is often referred to as “South Pacific Crucian Carp”, but there is also a Chinese word for the fish: Wu-Kuo (吳郭). This name is based on the surnames of Wu Chen-hui (吳振輝) and Kuo Chi-chang (郭啟彰), since they were the ones who introduced tilapia to Taiwan from Singapore.

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- ：Hardback 229 x 152 x 21 mm / ix, 338 p. - 定価 - ：￡75 - ISBN - ：9781108841450 This innovative history of welfare economics challenges the view that welfare economics can be discussed without taking ethical values into account. Whatever their theoretical commitments, when economists have considered practical problems relating to public policy, they have adopted a wider range of ethical values, whether equality, justice, freedom, or democracy. Even canonical authors in the history of welfare economics are shown to have adopted ethical positions different from those with which they are commonly associated. Welfare Theory, Public Action, and Ethical Values explores the reasons and implications of this, drawing on concepts of welfarism and non-welfarism developed in modern welfare economics. The authors exemplify how economic theory, public affairs and political philosophy interact, challenging the status quo in order to push economists and historians to reconsider the nature and meaning of welfare economics.

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In May this year, a new definition of HTA was announced following a collaboration co-led by the International Network of Agencies for HTA (INAHTA) and HTA International (HTAi). This is important as it provides insight into how the members of INAHTA and HTAi, as well as the other collaborations noted, are viewing the evolution of HTA. Previously, the various groups had their own definitions, now they are moving forward with the same focus, in the same direction. The joint task group conducted three rounds of consultation to reach a consensus. Discussion focused on whether: - the definition of a health technology needed updating (no); - to include improving health outcomes as an aim, in addition to informing health policy and decision making (no); - removal of jargon and simplification (yes); and - how to express the concept of value (considered context-related). The change from ‘all available evidence’ to ‘best available evidence’ acknowledges that decisions must be made and pragmatism may be required. The general nature of the definition is meant to “reflect different decision contexts in low-, middle-, and high-income countries, such as: formulary coverage or reimbursement decisions (including disinvestment); clinical practice guideline development; defining emergency kits, disaster planning, (basic) benefit packages, and essential medicine lists; medical device and equipment procurement planning; negotiating prices for health technologies, and other decision contexts at the national, regional, or local levels, including hospitals”. HTA is a versatile tool, and even though the definition may be quite general and succinct, how it came about says a lot. Note 1: A health technology is an intervention developed to prevent, diagnose or treat medical conditions; promote health; provide rehabilitation; or organize healthcare delivery. The intervention can be a test, device, medicine, vaccine, procedure, program, or system. Note 2: The process is formal, systematic, and transparent, and uses state-of-the-art methods to consider the best available evidence. Note 3: The dimensions of value for a health technology may be assessed by examining the intended and unintended consequences of using a health technology compared to existing alternatives. These dimensions often include clinical effectiveness, safety, costs and economic implications, ethical, social, cultural and legal issues, organizational and environmental aspects, as well as wider implications for the patient, relatives, caregivers, and the population. The overall value may vary depending on the perspective taken, the stakeholders involved, and the decision context. Note 4: HTA can be applied at different points in the lifecycle of a health technology, that is, pre-market, during market approval, post-market, through to the disinvestment of a health technology.

https://fingerpostconsulting.com/2020/10/06/hta-goes-global/

The various steps of research are important in gathering relevant information about the worker. This information is important as it will be used in ascertaining the magnitude of the situation at hand. However, as data is collected from the employees at the organization, confidentiality is essential. Vaught and Grace (2000) emphasized employee confidentiality in occupational healthcare. This is why medical records should be stored in line with data protection legislation. The leader plays an important role in ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of the employee’s records. This is because the leader should be able to protect all the employees at the organization without discrimination. Healthcare workers’ privacy and confidentiality in ensuring all workers are safe in the worksite Privacy and confidentiality play an important role in health care. This is because privacy articulates who has the right to access personal information while confidentiality prevents medical professionals from disclosing the information that is shared by a patient. In a work setting, agencies are no allowed to share the personal information of an employee as it contravenes the privacy and confidentiality clause. Confidentiality is considered an ethical principle in health services. This is why it important not to disclose the private health information of the employee. Heikkinen et al., (2006) advised it is difficult to protect confidentiality in a workplace due to the ethical challenges raised. These ethical challenges include the obligation of the entire workforce coinciding with the obligation of protecting one employee. However, there are various arguments for the disclosure of a patient’s information which are in line with the ethical challenges mentioned. In Sara’s scenario, the information was divulged due to the nature of the condition which is highly contagious. It can be considered that the information was divulged to ensure the safety of all the workers on the site. The role of the manager versus a leader in this scenario and how this situation should be handled The manager and the leader play different roles when handling the crisis in the organization. Whereas the leader is supposed to be in control of the situation by taking responsibility and advising others, managers are known to play politics and assign blame. According to Fener and Cevik (2015), the current leader will make a scenario analysis and work with the team to gather different viewpoints before concluding. This when applied to the Sara scenario the leader would have analyzed the situation instead of alienating Sara and ensure enough information was gathered about the disease. This would have been done to protect both Sara and the other workmates. This would have been done considering TB is highly contagious and infectious. The manager who was Sara’s boss alienated her instead of handling the situation as a leader. Conclusion The Sara scenario brings the complexity of privacy and confidentiality of personal information. According to Vaught and Grace (2000) utilitarianism bases the action on whether it maximizes the overall good. It can therefore be considered good if the confidentiality of a patient was breached to protect many in the organization. This can be applied to the Sara scenario where a highly contagious disease requires informing the management to protect the others within the organization. Unfortunately, it ended up with Sara being isolated. References Fener, Tuğba & Çedikçi Çevik, Tuğçe. (2015). Leadership in Crisis Management: Separation of Leadership and Executive Concepts. Procedia Economics and Finance. 26. 695-701. 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00817-5. Heikkinen, A., Launis, V., Wainwright, P., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2006). Privacy and occupational health services. Journal of medical ethics, 32(9), 522–525. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.013557 Vaught Wayne and Grace Paranzino. (2000). Confidentiality in Occupational Health Care. AAOHN Journal Vol. 48. NO.5 (pp. 243-254). Have you read Health Behavior, Communication, and Advocacy?

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The following outcomes of the 25th U.S.-China JCCT were achieved: Export Controls - The U.S. Department of Commerce and the Chinese Ministry of Commerce held the ninth meeting of the U.S.-China High Technology and Strategic Trade Working Group (HTWG) in Shenzhen, China on October 28, 2014. The two sides reviewed the achievements made by the working group in recent years, held detailed and in-depth discussion of issues of mutual concern, and reached understanding on future efforts to promote and facilitate bilateral civilian high technology and strategic trade. Both sides speak highly of the working group meeting, as well as the China-U.S. Hi-tech Trade Seminar held on October 29, 2014. - The United States reiterated its commitment to encourage and facilitate exports of commercial high technology items to China for civilian end users and for civilian end uses. Both sides reiterated their commitment to promote bilateral high technology trade cooperation in key civilian areas. - To further implement the Action Plan, the U.S. side reiterated that it will actively review individual cases for potentially export controlled civilian high-tech items, such as deep water oil/gas exploration equipment which the Chinese side raised in the HTWG meeting, and provide timely feedback upon receipt of necessary and sufficient information. Also to implement the Action Plan and enhance trade confidence, both sides agreed to continue exchanges of information between both government and industry. - As part of their implementation of the Action Plan, and as set forth and consistent with existing applicable U.S. regulations, the United States agreed to review applications from qualified Chinese companies that meet the requirements for VEU authorization in a timely manner upon receipt of necessary information; and to implement Wassenaar Arrangement and other multilateral export control regime control list revisions resulting in facilitated exports to most countries, including China, if for civilian end users and civilian end uses. The two sides agreed to continue to strengthen cooperation in end-user visits in accordance with the provisions of the End-Use Verification Understanding. The two sides further commit to continue detailed and in-depth discussion of the export control issues of mutual interest within the U.S.-China High Technology and Strategic Trade Working Group. - The Chinese side presented the U.S. side with several specific item descriptions for possible export licensing to China. The U.S. side has reviewed those items and determined that some cannot now be approved for export to China but, consistent with current U.S. policy, other items are eligible for consideration for a license for civil end users for civil end uses, and if the U.S. does not have diversion concerns. Medical Devices and Pharmaceutical Access - China and the United States affirm that significantly reducing the time-to-market for innovative pharmaceutical products and medical devices will benefit patients by allowing them to receive better treatment earlier. The United States and China have reached the following consensus: - China will accelerate the studying and pushing forward of the reform of the medical device and pharmaceutical regulatory review and approval system, and will make great efforts to eliminate the drug application backlog within 2-3 years. China’s efforts will include adding personnel, funds, streamlining relevant mechanisms, and increasing the speed of review. - Applicants who use Multi-Regional Clinical Trial data that includes data from China in order to apply for clinical trial waivers, and whose applications comply with the technical review requirements, can receive clinical trial waivers in China, in order to prevent duplicative testing. - China will implement measures that allow a drug not marketed in foreign countries to conduct clinical trials in China at the same time it is conducting clinical trials in another country. Applicants can submit evidence of marketing approval of a pharmaceutical product in another country (i.e. certificate of pharmaceutical product) when applying for the drug license after completing clinical trials. - China and the United States agree that for all draft pharmaceutical and medical device rules and regulations where notifications are required under the relevant WTO rules, a comment period will be provided that will be no less than 60 days. - In accordance with the Regulations on Supervisory Management of Medical Devices, China will, to facilitate practical regulatory needs, further accelerate the expansion and adjustment of clinical trial product exemption catalogues; expand the scope of medical devices that can be exempted from conducting clinical trials in China; reduce the number of medical device clinical trials and improve the efficiency of bringing imported medical devices to the Chinese market. - China and the United States agree to engage in enhanced dialogue with expert and high-level officials of relevant Chinese and U.S. agencies in 2015 to promote efficient pharmaceutical and medical device regulation and market access. U.S. Transport Aircraft Bilateral Airworthiness Expansion - CAAC and FAA continue to cooperate closely, and based on the platform of the CAAC ARJ21 aircraft's airworthiness certification, the FAA will complete the shadow evaluation of CAAC's transport airplane certification capability, review the results, and discuss with the CAAC how to consider expanding the existing China/U.S. Bilateral airworthiness agreement based on the shadow evaluation's results, and strengthen cooperation further in the airworthiness area. Agricultural Biotechnology - To implement the consensus reached by the Presidents of both countries at their bilateral meeting in November 2014, where China and the United States reached consensus to intensify science-based agricultural innovation for food security and China and the United States committed to strengthen dialogue to enable increased use of innovative technologies in agriculture, both sides agree to conduct an annual Strategic Agricultural Innovation Dialogue at a Vice-Ministerial level under the leadership of the Agriculture Working Group within the framework of JCCT, including officials from MOA, MOFCOM, USTR, USDA and officials from other relevant authorities of both countries. This dialogue is intended to create a favorable environment where both sides could carry out balanced, mutually beneficial exchange and cooperation on agricultural innovation. Relevant work plans and issues on the agenda will be put forward by the Agriculture Working Group, and this Vice-Ministerial dialogue will hold its first meeting in early 2015. Chinese Enterprises Participation in US PPP Projects - Both China and the United States welcome business investment in infrastructure including Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects by domestic and foreign investors. Both China and the United States recognize the potential for their firms to play a positive role in infrastructure development in both countries and commit to explore opportunities for deepening cooperation in this area. Competition 1. In order to build on the recognition of the United States and China in the Sixth Meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue that the objective of competition policy is to promote consumer welfare and economic efficiency, rather than promote individual competitors or industries, and that the enforcement of their respective competition laws should be fair, transparent, objective, and non-discriminatory, and China’s commitment that its three Antimonopoly Enforcement Agencies (AMEAs) are to provide to any party under investigation information about the AMEA’s competition concerns with the conduct or transaction, as well as an effective opportunity for the party to present evidence in its defense: a) China clarifies that in enforcing the AML, all business operators shall be treated equally. b) Where AML violations are found, China clarifies that it is to impose enforcement measures that address the harm to competition, and not to impose enforcement measures designed to promote individual competitors or industries. 2. China clarifies that its AMEAs will, (1) when undertaking administrative actions, strictly follow statutory limits on their authority, procedures, and requirements as laid out in China’s relevant laws, regulations and rules; and (2) before imposing penalties, notify the parties of the facts, reasons, and basis according to which the administrative penalties are to be decided, notify the parties of the rights that they enjoy in accordance with the law, and provide the parties with the right to state their cases and to defend themselves. 3. China clarifies that all administrative decisions that impose liability on a party under the AML will be provided in writing to the party and include the facts, reasons, and evidence on which the decision is based. China clarifies that it will publish the final version of administrative decisions that impose liability on a party under the AML in a timely manner. Administrative decisions made public in accordance with law should not include contents involving what are legally commercial secrets. 4. China will ensure that, upon request from a party involved, the three AMEAs are to allow Chinese practicing lawyers to attend and participate in meetings with any of the three AMEAs. China will ensure that, upon request from the party involved, and after obtaining approval from the AMEA, which shall be granted as normal practice, the following persons may attend the meetings with any of the three AMEAs: (1) representatives of foreign law firm representative offices established in China, who are permitted to attend and advise on international law and practice and provide information on the impact of the Chinese legal environment, but not permitted to conduct activities that encompass Chinese legal affairs, and (2) foreign legal counsel practicing in other legal jurisdictions, who are permitted to attend and provide information on the subject transaction or conduct and information on the laws or international practices of the legal jurisdiction where they practice. Visas - Both sides agree through channels such as the US-China Consular Dialogue to continue to exchange views on reciprocal arrangements for various types of visas and further facilitate people-to-people exchanges. IPR/Technology Localization - The United States and China commit to ensure that both countries treat intellectual property rights owned or developed in other countries the same as domestically owned or developed intellectual property rights. Enterprises are free to base technology transfer decisions on business and market considerations, and are free to independently negotiate and decide whether and under what circumstances to assign or license intellectual property rights to affiliated or unaffiliated enterprises. Both China and the United States confirm that the government is entitled to take measures to encourage enterprises to engage in research and development and the creation and protection of intellectual property rights. Notorious Market/301 Priority Watch List - The United States confirms its commitment to objectively, fairly, and in good faith take into account information it receives from Chinese and other entities as part of the process of compiling its Special 301 and Notorious Markets reports. - In the Special 301 and Notorious Markets reports, the United States confirms its commitment to recognize the efforts made and results achieved by foreign governments and entities, including progress made by the Chinese government and Chinese entities with respect to intellectual property protection and enforcement. - In fulfilling its 2013 JCCT commitment with respect to the Notorious Markets report, the United States took steps to add greater transparency to the Notorious Markets review process. - The United States is to consider and pursue additional steps as appropriate to enhance the transparency, objectivity, and fairness of these reporting processes. IPR/Geographical Indications - China and the United States acknowledge the importance of providing strong intellectual property protections and understand the following: - That a term, or its translation or transliteration, is not eligible for protection as a GI in its territory where the term is generic in its territory; - That the relationship between trademarks and GIs is to be handled in accordance with relevant articles in the TRIPS Agreement; - That the legal means are available for interested third parties on the above grounds to object to and to cancel any registration or recognition granted to a GI; - Where a component of a compound GI is generic in its territory, the GI protection is not to extend to that generic component. In the event a relevant agency does not have a disclaimer practice, the agency may adopt such practice noting that the compound GI registered or recognized is to be protected only in compound form. - China and the United States are to hold dialogues on geographical indications. Chinese Companies' Cargo Airlines Co-terminalization - In recognition of the importance of air services to the two economies, the United States and China commit to convene a new round of U.S.-China Air Services discussions in the first half of 2015 to discuss a broad range of issues including co-terminalization of all-cargo air carrier flights. Fisheries - The United States and China agree to work together to combat illegal, unreported, or unregulated (IUU) fishing, including by developing and sharing improved data on trade in fish and fish products. As a first step, both sides agree to meet in the first half of 2015 to begin sharing information about methodologies on trade statistics for fish and fish products, including greater specificity in the harmonized system, species of interest, and best practices for tracking product. Lacey Act Amendment - The United States and China commit to continue their relationship under the framework of the U.S.-China Bilateral Forum on Combating Illegal Logging and Associated Trade. The United States and China will hold the 6th meeting of the Forum in the first half of 2015 to further cooperation under the Forum, including through sharing information on the implementation of the Lacey Act, discussing ways to promote and facilitate legal forest products trade between the United States and China, the research program on wood legality verification options and strategies for China-U.S. trade in forest products, and encouraging the participation of the private sector and civil society in the Forum and in any seminars or workshops related to combating illegal logging and associated trade that China and the United States participate in. IPR/Treatment of Intellectual Property in Standards Setting - China and the United States recognize that standards setting can promote innovation, competition and consumer welfare. They also reaffirm that IPR protection and enforcement is critical to promote innovation, including when companies voluntarily agree to incorporate patents protecting technologies into a standard. Both sides recognize that specific concerns may exist relating to the licensing of standard essential patents that are subject to licensing agreements. China and the United States commit to continue engaging in discussion of these issues. Ease Railway Locomotive Vehicle Import Certification - The United States has confirmed that the Association of American Railroads is committed to apply the complete built unit (CBU) import market access authentication requirement in a fair and nondiscriminatory manner to domestic and imported products. Government Procurement - China confirms that it will publish for public comment the draft Interim Administrative Measures for the Government Procurement of Domestic Goods after revising and improving it on the basis of thorough consideration of various opinions, including achieving cost savings, decreasing administrative burdens, and increasing flexibilities. IPR/Cooperative Framework Agreement - China and the United States reaffirm their commitment to implement the US-China Intellectual Property Cooperation Framework Agreement (CFA). Both governments attach great importance to this work, and are to provide the support and resources necessary to implement engagements under the CFA over the next few years. MOFCOM, on the Chinese side, in cooperation with other Chinese IP agencies, and USPTO, USTDA, and USTR, on the US side, in cooperation with other U.S. IP agencies, pledge to work closely and cooperatively to ensure each program is successful. Their cooperation to date has been very successful, namely, the Exchange Program on Intellectual Property Legislation, Regulation and Judicial Interpretation in September of 2014 which was principally funded by USTDA and principally organized by USPTO in accordance with the 2013 MOU between USTDA and MOFCOM, and two workshops in China on the Protection of Geographical Indications and on Trademark Cancellation and Opposition Proceedings funded by USPTO with its Chinese partners (SAIC/AQSIQ and SAIC respectively). Both sides commit to further cooperate on CFA technical assistance and exchange engagements, including two study visits to the United States and additional workshops in China supported by USTDA and USPTO, including a forthcoming copyright-related workshop in 2015 co-sponsored by USPTO and NCAC. MOFCOM and USTDA have agreed to reallocate existing USTDA funding for workshops under their 2013 MOU to fund the study visits under the CFA. Upon completion of existing programmatic and budgetary commitments, the parties will evaluate the completed programs, and discuss how they might engage in additional programs under the CFA, and work toward a new or revised USTDA and MOFCOM MOU. China Legal Services - China agrees to conduct research and discussion at an appropriate time in 2015 to introduce the status and process of opening the Chinese legal services market, and to invite advice and suggestions from the foreign legal community. In the pilot work of exploring ways and mechanisms for strengthening business cooperation between Chinese and foreign, Hong Kong, and Macau law firms in the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone, Chinese relevant authorities are in the process of drafting implementation rules. Both sides agree to continue to exchange ideas on this work. U.S. Market Access on Legal Services - The United States welcomes foreign investment from China, including with respect to legal services. In the United States, legal services are for the most part regulated at the state level, and as such the Federal government has a limited role in the market for legal services. All licensed providers of legal services compete on the same terms and conditions without regard to nationality. As reflected in the U.S. WTO obligations, U.S. states do not discriminate against law firms based upon the nationality of their ownership, so long as the lawyers employed are authorized to practice in the state in question. Moreover, in granting licenses to individual lawyers, U.S. states do not discriminate against applicants based upon their nationality, and a Chinese lawyer licensed to practice in one U.S. state can obtain authorization to practice in another U.S. state under the same conditions as a U.S. lawyer. Finally, 32 states and the District of Columbia, representing all the major U.S. legal markets, have foreign legal consultancy rules allowing Chinese lawyers to advise their U.S. clients on Chinese law without obtaining a full license in the United States. Establish Sino-U.S. Service Trade Cooperation and Promotion Working Group - The United States and China commit to expand cooperation in promotion of trade in the services industry. The Department of Commerce and other interested parties will engage in a collaborative dialogue with the Ministry of Commerce at the Deputy Assistant Secretary/Director General level beginning early next year. As a part of this dialogue, the two sides will develop exchanges designed to promote bilateral trade in the services industry. Expanding U.S. and China Climate & Clean Energy Cooperation - To support the achievement of the ambitious climate goals announced by President Obama and President Xi in Beijing in November 2014, Commerce Secretary Penny Pritzker and Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz, in collaboration with the Chinese Ministry of Commerce and National Energy Administration, will co-lead a Smart Cities/Smart Growth Business Development Mission to China April 12-17, 2015. It will focus on green infrastructure, energy efficiency, green buildings, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) and environmental sectors. The mission will highlight the benefits of sustainable urbanization technologies to support China’s air quality and climate goals. IPR/Sales of IP-Intensive Goods and Services - The United States and China reaffirm their commitments to foster a better environment to facilitate increased sales of legitimate IP intensive goods and services (“legitimate sales”). The United States and China agree to study and exchange information on how to accomplish this objective. Areas of study and exchange are to include, as appropriate: metrics to show the levels of legitimate sales; information on how to analyze the economic impact of IP in each economy, sharing data on IP-intensive imports and exports if available; information on effective IP enforcement actions as well as relevant IP-related legal and regulatory reforms, and information on civil damages. The status of the discussion is to be reflected in the annual report of the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade IPR working group. IPR/Trade Secrets in Government Proceedings - The United States and China confirm that trade secrets submitted to the government in administrative or regulatory proceedings are to be protected from improper disclosure to the public and only disclosed to government officials in connection with their official duties in accordance with law. Each side will further study how to optimize its respective relevant administrative and regulatory procedures within its legal system, where appropriate, including by strengthening confidentiality protection measures, limiting the scope of government personnel having access to trade secrets, limiting the information required from companies to include only information reasonably necessary for satisfying regulatory purposes, and stipulating that any requirements on government agencies to publicly disclose information appropriately allow for the withholding of trade secrets. Government officials who illegally disclose companies’ trade secrets are to be subject to administrative or legal liability according to law. The United States and China agree to exchange information on the scope of protection of trade secrets and confidential business information under their respective legal systems. China acknowledges that it is to conduct a legislative study of a revised law on trade secrets. The United States acknowledges that draft legislation proposing a Federal civil cause of action for trade secrets misappropriation has been introduced in the U.S. Congress. IPR/Deepen and Strengthen China-U.S. Criminal Law Enforcement Cooperation on Intellectual Property - Building on the consensus reached at the 24th JCCT, the United States and China commit to deepen intellectual property criminal law enforcement cooperation under the framework of U.S.-China Joint Liaison Group on Law Enforcement Cooperation, including to increase the number of investigations, strengthen information-sharing and cooperation in cross-border criminal law enforcement, and to conduct joint law enforcement actions for major cases. Food and Drug Safety Inspections - To promote bilateral cooperation in food safety, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) and China's General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine signed the Implementing Arrangement Between the Food and Drug Administration of the Department of Health and Human Services of the United States of America and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China Regarding the Cooperative Mechanism of Food Safety Regulatory Staff on the placement of food safety regulatory staff in one another’s country. The U.S. FDA and the China Food and Drug Administration also signed the Implementing Arrangement Between the Food and Drug Administration of the Department of Health and Human Services of the United States of America and the China Food and Drug Administration of the People’s Republic of China Regarding the Cooperative Mechanism of Regulatory Staff on the placement of drug safety regulatory staff in one another’s country in November 2014. U.S.-China Legal Exchange - The U.S. Department of Commerce and China’s Ministry of Commerce and State Council Legislative Affairs Office agreed to lead the U.S.-China Legal Exchange in January 2015, during which U.S. government representatives are to inform members of the Chinese business, legal, and academic communities in Beijing and Wuhan, China of recent developments in U.S. law on the topics of regulation of air pollution control and legal aspects of conducting international electronic commerce. Both sides agreed to convene the next Legal Exchange in the United States, and to work together promptly to agree on the topics to be covered in the exchange and the cities in the United States where it will take place. Administrative Law - To further enhance mutual understanding of the two sides’ administrative licensing procedures and their impact on the business community, the United States and China held a productive joint exchange on administrative licensing in Washington, DC in May 2014 that included participation of the business communities of both sides. The United States and China will continue their joint exchange in Spring 2015 by broadening the topic of discussion beyond administrative licensing to other administrative law and administrative procedure issues of concern to our business communities, including the protection of confidential business information in administrative proceedings, and accountability for administrative decisionmaking, with additional topics to be mutually determined. IPR/Bad Faith Trademark Filings - Both sides agree to continue to prioritize the issue of bad faith trademark filings, and to strengthen communication and exchange on this issue through existing bilateral and multilateral channels. IPR/Engagement on Judicial Best Practices - China and the United States commit to continue to strengthen exchange and cooperation on issues related to judicial organs through the IPR Working Group and other bilateral mechanisms. IPR/Licensing of Technology - The U.S. and China both commit to continue to maintain exchanges and dialogue regarding technology import and export license agreement issues. IPR/Online Infringement - China and the U.S. are to strengthen enforcement against unlawful trademark counterfeiting and copyright piracy activities in the online environment and to deter the occurrence of infringement and counterfeiting through criminal, civil and administrative remedies and penalties, according to law. Building on the foundation of the June 18, 2014 Leading Group’s Work Plan for Fighting Infringement in the Online Environment, China will, in a practical and timely fashion, classify products with significant impacts on public health and safety as priorities, and carry-out enhanced enforcement actions. Both China and the U.S. are to continue their effective cooperation in cross-border enforcement efforts against counterfeit and pirated goods, and conduct exchanges on the effectiveness of enforcement efforts. Statistics Working Group - The JCCT Statistics Working Group (SWG) in December 2014 signed a document that outlines the working group’s future work on analyzing the U.S.-China trade statistics. It is the first time that the working group’s work plan includes trade in services in addition to goods. The SWG, under the JCCT, is a highly cooperative effort through which the United States and China discuss statistical issues to achieve a better mutual understanding of the official statistics that each country produces. This work fosters a better understanding of the economic ties between the United States and China and helps each country understand the bilateral trade statistics. IPR/Patent Protection and Bad Faith Litigations - The U.S. and China remain committed to promoting a robust intellectual property system that will incentivize future innovation and economic growth in both countries. Both parties are to strengthen cooperation to protect innovators from bad faith litigations, including to hold a joint seminar on IP licensing, so as to create positive conditions for innovation. IPR/Data Supplementation - The U.S. and China have been maintaining a useful and informative discussion on the supplementation of data, since the 24th JCCT in 2013, and China has made improvements on the practice pursuant to Chinese laws and regulations. Both sides affirm that continued exchanges and engagement on specific cases are beneficial. IPR/Inventor Remuneration - The United States and China commit to protect the legal rights of inventors in respect of their inventions and creations, in accordance with their respective domestic laws and regulations, and in line with their domestic laws, commit to respect the legitimate rules and regulations developed by employers and legitimate contracts between employers and inventors concerning inventor remuneration and awards. JCCT Participants U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker and U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman, together with Chinese Vice Premier Wang Yang, co-chaired the 25th U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) in Chicago, Illinois, on December 16-18, 2014. They were joined by U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack, U.S. Ambassador to China Max Baucus, U.S. Trade and Development Agency Director Leocadia Zak, and additional representatives from the U.S. Departments of Commerce, Agriculture, State and Treasury and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. Other Chinese participants included China’s Ambassador to the United States Cui Tiankai and representatives from the State Council; the National Development and Reform Commission; the Ministries of Agriculture, Commerce, Finance, Foreign Affairs, Industry and Information Technology, and Science and Technology; the China Civil Aviation Administration; the China Food and Drug Administration; the China Insurance Regulatory Commission; the China National Tourism Administration; the General Administration of Customs; the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine; the State Administration for Industry and Commerce; the State Forestry Administration; and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. JCCT Related Events Incorporating an expanded program developed by Secretary Pritzker, Ambassador Froman, and Vice Premier Wang at last year’s JCCT, the session began with a number of events, jointly sponsored by the U.S. Government and the U.S. and Chinese private sectors. These activities were a critical part of this year's reimagined JCCT, and were widely regarded by the public and private sectors of both countries as an impactful addition to the JCCT that should be integrated in future years.

https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/fact-sheets/2014/december/us-china-joint-fact-sheet-25th-us

Erin Shi serves as a senior intellectual property (IP) specialist in Shanghai, China, and covers eastern and central China. She has more than 17 years of experience in IP law, having worked for agencies of both the Chinese and U.S. governments as well as an international law firm. Prior to re-joining the United States Patent and Trademark Office’s (USPTO) Shanghai team in 2019, Ms. Shi worked as an IP attorney for Jones Day Shanghai from 2015 to 2019. With her broad experience in both the public and private sectors, she provided clients with practical advice on various IP and regulatory issues. From 2012 to 2015, Ms. Shi was part of the USPTO Shanghai team, working closely with other U.S. federal agencies on various U.S.-China IP matters, including Chinese patent law amendments, patent administrative enforcement measures, service invention regulations, and technology licensing regulations. She also provided advice to U.S. rights holders regarding IP protection and enforcement strategies. Prior to joining the USPTO in 2012, Ms. Shi was an administrative enforcement officer with the Shanghai Intellectual Property Administration (SIPA) from 2002 to 2012, where she handled patent-related disputes relating to infringement, service invention remuneration, and attribution of rights. She also served as an enforcement officer at trade fairs, handling patent infringement disputes. Ms. Shi graduated from the Shanghai University with bachelor’s and master’s degrees in law, and obtained an LL.M. from the University of Denver’s Sturm College of Law. About the USPTO and the Office of Policy and International Affairs Aside from the issuance of patents and registration of trademarks, the USPTO has a statutory mandate to advise the President and all federal agencies, through the Secretary of Commerce, on national and international intellectual property (IP) policy issues, including IP protection in other countries. In addition, the USPTO is authorized by statute to provide guidance, conduct programs and studies, and interact with IP offices worldwide—and with international intergovernmental organizations—on matters involving IP. The USPTO’s Office of Policy and International Affairs fulfills this mandate by leading negotiations on behalf of the United States at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO); advising the Administration on the negotiation and implementation of the IP provisions of international trade agreements; advising the Secretary of Commerce and the Administration on a full range of IP policy matters, including in the areas of patent, copyright, trademarks, and trade secrets; conducting empirical research on IP; and providing educational programs on the protection, use, and enforcement of IP.

https://www.uspto.gov/ip-policy/ip-attache-program/erin-shi

Earlier this month, Assistant Attorney General Lanny A. Breuer of the Criminal Division represented the U.S Department of Justice as a keynote speaker at the 5th International Law Enforcement Intellectual Property (IP) Crime Conference in Madrid, hosted by INTERPOL, EUROPOL, and the Cuerpo Nacional de Policia. Breuer joined China, Ghana, Nigeria, Canada, Chile, Sweden and other countries to discuss solution-driven proposals to IP crime enforcement at the conference, which brought together more than 400 law enforcement and customs personnel from more than 50 countries. Criminals manufacture and distribute counterfeit and pirated goods across the globe. While advances in technology bring our world closer together, those same advances allow those who would commit intellectual property crimes to operate globally without ever needing to leave their homes. Assistant Attorney General Breuer spoke about the importance of devoting time and effort toward IP crime and raising global awareness about its harmful consequences: “Counterfeit pharmaceuticals, counterfeit automotive and defense-industry parts, and other counterfeit consumer products can cause serious harm to people and endanger their lives; and . . . companies whose trade secrets are stolen or whose goods are counterfeited may be forced to downsize or go out of business, costing individuals their jobs. Nevertheless, the public perception at times persists that IP crime is victimless. It is therefore one of our important duties here this week to spread the message about the significant, and very real, costs of IP crime.”The conference emphasized the importance of an organized and collaborative international strategy. International cooperation to disrupt the distribution of counterfeit goods improves the quality and safety of goods being sold and distributed to citizens in all countries. IP crime is an international problem and economic road block for businesses, both large and small. Coordinating with our foreign law enforcement partners enables our partners all over the world to address and work toward eliminating IP crimes happening beyond our borders. For instance, German authorities provided vital assistance that led to the indictment of a Dow AgroSciences LLC research scientist on economic espionage charges for his alleged misappropriation and transportation of company trade secrets to China and Germany. Elsewhere, because of the Israeli government’s help and cooperation, a Massachusetts individual pleaded guilty to economic espionage after providing company trade secrets to an undercover agent posing as an Israeli intelligence officer. In addition to cooperating on law enforcement matters, the department works to build partnerships through international training programs. In the last six years, the Justice Department has participated in IP enforcement training and education programs for more than 12,000 prosecutors, investigators, judicial officers, and other officials from more than 30 countries. We also send prosecutors overseas to take the lead on our IP protection efforts in key spots around the globe through the Department’s Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Coordinator, or IPLEC, program. We know IP crime is a serious threat. It jeopardizes the health and safety of consumers. It stifles innovation and creativity. And it has negative effects on the global economy. The Justice Department will continue to vigorously enforce our criminal IP statutes, and bring trade secret thieves, counterfeiters, intellectual property pirates, and others to justice.

https://www.trinitymountministries.com/2011/09/assistant-attorney-general-lanny-breuer.html

Good morning, Chairman Johnson, Ranking Member Carper, and distinguished Members of the Committee. Thank you for the opportunity to appear today in Arizona to discuss the role of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in combating the flow of dangerous drugs into the United States. The use and availability of heroin and other illegal opioids, as well as the nonmedical use of prescription opioids in the United States, have been increasing at an alarming rate. The situation is one of the most important, complex, and difficult challenges our Nation faces today. According to a recent report1 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, overdose deaths involving heroin nearly doubled between 2011 and 2013 and are climbing. There is no single entity, nor a single solution, that can address this problem. Tackling this complex threat involves a united, comprehensive strategy and aggressive approach by multiple entities – from law enforcement, science, medicine, education, social work, and the public health sector – across all levels of government. While continued efforts to interdict heroin and other drugs at the border are a key aspect of addressing this crisis, interdictions, arrests and convictions alone cannot mitigate the far-reaching effects of nonmedical prescription opioid and heroin abuse. We need to focus on prevention and treatment, and identify the characteristics of developing cases of opioid use disorder before they escalate. We must also concentrate on deterring opioid trafficking by transnational criminal organizations (TCO), cartels, and other distribution networks. To do this effectively, we must better integrate our efforts, share information, and partner with federal, state, local and tribal communities as well as the private sector. The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA) Heroin Response Strategy,2 recently announced by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), will foster a collaborative partnership between public health and law enforcement entities. The strategy seeks a comprehensive response to this complex epidemic by addressing the broad range of efforts required – on the international, national, and local levels – to reduce the use, distribution, and trafficking of this dangerous substance. As America’s unified border agency, CBP has a critical role in the efforts to keep dangerous drugs like heroin and other opioids out of the hands of the American public. Combating TCOs and drug trafficking organizations (DTO) is a key component of our multi-layered, risk-based approach to enhance the security of our borders. This layered approach to security reduces our reliance on any single point or program, and extends our zone of security outward, ensuring that our physical border is not the first or last line of defense, but one of many. Secretary Johnson’s Unity of Effort initiative has put in place new and strengthened management processes to enable more effective DHS component operations to address TCOs, drug-trafficking, and other cross-border threats. In addition, DHS-wide border and maritime security activities are guided by the new Southern Border and Approaches Campaign Plan and complement the Administration’s National Drug Control Strategy, and the National Southwest Border Counternarcotics Strategy. Aimed at leveraging the range of unique Department roles, responsibilities, and capabilities, the Campaign enhances our ability to work together in a more unified way to address these comprehensive threats. In support of this new Campaign, on November 20, 2014, the Secretary announced the creation of three new joint task forces (JTF) to coordinate the efforts of the combined resources of DHS component agencies. Joint Task Force-East is responsible for the maritime approaches to the United States across the southeast, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean. Joint Task Force-West is responsible for the southwest land border from Texas to California. And, supporting the work of the other two task forces is a standing Joint Task Force for Investigations. These three JTFs reached full operational capability on July 30 of this year. 1 Vital Signs, a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; July 7, 2015. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2014, CBP officers and agents seized 3.8 million pounds of drugs across the country. During FY 2015, CBP saw a four- percent increase from FY 2014 in overall nationwide seizure events, but a six- percent decrease in drug seizures by weight. Additionally, heroin total seizure amounts for FY 2015 increased 23 percent to more than 6,000 pounds. CBP seizures of clandestinely made opioids like fentanyl, while relatively small compared to heroin, have also significantly increased from 1.1 kg in FY 2013 to 3.7 kg seized in FY 2014 and 89.7 kg seized in FY 2015. These figures demonstrate the continued effectiveness of CBP’s detection and interdiction abilities, but may also indicate that manufacturers and traffickers are increasing the production and supply of heroin in the United States. Mexican manufacturers and traffickers continue to be major suppliers of heroin to the United States. Although the vast majority of CBP’s heroin interdictions are seized from DTO smuggling networks along the Southwest land border, CBP also interdicts this dangerous drug in all environments and transportation modes. The reach and influence of Mexican cartels, notably Los Zetas, and the Gulf, Juarez, Jalisco New Generation, and Sinaloa Cartels, stretches across and beyond the Southwest border, operating through loose business ties with smaller organizations in cities across the United States. The threat of DTOs is dynamic; rival organizations are constantly vying for control, and as U.S. and Mexican anti-drug efforts disrupt criminal networks, new groups arise and form new alliances. Between the Ports of Entry (POEs) along the Southwest border, CBP has made significant technology deployments in recent years. These deployments have included mobile surveillance units, ground sensors, and thermal imaging systems to increase its ability to detect illegal cross-border activity and contraband. CBP maintains 652 miles of fencing and has deployed other tactical infrastructure to key trafficking areas. Additionally, the CBP ReUse effort utilizes Department of Defense (DoD) technologies that are no longer needed by DOD but can be used to satisfy critical border security missions while saving DHS resources. For example, CBP received from DOD and delivered to its field operators aerostat technology, spectrometers, and night vision equipment. DHS and CBP have employed these technologies for line-watch persistent surveillance, aerial surveillance, detection of contraband and Weapons of Mass Destruction, and agent/officer safety. For example, tactical aerostats deployed in the Rio Grande Valley enabled the Border Patrol to seize over 100 tons of narcotics to date. As part of its efforts to prevent the illicit smuggling of humans, drugs, and other contraband, CBP’s Border Patrol maintains checkpoints and a high level of vigilance on corridors of egress from our Nation’s borders. For example, this past May, San Diego Sector Border Patrol agents made an arrest after discovering more than 16 pounds of heroin in the back of a vehicle travelling along Interstate 5 in California. In August of this year, Border Patrol agents in the El Centro Sector, also in California, arrested a suspected drug smuggler during a check of a commercial passenger bus at the Highway 86 checkpoint after discovering packages of heroin hidden inside his shoes. And earlier this year, Border Patrol agents participated in “Operation Crazy Bull”, which targeted drug traffickers in northwest Pennsylvania and other states in the region. The operation, which resulted in the arrest of 15 suspected members of a DTO, included federal and state agencies and was the culmination of a two-year investigation initiated by the Border Patrol and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI). At POEs, the Office of Field Operations (OFO) utilizes technology, such as non-intrusive inspection (NII) x-ray and gamma ray imaging systems, and canine teams to detect the illegal transit of drugs hidden on people, in cargo containers and in other conveyances. Since September 11, 2001, NII technology has been the cornerstone of the CBP multi-layered enforcement strategy. The President’s FY 2016 Budget requests an increase of $85.3 million for its NII program to fund recapitalization of aging systems. Without this funding increase, maintenance costs will increase, systems will become obsolete, system downtime will rise, all negatively impacting the effectiveness and cost of inspections due to the need for manual inspection, ultimately delaying the movement of legitimate trade and travel. As of October 15, 2015, 315 Large-Scale (LS) NII systems are deployed to, and in between, our POEs. In FY 2014, LS-NII systems were used to conduct more than 7.2 million examinations resulting in more than 2,000 seizures and more than 249,000 pounds of seized drugs. Just a month ago, in three separate smuggling incidents, CBP officers at the DeConcini POE in Nogales, Arizona arrested three Mexican nationals and a U.S. citizen and seized more than 75 pounds of heroin, worth more than $1 million, that was concealed in their vehicles. This past August, CBP officers conducting a container check in San Juan, Puerto Rico discovered two backpacks with brick-shaped objects inside that tested positive for cocaine and heroin. While cargo containers may be a popular conveyance for smuggling, DTOs also move heroin in smaller quantities to try to evade detection. Last December, CBP officers working express consignment operations in Cincinnati seized five pounds of heroin when a shipment manifested as a baby playpen arrived at the facility for processing. The shipment was mailed from Malaysia and was destined for delivery in Toronto, Canada. ICE and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Serious and Organized Crime Division conducted a controlled delivery that resulted in the arrest of two individuals suspected of illegal importation and drug trafficking. CBP also contributes to the whole-of-government effort to combat drug - related threats from Mexico by sharing critical information on travelers and cargo with investigative and intelligence partner agencies to identify and disrupt sophisticated routes and networks. Recognizing the need for open and sustainable channels to share information with our law enforcement and intelligence partners, CBP co-locates interagency personnel at its National Targeting Center (NTC) to support efforts to combat drug and contraband smuggling by integrating real-time tactical intelligence into CBP targeting efforts and enforcement actions. This whole-of-government counter network approach has resulted in TCOs being identified and dismantled, and their smuggling routes shut down. An example of this successful collaboration can be seen in the aggressive targeting of heroin transiting, or destined for, the United States. In FY 2015, CBP efforts at the NTC, in conjunction with increased cooperation from foreign and domestic law enforcement partners, resulted in 40 seizures of heroin with a gross weight of 47.7 kilograms as well as several arrests. The Office of Field Operations National Canine Enforcement Program deploys 478 specialized detection canine teams throughout the nation. These canine teams are trained to detect drugs and concealed humans. The majority of the canine teams are concentrated in four field offices along the southwest border. Of those 478 canine teams, 49 of these teams are trained in the detection of firearms and currency. During FY 2015, OFO canine teams were responsible for the seizure of 603,283 pounds of drugs, $34,991,253 in seized property, and $39,323,455 in currency. The United States Border Patrol (USBP) Canine Program deploys over 808 specialized detection canine teams throughout the nation. These canine teams are trained to detect narcotics and concealed humans. The majority of the canine teams are concentrated in the nine Sectors along the southwest border. Of those 808 canine teams, 37 of these teams are trained in the Search and Rescue discipline, 11 are trained the Human Remains Detection discipline, and 20 and trained in the Patrol discipline. During FY 2015 USBP canine teams were responsible for the seizure of 432,761 pounds of narcotics, $3,073,313 in currency, and 39,942 human apprehensions. CBP also has capable and effective aerial and marine assets, including manned aircraft, unmanned aircraft systems and strategic and tactical aerostats, providing critical surveillance coverage and domain awareness toward counternarcotic efforts. In the maritime domain, CBP’s Air and Marine Operations (AMO) employs high speed Coastal Interceptor Vessels that are specifically designed and engineered with the speed, maneuverability, integrity and endurance to intercept and engage a variety of suspect non-compliant vessels in offshore waters, as well as the Great Lakes on the northern border. This past May, AMO participated in a joint law enforcement operation with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) targeting a heroin ring in Philadelphia, PA, and Rochester, NY. AMO’s highly-trained air crews and marine agents conducted aerial and land surveillance and executed search warrants. The operation yielded the arrest of more than a dozen suspects and seizure of $187,000 in currency, 1.6 kg of heroin, five handguns, and an assault rifle. CBP AMO P-3 Orion Aircraft (P-3s) have also been an integral part of the successful counternarcotic missions operating in coordination with Joint Interagency Task Force South (JIATF-S). The P-3s patrol in a 42 million-square mile area known as the Source and Transit Zone, which includes more than 41 nations, the Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and seaboard approaches to the United States. In Fiscal Year 2014, CBP's P-3s operating out of Corpus Christi, Texas and Jacksonville, Florida flew more than 5,900 hours in support of counternarcotic missions resulting in 135 interdiction events of suspected smuggling vessels and aircraft. These events led to the total seizure of 57,374 kg of cocaine with an estimated street value of $9.47 billion. Improved technology and enhanced capabilities have also expanded the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information between law enforcement partners working to dismantle DTO networks. For example, CBP’s Laboratories and Scientific Services Directorate uses advanced techniques to provide qualitative identification and quantitative determination as well as pollen analysis of heroin, cocaine, marijuana, and methamphetamine to assist with identifying potential drug smuggling routes. In addition, DHS Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) is working with CBP to develop, test, and pilot new technology for securing and scanning cargo, improving surveillance of the Southern border, and enhancing detection capabilities for radar-evading aircraft. S&T is also pursuing and fielding new technology to monitor storm drains, detect tunnels, track low-flying aircraft, monitor ports, and enhance current mobile/fixed radar and camera surveillance systems to increase border security. Recently, S&T-developed technology was put into operational use at the US-Mexican Border. These technologies included a new general aviation aircraft scanner in Laredo, TX, and a new Brownsville-Matamoros Rail Non-Intrusive Inspection Microwave Data Transmission System. CBP hosts monthly briefings/teleconferences with Federal, state and local partners regarding the current state of the border – the Northern border and Southwest border – in order to monitor emerging trends and threats and provide a cross-component, multi-agency venue for discussing trends and threats. The monthly briefings focus on drugs, weapons, and currency interdictions and alien apprehensions both at and between the POEs. These briefings/teleconferences currently include participants from: the Government of Canada; the Government of Mexico; ICE; U.S. Coast Guard (USCG); DEA; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI); U.S. Northern Command; Joint Interagency Task Force-South; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives; U.S. Attorneys’ Offices; Naval Investigative Command; State and Major Urban Area Fusion Centers; and other international, Federal, state, and local law enforcement as appropriate. JTF operations increase information sharing with Federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, improve border-wide criminal intelligence-led interdiction operations, and address transnational threats. Physical evidence gathering and forensic analysis is also valuable to the information sharing effort. Substantive and timely information sharing is critical in targeting and interdicting individuals that move drugs and illicit merchandise from the POEs to their destinations throughout the United States and Mexico. CBP exchanges information with our partners within the Government of Mexico. This information sharing, facilitated by the CBP Attaché office in Mexico, has allowed for an unprecedented exchange of real-time information through deployments of personnel between our countries. Today, Mexican Federal Police personnel sit with our personnel in Tucson, Arizona, and Laredo, Texas, where they assist us with targeting criminal activity through the sharing of Mexico criminal history database information. Likewise, CBP personnel are assigned to Mexico City under the Joint Security Program where we exchange alerts on suspicious TCO movements through the monitoring of our Advance Passenger Information System. This information sharing has also led to numerous seizures and cases within Mexico that serve to disrupt the activities of TCOs throughout the Western Hemisphere. Providing critical capabilities toward the whole-of-government approach, CBP works extensively with our Federal, state, local, tribal, and international partners to address drug trafficking and other transnational threats along the Southwest border, Northern border, and coastal approaches. Our security efforts are enhanced through special joint operations and task forces conducted under the auspices of multi-agency enforcement teams. These teams are composed of representatives from international and U.S. federal law enforcement agencies who work together with state, local, and tribal agencies to target drug and transnational criminal activity, including investigations involving national security and organized crime. Under the Secretary’s Unity of Effort initiative and with the three new DHS JTFs, CBP is enhancing our collaboration with other DHS components – specifically ICE and USCG – to leverage the unique resources, authorities, and capabilities of each agency to more effectively and efficiently execute our border security missions against TCOs, drug-trafficking and other threats and challenges. Through JTF-W’s integrated efforts in the South Texas Corridor (STC), two TCOs were impacted utilizing counter network strategies and unity of effort amongst DHS components. In addition, the STC employed integrated intelligence collection to enhance joint interdiction and investigations significantly disrupting the TCOs ability to smuggle their commodity through the application of consequences. These two organizations were designated as priority targets culminating into enforcement actions under Operations Fusion One-Five and Project Highway 83. Under Operation Fusion One-Five, multiple members of the Brewster Criminal Organization, to include the leader of the organization, were targeted and arrested. This investigation resulted in an additional 22 criminal arrests, 497 UDAs, and the seizure of various types of narcotics. On August 10, 2015, members of the Brewster Organization appeared in federal court and received a cumulative sentence of 12.5 years for their roles in human smuggling. This was an HSI led investigation with support from CBP assets. Under Operation Project Highway 83, six TCOs operating within the STC were targeted as part of an illicit network utilizing money service businesses to facilitate human smuggling. This investigation led to the issuance of 31 arrest warrants in San Antonio, Dallas, and Crystal City, Texas. To date, over 400 individuals involved in this network have received consequences ranging from arrests, indictment, and/or administrative actions. This investigation was initiated and led by the HSI Eagle Pass and Laredo Offices, assisted by USBP Del Rio and Laredo Sectors, and OFO Laredo Field Office. CBP is a critical partner in the ICE-led Border Enforcement Security Task Forces (BESTs), which are composed of Federal, state, local, and international law enforcement and intelligence stakeholders working together to counter TCOs and enhance border security. BESTs currently operate in 37 locations, including 14 along the Southwest border. In FY 2015, BESTs made more than 3,700 criminal arrests and 960 administrative arrests; seized more than 269,100 pounds of drugs, 800 weapons, and $29 million in currency and monetary instruments; and federal prosecutors obtained more than 2,100 indictments and 1,700 convictions in BEST-investigated cases. Other investigative agencies such as ICE-HSI, DEA, and FBI utilize AMO specific skills for air and marine relevant investigations, in order to help identify and dismantle the organized flow of narcotics and trans-criminal organizations. This leads to significant intelligence and seizures, and the critical information gained is often crucial to identifying TCO suspects, associates, and accomplices. The threat in the air and maritime domains require specialized skills and tactics tailored to the specifics of each of those environments. In the maritime domain, AMO personnel routinely augments vessel crews from investigative partner agencies when air and marine investigative skills and technical expertise are needed for investigation or operation of these maritime assets. In the air domain, AMO detects, identifies, investigates, and interdicts potential air threats to the United States including general aviation (GA) aircraft involved in the aerial transit of contraband. The AMOC monitors complex airway traffic to identify illicit use of aircraft and those attempting to blend in with legitimate traffic. AMO, through its national SKY PRO initiative and in collaboration with ICE-HSI, the Federal Aviation Administration, and state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies, works to enhance law enforcement interactions with the GA community to increase awareness and intelligence on international and domestic smuggling activities. Also, AMO actively participates in Operation Martillo, an international counter illicit trafficking initiative whereby U.S. and regional partner nations’ military and law enforcement agencies patrol the air and sea environments in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the Eastern Pacific on a year-round basis. Heroin trafficking is a global problem, and CBP continues to work with our international partners to share information and leverage resources to combat this threat. Through the 21st Century Border Management Initiative, the U.S. Government and Government of Mexico (GOM) are working to strengthen our collaborative relationship and efforts to secure and facilitate the cross-border flows of people and cargo. CBP also has Border Patrol International Liaison Units (ILU) who facilitate cooperation between U.S. and Mexican law enforcement authorities as part of a multi-layered effort to target, disrupt, and dismantle criminal organizations. During FY 2015, the U.S. Border Patrol and GOM conducted multiple joint bi-national operations targeting TCOs. During these operations, and as a direct result of intelligence sharing with GOM, USBP and GOM were able to locate more than 30 illicit tunnels, and seize approximately 80,000 lbs. of drugs. CBP, together with our international, federal, state, local, and tribal partners, is committed to reducing the risk associated with TCOs by addressing threats within the Southern Border and Approaches Joint Operating Area. The establishment of JTFs marks a renewed commitment to seek out and coordinate optimal, multi-component authorities, capabilities, competencies, and partnership expertise to combat all threats to the homeland. Lastly, it is important to acknowledge the significant strides that Mexico has taken in recent years to address transnational organized crime generally, and drugs smuggling specifically. I noted some examples of this earlier, but I wanted to highlight for the Committee that CBP’s relationship with its Mexican counterparts is stronger today than it has ever been. We receive information from Mexican authorities on a daily basis that helps us better target drugs smugglers at the border. Just last month, I participated in a high level bilateral and interagency security cooperation meeting in Mexico City, where senior Mexican officials committed to working with the U.S. Government even more closely—including expanding efforts to combat heroin cultivation, production, and trafficking, and sharing more information on smuggling routes and networks, and crafting a binational action plan specifically focused on heroin smuggling. While more can always be done, I am pleased that Mexico and the United States are working in close cooperation as we seek to identify, interdict, and take down the cartels. With continued support from Congress, CBP, in coordination with our partners, will continue to refine and further enhance the effectiveness of our detection and interdiction capabilities to combat transnational threats and the entry of heroin into the United States. We will continue to work with the intelligence community and our law enforcement partners to improve the efficiency of information sharing with relevant partners, to guide strategies, identify trafficking patterns and trends, develop tactics, and execute operations to address the challenges and threats posed by TCOsto the safety and security of the American public.

https://www.dhs.gov/news/2015/11/23/written-testimony-cbp-commissioner-senate-committee-homeland-security-and

Tend to the people, and they will tend to the business.” –John Maxwell A recent study by Gallup revealed that all employees appreciate some form of feedback from their superiors. However, millennials might need even more feedback than other generations in the workplace due to their upbringing. But surprisingly, only 19% of millennials get feedback regularly. An even smaller percentage (17%) viewed the feedback they receive as meaningful. The study also established that frequent interaction, at least once per week, improve employee engagement. Even so, only 18% of non-millennials and 21% of millennials meet their leaders every week. 53% of non-millennials and 56% of millennials say they meet their managers as rarely as less than one time each month. If these findings are anything to go by, then there’s a lot that managers need to do to connect with their teams. This doesn’t have to be as exhausting as many would want to believe; a simple email, text, call or a quick drop by an employee’s office or desk can mean the difference. Daily conversations don’t have to be long; just a few minutes are enough for an informal, but continuous communication. So, how can managers deliver continuous feedback and development that motivates employees to pursue growth proactively? The answer is to come up with personalized, yet scalable learning ideas that reflect on how employees learn. By creating individualized learning proposition for all employees, managers will be able to ascertain that the learning will resonate with them, and help them perform better. Here are four ways managers can support employee development in the workplace. Measure performance Much emphasis should go on the process, rather than the outcome. Although outcomes need to be tracked and measured, what’s critical is how well an individual performs to get the results. Measuring the performance metric is a great starting point because it helps to inform the managers how well an employee is performing on their job. In addition to revealing the truth about performance, metrics also uncover any issues that could otherwise go unnoticed. With performance metrics, managers can easily identify each individual’s strengths and weaknesses and use that information to help improve the company’s bottom line. For instance, if a salesperson is not converting leads as expected, managers can use the metrics to assess their strategies and identify where they failed to convert, and deploy plans to help improve mission effectiveness. Performance metrics show managers where an individual is thriving and struggling and the kinds of behavioral changes will be most effective. They can then set regular schedules with every worker so continuous assessments are available, to keep everything on track. Offer personalized feedback Contrary to what many people believe, employees want to know how well they are performing, and areas that they need to improve on. Since evaluation is a significant part of continuous assessment and development, management should save time to provide praise and constructive criticism, formally and informally. Continuous and personalized feedback helps employees know their position and makes them more engaged. A survey conducted by Saratoga Institute showed that 89% of managers believe workers are in it for the money. On the contrary, the survey revealed that 88% of employees are in it for other reasons than money. Mercer Human Resource Consulting performed yet another survey in Australia and concluded that most employees valued training, the existence of opportunities for growth and a defined career path. It was also crucial for workers to be proud of where they worked and for them to have their achievements recognized by the management. Managers should also offer the latest training and opportunities to take part in new innovative projects to help keep high performers inspired and productive. Articulate expectations clearly Employees feel frustrated when they have no idea how to get ahead or they don’t know how to build themselves for the future. It’s therefore essential for managers to be clear about what they expect regarding future performance at different levels. This way, employees can self-assess to see whether they have what it takes to get to the next level in the company. Create developmental experience 70% of employee learning comes from their job developmental experience, 20% from peers, and 10% from reading books and taking courses. Managers should understand their role in helping employees with their career goals and in designing development opportunities that assist them to attain their goals. So instead of asking employees to do what they already know how to do, managers can think about special roles and assignments to help their teams to continuously learn and grow.

https://www.assessteam.com/continuous-assessment-4-ways-managers-can-support-employee-development/

5 Bad Reactions Employees Have When You Give Vague Feedback One of the most challenging aspects of being a manager is effectively communicating with employees, especially performance feedback. If you’re a manager, the gifs below may seem like familiar reactions you’ve gotten from employees at one point or another in your career. If not, you’re either extremely good at what you do or perhaps a tad oblivious to the common blunders associated with being the leader. It’s time to improve how you deliver performance feedback. Check out these performance management mishaps and how you can improve them! When your feedback is too vague, employees be like… Vague feedback is a silent productivity killer. A manager may think she has been perfectly clear in her instructions, but too often than not, employees have unanswered questions they don’t bring up to their superiors. Why else do 50% of surveyed employees not know what is expected of them? Tweet This: Any of these reactions look familiar during performance feedback? If so, you might have tweaks to make… Here’s where you start: Rehearse your conversations. Be specific by providing specific examples of errors and triumphs and don’t forget to ask questions along the way to gauge their understanding and open up the floor for conversation. When you’re not around enough… Managers have a lot on their plate, sometimes doing the work of 3 or 4 people, but when the work gets in the way of the people part of the job, employee performance and morale decline. According to recent Gallup research, only 2% of employees who are ignored by their manager are engaged. The absence of managers proved detrimental to Zappos who lost 14% of their workforce after eliminating the role of managers in their company. Here’s where you start: Be present. Even on large teams, managers can make the rounds and casually pop in on their team to let them know their leader is around. Make it a personal goal to be on a first name basis with everyone and try to have one-on-ones at least once a month. Check out this Spring Cleaning Performance Management Checklist When you only give negative feedback… Employees know to expect negative feedback at a performance review, but when managers fail to outline an employee’s strengths as well, their morale and productivity will suffer. Managers who balance strengths-based feedback experience teams with higher levels of engagement and satisfaction. In fact, the 2015 Strengths @ Work Survey found 71% of surveyed employees with managers who can name their strengths feel, “engaged and energized,” by their work. Tweet This: 71% of employees feeling engaged and energized by their work because managers do this: Here’s where you start: Lighten up the mood by taking an interest in your employees’ strengths daily and reinforcing your comments during performance reviews. Showing recognition and appreciation for their hard work can go a long way in improving the performance management process. When you only give positive feedback… Here is where management gets tricky: knowing when positive reinforcement is too much or failing to provide constructive feedback. As much as employees want to be accepted by their superiors, they also want to improve in their work. Why else is career growth and development one of the biggest reasons people switch jobs? Here’s where you start: Toughen up. Your employees will thank you for it. When you’re reviewing your performance standards, give yourself a healthy positive-to-negative feedback ratio to strive for. Building on strengths is just as important as improving weaknesses. Read 4 Reasons Performance Review are Here to Stay When there is lack of transparency… Transparency has become a must-have in today’s workplace, but knowing when to use it is still highly variable depending on a company’s culture. According to NAS Recruitment, 96% of employees feel it’s important to work for a company that embraces transparency. Tweet This: 96% of employees feel it’s important to work for a company that embraces this: Here’s where you start: In some regards, you are bound by the instructions and policies your superiors give you, but when it comes to your own approach to management, be transparent about your process, expectations and your preferred means and styles of communicating. Open those lines of communication so things don’t fall through the cracks and employees don’t feel blindsided by changes. Improve performance feedback by looking for these signs and reevaluating your own performance management process. Don’t wait another minute. Spring cleaning is here and it’s time to nip these common performance management mishaps in the bud!

https://www.reviewsnap.com/blog/5-bad-reactions-employees-give-crappy-feedback/

Companies evolve; it’s in their nature. To be successful and keep employees motivated, companies have to react to the market, stay on top of what customers want, and keep up with the competition. However, some changes are more significant than others, to the extent that a company may change its direction or pivot. Eric Ries, the author of The Lean Startup, defines a pivot as “structured course correction designed to test a new fundamental hypothesis about the product, strategy, and engine of growth.” In other words, a pivot is a change in business strategy that tests a new approach. Related: Morning Motivation Helps You Tackle Your Day Getting a business off the ground is an intensive process, and teams, especially in the early stages, tend to be small and involved. When your business decides to pivot, your entire team is affected and, depending on how their work is impacted, it can be a complicated process. Ultimately, however, the success of your company is dependent on teamwork. Here are a few tips on how to pivot and keep your team motivated while doing so. 1. Know when to pivot. A pivot is not a strategy to use lightly. Some challenges can be resolved with less drastic measures, like doing more research, obtaining more funding or increasing customer development. It’s important to investigate other avenues first because your company should pivot only when it is necessary. A few signs that a pivot might be necessary include: - Low market response - Negative customer feedback - Perpetual catch-up mode - Too much competition - Lack of a unique brand offering A pivot is also a good choice if your company simply needs to change its focus with a new perspective or if you want to add a new solution to existing offerings. 2. Gather data. Though the entire team will be affected by a pivot, involving a team too early can be a case of too many cooks in the kitchen. As a leader, you're responsible for gathering all the data and setting the course. In the case of a pivot, this will involve revisiting the company’s original goals and vision. The vision might be part of what needs adjusting, in which case it is important to question the company foundations in light of new knowledge to identify what needs adjusting and why. Take into account marketing data, revenue streams, and customer feedback. Every pivot is different, but every pivot solves a problem. Related: Decision Fatigue Is Destroying Your Focus, Motivation, and Drive Another important step a leader should take to gather data is to speak with the team. Employee opinions and ideas are often a good gauge of the team temperature. They know the product and the market better than anyone and have a good sense of the gaps and challenges the company faces. Regular check-in conversations with your team can be a great help in deciding to pivot. 3. Make a plan. Often, the realization that a pivot is necessary comes on slowly, as the sum of multiple factors. But once the decision has been made, it is important to act on it efficiently and create a detailed plan. First, identify what changes need to be made and what will be left alone. As part of the plan, make sure to identify precise solutions to specific challenges, as well as growth opportunities and success metrics. 4. Communicate with and motivate your team. When it’s go-time, it is vital to communicate the plan to your team with care. Explicitly address what will stay the same to provide some constancy and help reassure employees amid significant changes. Another strategy is to highlight how the changes will make things easier on your team, especially if the change in direction is to resolve an issue. Just like when explaining the changes to the customer, talk about the positives first. As a leader, one of the best strategies is to create space to hear employee concerns, questions, and input. Though the decision comes from the top, taking into account your team’s reactions and ideas will help get everyone on board and excited about the changes ahead. It is also important to remember that communicating with your team is not a one-time strategy, but a continuous effort. Putting a pivot plan in motion is only the first step in a lengthy process that requires consistent team buy-in and collaboration, and communication is key to maintaining that. As a leader, you are responsible for motivation too. Related: Stuck in a Rut? Here's Some Motivation. 5. Provide resources to help your team succeed. Keeping employees informed is essential for navigating a pivot, but it’s also important to give your team the resources and support they need to be successful. Your team will likely have to communicate the changes to clients, partners, and investors. Help prepare them to handle those situations gracefully and in keeping with the company message by providing language and coaching. Talk through the changes for each department and set clear goals and performance metrics so that everyone can judge how things are going as things progress. Pivots can pose challenges for a growing business, but they are a sign of strategic thinking and problem solving, which is essential for success. Most companies will undergo several pivots, so it is important as a team to get comfortable with them and learn how to handle them together, with strong leadership, clear communication, and focused collaboration.

https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/342002

This is a two day advanced course focusing on identification and management of the barriers to achieving good outcomes in the under 55 year old population. In the United States, the incidence of stroke in individuals under the age of 55 continues to increase and billable length-of-stay continues to decrease across the continuum for stroke survivors. This course will help therapists identify the key issues that need to be treated in order to facilitate the “younger” stroke survivor back to active participation in their community. This course will provide review of basic but critical issues in the stroke population such as area of the brain involved and the cognitive, visual, language, and behavioral sequelae. There will be identification and management of comorbitities. The importance of a transdisciplinary team approach across the continuum will be discussed throughout the course. This class provides clinicians with the information they need to know about motor learning, managing fatigue, treatment of the hemiplegic shoulder, and management of hypertonicity to achieve improved outcomes. These are frequently the most complicated issues in stroke rehab and are the most frequent barriers to the stroke survivors progress in therapy and participation in their community. Laura’s sixteen years of experience in the post acute setting provides a clinical perspective on how to treat/manage these issues for the best outcomes. There will be lab sessions for the hemiplegic shoulder, movement analysis, and gait, as well as case studies on neuroanatomy, comorbities, and home program development. There will be review of the current evidence based practice, and how to incorporate this evidence into the best treatment strategies for improving the community participation of the stroke survivor. This course puts together a template for problem solving the more complex young stroke population and the issues they face in order to integrate back into their community. Identify neuroanatomical lesions and subsequent deficits. Identify cognitive, behavioral, vision, and language deficits post stroke. Develop strategies for assessing and treating cognitive, behavioral, vision, and language deficits for improved outcomes throughout the continuum. Identify the impact of comorbidities on outcome and therapy planning. Define a transdisciplinary approach and describe ways to develop this in your treatment setting. Define motor learning and identify how to achieve better outcomes by using a motor learning approach. Define spasticity, dystonia, and spastic dystonia, and identify the best medical and therapy interventions for management. Identify key movements to analyze, interpretation of the movement observed, and how to set up treatment strategies for improved outcomes. Identify causes of fatigue in the stroke population and treatment strategies to diminish the impact of fatigue on function. Identify the pain generators that contribute to hemiplegic shoulder pain, and perform basic treatment techniques for management. Discuss the most current evidence based information on upper and lower extremity orthotics for the stroke population. Identify keys to achieving community ambulator status and community integration. Develop home programs for continued progress not just maintenance. I love the challenge of brain injury. While there may be general patterns in brain injury, no two are exactly alike. Let me show you how to deliver better results for your younger (under 55 yrs) stroke patients.

https://www.healthclick.com/courses/Stroke-Impacting-the-Under-Fifty-Five-Year-Old-Population.php

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Designed to develop personal coping skills that address faulty thought, belief, and attitude patterns that contribute to depression, anxiety, and other disorders. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT): Designed to assist in changing patterns of thought and behavior that are causing problems in daily living. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR): An integrative psychotherapy approach that has been highly successful for the treatment of trauma. Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT): Assists in the management of emotions and helps patients change problematic emotional states, with a focus on compassion and connection. Somatic Experiencing (SE): Addresses the stress of trauma by focusing on the body and mind. It is a body-oriented approach to the healing of trauma.

http://lindamshake.com/specialties/4984928

The Center for Neurosciences at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Hamilton Experience a patient-centered approach to groundbreaking therapies and new surgical techniques with The Center for Neurosciences at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital (RWJUH) Hamilton. The innovative team of neurosurgeons, subspecialty neurologists, and neuroscience researchers of Global Neurosciences Institute (GNI), coupled with the specialty-trained nurses, therapists, and other allied health professionals at RWJUH Hamilton, work together to provide a world-class, integrative, multidisciplinary approach to complete patient care. Neurosurgery Our skilled endovascular, spine and tumor neurosurgeons offer a full range of conventional and minimally-invasive surgical treatment options for diseases and conditions of the brain and spine. Neurology Our fellowship-trained neurologists represent a diverse range of subspecialties to provide patients with access to the latest procedures and most advanced technologies, treating a variety of neurological conditions. Conditions We Treat - Hearing and Balance Disorders - Acoustic Neuroma - Cognitive Disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease - Vascular Disorders - Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM’s) - Hemorrhagic Stroke - Brain Aneurysm - Carotid Stenosis - • Brain and Spine Trauma - Concussion - • Tumor - Brain - Pituitary - Spine - Skull base - Acute and Chronic Disease Management - Multiple Sclerosis - Epilepsy - Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders - Pain - Spinal Stimulator Implantation - Trigeminal Neuralgia Specialty programs RWJUH Hamilton offers specialty care in the diagnosis and treatment of: - Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus - Balance Disorders - Movement Disorders Evaluating and diagnosing conditions affecting the brain, spine, and nervous system is complex. RWJUH Hamilton utilizes the latest in advanced imaging and technology to diagnose and treat each patient’s condition. This includes: - Computed Tomography (CT) - Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) - Computed Tomography Perfusion (CTP) - Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Electromyography (EMG) - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) - Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV) For more information about The Center for Neuroscience at RWJUH Hamilton, call 888-724-7123.

https://www.gnineuro.org/hamilton

Scientists have developed a new technique able to measure brain function in milliseconds using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Known as magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). This could be used to help diagnose and understand neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. Currently, the speed at which scientists can measure brain function in a functional MRI machine is six seconds. Preclinical research conducted by Harvard Medical School, King’s College London and INSERM-Paris suggests that MRE can track brain function activity within 100 milliseconds. MRE works by creating maps of tissue stiffness using an MRI scanner, which uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the body. “The data we are publishing was obtained in mice, but translation of this technology to humans is straightforward and initial studies are currently under way,” said Sam Patz, Harvard Medical School professor of radiology. “The intriguing novelty of this approach is that the stiffening/softening of specific brain regions persists even when stimuli as short as 100 milliseconds are presented to the mouse.” Although researchers were initially interested in applying MRE to the lungs of the mice, the team decided to also run scans of the brain. By doing this, they found that the MRE revealed that the mouse’s acoustic cortex was stiffening, seemingly without any stimulation. Scientists plugged one of the mouse’s ear canals with a gel to test whether this produced a different result. They then took another MRE scan of the brain, where they discovered that the auditory cortex on the side of the brain that processed sound from that ear had started to soften. The research team is now keen to apply MRE technology to the human brain, with the aim of accelerating the diagnosis of neurological conditions.

http://www.medicaldevice-developments.com/news/newsnew-mri-technology-could-measure-brain-function-in-milliseconds-7182066

Vejthani Hospital’s Neuroscience Center is an integrated center that provides neurological services comprising treatment of all neurological conditions, including migraines, headaches and Parkinson’s disease, as well as brain tumor removal and pain management. This is a major achievement of our medical services in which we have many experienced and qualified neurologists and neurosurgeons of different sub-specialties. Our highly-qualified team includes experienced neurologists and neurosurgeons with many different sub-specialties. This allows us to address a range of brain-related health concerns and provide the best medical care for our patients. Vejthani Hospital’s Neuroscience Center offers both out-patient and in-patient services to meet the specific needs of our patients. We have state-of-the-art medical equipment so we can provide top-quality care using the most modern methods. Patients can be assured of receiving an excellent international level of care for both selective and emergency needs. Our dedicated and experienced staff, up-to-date technologies and modern facilities make Vejthani Hospital the best place for brain tumor treatment in Thailand. Services Our services can be divided into three main areas: 1) Neurology: This branch of medicine deals with treating disorders of the nervous systems, such as: Ischemic stroke (caused by lack of blood flow) Hemorrhagic stroke (caused by bleeding) Thrombotic stroke Emergency stroke Headaches and facial pain Vertigo and syncope Chronic pain Sleep disorders Movement disorders, including Parkinson’s disease Dementia and behavioral disorders Diabetic neuropathy Epilepsy 2) Neurosurgery This branch specializes in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system, such as: Brain and spinal cord tumors Brain and spinal cord injuries Interventional pain management and neuromodulation 3) Neurodiagnostics This branch offers diagnostic services to people of all ages with a nervous system disorder. Neurophysiologic studies include: Electroencephalography (EEG), which covers both routine and 24-hour video EEG monitoring Polysomnography (PSG) or sleep lab studies Electromyogram (EMG) or nerve conduction studies (NCS) Neurosonology, including carotid doppler and transcranial doppler (TCD) Neuroradiology, with techniques such as: CT scanning which provides more detailed information on head injuries, strokes, brain tumors and other brain diseases. Advanced 3D magnetic resonance imaging, which comes with acoustic reduction technology to drastically reduce humming sounds and make examinations easier, and other advanced technologies to provide high-definition images of the brain that are necessary for treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, which uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the brain and other cranial structures that are clearer and more detailed than other imaging methods. Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA), a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to provide pictures of blood vessels inside the brain. Selective cerebral angiography is a diagnostic test that uses x-rays and an iodine-containing contrast material to produce pictures of blood vessels in the brain selectively via catheter. Computerized transaxial angiography (CTA), a less invasive diagnostic test that uses intravenous contrast injection to identify blood vessels in the brain and neck. This test can be done within half an hour. SERVICE HOURS Open Daily: 08.00 am – 05.00 pm LOCATION Neuroscience Center, 5th Floor, Vejthani Hospital APPOINTMENTS & INQUIRIES Call: +66 (0) 2734-0000 ext. 5400 Promotions & Packages Our Doctors DR. CHUSAK LIMOTAI DR. EKARIT KHUNSRIRAKSAKUL DR. EKKAPOT JITPUN DR. ITTHIPOL TAWANKANJANACHOT DR. JUTATIP RATTANAPHAN DR. KRITTIKA SIRITANAN DR. NARIS SMITASIN DR. NARUEDOL YAISARN DR. NATCHAWAN TANTITHANARAT DR. NATLADA LIMOTAI DR. NUTCHA INTARAGUMHAENG DR. PASIN PRASONGWATANA DR. PONGSAKORN PONGSAPAS DR. PONGSAKORN KONGSAKORN DR. PONGSAKORN PONGSAPAS DR. RATTANARAT INTARAT DR. SIRINCHA PITIPANYAKUL DR. SUPACHAI MERDTHAISONG DR. TANATE CHANDUYKIT DR. VARUTH SUDTHIKANUENG Patient Stories Videos View More Articles Have You Ever Experienced House Spinning 8 Factors that Trigger Headache 9 Warning Signs of Brain Tumor View More Call us at (+66)8-522 38888 Please select your language English ไทย ភាសាខ្មែរ العربية ဗမာစာ 中文 (中国) Tiếng Việt বাংলা አማርኛ Find out more.

https://www.vejthani.com/medical-service/center-clinics/vejthani-neuroscience-center/

Tributes have been paid to Nobel laureate Professor Sir Peter Mansfield, who has died at the age of 83. Sir Peter pioneered the creation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), one of the most important and revolutionary breakthroughs in modern medical science. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2003 for his role in the development of MRI, which is used today in research, diagnosis and the treatment of millions of patients around the world. The Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre at The University of Nottingham was named in honour of his pioneering work to change the face of modern medical science. Sir Peter’s invention of an extremely fast scanning MRI technique, known as echo-planar imaging (EPI), underpins the most sophisticated MRI applications in clinical use today. EPI is the key to functional MRI (fMRI), which is used to study dynamic processes in living organisms. Before EPI, fMRI was slow and hard to use clinically. EPI speeded up image acquisition and therefore underpins all modern fMRI applications. MRI and fMRI have transformed neuroscience and physiology research by opening windows on the working brain and body. MRI provides detailed images of anatomical structure and can detect cancer and signs of damage in the body’s bones, tissues and organs. fMRI allows doctors to study brain activity during development, following injury and in brain disorders. It has also been used to investigate how the brain’s neural networks develop during infancy, and to look for subtle abnormalities in brain activity in patients with disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Sir Peter is survived by his wife, Lady Mansfield, his two daughters and four grandchildren The University has set up an online book of condolence in tribute to Sir Peter.

https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/newsroom/2017/02/09/remembering-founder-mri-nobel-prize-winner-professor-sir-peter-mansfield-frs-1933-2017/

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive imaging technique used in hospitals and clinics to produce detailed soft tissue anatomical images through emission and absorption of energy of the radiofrequency range of the electromagnetic field by employing powerful magnets that produce a strong magnetic field around the area to be imaged without exposing the body to ionized radiation. MRI is the most sensitive imaging test of the head, particularly of the brain. It is performed for either long-standing or abrupt onset symptoms, helping diagnose conditions such as brain infections, stroke, brain tumors, causes of seizures, developmental abnormalities, haemorrhage in trauma patients, multiple sclerosis, disorders of the pituitary gland and vascular problems such as aneurysms, arterial occlusions and venous thrombosis. Whether or not to use a contrast-agent (mostly Gadolinium-based contrast-agents) depends on the nature of the disease/condition for which the scan is ordered. Most acute events (like acute headache, acute cerebrovascular accident [stroke] or transient ischemic attack, haemorrhages and concussions) do not require a contrast MRI. Some other conditions, including brain tumors, infections, seizures and multiple sclerosis do require the use of a contrast agent to differentiate diseased tissue from normal tissue. Contrast MRI have a higher inherent risk than “simple” MRI. Since a contrast agent is used, there is the risk of an allergic reaction that could lead to anaphylactic shock (a serious allergic reaction). Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a rare complication of high doses of gadolinium-based contrast material used in patients with poor kidney function who undergo MRI. Mothers receiving a contrast MRI should not breastfeed their babies for 24 to 48 hours. Learn more about the difference between MRA vs MRI and MRI machines cost.

https://www.itnonline.com/content/mri-brain-and-without-contrast

Children's magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the inside of your child's body. MRI may be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for a variety of conditions within the brain, chest, abdomen, pelvis and extremities. Tell your doctor about your child's health problems, medications, recent surgeries and allergies. The magnetic field is not harmful, but it may cause some medical devices to malfunction. Most orthopedic implants pose no risk, but you should always tell the technologist if your child has any implanted medical or electronic devices. Inform your doctor and the technologist prior to the exam if your child has a known allergy to contrast material. Your child should wear loose, comfortable clothing and may be asked to wear a gown. You may be instructed to withhold food or drink beforehand, especially if anesthesia is to be used. In general, children who have recently been ill will not be given anesthesia. If this is the case, or if you suspect your child may be getting sick, talk to your physician about rescheduling the exam. - What is pediatric MRI? - What are some common uses of the procedure? - How should I prepare my child for the MRI? - What does the MRI equipment look like? - How does the procedure work? - How is the procedure performed? - What will my child experience during and after the procedure? - Who interprets the results and how do we get them? - What are the benefits vs. risks? - What are the limitations of Pediatric MRI? - Which test, procedure or treatment is best for me? What is pediatric MRI? Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive test doctors use to diagnose medical conditions. MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radiofrequency pulses, and a computer to produce detailed pictures of internal body structures. MRI does not use radiation (x-rays). Detailed MR images allow doctors to examine the body and detect disease. What are some common uses of the procedure? MRI is used to help diagnose a wide range of conditions in children due to injury, illness or congenital abnormalities. When imaging of a child's brain and spinal cord is needed, MRI is useful because of its ability to see through the skull and the bones of the skull and spine without radiation. MRI of the brain and spine is used to: - detect a variety of brain conditions and abnormalities like cysts, tumors, bleeding, swelling, or problems with the blood vessels - detect damage to the brain caused by an injury or a stroke - diagnose infectious or autoimmune diseases like encephalopathy or encephalitis - evaluate problems such as persistent headaches, dizziness, weakness, blurry vision or seizures - help detect certain chronic diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis - diagnose problems with the pituitary gland and brainstem - assess the cause of developmental delay - identify and evaluate degenerated or herniated spinal discs - evaluate the bones of the spine for congenital or acquired abnormalities - determine the condition of nerve tissue within the spinal cord In the heart, MRI is often used in a complementary role to echocardiography (heart ultrasound), computed tomography and catheter angiography to provide information both before and after treatment. Cardiac MRI may be used to: - evaluate the structure of the heart and surrounding blood vessels - assess causes of arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) - evaluate infections - assess blood flow to the heart muscle - evaluate findings following cardiovascular surgery In the abdominal and pelvic region, MRI is used to: - diagnose causes of pain including evaluation for appendicitis - evaluate for injury after trauma - diagnose and monitor infectious or inflammatory disorders - monitor response to cancer treatment MRI is often the best choice for imaging the joints and bones, where it can help: - diagnose sports-related injuries - detect the presence of an otherwise hidden tumor or infection in a joint - diagnose developmental joint abnormalities in children - detect bone cancer - inspect the marrow for leukemia and other diseases - assess bone loss - examine complex fractures How should I prepare my child for the MRI? Your child may be asked to wear a gown during the exam or allowed to wear their own clothing if it is loose-fitting and has no metal fasteners. Guidelines about eating and drinking before an MRI exam vary with the specific exam and also with the imaging facility. Unless you are told otherwise, follow your child's regular daily routine and have him/her take food and medications as usual. Some MRI examinations may require your child to receive an injection of contrast material into the bloodstream. The radiologist, technologist or a nurse may ask if your child has allergies of any kind, such as an allergy to iodine or x-ray contrast material, drugs, food, or the environment, or if your child has asthma. The contrast material most commonly used for an MRI exam contains a metal called gadolinium. Gadolinium can be used in patients with iodine contrast allergy, but may require pre-medication. It is far less common for a patient to have an allergy to a gadolinium-based contrast agent used for MRI than the iodine-containing contrast for CT. However, even if you know your child has an allergy to the gadolinium contrast, it may still be possible to use it after appropriate pre-medication. Tell the radiologist if your child has any serious health problems or has recently had surgery. Some conditions, such as severe kidney disease, may prevent your child from being given gadolinium contrast for an MRI. If your child has a history of kidney disease or liver transplant, it will be necessary to perform a blood test to determine whether the kidneys are functioning adequately. Also, inform your doctor of any recent illnesses or other medical conditions your child may have, and if there is a history of heart disease, asthma, diabetes, kidney disease or thyroid problems. Any of these conditions may influence the decision on whether contrast material will be given to your child for the MRI examination. Jewelry and other accessories should be left at home if possible, or removed prior to the MRI scan. Because they can interfere with the magnetic field of the MRI unit, metal and electronic items are not allowed in the exam room. These items include: - jewelry, watches, credit cards and hearing aids, all of which can be damaged - pins, hairpins, metal zippers and similar metallic items, which can distort MRI images - removable dental work - pens, pocket knives and eyeglasses - body piercings Tell the technologist if your child has any implanted medical or electronic devices. These objects may interfere with the exam or potentially pose a risk, depending on their nature and the strength of the MRI magnet. Many implanted devices will have a pamphlet explaining the MRI risks for that particular device. If you have the pamphlet, it is useful to bring that to the attention of the technologist or scheduler before the exam. Some cochlear implants can be scanned, but there are preparations needed. Some implanted devices require a short period of time after placement (usually six weeks) before being safe for MRI examinations. Examples include but are not limited to: - cochlear (ear) implant - clips used for brain aneurysms - metal coils placed within blood vessels - cardiac defibrillators and pacemakers - artificial heart valves - implanted drug infusion ports - artificial limbs or metallic joint prostheses - implanted nerve stimulators - metal pins, screws, plates, stents or surgical staples In general, metal objects used in orthopedic surgery pose no risk during MRI. However, a recently placed artificial joint may require the use of another imaging procedure. If there is any question of their presence, an x-ray may be taken to detect and identify any metal objects. You should notify the technologist or radiologist of any shrapnel, bullets, or other pieces of metal which may be present in your child's body due to prior accidents. Foreign bodies near and especially lodged in the eyes are particularly important. Tooth fillings and braces usually are not affected by the magnetic field, but they may distort images of the facial area or brain, so the radiologist should be aware of them. Anyone accompanying a patient into the exam room must also undergo screening for metal objects and implanted devices. If your child has claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces) or anxiety, you may want to talk to your pediatrician about obtaining a prescription for a mild sedative prior to the scheduled examination. Your child may need to be sedated in order to hold still adequately during the procedure. If this is the case, you will be given instructions for your child about not eating or drinking several hours prior to sedation and the examination. For the safety of your child during the sedation, it is important that you fully understand and follow any instructions that have been given. After the procedure there will be a recovery period from the sedation. Your child will be discharged when the nurses and physicians believe they are sufficiently awake to be safely sent home. In general, children who have recently been ill will not be sedated or anesthetized. If this is the case, or if you suspect your child may be getting sick, talk to your physician about rescheduling the exam. When scheduling the exam for a young child, ask if a child life specialist is available. A child life specialist is trained to make your child comfortable and less anxious without sedation and will help your child to remain still during the examination. What does the MRI equipment look like? The traditional MRI unit is a large cylinder-shaped tube surrounded by a circular magnet. Your child will lie on a moveable examination table that slides into the center of the magnet. Some MRI units are designed so that the magnet does not completely surround you. Some newer MRI machines have a larger diameter which can be more comfortable for larger size patients or patients with claustrophobia. Other MRI machines are open on the sides (open MRI). Open units are especially helpful for examining larger patients or those with claustrophobia. Newer open MRI units provide very high quality images for many types of exams; however, older open MRI units may not provide this same image quality. Certain types of exams cannot be performed using open MRI. For more information, consult your radiologist. The computer workstation where the technologist works to set up the images is located in a separate room from the scanner. How does the procedure work? Unlike x-ray and computed tomography (CT) exams, MRI does not use radiation. Instead, radio waves re-align hydrogen atoms that naturally exist within the body. This does not cause any chemical changes in the tissues. As the hydrogen atoms return to their usual alignment, they emit different amounts of energy depending on the type of tissue they are in. The scanner captures this energy and creates a picture using this information. In most MRI units, the magnetic field is produced by passing an electric current through wire coils. Other coils are inside the machine and, in some cases, are placed around the part of the body being imaged. These coils send and receive radio waves, producing signals that are detected by the machine. The electric current does not come into contact with the patient. A computer processes the signals and creates a series of images, each of which shows a thin slice of the body. The radiologist can study these images from different angles. MRI is often able to tell the difference between diseased tissue and normal tissue better than x-ray, CT, and ultrasound. How is the procedure performed? MRI exams may be done on an outpatient basis. Your child will be positioned on the moveable examination table. Straps and bolsters may be used to help your child stay still and maintain the correct position during imaging. The technologist may place devices that contain coils capable of sending and receiving radio waves around or next to the area of the body under examination. MRI exams generally include multiple runs (sequences), some of which may last several minutes. Each run will create a different set of noises. If a contrast material will be used in the MRI exam, a physician, nurse or technologist will insert an intravenous (IV) catheter, also known as an IV line, into a vein in your child's hand or arm. A saline solution may be used to inject the contrast material. The solution will drip through the IV to prevent blockage of the IV catheter until the contrast material is injected. Your child will be placed into the magnet of the MRI unit and the radiologist and technologist will perform the examination while working at a computer outside of the room. If your exam uses a contrast material, the technologist will inject it into the intravenous line (IV) after an initial series of scans. They will take more images during or following the injection. When the examination is complete, you and your child may be asked to wait until the technologist or radiologist checks the images in case additional images are needed. Your child's intravenous line will be removed. MRI exams generally include multiple runs (sequences), some of which may last several minutes. The doctor may also perform MR spectroscopy during your exam. MR spectroscopy provides additional information on the chemicals present in the body's cells. This may add about 15 minutes to the total exam time. What will my child experience during and after the procedure? Your child will usually be alone in the exam room during the MRI procedure. The technologist will be able to see, hear and speak with your child at all times using a two-way intercom. However, many MRI centers allow a parent to stay in the room as long as they are also screened for safety in the magnetic environment. Children will be given appropriately sized earplugs or headphones during the exam. MRI scanners are air-conditioned and well-lit. Music may be played through the headphones to help your child pass the time. Some scanners are equipped with video monitors so that your child may watch a movie or TV show during the exam. It is normal for the area of your child's body being imaged to feel slightly warm, but if your child is bothered by the sensation, he/she will be able to talk to the radiologist or technologist through the two-way intercom. It is important that your child remain perfectly still while the images are being obtained, which is typically only a few seconds to a few minutes at a time. Your child will know when images are being recorded because he/she will hear and feel loud tapping or thumping sounds. Your child will be able to relax between imaging sequences, but will be asked to maintain his/her position without movement as much as possible. In some cases, intravenous injection of contrast material may be performed. The intravenous needle may cause your child some discomfort when it is inserted and your child may experience some bruising. There is also a very small chance of skin irritation at the site of the IV tube insertion. Some patients may sense a temporary metallic taste in their mouth after the contrast injection. If sedation has not been used, no recovery period is necessary and your child may resume their usual activities and normal diet immediately after the exam. A few patients experience side effects from the contrast material, including nausea and local pain. Very rarely, patients are allergic to the contrast material and experience hives, itchy eyes or other reactions. If your child experiences allergic symptoms, a radiologist or other physician will be available for immediate assistance. Who interprets the results and how do we get them? A radiologist, a doctor trained to supervise and interpret radiology exams, will analyze the images. The radiologist will send a signed report to your primary care or referring physician, who will share the results with you. Follow-up examinations may be necessary, and your doctor will explain the exact reason why another exam is needed. Sometimes a follow-up exam is done because a suspicious or questionable finding needs clarification with additional views or a special imaging technique. A follow-up examination may also be necessary so that any change in a known abnormality can be monitored over time. Follow-up examinations are sometimes the best way to see if treatment is working or if an abnormality is stable or changed over time. What are the benefits vs. risks? Benefits - MRI is a noninvasive imaging technique that does not involve exposure to radiation. - MR imaging of the soft-tissue structures of the body—such as the heart, liver and many other organs—is more likely in some instances to identify and accurately characterize diseases than other imaging methods. This detail makes MRI an invaluable tool in early diagnosis and evaluation of many focal lesions and tumors - MRI has proven valuable in diagnosing a broad range of conditions, including cancer, heart and vascular disease, and muscular and bone abnormalities - MRI provides a noninvasive alternative to x-ray, angiography and CT for diagnosing problems of the heart and blood vessels - MRI can detect abnormalities that might be obscured by bone with other imaging methods. - The MRI gadolinium contrast material is less likely to cause an allergic reaction than the iodine-based contrast materials used for x-rays and CT scanning. Risks - The MRI examination poses almost no risk to the average patient when appropriate safety guidelines are followed. - If sedation is used, there are risks of excessive sedation. However, a nurse or physician monitors your child's vital signs to minimize this risk. - Although the strong magnetic field is not harmful in itself, implanted medical devices that contain metal may malfunction or cause problems during an MRI exam. - Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is currently a recognized, but rare, complication believed to be caused by the injection of gadolinium-based contrast material in patients with very poor kidney function. Screening for adequate kidney function before considering a contrast injection minimizes the risk of this very rare complication. - There is a very slight risk of an allergic reaction if contrast material is injected. Such reactions usually are mild and easily controlled by medication. If you experience allergic symptoms, a radiologist or other physician will be available for immediate assistance. - After undergoing an MRI examination, small amounts of gadolinium contrast material may remain in the patient's body, including the brain. Gadolinium retention has not been shown to be harmful to patients with normal kidney function, and the benefit of an accurate diagnosis far outweighs any potential risk. What are the limitations of Pediatric MRI? High-quality images are assured only if your child is able to remain perfectly still and follow breath-holding instructions while the images are being recorded. If your child is anxious, confused or in severe pain, he/she may find it difficult to lie still during imaging. A person who is very large may not fit into the opening of certain types of MRI machines. The presence of an implant or other metallic object sometimes makes it difficult to obtain clear images. Patient movement can have the same effect. A very irregular heartbeat may affect the quality of images obtained using techniques that time the imaging based on the electrical activity of the heart, such as electrocardiography (ECG). An MRI exam typically costs more and may take more time than other imaging exams. Talk to your insurance provider if you have concerns about the cost of MRI. MRI is generally not recommended for seriously injured patients. However, this decision is based on clinical judgment. This is because traction devices and life support equipment may distort the MR images. As a result, they must be kept away from the area to be imaged. Some trauma patients, however, may need MRI. Which test, procedure or treatment is best for me?

https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/pediatric-mri

Fetal research has been the dominant conflict in research ethics since the early 1970s. Fetal research can be categorized as therapeutic or investigative, involving a possibly viable or a nonviable fetus. The most controversial area, which has influenced all aspects of the debate, involves research affecting the fetus in elective abortion. Beginning with the deliberations of the Peel Commission in the United Kingdom in 1972, and the United States National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects from 1973 to 1974, three distinct ethical positions arose: - Selectively higher research risks are permitted when abortion has been elected than when the fetus is wanted, based on the moral view of the pregnant woman as the primary decision maker in elective abortion, whose consent is required for research related to scientific and medical goals of benefit to society. - Opposition to all investigative research in the context of abortion, based on the premise of the fetus as child: if the research will not benefit the child directly, the child is being exploited and the research is not morally justified. - A "Golden Rule" position, adopted in the United States, based on the concept of equal protection of wanted and unwanted fetuses, with research limited to "minimal risks" and exceptions permitted only after review by an Ethics Advisory Board (EAB) and a waiver of restrictions by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Up to 1980, the role of the U.S. government in relation to research ethics was primarily that of patron of public discourse. During the 1980s, in a political climate influenced by antiabortion sentiment, the government dismantled most of the public process for debate and resolution, including the EAB. Federal support of fetal tissue transplant research was placed under an "indefinite moratorium" (lifted by President Clinton in 1993). As a consequence, there has been essentially no federally funded embryo or in vitro fertilization research. Every major question related to fetal research in the United States (and many aspects of research with other vulnerable populations such as children, prisoners, and the mentally ill or impaired) needs reexamination and new policy parameters. A critical question for the future of research is whether selectively greater investigative risks are justified in instances of elective abortion, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy. Up to the present time, National Institutes of Health researchers have not been permitted to investigate the causes of cancer in human embryos obtained after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Yet, experiments with living children involving more than minimal risk, without prospect of direct benefit to the subjects but with the possibility of deriving greater knowledge about their disorders, have been allowed. The ability to transfer genes into fetal cells for therapeutic trials calls for new studies of the natural history of genetic diseases, including genetic causes of cancer. An Ethics Advisory Board to the Secretary of Health and Human Services should be restored to serve as an ongoing resource in an overall reevaluation of research ethics, beginning with fetal research. FEDERAL AND STATE REGULATIONS OF FETAL RESEARCH: A CURRENT PERSPECTIVE2 LORI B. ANDREWS American Bar Foundation, Chicago, Illinois In 1971, medical investigators in Massachusetts undertook an experiment to learn how pregnant women metabolize certain antibiotics and whether the antibiotics cross the placenta. The research involved women planning to abort, who had consented to administration of the drugs. Specific consent had not been requested, however, for subsequent analyses of the aborted fetuses to determine the effects of the antibiotics. After the study was published, an indictment was brought against the scientists under an 1814 grave-robbing statute. Although the criminal prosecution was later dismissed, the fact that it was brought at all indicates how politically charged the area of fetal research has become in the wake of Roe v. Wade, with significant consequences at the state level. In addition to federal laws governing research on the unborn, 24 states have widely varying laws concerned with one or more of the following considerations: - Purpose: Is the research intended to benefit the fetus, the mother, an infertile progenitor, or a tissue recipient, or is its purpose to acquire general scientific or medical knowledge? - Effect: Does the research impose a risk to the life or health of the fetus? If so, what are the likelihood and the seriousness of risk? - Relation to abortion: Does the research involve a fetus before, during, or after an induced abortion? - Fetal location: Is the fetus in the womb or outside it? - Stage of development: Has the fetus reached the stage at which it has acquired characteristics that warrant specific protection, such as the capacity for experiencing pain? Who in fact is the beneficiary of research is a significant question often ignored by federal regulations and state statutes. Possible beneficiaries range from the pregnant woman or the fetus, to a couple, a fetal tissue transplant recipient, or the public at large. Particularly difficult issues arise when pregnant women are treated for illnesses with treatments that, although not experimental for the women, have unknown effects on the fetus and may, thus, be considered experimental for the fetus. Nine states define in utero research so broadly as to include just such a circumstance. Ironically, the research necessary to determine the fetal effects of many "standard" treatments has simply not been permitted. Roe v. Wade upheld the primacy of a woman's concern for her life and health, including her psychological health. Nonetheless, federal regulations regarding research (as opposed to therapeutic interventions) say that, even if an intervention may benefit the woman, it is permissible only if risk to the fetus is minimal. With regard to the fetus itself, federal regulations distinguish between therapeutic and nontherapeutic activities, but six states do not, thereby potentially prohibiting innovative therapies even to save the fetus's life. Research beneficial to the couple includes techniques for initiating pregnancy or for gathering information about the fetus. Such research has led to prenatal diagnostic techniques to detect the presence of genetic disorders (e.g., chorionic villi sampling, developed through research on patients planning first trimester abortion), now widely used to help a couple to decide whether or not to continue a pregnancy. Yet, seven states have laws that prohibit experimental prenatal diagnostic procedures on the fetus. Although in vitro fertilization is no longer considered experimental, some of its adjuncts are, including cryopreservation of embryos for subsequent implantation or embryo donation to an infertile recipient. State laws that interfere with a couple's reproductive decisions by banning prenatal screening or infertility treatments, or that constrict the treatment options of a pregnant woman, have been struck down as unconstitutional by federal courts in Louisiana and Illinois. The abortion controversy has had tremendous impact on the debate over fetal tissue transplantation research. Specific concerns include the fear that women will conceive and abort in order to donate tissue for treatment of an ailing loved one. To address this concern, an advisory panel of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has recommended prohibition of the sale of fetal tissue or designation of a specific tissue recipient. During the moratorium, one proposal was to establish a fetal tissue bank with tissue obtained from spontaneous abortions. Even in this circumstance, however, federal regulations defer to state law with regard to research on dead fetuses. Of 14 states that have dealt with this issue, nine allow such research with certain provisions for parental consent; four states permit only pathological examination or autopsy. Other states have regulations that echo the NIH recommendations. In states without specific regulations, decisions are based on the state's interpretation of the Uniform Anatomical Gifts Act. Some of the greatest controversy occurs when the potential beneficiary of fetal research is less identifiable, especially the public at large. Although much information of medical relevance can be obtained through animal research, human research is ultimately necessary. Humans differ from animals. In rubella vaccination trials in monkeys, the vaccine did not cross the placenta; in human trials it did, and was therefore deemed unsafe for use with pregnant women. Many of the data that confirmed the efficacy and safety of amniocentesis were obtained from research involving fetuses prior to abortion. Of the 24 states with fetal research statutes, 12 either prohibit or seriously restrict general scientific research in utero and 18 prohibit it ex utero. In the focus on federal research policies and funding mechanisms it is often overlooked that the legality of research involving embryos and fetuses has fallen mainly under the domain of state laws. These laws are not finely tuned and generally do not take into consideration the varied policy concerns that might be raised, based on the nature of the research and its intended beneficiary. The distinction, however, cannot be ignored by those directly involved in the research enterprise, regardless of their sources of support. For some researchers, the state in which they work will ultimately determine what experiments they may and may not undertake. OPEN DISCUSSION PERIOD The discussion began with an overview of the present state of regulation of fetal research in the United Kingdom. The Governmental Human Fertilization Embryology Act allows British researchers a large degree of freedom in line with the first ethical position, based on the moral view of the pregnant woman as the primary decision maker. To aid research, the Medical Research Council maintains a tissue bank to collect and prepare fetal tissue for research.3 It is unclear where initiative for change in the United States will come from, but discussants agreed that the public is generally receptive to the goals of fetal research to lessen or alleviate serious health problems. It was further argued that scientists have a responsibility to interact with legislators and the public to help create the conditions for meaningful change. The difficulty of achieving such change, however, can be seen in the current state of organ transplantation. Repeated surveys have shown overwhelming public approval of organ transplantation. Yet, there are still no effective procedures for obtaining an adequate supply of organs, a problem that would be even more difficult for fetal tissue transplantation. Another special characteristic of fetal tissue banks is quality. In recently established tissue banks that are limited to spontaneously aborted fetuses, the material is frequently found to be abnormal or infected and, consequently, of little value for therapy or research. A necessary, but fundamental, change would be to establish tissue banks for the storage of normal, therapeutically useful tissue from elective abortions. It was clear from the discussion that many ethical questions will reemerge. For example, does a woman seeking an abortion have the right to know everything that will be done to her fetus in a research project, based on the possibility that particular kinds of research might be objectionable to her? With the federal funding mechanisms for fetal research being reconstituted, it appears that such questions will again become the grist for public debate.

https://www.nap.edu/read/4797/chapter/4

This literature review will consider four peer-reviewed research papers concerned with the causality of depression in pregnant women and the effects of maternal depression on the psychological and physical well-being of their infants. The research will differentiatebetween quantitative and qualitative data and consider the appropriate methodology used to gather the data. I will examine how the research was undertaken and completed and whether the methodology was valid and reliable. I will also consider ethical issues and any concerns regarding the safeguarding of patient confidentiality. 1. ‘Doesmothers’ postnatal depression influence the development of imitation?’ In this study, the authors hypothesise that postnatal depression (PND) may interfere with infants’ ‘imitation’, which is an early learningability that features in early mother–infant interaction and is linked tomemory, causal understanding and joint attention. This study demonstrated a mixed methodology as the quantitative data was sufficient to present a nationally representative sample of Britishfirst-time mothers and their infants and to examine whether there is a correlation between PND and a reduction in imitation. The qualitative data involved observation, interviews and questionnairesand allowed the researchers to investigate aspects of sociodemographicadversity and to find out whether there were causal elements of depression during pregnancy or prior to conception. Method 332 first-time mothers represented the entire range of socioeconomic categories in the UK, sothe final sample was nationally representative, equivalent to the most recentUK national cohort study. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now 301 parents were interviewed and observed with their children. One parentwas interviewed by telephone, eight provided questionnaires. Six families withdrew from the study, four failed tokeep appointments, eight could not be traced within the time frame, and fourcould not be assessed due to ill health or because of family circumstances. 253 infants were presented with two imitation tasks thatvaried in difficulty (manipulating a door knocker, light panel or spring; tapping on the wall of a box; and another, arbitrary task), of which 174 (68.8%) imitated a modelled action at least once. The children of women who had experienced PND were significantly less likely than others to imitate the modelled actions. Only 10 (48%) of the infantswhose mothers had been depressed postpartum imitated the model at least once,whereas 160 (70%) of other infants imitated at least one modelled action. The researchers only took into consideration completed tasks, which could possibly make this research less reliable but there was a small p-value which would indicate that the study suggested that the likelihood of PND influencing imitation tasks was greater than simple chance. The ethical considerations in this study are that informed consent would be needed in order to undertake experiments on children and there were issues of confidentiality?with mothers who have PND. That parents were given the right to withdraw from the programme demonstrates that correct ethical considerations were implemented. The potential benefits of being able to associate learning difficulties in children of mothers with PND and thereby supporting those children so that they are treated with justice, respect and equality within society outweigh any other ethical considerations. The study also demonstrates the power of social modelling as children imitate a ‘power’ role model. Those children who imitated more than once seem to get a positive reinforcement fromtheir role model and if the parent repeats this action their infants understand that what they have done is a good action.? The limitations of this study might be that the cohort size is not large enough to extrapolate into the wider population. Moreover,the imitation exercises were perhaps too brief to be reliable or effective, especially because observation was limited. Perhaps some of the children showed poor imitationbecause the parents had not had the experiment explained to them clearly enough. The Hawthorne effect could also be taken into account as both parent and childmight have been conscious that they were being observed. However, knowledge of the effects on learning of PND should inform health professionals in postnatalcare, which could lead to further studies and possible intervention strategies. 2. ‘Mechanisms of Resilience in Children of Mothers WhoSelf-Report with Depressive Symptoms in the First Postnatal Year’. The second study suggests that maternal postnatal depression symptoms are associated with an increased possibility of adverse effects on the development of the child. Thisliterature aims to determine the mechanism of resilience in children exposed to PND symptoms. Method Data was taken from a large-scale prospective cohort study. The methodology of this research is a qualitative review as mothers were given questionnaires during pregnancy and the child’s first two years asking the motherstheir views of parenting and how they judged the development of their child. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was completed postnatally at 8 months and theStrengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 11 years. Children of mothers reporting PND who scored above the median score of childrenof mothers not reporting PND were defined as resilient. The information was subjected to exploratory factor analysis to assistwith statistical data. It has been stated that modelling condition (AlbertBandura) could affect the results: an individual’s belief in their ability and efficacy to exercisecontrol over their own lives and actions could be a contributing factor innon-optimal child development. There were 14,541 pregnancies along with 13,988 children alive at the age of one. There were 10,923 pregnant mothers with PND. Those mothers excluded were those with multiple births and those whose children had died (4,423). 1,009 children in total were exposed to maternal PND. Positive parenting behaviours and interactions with their child were associated with betterverbal skills and fewer behavioural difficulties at a younger age in their study of the ALSPAC cohort (age 7 years compared with 11 years inthe current study). This confirms speculations suggesting that positivematernal parenting characteristics may have important protective effects inhigh-risk populations, serving to neutralise some of the effects of the risks encountered. One finding of the study was that children who at 15 months aremore able to communicate in a non-verbal way have a greater likelihood of beingresilient at 11 years. Due to the nature of the data collection in the ALSPAC sample, it is not clear whether the non-verbalcommunication displayed by the children at age 2 elicited warm responses from their mothers. However, it could bespeculated that such non-verbal forms of communication might lead to positivechains of responses from the mother, which in turn fostered resilience. Within the paper it is stated that ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPA ethics committee and the local researchethics committee. Parents were given the right to withdraw from receiving thequestionnaire through the post. However, again the Hawthorne effect might have made an impact and made data less reliable. There was only one method used to gather data, which might have made the information unreliable, as there may not have been enough evidence. Moreover, a numerical description rather than a detailed narrative generally provides less elaborate accounts of human perception. It has been suggested that there were difficulties within the questionnaires as some were completed at different points in the survey, reflecting differently on thedevelopment of the children. A quantitative approach has shown that findings can give evidence either to support or contradict a hypothesis. What is clear is that it might contradict the hypothesis as there is a low rate of reliance in children. Nonetheless, the growing knowledge on resilience maybe vital in guiding social policies for the promotion of well-being andpositive adaptation across populations. Early interventions could help improvethe long-term outcomes for children as well as potentially interrupt theintergenerational transmission risk of depression. And by assessing those factors that have contributed to thedevelopment of resilience in children who have been exposed to postnataldepression there is a better understanding of those aspects of a child’s earlyenvironment that may help support them to withstand the effects of the symptomsof postnatal depression. 3. In this third article it is calledinfluence of prenatal maternal stress maternal plasma cortisol and cortisol inatomic fluid on both outcomes and child temperament at three months. Thisliterature review aims to investigate relationships and signs of maternalpaternal stress and the infant birth outcomes and the potential earlytemperament in addition to examining patterns associated between psychologicalsuch as cortisol and plasma concentration in addition to self-reports ofmothers with paternal stress. This is a prospective longitudinalproject into the effects of prenatal hormones on development in children. Hasbeen suggested that 185 women declared willingness to participate within thestudy only single pregnancies were used however only 158 pregnant women. Thesewomen were given questionnaires to be able to report stress levels. 26.04 whichwas the mean of the perceived score in the sample. Cortisol in the atomic fluidwas determined by the radioanimus variation that was taken fromthe lower limit of the detection to be able to measure the average within thecortisol whin the atomic fluid. But thequestionnaires were taken for the temperament of the infants at three months inregarding the behaviour such as stress to limitation and fear as bait babyfears and crying in convening position during can I take in activities andunable to perform certain actions. Methodology was Quantitive data as yet again they want tosee levels of stress in relation to cortisol in the atomic fluid to see if thereis an increase of stress and to see if it also increases the cortisol in theatomic fluid. As they are interested in numbers as they do want to know themean average within this longitudinal prospective study. This demonstrate in the result as wellas in the table that the mean of the quarter the event the atomic fluid was4206 but in the range it was 27 to 63, does show thereis an increase of cortisol. Whether this also demonstrates a low p value whichis less by chance there was no sex difference in the atomic fluid and Cortisol contraction. It has been suggested that it was moderate by maternalstate and is IT as there was no difference between stress and low anxiousmothers based on the ST a I test nor high and low mothersas measured by these questionnaires handed handed out in comparisons. In therelation to the independent Variables it has been suggested that maternalplasma and the atomic fluid quarters or contractions were positively associateddue to a small P value questionnaires and says about giving birth within thepregnancy do correlate as stress did not correlate with maternal state anxiety. However they also suggest that they hadthree hypotheses and one positive association between maternal and self-reportof stress and Anxiety and cortisol Contraction Each patient were given a informed consent To theprocedure and the UMCU you medical ethical committee approved of the studythe maturity 96 was referred because of their age 36 or older had the aminothesis because amniocentesis because of their deviate serum screening. Asbecause there is a high risk of maleficence being performed and there is aPossibility mother losing the so the mother has to be aware The procedure they are going throughfor legal document purposes. But can also be considered as benefices The study will open knowledge andways to enhance and understanding towards a fact of stress and to infantbehaviour. https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0306453012003319/1-s2.0-S0306453012003319-main.pdf?_tid=871ed49c-f6f9-11e7-8746-00000aacb35e=1515693911_dbbc319d7e88d290a7f4c3de3e365d76 4. ‘Effects of pre-natal depressive symptoms on maternal and infantcortisol reactivity.’ The literature suggests that pre-natal depression is associated with adverse offspring outcomes, and the prevailingtheory to account for mood-associated effects implicates alterations of thematernal and foetal hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axes. Recent researchsuggests that depression may be associated with a failure to attenuate cortisolreactivity during early pregnancy. This studyinvestigates whether this effect continues into mid and late gestation. Asecond aim is to test whether maternal pre-natal cortisol reactivity directlypredicts infant cortisol reactivity. Method The study investigated 103 pregnant women in the second and thirdtrimesters of their pregnancy. The participants were asked to complete a questionnaire which contained questions about their demographic characteristics and current levelsof mood. They were then asked to watch a 6-minute film of distressed babies. Saliva samples were collected five times during the test session; two samples were taken before the film; a third sample was taken immediately after thefilm; fourth and fifth samples were taken 10 and 20 minutes after the film. Maternal depressive symptoms were self-reported via the questionnaires. Postnatal mood symptoms were further assessed by visits at theparticipants’ homes and saliva samples were also taken from their infants bythe mothers. The methodology uses quantitative data as the researchers wanted to measure the amount of cortisol in the mothers’ saliva. Qualitative data regarding depressive symptoms was taken via questionnaire. One aspect ofthe study that might render the findings less than universal is that theparticipants were ‘primarily Caucasian .. . highly educated, had a mean age of31 and all participants were primiparous’. The researchers admit that ‘the participants were drawn from alow-risk community sample and levels of maternal prenatal depression wererelatively low.’ Contrary to theresearchers’ initial hypotheses, symptoms of depression werenot associated with maternal hyper-cortisol secretion in response to the infantdistress stimulus. Further, maternal cortisol reactivity did not directlypredict infant cortisol reactivity. The ethicalconsiderations were not clear in this study. The showing of the ‘short film depicting distressed young infants, allunder the age of 6 months’ might arguably have stimulated and increased cortisol levels and could be in conflict with the non-maleficence principle inthat it might effect levels of distress and anxiety in the participants. ?It is worrying that the researchers reported that’the infant distress video may not have been a sufficiently potent stressor toinduce a cortisol stress response in this group of pregnant women, althoughparticipants did report increases in state anxiety following the film.’ In conclusion, it is clear from these literature reviews that the topic of depression in pregnant women and theeffects of maternal depression on the psychological and physical well-being oftheir infants is a field that demands a great amount of quantitative data and that knowledge of the effects on learning of PND should inform health professionals in postnatalcare, which could lead to further studies and possible intervention strategies.Qualitative data is problematic given that studies are often self-selective. Moreover, the studies here are arguably not as diverse in terms of sociodemographics as they might be. Ethically, all studies undertaken or proposed were bound by national and localguidelines and there were no declared conflicts of interest. Women withdepression need to be treated perhaps more carefully than participants instudies where mental health well-being is not an issue. Also, infants areunable to give informed consent and their human rights must be taken intoaccount. My one concern was regarding the use of film of distressed infants,first on the well-being of the babies showing distress and second on thepsychological well-being of the women who were shown the film. It is clear that there is importance in there being more research to monitor and enhance cognitive and motor skills in infants and to support the psychological well-beingof women pre- and postpartum.

https://maryelizabethbodycare.com/this-well-being-of-their-infants-the-research-will/

By Megan Thielking For decades, it’s been taboo to test medications on pregnant women. But doctors, patients, and public health officials are increasingly arguing that it’s unethical not to include them in research. So new ideas for changing the research culture are emerging. Doctors, ethicists, and drug industry leaders laid out several concrete suggestions for addressing the problem in interviews with STAT and in presentations to a federal task force studying the issue. The scope of the problem is clear: Of the thousands of research studies in the U.S. recruiting women right now, just a few dozen specifically include pregnant women. And while the other trials technically could enroll pregnant women — after meeting certain requirements — they often don’t. “It’s absolutely possible to do studies in pregnant women,” Dr. Catherine Spong, an obstetrician who is leading the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development task force. The task force will present its recommendations to the federal health department next year. In the meantime, here’s what experts have suggested might help. Make clear it’s ethical to do research in pregnant women The first step to improving research on pregnant women: Talk about it like it’s OK to do it. “Research with pregnant women is the ethical thing to do. Not doing the research is unethical,” said Dr. Anne Lyerly, a physician and bioethicist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The major hesitation, of course, is that exposing pregnant women to medications that haven’t been proven safe can put them or their fetuses at risk. No one wants to risk another tragedy like thalidomide, which was widely prescribed to pregnant women for morning sickness in the 1950s and caused devastating limb deformities in their babies. But experts say it’s crucial to recognize that without research, every pregnant woman who needs to take a medication is doing so blindly. That, too, is a risk to pregnant women and fetuses. There are signs that the conversation is starting to change, including the creation of the federal task force. Movements like the Second Wave Initiative — a collaborative academic effort — have also worked in recent years to advocate for ethically and scientifically responsible ways to include pregnant women in medical research. “There’s a growing recognition that keeping pregnant women out of the research agenda does not help them in the end,” Lyerly said. Another emerging argument: The lack of research isn’t only unethical — it’s also unjust. Public tax dollars fund biomedical research, but pregnant women — who pay into the system — don’t benefit. Assume women should be included, not excluded Right now, most research trials in the U.S. are run with the assumption that all pregnant women will be excluded. Some even require women of childbearing age to use two forms of contraception during the study period. That’s due in part to a regulation known as the common rule, which governs all research involving human subjects. Pregnant women are currently listed as an example of a “vulnerable population” in guidance for researchers, along with prisoners and people with diminished mental capacity. The designation is designed to protect people who might be at risk of being pressured into participating in a trial. In January 2017, the government enacted changes to that language which would remove pregnant women as a de facto example of a vulnerable population. (Depending on the trial, they could still be deemed a vulnerable population.) To include pregnant women in a study, researchers will still have to meet a specific set of requirements, including demonstrating that the trial has the potential to directly benefit a pregnant woman or fetus — and if it doesn’t, that the trial poses nothing more than a minimal risk to the fetus. Advocates for the change hope it will begin to shift the culture in the research community. Instead of assuming pregnant women should be excluded, they want scientists to assume they should be included — unless studies in pregnant animals suggest the drug might pose a risk. The new rule is set to go into effect on Jan. 19, 2018. But there could be a hiccup: In October, the Trump administration proposed delaying the rule for another year. That proposed delay is currently being reviewed by the budget office. The Department of Health and Human Services said the agency can’t comment on items going through the rulemaking process until they’ve been published in the Federal Register. The proposed delay hasn’t yet been published there. Launch more retrospective studies on pregnant women To sidestep some of the clinical trial hurdles, researchers could work to collect more data from pregnant women who are already taking medications. They could also look at data sets on children whose mothers took medication while pregnant. While such retrospective studies can’t be used to test a potential new therapy, they could give doctors a better, if limited, idea of whether already-approved drugs are safe for pregnant women. “There’s a lot of research that can be done without imposing any risk on [pregnant women] whatsoever,” said Lyerly. “It’s really no-brainer research.” Experts stress that retrospective studies shouldn’t be used in place of randomized controlled trials. They only show correlations, not causation. So it’s impossible to tease out whether a medication used during pregnancy is responsible for any harm to the woman or her baby. Say 10,000 women take an anti-seizure medication for epilepsy during pregnancy, and 6 percent of babies born to those women have a birth defect, compared to 3 percent of babies born to the general population. Is it the medication that’s connected to that increased risk, or is it physiological differences in women who have epilepsy? There’s no way to tell for sure from this kind of study. Still, experts agree: Any evidence is better than no evidence at all. Make the most of pregnancy registries Many drug companies are actually already running that type of study. ClinicalTrials.gov currently lists dozens of pregnancy registries — many of them owned and operated by drug companies — that are recruiting pregnant women who have taken a wide range of medications, from narcolepsy drugs to the flu shot. The researchers gather data on the women and the health of their babies, which they could mine to try to find correlations. Such analyses could offer insight into medication safety during pregnancy. But the data quality from those registries is variable. To take one example: In some cases, patients report their outcomes. In others, providers report patient outcomes. Creating a set of guidelines to standardize the data collection could make it more valuable to the public. Another possible fix the task force is considering: create disease-focused pregnancy registries, instead of drug-focused registries, which are limited in their scope. That would give doctors an easier way to compare, for instance, outcomes for patients on an array of antidepressants. Incentivize the drug industry to include pregnant women If there’s going to be more research involving pregnant women, the drug industry is going to need some convincing. Research involving pregnant women poses set of challenges unlike any other the pharmaceutical industry faces — there are regulatory hurdles, ethical questions, and a complicated calculation of the risks and benefits to both a pregnant woman and her fetus. “It’s really unusual that a drug company is willing to run a trial using children or pregnant women. There’s too much liability involved,” said Dr. Daniela Carusi, an obstetrician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. And on top of that, researchers are working with a ticking clock — pregnancy means there’s a particularly short window to locate potential participants, enroll them, and run the study. At a November meeting of the federal task force, Robert Ternik, a senior research adviser for the drug maker Eli Lilly, said pregnancy is “pretty much a universal exclusion” for randomized, controlled trials of an innovative or investigational new drug. “Fear is a great motivator,” he told the panel. The task force is looking at a number of ways to overcome that wariness. They’re exploring federally funded injury compensation programs, like the one that currently exists for vaccines, to protect drug companies from financial consequences if a pregnant woman or her fetus suffers harm during a trial. Also on the table: More dedicated funding for research on pregnant women. Legislation could be a tool to boost research, too. There’s interest in looking at whether lawmakers could take a page from the Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act and the Pediatric Research Equity Act, which were signed into law in 2002 and 2003, respectively. They gave drug companies an additional six months of patent exclusivity if they ran pediatric studies to improve labeling on medications commonly prescribed for kids. The legislation has fostered significant progress in pediatric drug research. Since 2002, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development has sponsored dozens of clinical trials involving children, some of which have led to labeling changes to add a specific pediatric dose for drugs already on the market. The agency has also supported the Pediatric Pharmacology Research Units, a research network that has carried out more than 260 pediatric studies. If all the pieces fall in place and more studies do open up, researchers will have to convince a population that’s been left out of research for decades to participate in studies. Some experts think that won’t be a big problem; others see low enrollment in some of the studies that have sought out pregnant women as a sign that recruitment could be difficult.

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/women-need-answers-on-drug-use-during-pregnancy-heres_b_5a2b032fe4b04e0bc8f3b485

Kahn JP, Mastroianni AC, Sugarman J; eds. 190 pages. New York: Oxford Univ Pr; 1998. $39.95. ISBN 0195113535. Order phone 800-451-7556. Field of medicine: Medical ethics and research policy. Audience: Persons interested in contemporary ethical issues in the regulation of research involving human subjects. Purpose: To explore the change in the conception of justice in U.S. medical research in the past 20 years. Content: The authors contrast the emphasis in research policy focused on protection of human research subjects with contemporary issues involving increased access to research of certain groups and populations, such as pregnant women and ethnic minorities. They distill the shifting focus of federal research policy: going beyond consent to endure the risks and burdens of research toward an appeal to fairness in the distribution of the benefits of research. Chapters examine the balance between protection and increased access to research in different groups and populations, including vulnerable sick persons, children, convenient and captive populations (prisoners, institutionalized persons, military personnel, and students), and previously protected populations (pregnant women), as well as research conducted in international settings. Published: Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(11):951-952.

https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/712752/beyond-consent-seeking-justice-research

Paul McNulty, an American, whose copies of historical fortepianos are played by musicians all over the world, has been living for the past thirteen years in the beautiful countryside around Český Šternberk in central Bohemia. “I found a source of high-quality timber here, which is essential for instrument making. The spruce that grows in the Schwartzenberg forest was chosen by most Viennese instrument makers from 1790 until 1850,” Paul says, explaining what brought him to the Czech Republic, in preference to Amsterdam, where from 1987 he produced his first twenty five pianos. Upon leaving the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore he took to the study of piano technology in Boston. He avoided working in a modern piano factory, but before long several pioneering artists in the fortepiano field took notice of his plan to build fortepianos, and set him on his way. His wife, the pianofortist Viviana Sofronitzki, leads us across the yard to the workshop, whose façade still bears the sign Strojírna (engineering works) from before World War I. The warm scent of timber is reminiscent of a joiner’s workshop. As we enter the second room the characteristic shape of a fortepiano lid leaves us no doubt about what is manufactured here. The raw timber is seasoned until it becomes the material to make the instruments from which the master craftsman will extract sound in proportion to his controlled effort, much as musicians will do. We go upstairs to the second floor and peep into the room where the instruments are polished. In the brightly-lit room next door, where a constant temperature and humidity are maintained, stand seven completed fortepianos asking to be played. Viviana doesn’t resist for a moment and sits down at each of them in turn to demonstrate the differences between them. She, the daughter of the legendary Russian pianist Vladimir Sofronitzki, is a fortepiano specialist who once visited Paul as a customer – and stayed. She has recorded Mozart’s complete works for keyboard instrument and orchestra in Warsaw. Now she is playing Schubert, C. P. E. Bach and Beethoven, according to the period of the original instrument that Paul McNulty copied. The subtle and distinct sound of the Mozartian piano give way to the more boisterous and darker tone of the younger Bach’s imagination; by the use of stops, Schubert’s Moment Musical becomes delicate and full of colour. She is utterly at home with the instruments and knows all their foibles and characteristics, and how to make the best use of them – and she need know nothing about the mysteries that still puzzle her husband. How is it that no two pianos of identical construction sound the same? How can one best imagine producing 36 pianos per year with twelve assistants, as did the great Anton Walter in his heyday, long before electricity? Is there a way to make the later Graf pianos truly sing, even with their English-inspired soundboards? Paul models his instruments on the renowned instrument makers Georg Anton Walter, Ferdinand Hofmann, Conrad Graf and Johann Andreas Stein. “Mozart loved Stein’s fortepiano and wrote to his father about it. However, his father replied that Stein was excellent but expensive,” Paul McNulty tells me. Whereas the builders of those days were capable of producing dozens of instruments annually, Paul’s workshop turns out about ten per year. Paul has five assistants, but the “fine work”, such as building the soundboard or covering the hammers with leather or tuning the action—not to mention the oversight of the entire process—is entirely in the master craftsman’s hands. There are about ten people in the world specialising in the manufacture of fortepianos “but only about four of them are coming anywhere close to Paul’s standard,” Viviana maintains. This is no empty praise – the quality of McNulty’s instruments is confirmed by the creditable list of renowned musicians who have had instruments built in his workshop. They include Paul Badura-Skoda, Alexei Lubimov, Jacques Ogg and other pianists who have found they need something other than the modern piano. Ronald Brautigam has recorded all of Beethoven’s Sonatas on a Paul McNulty fortepiano. “Paul McNulty’s fortepianos are by far the best,” he declares. “His instruments are the only ones I’ve ever played that have a ‘soul’, rather than being ‘museum replicas’. I truly believe that he is the only fortepiano builder who has managed to capture Anton Walter’s spirit in his pianos and am convinced that, had he lived and worked in the late 18th-century, there wouldn’t have been ‘Anton Walter & Sohn’ but ‘Walter & McNulty.’” McNulty’s instruments feature on many recordings by Czech musicians, notably those of Jaroslav Tůma. Instruments with the McNulty trademark are not cheap to buy, of course, but Paul has plenty of orders. From time to time he will load a piano onto a van and drive it to a competition or a concert – air transport is too costly and unsafe. Paul specialises in instruments from the late eighteenth century, but he is about to embark on a new order – a copy of a Pleyel from 1830. It stands in a corner, and it takes my breath away to think it was touched by the fingers of long-ago pianists. “Compared to the Mozartean fortepiano, the strings are much thicker, so the frame has to be sturdier,” the builder says, explaining the basic differences – which are anyway obvious at first glance even to a layperson. “At that time the ideal was a bigger, fuller sound—the one-man orchestra. Times and aesthetic opinions had changed— the French Revolution had turned many heads.” Paul McNulty finds an interest in the context and circumstances of the period in which the instrument he is copying was made. He relishes the stories of builders’ lives emerging from recent research, and is full of quotations of musicians talking about their pianos. He acquired his experience in museums here and abroad, and learned a great deal by restoring originals. His first job is to measure the original instrument. “It gets easier to measure these old pianos as I am better able to determine the intention of the builder, which usually means an approach more reliable and simple than a beginner would imagine,” he explains. The measured dimensions of an old piano reflect years of production on the part of a successful builder who wasn’t at all confused about his instrument, so I copy the soundboards and hammer action without varying from observed data. “When I was working in Amsterdam not much was documented from the few early pianos which had been opened and repaired. With a little guesswork, I nevertheless arrived at a working design of a Walteresque piano, however slightly bulkier in its musical dimensions than later emerged from a unique examination of a five 8ve Walter in the Czech Republic. So my instruments of that period have bigger hammers than they ought to have,” Paul says, recalling the time he worked in Holland. He explains patiently and clearly how the piano action evolved. He takes apart a fortepiano as if it were a construction kit and picks up some of the resilient hammers. “These hammers, which fall back quickly – the so-called ‘Viennese action’ – were Stein’s invention. Great acceleration is generated with little movement,” he says , thrumming a hammer with his finger. It also depends on the point where the head of the hammer touches the strings – in the top treble it strikes at a tenth of the string length, corresponding to the musical interval of a third. This simple rule helps Paul locate the maker’s ‘sweet spot.’ “When I was measuring the Stein I kept finding the number 15.3 mm in the mechanism and soundboard. It is very attractive to suppose there were literally rules of thumb, and many organologists today explore instruments employing the scale of inches of a particular place and time.” Anyone who tries one of McNulty’s copies can confirm that the keys react more sensitively to the softest touch than the modern instrument can manage. Lisztian technique, suitable for larger, heavy pianos, doesn’t work well here. Paul’s careful replicas of pianos from an unimaginable time, long ago, are brilliant evocations of the spirit hidden in some of our most treasured musical scores.

https://www.fortepiano.eu/history-reverberated-by-dita-kopacova-hradecka/

Vihuela: instrument description, history, structure, playing technique Vihuela is an ancient musical instrument from Spain. Class – plucked string, chordophone. The history of the instrument began in the 1536th century when it was invented. In Catalan, the invention was called “viola de ma”. Within two centuries of its inception, the vihuela became widespread among the Spanish aristocrats. One of the most notable vihuelistas of that time was Luis de Milan. Being self-taught, Louis has developed his own unique playing style. In 1700, based on personal experience, de Milan wrote a textbook on playing the vihuela. In the XNUMXs, the Spanish chordophone began to fall out of favor. Soon the instrument was replaced by the baroque guitar. Visually, the vihuela is similar to a classical guitar. The body consists of two decks. A neck is attached to the body. At one end of the neck are several wooden frets. The remaining frets are made from veins and tied separately. To tie the frets or not is the decision of the performer. The number of strings is 6. The strings are paired, mounted on the headstock on one side, tied with a knot on the other. The structure and sound are reminiscent of a lute. The Spanish chordophone was originally played with the first two fingers. The method is similar to playing with a mediator, but instead of it, a nail strikes the strings. With the development of playing technique, the remaining fingers were involved, and the arpeggio technique began to be used.

https://digital-school.net/vihuela-instrument-description-history-structure-playing-technique/

What was the name, the appearance, development and the playing technique of the cello in the Low Countries between 1600 and 1800 and what music was composed for it? As a baroque cellist I am naturally interested in what instruments looked like in the Baroque, how they were played, what kind of music was composed for cello (solo) and in what way this music should be performed. As a Dutch baroque cellist I am above all most interested in the situation in the Low Countries from around 1600 up to 1800. I have studied many reference books on the cello, and regardless of the language they have been written in, they hardly provide any information on the history of the cello in the Low Countries. The historiography about the cello has been mainly focussed on Italy and to a lesser extent on other European countries like France and Germany. It was, however, rather remarkable that these reference books extensively use reproductions of paintings and other representations of cellos, mainly from the Noordelijke Nederlanden. Since so many works of art were produced in the Low Countries, it cannot be that the cello was not used there during the period these images were produced. These reference books not giving the answers I was looking for prompted me to conduct this doctorate research, which deals with the following question: What was the name, the appearance, development and the playing technique of the cello in the Low Countries between 1600 and 1800 and what music was composed for it? This question has been divided into four sub-questions, each of which are dealt with in one chapter of this dissertation. In Chapter 1 I have investigated whether in written sources information is to be found about the name of the cello, and possible additonal information about the tuning of the strings and the technique. Chapter 2 is based on a research corpus of over 850 17th and 18th-century representations of cellos and cellists (reproduced in Part 2 of this dissertation). The following characteristics of the cello were scrutinized: size, scroll, shoulders, sound holes, frets, material and number of strings and the colour of the hairs of the bow, as well as how the instrument was played (how is the instrument held, the way the bow is held and the position of the left hand). The database with all results is reproduced in Part 3. A case study about French instruction drawings meant for a cello method has also been added. The depicted technique here has been compared with that on Dutch images to determine how realistic the Dutch images are. Chapter 3 focuses on the instruments still present in museums and private collections. An important question was whether the characteristics of these instruments are to be found on the images presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 4 is divided into two Sub-chapters, about the music from the 17th and music from the 18th century respectively. By including the results from Chapter 1, I examined whether the name of the instrument, as mentioned in the 17th-century music, can shed light on which instrument should be used to play the bass line. As for the 18th-century music: of the majority of the books containing sonatas for cello solo and basso continuo or for two cellos only a short description has been given. The composer Alexis Magito, however, has been researched more thoroughly, since until now hardly anything was known about him. The results of this research have been presented as an extensive case study. The name 'cello' is a common term used mistakenly for the entire period of my dissertation. Therefore the word cello was placed between inverted commas in the title. The most correct term would be: 8' bass instrument of the violin family. Since this description is too long to use each time, I have chosen, when speaking generally, to name the 17th-century instrument 'bass violin' and the 18th-century instrument 'cello'. In general the conclusion may be drawn that during the period studied the cello was used far more in the Low Countries than 20th-century literature wants us to believe. Instruments were built, very many images were produced and also a sizable collection of music for cello was composed (cello as continuo instrument (possibly obligato) or as solo instrument). The most surprising outcome has been that, in comparison to what was previously thought, the underhand bowing was used extensively. Moreover I found a lot of information about the composer, cellist and engraver Alexis Magito and I could date his sonatas more precisely than had been possible until now. It is very important that (baroque) cellists examine the results of this research. It shows that also in the Low Countries the cello was widely used, that the instrument had many different characteristics and that it was played in many different ways.

https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-output/humanities/the-cello-in-the-low-countries--the-instrument-and-its-practical-use-in-the-17th-and-18th-centuries

Lean Construction is based on the studies of Professor Lauri Koskela in 1992 during his stay at Stanford University in California and his collaboration with Professors Glenn Ballard and Greg Howell. Its foundations are the Lean Manufacturing System based in turn on the Toyota Production System, which the engineer Taiichi Ohno had developed in this company from the 1950s, for the improvement in the manufacture of their automobiles. One perspective of looking at Lean Construction is the translation and application to the construction of the principles and techniques used in Lean Manufacturing and in Toyota, considering the specific characteristics of the construction industry. Basically, it focuses on the elimination of all the waste (“muda” in Japanese) that occurs during production and on satisfying the value delivery of the product to the customer, using only the processes and means that are strictly necessary. Professors Glenn Ballard and Greg Howell defined construction in their speech before the International Group of Lean Construction (IGLC) in 1998 in the following terms: “Construction is essentially the design and assembly or mounting of fixed objects on their site. Consequently, it puts the production characteristics in that place, developing unique products made by temporary work teams.” Later, Professor Greg Howell, for his part, in his speech before the IGLC in 1999, established that managing a project under the Lean Construction philosophy means: “Have a set of clear objectives for the development of the project and the work. Focus on maximizing performance for the client at the project and site level. Simultaneously design both the product and the process. Apply production controls throughout the life cycle of the project and the work.” The techniques used to achieve these objectives are very diverse, this time I will focus on Value Stream Mapping or VSM, which belongs to the last of the sections that I have previously outlined. It is evident that to improve and fine-tune a flow of production processes it is first necessary to know it thoroughly, for this we must analyze each one of those involved, as well as the rate at which they occur. Once detected, together with the production flow, we can decide which ones can be improved or simply eliminated, without affecting the value that the customer expects from the product, and capture the new process flow in a diagram, this is Value Stream Mapping. Applied to construction and considering that a wide variety of products are generated in this sector in different phases of activity, it is very complex to visualize the entire process in an integral way, so this tool can be a great help. In the first place, the current way in which construction production is developed will be studied, and a Current Map will be drawn up, which will reveal to us which are the sources of losses, and which are the opportunities for improvement. It is important to assess consensus in this step, so it requires the input of all who are participating in the process thus strengthening the path of improvement of collaboration among all. It should begin with the end in mind and be focused on the customer, its writers may need the utilization of other lean tools like A3 Diagram and Root Case Analysis. The minimum team for this work should include: - A facilitator. - All the team working closest to the work. - The customer. For its redaction they should: - Identify a process to study. - See deeply the process collecting actual data. - Avoid assumptions about it. - Identify and discuss opportunities to improve. - Document the changes required. Based on this analysis, the Future Map will be drawn up, in which those unproductive processes will have been eliminated and those that had room for improvement will have been improved, always bearing in mind that the quality of the product that we are going to deliver to the client, as a result, must be the same. The panoramic vision that both maps offer us, and their comparison through graphs and diagrams, constitutes a very valuable tool for the continuous improvement of the organization. Its visual representation makes all those involved in it see it clearly. Based on it the team can better determine which steps are adding value and which are not and seeing the comparison between both maps, the participants may remove waste, eliminating or improving some steps of the process. Value Stream Mapping is an effective technique to simultaneously improve productivity and detect losses of all kinds that occur in construction. Example: From J.C.Gatlin Blog Lean Homebuilding, 2010 References: 1. “Learning to see: Value Stream Mapping to add Value and eliminate Muda” (Rother M & Shook J., 1999).

https://leanconstructionblog.com/value-stream-mapping-applied-to-lean-construction.html

Mahmood, Rosli and Abdul Wahid, Rosni (2012) Investigating the effect of intellectual capital on bank performance in Malaysia. In: Knowledge Management International Conference (KMICe) 2012, 4 – 6 July 2012, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. | | | PDF | Download (262kB) | Preview Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the state of intellectual capital among the banks in Malaysia, and to examine its consequent effect on bank business performance.The study employed the quantitative approach through a survey instrument design. The population was the branch managers of domestic banks in Malaysia, and they were chosen because these banks have extensive branch networks, even in rural areas.Data were collected using questionnaires, and the constructs used were developed from prior research and previously tested for reliability.A total of 1844 questionnaires were mailed to the respondents, and 260 usable responses were received, giving a response rate of 14.09 percent.Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the characteristics of the respondents including frequency, mean, and measures of reliability, while multivariate technique employed was multiple regressions.The findings revealed that significant relationships exist between human and structural capitals and bank performance, while no significant relationship was found between relational capital and bank performance These findings may be of help to bank managers to utilize more of their internal resources to compete and survive the intensely competitive business environment.

http://repo.uum.edu.my/10853/

[dropcap]I[/dropcap]t is not clear whether the ‘discovering’ of the title relates to the early days of the piano or to the specific instrument used for this splendid CD. The latter is certainly something of a discovery for at least this listener. I imagine most readers of EMR will be aware that the piano was the invention of Bartolomeo Cristofori somewhere around 1690. During the first two decades of the 18th century his invention gradually became established and known in musical circles; after his death in 1732, building continued under his assistant and eventual successor, Giovanni Ferrini. The present recital is played on a copy by Denzil Wraight of an instrument built by Ferrini in 1730. There is an excellent introduction to it by Wraight in the booklet. It was once owned by Queen Maria Barbara of Spain, who bequeathed it to the great castrato Farinelli, it apparently becoming his favourite instrument. There is therefore a direct link to the Domenico Scarlatti and Soler sonatas included on the present CD. Like other Cristofori pianos I’ve heard, this example is distinguished by its rounded warmth of tone and richness of bass, which – as the Scarlatti Sonata in G, K.547 amply demonstrates – can take on a chunky meatiness when required. Again, as is customary with Cristofori, there is an overall unity to the sound across the gamut, quite different to the deliberate contrast of tonal colours found in later fortepianos. The repertoire chosen by Linda Nicholson to show off the instrument is an interesting collection that with one exception was composed relatively shortly after the ‘birth’ of the instrument. The exception is of course Handel, the well-known Suite in F (HWV 427) having been published in a set of eight in 1720. Nicholson mounts a convincing argument that Handel was almost certainly aware of Cristofori’s instruments, which he would have met with during his sojourn in Italy, conjecturing that the ‘cembalo’ part of the famous competition with Domenico Scarlatti may even have been played on the Cristofori owned by Cardinal Ottoboni. The works by the lesser-known composers, a Sonata in G minor of 1732 by Ludovico Giustini, one of the first works specifically written for the piano, two-movement sonatas by P. D. Paradisi and Alberti, and Platti’s Sonata in G minor, op 1, no. 4, all occupy mid-century galant territory to a greater or lesser degree, all sounding thoroughly idiomatic on this Cristofori-Ferrini. That they do is in no small measure due to the performances of Linda Nicholson. Never one to seek celebrity status, Nicholson has nevertheless long been one of our finest early keyboard players. Here her playing is informed by clean, precise fingerwork and a technique capable of encompassing the most virtuosic passagework, as she demonstrably proves in the Presto e alla breve (II) from the Platti sonata, to cite but one example. But above all it is the sheer musicality of Nicholson’s playing that makes the CD such a joy. Tempos throughout are beautifully judged, rubato is judiciously employed and there is a sensitivity and unfailing response to the instrument’s characteristics and capabilities. I’ll restrict myself to a single, but exceptional example, Scarlatti’s Sonata in B minor, K. 87). Here the nocturnal mystery of the piece attains a magically intimate quality, the playing perfectly weighted and dynamically graded to produce a performance of compelling sensitivity. There is much else that could be written in similarly glowing terms, but I’d rather urge readers to discover this exceptional disc for themselves.

http://earlymusicreview.com/discovering-the-piano/

The marimba ‘stream’ is a musical instrument in the idiophone family. It consists of a set of metal tubes, which resonate with a soft sound, rich in harmonic tones. Only one person at a time can play the marimba ‘stream’. The instrument makes a set with other instruments such as a xylophone ‘echo piano’ or handpan ‘duet’. The playing technique is very simple and intuitive. Just strike the middle parts of the tubes in any rhythm with the mallets. The instrument can be fixed to the ground with two anchoring systems: Concrete anchor – ensures a professional and stable installation of the instruments on soft surfaces (e.g. lawn, sand). Flat anchor – the best solution to install instruments on hard surfaces (e.g. concrete). Check the sound Set 'Unique Melody' drums ‘thunder’ / marimba ‘stream’ / tubular bells ‘sonnie’ / tubes ‘clappo’ / xylophone ‘echo piano’More...

https://kbtmusic.com/products/marimbas/marimba-stream-3-2

Myers-Briggs type indicator refers to well-known psychological test designed to distinguish personality types by measuring people’s psychological preferences. Myers-Briggs type indicator refers to well-known psychological test designed to distinguish personality types by measuring people’s psychological preferences. The personality is divided into four dichotomies, with 16 personality types possible. MBTI states that there are two main human functions: judging function (thinking –logical or feeling-empathetic) and perceiving function (sensing –concrete or intuition-abstract). Both functions are expressed by an individual in either introversion or extroversion form. This introversion/extroversion distinction is key in MBTI results. Companies use MBTI so they can see how to better support employees, if the new employees will fit into the existing team and whether people are suitable for leadership roles.

https://www.talentlyft.com/en/resources/what-is-myers-briggs-type-indicator-mbti

I recently spent some time with a very good friend of mine who is a therapist. As we were catching up, of course we came to the topic of work. She explained that much of her work is understanding her patients’ “personality type” based on the Myers Briggs Type Indicator, and tailoring her approach with them accordingly. If you are not familiar, the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a self-assessment questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences according to how people perceive the world and make decisions. I walked away thinking about how the Myers Briggs and similar assessments are put to use at work and how they can be extremely helpful. Not only can understanding your own personality type help you improve your own performance, but managers can also use personality assessments to better understand their employees and tailor their management style to each employee. Breaking Down the Myers Briggs Type Indicator We all think in different ways and tackle projects or issues in particular ways. It can be extremely beneficial to embrace your personality type in order to get tasks accomplished at work in way that is best for you. In this post I’d like to look into the MBTI and the 16 different “types” of personalities it references. The MBTI operates on the idea that individuals are either born with or develop certain preferred way of perceiving and deciding. The MBTI sorts these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, resulting in a combination of 16 possible psychological preferences. The four pairs, or dichotomies, include: 1) Extraversion (E) vs. Introversion (I) The extravert’s flow is directed outward toward people and objects, and the introvert’s is directed inward toward concepts and ideas. 2) Sensing (S) vs. Intuition (N) These are the information-gathering functions. Individuals who prefer sensing tend to put their trust in the information that is in front of them (i.e. tangible and concrete). They use the five senses to understand information. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition more often go with their “gut” and will follow hunches. They trust information that is more abstract or theoretical. 3) Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F) These are decision-making (judging) functions. People who prefer “thinking” will decide things from a more detached standpoint and tend to be more logical, causal, and consistent. If you prefer “feeling” you tend to come to decisions by empathizing with the situation, and will take into consideration others’ feelings and how your actions are being perceived. 4) Judging (J) vs. Perception (P) The last dimension of the MBTI is determining if people have a preference for using the judging function, or their perceiving function. Each preference is represented by a letter, and you can view all of the 16 possibilities in this diagram: There is a ton of additional information about the MBTI and how you can best utilize your personality preferences to accomplish work more effectively for you. A good place to start is MyersBriggs.org. Personally, I am characterized by ISFJ — meaning I tend to be more focused internally, I base decisions from what I see in the facts rather than my intuition, and I deliver information that takes other people’s feelings into account. This type is also known as “The Nurturer”. You can find out your personality type by taking this quick test: http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes2.asp Enjoy!

https://labs.openviewpartners.com/understanding-your-personality-type-to-improve-work-performance/

The ENTJ-A and ENTJ-T subtypes stem from the main ENTJ “Commander” personality type. Our trait analysis of ENTJ-A and ENTJ-T subtype characteristics provides deeper insight into the Commander’s distinct facets. ENTJ is one of the sixteen personalities under the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). ENTJ types show dominant functions for Extraversion, iNtuition, Thinking, and Judging. ENTJ Commanders are bold, hard-working people with an iron will, but identifiable characteristic groupings within the ENTJ personality form distinct subtypes.View in gallery The ENTJ personality type breaks down into the two main ENTJ-A (Assertive) and ENTJ-T (Turbulent) subtypes. Looking at the ENTJ personality through an analysis of behavioral psychology, we have documented the overarching type of the Commander (ENTJ) Personality and Characteristics, Social Skills, and how ENTJ traits differ within each subtype. ENTJ is generally a naturally extroverted personality type noted in great strategic leaders but differs among its subtypes. Each of the ENTJ subtypes shares the same base characteristics, but different dominant functions account for the presence of the ENTJ-A and ENTJ-T subtypes. Furthermore, within the -A and -T types, five additional subtypes are either ENTJ-A or ENTJ-T derivatives. The ENTJ-A Mastermind subtype is the most common ENTJ subtype among men and women. Out of all the ENTJ subtypes, the Assertive Mastermind also most closely aligns with the dominant Commander traits. Below are the five ENTJ-A and ENTJ-T subtypes. - Sage ENTJ Subtype: Sage ENTJs are calm, intuitive characters who approach things thoughtfully and respectfully. The Sage’s strengths include their hardworking attitude and insightful nature. The ENTJ sage’s weakness is their tendency to self-sabotage themselves. Sage ENTJs align with the main ENTJ-T subtype because of their quiet and more introspective nature. - Scientist ENTJ Subtype: Scientist ENTJs love structure and approach their life in a very diligent fashion. The core strength of the Scientist ENTJ is their methodical approach to life. Scientist ENTJs prefer logic and reasoning above emotional thought. A weakness of the Scientist is that they’re confrontational because their extroverted nature manifests as a desire for combative control. Scientist ENTJs are confident and forthright, which corresponds to the ENTJ-A subtype. - Creator ENTJ Subtype: Creator ENJTs are open-minded innovators. The main strength of the Creator is their imagination. A core weakness of Creators is they’re sometimes pessimistic and easily get stuck in a cycle of negative thought processes. Creator ENTJs are more emotionally vulnerable than other Commander subtypes and, as such, categorize as a Turbulent ENTJ subtype. - Achiever ENTJ Subtype: Achiever ENTJs are go-getters with unbridled energy. The main strength of Achiever ENTJs is their goal-oriented focus. A core weakness of the Achiever subtype is that they’re sometimes unprincipled and justify any action needed in order to achieve their personal goals. Achievers are bold and dominant personalities who correspond most closely to the ENTJ-A subtype. - Mastermind ENTJ Subtype: Mastermind ENTJs are confident leaders. The primary strength of the Mastermind subtype is their willingness to stand up and take charge of a situation. A core weakness of the ENTJ mastermind subtype is that they tend to become bossy and controlling. Masterminds are part of the Assertive ENTJ subtype due to their bold and confident character. What are the main subtypes of ENTJ? The main subtypes of ENTJ are ENTJ-A (Assertive) and ENTJ-T (Turbulent). Assertive ENTJs are self-confident, focused, and less likely to be negatively affected by stressful situations. Turbulent ENTJs are conversely more emotional and less confident characters who are more susceptible to stress and negative emotions. There is no dedicated ENTJ subtype test to differentiate between the main Assertive and Turbulent subtypes or the five additional subtypes. However, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test identifies your main subtype while determining your overarching personality type. What is the ENTJ-A (Assertive) main subtype? The main ENTJ-A (Assertive) subtype is the bolder of the two ENTJ subtypes. The ENTJ-A subtypes are all confident characters who know what they want and focus on their goals, often achieving them at any cost. Assertive ENTJs have a level of confidence that extends into all walks of life. Assertive ENTJs are therefore more likely to thrive in managerial positions in the workplace. The Assertive Commander is more likely to be well dressed and carry themselves confidently than their Turbulent counterparts. ENTJ-A subtypes are generally focused, goal-oriented, and likely to approach all areas of their lives with determination. Whether in the workplace, with friends, or in an ENTJ-A’s family life, everything is likely planned and accounted for. There is little room for spontaneous action in the life of an ENTJ-A subtype. Assertive Commanders exhibit additional differences from Turbulent Commanders. For example, ENTJ-A types are more responsible with their money and less likely to spend it on frivolous or non-essential items. Romantically, Assertive ENTJ are less in tune with their emotions and as such struggle to form meaningful relationships with people. Out of the two main subtypes, Assertive Commanders are generally more sexually conservative and quicker to settle down with one long-term partner. What are the key characteristics of ENTJ-A? Below are the five key characteristics of the ENTJ-A subtype. - Optimism - Abrasiveness - Ambition - Determination - Boldness The most prominent characteristics observed across all ENTJ-A subtypes include their ambitious, goal-oriented nature and their occasionally abrasive personality. Abrasiveness and ambition are common ENTJ identifiers on the MBTI, but they are more pronounced in Assertive Commanders. ENTJ-As are go-getters who, once they set their sights on a goal or ambition, will make sure they accomplish it. The Assertive Commander’s abrasive nature is a natural consequence of their drive and focused approach to life. What is the ENTJ-T (Turbulent) main subtype? The main ENTJ-T (Turbulent) subtype is the more reserved and self-conscious of the two ENTJ subtypes. The ENTJ-T subtypes all share a similar fragility regarding their self-confidence. Turbulent ENTJs are more introspective, preferring thought over action. ENTJ-Ts are therefore less likely to take leadership roles, but their thoughtful nature allows them to thrive in the workplace. Compared to their Assertive counterparts, ENTJ-Ts are usually shyer and have increased sensitivity to stress and negative emotions. As a result, Turbulent ENTJs are likely to stay single and suffer from stress-related health conditions. On the other hand, Turbulent Commanders are more expressive in their personal lives than Assertive Commanders. An ENTJ-T’s family life, friendships, and romantic relationships are based on deep emotions and connections. These relationships are important to ENTJ-Ts because they care about what people think of them. As such, ENTJ-T subtypes are generally more communicative and sexually adventurous, having multiple partners before they settle down. Turbulent Commanders are also more likely to be spontaneous and frivolous with their money, living by a more thrill-based ideology. What are the key characteristics of ENTJ-T? Below are five key characteristics of the ENTJ-T subtype. - Intuition - Pensiveness - Drive - Open-mindedness - Creativity The two most prominent characteristics observed across the ENTJ-T subtypes are their shared open-mindedness and creativity. While all ENTJs are extroverts on a base level, Turbulent ENTJs are quieter and thus drawn to more solitary, creative pursuits. Turbulent Commanders are also more likely than Assertive ENTJs to view the world with an open mind because they’re sensitive and pensive. There are no direct statistics for the ENTJ subtypes, but we infer that the Turbulent subtypes are less common than the Assertive subtypes because ENTJ-Ts don’t closely typify the main Commander traits. To add, ENTJ is a rare MBTI personality, and so the ENTJ-T subtype is considered a similarly rare personality subtype. What are the ENTJ Subtypes based on ENTJ-T and ENTJ-A? The five ENTJ subtypes based on ENTJ-T and ENTJ-A are listed below. - Sage ENTJ-T - Scientist ENTJ-A - Creator ENTJ-T - Achiever ENTJ-A - Mastermind ENTJ-A 1. Sage ENTJ Subtype Sage ENTJ subtypes align with the main ENTJ-T (Turbulent) personality type because they’re highly intuitive. The Sage ENTJ subtype is perceptive and trustworthy, gaining their moniker through their ability to offer insightful remarks when people present them with problems. Sage ENTJs have three main strengths. Firstly, Sage ENTJs are intuitive, being able to read a situation and draw logical conclusions from it. Secondly, Sages are calm, grounded characters. The Sage’s relaxed attitude and intuitive nature make them appear wise beyond their years. Finally, Sage ENTJs are reliable. Sage Commanders complete tasks regardless of whether they’re asked to or not. Sage ENTJs also have three core weaknesses in their character. Firstly, Sages are sometimes submissive characters due to their Turbulent nature and the emotional fragility not seen in ENTJ-As. Secondly, Sages suffer from low self-confidence. Sages lose out on opportunities and experiences because they lack the esteem to put themselves forward. Finally, ENTJ-T Sages sometimes suffer from anxiety. Sages have low self-confidence and a Turbulent mindset which leaves them prone to feeling anxious and overwhelmed. Warren Buffet is a famous ENTJ Sage who relies on his perception and intuition to make calculated investments. Buffett is also a highly trusted voice in the world of finance and investing, which corresponds to the Sage’s insightful nature. 2. Scientist ENTJ Subtype The Scientist ENTJ subtype is an ENTJ-A (Assertive) subtype because they demonstrate great self-determination. Commanders with the Scientist subtype enjoy living a structured and rule-driven life. Scientist ENTJs rely on reason and logic to make their decisions, as opposed to riding waves of spontaneity like ENTJ-T types do. Scientist Commanders have three main strengths. Firstly, Scientist ENTJs are logical, making decisions based on reason as opposed to emotions. Secondly, the Scientist ENTJ subtype prefers leading a structured life with a rigid framework that leaves little room for the unexpected. Finally, Scientists are dedicated; once they set their minds on a task, Scientist ENTJs will see it through to completion. The Scientist ENTJ-A subtype also has three main weaknesses. Firstly, Scientist ENTJs are inflexible, as their need for structure leaves little scope for spontaneity. Secondly, ENTJ Scientists appear cold due to their need for logic overriding emotions. Finally, Scientist Commanders are confrontational. The ENTJ Scientist’s strong self-determination leads to conflict if someone challenges their methods or impedes them in any way. Margaret Thatcher is a famous ENTJ scientist. The Iron Lady was known for her logical thinking and her goal-oriented approach to life. 3. The Creator ENTJ Subtype The Creator ENTJ subtype is an ENTJ-T (Turbulent) personality type because they demonstrate innate creativity. Creators are imaginative and outgoing characters who demonstrate the most spontaneity of the Commander subtypes. Creator ENTJs have three main strengths that help define their character. Firstly Creators are innovative, enjoying a thought-over-action approach to life. The Creator’s attitude allows them to come up with clever solutions to problems that other ENTJ subtypes will overlook. Secondly, ENTJ-T Creators are grounded. While Creators are generally bubbly and inventive, they are still reason-loving ENTJs and thus keep themselves grounded in logic at all times. Finally, Creator ENTJs are observant. Creator types do not rush into situations but rather afford time for careful consideration. Doing so allows the Creator subtype the opportunity to invent creative solutions. Creator ENTJs also have three core weaknesses that highlight the negative side of their creative brain. Firstly, Creator ENTJs are sometimes reclusive, retreating too deep into their creative subconscious that they lose track of reality. Secondly, Creator ENTJ subtypes are highly indecisive, getting stuck in a form of decision paralysis that sees them struggle to complete tasks. Finally, ENTJ-T Creators have self-destructive tendencies because they’re susceptible to negative emotions. ENTJs with the Creator subtype sometimes find themselves in a spiral of self-sabotage as a result. Jim Carey is an example of a famous ENTJ-T Creator type because he exhibits both the strengths and weaknesses of the subtype. Carey is highly creative and grounded, but sometimes demonstrates self-destructive tendencies through his turbulent personal life. 4. Achiever ENTJ Subtype The Achiever ENTJ subtype is an Assertive subtype because they demonstrate confidence and a goal-oriented mindset. Achievers are energetic and adaptable characters who make the most out of any situation or opportunity. Achiever ENTJs have three core strengths that separate them from the other ENTJ subtypes. Firstly, ENTJ-A Achievers are enthusiastic, bringing boundless energy to any task. The subtype’s enthusiasm is part of what helps ENTJs reach their goals. Secondly, ENTJ Achievers are persistent, refusing to accept defeat or allow a situation to get them down. Finally, Achiever ENTJs are visionaries, demonstrating the ability to visualize their successes before they begin a project or task. ENTJ-A Achievers exhibit three primary weaknesses particular to their subtype. Firstly, ENTJ Achiever subtypes are arrogant, allowing their success and achievements to go to their head. Secondly, Achievers are sometimes overly-competitive. Achievements alone are not enough for Achiever Commanders; they must also be the winners. Finally, Achiever ENTJs are unscrupulous. Accomplishing goals is what matters most to the ENTJ subtype and the means by which they do so are of no consequence. Steve Jobs is an example of a famous ENTJ-T Achiever. Jobs was a driven and focused man who was a hard individual to work with despite his many plaudits. 5. Mastermind ENTJ Subtype The Mastermind ENTJ subtype is an Assertive ENTJ personality type. Masterminds are confident, hard-working characters who feel a need to be in charge. Masterminds have three primary strengths that differentiate them from other ENTJ subtypes. Firstly, Mastermind ENTJ subtypes are assertive, living up to their main subtype. Mastermind Commanders are not afraid to take charge and call the shots, whether alone or leading a group. Secondly, ENTJ-A Masterminds are highly self-confident. ENTJ Masterminds believe in themselves and their ability to prevail in any situation. Finally, Mastermind ENTJ subtypes are forbearing, which stems from their self-confidence and assertive traits. Conversely, Mastermind ENTJ subtypes have three main weaknesses. Firstly, the ENTJ Mastermind subtype exhibits controlling behavior if their assertive nature and confidence manifest negatively. Secondly, ENTJ-A Masterminds are confrontational, especially if their need to be in control is challenged. Finally, Mastermind ENTJ-A subtypes are often emotionally distant due to their preference for logic over emotions. President Franklin D. Roosevelt is an example of a famous ENTJ with Mastermind qualities. Roosevelt was a natural leader who stood up to adversity and led his country through uncertain times. How are ENTJ subtypes analyzed with ENTJ Enneagrams? ENTJ subtypes are analyzed with ENTJ Enneagrams through the combined analysis of two different personality identification methodologies. The Enneagram is a personality analysis system that identifies an individual’s personality based on the nine different points on the Enneagram. The Enneagram contains the following nine different personality types divided into head, heart, and body types. - Enneagram Type 1 – Perfectionist - Enneagram Type 2 – Helper - Enneagram Type 3 – Achiever - Enneagram Type 4 – Individualist - Enneagram Type 5 – Investigator - Enneagram Type 6 – Loyalist - Enneagram Type 7 – Enthusiast - Enneagram Type 8 – Challenger - Enneagram Type 9 – Peacemaker When analyzing ENTJ subtypes against ENTJ Enneagrams, you first need to have an understanding of both the Enneagram methodology and the MBTI’s analysis of the ENTJ personality. You can then overlap the two typologies to find comparisons between the MBTI subtypes and the corresponding Enneagram points. The following points on the Enneagram overlap with the characteristics of the ENTJ-A and ENTJ-T subtypes. - Sage ENTJ: Sages closely map to the Type 6 Enneagram, also known as The Loyalist, due to their similar reliance on self-intuition. - Scientist ENTJ: The Scientist subtype is most closely related to the Type 1 Enneagram, also known as The Perfectionist, due to their similar preference for structured lifestyles and frameworks. - Creator ENTJ: Creators are an ENTJ-T subtype that maps to the Type 4 Enneagram, also known as the Individualist, due their similarly creative minds. - Achiever ENTJ: Achiever ENTJs are closely related to the Type 3 ENTJ Enneagram, which is also known as the Achiever, due to their similar goal-oriented mindset. - Mastermind ENTJ: Mastermind subtypes are an ENTJ subtype that closely match the Type 8 Enneagram because of their similar leadership skills. Type 8 is also known as The Challenger. What is the ENTJ Enneagram 8? The ENTJ Enneagram 8, also known as the Challenger or ENTJ 8, is a Body type personality. Challengers are confident personalities who know what they want and how they will get there. Type 8 ENTJ personalities are more likely to trust their instincts and be confident in their decision-making because they’re a Body type personality. ENTJ personalities align with the Enneagram 8’s because they share a number of characteristics, including their confidence and driven, goal-oriented focus. What is ENTJ Enneagram 1w3? An ENTJ Enneagram 1w3 is not a viable wing combination on the Enneagram. The concept of Enneagram wings relates to the two types directly beside the core Enneagram type. The ENTJ Enneagram 1 has wings for Enneagram 9 (1w9) and Enneagram 2 (1w2). It is therefore not possible under either the MBTI or Enneagram typologies for someone to have an ENTJ 1w3 personality type. What is ENTJ 8w7 like? An ENTJ 8w7 is one of the most powerful personality combinations for the ENTJ Enneagram. ENTJ 8w7 types are highly driven and determined personalities who bring a boundless level of energy and enthusiasm to everything they do. The Enneagram 8w7 combination is considered a dominant personality type who enjoys being in control of both themselves and their environment. How does MBTI interpret ENTJ subtypes with the help of Enneagram? The MBTI does not officially interpret the ENTJ subtypes with the help of the Enneagram because it is a separate personality methodology. That said, third-party interpretations are possible by overlapping the identified ENTJ subtypes over the nine Enneagrams Drawing parallels between the different personalities allows us to draw inferences between similar types. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a personality identification process that allocates one of sixteen core personality types to an individual based on their responses to a series of questions. The different personalities are based on dominant functions within opposing pairs across four dichotomies of personality. The MBTI is a test that derives its answers based on how a person responds to life, while the Enneagram bases its results on the question of why people respond in a certain way. Other third-party excerpts have interpreted complementary uses for the MBTI and Enneagram. For example, Eugene Kaluzniacky in his book, Managing Psychological Factors in Information Systems Work, discusses the correlation between the MBTI and Enneagram. Author Pat Wyman similarly discusses the cross-compatibility of the MBTI and Enneagram in her book, Three Keys to Self-Understanding. Comparison of ENTJ-T and ENTJ-A Below is a table offering a side-by-side comparison of the ENTJ-T and ENTJ-A subtypes. |ENTJ subtype||ENTJ-A||ENTJ-T| |Stress Management||Assertive ENTJs are bold and confident, which makes them more adept at stress management. Negative life events are less likely to have a long-term effect on ENTJ-A subtypes.||The Turbulent subtype is more likely to react negatively toward stressful situations. Turbulent ENTJs are also more susceptible to mental health struggles.| |Business Life||ENTJ Assertive subtypes are bold and thus more likely to take charge in their business life. Confidence is high in Assertive ENTJs, and as such, they are not afraid of responsibility.||In business, ENTJ-T subtypes are the least likely of the two subtypes to take charge of a situation. Turbulent ENTJs are thinkers and thus prefer to lead through thoughts than action.| |Social Life||Socially, Assertive ENTJs are more self-reliant. ENTJ-A types enjoy spending time with friends but their relationships can lack emotional depth.||Socially, Turbulent ENTJs need to have people around them. ENTJ-Ts also tend to develop deeper, more emotionally connected friendships.| |Relationships||ENTJ-A types are dominant and more likely to be single. Assertive ENTJs act emotionally distant and struggle to get close to partners if in a relationship.||ENTJ-Ts in relationships are more likely to be codependent with their partner. Turbulent ENTJs are also more sensitive and enjoy sharing emotional intimacy with their partners.| |Behaviors||ENTJ-A types are confident and dominant and, as such, are more likely to act on impulse.||ENTJ-Ts are quiet and more contemplative, preferring to think things through before acting.| |Strengths||The ENTJ-A subtype is bold and full of self-confidence. ENTJ-As are not afraid to speak their minds or take control because they’re natural leaders.||ENTJ-T types are reserved, preferring thought to action. Turbulent ENTJ-Ts are also creative and innovative personalities.| |Weaknesses||ENTJ-As can be big-headed and controlling. Assertive types become confrontational when their views are challenged,||ENTJ-Ts have lower levels of self-confidence. Turbulent types are more concerned about what other people think of them.| Our analysis of Assertive Commander (ENTJ-A) vs. Turbulent Commander (ENTJ-T) shows that the subtypes share the same base functionality set. The differences listed in the table above serve to highlight the subtypes and are not indicative of the greater characteristics of the ENTJ. The primary differentiator between Assertive and Turbulent ENTJ subtypes is their reaction to stress and negative events. Assertive types have high self-confidence, and when negativity hits, they are more likely to respond in a defiant manner. Turbulent ENTJs, however, have greater emotional fragility and, as such, they are more likely to become despondent during stressful times. Which ENTJ subtype is better in relationships? Turbulent ENTJ subtypes in general are better for relationships because they’re more emotionally sensitive. Creator ENTJ-Ts are the best of the Turbulent types for relationships. Creators are more emotional than the other subtypes, and as such, they are more likely to open up to their partners. All of the ENTJ subtypes are serious and hold their partner to high standards regardless of their Assertive or Turbulent categorization. However, Assertive Commanders are more likely to be cold and distant, especially during the early phases of a relationship. Therefore, Assertive types generally struggle in relationships. Which ENTJ subtype is better for family life? The ENTJ-T Sage subtype is better for family life. Turbulent ENTJs like the Sage are more in tune with their emotions and thus are keen to form emotional connections with the people in their lives. Sage ENTJs are also the most family-oriented of the Turbulent subtypes because they are highly committed and have a strong sense of duty. Sage ENTJs will always do what is right for their family. Furthermore, once Sages reach emotional maturity, they will develop deep and long-lasting relationships. Which ENTJ subtype is better for sensitive people? The Creator ENTJ-T subtype is better for sensitive people. Creators display higher levels of sensitivity and empathy than other ENTJ subtypes according to the Thinking-Feeling dichotomy. Creator ENTJs will consequently be helpful and intuitive while handling sensitive personality types. In addition, Commanders with the Creator subtype view the world around them with a slightly more open-minded lens—granting themselves more understanding and accepting nature than other subtypes. Which ENTJ subtype is more confident? The ENTJ-A Mastermind subtype is the most confident ENTJ subtype. Masterminds have tremendous self-confidence in the face of negative life events. Mastermind ENTJ subtypes also remain calm under pressure. Mastermind Commanders are rational in all cases, which means they will not respond to something on instinct or react without just cause. The Mastermind’s combination of traits affords them a level of confidence other Assertive ENTJ subtypes do not have. Which ENTJ subtype is better for a career? The ENTJ Achiever subtype is better for a career. Achiever ENTJs are focused and goal-oriented personalities who know what they want and work tirelessly to get there. Achievers are therefore the subtype that’s most likely to thrive professionally. That said, every ENTJ subtype has the underlying traits of rationality and determination. Each ENTJ subtype will thrive as long as they’re in a career that complements their personality. Success and career achievements are also unique to the individual, and as such, every ENTJ can be a career-oriented personality type. Which ENTJ subtype is better for teamwork? The ENTJ Sage subtype is better for teamwork. The Sage’s dominant base traits of focus and rational thought as well as their increased levels of intuition and reliability establish them as the ultimate team player. The ENTJ Mastermind subtype is also well-suited for teamwork. However, as natural leaders, ENTJ Masterminds are more inclined to stand up and take charge. While a leader is an important part of any team, the Sage subtype is a more all-around team player. Which ENTJ subtype is better for artists? The ENTJ-T Creator subtype is better for artists because they have a natural flair for creative thought and innovation. The Creator is well suited to a career in the arts. Along with being artistic, Creator ENTJs remain grounded in the logic of reality, which keeps them relatable to others. Additionally, ENTJ Creators draw inspiration from the world around them thanks to their strong intuition. Which ENTJ Subtype has BPD? There is no official data on which ENTJ subtype has borderline personality disorder (BPD). Any personality type or subtype has the potential to develop BDP. Furthermore, there is no direct link between BPD and personality types. Which ENTJ Subtype is a better leader? The ENTJ-A Mastermind subtype is the better leader out of all of the ENTJ subtypes. Masterminds are dominant characters who have great self-belief and remain calm while under stress. All ENTJ personality types are rational and grounded as demonstrated by ENTJ famous leaders, but these traits are amplified in the Mastermind. Additionally, Masterminds love to be in charge. ENTJ Masterminds seek out opportunities to take the lead, whether it is on an individual project or as part of a larger group. How are ENTJ subtypes classified? ENTJ subtypes are classified through a closer analysis of the MBTI’s four core dichotomies of personality. The MBTI Manual by Mary McCaulley, Naomi L. Quenk, Allen L. Hammer, and Isabel Briggs Myers outlines the classifying dichotomies and their uses in the MBTI’s typology. The classifying dichotomies are as follows. - Intuition-Sensing - Thinking-Feeling - Extraverted-Introverted - Judging-Perceiving We’ve analyzed the classifying dichotomies within the broader ENTJ grouping in order to identify and define the different subtype pairings. According to our analysis, the ENTJ subtypes display a lowered or heightened propensity for some functions over others. A lowered or heightened propensity does not affect their categorization as ENTJs, however. All Commander subtypes retain their core functions of Extraversion, Intuition, Thinking, and judging. The subtypes simply display subtype-specific propensities not necessarily associated with all ENTJs. The classification combinations can also be superimposed over alternative personality identification tools like the Enneagram to create a fully rounded picture of the possibly ENTJ subtypes. What are the classification dichotomies used for ENTJ subtypes? Below are the four classification dichotomies used for identifying ENTJ subtypes. - Intuition-Sensing: The Intuition-Sensing classification dichotomy affects how individuals take in and process information. ENTJs have a preference for iNtuition (N). - Thinking-Feeling: The Thinking-Feeling classification dichotomy affects how individuals make decisions and rationalize judgments. ENTJs are largely rational so they prefer Thinking over Feeling. - Extraversion-Introversion: The Extraversion-Introversion classification dichotomy describes a person’s preference for the inner or outer world. All ENTJs are largely extroverted, so they prefer Extraversion. - Judging-Perceiving The Judging-Perceiving classification dichotomy defines our attitude toward the outside world, such as structures or spontaneity. ENTJs typically value structure so they prefer the Judging function. 1. Intuition-Sensing for ENTJ subtypes Every ENTJ has a dominant iNtuition function in the Intuition-Sensing dichotomy for ENTJ subtypes. Some subtypes will have a greater propensity for iNtuition than others. However, the difference is not enough for them to be classed as Sensing-dominant personalities. 2. Thinking-Feeling for ENTJ subtypes Thinking is the dominant function in the Thinking-Feeling dichotomy for all ENTJ subtypes, but some display a higher level of Feeling. The lowered propensity for Thinking doesn’t change an ENTJ subtype’s dominant function. Instead, it accounts for subtle differences in an ENTJ’s main traits compared to more emotionless thinkers like the Scientist ENTJ. 3. Extraverted-introverted for ENTJ subtypes Extraversion is the dominant function in the Extraverted-Introverted dichotomy for ENTJ subtypes. There is a sub-dichotomy within that dichotomy whereby certain ENTJs will display more introverted tendencies. However, the lowered Extraverted is not strong enough to change any ENTJ’s personality but rather to help ascertain their subtype classification. 4. Judging-Perceiving for ENTJ subtypes ENTJs have a natural propensity for Judging in the Judging-Perceiving dichotomy for ENTJ subtypes. All ENTJs crave structure, but there are Commander subtypes that are more likely to make quick, spontaneous decisions. The classification dichotomy helps to clarify the ENTJ subtype as opposed to changing their entire personality base. How are ENTJ subtypes found? No one person is responsible for finding the different ENTJ subtypes. The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was among the first to popularize the concept of personality type through his book, Psychological Types. The theories of Myers-Briggs expand upon Jung’s work to create the sixteen different personality types, of which one is ENTJ. The concept of subtypes spawned from their research. The investigation of particular subsections of a personality type within its dominant classification dichotomies leads to various subtypes under the MBTI. Competing personality assessment tools, like the Enneagram of Personality, have similarly developed different subtypes based on their particular methodology. Do ENTJ subtypes change according to gender? There is no evidence to suggest that the ENTJ subtypes change according to gender. Certain personality types vary greatly according to gender, but no research highlights a significant disparity among the ENTJ subtypes. For example, one study found that the Commander personality type accounts for 5.6% of women but only 1.3% of men. Within that, the different subtypes will have masculine and feminine traits, but that does not change the individual subtype. Instead, a person’s natural inclinations for the classification dichotomies will decide which subtype they belong to. Can someone change their character from an ENTJ subtype to another? It is unknown whether someone can change their character from one ENTJ subtype to another because there hasn’t been significant research into the subject. We infer that there is a certain flexibility to any character assessment tools like the MBTI or Enneagram. Personality results will vary depending on the attitude of the person at the time of taking the test. However, a person’s personality type results will remain consistent if the person’s answers are also consistent and truthful beyond the immediate present. To add, people can grow and weaknesses can be conquered, but that does not imply permanent changes to your personality type under the MBTI or Enneagram. Can someone be from multiple ENTJ subtypes? No, a person cannot be from multiple ENTJ subtypes. The subtype classification dichotomies allow for varying prevalences of each dominant function. As a result, the dichotomies imply ENTJs can display aspects of multiple subtypes, but we infer that one subtype will be dominant. Who are the famous people from ENTJ subtypes? Below are the famous ENTJ people and their subtypes. - Sage ENTJ subtype: Two examples of famous ENTJ-T Sage personalities are Warren Buffet and Bill Gates. Both Buffet and Gates are grounded people who remain humble despite their wealth and successes. Warren Buffet has amassed great wealth and acts as a trusted voice within the investing market. Bill Gates is a knowledgeable Sage who remains very down-to-earth and contributes to many charitable causes. - Scientist ENTJ subtype: One famous ENTJ-A Scientist is Wernher von Braun. Like other Commander-type Scientists, Von Braun was driven by structure and adherence to rules as this was necessary to make the relevant advancements in rocket science. - Creator ENTJ subtype: One famous ENTJ Creator is Jim Carey. Jim Carey is a comedic genius who has been open about his struggles with mental health. He exemplifies the innovative and observant ENTJ Creator subtype. - Achiever ENTJ subtype: Two famous people with the ENTJ Achiever subtype are Al Gore and Jack Welch. Al Gore achieved success in politics, business, and environmentalism, exemplifying the positive attitude of the Achiever. Similarly, Jack Welch was the driving force behind General Electric for over twenty years. - Mastermind ENTJ subtype: One famous Mastermind was Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt was a natural leader who saw the United States through incredibly tough times. Roosevelt was also the driving voice behind escaping the Great Depression. How to understand which ENTJ subtype you are? To understand which subtype you are, follow the three steps listed below. - Take the MBTI test: Taking the MBTI test will help you ascertain whether you are an ENTJ personality type. The MBTI test will also identify whether you’re an Assertive or Turbulent ENTJ. - Study your personality: Once you have identified your baseline personality type as being ENTJ, you need to study your personality. Read through the test reports to learn about the Assertive and Turbulent subtypes. - Self-assess: There are no official ways to confirm a person’s subtype. However, with the correct research, you can self-assess your traits and deduce which ENTJ subtype you belong to. ENTJ subtype quiz example There is no example of an ENTJ subtype quiz that can be taken. Take the MBTI test to identify whether you have an Assertive or Turbulent Commander personality. You may also take the Enneagram; doing so will enable you to overlay the results and deduce the common points between them. Taking both tests will help highlight the likeliest ENTJ subtype. You may also assess our analysis of the ENTJ subtypes to discover your subtype. How can ENTJ subtypes develop themselves? The ENTJ subtypes can develop themselves in the following six ways. - ENTJ-Ts can facilitate personality development by actively working on becoming more confident in themselves. For example, the ENTJ Sage and the ENTJ Enneagram 6 both demonstrate low self-esteem. - ENTJ-As can work to develop themselves by trying to be more compassionate and understanding. Both the ENTJ Scientist and the ENTJ Enneagram type 1 personalities tend to be cold and prioritize logic over emotions. - ENTJ-T types can develop themselves by trying to look at the positive in situations. The ENTJ Creator, or ENTJ Enneagram type 4, is most prone to suffering from pessimism and falling into negative thought cycles. - ENTJ-A types can look to develop themselves by working to become more understanding and less self-centered. The ENTJ Achiever and ENTJ Enneagram type 3 have a particular weakness for being unscrupulous and self-serving. - ENTJ-A types can develop themselves by working on their emotional intelligence and empathy skills. The ENTJ Enneagram 8 Mastermind subtype is an example of an ENTJ character who is often regarded as cold and emotionless. - ENTJ-A types can aim to develop themselves by focusing on relinquishing control and ceding power to others from time to time. The ENFJ Mastermind or ENFJ Enneagram type 8 is a prime example of the overbearing and controlling nature of some ENFJs. Who are the famous experts for ENTJ subtypes? There are no famous experts for the ENTJs types because there isn’t significant research into the Commander subtype. Furthermore, there is no firm authority on the ENTJ subtype. Third-party experts like those listed below offer compelling ideas about personality, though none about ENTJs specifically. - Philip Zimbardo: Philip Zimbardo (born in 1933) is an American psychologist. Zimbardo’s psychological research includes infamous projects like the 1971 Stanford prison experiment in which he theorized the prison guard’s personality traits affected their behavior. Zimbardo’s research into power dynamics, social conformity, and socialization offers compelling thoughts about the role of personality in intense social structures. Zimbardo has published several works, including The Lucifer Effect, The Time Paradox, and The Time Cure. Zimbardo himself is associated with the ENTJ personality, though he does not formally identify as such. - Farhang Holakouee: Farhang Holakouee (born in 1944) is an Iranian-American psychologist. Holakouee’s work psychology primarily focuses on family and relationships. Holakouee has published several works, including studies on Iranian immigrants in the United States. To add, Holakouee demonstrates ENTJ traits. - Hans Eysenck: Hans Eysenck (1916 – 1997) was a German-born British psychologist. Eysenck was a prominent figure in psychology, serving as one of the most frequently cited researchers. Eysenck studied personality types, particularly analyzing the genetic connection to personality. Eysenck’s personality theory suggests that personality types are inherited and develop a kind of nervous system that affects how a person responds to their environment. That said, Eysenck is a controversial figure in psychology because he doctored results and formed problematic theories on race that are no longer supported by mainstream psychology. Like Zimbardo and Holakouee, Hans Eysenck displayed ENTJ traits. What are the other personality subtypes close to ENTJ subtypes? The other personality Enneagram types close to the ENTJ subtypes are unknown because there hasn’t been enough research into the subject. However, it is possible to draw logical conclusions as to which personality subtypes are similar to ENTJ subtypes after analyzing common ENTJ traits. For example, INTJ is a kindred personality to ENTJ because INTJs share a lot of the same core traits as Commanders. Therefore, a more reserved ENTJ subtype, such as the ENTJ-T Sage, is well suited for a more outgoing INTJ subtype, such as the INTJ-A Philosopher.

https://www.thecoolist.com/personality/types/entj/subtypes/

You’re cool, cool and trendy, and also timeless done in one. You are your personal person and also you consistently create surges wherever you go. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is actually a self-rating survey indicating various mental possibilities in folks’s individuality and decision making. The exam attempts to project four distinctive categories to different characters: extraverted or even shy, intuition or even feeling, presuming or Feeling, and opinion or even understanding. This way, the questionnaire aims to explain how each people fits into the larger structure of the human character. MBTI was actually generated by James R. Myers, Ph.D. as well as Isabel Myers, Ed. The concept behind MBTI is that a individual’s distinct character is calculated by his/her prevalent personality pattern or even method to life. The MBTI itself possesses numerous components. The primary center element is actually called the Inventory of Personality Factors, or just the IFP. This is composed of 30 various bodily as well as mental premiums, which are actually based on the concepts of Carl Jung and also his university of psychological science. The various other elements of the MBTI feature the Theory of Cognitive Processes, the Models of Personality, the idea of Human Needs, and the Need Model. The main factor, or IFP, is established due to the inclinations of the person possesses regarding details aspects in his individuality. These are phoned “core views,” and also are actually the simple attitudes and emotions that a individual needs in order to operate effectively in his chosen area. An additional vital component of the MBTI is the guidelines or the 4 factors of the MBTI, which are indexed through letters. They are actually: Dominance, Influence, Steadiness, and Performance. Authority is carefully pertaining to extroversion as well as is exemplified due to the letter A. The various other aspects, which are all pertaining to the individual methods of the person, are actually jointly called the ” affectional domination.” Besides the mental desires of the person, there is additionally yet another measurement of the MBTI called the MBTI keying indicator. This is a geometric portrayal of the kinds of personalities that the individual has. The MBTI may be used to identify which type of personality the individual has. The four different types are actually known as extroverts and also are actually exemplified by the shapes and colors that are actually the best typically connected with all of them. However, any person can end up being an ” extravert” just by opting for an expansive individual style – it is certainly not a ability that can be genetically received. Folks that possess MBTI inputs the leading kind possess three standard personality types. These are actually the extraverted, the instincts, and the believing people. The extroverted individual is oriented in the direction of action as well as adventure, while the intuitiveness individual is actually oriented in the direction of paying attention to potential communication chances and taking those into profile. The presuming individual wants making use of reasoning to solve complications, while the extraverts take advantage of feelings as well as emotional states as their key tool. The tool kind has no inclination in order to personality types. The MBTI examination assesses 5 personality types. The most extensively utilized MBTI equipment is the Myers-Brigg Type Indicator or MBTI. This is a commonly accepted procedure that has actually been used for years. Lately, the dimension referred to as the Big Five personality type was actually introduced to fit the different tastes among folks of different personality types. As a result, the MBTI came to be even more complicated, as the a variety of preferences amongst the different forms of people might right now be assessed. The MBTI tool determines the choices of 7 different kinds of people. These feature the character, the intuitiveness, mbti enfp the instinctive, the agreeableness, the conscientiousness, the psychological stability, and also the visibility to experience. While it might initially appear that this is actually excessive information, it is actually indicated to become used as a guide to assist everyone get a grasp on their individual relationships. Through enabling folks to select which elements they wish to focus on, they will definitely manage to a lot better know on their own as well as subsequently, much better understand others. For instance, pings those along with expansive personalities would certainly possess the MBTI factor ” Private Detective” ( impression of personal) as a essential component of their individuality. Those along with the ” substandard” personality types would need the “conscientiousness” factor as a great way to comprehend their environment and also others. Folks who are brand-new to MBTI as well as its own hidden idea have located it practical to in fact take the exam and inflict a buddy or on their own in order that they may view where they may require to readjust their inclinations. There are actually on the web suppliers of the MBTI examinations. Anybody can easily access these exams as well as provide, whether you are a doctor trying to diagnose an individual or a trainee that is trying to find a means to better know his or her atmosphere. Thus, the MBTI can easily end up being a useful resource for everybody.

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The article looks at the different personality types of controllers. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test is discussed. Characteristics of typical controllers are considered. The results of a survey of 162 members of the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) is examined. Dimensions measured... - PERSONAL. Yeung, Rob // Accountancy;Aug2008, Vol. 142 Issue 1380, p64 The article discusses the use of personality tests by organisations when hiring employees and developing leaders. The use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality test is examined. Other topics include personality clashes, senior level candidates that fail at their jobs, and... - Inside the Head of an Applicant. Pepper, Tara; Kolesnikov-Jessop, Sonia; Hermann, Matt // Newsweek;2/21/2005, Vol. 145 Issue 8, pE24 Offers a look at research conducted by Turhan Canli at the State University of New York that uses brain scans to predict human personality. Importance of the ability to judge personality in the interview process; Research on the mechanisms of human physiology that make people suited to specific... - TEST CTYR �IVLU A JEHO VZTAHY K VYBRAN�M TESTUM OSOBNOSTI. Abramcuk, Filip // E-psychologie;2011, Vol. 5 Issue 4, p1 The study deals with the relationships between the personality test Four Elements (FE), based on the four elements as a metaphor of personality, and some other personality tests, to whose concepts and dimensions are or could be the elements theoretically related to (MBTI, EPQ-R, NEO-FFI). The... - Fit for what purpose? Bentley, Ross // Training & Coaching Today;Apr2007, p12 The article focuses on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a personality questionnaire used in areas such as group dynamics, leadership training and personal development. Using this instrument and a consultation session with a qualified MBTI assessor, subjects find their personality type.... - Cautionary Comments Regarding the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Pittenger, David J. // Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research;Summer2005, Vol. 57 Issue 3, p210 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; K. C. Briggs & I. B. Myers, 1998) is a popular measure of normal personality that its promoters claim has many applications. M. H. McCaulley (2000) offered an optimistic and enthusiastic account of how counselors can use this instrument in corporate... - The testing of America. Hsu, Caroline // U.S. News & World Report;9/20/2004, Vol. 137 Issue 9, p68 The article discusses the proliferation of personality testing in the U.S. Personality tests are increasingly a part of American life, used to assess preschool applicants, match up college roommates, award promotions, and even match life partners. And they're big business: Personality testing... - Breaking Down the System. Feig, Nancy // Community Banker;Jan2005, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p34 Presents information on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, a system for identifying and understanding personality types. Components of the personality type test; Categorization of individuals based on where they fall in terms of four separate personality indices. - The 16 Personality Types. Feig, Nancy // Community Banker;Jan2005, Vol. 14 Issue 1, p34 Describes the sixteen personality types as categorized according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Characteristics of individuals under the ISTJ (introversion, sensing, thinking and judgment) category; Key qualities of individuals under the ISFJ (introversion, sensing, feeling and judgment)...

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This article is about the Myers-Briggs personality type. For the Socionics ENFj, see Ethical Intuitive Extrovert. ENFJ (extraversion, intuition, feeling, judgment) is an abbreviation used in the publications of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to refer to one of sixteen personality types. The MBTI assessment was developed from the work of prominent psychiatrist Carl G. Jung in his book Psychological Types. Jung proposed a psychological typology based on the theories of cognitive functions that he developed through his clinical observations. From Jung’s work, others developed psychological typologies. Jungian personality assessments include the MBTI assessment, developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and Katharine Cook Briggs, and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, developed by David Keirsey. Keirsey referred to ENFJs as Teachers, one of the four types belonging to the temperament he called the Idealists. ENFJs account for about 2–5% of the population.

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I've used the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) with doctors for many years and have always found it to be an incredibly useful way for people to gain deeper insight into their preferences and behaviours.For the younger doctors it's a great way to access data into how they have specialised their core personality attributes and for older doctors it's a powerful tool to support continual professional development, especially around leadership. So as part of my CPD for 2015 I decided to train in MBTI 'step II'. If you've ever done MBTI you will know that the process involves you learning about Carl Jung's four preferences areas (called dichotomies) that then group people into one of two alternatives for each dichotomy. See below. Working through all four dichotomies results in a combination of four letters that can describe what your basic personality tools are and how you prefer to use them. You will end up with a four letter 'Type', e.g. ENTP or ISFJ. It triggers great conversations about how people behave (especially at work) and gives useful ideas about how you can get the best out of yourself. But, this 'off the peg' result might not always fit perfectly. This is where MBTI step II helps. Taking your result from step I, step II drills down deeper into each dichotomy preference by describing five key components (facets) that make each area. This means the results of a MBTI step II report are much more tailored to fit you. As part of my step II training last week I had to undertake the test myself. It was fascinating to be on the other side of the experience for once and to learn new things about myself. For example, I've a clear preference for Extroversion but never quite understood why I don't particularly relish large social gatherings. It turns out that my preference in the facet that deals with this (Gregarious - Intimate) is not weighted towards Gregarious. It helps me understand more deeply how and why I make decisions about large gatherings of people and how I handle myself during them. Below illustrates the Facets that make up Extroversion and Introversion. In total MBTI Step II measures twenty facets (five for each dichotomy). I can see this being incredibly useful for the doctors I work with. They always appreciate learning about themselves and how this can positively impact their work, but to have a more advanced level of self awareness will be of great value. Find out more about MBTI Step II HERE If you would like to undertake MBTI Step II call me on 0754 0593476 or email me at alexishutson@yahoo.com Subscribe to these blogs..

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– Michelle Phan, YouTube Beauty Guru & Entrepreneur The purpose of learning about your personality type is to help you to understand yourself better. When you know what motivates and energizes you, it helps you to seek opportunities that most suit the way you are. Jung introduced the idea of hierarchy and direction of psychological functions. According to Jung, one of the psychological functions – a function from either judging or perception pair – would be primary (also called dominant). In other words, one pole of the poles of the two dichotomies (Sensing-Feeling and Thinking-Feeling) dominates over the rest of the poles. The Extraversion-Introversion preference sets the direction of the dominant function: the direction points to the source of energy that feeds it – i.e. to the outer world for extraverts and to the inner world for introverts. J, Judging – This group tends towards rapid decision making and subsequent tightening and finishing things to the end, plans activities to advance and almost always complete them Jung theorized that the dominant function acts alone in its preferred world: exterior for the extraverts, and interior for the introverts. The remaining three functions, he suggested, operate together in the opposite world. If the dominant cognitive function is introverted, the other functions are extraverted, and vice versa. The MBTI Manual summarizes references in Jung’s work to the balance in psychological type as follows: Extraversion (E) Jump up ^ “Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart disease”. Retrieved 2006-11-05. Brain scientists dive into deep neural networks For example, an article in the Harvard Business Review noted that people who fit into the category ISTP (introverted-sensing-thinking-perceiving) tend to be “cool onlookers—quiet, reserved, and analytical; usually interested in impersonal principles, how and why mechanical things work; flashes of original humor,” while people of type ENFJ (extroverted-intuiting-feeling-judging) are “sociable, popular; sensitive to praise and criticism; responsive and responsible; generally feel real concern for what others think or want.” ^ Francis, L J; Jones, S H (2000). “The Relationship Between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Among Adult Churchgoers”. Pastoral Psychology 48. Until then, we all need to recognize that four letters don’t do justice to anyone’s identity. So leaders, consultants, counselors, coaches, and teachers, join me in delivering this message: Hosted at no cost and at convenient locations and times… Dean Burnett’s personality can be effectively assessed from his Twitter feed, @garwboy Confetti – Bells Gold Pack of 10 The new research combined an alternative computational approach with data from four questionnaires, attracting more than 1.5 million respondents from around the world. The questionnaires, developed by the research community over the decades, have between 44 and 300 questions. People voluntarily take the online quizzes, attracted by the opportunity to receive feedback about their own personality. None of this is meant to pigeonhole people. We all have aspects of all these types within us. But most people have what psychologists call a “dominant style.” And, according to the Gita, all of these paths lead to the same place–a deep awareness of the infinite wonder of the universe. • A delight from start to end – The Age, Australia Light-hearted but comprehensive, from rather odious typefaces, such as the hairy Grassy, to the ubiquitous Helvetica, each font is given a rundown. Garfield says he’s unable to walk past a sign until he has identified the typeface. Now, neither can we. (Monocle 2010-10-01) Events Start Your Free Trial To Continue Watching About Careers Press and Media Enterprise Sitemap Site Products Leon Sao, a life coach and MBTI meetup organizer, says he’s been successfully guessing his peers’ types since high school. His classmates were surprised how much he could figure out about them, he says, and now he does the same thing at meetups. clear that efforts to detect simplistic link- EastEnders Health and Fitness Card Games “”The MBTI is a horoscope for nerds. Usually dispatched within 24 hours Earning Credit Chic Boutique – Napkins – White/Silver – REDUCED BY 50% So Isabel had her mission. Soon her home filled with index cards mapping out her theory. Lots of index cards. invalid, only the interpretations made from The Big Five are far from perfect, and there’s growing support for a HEXACO model of personality that adds a sixth trait: honesty-humility. Right now, though, the biggest problem facing the Big Five is one of marketing. Most people prefer to be called agreeable than disagreeable—we need to repackage this trait as supportive versus challenging. I hope some of you will take up the challenge. • Garfield’s engaging history of letter design will be eye candy…[Just My Type is] stuffed with fascinating bits of information…lively, richly illustrated -NPR.org/Books We Like Services 09/22/18 At Razzmatazz Dr Harrison Gough ESTJ (-A/-T) #manifesting #minimalism #plants agenda. Journal of Management, 22, 45– 83. PEOPLEFWD2018 Find related content Low scores on openness Whatsapp Future research might examine people with mental illness to see if they also fall within these types or if more types emerge. People interested in learning more about their personality can do so here. Me About Elephant Related Stories Bess, T.L.; and Harvey, R.J. (2001, April). Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI: Fact or artifact? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego. Chic Boutique Lottery Ticket Holders – Ivory/Gold – REDUCED BY 50% By Osita Nwanevu (Wikimedia Commons/Jake Beech) REDUCED TO CLEAR – Tree Top Friends – Cake Picks French programs of future research that might ad- Podcast (17) Judging (J) – Perceiving (P) 2018 Year Of The Woman• Concerts• Interviews• Music• New Releases “type-as-label” discussions (Block & Ozer, Why Oxford Brookes? Stolen Heart Two Piece – Red All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. ENTJ GET STARTED WITH PSYCHOMETRICS CANADA Before answering a question, I prefer to take the time to form an answer in my head. Free psychological tests ( taken last month) Vegan Welcome to PersonalityPage.com, a website about Psychological Type, created by the view from the shoulders of Don’t Obsess Over Categorizing Mental Disorders New Music Verified by Psychology Today You would not call yourself a dreamer. “[For introversion and extroversion,] you either get an ‘I’ or an ‘E’ score. It’s a true/false kind of test. It limits the variance of it,” says Riggio. “Most other personality tests measure as a continuum. They can say, ‘You’re a little bit I,’ or, ‘You’re on the borderline,’ or, ‘You’re a little bit E.'” Enneagram GIFTS MBTI typology. Personality & Individual Become a member Renew my subscription Sign up for newsletters Hooray! You’re on your way to a new account. This shouldn’t take more than a minute. myers briggs type indicator infp | | Uncover The Hidden Meaning myers briggs type indicator infp | | Discover The Hidden Meaning myers briggs type indicator infp | | Learn The Hidden Meaning Legal | Sitemap [otp_overlay] myers briggs type indicator personality framework | | Learn The Secret – Michelle Phan, YouTube Beauty Guru & Entrepreneur The purpose of learning about your personality type is to help you to understand yourself better. When you know what motivates and energizes you, it helps you to seek opportunities that most suit the way you are.

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You can easily discover MBTI, disposition, as well as personality types listed below. The Myers Briggs Type Indicator is a self-reporting reflective self-assessment survey indicating various psychological mindsets as well as actions regarding the method individuals make decisions as well as watch the world. The test aims to assign 4 major groups: intuition, extraversion, thinking or really feeling, as well as evaluating or regarding. It is a extremely effective device used in the evaluation of personality disorders and their treatment. The MBTI has been adjusted from the commonly approved Myers-Brigg model of mental evaluation. The MBTI is split right into 2 parts. In the first component, referred to as the Prominence design, the emphasis is on the intra-personal aspects of a person’s personality. This covers such locations as the actions of the self, such as motivation, leadership, assertiveness, and control, as well as social relationships, such as interaction abilities, socializing, and also individuality. The 2nd part, called the Invasion design, takes a look at the exterior aspects of a person’s individuality. These are facets that are not associated with the individuality of the specific but are nevertheless essential for evaluating personality. The Myers-Brigg Kind Indicator is a powerful tool that can aid people with personality disorders, especially those with severe ones. It enables them to see which personality type they have and provides details techniques to boost their personality as well as their lives. The MBTI is broken down into 3 parts. In the first part, the person’s habits is the main aspect reviewed. In the 2nd component, the individual’s social relationships is the aspect evaluated, and also in the third part, insight into the inner person is analyzed. Individuals that wish to use the MBTI ought to learn about its two versions, the I MBTI and the S MBTI. The I MBTI measures an individual’s attitude and exactly how they perceive the atmosphere as well as other people. The S MBTI determines exactly how an individual finds out and uses knowledge and also their preferences. The Myers-Brigg Type Sign actions emotional kind via the use of compatibility index cards. These index cards will certainly help people establish their personality types. There are lots of methods on just how to establish one’s individuality. These consist of asking people one’s name, assessing oneself through the Myers-Brigg Typology Profiles, observing oneself through using the Myers-Brigg Shade Codes, as well as through using MBTI examination instance books. These are simply a few of the approaches that check users can utilize in order to find out about their character. Amongst these, using index cards is amongst one of the most prominent and reputable techniques. The primary step in operation the MBTI tool is to list the phrase I MBTI in a notebook. The initials stand for the following: Personal beliefs, personal values, mental kind, and strengths. All of these aspects ought to be written down on a single sheet of paper. It needs to likewise follow the phrase. If you do not know what strengths indicate, mbti infp then you ought to ask your educators or support counselors regarding it throughout your orientation. The next step in learning more about MBTI is by identifying the personality types that are based on the I MBTI version. There are 5 emotional types that you can identify with. These are Supremacy, Uncertainty, Extraversion, Introversion, and Picking up. Supremacy is considered as the leader of the pack, in a manner of speaking. Uncertainty is thought about as the fan or the reliant, while Extraversion is thought about as the psychological kind. Introversion is the 6th personality type, while Sensing is the only staying personality type that has the ability to make decisions independently. Based on these 2 fundamental teams, there will certainly be a total of 22 different MBTI indication scores that you will have to use in order to determine which details personality type you possess. Nonetheless, this is simply the tip of the iceberg. There are likewise additional aspects that can be derived from the numerous designs used in mbti 잔다르크 as well as a much deeper understanding of this ideology will certainly aid you in creating your private abilities. To learn more regarding these versions and extra pointers on just how to use them in your life, take a look at the web links below.

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Description of 16PF Psychonometric Test 16PF or Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire refers to a personality questionnaire that was discovered in the course of a research that lasted for numerous decades. New techniques, utilized in factor analysis, which derive their basis on the correlation coefficient, were applied to facilitate the measuring of basic traits regarding human personality. Raymond B. Cattell is the person accredited with the discovery of the test, which gauges Five Big secondary traits and sixteen primary traits. Cattell and Schuerger (2003) assert that this resulted from Cattell’s discovery regarding personality, which he termed as multi-level and hierarchical in nature. The discovery of the sixteen primary factors encompassed factor analysis of myriad measures regarding the daily trends/behaviors of human beings. The secondary traits were introduced because of the need to establish what the basic organizing forces behind the main traits were. Thus, it should be noted that the 16PF avails results regarding traits such as social boldness, emotional stability, and vigilance. This concludes that the 16PF avails results on more numerous primary traits, including the Big Five global traits. According to Chrisler and McCreary (2010), the development of the 16PF psychonometric test took a commercial approach, and it was utilized by the University of London and some military personnel. Thus, the development of the test was caused by the need to come up with a design that would be utilized in measuring the dimensions observable in the fundamental traits associated with human personality in terms of nature and number. Raymond Carttell was assisted in his endeavor to develop the 16PF test by Charles Spearman. The development happened after Cattell concluded that the human personality could be compared to the physical world, which means that it also had components (Chrisler & McCreary 2010). Thus, Cattell concluded that if the components of personality could become completely discovered and measured, this could facilitate the discovery and measurement of human behavior. This prompted an international research, which was intended to discover the scope of human personality. This explains why they incorporated factor analysis in their investigation. It was done in order to accommodate all the patterns that abounded. After several years of the factor analysis studying, Cattell and his colleague, finally, came up with the traits of the 16PF questionnaire. Research asserts that the traits have remained the same for more than fifty years as more than forty books have been written in support of the test. Hersen (2003) points out that the 16PF Psychonometric Test is available online. However, not everyone has access to the Psychonometric Tests as the Psychology department of the company provides them. This ascertains the fact that there are some restrictions to it because a person can only get sample tests prior to taking the real tests. Psychologists are certified to use the test. Thus, they are charged with the responsibility of administering the test to new entrants in a company (Cattell & Schuerger 2003, p. 143). This points out that qualification is an essential thing in dealing with the test as not every person can interpret the results successfully. The tester is the only person allowed to buy the tests, as this will facilitate the safekeeping of the tests before utilizing them. Research points out that if other people in an organization were allowed to buy the test on behalf of the company, this could facilitate the leaking of the tests’ information, which would nullify its results. The 16PF targets high school students, adults, and college students. The 16PF is a normative measurement that received much criticism from reviewers in the Burrough’s Mental Measurement. However, a thorough examination of the test reveals that it fits well as a tool for personality measurement. This is because its reliability coefficients vary from 45 to 93, which has been associated with many other instruments used in assessing personality (Hersen 2004). The 16PF is not an in-house project that targets a specific group as it has three main target groups, which comprise of adults, high school kids, and college students. Thus, cabin crew counselors do not feature as one of its target groups. Hersen (2004) intimates that the 16PF test is employed in vocational settings to facilitate the comparisons between vocation and occupation. These findings are then utilized in determining career and occupational choices. The 16PF test can be applied for occupational selection or assessment because it presents relative strengths in several groups of occupations such as social service, artistry, scientific professional, community service, industrial and clerical services, academic, professional, and supervisory personnel. In addition, the 16PF test can be utilized in determining the occupational selection, which should be based on the evaluator’s understanding of the test and the personality construct of an individual that is the key in determining what profession a person is suitable for (Chrisler & McCreary 2010). The 16PF test is also suitable for occupational selection as it yields results regarding temperaments and learning styles. According to the American Psychological Association (1964), this gives it an advantage in occupational selection, as people with certain tempers are not suitable for certain occupations. Thus, the principle uses of a 16PF test are to establish a person’s temperament and personality constructs. These include traits like reserved or outgoing, assertive, shy, tender minded, self-sufficient, trusting, enthusiastic, and practical/imaginative. In addition, the 16PF test is employed to facilitate the identification of career or occupational choices as it enables the assessment of the 16 principal personal traits. The 16PF test is generalized as it can be used to estimate anyone who wants or requires to pass the test. The test is cost effective because it can be provided in the form of questionnaires, which are filled by the interviewers. The merits of the 16PF test emanate from the facts that it has the potential of assessing the 16primary traits and the five secondary. This is essential as the primary traits play a significant role in the identification of a person’s personality constructs such as learning styles and temperaments (Dorfman & Hersen 2001, p. 142). Secondly, the computer-generated version of the test has the potential to generate several occupational groups, which include clerical/industrial, social services, technical, administrative, community service, and the scientific professions. This means that a non-professional can easily interpret the results. Thirdly, the 16PF test has testing considerations, which means that the test can cater to both good and poor readers, and people with sensory impairments. The testing accommodations include the fact that the test is comprised of different questionnaires that include forms (A to E), which are distinguished in terms of grade level (Hersen 2003, p. 111). Lastly, the test is cost effective because it can be administered to an individual or a group and it does not take a long time to complete. Research indicates that the test requires between 35 to 60 minutes, which depends on the form of the test that is being utilized. The weakness of the 16PF test is that the evaluator’s word matters significantly, which means it has some provisions of errors depending on how reliable an evaluator is. The quality of the available data should be utilized for descriptive purposes, as opposed to diagnosis. In addition, the available data are essential for providing guidance regarding vocations. According to Cattell and Schuerger (2003), the evaluator should be skilled in both personality constructs and understanding of the available data. This will help in the eliminating bias, in the interpretation of the available data. The available data is utilized in measuring traits such as tense/relaxed, self-sufficient/group dependent, emotionally stable/affected by feelings, and tough or tender minded (Martin & Fellenz, 2010). Recent research on 16PF test has established that several questions are asked in regards to the validity of the results that the test provides. The questions asked include, firslty, the accuracy of the profile; secondly, lessons derived from unusual questionnaire responses and validity of the scores from the questionnaire; and, lastly, how safe decisions, based on the questionnaires, are. Thus, in response to these questions, the research intimates that the 16PF test’s accuracy depends on how honest a respondent is in providing answers. Research also indicates that the 16PF test has shown exceptional results in recognizing various types of unusual response behavior. Recent research has also identified the aspects of the 16PF test that make it unique. According to IPAT (2009), these aspects include acquiescence, infrequency, and impression management. These three aspects are instrumental to the evaluator in coming up with safe results concerning the personality interpretations. Thus, impression management is considered a primary social-desirable scale that is used for assessing how desirable or undesirable the client’s responses were. On the other hand, the acquiescence scale (ACQ) has been developed to measure the tendency of a respondent in relation to answering questions positively no matter the content (IPAT, 2009, p. 3). Lastly, recent research identifies infrequency in the 16PF test as a scale that safeguards against random responds from a person. The scale indicates whether a person has provided random, indecisive or unusual answers. The researches have tried to explore the means by which the situations can be handled in case a person violates one of the rules established by the above scales. One basic solution to the infrequencies indicated by the abovementioned scales is to get the respondent to fill the form once again. Thus, 16PF test is a test that is still utilized by many organizations in determining the employees’ competencies in various fields. MBTI Test MBTI in full stands for Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - a personality assessment that helps in understanding the differences between individuals. It also gives ground to understanding how people communicate, think or interact. According to Bayne (2004), it is an assessment that can develop a person, team or organization to deal with day-to-day issues in areas covering career management, team building, communication and leadership. By taking an official MBTI test, one discovers his or her true personality. The MBTI measures only four dimensions of personality traits. Furthermore, it indicates which of the dimensions are preferable. Bayne (1997) also states that each of the four dimensions illustrates two preferences that are opposite to each other. The first dimension, the E-I (Extraversion-Introversion), explains where individuals prefer to put their attention. Introversion is the inner part of ideas while extraversion is the outer world. The second dimension, S-N (Sensing-Intuition), describes how an individual can perceive or receive information differently. An individual with sensing preference absorbs information using all the five senses and is extremely precise when it comes to sensory details. On the other hand, an individual with intuitive preference absorbs information using the ‘sixth sense’, also known as intuition. The individual goes further to look for possibilities or meanings. The third dimension, T-F (Thinking-Feeling), shows an individual’s preference when it comes to decision-making. An individual inclined to thinking makes decisions by using logic, as well as detached analysis. The individual with the feeling preference uses empathy as he considers what might be relevant for people. The last dimension, J-P (Judging-Perceiving), explains how an individual can organize and familiarize himself or herself with the outer world. The judging preference shows an individual who prefers to be organized. An individual with perceiving preferences means that he/she acts spontaneity and, thereby, possesses the style of organization which is different from the rest. Notably, MBTI does not reduce the uniqueness found in an individual. Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers developed MBTI during the World War II. They hoped that women would gain from knowing their personality preferences as they joined the industries to work for the first time. Forced by the outcomes of war, the women had to choose jobs that could best suit their gender (Briggs & Myers 1998, p. 123). They started with a questionnaire, which later became the MBTI, published in 1962. When the 1940s commenced, Briggs and Myers expounded on Jung’s model that focused on the theory associated with psychological type. The test is for the normal population as it places emphasis on differences which occur in a natural setting. CPP Inc., who acknowledges that MBTI is among the most common personality estimators, commercially publishes it. Certified psychologists and other professionals administer over two million tests each year. Briggs and Myers (1998) also acknowledge that, because of many years of research and development, MBTI has grown over the years since its inception and has become an indicator used by many people worldwide. Those certified to run the test or use the MBTI instrument include certified therapists, counselors, consultants, and coaches. The MBTI test is obtainable from certified practitioners worldwide. Human resources offices also give out such tests. However, there are no restrictions on getting a copy of the assessment. One can find administrative materials at www.ccp.com or www.capt.org. However, only MBTI certified professionals can use the test. A certified tester has to register for him/her to administer the test. They are the only possible buyers of the assessment, which means that employees have to go to the HR department for the test. Many studies conducted on the MBTI test are in the manual. The initial norm groups had been high school as well as college students. Later employed occupational groups were included. Reliability studies show a range of 60 to 90 percent. The trend is higher for individuals with higher levels of education. It is an inventory suitable for groups served under rehabilitation settings except for those with mental disabilities. It can also incorporate individuals with sensory impairment. MBTI is a normative test admissible to an individual or a group. It is untimed and can take between 20 to 30 minutes to complete. Individuals with sensory impairments can also use the test. The MBTI can be useful in the educational sector, business, careers guidance, as well as counseling. Hamme (2010) attests that it can develop leadership potential in the business field. MBTI can assess the strength or developmental needs of people in managerial positions, as well as their style of solving problems in relation to others. Self-awareness plays a vital role in determining influential leadership. Therefore, one needs to understand that personal styles in leadership go a long way into influencing motivation. Teams can also use the MBTI questionnaire to measure their strength or developmental needs. It can also clarify biasness so that teams learn to appreciate the importance of placing value in different approaches. Kirby and Barger (2001) also agree that MBTI can assist in communication with individuals with different types of teaching methods. Moreover, it can analyze and improve them in an effective manner. Notably, the instrument offers a framework where people can understand the existing differences in learning styles. The test suits general purposes despite being cost-effective. It is easy to use through the web or self-administering, therefore, it does not require a lot of time. MBTI has its fortes and weaknesses. One of its biggest advantages is that, as a tool, it can aid self-knowledge. It helps individuals realize what are their likes or dislikes. The test also enhances prevention of conflict and its resolution. One can gain personality needs or tendencies, which will aid the individuals in tackling issues that counteract their traits. The test also helps in team building when it comes to business management. It follows strict ethical guidelines stipulated in its manual and uses only qualified people. It also draws a clear line between organizational culture and organizational character. However, it is not appropriate to use MBTI when one is undergoing stress, or lack of trust. In such situations, the answers will not be accurate. There are also individuals who can fill the questionnaire with prior information. This may not reflect their true nature. According to Levine (1999), many have criticized the validity of MBTI’s statistics as an instrument. It lacks serious scrutiny. About a third or half of the results from MBTI tests enter the Journal of Psychological Type and other conferences. According to the researchers, the scores ought to illustrate a bimodal distribution that comes to the top when the scales end. However, the scores resembled a normal distribution. There is a cut-off at the middle of the individual subscale, which classifies the scores on both sides. This phenomenon does not show the idea of the type. It is normal for people to be at the middle of the subscale. A study by the National Academy of Sciences stipulates that the I-E is the only scale that shows high correlations when compared to other instruments. This was a strong validity if to compare with the T-F and S-N scales, which usually point out weak validity. Their study also concluded that, there is little research that justifies using MBTI test in career counseling. Notably, the validity measured here was criterion-related. According to MBTI’s manual, a valid instrument is that which measures correctly. Studies show that scores from the MBTI are similar to others when it comes to evidence depicting divergent validity, convergent validity, construct validity, test-retest reliability, as well as internal consistency (Quenk 2009, p. 47). The individual tested determines the accuracy of MBTI as an instrument by reporting honestly. This means that people can respond in ways socially required of them since MBTI does not employ validity scales to measure such responses. Ethical guidelines guide the MBTI in this area by warning of such responses. There are those who say that MBTI is vague and general since it allows all behavior to fit into any personality. Others term the MBTI descriptions as brief, distinctive, and precise. The investigation states that the reliability of the MBTI is low. Close to 37 percent and 76 percent of individuals tested fall into different categories when they appear for retesting much later. A research was carried out which pointed out that, despite the MBTI dichotomies show split-half reliability which is acceptable, and despite the scores form a bell-shaped curve, still the total overall type allocations become even less reliable than the first test. In addition to that, the research also discovered that the test-retest reliability becomes sensitive to the time that usually passes between two tests done within some time. In another study, people were requested to balance between the types they prefer and that about half of them chose the same. As a result, many have directed criticism towards the test claiming that it has no falsifiability. Notably, falsifiability may lead to confirmation biasness when the results are interfered. Petersen et al. (2004) notes that the studies, conducted to look into proportions of varying personality types in different professions, state that the amount shown by MBTI types in each of the occupation stands close to that sample carried out randomly within the population. Other researchers have also pinpointed that MBTI cannot predict job performance in the accurate way. It does not measure ability, it only measures preferences. Therefore, it cannot fulfill that purpose. Researchers also had issues with the possibility of the instrument’s misuse while labeling people tested.

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Renaissance spread in Italy during the 14th and 15th Centuries. It was a cultural movement which wanted to bring back the light of Classical Knowledge after the darkness of the barbaric Middle Ages. Image source: https://www.123rf.com/photo_14466996_ornate-italian-renaissance-style-ceiling-of-the-mezquita-cathedral-interior-in-cordoba-spain.html Renaissance Architecture Brunelleschi‘s first commission was for the dome that covered the central space of Florence’s cathedral, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio in the 14th century left without roof. Brunelleschi’s daring design used the pointed Gothic arch and Gothic ribs that were conceived by Arnolfo. It is certain that while stylistically is Gothic mantaining with the building it surmounts, the roof is structurally influenced by Ancient Rome, which Brunelleschi could not have ignored looking for a solution. Image source: http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/Pictures.html Inside the Pantheon’s single-shell concrete dome is a coffering which lights the weight. The vertical partitions of the coffering is used as ribs. At the apex there is an opening, 8 meters across. Brunelleschi knew that a huge dome could be designed without a keystone. The dome in Florence is supported by ribs and internally by a brick shell. Although the techniques are different, both domes have a thick network of ribs. The structures have a big opening at the top. Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture High Renaissance In Rome Bramante designed the Tempietto in the Cloister of San Pietro in Montorio. This small circular temple was built where St Peter was martyred and it is one of the most sacred site in Rome. The temple is featured with so many architectural inspirations from Roman and Greek cultures. Its beauty and harmony quickly inspired praises of Giorgio Vasari one of the most important critics of the time. Image source: https://imaginalworldsdotorg.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/tempietto-of-bramante/ San Giorgio Maggiore is in Venice, the front part of this temple is created with four three-quarter composite columns based on high pedestals, which gave the shape to the central door. In the back plane, the lower body of the church is structured with a small order of pilasters, used to support two lower half pediments on each side. The cornice line goes all over the central body, linking the two forms. Image source: https://it.pinterest.com/pin/343399540313038940/ Renaissance Interior design The interiors were also an important centre of interest ot Renaissance sensibility. Palaces were impressed with several spatial effects, marble staircases and impressing decors. Living rooms and bedrooms were furnished with expensive pieces of furniture, designed respecting the spirit of antiquity. The floor, walls and door lines were adorned with marble; or ceilings trimmed with wood. Image source: https://it.pinterest.com/lss42202/renaissance-period/ Renaissance also affected furniture which is featured with a clear structure and several architectural elements such as a miniature palace with columns, pilasters, cornices, pediments. The main materials used were black and white woods (oak, walnut), ivory, stone, marble, sandstone. Dealing with colors soft and light, dark and gloomy colours were mostly used along with cool shades of white and pastel shades. Image source: http://history1ah.blogspot.it/ David by Donatello and Sculpture This work marks the return of the nude sculpture in the round figure; Cosimo de’Medici commissioned it for the Palazzo Medici. David is shown in a triumphal moment in the biblical storyline, when he won his battle with the Philistine, Goliath. Donatello seems to recall to mind heroic nudity of antiquity. A Renaissance sculpture is featured as follows: - Naturalism is evident in the use of contemporary subjects and naturalistic use of proportions; - Reemergence of classical subjects and forms passes through a revival of classicism in sculpture; - Craft of metalwork played a key role starting with Bronze employed first for reliefs, statues and busts. Image source: http://www.italianrenaissance.org/donatellos-david/ Renaissance Art Renaissance art can be divided into two periods: Early Renaissance (1400-1479) in which artists learned trying to emulate classical artists giving importance to symmetry to produce the perfect form. Artists of this period were: Giotto, Masaccio, and Donatello. High Renaissance (1475-1525) was featured with a rising interest in perspective and spatiality to give art even more realism. Artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Rafael were important in this period. Info source: http://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance_art.php The main artists active during this time was the painter Masaccio, famous for his frescoes of the Trinity in the Church of Santa Maria Novella and the Brancacci Chapel of Santa Maria del Carmine, in Florence. Masaccio painted for less than six years but was an important influence on the early Renaissance for the intellectuality of his works, as well as naturalism. Image source: http://www.italianrenaissance.org/masaccios-holy-trinity/ Renaissance Artists Heritage Rome displaced Florence as the most important center of Renaissance art. Three great artists, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael, dominated High Renaissance, until the sack of Rome in 1527. Leonardo was named “Renaissance man” after the interest he had in humanist and classical values in general. Leonardo’s best-known works, including the “Mona Lisa”, “The Virgin of the Rocks” and the “The Last Supper”, demonstrate his skill for the rendering of light and shadows and the landscapes surrounding humans.

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producing three of the greatest artists in history: Da Vinci, Michaelangelo, and Raphael, the High Renaissance was referred to as such not only because it was a period of great and high art, but equally so, because it was essentially the culmination of the cycle of art which preceded it, known as the Early Renaissance. “Renaissance” stems from the French verb “naitre,” meaning “to be born”. Thus, the Renaissance would forever be known as the “rebirth” of critical artistic thoughts and ideals. Emerging from the much more gothic and religious period that came before, the Renaissance would most certainly prove to be one of the most enlightened periods in art and thought that history would ever see. Italian High Renaissance artists achieved ideal of harmony and balance comparable with the works of ancient Greece or Rome. Renaissance Classicism was a form of art that removed the extraneous detail and showed the world as it was. Forms, colors and proportions, light and shade effects, spatial harmony, composition, perspective, anatomy - all are handled with total control and a level of accomplishment for which there are no real precedents. The High Renaissance included such great artists as Bacchiacca, the painter of Eve with Cain and Abel, Del Sarto who painted Head of the Madonna and The Holy Family with the infants Saint John, Santi di Tito who painted The Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist, Grannacci who painted Scenes from the life of Saint John the Bapist and The Crucifixon, Bartolomeo who painted Madonna and the Child with Young Saint Peter the Baptist, Cigoli, the painter of The Adoration of the Shepherds with Saint Catherine of Alexandria, Signorelli, who painted Madonna and Child, and Pulzone, who painted The Lamentation. There was also of course, Raphael who painted The Agony in the Garden, Michaelangelo, and his Sistine Chapel, and Da Vinci’s enigmatic Mona Lisa. Raphael was a master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance. He lived from 1483-1520. He is most famous for his paintings of Angels and Madonnas, of which he painted over 300 in his lifetime. Raphael also painted portraits including one of Pope Julius II. Michaelangelo is said to have been the absolute greatest artist of his time. He is of course most famous for his painting of the vaulted ceiling of the Sistine...

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Popular music is the soundtrack to much of our history. When Revolutionary War soldiers went off to war, they did so to the tune of "Yankee Doodle." Abolitionist songs, sung by groups like the Hutchinson Family Singers, brought the anti-slavery message to hundreds if not thousands. As Americans faced each other in battle, the army in blue took heart from the strains of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" while soldiers in grey rallied to "Dixie." Nineteenth-century men courted their sweethearts to the tunes of Stephen A. Foster, while slaves in the cotton fields found solace in spirituals. Union organizers led working-class men and women in choruses of "Union Maid," Doughboys went off to war humming "It’s a Long Way to Tipperary," and Depression-era optimists as well as cynics could be heard to sing "Happy Days Are Here Again." In every era, music has reflected—and shaped—social and cultural change, political choices, and mass protest and support for government policies. Each of us knows that a familiar song from the past can produce a vivid memory of an event, a person, or a movement we were once a part of. Popular music is thus a vital primary source in the classroom, able to evoke a bygone era or provide a starting point for us to present the historical context in which events occurred. In this issue of History Now, leading scholars of history and music take us through our recent past, moving through the decades from the 1940s to the present day. Each essay analyzes the relationship of a musical genre to a key historical event or movement. We realize that the themes chosen do not exhaust the complex history of modern America; for example, because we have already examined the music of the Civil Rights Movement in an earlier issue, the songs that rallied thousands to demand equal rights for African Americans are absent. We hope you will think of these essays, therefore, as examples, as templates for how historians and history teachers can use music effectively as a window onto our past. Elihu Rose has chosen to examine the songs that accompanied World War II. In the music itself, we can see the shift from isolationism to participation in a great struggle against Nazism and fascism and we can follow the upsurge of patriotic songs as Americans were asked to make sacrifices to ensure victory. We can also see, as Rose notes, the many emotions that war aroused—"hope, longing, loneliness, and love"—and the variety of ways in which Americans at the front and at home coped with anxiety and danger, from bravado, to religious affirmation, to satire and humor. The very diversity of the music drives home the complexity of a nation at war. Glenn Altschuler and Rob Summers carry us into the era of rock and roll in their essay on the 1950s. In that decade, African American music and its rhythms seemed to cross a great divide and enter the world of white American teenagers. Parents fretted; critics condemned; but middle-class teenagers purchased the 45 and 78 records of Fats Domino, Chuck Berry, and the white singers like Elvis Presley who became idols overnight. Altschuler and Summers raise important and provocative questions: was this music "revolutionary"? Did it produce or did it simply accompany the rise of teenage rebellion? Was this a precursor to the rebellion of the 60s generation? Whatever the answers to these questions, a new genre of music had entered American culture. Much of the most intense music of modern times has been spurred by opposition to government programs and policies. Kerry Candaele, himself a songwriter, looks at the singers and the songs of the anti-war movement during the 1960s and 1970s. While songs supporting the American policy in Vietnam also filled the airwaves, especially of country music stations, many of the most emblematic songs of this era came from those who opposed the war. They are often angry songs—and emotionally urgent songs, but some are humorous and many are ironic. They were never the dominant music of American youth, for they existed side by side with a music that ignored social and political issues and focused on teenage love and heartbreak. While many saw Bob Dylan or Country Joe or Jimi Hendrix as radicals and even traitors, it is clear that these critics of American foreign policy saw themselves as patriots, urging the country to pursue peace instead of war, to renounce what they saw as imperialism, and to acknowledge the rights of American citizens to free speech, even if it was critical of the government. Candaele does not romanticize the musicians who created this protest music, nor does he make grand claims for its impact on our society. Instead, as he says in his closing paragraph, he sees the value of protest music as a spur to civic engagement: "What anti-war music could and did do," he writes, "as all protest music has done throughout American history, was to raise the spirits while doing battle, help define identities of activists, and turn passive consumption into an active, vibrant, and sometimes liberating culture." Sometimes, as Elizabeth Wollman shows us in her essay on the women’s movement and its music, it is the emergence of the musicians themselves rather than the "message" of their songs that signals a shift in cultural norms or social values. The 1970s saw the emergence of what scholars call "second wave feminism," a continuation, that is, of the struggle for gender equality, begun at Seneca Falls in 1848, that climaxed with the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the vote. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, social and political activists organized to press for gender equality as well as racial equality, calling for equal pay for women and equal access to education and participation in sports, as well as the creation of new gender ideals and roles for both sexes. Women songwriters and singers did not necessarily address these issues directly in their lyrics; instead, they demanded a more prominent place for themselves in the music business. They wanted their voices heard; they wanted recognition from their profession; and they wanted their talent to be recognized. There were, of course, feminist anthems, most notably "I Am Woman" and "Respect." But what Wollman stresses is the importance of the emergence of women’s voices coming over the airwaves, woman guitarists displaying their talents, and women’s challenge to the identification of hard rock as a masculine domain. As women moved into law offices and legislatures, university professorships and Wall Street business firms, a parallel development could be found in popular music, as woman musicians moved into hard rock, punk, disco—and were heard. By the 1980s, the anti-war movement was already "history." But, as Douglas Egerton and Leigh Fought show us, musicians of this era became interpreters of a newer protest movement, one that was as global in its scope as it was national. Many, like Jackson Browne, urged Americans not to allow their country to "drift into war" again as it seemed to have done in the Vietnam conflict. But Browne and his contemporaries also had broad, social concerns that reached beyond the American borders. They urged their fellow citizens to extend their democratic vision and to support equality around the world, not simply at home. The disagreement within this song writing community over strategy and tactics mirrored the disagreement within the larger movement for global social justice. For example, some musicians urged a boycott of performances in South Africa as a protest against apartheid. Others believed the best approach was to perform in South Africa but demand that the audience—and perhaps the participating musicians in a concert or recording—be biracial. Although their strategies differed, both groups expressed the growing awareness that America was part of a global community. In the 1950s and 1960s, African American music began to "crossover" into the white listening-public’s musical venues. White singers "covered" black songs, often, as in the case of Elvis Presley, changing the lyrics to make them more acceptable to the teenagers and their parents who were his targeted audience. In essence, black music sought respectability within the dominant culture. But, as Mark Anthony Neal shows us in his essay, hip-hop and rap—the new genres of the 1990s—made few concessions to the sensibilities of the white middle classes. This music embodied the despair, anger, and disappointment of young African and Latino Americans; but it also reflected their refusal to abandon their cultural and musical roots. Neal notes the cultural radicalism of the music, for it turned the "crossover" process on its head. Hip-hop did not compromise, or "soften" itself in hopes of being accepted by mainstream listeners; instead, mainstream audiences "crossed over" to an undistilled black urban music. Neal’s discussion of hip-hop and rap also raises the critical question of authenticity. Musicians of the 1960s, ’70s and ’80s had often struggled with the contradictions between commercial success and musical authenticity, and hip-hop and rap do not escape that same contradiction. Protest music can be used by retail chains as easily, it would appear, as it can be used to raise awareness of social and economic problems. Finally, Craig Werner brings us to the twenty-first century and its most traumatic event for Americans: the destruction of the twin towers. Out of this tragedy came not only a traditional war—in Iraq—but a new type of global war—the war on terrorism. But the events of 9/11 also produced the need for Americans to express their grief, their anxiety, and their determination to recover from the blows dealt them on a sunny fall day in 2011. More than any other popular musician, Bruce Springsteen captured these emotions in his album The Rising, and its anthem, "My City in Ruins." Werner takes us through the music of The Rising, analyzing both the lyrics and Springsteen’s own concerns to distinguish himself from the persona he adopts in the music. But it also makes an equally important point: the artist cannot control the interpretation that the listener—or the viewer or the reader—gives to the work the artist has created. And as every historian and history teacher knows, each generation imposes its own interpretation on historical events and on the art that is generated. A few final words. First, this issue of History Now has been the most collaborative effort in the journal’s history; the entire staff of the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History contributed ideas and recommendations for songs and musical artists. They also did Herculean work researching the subjects and locating the historians to write these essays. My thanks to them for this hard work. Secondly, the choice of topics for these essays are illustrative not inclusive. We encourage you to select your own genres, your own list of songs and artists, and those events or movements you believe are critical to understanding and appreciating the American past. And finally, we recognize that some of the lyrics as well as some of the views of the musicians who appear in these pages are controversial. We are confident that you will use your own excellent judgment in how you present this material to your students. As a special feature in this issue, we include an interview with Mark Dolan on Springsteen. And, as always, there are lesson plans to accompany the essays. Here’s wishing you all a wonderful summer!

https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-now/2012-07/music-and-history-our-times

INTRODUCTION Folk songs were originated from the philosophies of forefathers which was their casual talks to each other. It is deeply rooted with their lives. They produced these songs from their livelihood which was farming. Most of the lyrics of these songs were made out of their social life. They sung only to reduce their burden and to discover the joy of life. The songs were the expressions of their inner lives. There were no language barriers while they were singing. Nothing restricted them from communicating each other through these songs. Relevance of protecting the earth, water and the sky were narrated in these preaching songs. These are songs of human beings who were communicating with their lands, plants and creatures. The toiling groups of peasants sing them to forget the monotony of their humdrum lives and to refresh themselves. They have been transmitted from one generation to the next orally. The versions sung today show some linguistic changes. Most of the songs were rendering for hundreds of years. Origin of Folk music Throughout most of human prehistory and history, listening to recorded music was not possible. Music was made by common people during both their work and leisure, as well as during religious activities. The work of economic production was often manual and communal. Manual labor often included singing by the workers, which served several practical purposes. It reduced the boredom of repetitive tasks, it kept the rhythm during synchronized pushes and pulls, and it set the pace of many activities such as planting, weeding, reaping, threshing, weaving, and milling. In leisure time, singing and playing musical instruments were common forms of entertainment and history-telling even more common than today, when electrically enabled technologies and widespread literacy make other forms of entertainment and information-sharing competitive. Some believe that folk music originated as art music that was changed and probably debased by oral transmission, while reflecting the character of the society that produced it. In many societies, especially preliterate ones, the cultural transmission of folk music requires learning by ear, although notation has evolved in some cultures. Folk Songs in Kerala There is a very rich folk song tradition in Kerala. Farmers, peasants; ploughing or harvesting and the boat men plying the oars on the palm-fringed back waters, forgot the tedium of toil by singing songs. Then the happiness of the harvest season, of the sacramental union of man and woman, of the advent of progeny also found expression in beautiful melodies. Many classical composers also used these songs. Irayimmam Tampy, wrote a lyric for the melody of the traditional lullaby which is one of the most beautiful songs of this kind in Malayalam. Another lullaby melody was chosen by Cherrusseri in the fifteenth century to retell the Krishna story from the Bhagavatha in mellifluous verse in a Kavya of classical dimensions with forty-seven cantos. The boat song melody was used by Ramapurath Warrier in the eighteenth century for a fine narrative poem on the story of 'Kuchela' and by Kumaran Asan, for another narrative poem on the great compassion of the Buddha and the disciples who were inspired by him. There are folk songs praising the Gods and admiring the form of Nature (rain, heat, lightning, thunder). Each has a distinct song. For instance, the song sung during ploughing is not the one sung during planting. Again, the song sung during the transplanting of seedling and the songs for reaping are different. Thus, each song tells a different story. Listening to the songs, we understand how to carry out farming. Similarly, fisher folk, boatmen they have their own songs. Villupattu, mappilapattu, vadakan pattu have stood the test of time. Sung without the support of instruments, no doubt, these songs are popular and appreciated. Sometimes, one or two instruments are played in some folk songs. Villupattu Villu Paatu also known as Villadichampaatu, is an ancient form of musical story-telling in India where narration is interspersed with music, an art of southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This art form is popular among Nadar and Chettiar castes of erstwhile Travancore Kingdom. Simple tunes and verses make the story easy to follow. The villu (bow), the age-old weapon of warriors - paradoxically lends itself to be used as a primary musical instrument for the Villu Paatu artists. Mappila pattu Mappila pattu or Mappila songs are rhythmic songs popular among the Muslim community of northern Kerala. Malabar Muslims are enriched with their own literary tradition written in ‘Arabi-Malayalam’ language and Mappila Pattu is the poetic genre of this great literary tradition. Mappilappattu is a song which depicts the cultural tradition of Muslim community especially from north Malabar. These songs come with a blend of Kerala’s folk songs and Arabic musical tradition and have been influenced by both oral and written tradition of the region. The practice of Mappila songs happened along with a parallel literary tradition prevalent in Malayalam language, Manipravalam (literary style with a mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam). Vadakkan Pattukal Vadakkan Pattukal (Ballads of North Malabar or Songs of the North) is a collection of Malayalam Ballads of medieval origin. The songs present sagas of heroes such as Aromal Chekavar and Thacholi Othenan, and heroines like Unniyarcha. They exemplify the heights of folk-poetry and are also sometimes associated with deities. Almost all these ballads show strong connections with Kalaripayattu. Like any other oral cultural forms that are sung by communities even today, these songs show great flexibility and a repetitive pattern in their lexicon that is typical of the simplicity of folksongs in general. Kalampattu Kalampattu (kalamezhuthu pattu) is another folk art form that belongs to the northern regions of Kerala. This art form which is over 600years old is performed by a group of five to fifteen people in Bhadrakali and Ayyappa temples. The rituals are performed around the kolam -an elaborate picture, usually of Bhadrakali, drawn on the floor, using five colours. The performance in the light of temple torches lasts through the night. The singers are neatly dressed with women wearing their hair on the side of the head. A series of songs (kalampattu) are sung to the accompaniment of nanthuni and elathalam. Knanaya Folk Songs The Knanaya, an ethnic group found among the St. Thomas Christians, maintain folk songs that are ancient in origins and were first written down in the year 1910 by the Knanaya scholar P.U Luke in his text Puratana Pattukal or Ancient Songs. The songs were written in Old Malayalam but contain diction from Sanskrit, Syriac, and Tamil indicating their antiquity. Analytically, these ancient songs contain folklore about the faith, customs and practices of the community, narratives of historical events (such as the mission of St. Thomas the Apostle and the immigration of the Knanaya to India), biblical stories, songs of churches, and the lives of saints. The songs are poetic in nature and are considered treasures in Kerala's cultural heritage. Scholars have also found that the songs of the Knanaya are of a similar composure, linguistics, and characteristic to that of the Cochin Jews and that some songs even have almost the same lyrics with the exception of a few words or stanzas. Some of the famous Folk songs of Kerala are listed below. Chulli Cheriya Penne. Kuttanadan Punjayile. Aalayal Thara Venam. Kottayippadathu. Puthooram Veettil Janichorellam. Pallikkalappante Mole. Omanathinkal Kidavo. Thothikayyan Pokkarukakka. CONCLUSION With the changing of social scenario, the presentation styles of folk songs too changed. Nowadays it is transformed and restructured in to a systematic music rendering form. These songs were normally used in variety social activities like farming, festivals, marriage functions, rituals. Today most folk songs are very rhythmic and an energy booster to the audience. With the increasing tempo of the songs the audience will dance along with the performers. Folk song singers have different styles in their presentation. Many movies and cultural fests also contain folk songs nowadays. Today, these folk songs have a lyrical format and very popular all over in Kerala. REFERENCES www.keralaculture.org www.eindiatourism.com www.webindia123.com en.wikipedia.org ART AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION REPORT Description: ART AND AESTHETIC EDUCATION REPORT Read the Text Version No Text Content!

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# Israeli hip hop Israeli hip hop refers to hip hop and rap music in Israel. ## History Although Native Hebrew hip hop gained popularity only during the 1990s, stemming from global influences, traces of it could be found during the mid-1980s. Yair Nitzani, then a member of the Israeli rock group, "Tislam", released an old school hip hop parody album under the name "Hashem Tamid". Nitzani was mainly influenced from New York old school Hip Hop. In 1993, Nigel Haadmor and Yossi Fine, influenced by Eric B & Rakim and Flame-3 of the TPA Crew and other late 1980s Hip Hop, produced the album "Humus Metamtem", which was released by Yair Nitzani. Yossi Fine later immigrated to New York, where he played as a bassist with artists such as David Bowie, Naughty by Nature and Lou Reed. Nigel Haadmor is the pseudonym of Yehoshua Sofer, a Jewish-Jamaican Broslov Hasidic Jew who was born in Jamaica and raised in Jamaica, the U.S., and Israel. Influenced by his mother, who listened to Jamaican ska at home, Haadmor produced a unique sound based on his Caribbean roots living in the Jewish state. In 1995, the Beastie Boys toured Israel and were interviewed by Quami de la Fox (Eyal Freedman) on Galgalatz, the Israeli Army's radio station and most popular radio station of that time. After the interview, Quami de la Fox created a Hebrew parody of their song “So What’cha Want” to promote their tour in Israel. Later that year Quami de la Fox collaborated with DJ Liron Teeni, also a host on the Galgalatz station, to produce Esek Shachor (Black Business) – the first all hip hop radio show in Israel. Playing a mix of Hebrew, Arabic and English hip hop, by 2000 Esek Shachor “was the most popular program on Galgalatz and today remains a leader in Israel’s hip-hop world.” Just as Kool Herc is credited in America as being a founding father of hip hop, DJ Liron Teeni is given similar credit as the pioneer of Israeli hip-hop. His major role in the process of making Israeli hip hop the popular genre it is in Israel today was the transformation of the lyrics to the mother tongue of Hebrew. Kids would come on his show on the army radio station in order to showcase their rapping skills, but when they would start rapping in English, he would make them translate it into Hebrew. Because rappers began to rap in English, it was seen as an American export which was not authentic to the music of Israel. Popular rock band Shabak Samech is credited with being the first Israeli hip hop group, and began rapping in Hebrew in 1995. Influenced by the Beastie Boys, their lyrics did not have any specific political or social message and were mostly party lyrics. Israeli listeners initially rejected their music. Chemi Arzi, one of the band members, recalls, “‘They said you just can’t rap in Hebrew; it doesn’t sound good.’” Shabak Samech continued to produce Hebrew-language rap songs in efforts to promote this new style of Hebrew and Mediterranean hip hop. The band was initially marginalized due to the belief of Israeli DJs that their audiences would be lost, but they eventually reached success. While Israeli hip hop may be seem to have common underlying themes with US hip hop and they share the main elements of hip hop, mainstream hip hop in Israel tends to deal mainly with the situation in the country, spirituality, or politics. Israeli rappers talk about more personal issues such as the struggles of growing up in Israel. Most Jewish Rappers tends to disregard the political situation between Arabs and Jews, yet they refer frequently to the economic situations in the country. Since 2001, with the rising of new Hip Hop acts, most issues are dealing with creation, essence of Hip Hop, street culture, drugs, hedonism, etc. Some of the songs also gear towards more religious themes since many of the rappers are Jewish or Muslim. Israeli hip hop has such a motivational theme behind it that local governments support the Hip Hop movement that has exploded among Israeli youth. The government has even supported Hip Hop groups who travel to other countries, viewing it as a good outlet for the rest of the world to view them through. Israeli Hip Hop is creating several positive movements among the people of the country that will continue to grow and become even more popular. Some of the things the Israeli rappers rap about can tend to be controversial as well. As far as media exposure of artists who address real issues like child abuse or the future of the state of Israel is concerned, Israeli artists seem to have the same problems getting heard as artists in America; they address current issues but don't get much attention from the radio stations that play popular music or television stations. Before Hip Hop was considered a genre in Israel, pop and disco music were the only genres being played on the radio. When Hip Hop songs started becoming popular, the radio stations refused to play them. They felt that Hip Hop didn't make people feel good so they would not play it. The songs spoke of everything from terrorism and religion to children speaking up about abuse in their home. And as far as the ongoing conflict between the Arab population and the Jewish population, hip hop music seems to document this more accurately from various viewpoints than any other popular music or news medium in Israel. Even the conflict between Arab and Israeli rappers is documented in films such as Channels of Rage which showcases Subliminal and an Arab-Israeli named MC Tamer Nafer whose friendship ended due to political tension. ## "Black Business" radio show Black Business (Hebrew: עסק שחור "Esek Shakhor") is a hip hop radio show, started in 1996, by Liron Teeni and Quami De La Fox. The show broadcast on Galgalatz, the sister-station of Galei-Zahal — the Israeli military radio station. Back in the '90s, young Israeli rappers, such as cynical-parodic Jerusalem rapper Kodman who was still a kid at the time, as well as most of today's esteemed/famous rappers, all started their career on the show. The rappers started coming on his show in order to showcase their live freestyle and rhyme skills, to be heard rapping. Some rappers such as Subliminal were rapping in English, and Tenni and others wanted Israeli rap to be in their native language of Hebrew since there were thousands of American groups rapping better in English. ## Hip hop for Ethiopian-Israeli youth Since the 1990s, Ethiopian-Israeli teenagers used the rising reggae and hip hop scenes as a means of forming a community and a sense of belonging. Tel Aviv nightclubs proved to be places of social gathering for Ethiopian-Israeli teenagers, giving them a space to gather and form a collective identity. Teenagers and young adults were able to identify with the black struggle of the music and felt reggae and rap reflected their own experiences. Through identification with historically black American musical styles, Anthropologist Malka Shabtay writes, Young Ethiopians living in Israel have… transformed their collective and personal experiences of alienation, both real and imagined, into an ideology identifying themselves as the blacks in Israeli society and attributing the relatively poor achievements of Ethiopians and their sense of inferiority and failure to racism. Their language of disappointment, disillusionment and hostility is addressed to those they hold responsible for their situation. They believe Israelis to be prejudiced towards them and see in them the reason that their chances of achieving integration are low: ‘You feel betrayed and are called ‘n-gger’. You made it to Israel and it doesn’t work.’ Identification with the African-American struggle, mainly through music, formed a sense of community and identity among Ethiopian-Israeli teenagers. “Their search for a home is temporarily satisfied by reggae and rap… This encounter with black musical genres is a matter not only of musical taste, but of self-image and image in the eyes of others.” Ethiopian-Israeli reggae and rap, reflecting struggles and racism of daily life of these teenagers, provides a sense of community and identification among Ethiopian-Israeli youth. Ethiopian Israeli hip-hop groups, and artists like Cafe Shachor Hazak, Axum, Jeremy Cool Habash, and others have become very popular amongst all Israelis, and are growing in popularity as Ethiopian Jews integrate into mainstream Israeli society. Strong Black Coffee ("Café Shahor Hazak"; קפה שחור חזק) is an Ethiopian-Israeli hip hop duo. The duo were a nominee for the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards Best Israeli Act award. ## Hip hop as a method of globalization Though hip-hop has been adopted by numerous countries throughout the world, Israel remains as a prime example of the manifestation of “glocalization” in the musical realm. Originally hailing from the Japanese business world, this concept was introduced to the Western world by British sociologist Roland Robertson in the early 1990s. As explained by Hartwig Vens in his article in the World Press, the idea of globalization describes the “rising appearance of artistic hybrids that blend the global and the local” which accurately portray the interplay between these seemingly conflicting scenes. By recognizing the dual nature of glocalization, hip-hop's role within Israeli society can be revealed to show its nature of meshing opposing forces to form a creative and original product. Consistent with Vens’ claim, Israeli hip-hop is thus an imitated art, largely globalized and affected tremendously by the United States, while still displaying distinct characteristics specific to Israeli society and culture. Many of Israel's hip-hop artists thus reflect upon the integration of global and local influences into their music. Global forces have thus proven to be powerful in affecting and shaping hip-hop in Israel. Even the beginnings of rap music in Israel portray the dominant and significant nature of the Western world on global music. Even once it was first presented on the show, the performers still maintained hip-hop's American origins by rapping solely in English. Only once hip-hop expanded to include other music artists was Hebrew utilized as a language to spread person opinions and beliefs of society. Even then, English was still used as an effective means of rapping and reaching audiences, and many Israeli hip-hop songs today incorporate some aspects of English lyrics or colloquial terms into their content. Though numerous examples are available, one specific music video exemplifies this phenomenon of language thoroughly. In his video for the song, “Bababa,” Subliminal incorporates various musical elements into his performance, including the talents of Miri Ben-Ari on violin. The first thirty seconds of lyrics rapped are entirely in English and could easily be mistaken for a hip-hop song written and produced in America. Such lyrics as “all my real” and “one is for the money, two is for the show…five for that flow” reveal the immense effect American hip-hop has on music produced halfway around the globe. The music video additionally displays other elements of Americanization including the mention of the Grammys and the presentation of the actors as stereotypical members of the hip-hop subculture. One such African-American man is shown wearing a New York Yankees baseball cap, and scantily clad women dancing throughout the video is representative of the stereotypical American hip-hop culture. Within another one of his music videos, “Toro,” Subliminal further expresses qualities of the Western world. Not only is the video reminiscent of hip-hop in the United States, but it holds some elements of reggaeton and Hispanic roots, especially when explicitly mentioning the word “dinero” in the chorus (Spanish for “money”). Therefore, throughout Israeli hip-hop music, the borrowing from America is quite apparent in the common usage of English language and slang terms in lyrics, as well as through the incorporation of certain American hip-hop culture elements such as break dancing and specific clothing. Not only has Israel maintained a relationship with the United States in its Americanization and adoption of Western qualities, but it has dispersed its own artifacts to America. Though it surfaced only a decade ago, Israeli hip-hop has successfully spread to the United States, primarily through the fan base of young Jewish Zionists living in America. Specific artists, especially Hadag Nachash and Subliminal, have accumulated fans in America and often travel worldwide (and primarily to the US) on tours to further promote their music. Strong connections are present between America and Israel, mostly due to the grounds upon which Israel was established. Since its creation as a state was a result of the Zionist movement, many Jewish Zionists living in the United States feel a strong sense of pride and personal relationship with their religious homeland. Zionist youths primarily are therefore very involved in the current political and social situations occurring in Israel. Furthermore, they are extremely receptive to any cultural artifacts being produced and released by Israel's music industry, so the hip-hop music of Israeli artists easily thrives within the American Jewish youth population. Thus, many are thrilled when Israeli hip-hop artists come to America to perform and often sing the lyrics along with the performer. Just as Israeli hip-hop portrays the global trends present in the current times, situations and qualities personal to this specific country are inherently incorporated into the songs and lyrics. As issues such as politics and religion are being fought through the usage of hip-hop, Israeli rap artists display a wide range of opinions being offered and performed. Just as explained by Liron Teeni, the radio DJ who first introduced American hip-hop to America, this variety of perspectives merely reflect the true reality, since “rappers are taking sides on the issue..hip-hop is about being brave, telling the truth like it is and not looking for excuses…just talking about the real stuff.” Discussions of this “real stuff” portrayed in Israeli hip-hop vary from political divides to social tensions and religious fights. Though the music has been maintained as a space for stratified opinionated beliefs, perhaps it holds the power of ultimately uniting those involved in some of these divisions. As expected, due to Israel's establishment of a country based on Jewish ideals and beliefs, the many themes contained in hip-hop's lyrics extend to issues of religion. Within the nation, there is an obvious divide between the very religious Jews and those who are more secular;. Tensions between these opposing groups are apparent in numerous settings, especially when discussing the politics of Israel. Many laws in Israel pertain to this subject, such as the requirement that all citizens enter into the army at age 18, men for three years and women for two. The army has therefore become a ubiquitous characteristic of Israel and has been engrained within the culture and society so much so that it is nearly impossible to walk the streets of any Israeli city without witnessing soldiers in green. Religious arguments have arisen though, and a compromise was reached that entitled the ultra-Orthodox Jews to abstain from enlisting in the army, since they would be studying in yeshiva or getting married around age 18. Though it is now expected that the army is composed of mostly seculars, there still do exist tense feelings towards those unwilling to fight in the Israeli Defense Forces. Further laws, such as those pertaining to Shabbat, instigate conflict between the religious and secular. Since Israel was founded upon religious beliefs, many Orthodox Jews desire that cities practically shut down on Shabbat, which at one point was true. Recently though, more stores are open on Shabbat and roads are once again covered in cars traversing the country. Therefore, those religious Jews are frustrated that the country is not based on Judaism as much as it used to be, and secular citizens are upset with the manner in which religion is dictating their lifestyle. Such rules and social expectations are often either supported or argued against in Israeli hip-hop music, and one particular song perfectly encompasses the religious aspect, as well as the political and social tensions apparent in Israel. Hadag Nachash’s “Shirat Hasticker,” literally meaning, “The Sticker Song,” has proven to be one of the most popular rap songs, both in Israel and the United States. Unique in its content, the song is entirely composed of various bumper stickers found on cars in Israel. Since bumper stickers are very popular in Israel and are often placed on cars to display the driver's political, religious, and social stances, Hadag Nachash accurately portrays the country's numerous perspectives on all localized issues. By collecting a variety of these bumper stickers and listing them as lyrics in the song, opinions as broad as the citizens within Israel are effectively expressed in the one song alone. While discussing the relationship between global and local influences on Israeli hip-hop to create the effect of “glocalization,” one music video in particular precisely reveals this phenomenon. “Halayla Zeh Ha’zman,” (or “Tonight is the Time”) performed by Alon De Loco and Gad Elbaz, effectively presents the manner in which glocalization has encompassed Israeli hip-hop. Opening with a seeming stand-off between Palestinians and overtly religious Orthodox Jews, the video begins with obvious influences from American hip-hop, primarily in the break dancing performed by both groups and the clothing reminiscent of American style (such as the Puma shirt and the “bling”). The song continues to illustrate glocalization through the incorporation of Middle Eastern sounding beats and rhythms, and the chorus is sung in a voice reminiscent of many Israeli musicians and singers. Thus, the music video acts as a clear representation of how elements derived from global and local sources are utilized in Israel, so as to create a unique hip-hop subculture. ## Israeli rappers ### BOCA BOCA was born in 1991 in the Soviet Union, and immigrated to Israel at the age of 1 month. In 2004, he moved with his parents to Bucharest, Romania. He started participating in hip hop competitions for the first time when rap was still a hobby for him. Boca returned to Israel in 2006 and continued to rap. His song "Lod Bypass" was recognized in different countries and was played on radio stations in Israel. In 2010 he released his first mix tape "7 Days" which contained six songs that were created in seven days. A little later, he released the club hit "Della Bocca"with DJ Braindead. His second mixtape "My World Your World" contained 14 tracks. On January 6, 2011 he issued the album I.H.H.A - Israeli Hip Hop Airlines, which contained 9 tracks. ### Hadag Nahash Hadag Nachash (Hebrew: הדג נחש, English: "The Snake Fish”) formed in 1996 was one of the first rap groups to hit the mainstream in Israel. A sprouting Palestinian scene grew alongside them. Their sound consists of a mixture of Funk, Jazz, world music and western pop. They have been compared frequently to the American hip hop group The Roots since they use a live band instead of a DJ for their backup music. In contrast to the patriotic "Zionist" hip-hop of artists like Subliminal (see below), Hadag Nakhash's music is often satirical and sometimes comes from a left-wing perspective. Two examples for that would be their songs "Gabi & Debi" (Hebrew) which spoofs right-wing Zionist rap music, and "Little man" (English) depicting the despair from the religious collisions in the city of Jerusalem". ### Subliminal Kobi Shimoni, more commonly known as Subliminal (Hebrew: סאבלימינל), is a popular rapper in Israel. The album “The Light and the Shadow” with partner The Shadow has sold 80,000 Records in Israel which is a double Platinum Album. Subliminal was born in Tel Aviv, Israel. He started performing music at age 12, and at age 15 met Yoav Eliasi, who would later become his performing partner under the name "The Shadow" (Ha'Tzel). The two quickly became friends as a result of their mutual love of hip-hop. In 1995 the two began performing in Israeli clubs wearing baggy clothes and gold chains. They quickly developed a following among the nation's youth, and put out their first album, "The Light From Zion". After the outbreak of the violent uprising in 2000 they wrote patriotic songs. They became known as creators of "Zionist hip-hop". In further contrast to the generally rebellious, "outlaw" nature of most hip-hop, they also praise army service and eschew drugs and smoking. With occasional Arabic lyrics and songs like "Peace in the Middle East", their stance is described as desirous of a better future but unapologetic about the present. Subliminal and Ha'Tzel also helped discover the Palestinian rapper Tamer Nafar; they collaborated but eventually fell out over political differences. The bitter end of their musical relationship is chronicled in the documentary Channels of Rage. ### SHI 360 Shai Haddad was born in Haifa, Israel and then moved to Montreal, Canada when he was eleven. He was very resistant to the move and didn't like the change. When attending a public school he was faced with a lot of Antisemitism. He also perceived a lot of friction within the local Jewish community. He was seen as an outcast to them because his friends were mostly black and Hispanic. The Canadian hip-hop scene helped jump-start his rap career. He would go to open mic nights and he also recorded his first vinyl single, "Linguistiks," through his own label, IntelektMusik, in Montreal. In 1996 Haddad returned to Israel to pursue his rap career. This time he went under the name SHI 360 (Hebrew: שי 360). SHI stands for Supreme Hebrew Intelekt and 360 represents his return to Israel from Canada. SHI 360's lyrics reflect political and social themes as opposed to the feel-good pop that dominates the Israeli radio. In the song “Break the silence” he talks to kids speaking up about abuse from home life. He considers himself a conscious MC. SHI 360 hopes to change the view on how radio is supposed to sound in Israel. After a few years rapping, he met Israeli rapper Subliminal who at the time was known as “Caveman.” Haddad suggested the name Subliminal and he took that name as his stage name. Subliminal and David Levy started the T.A.C.T. Entertainment group. ### DAM Though many Jewish Israeli rappers are present in the country's pop culture, fewer Palestinian hip-hop groups have surfaced, though one has gained widespread popularity. The group's name, DAM, is the Arabic verb for "to last forever/eternity" (دام) and the Hebrew word for "blood" (דם), but can also be an acronym for "Da Arabian MCs." DAM could be argued to be the polar opposite of Subliminal’s right-wing stance. Formed in 1998, DAM is noted as the first Arab-Israeli hip-hop group and consists of three Palestinian men who hold Israeli citizenship as well: Tamer Nafer, his brother Suhell, and a friend, Mahmoud Jreri. Though the rappers mostly sing in Arabic, they do write songs in Hebrew and English as well, to ensure that they reach all of their intended audiences. The content of their songs is largely focused on the many conflicts existent between Israel and the Palestinians, including the issue of Palestinians feeling like second-class citizens of the country. DAM often challenges Zionism with their lyrics and accuses the Israeli government of racism and inequality. Many of their songs demand treatment equal to that offered to the Jewish citizens of Israel. According to lead rapper Nafer, “our message is one of humanity- but it’s also political- we make protest music.” DAM's first single of 2001, “Meen Erhabe?” (or “Who’s the Terrorist?”) was not even released by an official recording label, but was still downloaded from online by over one million visitors. Their latest rap single, “Born Here,” is written and performed in Hebrew to further expand their audience. Nafar has also stated that the reasoning for the transition to Hebrew lyrics is to be able to transmit the messages of the injustices to the Israelis very clearly. Nafar has said that his position is to replace politicians; “Politicians don’t talk to our generation. But politics is the way of our life, so I’m bringing the way of our life in their language.” In November 2006, DAM ultimately released an official album, titled “Dedication.” ### Sagol 59 Sagol 59 (Born Khen Rotem, October 1, 1968) is a Jerusalem based hip-hop MC. Raised on a Kibbutz in Israel. After his required 3-year stint in the Israeli Defense Forces, Sagol turned to music, beginning his career in blues, funk and rock before moving on to hip hop in the Mid 1990s. Shortly after, he relocated to Jerusalem. Sagol was picked up by the city's seminal (and now defunct) indie label, Fact Records. He was later signed to major label NMC Records. With 5 full-length albums to date, plenty of musical collaborations with diverse artists and many live shows in Israel and overseas (U.S, Europe)Sagol has anticipated Israel's current Rap boom and cemented his position as one of its leaders. Within the last decade, Sagol has participated in many events alongside Palestinian and Arab musicians, and has performed alongside many well-known artists and overseas: Matisyahu, DJ Spooky, Kenny Mohammed The Human Orchestra, Remedy, Killah Priest, Sole of Anticon, Spearhead's Michael Franti, Yitz Jordan aka Y-Love, Taskforce, and Israeli artists such as Hadag Nachash, Coolooloosh, Mook-e, Teapacks, Yossi Fine and many others. In 2001 he received critical praise for his groundbreaking collaboration “Summit Meeting"(feat. Tamer Nafar of DAM & Shaanan Streett of Hadag Nachash), the first-ever collaborative recording featuring both Israeli and Palestinian MCs. He regularly hosts the Corner Prophets series, a cultural initiative meant to unite the diverse cultural communities located in Jerusalem through a shared interest in hip-hop. By working with Corner Prophets, Sagol's goal is to inspire a new generation of Israelis and Palestinians that turn to art, not violence, as a means to find a common ground. Sagol 59 is currently signed to New York label JDub Records. ## Notable Israeli hip hop crews and rappers Fishi Ha-Gadol Muki Tamer Nafar Strong Black Coffee Marvin Casey Itay Lukach Ron Nesher Shabak Samech

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop

I was an English teacher at Ta-Cheng Vocational High School from January to June, 1990. During these six months, I lived in the dormitory with the female students. I ate with them and spent my leisure time with them, almost like a peer. The students there rarely studied because they knew they were already assigned to work as lifelong manual laborers, just by attending a vocational high school. Since they needed manual skills for making a living, not academic achievement, leisure activities preoccupied them more than school. Both boys and girls were mostly interested in popular music. During that time, I was responsible for supervising some social activities held by the students living in the dorm. Their social programs usually involved singing and dancing. They also gathered together and sang during most of their leisure time. Consequently, I found it useful to relate class material to TV shows, stars, and popular songs to get their attention. I left ten minutes for them to sing in class. This led me to investigate how music as a cultural form influences, structures, and empowers these working class teenagers' lives. Taiwan's educational system uses the entrance examination to decide which students will go to "good" or "bad" schools. It functions to stratify the future social status of the students and guarantees the formation of a class society. Most students with good academic standing can pass the entrance examination and enroll in prestigious high schools, which serve as a bridge to the universities. Other less intelligent students either go to a junior college or public vocational high school, depending upon the prestige of the school (in Taiwan, junior colleges and high schools are at the same level). In a public vocational school, students receive three years' of vocational training. These two school systems still offer a possibility of entering a college or university. The "leftovers" either go into the labor market or to a private vocational high school. Such a vocational high school functions as an intermediary between students and corporations. It offers corporations cheap manual labor in the name of teaching vocational training. Students attend school for three months and then go to the factory for three months for "practical training." Because of the relations between schools and companies, most of the students from a given high school end up working for the same factory after they graduate. The adolescents attending these schools are usually from working-class families (especially working-class families from the rural area) or single-parent families. However, since most working class parents could not afford to pay for the high tuition charged by these private vocational schools, the students have to do "practical training" to pay for their own tuition. Ta-Cheng Vocational High School is located in the poorest county in the southern part of Taiwan. Due to the region's economic stagnation and the government's unwillingness to develop the country's less financially rewarding areas, Yun-Lin (where Ta-Cheng is located) has remained an agriculturally based county. Most people there make their living from fishing and farming. Socially and culturally, this county tends to be more conservative than other industrialized counties. This social and cultural conservatism shapes the younger generation's childhood. However, as young people enter social institutions, they experience the "modern" world, both from the media and their personal experiences by traveling to the cities. Thus, the youth from this conservative county tend to experience more conflicts between traditional and modern values. Their confrontation with the outside world also makes them realize their disadvantaged geographic location and family background. In May 1992, I went back to stay in the dorm for two weeks to interview the girls I had known for the past two years. My long-term goal is to write on girls culture, especially that of working class girls, who are rarely taken seriously. Two years ago, these girls had been freshman. Now they would soon graduate from high school and step into the world. To make the interview setting and our interaction more natural, I didn't start interviewing until after three days. During this time, I shared their leisure time with them. We watched soap operas together, we talked about boys and marriage, we told dirty jokes, we dressed up and we even helped each other doing skin and hair care. After three days, I started doing individual interviews in their rooms. Their rooms are their very own private spaces where they have total control. I wanted to make them feel as comfortable talking to me as if I were their intimate friend. Furthermore, the decorations on the wall revealed to me a lot about their culture. Pictures of stars on the wall, romance books on the bed, teddy bears on the bed, and religious books on the bookshelves all indicated their personal preferences, tastes and even their memories. Before interviewing them, I used a questionnaire to inquire about their age, their parents' occupation, their personal background, and their most favorite and least favorite songs. The oral interview was open-ended and, in a sense, unstructured. I assumed that people sharing similar cultural and social backgrounds would have similar tastes. These girls had a similar social background and a shared interest in popular music. The girls were in their late teens, aged 17 to 19, and they faced leaving school and entering the labor pool. They all lived in the school dormitory, where they considered popular music an indispensable part of life. I conducted both individual and group interviews with the girls. Individual interviews were conducted first to learn more about their personal history, tastes, family influences, and idiosyncrasies. Group interviews were conducted to explicate the power relationships within this group, to untangle how the group members interacted with each other in their conversation, how they exchanged opinions, and how this group was formed. Since I always played the part of the girls' big sister and advisor, our relationships have been languid and always harmonious. However, my purpose in writing a thesis about them made them uncomfortable. Some of them tried to show their best and covered up some facts they considered "low," "ignorant" or "inappropriate." For example, three of them denied the fact that they had a crush on some stars or denied that stars were an important factor in determining their choice of their favorite songs. In some places, they contradicted themselves. Here is an example from my interview with Chen, Bi-Hsia (B): And later she said: I started with more casual and enticing questions till I found them more open to my questions. Then I began to go on to more serious questions. I started with questions about their opinions and their relationships with boys, and then I began to solicit their opinions on popular music and their use of music. One problem with some of the interviews is that sometimes I got too involved in the conversation and started to talk about my personal experiences in relation to their experiences, and sometimes I offered my opinions or suggestions about their personal problems. Since I realized that I was having too much personal involvement with the respondents in some interviews, I tried to distance myself in later interviews, and at the same time respond and encourage them to talk without talking too much myself. When I started the group interviewing, only three of the five students were there. They talked very loudly, yelled and screamed. They were very excited about the topics they were talking about. They sang songs in turn to answer my questions. During most of the time, they talked simultaneously without listening to each other, and then the people with the highest volume finally got our attention, and a little while later, other members in the group would try to respond to her opinions. After approximately twenty minutes, the other two came in, although only one of them actively participated in the already-constructed conversation. The other one remained silent during the interview. The one who remained silent was considered a good student and was, in a sense, outside of their group. This interview lasted about forty-five minutes, and then the "good" student went away. Then, all the others started to tell me dirty jokes such as making fun of the act of lovemaking. After the interview, one of the interviewees thanked me for offering a chance to let them get together and talk about things they enjoyed. This group interview offered me a chance to see how the group members interacted, negotiated and communicated with each other, what languages they used, and how they encapsulated themselves as a group and excluded other members. SCHOOL AS A PLACE FOR HAVING FUN These girls are at a time in their lives when they will graduate from high school and step into the world. It's probably the last stage of their formal education. All these girls have mixed feelings toward school. School is the source of their boredom and frustration but also the place where they meet their friends and find meaning in life. For these girls, school becomes not a place for learning, but socialization. From my experience teaching theses students, many of them sleep in class, talk, read romances, or do nothing but daydream during class time. Except for commercial training courses, which accounted for one-third of class time, the girls care nothing about the classes and are bored. In conquering the boredom of school life, singing, listening to a walkman, reading romances and gossiping become very important. H explains that she and her classmates share a lyrics collection, so whenever they get a chance, they sing: Dorm life is an extension of school life. The girls' behavior in the dorm is scrutinized, reported to the teachers at schools, and graded. All five girls express their boredom with living in the dorm. B even characterizes it as "living in a prison." The students living in the dorm are not allowed to go out after 7:00 p.m. The school hired a dorm supervisor to supervise their behavior, to protect their personal name as well as the school's name. During my interview, all five girls expressed their resentment toward their ex-dorm supervisor, and they were very proud to have "kicked her out of the dorm." H told me in a very emotional tone that the dorm supervisor forbade the students to make any noise after 8:00 p.m. She even demanded that the students turned off the volume when they watched television. H expressed her dissatisfaction: "We weren't supposed to come here to be tortured." One time, the girls got so mad, so they decided to confront the supervisor by violating dorm regulations: The supervisor came and had a quarrel with the girls. She used indecent language to call the girls things like bitches, ugly devils, and dirty jerks. She even grabbed one of the girls and pushed her against the wall. Although the girls were punished for "not respecting the supervisor," the supervisor had to quit her job because of the hostility she had confronted from all the girls in the dorm. These students are aware of their inferior situation, and they are also aware of the boundaries for expressing their resistance. Thus, what they do is to challenge authority within the authority's accommodating boundary. Dick Hebdige's concept of bricolage best explains how these girls resist the dominant order through re-appropriating the meanings of available cultural products. In the case of collectively resisting the dorm supervisor, the girls used music to make noise, to upset authority. The acts of singing and playing music became tools for a power struggle, for expressing resistance. To summarize, school life, for the girls, can be identified with frustration, boredom, and fun-making. Despite the drawbacks of the school, it offers a place for the students to meet new friends and develop their social life. Cultural commodities, such as music, when located in the girls' school/life experiences, function to counter their boredom and the frustration, and also function as tools for pleasure seeking. THE GIRLS AND MTV, KTV PARLORS Due to the establishment of MTV, KTV and KA-LA-OK (karaoke) parlors, singing becomes an important activity for music consumption. Beginning in 1986, the term MTV in Taiwan has referred to a leisure center where people can go to watch movies in a small private room (with an extra service of drinks). Thus, MTV is a combination of coffee shop, theater, motel, teahouse, and restaurant. KTV is a diversified form of MTV. K stands for KA-LA-OK. KA-LA-OK has two meanings. One refers to the equipment for singing, such as tapes, microphones, and amplifiers. The other meaning refers to the leisure centers that provide equipment for singing. Like KALA-OK, KTV also refers to leisure centers where people can follow the tape and sing. Unlike KALA-OK, which provides facilities for people to sing in public, KTV offers music videos and private rooms for singing. Like MTV centers, KTV centers are divided into separate rooms. Each room is provided with singing equipment. Some big KTV centers also offer KA-LA-OK. Sometimes the girls I interviewed go to the KTV parlors, with private rooms, everyday during the week; mostly they go there only on weekends and holidays. KTV belongs to the night. The girls usually stay in the KTV parlor till 2 or 3 a.m. when they are in Taipei, but if they are in the south, they go there very early (like eight at night), and stay till 11 or 12 p.m. They go there to have fun, kill time, and release emotional stress. Here is how H describes her motivation for going singing: Since these girls all declare they do not watch television very often, their experiences or impressions about the songs are structured by their experiences in KTV. As a result, their choices of favorite songs are partly determined by the songs themselves (the melodies and the lyrics), partly by the music videos shown in KTV parlors, and partly by their experiences in sharing the songs with their friends. Here is an example of how KTV music videos, as well as the experiential experience of sharing songs with friends, influence the girls' choice of songs: Since singing constitutes a very important part of the girls' experiences with music, it thus becomes necessary that the songs be "singable." For the girls, the criteria for a good song are that it should be, first, melodically pleasant and lyrically meaningful, and, second, "singable." Thus, the girls' selection of their favorite songs is influenced by the range and quality of their own voices. Due to the popularization of KTV in Taiwan, singing has become an important activity in youth's leisure activities. The girls I know all love singing. Their experiences of going to KTV structure their experiences with music, and thus, determine their selection of music. As a result, the context of singing in a KTV — the images from the music video, the songs, the people, and the atmosphere at that particular moment — all determine their experiences, and thus, their impression of the music. THE POLITICS OF PAYING THE BILL KTV is a place for boys and girls to get together and sing. Since going to KTV is an expensive activity, I inquired about the bill. To my surprise (maybe I've been trained by western thought for too long, so I forget about our "tradition"), all these girls answered in a taken-for-granted manner, "Of course, the boys pay the bill." However, the result of the boys' paying the bill is to diminish the girls' power to make decisions. Here is how the girls describe the payment and the decision-making power: These girls take it for granted that the social convention of boys' paying is natural. They are not aware that by not paying the bill, they lose their decision-making power, and, in a way, they perpetuate gender inequality in their relationship with boys. Even though the girls know that only boys get the power to request songs, the girls all take this fact as natural and do not question the validity of the boys' power. Actually, the fact of men paying the bill when going out with women is an extension, a reflection, and a result of gender inequality in a society. Traditionally, it is men who have to take responsibility for supporting their families. A woman's job is to stay home and take care of her husband and children. Because of the sexual division of labor due to biological differences, when men work, they accentuate the importance of their being breadwinners by putting down women's work as unproductive. To hold their power and maintain it, men constantly have to put women in a disadvantaged position. As a social convention, the girls are willing to give up their power only because it seems "natural" to do so. And by such small gestures, the girls grow accustomed to their inequality. DANCE CULTURE Unlike KTV centers, which are places for boys and girls to get together, dancing halls (for disco dancing) are places for girls. Girls like dancing. For girls, dancing is a kind of sport, a way to lose weight, an activity for socialization, a way to kill boredom, and an activity for releasing their built-up emotions. Dancing halls traditionally carry the connotation of corruption. Only "bad" girls go to dancing halls because the sensual movement of the body contributes to a process of building up tense emotions which could lead to the act of sex. Although the connotation of dancing halls changes with the times, it still connotes a place where "good" girls do not go. All but one of the girls in the group consider dancing a healthy and legitimate activity, and they see nothing wrong with it. However, they won't let their parents know they have gone dancing. Dancing is a female social activity. For girls, dancing is "naturally" an activity for women, shared by women, while singing is for both men and women. Here is how they conceive of dancing as a female activity: Girls go dancing just for fun. Although there are some boys in the dancing hall, these girls don't go there to meet new boys. As B commented, Perhaps the boys don't like dancing because the distortion of the body in public conveys feminine seduction. Dancing traditionally is performed by females to entertain men. (The boys the girls know or date are from the south. They are more conservative. B points out that the boys in the dancing hall are from metropolitan areas where gender stereotypes are less strict and more fluid.) These girls, in the group interview, all complained about the boys' reluctance to dance with them. There are many reasons for going dancing. However, a sense of liberatory pleasure keeps dancing popular among these girls. For them, the pleasure of dancing lies in its sensuality, its total relaxation in the dark. "Nobody sees how you do it." It offers a feeling of liberation from social conventions and regulations. It also provides the pleasure of collectivity, a collective liberation from the social terrain. It's in the feeling that "everybody dances" that the girls find personal liberation. Here is how C describes the pleasure of dancing: Part of the craziness of dancing comes from staying up the whole night and being different from other people. Like singing in KTV, dancing belongs to the night, too. B said that when she went dancing on the weekends when she was in Taipei, her group usually danced till 3 or 4 in the morning. For these girls, dancing is a time to be real "crazy." As has been discussed, the pleasure of dancing is a liberation from social rules. It is a "jouissance." Roland Barthes (1975) distinguishes two kinds of pleasure: jouissance and plaisir. Jouissance, as Fiske (1989, p. 50) summarizes, can be translated variously as "bliss, ecstasy, or orgasm." The concept of jouissance refers to a pleasure coming from an emancipation of the social construction of self. It is a pleasure produced to evade the social order. Thus, it is a carnivalesquc kind of pleasure. Plaisir provides a different type of pleasure from jouissance in that plaisir is "socially produced." The roots of plaisir "lie within the dominant ideology, it is concerned with social identity, with recognition." Therefore, plaisir may come from conforming to or reacting against the dominant ideology, whichever is in our interest. The girls' reacting against the school authority by making the teacher upset is a reactionist kind of plaisir. Doing housework and being a good girl is a conformist kind of plaisir. The pleasure of singing in KTV parlors is also a kind of plaisir, for it involves social identification in releasing emotional stress through singing, it involves happiness from identifying with the romantic love on the music video, and it also involves the pleasure of developing relationships with male friends. THE MUSIC The girls' taste in the songs they like is strongly influenced by U.S. and Japanese pop music. Taiwanese culture is a mixture of Chinese, Japanese and U.S. culture. Japan had colonized Taiwan for fifty years. During its colonization, the Taiwanese were forced to behave like Japanese and think like Japanese. Though Taiwan was returned to China after WWII, Japan's influence on Taiwan was already rooted in every part of the Taiwanese people's lives. Japanese influence on music is more visible in Taiwanese songs, which tend to be appreciated more by people in a lower social strata. As for the U.S. influence, it can be traced back to the cooperation between the U.S. and the KMT when the KMT took over Taiwan. With its strong economic, military and cultural power, the U.S. was totally in control of Taiwan under the name of assistance. Especially with the rapid growth of cultural industries in the post-war era, the U.S. exported its carefully constructed image of "Americaness" through television, films and music to the international market. This image of "Americaness" was needed by the KMT government to carry out the policy of "modernization," which meant Americanization. The discourse of modernization was carefully constructed by the government and the elites to accentuate certain oppositions: Americaness/ Taiwan-ness, progress/ regression, modern/ obsolete, wealth/ poverty, mainlanders/ Taiwanese. The discourse of modernization equates Americaness with progress, wealth, happiness, and a better life. In addition, the mainlanders' status was (usually that of the governors and the elites) elevated to the category of "Americaness" in contrast to the poor and uneducated Taiwanese people. Once this discourse is constructed, everything American connotes "better" and everything Taiwanese connotes "vulgar." As a result, the Taiwanese songs that are appreciated by working-class Taiwanese people in a lower social strata are considered vulgar, and English songs that are appreciated mostly by the elites are considered in better taste. In the late 80s, there was a political movement against KMT hegemony. The discourse against this hegemony was focused to upgrade the concept of Taiwan-ness and to elucidate the oppressive nature of the KMT. In the 90s, these two forces are still in struggle — Mandarin as a better language" vs. "Taiwanese as a decent language." As a result of this political struggle, the vulgarity connoted by Taiwanese songs has become elevated to the level of concepts involving "rootedness," "nostalgia," and "pastoral." The discourses constructed by the ruling party reflect the powerful U.S. influence on Taiwan society. In the area of popular music, western music had a more visible influence on Mandarin songs, and Japanese influence was mostly on Taiwanese songs. This has changed with the recent ascent of Japan as an economically powerful country and the KMT's hegemonic crisis. Western influences on Taiwan's popular music (mostly Mandarin songs) can be traced back to the era of political modernization. The rise of the Chinese modern folksongs, and later the Campus songs, show the influence of U.S. folksongs, even though the Chinese modern folksongs initially emerged as an ideological revolution against westernization. The Campus songs, an extension of the Chinese modern folksongs, are the forefathers of current popular music. With U.S. music's strong influence on the history of Taiwan's popular music, it is no surprise that Taiwan's popular songs are structurally influenced by U.S. songs, especially U.S. songs from the 70s, for this was the period when the Chinese modern folksongs became popular. All the girls agree that melody is an important factor in deciding the love song genre. A popular song, structurally, should be able to connote tenderness, softness and sadness. The songs they listed as their least favorites deviated from the love songs in content and had melodies that were too "different" from what they have been trained to like. For them, the lyrics also played an important part in reinforcing the melodic connotations and in constructing the songs' meanings. To these girls, a good song must be meaningful, understandable, touching, and realistic: All of the five girls interviewed liked songs that are about love and separation. C commented, All of the girls also like to watch TV shows adapted from romances, and three of them like to read romances. These girls place love at the center of their lives. Several sub-themes characterize the theme of heterosexual love. These are the happiness of being together, the sadness of separation (or the unbearableness of being alone), a glorification of the permanence of love and a lamentation on the impermanence of love, and an exaltation of the uniqueness of love/lover. The underlying assumption threading through these songs is this: Therefore, most of the songs glorify the happiness of being together in the past, and they lament the present situation of being alone. All the songs are written from a first person point of view. The relationships between the narrator and his/her lover are always mediated by the pronoun "I" and "you." The use of these personal pronouns invites the audiences into the "story" and thus invokes identification. Of the twenty love songs, six are sung by male vocalists. These girls identify themselves with singer when the songs are sung by female vocalists; they are the "I" in the lyrics. When the songs are sung by male vocalists, they identify with the "you" in the lyrics; that is, they identify themselves as the lovers of the male vocalists or any male they know. Six songs sung by male vocalists are "Make Me Happy Make Me Sad", "It Is Written in the Stars That We Shall Be One in the Coming Life", "Around Winter Time", "I Am Your Only Love", "A Half Lover", and "Annie." These songs present the sadness and loneliness of separation. The male singers and the lyrics are feminized: all the singers are packaged to be melancholic, feminine, handsome, lonesome, and tender. They sing about men's need to be cared for and their loneliness and sadness. Here are some examples: In addition to expressing the men's loneliness, the lyrics also express their desire to be together with their women. The men cry and beg for their women's tenderness and love, they even promise to devote everything to the women. Of these twenty love songs, fourteen are sung by female vocalists. The girls identify with the female singers, and consider the lyrics as their personal expression. The themes sung by female singers vary more compared to the songs sung by the male vocalists but still express the idea of love. The themes threading these songs together can be discussed according to these axes: the importance of love in women's lives, the sadness of being abandoned, the confusion and helplessness when being abandoned, the supplication of the lover to come back, the celebration of the happiness of love, and the dilemma of making decisions. Nancy Chodorow gives a detailed account of the reproducing of women by women. She argues that it is through mothering that women reproduce women with a strong desire for tenderness, care, and love. In addition, women grow up to be women, that is, women learn to be women by experiencing women's culture — dressing-up, watching TV, doing housework, reading romances, and gossiping about men. As a result, women tend to accentuate love in their lives. For the teenage girls I interviewed, due to their frustration with their families and school and due to their adolescent physical changes, the underlying concept of love means the promise of heterosexual love. Thus, for them, without love, their lives become nothing, meaningless. This accent on love is expressed in the lyrics: The moral value placed on virginity and fidelity teaches women to be faithful to men. Since women should be faithful to one man, they need his commitment to ensure a successful marriage and thus, their happiness. However, men are not bound by these rules. Traditionally, men are allowed to have as many wives as they want and they can give up their women for any reasons. Furthermore, women are treated as pieces of property to show off men's social status. As a result, women in love are characterized by both a desire for commitment and a fear of abandonment; while men are always characterized as active in abandoning women. Many of the songs are about the sadness of losing a lover. Women are supposed to keep their husbands, to maintain relationships. Once their lovers abandon them, they have to beg them to come hack. Since men occupy the center of women's lives, without love, without men, women's lives mean nothing. It is because of the unbearableness of being alone, their irresistible desire to be loved, and their search for the meaning of life (which is usually defined by men) that women have to beseech their lovers to come back. Romance's impermanence and instability contradict women's desire for eternal love. Thus, love becomes a source of confusion. The lyrics are also characterized by questions of not knowing what to do: To attain eternal love, women must wait (no pain, no gain). To gain their men's love, they have to be persistent and invest their love and youth. In addition to desiring love, like most Chinese people, the girls believe strongly in fate. Life is predestined. In Buddhism, if you do good in your previous life, you will be happy in this life. By the same token, if you do good in this life, you will get a reward in your next life. If you owed a debt in your previous life, you have to pay it in this life. The people around you are all related to you from your previous life. Your parents owe you, so they have to raise you and be nice to you this life. If you love someone very much, but that person doesn't love you, that means you did something bad to him in your last life, so you have to love him and be tortured in this life. Such fatalistic thinking underlies the love songs. When the girls find they are in a helpless situation, they submit to their sufferings and justify their sufferings by thinking they are predestined. This fatalistic thinking, however, reflects men's privileged position in the relationship. If men abandon women, then it is women's fate to suffer. By attributing everything to fate, women are left with no power for resistance. These lyrics show how women attribute their romantic failures to fate. In addition to fate, the girls also believe the concept of reincarnation. Reincarnation gives people hope, for there's another life in which well-being can be achieved and through effort expanded in this life. Another theme in songs' lyrics that reflects the girls' experiences involves the girls' relationships with their parents. The girls are in a period of searching for social identity. During this time friends become more important, and the family becomes a "burden" or a block to the girls' developing relationships with friends. As a result, their relationships with family members become tenser. This song expresses the girl's relationship with her family: U relates this song to her personal experiences: These words illustrate the relationships between teenagers and their parents. They also illustrate the fluidity of gender identification in the lyrics; that is, the gender stereotypes in the lyrics are not fixed. As Chang (1991) points out, the lyrics of love songs are "feminized", which is to say that the lyrics are all about the tenderness of love, tears, suffering, and yearning for love, yet these "feminized" lyrics are sung by both female and male singers, which makes gender identification ambiguous. Since gender identity in the lyrics is ambiguous, it offers the opportunity for audience members to fluidly transform the genders of the first and second persons in the text of the song into whichever genders are appropriate for the particular listener. The listener is able to identify with the experiences described in the lyrics regardless of gender. Most often, female audience members will identify with female singers and male audience members will identify with male singers. Thus, in the present case, U. identifies with E, Len-Jean (the female singer of this song). However, since the gender identity of the second person, "you," is not fixed, "you" is identified by U as her mother, whose role in real life is identified with the role of the "father" in the text of the song. The third theme found in the lyrics reflects the girls' encapsulation of themselves as the young generation. For them, being young means having fun without having to assume responsibilities. They are aware of the temporal limitation of their youth, and thus their fun. They are very conscious of the passage of time and devote themselves to having fun in the limited time they have. These two concepts, the passage of time and the devotion to having fun while young, characterize the girls' attitude toward time, and are expressed through the songs they choose. Growing up means giving up fun, losing friends. These girls are stepping into the world in a few days. To them, stepping into the world means being adults and giving up fun. U recounts her memories and love of sharing the "crazy" days with her friends. "Back Then" deals with friendship, growing up, and losing friends. To the girls, this song best characterizes their feelings now, for in a few days, they will graduate and go to different places to work. Here are some of the lyrics: To summarize, three topics characterize the girls' favorite songs-heterosexual love, parental love, and fleeting youth. According to the girls, lyrics should be "realistic" and touching. The girls' definition of "realistic" includes not only the life they experience but also the romantic dreams they fantasize. Of the three topics, heterosexual love is placed at the center of the girls' lives. Several sub-themes characterize this love song genre, such as the sadness of being abandoned. In addition to the internal structures and the themes that define the love song genre, the language of the lyrics and the singers' styles are components of this genre, too.

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The protest songs of the period differed from those of earlier leftist movements, which had been more oriented towards labor activism and adopting instead a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activismwhich incorporated notions of equal rights and of promoting the concept of "peace". The music often included relatively simple instrumental accompaniment, including acoustic guitar and harmonica. Many Americans still remember Odetta 's performance at the civil rights movement's March on Washington where she sang Oh Freedom. While Dylan is often thought of as a 'protest singer', most of his protest songs spring from a relatively short time-period in his career; Mike Marqusee writes: The protest "fired up young musicians to write campaigning new songs to argue the case against the bomb and whip up support along the way. Suddenly many of those in skiffle groups playing American songs were changing course and writing fierce topical songs to back direct action. Men and women, stand together Do not heed the men of war Make your minds up now or never Ban the bomb for evermore. A former agitprop actor and playwright. MacColl, a prolific songwriter and committed leftist, some years earlier had penned "The Ballad of Ho Chi Music protestsissued as single on Topic Records, and "The Ballad of Stalin"commemorating the death of that leader. There are now more new songs being written than at any other time in the past eighty years—young people are finding out for themselves that folk songs are tailor-made for expressing their thoughts and comments on contemporary topics, dreams, and worries, Infolk-rock singer Donovan 's cover of Buffy Sainte-Marie 's " Universal Soldier " was a hit on the charts. This was a common trend in popular music of the s and s. The romantic lyrics of pop songs in the s gave way to words of protest. Inwhen Lennon and Yoko Ono were married, they staged a week-long "bed-in for peace" in the Amsterdam Hiltonattracting worldwide media coverage. The Lennons went to great lengths including a press conference attended by staff from Jet and Ebony magazines to explain that they had used the word nigger in a symbolic sense and not as an affront to African Americans. Lennon's song "John Sinclair" which can be heard on his Some Time In New York City album Music protests, calls on the authorities to "Let him be, set him free, let him be like you and me". The benefit was attended by some 20, people, and three days later the State of Michigan released Sinclair from prison. Sabbath also protested environmental destruction, describing people leaving a ruined Earth " Into the Void " including, " Iron Man ". Renaissance added political repression as a protest theme with " Mother Russia " being based on One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and being joined on the second side of their album Turn of the Cards by two other protest songs in "Cold Is Being" about ecological destruction and "Black Flame" about the Vietnam War. The Clashone of the pioneers of the punk movement, who protested class economics, race issues, and authoritarianism As the s progressed, the louder, more aggressive Punk movement became the strongest voice of protest, particularly in the UK, featuring anti-war, anti-state, and anti-capitalist themes. The punk culture, in stark contrast with the s' sense of power through union, concerned itself with individual freedom, often incorporating concepts of individualismfree thought and even anarchism. According to Search and Destroy founder V. Vale"Punk was a total cultural revolt. It was a hardcore confrontation with the black side of history and culture, right-wing imagery, sexual taboos, a delving into it that had never been done before by any generation in such a thorough way. See also Punk ideology. War was still the prevalent theme of British protest songs of the s — such as Kate Bush 's " Army Dreamers "which deals with the traumas of a mother whose son dies while away at war. However, as the s progressed, it was British prime minister Margaret Thatcher who came under the greatest degree of criticism from native protest singers, mostly for her strong stance against trade unionsand especially for her handling of the UK miners' strike — The leading voice of protest in Thatcherite Britain in the s was Billy Braggwhose style of protest song and grass-roots political activism was mostly reminiscent of those of Woody Guthriehowever with themes that were relevant to the contemporary Briton. He summarized his stance in "Between the Wars"in which he sings: The video for the song depicted a wrestling match between then-President Ronald Reagan and then-Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko for the benefit of group members and an eagerly belligerent assembly of representatives from the world's nations, the event ultimately degenerating into complete global destruction. This video was played several times at the Democratic National Convention. Due to some violent scenes "Reagan" biting "Chernenko"'s ear, etc. The single quickly hit the number one spot in the United Kingdom. Several mixes of the track features actor Patrick Allen, who recreated his narration from the Protect and Survive public information films for certain inch mixes the original Protect and Survive soundtracks were sampled for the 7-inch mixes. Another type of protest song that appeared in the late s came in the form of "I'd rather Jack" by The Reynolds Girls. The lyrics deal with the fight for Irish freedom, people who were involved in liberation movements, the persecution and violence during Northern Ireland's Troubles and the history of Ireland's numerous rebellions. Music of this genre has often courted controversy, and some of the more outwardly anti-British songs have been effectively banned from the airwaves in both England and the Republic of Ireland. The song also faced an all-out ban in the UK, and has never been re-released or appeared on any Paul McCartney or Wings best-ofs. |Sumangala Damodaran||The protest songs of the period differed from those of earlier leftist movements, which had been more oriented towards labor activism and adopting instead a broader definition of political activism commonly called social activismwhich incorporated notions of equal rights and of promoting the concept of "peace".| The same year McCartney's former colleague John Lennon released two protest songs concerning the hardships of war-torn Northern Ireland: The Wolfe Tones have become legendary in Ireland for their contribution to the Irish rebel genre. The band has been recording since and has attracted worldwide fame and attention through their renditions of traditional Irish songs and originals, dealing with the former conflict in Northern Ireland. The song makes reference to two separate massacres in Irish history of civilians by British forces — Bloody Sunday and Bloody Sunday — however, unlike other songs dealing with those events, the lyrics call for peace as opposed to revenge.Music has been around for thousands of years. Music has progressed since that time and has slowly become what it is today. Though music has been around for such a long time, protest music just started to develop in the Vietnam Era, the year Music Protest is focused on the value of art and music in our community. We explore ways to empower artists and musicians to live prosperous lifestyles while remaining faithful to their artistic direction and their community's needs. The United States has a rich history of protest music with roots tracing as far back as the colonial period when rebels against the crown would gather in taverns and drunkenly sing about their. The Year in Protest Music A list of 20 urgent tracks that spoke truth to power this year. Graphic by Jessica Viscius. Far and away, in the music of , we heard more broad, embracing. A protest song is a song that is associated with a movement for social change and hence part of the Music played a key role in mobilizing the protests at Tahrir Square against President Hosni Mubarak which led to the Chilean and Latin American protest music. While the protest song was enjoying its Golden Age in America in the s. How protest music evolved from Civil War refrains to viral Trump videos. and that can be a part of sustaining protests or compelling people to be in protests for longer,” she says. Music’s.

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Sad songs are a major part of popular culture. Many people find listening to sad songs is a great way to get in touch with their emotions. If you want to write a sad song yourself, you'll need to make sure your lyrics and music work together in a way that conveys sadness. Spend some time pre-writing, work hard on your lyrics, and then set your song to music. Steps Part 1 Establishing the Basics - 1Learn how songs are composed. Lyrically, songs are made up of verses, choruses, and lyrics. Familiarize yourself with these different parts of a song. This will help you establish the basics and begin the songwriting process. - The verses of a song usually have the same melody but different lyrics. For example, in "Eleanor Rigby" the verses all follow the same melody, detailing the lives of various lonely people. If you listen closely, you'll notice all these stories follow the same melody and have roughly the same number of syllables. - The chorus is a part of a song that is repeated three or four times, each time using the same melody and lyrics. In Eleanor Rigby, the chorus is, "Ah, look at all the lonely people." A chorus is often used to sum up the theme or main point of a song. - The bridge of a song has a different melody and lyrics than the verse or chorus. It provides a break from the usual progression of the song and the lyrics may reveal a hidden insight in the song. Not all songs have bridges, so including one is optional. - Most songs follow this basic structure: verse-chorus-verse-chorus-bridge-chorus. However, there are many variations. Using a basic structure at first, however, can help give you direction creatively. You can always make alterations to the basic structure as you write your song. - 2Be open to a simple melody. If you're a beginning songwriter, a simple melody is important. You do not need an elaborate melody to convey a sad feeling. A simple melody, using a few notes or chords, is the best option for a beginning songwriter. - To start, practice some popular that are also fairly simple. Use a guitar or piano to play songs like Tom Petty's "Free Fallin'" or Pink Floyd's "Wish You Were Here." You'll notice that the melodies are not very complex and yet the songs still convey deep feeling. - Experiment. Sit at the piano for a few hours or strum on your guitar. Play a variety of note and chord progressions, feeling around for the right sound. If you're a beginner, it might be best to stick to the 12 basic notes without incorporating flat or sharp notes into your song. - Study chord progressions of a variety of sad songs. This may help you get a sense of how musicians compose. Look up the sheet music for your favorite sad songs online and try to play them at home. - You do not have to have your melody completely established before you write your lyrics. Both your melody and lyrics will have to be tweaked accordingly as you move through the songwriting process. Just try to get a sense of the general length of your verses, choruses, and lyrics to help guide you as you compose your lyrics. - 3Use the minor third, if possible. When setting your song to music, you'll need to focus on music that conveys a sad feeling. A recent study shows songs written in a minor, the minor third especially, tend to better convey feelings of sadness. If you are writing a sad song, consider switching to minor third at certain points during the song to help your listeners experience sad emotions. - However, listen to a variety of songs that incorporate minor third first. Switching dramatically to minor third may be jarring to listeners. Look up the sheet music for a few songs that use minor third and see how the songwriter's build up to introducing the minor third. - If you're a beginner at the piano or guitar, you may not know the minor third. That's okay. While it can help convey a sad feeling, you do not need to use it to write a sad song. The most important thing is to find a melody you're comfortable playing. - 4Listen to your favorite sad songs. If you want to write sad music, take some time to listen to your favorite sad songs. One of the best ways to find inspiration is to expose yourself to the work of other artists. This can also help you pay attention to things like melody and structure, providing you insight on how to write your own lyrics. - Make a list of your favorite sad songs. They could be break up songs, songs about death and dying, songs about sad events, and so on. Spend an hour or so listening to your sad songs. As you listen, pay attention to the music and lyrics. Ask yourself why the song makes you feel sad. What does the music do to convey a feeling of sadness? How does the speaker's voice sound? What is the pacing of the song like? - Try to break the song up into verses, choruses, and bridges. Identifying the different parts of a song's structure can help give you guidance as you write your own lyrics. - It can also help to read the lyrics. You can look up lyrics to most songs online. Read the lyrics as if they were poetry and try to analyze them. What is the song about? How does the speaker engage with the subject? Pay close attention to all the words the speaker uses and how they work to convey a feeling of sadness. Part 2 Writing Your Lyrics - 1Do a free write. A quick free write is a great way to start getting creative. Get out a pen and paper, go to a quiet space, and just write for about 10 minutes. Focus on things that make you sad. What upsets you? What makes you cry? What have been some of the saddest moments in your life? Why were these moments sad? How were you feeling during these times in your life? Try not to work too hard at censoring yourself. Just write down your thoughts as they come. Sometimes, the raw emotions you find when free writing can be used in songwriting later on. - 2Make an outline. Before you begin composing your lyrics, make a brief outline. Decide how many verses you will have, whether you'll have a bridge, and how long your chorus will be. Then, write the barebones of what you'll be discussing in your song. - An outline does not need to use full sentences. You're just trying to convey the basics of what you'll be writing about, how many verses you'll need, and so on. - Jot down your title on the top of the page. Then, write "Verse One" and provide a sentence fragment about your first verse. For example, "Verse One, about the sad feeling of change." Then, inject your chorus if you're including one. For example, "Chorus expressing sadness about moving away from Michigan." Then, outline what you want to discuss in your second verse. Keep going until your song is fully outlined. - You can also take note of roughly how many syllables each verse should contain. This can help provide you structure as you begin composing your lyrics. - 3Consider connotation as you write. When doing any kind of creative writing, you need to consider the connotation of the words you use. Connotation is a second meaning that is associated with a word alongside its literal meaning. For example, the word "cold" literally means low temperature. However, cold also carries connotations of closed off, mean spirited, and emotionally distance. - As you write your lyrics, pause after each line and evaluate the words. Pick out the most powerful, striking words in any given line and consider what these words could potentially mean for other people. If the connotations do not convey sadness, you might want to find other words. - Say you're writing about a recent breakup. You have a line that says something like, "When you left, I stood in the sun waiting for your return." Sunshine is generally associated with happy memories. If you were left in the sun, the listener might conclude this person's absence had a positive effect on your life. What is a different way you could phrase this? What types of weather do people associate with sad emotions? Consider replacing "sun" with something like "rain" or "cold." - 4Try simile and metaphor. Simile and metaphor are figures of speech used frequently in songs. Similes and metaphors compare two different subjects to show their similarities. A simile is a metaphor that uses "like" or "as" ("You lived your life like a candle in the wind") while a metaphor simply states one thing is another ("Your love is a red dress."). - First, get specific. What type of sadness are you trying to convey? Grief? Heartbreak? Loss? Regret? - Once you've picked the specific type of emotion you're going for, write down some images and ideas that could be associated with that image. For example, say you're trying to write about grief as your song discusses a lost loved one. Think of images that convey a sense of death, like a barren field, a light flickering out, a decaying plant, and so on. From there, make a metaphor or simile. Say something like, "Your death was a rose stomped out in its prime." - Songs do not always make metaphors explicit. Many songs use extended metaphors, using symbolic language throughout a song to talk about one thing when they're really getting at another. Regina Spektor has a song called "Field Below" in which she describes a barren landscape. Between Spektor's descriptions, there are lines like, "But you don't live downtown no more, and everything must come and go." This indicates the landscape is a metaphor for a personal loss. Part 3 Setting Your Lyrics to Music - 1Pay attention to the musical arraignment in your favorite sad songs. Return to the sad songs you were listening to while hunting for inspiration. Look up the sheet music that goes along with these songs and pay attention to what notes and chords the songwriters used. - Do these songs use a fast or slow tempo? How do you feel when you hear these songs? Why? How does the music push for feelings of sadness and pain? - It can also be helpful to look up the sheet music for these songs. Learn to play your favorite sad songs on a piano, guitar, or other instrument. This will help you get a sense of how to compose your own melody. - 2Adjust your melody and lyrics. After studying various sad songs, play around with your guitar, piano, or other instrument. Strum or play along as you mouth your lyrics, trying to find the right chords, keys, and tones to match the song. It might take some practice and dedication before you find something that works for you. - You may have to adjust your lyrics and melody as you go to get the song to work. For example, the melody may not have enough beats for all the lyrics to fit. You'll either have to shorten your lyrics or add to the melody a bit. - Remember, a melody does not have to complex, especially if you are a beginning songwriter. Try to keep the melody simple, using a few basic chords or notes throughout. As you write more songs, you can experiment with more complex music. - 3Sing your song and see if there's room for improvement. Once you've written the musical accompaniment, sing your song. You might want to make a recording and play it back to yourself. Ask a friend or family member for feedback. Specifically, ask how your friend or family members feels when he or she hears the song. If the song is not coming off as sad, you may have to tweak some of the lyrics or melody a bit to better convey the feeling. It can take quite a few drafts before you get a song where you want it.

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Content may be subject to copyright. 1 Chapter 8 - ‘Will the real Slim Shady please stand up?’: Identity in popular music Andy McKinlay1, Chris McVittie2 1School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh 2School of Arts, Social Sciences and Management, Queen Margaret University Abstract Issues of how popular music relates to musicians and listeners and of how it relates to broader society are central to understanding identities in a social world. This chapter examines these issues using the perspective of discursive psychology, an approach that prioritises the study of social interaction and discourse in order to understand how people negotiate identities in everyday life. From this perspective, talk about popular music is seen to offer possibilities for identifying oneself and others in ways that accomplish specific social actions, including justifying career choices, criticising actions of particular groups, or enacting prejudice against others. Music itself offers similarly diverse possibilities, such as identifications with musical lyrics, the negotiation of previously marginalised identities, and challenge to prevailing understandings of local norms. The meanings of popular music are continually being worked and reworked in identity terms. Keywords: discourse; discursive psychology; hip-hop; identity; popular music; prejudice; rap music 2 “Whoever likes my stuff, likes my stuff. But just know Slim Shady is hip-hop. I grew up on hip-hop, it's the music I love and it's the music I respect. I respect the culture . . . that's me” (Eminem) Introduction When we talk about popular music, we have a certain sense of what that description might involve. The term popular music is often taken to refer to a genre of music that is contemporary, and that is ‘widely experienced and/or enjoyed’ (Hesmondhalgh and Negus 2002, p.2). Yet the meaning of producing, listening to and enjoying such music, has for long been debated across musicology and related disciplines. Such debates centre primarily on what is taken to be the value (or lack of value) of different forms of music. As Frith (2007, p.257) writes, music critics have often drawn a distinction between ‘serious’ and ‘popular’ music: ‘serious music matters because it transcends social forces; popular music is aesthetically worthless because it is determined by them (because it is ‘useful’ or utilitarian’)’. In contrast to such views, many writers have recently argued that distinctions of this sort say more about the person offering the distinction than about the value of different genres of music. On this view, ‘popular music’ is a particularly loaded term that is commonly used to criticise forms of music that do not reflect the individual preferences of music commentators. One especially relevant example is that of rap music, or hip-hop. Critics have argued that rap music reflects norms and values that are shared only by particular groups and, moreover, that these values are socially divisive in enacting prejudice (Lillian, 2007). On such grounds, it is argued that the socially excluding features of rap music rule out the possibility of it being considered to have any intrinsic value. By contrast, Caldwell (2010, p.236) argues that the defining feature of musical value is ‘whether an artist’s songs are widely consumed or not’. Citing the example of the rap musician Kanye West, Caldwell 3 points to the popularity of West’s music as demonstrated by the volume of sales of his work and the music awards gained by West during his career. For Caldwell, the consumption and recognition of this work offers clear evidence of the worth of West’s music as determined by a wide and diverse listening public. Here we do not propose to enter into debates as to what is to count as musical value. These debates however are of interest to social psychologists for other reasons. For, matters of whose interests are reflected and enacted in popular music, how popular music is taken up (or not) by a wide social audience, and how it relates to broader culture all go to the very heart of identities in a social world. These issues provide the focus for this chapter. Identities and discourse In order to examine the relationships between popular music and identities, we draw upon the perspective of discursive psychology. From a discursive perspective, identities are not straightforward descriptions of who we are or of how we are located in patterns of social relations. Rather, identities are what we do as we live our lives in interactions with others and within the social and cultural contexts that we inhabit. Thus, discursive psychologists point to how identities are continually in flux, negotiated in the moment-to-moment of interaction (McKinlay and McVittie 2008, 2011). The negotiation of identity is accomplished in discourse. As people describe themselves or others in specific ways, so they are identifying themselves and those around them as particular individuals. The descriptions that are on offer, of course, are by no means final or fixed. Any description, whether a claim to identity or the ascription of identity to another, is available to others to accept, challenge, resist, or rework according to the requirements of the interactional context. From a discursive perspective, therefore, to understand identity we do not seek to work out who the person ‘really’ is but instead we examine how the person is identified in his or her social interactions 4 with others. Thus, the discursive study of identities becomes the study of what identities are claimed, ascribed, resisted, or reworked and how this is accomplished in discourse. More than this, discursive psychology draws attention to the action orientation of discourse. Discourse never comprises ‘neutral’ description; instead it is always directed towards some social action outcome. People can always be described in a range of different possible ways: according to the oft-quoted example, one person’s freedom-fighter is another person’s terrorist. The version that is deployed is designed towards some end, whether justifying, praising, criticising, or otherwise. Identity is no exception: the identities that we claim, resist, or rework are directed towards some outcome depending on the demands of the local context. In order to examine identity, therefore, we have to examine not just the identities that are available in any passage of discourse but also the functions that these possibilities might serve in social terms (Potter and Wetherell 1987). This approach offers two particular advantages in the present case. First, it focuses attention on how people make sense of popular music in their everyday lives. We need not attempt to determine from an external perspective the relative merits of popular music, or the implications of any definition for people’s sense of inclusion or exclusion from listening, enjoyment, or social participation. Instead, we can examine how individuals identify or do not identify with music: how in talk about music they accomplish identity work for themselves and for others. Second, by treating music as discourse, we can consider how popular music makes available identity possibilities. As with other forms of discourse, music lyrics draw upon, reproduce and rework shared social understandings of people, actions, events, and so on. In doing so, music itself provides a site for the negotiation of identities. The identities that popular music offers up will inevitably resonate more with some listeners than others, but they do nonetheless construct and propose possibilities that might be 5 understood in a broader system of social relations. Talk about popular music and music itself, then, both provide fertile ground for the discursive psychologist to study identities. Music talk and identities Here, a useful starting point is the question of how a listening public understands the music to which they listen. In a study of the perspectives of users of digital music, Carlisle (2007) explored how young people aged between 18 and 22 years talked about consumption of online music. As well as being listeners, the majority of participants were musicians or involved in the music industry and talked about both making music and listening to it. What Carlisle found was that in describing digital music her participants used three broad forms of talk, or ‘repertoires’. The first repertoire, which Carlisle terms the ‘romantic repertoire’, emphasised the value of musicians’ expertise and skill. This repertoire privileged musicians’ knowledge of music over that of the average listener, and was used to criticise listeners who freely distributed and illegally downloaded digital music for failing to recognise the value of musicians’ efforts. Within the second repertoire, termed the ‘consumer culture’ repertoire, online music was described as produced primarily for financial reward. Here, participants identified musicians in two highly contrasting ways: those who simply made music to make money, and ‘real musicians’ who made music for the love of doing so and not for financial gain. Listeners, consequently, were identified as people who had to differentiate between music of value and music produced for money. Moreover, the participants described listeners as entitled to download music (illegally) for this purpose, in that ‘real musicians’ would not object in that they are not motivated by financial reward. The third form of talk, the ‘multi-cultural repertoire’, was less directed towards making music or downloading it than towards listeners and their judgements of music. Within this repertoire, all online music was treated as having value for someone and the range of different forms of music had potential to communicate across cultural barriers. The participants used this repertoire to 6 distinguish between two types of listener: those who appreciated the broad potential of different forms of music and those who did not. The latter group were criticised for failing to recognise this potential and for attempting to impose unwarranted judgments of quality or tastes, that is for being in effect musical ‘snobs’. From Carlisle’s (2007) findings, there are three points of immediate relevance here. First, each of the three repertoires proposes specific music-related identities for musicians, for listeners, or both. Second, these identities are mutually inconsistent across the repertoires. For example, musicians cannot consistently be identified as people with specific knowledge and skills (‘romantic repertoire’) and as people who produce music merely for commercial gain (‘consumer culture repertoire’). Similarly, it is difficult to describe listeners simultaneously as individuals who are entitled to download music in order to judge quality (‘consumer culture repertoire’) and as individuals who should refrain from imposing judgments of quality (‘multi-cultural repertoire’). Finally, we can note that all these identities are bound up with specific action outcomes. For example, actions of justifying or criticising downloading of digital music, and of justifying or criticising judgements of musical quality are inextricably interlinked with how musicians and listeners are identified in these passages of talk. This demonstrates how identities are negotiated in talk about music and used to accomplish outcomes in the immediate context. Claiming identities through music talk As noted above, identities of musician and listener can be constructed in very different ways. Let us now consider contexts in which people claim for themselves particular versions of these identities. One such instance comes from a study by Xanthapolou (2010) of interviews conducted on evangelical television programmes. A main focus for these interviews was that of ‘defectiveness’ in Xanthapolou’s terms, with interviewees being invited to provide accounts for personal shortcomings or failings in not living up the 7 standards required by allegiance to a higher entity (God). One interviewee, Jessie, describes how she ceased singing in the church choir in order to form a band and pursue a musical career. Elsewhere the ability to write and perform songs, and choice of career based on this ability might be evaluated positively. In this instance, however, that is less likely to be the case, with withdrawal from the church choir in favour of pursuit of individual desires and reward potentially being treated as just the sort of failing that the programme is discussing and Jessie being held accountable for her choices. Here we see how Jessie accounts for her actions. (Transcription symbols used in the extracts in this chapter are shown below. 1 ) Jessie: God really challenged me (.) >and I had wr↑itten< (.) a whole album worth of so:ngs (0.4) e:rm (.) ↑non Christian songs but just kinda like out of my own experience and they were just s↑itting in (0.2) in a- (.) a b:oo:k (0.4) a:nd ↑God really said to me J↑essie? you’ve been that wicked lazy ((pointing with hands)) servant (0.3) who: is just playing it safe ↓a:nd I’m: I’m not having it (.) ↑so I guess right then I had a dec↑ision (0.3) whether (0.2) to: (0.2) ↑stay c↑omfortable and keep singing in the church (0.2) and you know doing the ou and a:r (.) o:r (0.2) ↑push myself forward (.) as a singer song wri:ter (.) and get a band together and start rec[o:rding] Host: [°mm::°] Jessie: (0.4) a:nd (.) I di:d ((nodding))(0.2) ↓because (0.2) I felt the lord had challenged me (adapted from Xanthapolou 2010, p. 686) This extract forms part of an extended response following the interviewer’s introduction of the topic of ‘playing it safe’. In responding, Jessie takes up this topic in describing her previous action of singing in the church choir as an example of precisely that action. In doing so, she presents ‘playing it safe’ as reprehensible in that it reflects a failure to make good use of a God-given talent. By characterising her previous actions in this way, Jessie evaluates herself in highly negative terms as ‘a wicked lazy . . . servant’. This evaluation becomes all the more emphasised through her attribution of the description to 8 ‘God’ himself, constructing her previous identity and actions as highly criticisable. The actions that she has taken to address these shortcomings by pursuing a musical career thereby become laudable rather than any indication of ‘defectiveness’. Thus Jessie presents her abandonment of the identity of choir-singer and the adoption of the identity of musician as matters of fulfilling a religious duty instead of merely personal choice. Music talk of course is as available for the negotiation of collective identities as for individual identity. For example, ever-increasing use of the internet including social networking sites and ease of access through rapidly developing information and communication technologies have led to a proliferation of online music forums where users can share and discuss musical preferences. Two points of particular note arise here for the study of identities. First, in using such sites members often identify themselves by selecting screen names that describe musical preferences. Members of hip-hop chat rooms, for example, often use screen names such as Snoop Dog, Slim_Shady, lil_kim, or screen names that are designed to identify with hip-hop culture generally (e.g. GaNgStA_BoY). Interestingly, even contributors to the chat room who do not share a like of hip-hop orient to this expectation, using names such as never_hiphop, or RAVER1 (Rellstab 2007). Second, a community that is organised around music preferences will often promote their collective identities and seek to exclude others who do not share these tastes. For example, in a study of an online community for fans of the rock band R.E.M., Bennett (2013) notes how fans construct the band as producing music for the ‘thinking’ fan. Intruders who do not accept or who question this description will be targeted by members who do share the community’s identification of R.E.M. Members of other music-based communities similarly seek to enforce their agreed boundaries of identities when faced with attempts to infiltrate their online activities for ideological reasons rather than expressions of musical preferences (Spracklen 2013). 9 Even for groups or communities that are not primarily organised around musical preferences, music talk can provide central elements of collective identities. This becomes all the more relevant when understandings of music provide a sense of a shared history and current identity. Clary-Lemon (2010) points to how Irish immigrants living in Canada draw upon appreciation of music in developing a shared Irish history and culture that can be celebrated in their chosen multicultural homeland. Constructing identity in this way can, however, bring its own problems. Sharing enjoyment of music with others makes for inclusion within a group or imagined group with similar tastes; at the same time that preference can mark out members of the group as being different from others in the broader community. Although such differences might be accepted and celebrated in some contexts, they can prove more problematic in others. Thus, for example, groups in north-east Brazil can draw upon imagined notions of folklore and commonality in constructing identities that reflect the essence and history of the region. As such representations become more popular, however, they can identify the groups as part of a romanticised past that differs from contemporary Brazilian life (Sharp 2011). Thus, managing and popularising inclusion can simultaneously give rise to exclusion in terms of the identities that result. Ascribing identities to others Just as talk about music is available for constructing identities for oneself, either individually or as a member of a social group, so too it can be used to ascribe identities to others to accomplish specific actions. One such example is seen in a study by Saghaye-Beria (2012) of the testimony given to a US Congressional Hearing held in 2011 into ‘The Extent of Radicalization in the American Muslim Community and That Community’s Response’. This Hearing, as the name suggests, was set up in the aftermath of the attacks of the World Trade Center in New York on 11 September 2001 and continuing unease and misgivings of many Americans as to the presence and activities of Muslims in the United States. Much of 10 the evidence given to the Hearing focused on the issue of whether Muslim Americans were becoming radicalised and the extent of any resulting threat to US security. Of particular interest here is how speakers constructed evidence of radicalization. For some, radicalization relied on a contrast between activities that reflected ordinary American values and activities that signalled a departure from these values. Thus one witness at the Hearing Melvin Bledsoe, in providing testimony relating to the conversion of his son to Islam, described how his son changed from being ‘a normal American kid who ‘loved swimming, and dancing, listening to music’’ (2012, p.518) to a practising Muslim who ceased all these activities. In this context, the absence of enjoyment of music was claimed to demonstrate that Bledsoe’s son had been ‘brainwashed’ into becoming an entirely different person. According to Bledsoe’s testimony, then, listening to music should be understood as an ordinary part of everyday life. On other occasions, however, listening to music can be described as just the opposite: something so exceptional and unacceptable that it provides the legitimate basis for formulating a complaint about the person or people who do engage in it. For example, as Stokoe and Hepburn (2005) note, music especially when described as loud can readily be reformulated as noise, thereby removing particular qualities that might suggest it is enjoyable and presenting it as a breach of accepted norms of everyday behaviour. Thus, ‘what one person counts as ‘delightful music’ may be defined as a ‘hideous cacophony’ by another’ (Stokoe & Hepburn 2005, p. 648). Defined in this way music becomes a ‘complainable’ (Edwards 2005), indicating reprehensible and criticisable behaviour on the part of the listener. In a similar vein, Dixon and Durrheim (2004) point to how descriptions of music are interwoven with descriptions of place to identify others in a prejudicial fashion. They cite the example of Scottburgh, one particular coastal town in South Africa. In the apartheid era, the beachfront and environs of the town were classed as ‘whites only’, whereas post-apartheid 11 these areas are multiracial allowing access to all. Changes such as this, however, have not been well received by white South Africans who holiday at Scottburgh. As Dixon and Durrheim note, the complaints made by white South Africans in response to these changes are not founded in race itself but instead in the activities of those now allowed to use the beach. We see below one holiday-maker, Mary, describing what she would like to experience on the beach. Mary: I want to be in a natural situation. I don’t wanna be with music blaring. And the wilder it is, the whole, generally all of us Peter: Want a bit of peace and quiet. Mary: Ja, we want to be in nature. (Dixon and Durrheim 2004, p. 467) In this description, we see on offer a contrast between what white South Africans would wish from the beach and what happens there now. Here nature is linked to ‘peace and quiet’ and contrasted with the activity of ‘music blaring’. These activities are themselves bound up with the space in which they took place or now occur. Taken together, they make for identities associated with relaxation and tranquillity that have given way to identities of victims of unreasonable and criticisable behaviour by others. Far from being a pleasurable activity that is enjoyed by many, listening to music is here presented as associated with unwanted change and culpable behaviour. Similarly, in a study of white US college students, Foster (2009) points to how talk about music can provide a basis for racist talk. Instead of grounding complaints about fellow students in race itself, interviewees could seek to avoid being viewed as prejudiced by complaining about the activities of fellow students, listening to music included. Below we see one interviewee, Kaitlin, talking about her black roommate and the ‘weird’ activities that she and her friends engaged in while in the room. R: like all the time ((laughs)) they’re over there, and they just do stuff that (.) I don’t do, like they move the table and like da:nce in the middle of our 12 room I: Right. R: Which I would never do with my frie(h)nds I: Like listen to music? R: Yeah, like rap which doesn’t bother me like listening to rap music but I just find it kind of weird ’cause I wouldn’t have my friends over and like breakdance all over my living room like they do ((laughs)) (adapted from Foster 2009, p. 693; I = interviewer, R = participant) Above, Kaitlin develops a criticism of her roommate based upon the actions of that roommate and her friends in the house. These actions, invoking descriptions of listening to and dancing to music, need not in themselves be grounds for criticism. Kaitlin, however, contrasts them with what she and her friends do in the same situation: ‘I would never do with my frie(h)nds’. This contrast, and the characterisation of her roommate’s and her friends’ actions as ‘weird’, presents these actions as exceptional. Foster notes that, in the course of the interviews, the students repeatedly complained about the actions of fellow (black) students who played loud (rap) music together and danced. These descriptions were offered as a basis for others being legitimately annoyed at such behaviour. Their complaints, moreover, were always targeted at black students who were portrayed as the only students who did engage in such complainable music-related behaviours. As Foster points out, identifying black students in terms of music-related activities allowed students to present themselves as non-racist in that none of their complaints were grounded in issues of race itself. Nonetheless, the characterisations of black students’ actions as annoying, and consequent identifications of black students as unreasonable people, allowed the white students to enact prejudice, defending their own actions and blaming black students for ongoing lack of racial integration. Identities in music We have seen how people in talk about music claim identities for themselves and ascribe identities to others. We now turn to consider the arena of music itself. Music can be used to 13 construct a diverse range of social phenomena and events in particular ways. For example, Flowerdew (2004) analyses the case of a promotional video devised by the City of Hong Kong. This video was accompanied by a musical soundtrack that combined Chinese music and Western music, a combination that promoted the theme of Hong Kong as a multicultural city where ‘East meets West’. On a similar note Edwards (2004), in an analysis of the music selected for use in the memorial service held after the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, notes that organisers drew on a combination of musical choices to mark the occasion as reflecting both a sense of grief and a desire for vengeance against those responsible for the attacks. Of greater interest to the discursive psychologist, however, are the identity possibilities offered up in music lyrics. As with other talk, music lyrics provide a realm for construction of identities for self, others, and social groups, and for the enactment of social processes that can be inclusive, exclusive, or prejudicial. Writing on the notion of ‘manipulation’, van Dijk (2006) argues that music as part of discourse in a broad sense provides the same possibilities as any other discourse for ‘positive self-presentation and negative other presentation expressing ideological conflict . . . enhancing the power, moral superiority and credibility of the speaker(s), and discrediting dissidents, while vilifying the others’ (p.380). Thus, music can act as a locus for establishing moral assessments of respect and disrespect (Buttny and Williams 2000). As however van Dijk (2006) also points out, ‘discourse structures are not manipulative; they only have such functions or effects in specific communicative situations and the way in which these are interpreted by participants in their context models’. What this means is that we cannot simply ‘read off’ the meanings of music lyrics; rather again we have to examine how individuals in specific settings relate to, take up, or challenge the identity formulations that are on offer. 14 Constructing identities in music Perhaps the most obvious case of the construction of identities in music occurs where specific songs provide identities that individuals take up and enact in their own lives. Such an identity can be found in the work of the singer Avril Lavigne who in her song ‘Skater Girl’ proposed a form of femininity that could be viewed as alternative to other prevailing forms. Kelly et al. (2005) point to how schoolgirls in British Columbia (Canada) drew upon this ‘skater girl’ identity in making sense of their own activities and experiences at school, contrasting their identities with those of their peers. As one student, Jessica, explained ‘pop stars sing mainly about ‘love and relationships’, whereas alternative bands write songs that ‘have meaning’ and are ‘worth hearing’. The lyrics are ‘about them growing up or them having trouble with friends, not liking school or dropping out’’ (Kelly et al. 2005, p.138) By identifying with music that had meaning for them, the skater girls constructed identities that rejected the notions of emphasised femininity commonly found among other schoolgirls. Below we see another student, Grenn, describe how the skater girls’ identity work was received by other students. ‘They ((the preps)) don’t agree with the way I look. They don’t agree with the way I act. They just don’t agree with my music. They don’t agree with like anything about me, right?’ (adapted from Kelly et al. 2005, p.141) The contrast between the skater girls and other students is clearly expressed in the description above. By identifying themselves as ‘skater girls’, the girls were able to criticise and challenge prevailing (and unwanted) forms of femininity while claiming identities of greater authenticity, grounded in the music to which they listened and the actions it described. In other instances, the identity possibilities that music makes available are rather more contested. Brown (2011) cites the example of the phrase ‘no homo’. This phrase originated in the lyrics of many hip-hop songs in the 1990s, especially those of The Diplomats, Juelz 15 Santana, and Cam’ron. Since then, ‘no homo’ has gained wider currency, appearing in contexts that include other hip-hop lyrics, discussions on internet forums, and youtube postings. It is also found in everyday conversations, as in the following instance of two (male) students making arrangements to meet up to study: ‘Are we meeting up tonight? No homo’ (Brown 2011, pp. 299-300). As in this example, the phrase is commonly found after a speaker has made an utterance that might be taken up as ‘inadvertently gay’ and is used to ward off any inference of homosexuality. For such reasons, critics have argued that such uses of ‘no homo’ amount to blatant homophobia that reflects the prejudiced culture of rap music (Catucci 2009; Matson 2009). Brown (2011), by contrast, argues that such criticisms proceed upon a misunderstanding of how ‘no homo’ is used in rap music. For Brown, ‘no homo’ operates in the reverse way to that suggested, in allowing hip-hop musicians to introduce the possibility of homosexuality into their music and thereby to provide for masculine identities that differ from the homophobic versions that previously dominated. In doing so, the music offers, even if tentatively, wider opportunities for inclusion and diverse identities than before. Thus, the identity possibilities made available by rap music are not static but always fluid, changing over time to enable and to reflect more diverse and pluralistic versions of identity (Kunzler 2011). In order to understand the effects of discourse such as ‘no homo’, therefore, instead of adopting external perspectives, we have to examine how this discourse is used and treated by people in ‘specific communicative situations’ as proposed by van Dijk (2006). Contesting identities in music Rap music differs from other forms of popular music in its emphasis on verbal rhymes. As Alim (2009) comments: ‘Rappin, one aspect of hip-hop culture, consists of the aesthetic placement of verbal rhymes over musical beats, and it is this element that has predominated in hip hop 16 cultural activity in recent years. Thus, language is perhaps the most useful means with which to read the various cultural activities of the Hip Hop Nation.’ (Alim 2009, p. 272) It is no surprise therefore that the lyrics of rap music have attracted considerable attention. We noted above debates as to the extent to which rap music lyrics allow for or marginalise homosexual identities. Other critics have argued that rap music is divisive also in promoting a predominantly black male culture that is not only excluding of others but indeed prejudicial towards them. Lillian (2007), for example, argues that the lyrics found in rap music are degrading to women if not outright sexist. She proposes that, although such lyrics fall under the right of the First Amendment of the US Constitution to free speech, these lyrics meet the linguistic criteria for what would otherwise be regarded as ‘hate speech’. Arguments such as this, however, point again to the need for close examination of the lyrics found in rap music and how individuals relate to and make sense of them in identity terms. Richardson (2007) examined the discussions of a group of young African American women relating to depictions of women in rap music videos. One particular video, performed by an African American male rap group called ‘Nelly featuring the St. Lunatics’, depicted scantily-clad women simulating sexual acts watched by male viewers who threw money on their bodies, in a manner similar to a performance ritual used by strip dancers (a ‘Tip Drill’). The lyrics in this video gave rise to somewhat divergent understandings of female identity, as seen below: BE: Why you say it’s degrading? ED: Because. Foreal. You just don’t. You ain’t got to say all that. Know what uhm saying? Like you said, Some women are and some women ain’t. But, the way they was puttin it, was like, females. Point blank. Period. That’s in that song, females. Generalizing just all the females like that. But, know what uhm sayin, you’re right. It is some tip drills out here. It is. But then again, it ain’t some. BE: That’s true. ET: Well, a lot of the lyrics in the song is degrading to women. For instance, it said, ‘It must be yo ass cause it ain’t yo face.’ He said, ‘It ain’t no fun unless 17 we all get some.’ You know what uhm saying, so. Basically, meaning we gone run a train on you. (Richardson 2007, p. 796) In the discussion of ‘Tip Drill’ above, we see ED arguing that the lyrics are indeed degrading to women. She claims that, notwithstanding that women differ markedly in their willingness to engage in the sorts of performance that is being depicted, the lyrics portray all women as sexual objects who will take part in ‘tip drills’. In taking up this point, ET voices some of the lyrics that she has heard that refer to anatomical features. She continues by referring to other lyrics suggesting that the inference is that, regardless of their own wishes, women are expected to provide sexual gratification for men (‘we gone run a train on you’). Not all of the participants, however, share these interpretations. Following her minimal agreement in the extract above BE thereafter continues: BE: But that’s not degrading if the girls is wit it. It’s some girls who wit dat. I don’t think it’s degrading. It’s girls who is like that and they down for the git down, just how the boys is. Know what uhm saying. I don’t. I don’t know. (Richardson 2007, p. 799) In this turn we see BE disagreeing with ED’s and ET’s assessment that the video is degrading to women. She argues instead that the video and lyrics are referring only to ‘some girls’ and not to all women. She also argues that ‘girls who is like that’’ would participate in such activities willingly and not due to pressure to do so (‘they down for the git down’). Accordingly the identities presented are left uncertain, as is the issue of whether or not the video and lyrics should be regarded as sexist in their portrayal of women. Just as the lyrics of rap music offer up possibilities for construction and reworking of identities in the descriptions that they offer, so too do they open up such possibilities as the music itself unfolds. Mullins (2013) points to how the female rap artist Rah Digga in her work ‘Dirty Harriet’ challenges the versions of female sexuality found within what is still predominantly a male-dominated realm. For example, Rah Digga takes up the description 18 ‘bitch’ often applied pejoratively in rap music to refer to women and applies it to herself, thereby neutralising its offensive overtones. By delivering her lyrics in a manner similar to that of male rap artists and engaging in ‘battles’ with other (male) rap artists on this album, Rah Digga stakes out her own power in this context and challenges male dominance in hip- hop culture. We turn finally to examine how identities are negotiated in rap ‘battles’. This example comes from a study by Alim et al (2011) of rap ‘battles’ as a site for the coproduction of black normativity. In these contexts, black emcees marginalise others in seeking to maintain rap as a black space. Non black emcees both uphold and challenge this marginalisation, as do non-black audience members. Black emcees monitor the audience reaction in looking to gain support for themselves and undermine support for their opponents. We see this in action in one extended rap battle involving a black emcee ‘Flawliss’ and Lil Caesar, a Latino emcee. In the extract below, Lil Caesar challenges the skills of his opponent. C: look it this shit if funny as fuck, his mind is crooked. just like his fuckin•f ^feet, ^((looks directly at F)) F ((looks down at his feet)) ← sequential action A1 ((looks down at Flawliss•f feet, begins head bob)) (.) mee:t defeat delete F ((scans crowd to left)) A1 ((stops head bob)) (.) never heard what he said ^rhyming off the head ^((waves right pointer)) you should [go home and write instead. A1 [((A1 shakes head from side to side with intensity, begins to smile)) ^put some [more [ti:me~under~the~pen F [((F glances at A1)) A1 [((A1 stops shaking head, continues bobbing)) (adapted from Alim et al 2011, p.431; C = Lil Caesar, F = Flawliss, A1 = audience member) 19 Here we see Lil Caesar attack Flawliss on two counts, first on grounds of personal features that are described as ‘crooked’ and second, on the basis of his perceived (lack of) rapping skills. We can see also that one member of the watching crowd (A1) appears to respond favourably to this attack, with the crowd all the time being monitored by Flawliss for their reactions. In his turns, by contrast, Flawliss does not attack Lil Caesar on the basis of personal features or skills, but instead on other grounds: F: how you gon me with her ((points to himself)) beef with her? ((taps on C’s chest)) just go on dawg ((waves his hand away)) go on and break my sprin-ka-lers go on rake ma lawn C [((C looks down, hand on chin, shaking his head while waving hand towards F))] go on shake along (adapted from Alim et al 2011, p. 430; C = Lil Caesar, F = Flawliss) Earlier in this turn, Flawliss had introduced race and ethnicity in referring to his opponent. Above he draws upon a popular stereotype of Latinos as people who commonly engage in work involving manual labour or landscaping. We see also his reference to ‘her’, characterising Lil Caesar as female and not a worthy opponent in rap terms. Flawliss therefore seeks to marginalise Lil Caesar from the groups predominantly associated with hip- hop in two ways, first in being Latino and not belonging to the dominant (black) racial group, and second as being female instead of being part of macho hip-hop culture. The ‘battle’ between Flawliss and Lil Caesar does not reach any final conclusion, with issues as to whether hip-hop culture is to be treated as black, male, macho, or otherwise remaining to be contested another day. Thus, the identities on offer, the meanings of these for the immediate audience, and for a broader public are continually available for individuals to take up, resist or rework, in local discursive contexts to accomplish particular actions. As with other talk, rap music lyrics provide resources for the negotiation of identities even as 20 they are being produced. It is for individuals who participate in producing this music, or who enjoy (or even do not enjoy) such music, to make sense of these identities in their everyday lives. Conclusion We have seen ways in which people understand popular music and how they do or do not identify with it. The examples considered here are necessarily drawn from particular discussions, from specific songs, and in many cases from the talk of certain age groups. Nonetheless, detailed examination of such instances highlights the diverse range of identity possibilities that popular music makes available. Talk about music allows speakers to claim specific identities, to identify others, and to mobilise concerns such as complaints or prejudice. Music itself constructs and provides contrasting versions of identities, some more attractive than others to different musicians and listeners. Thus, discursive psychology shows how popular music is inextricably linked to identities in a broad range of ways. When we claim or resist identities for ourselves, or attribute identities to others, we are all the time engaged in accomplishing social actions. To return to the point at which we began, it is unhelpful (if not incorrect) to regard popular music as ‘determined’ by social forces (Frith 2007): popular music, its meanings, and who we are in relation to it are central parts of our lives as we live them and negotiate our identities in doing so. 21 References Alim, H.S. (2009). Hip hop nation language. In A. Duranti (Ed.), Linguistic Anthropology: A reader, 2nd ed (pp. 272–289). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Alim, H.S., Lee, J. and Carris, L.M. (2011). Moving the crowd, ‘crowding’ the emcee: The coproduction and contestation of black normativity in freestyle rap battles. Discourse & Society, 22, 422–439. Bennett, L. (2013). Discourses of order and rationality: drooling REM fans as "matter out of place'. Continuum – Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 27, 214-227. Brown, J.R. (2011). No homo. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 299-314. Buttny, R. and Williams, P.L. (2000). Demanding respect: the uses of reported speech in discursive constructions of interracial contact. Discourse & Society, 11, 109-133. Caldwell, D. (2010). Making many meanings in popular rap music. In: A. Mahboob and N. Knight (eds.). Appliable Linguistics. London: Continuum, pp. 234-251. Carlisle, J. (2007). Digital Music and Generation Y: discourse analysis of the online music information behaviour talk of five young Australians. Information research – An international electronic journal, 12, Article Number: colis25. Catucci, N. (2009, August 7). “No homo”: Cause for hope in hip-hop? [Online] 20 December 2013. Available at: http://www.vulture.com/2009/08/no_homo_cause_for_hope_in_hip.html Clary-Lemon, J. (2010). ‘We’re not ethnic, we’re Irish!’: Oral histories and the discursive construction of immigrant identity. Discourse & Society, 21, 5–25. Dixon, J. and Durrheim, K. (2004). Dislocating identity: Desegregation and the transformation of place. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 455–473. Edwards, D. (2005). Moaning, whinging and laughing: the subjective side of complaints. Discourse & Society, 7, 5-29. Edwards, J. (2004). After the fall. Discourse & Society, 15, 155–184. Flowerdew, J. (2004). The discursive construction of a world-class city. Discourse & Society, 15, 579-605. Foster, J.D. (2009). Defending whiteness indirectly: a synthetic approach to race discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 20, 685–703. Frith, S. (2007). Taking Popular Music Seriously: Selected essays. Aldershot: Ashgate. Hesmondhalgh D., and Negus K. (2002). Popular Music Studies. London: Arnold. Kelly, D.M., Pomerantz, S. and Currie, D. (2005). Skater girlhood and emphasized femininity: 'you can't land an ollie properly in heels'. Gender and Education, 17, 229- 248. Kunzler, D. (2011). South African rap music, Counter discourses, identity, and commodification beyond the prophets of da city. Journal of Southern African Studies, 37, 27-43. Lillian, D.L. (2007). A thorn by any other name: sexist discourse as hate speech. Discourse & Society, 18, 719-740. Matson, A. (2009, July 27). The continuing saga of KUBE morning host Eddie Francis and American English’s current homophobic lexicography. [Online] 20 December 2013. Available at: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/matsononmusic/2009546491_the_continuing_s aga_of_kube_mo.html McKinlay, A. and McVittie, C. (2008). Social Psychology and Discourse. Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell. McKinlay, A. and McVittie, C. (2011). Identities in Context: Individuals and discourse in action. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 22 Mullins, K.L. (2013). Black female identity and challenges to masculine discourse in Rah Digga's Dirty Harriet. Popular Music and Society, 36, 425-443. Potter, J., and Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. London: Sage. Rellstab, D.H. (2007). Staging gender online: gender plays in Swiss internet relay chats. Discourse & Society, 18, 765–787. Richardson, E. (2007). ‘She was workin like foreal’: critical literacy and discourse practices of African American females in the age of hip hop. Discourse & Society, 18, 789– 809. Saghaye-Beria, H. (2012). American Muslims as radicals? A critical discourse analysis of the US congressional hearing on ‘The Extent of Radicalization in the American Muslim Community and That Community’s Response’. Discourse & Society, 23, 508–524. Sharp, D. (2011). Performing the migrant, Performing home: Televised nostalgia in Northeast Brazil. Latin American Music Review - Revista de Musica Latino Americana, 32, 181- 204. Spracklen, K. (2013). Nazi punks folk off: leisure, nationalism, cultural identity and the consumption of metal and folk music. Leisure Studies, 32, 415-428. Stokoe, E., and Hepburn, A. (2005). “You can hear a lot through the walls”: Noise formulations in neighbour complaints. Discourse & Society, 16, 647-673. van Dijk, T.A. (2006). Discourse and manipulation. Discourse & Society, 17, 359–383. Xanthapolou, P. (2010). The production of 'defectiveness' as a linguistic resource in broadcast evangelical discourse: A discursive psychology approach. Discourse & Society, 21, 675–691. 1 Transcription symbols used in the extracts in this chapter are as follows:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333448537_Chapter_8_-'Will_the_real_Slim_Shady_please_stand_up'_Identity_in_popular_music

This article attempts to explore Persian dances in order to determinate its national identity. The authors refer to the semantic core of the lexemes that express this phenomenon, give a brief outline of the genesis and evolution of this traditional physical culture of Iranians, the historical dynamics of its development, consider and group existing types of dance styles. Such a multifaceted approach allowed to study the specifics of this art and to identify the characteristic features of this language of art in Iran. Along with the Song: Learn Italian “con anima e passione” - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The article analyzes the phenomenon of the Italian language in the world music tradition and Italian songs in the world cultural history. Italian songs and recognizable language of modern musical terms represent a vivid cultural image of Italy which promotes interest to the country and its language. Integrating Music and Song Heritage of Great Britain into the English Language Classroom - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The importance of teaching a foreign language alogside with its culture, history and modern life has been universally acknowledged. The article focuses on integrating music and songs of Great Britain into the English language training program for MGIMO undergraduate students as a means of developing their foreign language communicative competence. Music and songs appear to be powerful incentives for enhancing students’ motivation to learn by positively impacting their emotions and creating a favorable learning environment. Italy: the World of Music and Belcanto - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The most powerful incentive in the study of Italian is undoubtedly the Italian culture and music at the forefront. It was in Italy that the modern system of musical notation originated a thousand years ago. The Italian musical notes relating to the tempo and expression of the performance, as well as terms of musical theory are adopted today in most countries of the world. Many names of musical instruments and pieces of music in European languages represent Italian borrowings. Italy is also the birthplace of opera: this genre originated there, the plot and musical structure of opera was formed, and for 400 years opera and high vocal art have been an integral part of Italians’ life and culture. Music in Indian Culture - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The article gives an overview of Indian musical art. The author dwells upon history of Indian music, which descends from sacred hymns and songs of ancient India. Music has always been the most important part of Indian life. Religious ceremonies used to play and still play a significant role in the life of Indian people. This is the reason why each community has its own musicians and performers of hymns and songs. These songs are mentioned in the most important works of Indian philosophical literature, such as «Rig Veda», «Athharva Veda», «Sama Veda», «Natya Shastra». Music has been an essential part of all Indian holidays since the ancient times till now. With the emergence of Indian theatre the art of singers and musicians comes into high demand. The Motive of Human Cunning in Medieval Literature - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The present article discusses the formation and development of the motif of human cunning in medieval literature. The motive of cunning is not chosen by chance. For the first time, it appeared in Italian narrative in the Renaissance. But the beginning of the motive of cunning goes to the oral folk story. In the urban environment, stories about resourceful townspeople laughing at a stupid knight or a voluptuous monk were very fond. Such stories vividly and expressively depicted typical events of city daily life and aroused keen interest among the townspeople. Stylistic Features of R.M. Rilke’s Poetry and Questions of their Translation into English - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The article is devoted to the analysis of peculiarities of recreating the stylistic features of R. M. Rilke’s poetry into English, i.e. to English rendering of the shortened line as an innovative element of the sonnet form of the lyrical cycle “Sonnets to Orpheus”. Rilke’s works have been translated into all languages of the world. Outside of the German-speaking world, his poetry and prose is best known in the USA and Great Britain. This article presents a comparative analysis of the English translations of the 19th sonnet of the first part of the cycle, performed by more than twenty English translators. The cycle “Sonnets to Orpheus” has been translated into English more than twenty times. Mahmoud Darwish and Palestine. The Theme of Motherland in the Works of the Poet - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The article is devoted to the reflection of the Patriotic theme and concept of ‘Motherland’ in the works of the singer of the Palestinian people, the world-famous Palestinian poet and writer Mahmoud Darwish. The sense of patriotism, which is perhaps common to all peoples, is most acutely felt among people born in the Palestinian lands. National humiliation, injustice, ignoring the interests of the whole people, despair, comprehensive anger and the struggle for freedom, honor and dignity of the Motherland – these are the main themes of the works of dervish. Russian Bows through Centuries - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The article looks at semantic and pragmatic changes on gesture “bow” in the Russian language and culture throughout 11th – 21st centuries. The paper analyses four types of bows (a prostration, bow from the waist, polite bow and a nod) and three contexts of their usage – religious, ritual and secular. The study demonstrates that throughout the given period the semantics and pragmatics of the gesture have gradually been narrowing. It is in the religious context where we still find two original forms of stooping used. Nautical Terminology in Danish Social and Political Discourse - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The article focuses on an understudied phenomenon, Danish idioms and sayings that originate from seafaring and have long since have been adopted into everyday use and have found their way into the language of mass media. Their abundance and existence in contemporary Danish reflect the historical and cultural heritage of Norsemen, a group of people that inhabited Scandinavia, mainly spoke the Old Norse language and were known all over Europe as traders, settlors and warriors and commonly referred to as Vikings. To Understand the Other: the Vietnamese Culture Code - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 Understanding the other is a prerequisite for full-fledged communication and successful interaction with him, establishing trusting relationships in the process of negotiations or joint activities. Successful intercultural communication presupposes the willingness of participants to perceive, understand and accept stereotypes of behavior, customs, traditions, interests and cultural values of another ethno-cultural community. To achieve this, it is not enough to know the language of your dialogue partner; you need a deep understanding of the semantic content of various signs and symbols that arise in the process of knowing the other side, the cultural code as the key to understanding this culture. Whay Palestine Needs University? - Details - №: 1 (9) 2019 The article is devoted to the problem of education in Palestine nowadays. It shows the role of the Palestine universities and Birzeituniversity in particular, in which the author spent some time with her students. The article gives some personal impression of the author of Birzeituniversity, the protheses of education in Palestine itself. The article depicts the details of the teaching, describes the faculties and the programs of the university. The author mentions the most important institutes of Palestine and its role in the most difficult time for Palestine, when some people and even scientists try to prove, that Palestinian people doesn’t exist as a nation. Current Issue Editor-in-charge The journal “Concept” of MGIMO-University is for those who are not indifferent. For those, who care about philosophy, religion and culture. Since 2017, 6 issueshave been already published, where Russian and foreign intellectuals discuss the fate of the world what cannot be considered as a sin for an international specialist. Beyond our authors you can find the worldwide-known academicians and young researchers who share the spirit of the scientific pursuit. The goal of the discussions, unfolding on the pages of the journal is to bridge together the academic science (philosophy, cultural and religious studies) and the practice of solving specific challengesin the field of culture and diplomacy. Have you read "Concept"yet?

https://concept.mgimo.ru/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=featured&amp;Itemid=505&amp;lang=en

Synopsis: Olivia Mead is a headstrong, independent girl—a suffragist—in an age that prefers its girls to be docile. It’s 1900 in Oregon, and Olivia’s father, concerned that she’s headed for trouble, convinces a stage mesmerist to try to hypnotize the rebellion out of her. But the hypnotist, an intriguing young man named Henri Reverie, gives her a terrible gift instead: she’s able to see people’s true natures, manifesting as visions of darkness and goodness, while also unable to speak her true thoughts out loud. These supernatural challenges only make Olivia more determined to speak her mind, and so she’s drawn into a dangerous relationship with the hypnotist and his mysterious motives, all while secretly fighting for the rights of women. Winters breathes new life into history once again with an atmospheric, vividly real story, including archival photos and art from the period throughout. This book is filling the “Published in 2014” Category in my Full House Reading Challenge. This is an interesting combination of subtle magic, politics, and learning to stand up for yourself and what you believe in. The Cure for Dreaming appropriately has a very dreamlike quality to it, and Cat Winters’ writing is very atmospheric. Olivia, like many women in her time, just wanted a little bit more from life. More than just bearing and raising children. More than being at her husband’s beck and call. She was tired of being looked down upon as someone with a lower intelligence simply because of her sex. She has a horrible father who believes her only use in life is to get married to a wealthy man and have children. So I’m not much of a feminist (in the radical sense, I believe women should have equal rights, things like that), but this book really made me so glad I live in the time I do. I can’t imagine having people think you are incapable of basic intelligence or activities simply because you’re a woman. So at the beginning of the book, Olivia is at a hypnotism show, and she is chosen as a volunteer. When her father hears how well the young Henri Reverie’s powers worked on his suffragette daughter, he hires the hypnotist to remove certain…rebellious tendencies from her psyche. What Dr. Mead doesn’t know is that Henri uses phraseology that allows Olivia to “see things as they truly are”, meaning she begins seeing horrible people as monsters, and good people as a sort of angelic creature. Olivia and Henri grow closer as Olivia fights back against her father, and tries to gain freedoms for women that are unheard of at the time. There’s a lot to love here: the hypnotism aspect was very interesting, and I would have almost liked to see more of the actual performance that Henri does. Because we are in Olivia’s mind, we only see it from her perspective, and she’s practically asleep through the whole thing. The romance between Henri and Olivia was sweet and slow-moving. People are constantly trying to take advantage of Olivia, and so it was very nice for someone to be on her side. I liked that Henri has his own agenda and doesn’t fall in love at first sight. It made the relationship much more interesting. This is a great read for anyone who likes historical/romance books, with a hint of paranormal.

http://www.ramblingsonreadings.com/book-review-the-cure-for-dreaming/

Always the baker, never the bride… Olivia James has always been happy running a tea shop and bakery in the Cotswold village of Wychwood-on-Lea, and helping her friends find their happily-ever-afters, topped by the perfect wedding cake. But as Christmas approaches, Olivia is home alone and questioning her choices while eating too many of her own specialty confections. When Simon Blacklock, a handsome, whimsical stranger, breezes into her shop and buys a cupcake and then returns the next day and the day after, Olivia begins to dream. Can romance blossom amidst the sugar and flour? And after a lifetime of living on the side lines, is she brave enough to star in her own story? Simon may be hiding a painful secret, but Olivia harbors secrets of her own. If they can dare to risk their hearts, this Christmas might be the most magical yet! Titles in the Return to Willoughby Close series include: Cupcakes for Christmas – Title: Cupcakes for Christmas Series: Return to Willoughby Close #1 Author: Kate Hewitt Genre: Contemporary Romance, Christmas Romance Published: October 25, 2018 Publisher: Tule Publishing My Rating: 4.5 stars I quite enjoyed returning to Willoughby Close once again – if you haven’t read the original Willoughby Close series I would strongly suggest that you add it to your reading list. Is it necessary to start this new series… no, not at all, but they are amazing stories and it’s something to keep you connected while waiting for the rest of this current series to release. Neither Olivia nor Simon are in the first bloom of their youth, and in many ways that makes this story more poignant and realistic. We face far different issues in our twenties than in our thirties or forties, don’t we? Cupcakes for Christmas reflects that very well. I loved the idea of a different flavor cupcake each day leading up to Christmas… and Simon certainly did too, for he kept returning, although that might have been for much more than a love of cupcakes. While this story isn’t a particularly long one, it does pack an emotional punch in the issues that are dealt with in Olivia and Simon’s lives. No one comes into a relationship without some sort of baggage from the past or even the present. It was an intriguing journey watching this couple work their way through issues and realities to find each other and a happy ending. I enjoyed myself back in this small town with it’s close knit community and quirky neighbors once again. If you’re a reader who enjoys going a little deeper into the issues that crop up in any relationship while enjoying a perfectly charming Christmas romance as well… then Cupcakes for Christmas is perfect for you.

http://keeperbookshelf.com/cupcakes-for-christmas-by-kate-hewitt

Cancel the Wedding is the debut novel of Carolyn T. Dingman and it is utterly fantastic. For me it was one of those books that I just loved from the very beginning. It is an emotional tale about love, loss, family, and deeply buried secrets. With it’s lovely characters and wonderful storyline it’s sure to touch every reader’s heart as it did mine. Olivia and her sister Georgia lost their mother to cancer almost a year ago. Both are shocked by their mother’s final request to have her ashes scattered in her hometown of Huntley, Georgia. Their mother really never spoke of her hometown and never about her life back then so why would she now want to be buried there. Well Olivia is more than curious and being anxious to escape her seemingly perfect life and fiancé she jumps right in and tells everyone that she is going to take a trip to Huntley to see if she can learn more about her mother’s past before she and her sister spread their mother’s ashes. What should have been a fairly short trip begins to drag out more and more as Olivia and her niece Logan become attached to the charming townspeople – well except for a few choice people and neither is in any hurry to leave. Logan has met a nice boy and Olivia is more than attracted to Elliott despite being engaged. Olivia hasn’t been happy in her relationship with her fiancé for a long time and in getting to know Elliott she begins to realize what real love looks like. As she, Logan, and Elliott dig deeper and deeper into her mother’s past many long buried secrets come to light and leave Olivia stunned. As the story weaves from past to present it leaves Olivia rethinking her whole life and learning just what it is that she really wants for herself and her future. I listened to the audiobook of Cancel the Wedding which is narrated by Tavia Gilbert who I adore. She is a wonderful narrator and a true pleasure to listen to. I’ve listened to a few books by her now and when I see her listed as the narrator I know I’m in for a treat. She has a real talent with changing her voice to suit the characters and in bringing a story to life. Just a delight to listen to! I really loved Cancel the Wedding. I listened to the book any chance I had and I can attest to never having seen eleven hours fly by so quickly before. Highly recommended for fans of women’s fiction!

https://peekingbetweenthepages.com/2014/08/cancel-the-wedding-by-carolyn-t-dingman.html

# Whatever Love Means Whatever Love Means is a television film about Camilla Parker Bowles and Prince Charles. Directed by David Blair and starring Olivia Poulet and Laurence Fox, it premiered in December 2005 on ITV1. The story centres on Charles and Camilla's relationship in the early 1970s until 1981. ## Plot In 1971, Camilla Shand (Olivia Poulet) meets Charles, Prince of Wales (Laurence Fox) at a polo match. They get to know each other and begin dating. The relationship fizzles out when Charles travels overseas to join the Royal Navy in early 1973. Camilla immediately marries her ex-boyfriend Andrew Parker Bowles (Simon Wilson). Though Charles is hurt upon hearing about her marriage, they remain friends. Throughout their friendship Charles and Camilla hide their feelings for each other until 1979 when Lord Mountbatten (Richard Johnson) is murdered and Charles visits her more for emotional support. They re-ignite their romantic relationship during this period. Charles is now in his early 30s and his family and the British media begins calling him out to find a suitable bride. He meets Lady Diana Spencer (Michelle Duncan) who the media falls in love with and they eventually get engaged. Although everyone is happy Charles is about to settle down, Charles and Camilla are not due to their feelings for each other, however, they end their relationship. The story ends with Charles and Camilla getting ready for his wedding in 1981, both looking grim while dressing up for the occasion. ## Cast Laurence Fox as Charles, Prince of Wales Olivia Poulet as Camilla Parker Bowles Michelle Duncan as Lady Diana Spencer Alexandra Moen as Princess Anne Simon Wilson as Andrew Parker Bowles Richard Johnson as Lord Mountbatten

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever_Love_Means

Trailer of “RED” Short Film. Drama. 2021. Directed by Rachel Kong Staring Libby Sunyoung Lee, Fanny Lawren and Anthony Carvello RED is a story about an American Chinese woman, Olivia, who has to find a way to ask her mother for financial help for herself and her newlywed husband. This simple request only spirals into more chaos as Olivia has to overcome the challenging relationship with her mother and begins to learn the secrets that are being kept from her. The story pushes the limit of a relationship between the daughter and the mother within a Chinese household, with a dynamic that still speaks to all families.

https://fannylawren.com/red-fanny-lawren-as-mom/

Searching... Independence Public Library |FICTION - ROBINSON| Searching... Unknown Searching... Monmouth Public Library |FIC ROBINSON 2004| Searching... Unknown Searching... Silver Falls Library |FIC ROBINSON| Searching... Unknown Searching... Stayton Public Library |ROBINSON Elisabeth| Searching... Unknown Bound With These Titles On Order Summary Summary The bestselling status (and subsequent blockbuster film adaptations) of "Bridget Jones's Diary" and "Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood" is proof of the enduring strength of this category. Although the novel is invented, Robinson is a successful Hollywood producer whose credits include "Braveheart" and "Last Orders." Author Notes Independent film producer, screenwriter and author Elisabeth Robinson grew up in a Detroit suburb. She studied philosophy and economics at Oberlin College. She began her film career in New York, where she scouted books to make into movies. Her film credits include Braveheart and Last Orders. Her first novel is The True and Outstanding Adventures of the Hunt Sisters, which is based on her sister's battle with leukemia. Her sister Laurie died in 1998. She currently lives in New York. (Bowker Author Biography) Reviews (4) Publisher's Weekly Review Hollywood and leukemia are the two unlikely poles of this wrenching, tragicomic first novel by independent producer and screenwriter Robinson. Pouring out her troubles in epistolary form, 34-year-old Olivia Hunt, a struggling film producer, chronicles a year of dizzying highs and devastating lows. As the novel begins, she receives news that her younger sister, Madeline, recently married and happily settled in the sisters' Ohio hometown, has been diagnosed with leukemia. Olivia herself is at loose ends, trying to jump-start her career by putting together a big-budget production of Don Quixote. Impatient, ambitious and often caustic, Olivia is very different from her big-hearted, big-haired sister, and as she flies back and forth between California and Ohio, she reflects on the choices she has made in long, searching letters to friends and family. Though she and her ex-boyfriend Michael, a painter living in New Mexico, are still in love with each other, they are both too devoted to their careers to settle down together. Just as it seems things might be patched up between them, Don Quixote swings into high gear and Olivia heads off to film in Spain. Her Hollywood adventures are pitch-perfect and hilarious, with Robin Williams ("like a beaver in a sweatshirt and jeans") and Jerry Bruckheimer, among others, making cameos. No less impressive is Robinson's unsentimental chronicling of the progress of Maddie's illness and the alternately heroic and selfish reactions of those around her, including the sisters' mother, an anxious children's book writer, and their father, a retired attorney and alcoholic. Olivia's cynicism, compassion and loyalty come through as funny, real and inspiring, and the novel's epistolary format is smoothly employed. Moving but never maudlin, this is an accomplished debut.(c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved All rights reserved. Kirkus Review It's bright, it's clever, and it's going to be a major hit: a smashing success with the press and the public. Movie producer Robinson's semi-autobiographical debut about a Hollywood movie producer whose sister Ohio gets leukemia is already garnering press as the women's tearjerker of 2004. And understandably so. Olivia, 34, is struggling unsuccessfully to produce a film adaptation of Don Quixote and contemplating the happier aspects of suicide when she receives word that her younger, newly married sister Maddie has been diagnosed with leukemia. Through Olivia's letters--to her parents; best friend Tina and her ex- but still-loved boyfriend Michael; even to big-name Hollywood celebrities she wants involved in her film--we follow the ups and downs of Maddie's illness as well as the ups and downs of Olivia's career and love-life. The very studio that fired Olivia only a short time earlier agrees to produce Quixote, and Olivia's movie ambitions take off. From Hollywood and from locations in Europe, she travels back and forth to Shawnee Falls to be with her family, and the contrasts and connections between the two worlds lie at the novel's heart. In Ohio, Olivia witnesses her reticent mother and alcoholic father's long marriage in a new light. Maddie herself is down-to-earth and spunky throughout her treatments, side-effects, false hope of remissions, and ultimate downward spiral. Her religious husband is a rock. Michael, a painter who is handsome and wonderful but wants her to live with him in New Mexico, visits and beckons Olivia back, but her ambition resists. Meanwhile, Hollywood politics turn ugly, but despite a slight bout of craziness when she steals the car of her nemesis and drives it into the ocean, Olivia perseveres. She hires a new, handsome director. Don Quixote, starring Robin Williams (bound to make a cameo in the film adaptation) opens to good reviews if not great numbers. Maddie dies gracefully, leaving behind a legacy of love. "You'll laugh, you'll cry": Robinson is enormously skilled at pushing the emotional buttons, but an aftertaste of manipulation lingers. There's also something self-serving about the writing, something frankly very Hollywood about it. But will it sell? Is there balm in Gilead? Copyright ©Kirkus Reviews, used with permission. Booklist Review Robinson mixes Hollywood politics and sisterly affection in her moving, engaging debut novel. Olivia Hunt is trying to make it as a producer in Hollywood, but it's not going well. She's working with an extremely difficult director on a version of Don Quixote that somehow must be true to the book and commercially appealing. Things get much, much worse when Olivia learns that her younger sister, Maddie, has been diagnosed with leukemia. Maddie has chosen a very different life than Olivia; she's happily married and still living in the Ohio town they grew up in. Maddie is young and strong, and Olivia is determined to be upbeat for her sister, and herself. When the studio she used to work for (and was fired from) picks up the Quixote film, and Robin Williams and John Cleese sign on to star in it, Olivia's star appears to be ascendant. She also seems to have a shot at winning back Michael, the handsome ex-boyfriend she can't seem to leave behind. But when Maddie takes a turn for the worse and the movie hits a stumbling block, Olivia must be the strong one for her family, and somehow keep her movie afloat. Sparkling with humor and beauty, the novel is ultimately a testament to the bond between the sisters, and the strength of both Olivia and Maddie. KristineHuntley. Library Journal Review This epistolary tale by a screenwriter/producer takes readers inside two complex worlds: the contemporary movie business and the mind of Olivia Hunt, a single filmmaker negotiating major life changes. Unemployed and abandoned by a longtime lover, Olivia is desperately pulling career strings when she receives tragic news from her hometown. Shawnee Falls, OH, has meant family stability, where parents and younger sister Madeleine maintain traditions and treasure memories (the book's title refers to linked stories Olivia created for Maddie throughout childhood). Now, Maddie's leukemia diagnosis has shattered the happy routine. Olivia must assume the unaccustomed role of family manager just as her screenplay goes into production, and she finds herself literally flying between Hollywood glitz and the devastation of cancer. The tragicomic story unfolds in a series of lively letters written by Olivia to friends, family, and business associates between visits to Midwestern hospitals, West Coast meetings, and European film sets. Anyone who has juggled competing obligations of the heart will appreciate the dilemmas depicted in this admirable debut novel.-Starr E. Smith, Fairfax Cty. P.L., VA(c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted. All rights reserved.

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Welcome to Plathville returns to TLC for Season 3 very soon. In the meantime, TLC is giving fans a sneak peek at what’s ahead for the Plath family. Season 2 came to an end with an intense confrontation between Ethan and his father, Barry. You can rewatch that clip here. In the Season 2 finale, Ethan and Olivia went to his parents’ home to say goodbye to them after not seeing the family for a while. This was an intense moment for the whole family due to the ongoing conflict between them. As Ethan and Olivia drove away from the home, they focused on the fact that they still have each other. Though their first few years of marriage haven’t been ideal, they have managed to keep themselves afloat. In the Season 3 clip TLC shared, the producers mention the Season 2 conflict between Ethan and his parents. It’s assumed that there’s still a lot going on between Ethan and Olivia and Kim and Barry. It’s obvious that there are still many questions left to answer in this upcoming season as the family navigates what their lives look like without each other. When asked to reflect on the interaction between himself and his father in the sneak peek for the new season, Ethan said, “I honestly don’t know that I can do this.” Ethan and Olivia both look very emotional during this moment. The new clip is short but seems to show just how difficult things are for Ethan and Olivia and the rest of the Plath family. When does Welcome to Plathville Season 3 premiere? You can watch the new season of the show starting Tuesday, August 24 at 10/9c. It will air on TLC. You can also watch episodes of Welcome to Plathville on TLC.com and with discovery+. TLC shows are no longer available to stream on Hulu. The new season will likely explore the difficult relationship between Ethan and Olivia and Kim and Barry. Plus, Moriah Plath is in a serious relationship with her boyfriend Max Kallschmidt. Micah Plath’s modeling career is taking off. We may also see some more of what’s going on in the Plath family’s home with the younger kids. So, will you be tuning in to Welcome to Plathville Season 3? What do you expect to happen this season? Let us know in the comments below. For more updates about your favorite TLC shows, check back with TV Shows Ace. Don’t miss Welcome to Plathville Season 3 when it premieres on August 24.

https://www.tvshowsace.com/2021/07/09/welcome-to-plathville-season-3-ethan-olivia-emotional/

Actor Austen Kroll, star of “Southern Charm,” is ready to move on from his past relationships and welcome new love into his life. Kroll confirmed to Us Weekly in May 2022 that Olivia Flowers, a cast member of the show, was his new girlfriend at the time. In the opinion of Kroll, she’s a real snag. That’s what he told them: “She comes from a respectable family, which speaks volumes about her character. You know, she’s extremely kind, but she’s got a spine.” According to Screen Rant, the two have been dating since the fall of 2021. Taylor Ann Green, another cast member, posted an Instagram photo of Kroll and Flowers together in December 2021. Kroll did reveal, however, that the relationship began as a platonic one. His cryptic statement to Us Weekly hinted at an on-screen appearance “You’ll be able to tell where it all begins and where it all ends by looking. While I’m trying to figure it out, there are definitely ups and downs.” Is the star of Bravo keeping some of her personal life under wraps? Read More: Tobin Heath Dating- What Is the Age Difference Between Christen Press and Tobin Heath? Austen Kroll’s Girlfriend: Who Is She? When it comes to Season 8 of Southern Charm, it’s possible to learn more about Olivia and Austen’s relationship. There’s a lot of speculation about whether or not Austen and Ciara are still together after Summer House, or if they split up because of his steamy on-screen encounter with Lindsay earlier in the season. Ciara and Austen struck up a friendship while vacationing in Vermont on Winter House, much to Lindsay’s displeasure. He is currently unattached. What’s Going on Between Austen and Olivia in Season 8 of “Southern Charm?” Speculation about Austen and Olivia’s relationship began before she was cast in the eighth season of Southern Charm. When their co-star Taylor Ann Green posted a photo of the two of them on Instagram in December 2021, it sparked some discussion among her followers. At a Trop Hop release party, Taylor, Olivia, and Austen posed in front of a step and repeat with Taylor’s boyfriend, Shep Rose. Later, when Taylor went to Napa with Shep, Austen, and Olivia, she posted another photo from their trip to the valley in less than five months’ time. Olivia and Austen were pictured holding hands in a single photograph. The Two Couples Appeared to Be on A Vacation Together Austen confirmed to Us Weekly in May 2022 that he was dating Olivia during the NBCUniversal upfront presentation in May of that year. The two had known each other for about a year and a half before they became romantically involved, he said. When asked how much of their relationship would be shown on the show, Austen teased, “You will certainly see where it begins, then how it ends.” I’m experiencing some ups and downs as I try to figure out what’s going on. Olivia and Taylor are close friends, which makes traveling with the foursome a breeze, according to Shep. Shep gushed about Austen’s new ladylove, saying, “I love it.” “Olivia is Taylor’s favorite character. Napa was a great opportunity for us all to act like idiots together, and [the women] could commiserate with us about our foolishness.” It appears that Olivia Flowers had some choice words for Austen Kroll’s ex-girlfriend Madison LeCroy in her recent interview. Flowers’ Instagram is full of pictures of her having a good time with her friends and going on vacation, but she isn’t afraid to deal with controversy, which is a necessity for any reality TV star. Kendall Kroll’s exed Madison LeCroy stirred the pot in an Instagram post in June 2022, writing: “I’d rather be a homegirl than an uninteresting girl.” in response to the post. Us reports that LeCroy was retaliating against Flowers for calling her a “homegirl.” The following day, Flowers shared an Instagram story photo of herself relaxing and munching on Doritos. She then added the following words: “Is that what you’re referring to? Homebody is a better word.” So, who exactly is this brand-new “Southern Charm” star on the rise? Us Weekly reports that Olivia Flowers grew up in Charleston and Dallas. Before the pandemic, she had returned to her hometown of Charleston after relocating from Los Angeles, where she had discovered her reality TV show calling. Read More: Paris Jackson Dating: Rumors Regarding Paris Jackson and Cara Delevingne! Flowers, according to her Instagram, is a Clemson University alumna who loves movie quotes and Elvis Presley. She uploaded a video and a picture of Austin Butler in Baz Luhrmann’s “Elvis” in February 2022. By writing “Bio-Dramas give every generation a feel for the impact legends like Elvis made in this world, through cinematic time travel,” she expressed her love for the rock ‘n-roll icon and oldies music.

https://www.techstry.net/austen-kroll-dating/

Descargar WHERE THE PAST BEGINS: MEMORY AND IMAGINATION epub Aquí puedes descargar WHERE THE PAST BEGINS: MEMORY AND IMAGINATION en español, completo, en pdf o epub. La descarga del libro es simple. Descripción From New York Times bestselling author Amy Tan, a memoir on her life as a writer, her childhood and the symbiotic relationship between fiction and emotional memory. In Where the Past Begins, bestselling author of The Joy Luck Club and The Valley of Amazement Amy Tan is at her most intimate in revealing the truths and inspirations that underlie her extraordinary fiction. By delving into vivid memories of her traumatic childhood, confessions of self-doubt in her journals and heartbreaking letters to and from her mother, she gathers together evidence of all that made it both unlikely and inevitable that she would become a writer. Through spontaneous storytelling, she shows how a fluid fictional state of mind unleashed near-forgotten memories that became the emotional nucleus of her novels. Tan explores shocking truths uncovered by family memorabilia – the real reason behind an I.Q. test she took at age six, why her parents lied about their education, mysteries surrounding her maternal grandmother – and, for the first time publicly, writes about her complex relationship with her father, who died when she was fifteen. Written with candour and characteristic humour, Where the Past Begins takes readers into the idiosyncratic workings of her writer’s mind, a journey that explores memory, imagination, and truth. AMY TAN «WHERE THE PAST BEGINS: MEMORY AND IMAGINATION epub» AMY TAN «WHERE THE PAST BEGINS: MEMORY AND IMAGINATION epub» Datos del archivo: - Visitas al libro: 1445 - Descargas de archivo: 663 - Tamaño total: 702KB - Disponibilidad de formatos: pdf epub mobi kindle Géneros: Literatura Literatura Ver más libros de esta categoría > libros de literatura Más detalles importantes Editorial: HARPERCOLLINS PUB.

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I found this to be a magical, charming and wonderful story that mixes fact with fiction in a delightful story that kept me enthralled from start to finish! It mixes the 'then' storyline of 1917 when 2 girls, Frances and Elsie, fooled the world with their photographs of the fairies they saw playing at the beck in Cottingley, and how it consumed their lives and often left them feeling they hadn't let the world know of their secret! And in the present day we follow Olivia who is struggling to connect with her life as she loses close relatives, is struggling to keep her beloved bookshop open and is facing her wedding day with major doubts over her relationship with the odious Jack. As she is decluttering she stumbles across a manuscript written by Frances and details her life and she is enthralled by what she finds and sets about trying to find the truth behind the story she reads and how it connects to her family. The characters were a major strength in this book. The young girls and their story was fascinating as their lives weren't easy, but they found comfort in spending time with each other and the garden visitors and it helped them make sense of the world. And Olivia was delightful in her devotion to her family, especially her grandparents, after her tragic youth and her inquisitive mind was perfect to let the story develop while she discovered more about herself - both of her past and for her own personal decisions she needed to make. The fairy magic begins to creep into the bookshop too and maybe life is about to be transformed for Olivia! I found this really easy to read and can highly recommend it to those who love history and a story full of magic!

http://www.booksandme.co.uk/2018/02/the-cottingley-secret-by-hazel-gaynor.html

His heroic actions in helping his crew escape net him numerous military awards, but he has a bum leg and is discharged. She fears no physical harm, either from nature or the forces against the protestors. He loves the outdoors and obsessively documents the family's trips. The Overstory examines the relationships humans have with trees. In 2019, The Overstory was awarded the prestigious Pulitzer Prize for fiction. He has a large family and his children remain on the property and watch over the tree. In America he starts a family, works hard, and rarely talks about China until Mimi tells him other children were making fun of her. As The Overstory unfolds, the paths of several of its characters converge in events inspired by the so-called Redwood Summer of 1990. This is the central contention in The Overstory: that entities in nature, and life itself, have agency, purpose, and personhood—and we have ethical obligations to all such persons. "The Overstory Study Guide". "Listen. But one day, I came across a single tree that had, for whatever reason, escaped the loggers. The Overstory has problems. While she plans to only stay with him until he stabilizes, she eventually commits to him and the extensive care he requires for the long-term. W.W. Norton & Company. A Chinese student from a wealthy family who attains a visa to go to America to study engineering. How about the last 20 years or longer? Nick is somewhat of a slacker at the beginning of the book. A research scientist Patricia meets in the woods where she is working for the BLM. The Question and Answer section for The Overstory is a great One of the eco-warriors who welcomes Nick and Olivia into the fray. The Overstory leaves you with a slightly adjusted frame of reference.… What was happening to his characters passed into my conscience, like alcohol into the bloodstream, and left a feeling behind of grief or guilt, even after I put it down. However, Dorothy decides she has to leave Ray. After the failed arson attempt in which Olivia is killed, she firmly breaks ties with the others, including Douglas, who by this time had become her lover. He considers himself more pragmatic than them, especially when he refuses to get help for Olivia when she is dying because they would all be found out. The main characters of this fiction, environment story are , . He dies at age 58 from what is apparently a heart attack. In Westerford, there is an entirely scientific and naturalistic path to this perception. The Question and Answer section for The Overstory is a great He carries on the photography project, and when he goes off to fight in WWI, he tells his son to do the same. He has a spiritual encounter with the trees in Stanford’s quad, and devises the idea for an epic game of worlds. She is smart, opinionated, fierce. He takes the nickname “Doug-fir” and engages in criminal acts of trespassing, vandalism, etc. She decides to leave Ray but he suffers a brain aneurysm. Emmett is not very patient with his brother's differences. Patricia has been fascinated by trees for her entire life, and at a young age learns from her father that they are able to communicate with each other. Her understanding of the eventual doom of the planet prompts her to start Seedbank, a place where thousands of seeds from around the world can be kept safe for some unknowable future in which they may be used to repopulate the world’s forests. As a younger man, Douglas enlisted in the Stanford Prison Experiment, which was a study of the psychological effects of power versus perceived power. Neelay's mother. If the trees of this earth could speak, what would they tell us? Copyright © 1999 - 2020 GradeSaver LLC. GradeSaver, 24 October 2019 Web. At the beginning of the novel, Olivia is a college student almost ready to graduate, and she is characterized by cynicism, ambivalence, and recklessness. The wealthy and educated patriarch of a Chinese family. On her journey across the country to join the protesters, she meets Nick Hoel and the two of them join up together after they see their worldviews line up; they eventually fall deeply in love. Patricia loses her teaching position and becomes suicidal, but after changing her mind, she decides to live a solitary life as a park ranger. Readers’ questions about The Overstory. At times The Overstory borders on the didactic, but compelling characters, beautiful language, and astounding ideas keep us firmly in the realm of literature. He decides to try to do something to reverse this and signs up to become part of a re-planting team. They want an illusionist and a bringer of hope, she realizes, so she decides to give a stirring and honest speech and then commit suicide via drinking poisonous tree extracts in front of the gathering to make a statement—this is the only thing humans can really do for the planet. Osborne-Bartucca, Kristen. Nick’s life changes forever when he meets Olivia, who randomly stops in when she sees his insouciant but serious sign “Free Tree Art” on the road. India's Chipko Andolan In The Overstory, a few of the characters become environmental activists in order to save the wealth of forests in the American West and Pacific Northwest. When looking for a literary analogue, The Overstory is almost something of a Dostoevskian novel. After Mimas is cut down, he and Mimi, Adam, Olivia, and Nick carry out acts of eco-terrorism. John's son. . . • Nicholas Hoel – an artist of Norwegian and Irish descent who comes from a long line of farmers and whose great-great-great grandfather planted a chestnut tree that survived blight for decades and enthralled the Hoel family for generations. Which of the characters do you most relate to and why? From the roots to the crown and back to the seeds, Richard Powers’s twelfth novel unfolds in concentric rings of interlocking fables that range from antebellum New York to the late twentieth-century Timber Wars of the Pacific Nor Guardian (UK) Mimi Mia, a Chinese-American corporate conformist, rejects her ambitious track to save trees in her city. The Overstory, winner of the 2019 Pulitzer Prize in Fiction, is a sweeping, impassioned work of activism and resistance that is also a stunning evocation of—and paean to—the natural world. Osborne-Bartucca, Kristen. Adam's eldest sister. An essential tool for all reading groups! Dorothy Cazaly is a stenographer for the law firm where Ray works. Dorothy's lover-turned-boyfriend who wants to start a life with her, but she is still taking care of Ray and refuses to stop. Ray knows about this but loves his wife and does not want her to leave; he does not care what she does secretly as long as she is with him. The youngest Ma daughter, sister to Mimi and Carmen. They compete for … Which do you find hardest to understand? Characters… Adam's brother. He travels the country with no specific destination in mind, and, to his disgust, begins to see the deforestation that is taking place. She is patient and loving in ways she never was in their youth, and together the two of them find meaning in each other and the natural world. These were the forests that had been clear-cut to build San Francisco, and it seemed to me that they had grown back wonderfully. This does not stop him from attending Stanford and becoming a master coder. She is vindicated, but wary of becoming more public. It is a bestseller and she is grudgingly pulled back into the larger world. Dennis and Patricia marry, and he is a supportive and loving husband to her for the duration of his life (he dies before she does, being about a decade older than her). Heâd probably be the Herman Melville of âMoby Dickâ.â The Washington Post review said The Overstory was âRemarkable . Powers explains, âI was teaching at Stanford and living in Palo Alto, in the heart of Silicon Valley. The Overstory study guide contains a biography of Richard Powers, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. He is killed at Argonne. After the group disbands, he continues on in his teaching career and marries and has a child. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. The two spend a year in Mimas together and fall in love. Neelay's beloved father who jumpstarts the boy's interest in computers and coding. When the scramble for the future down in the valley was too much for me, I would head up to walk in the woods. Powers’ (Orfeo, 2014, etc.) THE OVERSTORY By Richard Powers 502 pp. After the prison experiment, he joins the military. Jean looks out for Adam the most out of his siblings. Dorothy, however, is restless and begins having an affair. The themes are different of course—-Powers is not interested in discussing God or the basis of morality—but one does get the sense in reading the Overstory that the plot, characters and various literary devices are all at the service of the author’s philosophical vision. After he hears the news, he suffers a brain aneurysm. The Overstory Character List Olivia Vandergriff (Maidenhair). He is particularly close to his father and the two spend the boy’s youth building computers and coding. Winston's wife, the daughter of a failed southern planting family. Instead, he falls out the tree and she awkwardly comes to visit him in the hospital and return his notebook to him. There is enough information to convict him for arson and murder, but he cuts a deal and turns in Adam to protect Mimi. By making the game designer Neelay Mehta a major character in this story, Powers shows readers that virtual reality – alternative story lines, alternative futures – will be at the heart of this novel. In her later years she agonizes over her actions and tries to come to terms with them, and with her relationship with the trees. It was the width of a house, the length of a football field, and as old as Jesus or Caesar. . When he is a teenager, he falls out of a tree and is paralyzed from the waist down, needing a wheelchair and care for the rest of his life. The Overstory is a sweeping, impassioned work of activism and resistance that is also a stunning evocation of - and paean to - the natural world. While he seems to love his children, he loses his temper easily and becomes violent. She and Moses are killed when their office is bombed. $27.95.. For other characters, the path is more intuitive, sensual, and mystical. He is mesmerized by her, and begins to see his fate knitted with hers. Have you been an activist? Douglas has no family and so enlists in various institutions that can provide him with one. Adam's other sister. In the first short section of The Overstory, a character looks up into a tree described as “fractal.” As James Gleick pointed out decades ago in Chaos, tree branches create a non-linear pattern of fractal self-similarity, both to the tree as a whole and to other branches. Deena Metzger This book is written for you. an array of human temperaments and predicaments as manifold as Charles Dickensâ or Leo Tolstoyâs . The Overstory. Five of the characters — Nicholas, Olivia, Douglas, Mimi, and Adam — will come together as eco-activists and, ultimately, eco-warriors/eco-terrorists (depending on one’s point of view). Douglas desperately wants to remain with Mimi, but she prohibits this so the authorities will not find them out. Their relationship is up and down for awhile, as Dorothy is wary of being tied down and being someone’s property, but they marry eventually. His fame grows in the valley as he puts out his greatest creation, Mastery, and its even more accomplished successors. Powers also weaves in the stories of the trees themselves, initially having thought they would be the main characters but deciding to have them play supportingâbut crucialâroles. He is living in New York, wandering around the Occupy Movement, when he encounters Douglas. It seemed to me that we had been at war for a long time, trees and people, and I wondered if it might be possible for things ever to go any other way. He is never caught by the authorities. Adam's dissertation advisor whom he finds quite attractive. He has been coasting through life on... Mimi Ma (Mulberry). A Norwegian immigrant who works at the Brooklyn Navy Yard as a young man until he marries an Irish girl, Vi, and moves to Iowa. Within a few months, I quit my job at Stanford and devoted myself full time to writing The Overstory.â, Powers began researching, reading more than one hundred books that included field guides, scientific tomes, and other esoteric works. If so for what causes? As he gets older and feebler, he has to move to a clinic in Minnesota, but he is able to remotely experience Neelay's worlds with him. Not affiliated with Harvard College. After the last action goes awry and Olivia is killed, Nick becomes estranged from the others. One day she meets two researchers and learns that while she has been out of commission, her work has been reassessed and expanded upon. No reading group should be without this book club companion to Richard Powers's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Overstory.This comprehensive guide includes useful literary context; a full plot summary, discussion of themes and symbols; detailed character notes; thought-provoking discussion questions; recommended further reading and a quick … A woman who comes to see Mimi for therapy and endures the hours of silent eye contact, emerging a changed person. There’s something you need to hear". Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this The Overstory study guide. Has The Overstory changed your perspective? . He takes Patricia with him on his road trips, sharing his knowledge and pushing her to think about what humans are doing to the natural world. Their early years are rough because they cannot have children, though Dorothy desires a child intensely, and they have to find other ways to find meaning. He suggests literature has a role in this, that âthereâs a whole new story that weâre going to have to learn how to tell. His dissertation blended these two interests together when he devised the subject matter—environmental protesters and what drives them. The Overstory is a book for all readers who despair of humanity’s self-imposed separation from the rest of creation and who hope for the transformative, regenerating possibility of a homecoming. He is known for speaking about humans' cognitive blindness. The daughter of an immigrant Chinese engineer who committed suicide, Mimi was raised with a strong work ethic, and as she grows older, she realizes that she wants to honor her father by protecting the trees that she sees across the street from her office. His last project is one that will allow players to devise ways to save the natural world through ingenuity, experiment, and verve. She becomes a renowned psychologist (under a pseudonym), pioneering a completely silent form of therapy. Many of the main characters are associated with a specific tree. Margaret Atwood stated, âIf Powers were an American writer of the 19th century, which writer would he be? Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of “The Overstory” by Richard Powers. The Overstory has a … Time passes and though Ray is content, Dorothy is restless and begins having an affair. He had a âreligious conversionâânot in the theistic sense, he has explained, but one that left him breathless as to how he had never really noticed the trees around him before. After joining forces with Doug, she moves to the Northwest. The Overstory might be a good book, and it might be a bad book. At the beginning of the novel, Olivia is a college student almost ready to graduate,... Nick Hoel (Watchman). Copyright © 1999 - 2020 GradeSaver LLC. Patricia is invited to speak to a conference of the world’s most prominent people. The Overstory Characters Richard Powers This Study Guide consists of approximately 87 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of The Overstory. A charming reporter who interviews Neelay about his projects. As a young man, Adam had a somewhat tempestuous life: his father was abusive, his mother called him “slow,” his siblings were fickle with him, and he was treated poorly by classmates who were derisive towards his “differences.” He turned his attention to the natural world as a child (his father planted a tree for each sibling, and his was a beloved maple), and then became captivated by psychology as a high school student when he came across a book about humans’ cognitive biases. Richard Powers' The Overstory (2018) is an ambitious, profound novel with an urgent environmental message. When he becomes distressed about the mulberry tree dying, he takes his own life. He encourages her to write a book, which becomes The Secret Forest, a work of science but also of striking poetry and intimacy. The Overstory follows nine characters who all in various ways and to varying degrees come to understand the importance of trees. He is the one who begins the family legacy of taking pictures of the chestnut tree and how it changes over time. She is patient and loving in ways she never was in their youth, and together the two of them find meaning in each other and the natural world. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. But to add to this environmental drama, thatâs going to be a marvelous task and a great source of meaning for the writers of the future.â, Upon release, Powers' book was met with critical acclaim. His father sends him before the Chinese Communists establish a foothold, giving him three precious rings and an ancient scroll of the Arhats to take with him. She takes the tree name "Mulberry" because her father planted a mulberry tree in their yard. In the novel, Richard Powers refers to many save-the-trees efforts around the globe, including the Chipko Andolan in the 1970s in the Himalayan region of India. the overstory characters Best Crappie Lures 2020 , Hangouts Active Status , Canon Eos R Vs R5 Vs R6 , Can Mums Bloom Twice A Year , Large Freshwater Aquarium Fish For Sale , Python Code For Eigenvalues Without Numpy ,

http://eatatnakama.com/mmoqdtj/page.php?5ec1e0=the-overstory-characters

According to reports, Olivia Wilde and Harry Styles have called it quits. Multiple sources confirmed to People Friday that the “Don’t Worry Darling” director, 38, and the former One Direction singer, 28, are “taking a break” from their relationship after nearly two years of dating. The decision was said to be “very amicable” and related to their respective careers and priorities. One source told the outlet: “He’s still touring and is now going abroad. She is focusing on her kids and her work in L.A. They’re still very close friends.” A friend of the couple told People: “Right now, they have different priorities that are keeping them apart.” An anonymous source told Page Six that there is “no bad blood” between Wilde and Styles, and neither dumped the other. The insider added: “This is the longest relationship Harry’s ever had, so clearly they have a special bond.” According to the source, one factor that contributed to their breakup was the difficulties of long-distance dating. The insider claimed: “They’re on a break. It’s impossible to have a relationship when he’s in every continent next year and Olivia has her job and her kids. This is the right thing for both of them.” According to a second source, Wilde and Styles are splitting up as he begins the South American leg of his tour, and she travels to London for a documentary. The unnamed source said: “Things have been challenging for them as a couple because of Harry’s tour, while Olivia needs to spend time with her kids in London, where they are with Jason.” Styles’ concert in Los Angeles on Tuesday was attended by Wilde and her two children with ex Jason Sudeikis, Otis, 8, and Daisy, 6. At the time, they were already preparing to spend time apart, according to Page Six’s first source, who noted: “They’re friends, you’ll still see them together.” Wilde and Styles made their relationship public in January 2021 when they were photographed holding hands at a friend’s wedding in Montecito, California. According to reports, she and Sudeikis split in November 2020, months before her first public appearance as a couple with Styles. According to some reports, her romance with Styles began in October 2020 while she was still with the “Ted Lasso” actor. An unnamed insider claimed to Page Six at the time: “People have tried to make out that Harry and Olivia have only been dating for the past few weeks, but that’s not right. Jason found out about Harry and pushed the conversation. Olivia then asked for a separation and news of the split was made public.” Before she began dating Styles, Wilde and Sudeikis had been together for nine years and engaged for seven. Wilde denied the rumors that she left Sudeikis for Styles in September, telling Vanity Fair:

https://celebeatonline.com/2022/11/20/harry-styles-single-again-after-olivia-wilde-split-exes-remain-friends-report/

‘Oh God’ by Michelle Tea explores the transience of love, with the poet reflecting on the instability of her past relationship. The relationship Tea presents are unbalanced in terms of the power dynamics, Tea always following the commands of her lover. The smallest physical contact is cause for celebration for the poet, hungering after a love that is not reciprocated. Tea realizes the fleeting nature of love, just like physical connection, coming and going without cause. Summary ‘Oh God’ by Michelle Tea begins with the poetic voice, here representing Tea herself, getting into her lover’s car. She does not run to him, walking with an incredible burden as she draws closer. As she enters the car, they share an awkward hug, only lasting a few seconds. That moment of physical connection is something that Tea tries to hold onto, before realizing the transience of love, ‘it dying away’ as quickly as it came. The poem is melancholic, with the poet reflecting on the state of her relationship. You can read the full poem here. Structure Tea’s ‘Oh God’ is written across three stanzas, each measuring 6 lines. There is no rhyme scheme within the poem, the poet instead electing long images that run on through several lines. The choice to not rhyme within the poem could reflect Tea’s lack of connection with her lover, the disharmony between them being a larger focus than their actual love. This could also explain the stanza division within the poem, the odd fracturing of images and ideas representing the emotional distance between the two lovers. Poetic Techniques One technique that Tea employs when writing ‘Oh God’ is the use of enjambment. Across the second to the third stanza, the final line of the 2nd stanza is enjambed in order to quickly run on to the following line. In this second stanza, Tea explores the metaphor of their physical connection being represented through something they could eat. Yet, by employing enjambment, this idea is quickly connected with ‘but you weren’t hungry’, emphasizing that her lover seemingly wants nothing to do with her. Enjambment allows for these ideas to be rapidly linked, therefore forming the realization that her love is unrequited. Another technique that Tea uses when writing ‘Oh God’ is the manipulation of traditional rules of grammar in order to make a point. There is no right or wrong when it comes to grammar, only traditional ways of doing things. Moving away from this tradition, Tea does not capitalize ‘i’ within the poem, the personal pronoun instead of being lowercase throughout. The use of the personal pronoun ‘I’ normally signals that the poem will be engaging with strong first-person emotions, however by employing lowercase, Tea could be representing how her own sense of self has been diminished due to her relationship not working out. Although she clearly is excited to be around her lover, the feeling is not reciprocated, with this impacting Tea’s own perceived self worth. She represents this idea of shame through using the lowercase ‘i’, avoiding any structural attention being drawn to the pronoun that represents the self. Analysis of Oh God Stanza One spilling water from my back,(…)too much, same thing. The poem begins by exploring the metaphor of Tea ‘spilling water from my back’ and she hobbles to her lover’s car. The image of ‘water’ could here be understood as a symbol of freedom, with the free-flowing form of water moving gracefully. Yet, the fact she is ‘spilling’ this ‘water’ could suggest a lack of freedom, the water metaphorically bottled and carried upon her back instead of being let to flow freely. ‘Spilling’ is therefore polysemous, and can be understood as a slight, slow, regaining of freedom, or a representation of a loss of freedom. The syntax of the second line of the poem instantly begins the insinuation that Tea values her lover before herself, ‘you’ arriving as the first, and most important, word of the line, while ‘i’ arrives later. The syntax suggests that she is putting her lover before herself, the emotional attachment she has to him clouding her own judgment. The movement of Tea is described as ‘exhausted’ within ‘Oh God’, the tired nature of the poet reflecting the earlier image of ‘water’ being carried on her ‘back’. This could suggest that Tea is becoming tired of the perpetual state of their relationship, no longer ‘run[ing] to see you’. The use of caesura within this first stanza also furthers the sense of breathlessness the poet is discussing. There is frequent use of caesura, especially after ‘I’ve been smoking’ is introduced. In doing this, Tea fractures the meter of the poem, inserting a slight break, perhaps reflecting the tired state of breathless she is enduring. Stanza Two another awkward hug in the car(…)and chowed The second stanza is the first introduction to the lover, Tea focusing on their ‘awkward hug in the car’. Even this moment of connection that excites her so completely is described as ‘awkward’, something is not right in their relationship. The violent imagery of ‘my face smashes’ is unsettling when we consider what we already know about their relationship. This, combined with how ‘sad’ Tea is when the hug separates, could signal an emotional dependence on her lover. Although this is not the worst thing that could happen, with relationships often relying on emotional support from each other, Tea then uses the third stanza to reveal it is a one-way devotion. Stanza Three but you weren’t hungry.(…)gone again. The third stanza draws away from the physical to examine the emotional state of Tea. She can feel the physical connection between them ‘dying away all day’, pulling away from her as it does. Their relationship is desired as a ‘gorgeous/ thing that should not have happened’, revealing Tea’s opinion that they should never have begun in the first place. The final line affirms the end of their relationship, ‘gone again’ signaling Tea’s return to living as a single woman. The short line structure of this line moment in the poem is blunt and cold, representing the breakdown of the emotional connection between the two lovers. Discover the Essential Secrets of Poetry Subscribe to our mailing list to reveal the best-kept secrets behind poetry Thank you for subscribing. Something went wrong.

https://poemanalysis.com/michelle-tea/oh-god/

This is the first book in the series 'Give Me More', another wild and wicked story with a potent mix of romance and deep passion by Katelyn Skye. Olivia is in a dire situation, despite working up the strength to leave her emotionally manipulative boyfriend David, the effects of his psychological abuse is even harder to overcome. She decides to return to her old hometown which rouses an unexpected but exciting revival of her childhood friends—the Alcott brothers. Although Peter is the brother that Olivia was closest with, her memories of a steamy one-night tryst with eldest brother Andrew are not easily laid to rest. Will Olivia sacrifice her close relationship with Peter for a chance of intimacy with Andrew? And will the brothers be able to break through the emotional wall left her ex-boyfriend and entice Olivia to open up to them? This book is a contemporary romance featuring searing and graphic depictions of romantic activity.

https://books.apple.com/au/book/give-me-more/id901249005

This hazy IPA Recipe is the one you have been looking for this summer. If you are a homebrewer who has been wanting to try this lovely summer-style beer, search no further. This guide has all the information about hazy IPAs and some excellent tips and tricks from beer experts on how to make this type perfectly. Hazy IPA Homebrew Recipe: A Brew Absolutely Worth Trying This is one of the easiest Hazy IPA homebrew recipes you will try. Not very high on its alcohol percent, this brew is best for any time of the day. Below, we go through the Hazy IPA ingredients and the methods of brewing one: – Hazy IPA Grain - 9 pounds Pilsner Liquid Malt Extract - 1.5 pounds Oat Milk - 1 pound Pale Malt - 8 ounces Golden naked Oats – Hops for Hazy IPA: wet and dry - 0.50 ounce Warrior at 30 minutes - 2 ounces each Citra and Mosaic at a whirlpool at 170 F for 20 minutes. - 2 ounces each Citra and Mosaic on day three of fermentation for seven days – dry hop – Hazy IPA Yeast - Wyeast 1318 London III, Imperial A38 Juice, White Labs WLPP066 London Flag – Directions - Steep the grains at 150-164 F for about 20 minutes in 5 quarts of water. - Rinse the grains with an additional 5 quarts of water boiled at 170 F. - Then, add 4 quarts of water to the kettle and bring the mash to boil. In case of a full boil, add 12 quarts of water. - Remove the kettle from the heat, and add one-third malt extract in the wort. - Boil the kettle and add the warrior hops as the first step of the hopping process. After 20 minutes, remove the kettle from heat and add the remaining extract. - Hop the kettle back on the stove and boil for a final 10 minutes. - Cool the wort to 170 F and stir vigorously into a whirlpool. - Add the Citra and Mosaic hops and step the hops for about 20 minutes. - Chill the wort to 66 F. - Aerate the wort to make place for the yeast. Pitch the yeast and ferment the wort at 66 F for three days. - Add the dry hops and continue the fermentation process for another seven days. - Once the fermentation is over, add priming sugar and let the beer finish carbonating. Now the beer is ready to be packed and consumed. Consume the beer within a month of packaging. How To Make a Hazy IPA: Expert Tips and Recommendations These are some of the best recommendations from expert brewers on options of grains, hops, and yeast varieties. Use these tips to brew hazy IPA: – Use High Protein Grains Several brewers suggest they use high proportions of flaked wheat. These high protein adjuncts create a cloudy appearance. These ingredients are usually used to create a silky and creamy mouthfeel and cover up some of the hop bitterness. Hazy IPAs are unfiltered, so plenty of particulate matter remains, therefore making it hazy – High-Ester Yeast Strains To bring in plenty of fruity, peach-ish aromas and flavors of the Hazy IPAs, brewers opt for high-ester yeast strains. An excellent option is Wyeast London Ale III. This yeast strain brings out plenty of fruit notes with a natural yeast character. This yeast is very flocculent. – Dry-Hop Additions Getting the right quality of hops is extremely important to make an excellent Hazy IPA. At dry-hopping ratios, you can’t hide bad hops. It is important to know when exactly to add the dry-hops. Brewers suggest waiting for primary fermentation to subside before adding dry hops. Technically, one to three days after pitching yeast is a good time. Dry hopping during active fermentation takes advantage of a process called biotransformation. This helps to draw out strong fruity and juicy aromas. After this step, you can also dry-hop in the keg a few days before bottling. Some examples of hops that you can use are: - Simcoe, El Dorado, or Michigan Cooper for Aroma Hops - Apollo, Magnum, Warrior, and Summit as Bittering Hops - Columbus and Citra as dual-purpose hops Characteristics of a Hazy IPA: As Stated by the BJCP |Batch Size||5.5 Gallons| |Original Gravity||1.057| |Final Gravity||1.012| |ABV||6 percent| |IBU||77| By BJCP guidelines, hazy IPA is a “Specialty IPA.” The style guide says Specialty IPAs are a “balance and overall impression of an IPA (typically, an American IPA) but with some minor weak” The West Coast IPA showcases citrusy and pine flavors and aromas and has a more fruity character. Hops are front-loaded in the kettle boil, thereby extracting more bittering qualities. The malt body balances the hops, and the drink remains crisp. On the other hand, New England IPA is big on cold side hops, which are added during fermentation to get more bitterness and aroma. Their tastes are more juicy, tropical, with a silky, full mouthfeel. Dry hopping is what sets the Hazy IPA apart. Oats and wheat (malted and unmalted) also make a big bit of the Hazy IPA recipe. The fermenters are chilled at higher temperatures to avoid the hazy to fail and vanish. Hazy IPAs are usually hoppy. The bitterness index is usually above 50 IBUs. These beers have a good balance of malt character and hops. Talking about the alcohol content in Hazy IPAs, it totally depends on the recipe used in brewing. These beers are jam-packed with flavor and are usually high on alcohol content, mostly above 5 percent. What Is a Hazy IPA: Everything You Need To Know About This Beer A hazy IPA is a beer that has a cloudy appearance. This beer is like a light-bodied pilsner or a pale ale. You can’t see through the beer, like some other styles. The beer looks hazy and not clear. The foggy appearance of the beer denotes its fullness. This beer requires careful planning of hops and malts combinations along with minimum filtering before packaging. This beer is usually juicy in nature, and the perceived bitterness is almost clouded by the fruity flavors that go into making this beer. The initial feel of a pour is that of freshly squeezed orange juice. This is an excellent morning beverage as they are fruity and super easy to drink. History of the Hazy IPA: Over a Decade Old Drink Hazy IPAs are relatively new in the beer guide. They came into existence over a decade ago but only got famous a couple of years ago. The first Hazy IPA is the Alchemist’s “Heady Trooper,” which they started selling in 2003. John Kimmich learned all about craft beer, giving “Heady Trooper” its complex character. Types of Hazy IPA Beers: 10 Best Hazy and Juicy IPAs You Can Try - Bell’s Official Hazy IPA – This 6.4 percent Hazy IPA is dry-hopped with Mosaic, Citra, Azacca, Amarillo, El Dorado - Sierra Nevada Hazy Little Thing IPA – 6.7 percent New England IPA. The beer is brewed with Two-Row Pale, Munich, Oats, and Wheat hopped with Citra, Magnum, Simcoe, Comet, El Dorado, and Mosaic - Almanac LOVE Hazy IPA – At 6.1 Percent, this beer uses Pilsner malt, rolled oats and is dry-hopped with Mosaic, Citra, and Sabro - Lagunitas Hazy Memory Hazy IPA – At 7.7 percent, this beer is extremely strong. It has plenty of oats in the brewing with Hallertauer Blanc, Loral 29l, Galaxy, and Citra hops. - Two Roads Two Juicy Hazy Double IPA – At 8.2 percent ABV, this beer is brewed using Hallertau Blanc, Citra, and Mandarina Bavaria hops. - Rogue Batsquatch Hazy IPA – At 6.7 percent, this beer uses Two-Row Malt, Flaked Wheat, Malted Wheat, and Oats and is fermented with Imperial Juice Yeast. It is also hopped with Belma, El Dorado, and Mosaic hops. - Virginia Beer Co. Friends of Dorothy – This beer has 7.3 percent ABV. It is exceptionally fruity and has the aromas of dried mango, canned peach, and pineapple. - Ommegang Neon Rainbows – At 6.7 percent, this beer uses Mosaic, Simcoe, and Citra hops in primary and dry hopping stages - Solace Brewing Lucy Juicy Double IPA – At a whopping 8.5 percent, this beer is crushingly strong. The taste is sweet and juicy, has citrus, nectar, peach, and mango aromas. - New Holland Tangerine Space Machine – At 6.8 percent, this beer is like Fanta turned into a beer. It has an insane tangerine aroma and a cream-like mouthfeel like orange creamsicles. Conclusion You may not enjoy IPAs generally, but Hazy IPAs are easily everyone’s favorite. Here are what we have learned so far: - Hazy IPA all grain is a specialty IPA which juicy, citrusy, and generally more hoppy IPA - It is best to use high protein grains to brew a Hazy IPA – oats and flaked wheat. - As suggested by beer experts, high-ester yeast strains should be used to produce fruity and peachy flavors. - Dry Hopping is highly suggested. Hopping at multiple levels is also a great idea to bring out complex flavors in the beer. There are almost endless flavors available in this IPA category, from delicious fruity notes to enchanting hop aromas. We hope you find what works for your taste.

https://draftmag.com/hazy-ipa-recipe

In beer, the composition of terpene alcohol is strongly influenced by the type of hops used in the brewing process. Yeast cells are able to convert the monoterpenoid geraniol to beta-citronellol during the fermentation process. We have approximately 1,100 yeast strains in our yeast bank, which includes beer yeasts, sake yeasts, wine yeasts and whiskey yeasts. After collecting the various yeast strains in our fermentation experiments, we compiled a database of our yeast bank to collate the flavor and the brewing characteristics of the yeasts in the database. In the present study, we attempted to identify yeast strains with the ability to efficiently convert geraniol to beta-citronellol by monitoring for beta-citronellol production. Furthermore, to increase the sweetness of the finished product, the brewing conditions that increased residual maltose levels were investigated. The production of beta-citronellol by a total of 114 yeast strains (shochu, wine, and top-fermenting yeast strains) was evaluated by performing fermentation experiments in 10 mL test tubes with the bottom-fermenting yeast strain KBY011 as a control. Yeast strains identified as having high beta-citronellol production ability were further evaluated in larger scale fermentations of 500 mL, 20 L, and 200 L. Two strains, wine yeast strain WIY40 and top-fermenting yeast strain TFY192, were found to produce beta-citronellol levels that were threefold higher than that of the control yeast strain KBY011. As strain WIY40 was determined to produce beer with the best balance of flavors, we used this strain to investigate the optimal brewing conditions for increasing residual maltose levels as an approach for producing beer with higher sweetness. By adjusting the sugar composition enzymatically in wort, the optimal ratio of monosaccharide to maltose that allowed maltose consumption to be delayed was determined. In addition, rapid cooling of the optimized wort resulted in sufficiently high residual maltose concentrations. Thus, by combining a yeast strain with a high beta-citronellol–converting activity, wort with an optimal sugar composition, and rapid cooling during the fermentation process, beer with an enhanced citrus flavor, natural sweetness and reduced bitterness could be produced. These findings demonstrate that the combined use of wine yeast and optimal brewing conditions is capable of adding a citrus flavor and sweetness to beer, without the requirement for additional hops or sugars. Dandan Wei received a master’s degree in agriculture from Kyoto University, Japan, in March 2011. She was employed in April 2011 by the Brewing Technology Development Center, Kirin Brewery Company Ltd., to conduct research on yeast. She also studied brewing technology at the University of California, Davis, from January to April 2015. The organization of Kirin Brewery Company changed in January 2013, leading to the current Kirin Company Ltd.

http://worldbrewingcongress.org/congress/Abstracts/Pages/219.aspx

Compounds synthesised by yeast from non-specific substrates in grapes during fermentation such as esters and higher alcohols contribute to the aroma of young wine. Indeed, some of them contribute directly to fruit character while others are “aroma enhancers”. Nevertheless, they all combine with other compounds to generate wine aroma. Their contents in wines vary according to fermentation conditions and, particularly, yeast strain. SARCO can analyze eleven of the main compounds known to provide floral and fruity wine aromas. Turbidity, yeast strain, yeast nutrition, fermentation temperature and maturation method: all have an important impact on the final level of fermentation aromas observed in any wine. Quantification of those compounds can thus be used in order to compare different winemaking techniques and products to optimize wine styles. When combined with wine tasting, fermentation aroma analysis is useful to monitor fruity and floral aromas in the final blend. Download our EQS on Wine aroma.

http://sarco.fr/en/aromas/fermentation-aromas

Cultivating yeast is relatively easy and an essential skill for a variety of bakers and brewers. The most common strain is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or “brewer’s yeast”, which is used for baking bread and brewing beer. To cultivate this strain of yeast, you’ll need some grain-based ingredients such as bread flour, skim milk, malted barley and malted wheat, as well as a wide-mouth fermentation vessel with a stopper and airlock. The first step is to mix the dry grain-based ingredients together. If you’re using bread flour, mix in a ratio of 1 part bread flour to 4 parts skim milk. Then, begin the process of activating the yeast. Place some malted barley and malted wheat in the bottom of the fermentation vessel and add enough water to form a slurry. Cover with a cloth or cheesecloth and let sit for 1-2 days at room temperature. This initiates the growth of wild yeasts and bacteria. The next step is to add the bread flour/skim milk mixture to the fermentation vessel and stir. Cover and leave the mixture at room temperature for 1-2 days to allow the mixture to ferment. Monitor for signs of fermentation; the mixture should rise and bubble, and become sour-smelling. At this point, the mixture contains active brewer’s yeast. To further cultivate the yeast, move the fermentation vessel to a warmer environment (ideal temperature is 68-72°F). Cover with a tight-fitting lid and let sit for another 2-3 days to fully ferment. The mixture should settle down and acquire a pleasant, slightly sweet smell. At this stage, the yeast can be drained off and used for beer or bread recipes. The last step is to store the yeast in an airtight container in the fridge. This preserves the yeast and allows it to stay active for months. Overall, cultivating yeast is a simple process that requires some patience, but the result of producing a viable starter culture can be used in recipes to make breads, beers, and other yeast-based products. FAQ - How is yeast cultured? - How do you grow yeast in a lab? - Where did yeast come from? - How was yeast made in the old days? - Can I make yeast at home? - How long does it take to culture yeast? - Can you grow fresh yeast from dried yeast? - Can I grow fresh yeast? - Does active dry yeast multiply? - What does it mean to pitch yeast? - Is yeast easy to grow? - What are the 4 conditions of growth for yeast? - How do you know if your yeast culture is OD? - How long is the lag phase for yeast? - What temperature does yeast grow at? - How does yeast population growth? How is yeast cultured? Yeast is a microscopic organism that can be cultured using various methods. One of the most popular methods involves a long fermentation process. To begin, the correct type of yeast is selected and allowed to reproduce in an appropriate nutrient-rich medium, such as a sugar and water solution. Yeast cells feed on sugars, causing them to convert the sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol. This allows the cell to reproduce asexually through a process called budding, forming larger colonies of individual yeast cells. As the colonies grow, they are agitated to ensure that oxygen is evenly dispersed throughout the medium and to keep the yeast cells alive and healthy. The yeast is then cultured for several days, allowing it to produce more cells and consume more sugar, until the desired flavor and strength of the culture is achieved. Once the ideal culture is achieved, it is packaged and sold as a dried, active-culture yeast product. How do you grow yeast in a lab? Growing yeast in a laboratory requires following a few steps that involve preparation, growth, and harvest. First, you will need to obtain a sample of the desired species of yeast, either from a commercial supplier or via isolation from a natural source. If the latter option is used, it should be grown on an appropriate culture medium to obtain a viable cell population. Once you have your sample, you will need to begin the growth process. This can be done by adding a sugar solution (such as glucose or fructose) to the yeast and keeping it in a warm environment. The solution should contain the essential nutrients necessary for growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and vitamins. The temperature of the environment should be maintained at around 25-30 degrees Celsius for optimum growth. If all is going well, the yeast should begin to multiply and form a visible layer within a few days. At this point, the environment should be changed to a nutrient-rich medium, such as a yeast extract. The yeast should then be allowed to grow and the process can be monitored by measuring the absorbance levels using a spectrophotometer. Once the sample is ready, the yeast can be harvested by centrifuging the culture and removing the supernatant. The cell pellet can then be resuspended in a sterile solution and stored accordingly. By following these steps and maintaining appropriate conditions, you should be able to grow yeast in a laboratory and produce a viable cell population. Where did yeast come from? Yeast has a long and complex history, and its exact origin is unclear. What is known is that yeast is a single-celled microorganism that is classified as a member of the fungus family. It has been observed in various parts of the world for centuries and has been used for various purposes such as alcoholic beverage production, baking and brewing. It is believed that the use of yeast first began by ancient Egyptians around 5,000 BC. Although its exact origin remains unknown, the most likely scenario is that yeast evolved from airborne or wild yeasts that are naturally occurring in the air, soil and water. Many different species of wild yeast inhabit the environment and interact with other microorganisms, such as bacteria and other yeasts, in order to survive and evolve. Over thousands of years, humans have harnessed the helpful properties of yeast by domesticating it and taking advantage of its ability to produce alcohol and leaven bread dough. One of the major breakthroughs in the use of yeast occurred in 1859, when Louis Pasteur identified yeast as the driving force behind fermentation. This discovery and the subsequent development of modern yeast strains revolutionized the production of beer and other alcoholic beverages, as well as baking in general. Today, yeast is widely used in many different industries and has become an essential ingredient in a variety of foods. For example, commercial bakers use yeast to leaven bread dough, while brewers use similarly active yeast strains in order to produce alcoholic beverages. Yeast is also used in medical and cosmetic applications, and even biofuel production. How was yeast made in the old days? In the old days, yeast was made in a process called fermentation, which occurs when yeast breaks down sugars in certain food sources and produces alcohol as a by-product. This process dates back to ancient times, specifically in ancient Egypt, and is thought to have been used to make beer and bread. To make yeast, people typically gathered various fruits, grains, or vegetable materials with a lot of sugar content, such as grapes, apples, raisins, or potatoes. They would then mash up these materials and place them in a warm spot, often a jar or bowl. Over time, the combination of the warm environment and aerobic conditions created by the air oxygenation caused by stirring the mixture would allow wild yeast to develop. This process is also known as sourdough starter, which is essentially the same process used to produce leavening agents in the old days. Once the mixture was ready and the wild yeast was developed, it was mixed with flour and water and allowed to rise. After about 24-48 hours, the dough was ready to be used for baking. Overall, yeast was created during the old days by taking various fruits, grains, or vegetables with high sugar content and allowing them to ferment in a warm environment, thus creating the wild yeast needed for leavening. This process, known as fermentation, has been used since ancient times and is still used today. Can I make yeast at home? Yes, you can make yeast at home. To make yeast, you will need to use a combination of warm water, sugar, and a source of wild yeast, such as bread or fruit. Start by combining 1 cup of warm water and 1 teaspoon of sugar in a bowl and mix until the sugar is dissolved. Then, add the source of wild yeast. This can be a piece of white bread, some fruit (like raisins, prunes, figs, dates, etc. ), or even a handful of flour. Let the mixture sit for 12 to 24 hours at room temperature, stirring occasionally. After 12 to 24 hours, you should start to see bubbles and a yeasty smell, which indicates that the yeast is active. Once the yeast is bubbling and active, use it in your recipe as a replacement for store-bought yeast. How long does it take to culture yeast? The exact time it takes to culture yeast depends on numerous factors, such as the strain of yeast, the temperature, and the medium in which the yeast is growing. Generally, yeast cultures can take anywhere from several hours to several days to fully develop. Some yeast cultures can be ready as soon as eight hours, while others may need up to a week before they are usable. The best way to create and maintain a strong, active culture is to start with a small sample of pure yeast, such as dry yeast from a packet or a starter culture from a homebrew supply store. The culture should then be placed in a container with the proper nutrient-rich medium for the yeast to grow in, such as wort or must, and then stored at the right temperature. The temperature and type of medium can both help to speed up or slow down the development time of the culture, so it is important to make sure they are both optimal for the desired yeast strain. Once the culture has been started and maintained, it can be used in homebrewing or other applications. However, it is always a good idea to check the specific yeast strain’s development time prior to use to ensure it is active and healthy. Can you grow fresh yeast from dried yeast? Yes, it is possible to grow fresh yeast from dried yeast as long as the yeast is still alive and viable. Growing yeast from dried yeast is a straightforward process that requires water, sugar, and a little bit of patience. First, hydrate the dried yeast in warm (between 105-115 F) water and a small amount of sugar for about 10 minutes. Make sure your water does not exceed 115 F or you will kill the yeast. After 10 minutes, stir the mixture until the yeast dissolves completely. Next, pour the mixture into a sterilized glass jar and loosely cover the jar with foil. Place the jar in a warm, draft-free area and allow the mixture to sit for 12-24 hours. By the end of this process, the content of the jar should be foamy and fragrant, with an active yeast culture. Once the culture is active, use it immediately or store it in a refrigerator for up to a week with a tightly sealed lid. Can I grow fresh yeast? Fresh yeast is a live yeast that is used to leaven breads, meaning to cause them to rise. You can grow your own, buy it fresh from a bakery, or order it online. To grow your own, you will need to purchase a culture or two to get started. These can be found online or at a local brewing supply store. Once you have your culture, you will need to feed it and care for it. Feeding it is simple, you will just need to add some flour and water to the culture. You will also need to keep it at a consistent temperature, around 70-80 degrees Fahrenheit is ideal. Once you have done this for a few days, your yeast should be ready to use. Does active dry yeast multiply? Yes, active dry yeast does multiply when it is given an adequate environment for fermentation. This includes a combination of temperature (usually between 70°F and 90°F) and water (or liquids such as juice, milk, etc. ), as well as some form of sugar which will provide the yeast with a food source. When the yeast has access to this environment, it will consume the available sugars and reproduce, eventually creating carbon dioxide and ethanol alcohol in the process. Additionally, active dry yeast can also multiply when exposed to oxygen and warmer temperatures. In this scenario, the yeast will convert more sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol, thus increasing the amount of yeast in the mixture. What does it mean to pitch yeast? When brewing beer, pitching yeast refers to the process of adding active yeast to the cooled and aerated wort. This process begins fermentation and produces the alcohol in beer. The purpose of pitching yeast is to consume the sugars within the wort, converting them into ethanol alcohol and carbon dioxide as by-products. Brewers will determine the type of beer they wish to make and select a suitable yeast strain for the job. Depending on the beer style and yeast strain, pitching amounts can vary, with lower amounts of yeast used for lagers and higher amounts for ales. Most brewers will prepare a starter prior to pitching the yeast, to ensure the yeast cells are healthy and active. After the yeast has been added, the temperature of the wort should be controlled in order for the yeast to ferment effectively. Optimal fermentation temperatures are dependent on the yeast strain being used. Once the beer has been properly pitched, then the brewer must patiently wait for the fermentation process to be completed. The amount of time this will take is dependent on the strain of yeast, the strength of the wort, the fermentation temperature, oxygen levels, and other factors. After the fermentation is complete, the beer must be ready for packaging or transferring into a secondary fermenter. With a properly pitched batch of yeast, a brewer should expect to have delightful and delicious beer that is ready to enjoy!. Is yeast easy to grow? Yes, yeast is relatively easy to grow. Yeast can be grown on agar plates from spores, purchased from a scientific or homebrew supply store, or from extracted yeast from a yeast bank. It can also be grown from a starter culture, or prepared slurry of yeast. Depending on the method selected, there may be a few basic steps that need to be followed in order to obtain a successful yeast culture. For example, if you’re growing agar plates, you’ll need to first prepare the agar plates by sterilizing them in an autoclave in order to prevent contamination. Next you’ll need to inoculate the agar plates with the yeast spore or starter culture and incubate the plates until the yeast has taken hold. Then you can move the plates to a cooler environment, where they can remain undisturbed while the yeast colony becomes established. You’ll know it’s been successful when you see bubbles or colonies growing on the surface of the plates. Once established, the yeast can either be harvested for use in fermentation or stored for future use. In comparison to growing other types of microbes, growing yeast is generally quite straightforward and easy to do. What are the 4 conditions of growth for yeast? The four main conditions that must be met in order for yeast to grow are: temperature, nutrients, oxygen and pH. Temperature is a key factor in yeast growth – yeast thrive in temperatures ranging from approximately 30°C – 37°C, with optimum temperatures at around 33°C. The temperature of the environment should be controlled to maintain these temperatures for the yeast to grow properly. Nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen are also essential for yeast growth. Sugar is important in providing an energy source for the yeast and is used to produce the alcohol and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is necessary for some fungi to produce energy, whereas some species of yeast are anaerobic and will not require oxygen to grow. Finally, the pH level of the environment should be between 4.5 – 5. 5 for yeast to thrive. How do you know if your yeast culture is OD? Or OD. The first is to use an OD meter, which will directly tell you the number of viable cells present in the culture. However, it is also possible to determine OD by color. As the cells metabolize, the medium will become darker and darker. When the medium is light amber in color, it typically means the culture has an OD of 0.6-0.8, which is generally desirable. Finally, when measuring yeast culture OD it is also important to consider culture age. As the yeast continue to grow and reproduce, the OD will continue to increase. Given this, it is important to use an OD meter or carefully assess the color of the culture at the same time each day in order to allow for a more accurate comparison between readings. How long is the lag phase for yeast? The length of the lag phase for yeast depends on several factors, such as the strain, temperature, nutrient availability, and pH levels. Generally, the lag phase of budding yeast is around 12 hours while that of brewing yeast is a few hours. Under favorable conditions, the lag phase can be significantly shortened. Factors such as high concentrations of nitrogen, adequate soluble sugars, and proper aeration can all speed up the lag phase. Furthermore, the type of starter culture can also affect the length of the lag phase. For instance, when using a pure culture of yeast with a large population size, the lag phase can be dramatically shortened. Thus, the length of the lag phase for yeast is highly variable depending on the conditions. What temperature does yeast grow at? The optimal temperature range for yeast growth is between 95 – 115°F (35-46°C), though some strains are more resilient than others. Additionally, the environment temperature can affect the fermentation rate, so a higher temperature might yield a faster fermentation rate and a lower temperature may result in slower fermentation, which can both lead to different characteristics in the final product. In most cases, however, it’s not recommended to go above 95°F as too high temperatures can inhibit yeast growth, leading to off flavors, off aromas, and in some cases, a complete and utter failure to ferment. To be safe, it’s advised to keep temperatures around 85-95°F (29-35°C). If lower temperatures are desired, many brewers use fermentation refrigerators or employ a method known as temperature control during fermentation that won’t dip too low and kill the yeast. How does yeast population growth? Yeast population growth follows a pattern of three distinct phases. The lag phase is the first stage and is characterized by a gradual increase in cell number. During this phase, the cells are adapting to the new environment and synthesizing proteins and other molecules needed for growth. The log phase follows with an exponential increase in the number of cells. This is due to the rapid rate at which the yeast can reproduce and the availability of sufficient nutrients for growth. Finally, the stationary phase is the last stage of yeast population growth. This is the point at which the number of cells present has decreased from the peak reached during the log phase. This decrease is due to the lack of resources or the competition for resources that occur as the population size approaches the carrying capacity of the environment.

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What kind of yeast is used for nouveau wine? Content Top best answers to the question «What kind of yeast is used for nouveau wine» - Lalvin 71B is a wine yeast for nouveau-style wines, and it was isolated by Pr. Maugenet’s team at France's National Agricultural Research Institute. Lalvin Bourgovin RC212 Lalvin Bourgovin RC212 yeast was selected by the Bureau Interprofessionnel des Vins de Bourgogne, and was developed for red wines with color and structure. Lalvin EC-1118 FAQ Those who are looking for an answer to the question «What kind of yeast is used for nouveau wine?» often ask the following questions: 📢 What kind of yeast is used in wine making? - ICV D-47 strain was selected from 450 isolates collected between 1986 and 1990. The ICV D-47 is a low-foaming quick fermenter that settles well, forming a compact lees at the end of fermentation. This strain tolerates fermentation temperatures ranging from 15° to 20°C (59° to 68°F) and enhances mouthfeel due to complex carbohydrates. 📢 What kind of yeast is used to make wine? - Some winemakers let nature take its course, allowing native yeasts (also known as “indigenous,” or “wild” yeasts) found on the grapes or in the winery to spontaneously ferment the grape juice without any manmade intervention required. 📢 What kind of wine is the beaujolais nouveau? Beaujolais nouveau (/ˌboʊʒəˈleɪ nuːˈvoʊ/ BOH-zhə-LAY noo-VOH, French: [boʒɔlɛ nuvo]) is a red wine made from Gamay grapes produced in the Beaujolais region of France. It is the most popular vin de primeur, fermented for just a few weeks before being released for sale on the third Thursday of November. - What type of yeast is used to make wine? - Is beaujolais nouveau a good wine? - What kind of wine is made with k1v-1116 yeast? 8 other answers Wine yeast attenuation refers to the ability of wine yeast to ferment the sugars. A high attenuation yeast can ferment wine to complete dryness. If you want sweetness in your wine, go for a low attenuation yeast. This makes it a great yeast for “nouveau” wines and high malic acid concentration ciders (such as young green apple cider). 71b will produce some fruity flavors and is great for young reds, semi-dry white wines, many fruit & vegetable wines and concentrates (such as a Concorde grape wine). This yeast will help any of these wines mature quickly – just be sure to add proper nutrients! 71b is a fast fermenter that has an alcohol tolerance of 14%, and a wide temperature range of 15c – 30c. Dear Dr. Vinny, Can you use any kind of yeast to make wine? —Deryl. Dear Deryl, Yeast fascinates me. These single-celled fungi are essential to wine, converting sugar to alcohol during the process of fermentation.Some winemakers prefer to use native yeasts (also called wild, or indigenous yeasts), which occur naturally in the vineyard or winery, in an effort to get a unique expression that ... The yeast strain you use will determine the style of wine you create, as well as the characteristics that the wine may take on. To determine the best yeast to be used, you should match the yeast strain with the grape or fruit juice variety, consider the desired style of wine, and identify the environmental conditions that the yeast will work under. The 71B is used primarily by professional winemakers for young wines such as vin nouveau and has been found to be very suitable for blush and residual sugar whites. For grapes in regions naturally high in acid, the partial metabolism of malic acid helps soften the wine. Merlot Red Wine Yeast: Liquid: WLP-740: Cabernet, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, S, Sauvignon Blanc, Shiraz: 60-90° 18% Low: White Labs: Assmanshausen Wine Yeast: Liquid: WLP-749: Pinot Noir, Zinfandel: 50-90° 16% Low: White Labs: French Red Wine Yeast: Liquid: WLP-750: Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot: 60-90° 17% Low: White Labs: Cabernet Red Wine Yeast: Liquid: WLP-760 In the United States, a number of vintners have produced Nouveau-style wines, using various grapes such as Gamay, Zinfandel, Tempranillo, Pinot noir, and even Riesling. There is also movement in the US of making nouveau wines in homage of the French Glou Glou wine movement and in homage of Beaujolais nouveau. Wine is an alcoholic drink produced with the fermented juice of grapes. Technically, any fruit is capable of being used for wine. This fruit includes apples, cranberries, plums, and other... We've handpicked 24 related questions for you, similar to «What kind of yeast is used for nouveau wine?» so you can surely find the answer!What kind of yeast do i need to make wine? As a side note: while the wine yeast strain you select will make a difference in the outcome of your wine, the fermentation environment plays a role as well. The temperature of the fermentation; the amount of nutrients and the amount of oxygen all effect how complete the wine will ferment. In other words, the yeast need to be happy. Everything mentioned in this blog post about choosing wine yeast is based on the premise that things are in place to produce a normal, healthy fermentation.What kind of yeast do you use to make wine? - Juice Bag: The grape juice has all the fermentable sugars that the yeast feed on to make alcohol. The vast majority of the wine’s flavor and complexity is also derived from the grape juice. Wine Yeast: 1-2 Yeast packets depending on the kit. Yeast is what eats and converts the sugars to alcohol. Oak: In select kits, you will find packets of oak. - The bread yeast becomes so stressed and has to work so hard that off-flavored enzymes and fatty acids are produced along with the alcohol. There are several other issues with using bread yeast to make your wine, but these are the big ones: the alcohol, the clearing, and the flavor. - Through a specialized manufacturing process, Lalvin yeast is brought to peak condition for use in winemaking applications, then quickly stabilized by removing most of the moisture content. This allows Lalvin dry yeast to stay active through storage until it is rehydrated and pitched, ready to start the fermentation process. There are many different strains of yeast used, they each have different properties and some believe different strains my add different flavors to the wine! - Rice wine requires a specific type of yeast known as qu, jiuyao or jiuqu, depending on the purveyor. Qu comes in a dried sphere about 1 inch wide and contains a strain of yeast cultivated for rice-wine fermentation. - The blackcurrant wine is a stunning colour and smells delicious. So I'm very optimistic about this one... A 5g sachet of wine yeast, ideally one suitable for a red wine. We used GV11 Red Fruit Wine Yeast. If you haven't yet got any wine making equipment, you don't need to spend a lot of money. - If you want to make the wine drier, you can use less sugar during the brewing process and the same yeast OR you can use the same amount of sugar and choose a wine yeast that has a higher alcohol tolerance—like Lavlin EC-1118. How do you make blueberry wine? - Sterilizing the equipment is simple. Crumble several Campden tablets in warm water (use one tablet for every gallon used) and let the equipment soak for ten minutes or more. All-purpose wine yeast. Follow the usage instructions on the yeast package. White or red wine yeast can also be used in this recipe. Yeast nutrient. - Make sure you pick out a yeast with an alcohol tolerance upwards of 16% or so. Champagne yeasts tend to have high tolerances for alcohol. When you add your alcohol will depend upon whether or not you’re making a sweet or dry fortified wine. I have considered using cote des blancs for a sweet peach wine. I am sure you would have better success with this yeast then EC-1118 because CDB is designed to leave …What kind of yeast do you use to make red wine? - Pasteur Red yeast is a strong fermenter and produces full-bodied red wines. Particularly well suited for grapes from the Zinfandel and Cabernet families as well as Berry and Cherry Wine, Gamay, Merlot, Pinot, and Syrah. - About a month ago, Jesse posted a video about how he made rice wine using nothing more than water, rice, and a purported "magic" yeast from China called Yellow Label Angel Yeast. Perhaps even more amazing was the fact that he was able to make the rice wine without gelatinizing or mashing the rice. - Montrachet is the fastest of the conventional wine yeasts and tolerates temperatures as low as 50 °F (19 °C). It is an obvious choice and has been my chosen yeast for watermelon winemaking for many years. Quick fermentation generally sacrifices desired varietal character (flavors and aromatics). - A particular strain of Saccaromyces Cerevisiae wine yeast with a stronger resistance to alcohol is the best choice for making wine above 18 percent. Track sugar and alcohol content. As the fermentation process proceeds use the hydrometer to track the sugar and potential alcohol content of your fermentation. - It’s popular to use a full-bodied red wine such as Port, Syrah or Cabernet Sauvignon in wine chocolate. One of our favorite wine chocolates is the dodecahedron shaped Port and rosemary truffle from Pix Patisserie in Portland, OR. Probably the most efficient method for killing the wine yeast is the pasteurization. Yeast normally dies at temperatures above 104 degrees Fahrenheit, so to stop wine fermentation it is sufficient to heat the beverage above that point.What wine has no yeast? - There are several alcoholic beverages that are made without yeast. By the time the winery is bottling them, red and white wines are almost completely yeast free. Initially, yeast is used for flavoring and coloring the wine. However, because of the need to make it clear, the wine has to go through a process of filtration that clears the yeast out. - Montrachet is a very good dry yeast to use for fruit wine. It has a broad appeal & is very dependable. When in doubt use this yeast. It is one of the more neutral yeasts available, ferments quickly & allows the flavor of the fruit to be more present in the wine. - Lalvin 71B is a wine yeast for nouveau-style wines, and it was isolated by Pr. Maugenet’s team at France's National Agricultural Research Institute. Lalvin Bourgovin RC212 yeast was selected by the Bureau Interprofessionnel des Vins de Bourgogne, and was developed for red wines with color and structure. RECIPE #1: How to Make Homemade Wine without Yeast – Using Grape Fruit - Put the grape fruit into a sterilized bin… - Mash the fruits using your hands… - Add organic honey… - Place the cloth on top of the jug… - Stir the liquid… - Wipe the side of the bowl… - Filter the mixture… - Taste the wine. According to yeast producer Wyeast red wines should be fermented between 70 and 85 degrees F (20-30 degrees C). You’ll get better color and tannin extraction at the higher end of this spectrum. In this temperature range fruity flavors and aromas don’t get preserved which can be good for a red wine.What is the difference between yeast and wine yeast? Wine yeasts can tolerate high alcohol levels and can survive in 18 percent alcohol. On the other hand, baking yeast can only survive in alcohol levels up to 14 percent, so using baking yeast in wine making will result in a weakly alcoholic but sweet wine.What kind of fruit is used in wine? - Fruit flavors in red wines include red fruit (like strawberry, raspberry, red cherries, red plum, pomegranate, cranberry), black fruit (like black cherry, black plum, blackberry, blackcurrant), and blue fruit (blueberry). Warmer climates produce wines with riper, jammier fruit qualities.

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What Do You Need To Make Homemade Beer? Brewing is the process of creating beer from scratch using four main ingredients and four steps. The basic ingredients to beer are grains, hops, yeast, and water. The four steps are malting, mashing, boiling, and fermenting. THE FOUR BASIC INGREDIENTS IN BEER Malted barley is the most common grain used for beer. In other beers, malted wheat and unmalted ingredients such as corn and rice are used. Malt provides the sugar that the yeast consumes during the brewing process, ultimately determining the beer's strength and color. Malting prepares the grain for use in brewing. Hops are the zest for each type of beer. It provides both bitterness to balance the sweetness in beer as well as flavor and aroma. As compared to malt, hops are added in relatively small quantities to beer, even to the most bitter IPAs. Most beers are generally 90% water by volume. A goodly amount of water is also used as a part of the brewing process. A rule of thumb for novice brewers is if your water tastes good, it is suitable for brewing. If your water doesn't, use bottled spring water instead. Never use water that has been treated by a water softener. THE FOUR BASIC STEPS TO BREW BEER Malting begins the action of converting the raw materials into beer. The first step is to germinate the grains, allowing naturally-occurring enzymes in the grains to be activated to be used in the next step in brewing. The grains are dried by heating, also known as kilning. Kilning allows the grains to be stored for long periods of time and developing malt flavors and aromas extracted in the brewing process. Most brewers leave this step to the maltsters since it is an important step in creating beer. Mashing is the next step. In mashing, the malted grains are soaked in hot water. During this, the starch in the grains is dissolved while the enzymes activated by the maltster break down the large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules. The main sugar produced in mashing is maltose. Malt sugars from the mash are what fuel the yeast cells during fermentation. Boiling and Cooling is the third step. This is a solution of water, malt sugars, and other substances from the malt or wort (unfermented beer). Before wort is fermented, it needs to be boiled. Boiling serves to pasteurize the wort. It also helps to stabilize the finished beer. During the boil, hops are added to the wort, and bitter compounds are extracted from them. After the boiling, the wort is cooled so that yeast can be added. Fermenting and Conditioning is the final step. When the wort is cooled, the yeast is added. After a short time in which the yeast acclimate to the wort, the fermentation process begins. For those making average-strength ales, fermentation will last for several days up to a week. For brewers who desire stronger beers or lagers, fermentation will be longer and can last up to months. Once the beer has fully fermented and conditioned, it is ready to be bottled or kegged and is prime for serving. HOMEBREW EQUIPMENT AND INGREDIENTS To brew at home, you will need a small amount of specialized equipment—the more complex the brewing method, the more equipment you will tend to need. A Brewpot or Brew Kettle is usually an aluminum or stainless steel vessel. Anything less than four gallons may result in either boilovers or scorching. A secure lid is important. A unit with a built-in thermometer is handy if you plan to cool the wort inside the brew pot. Fermenters and Bottling Bucket: Homebrewers commonly use a five to six-gallon carboy and food-grade plastic buckets, which are around 6.5 gallons. These will be used for both a fermenter and bottling vessel. If you choose a carboy, you'll need a #7 drilled rubber stopper; if you go for two buckets, you'll need a lid for one of them with a hole drilled for the airlock. An airlock is a device that allows carbon dioxide produced during fermentation to escape from your fermenter while preventing oxygen and airborne contaminants from entering. A racking cane is a long piece of hardened plastic with a curve at the end. You will also need 6 feet of food-grade vinyl siphon hose that fits over the end of the cane to transfer beer and wort from one vessel to another for racking. If you plan to bottle your homebrew, you need a bottling wand, capper, and caps. Ingredients: - Malted grains, dried malt extract or liquid malt extract, or crushed grains. Specific amounts needed will vary on the brewing method and recipe. - Hops. You can choose pellets or "leaf" hops. - Brewing Yeast - Dry yeast is a good choice for beginner brewers. Liquid yeast is an option, but be sure that the yeast is fresh, refrigerated, and adhere to manufacturers' guidelines. - Homebrew-friendly cleaning and sanitizing chemicals, which are available at your local homebrew supply retailer or online. - Other items to borrow from the kitchen include a measuring cup, a large spoon for stirring, a large funnel, and a large strainer or colander. CLEAN AND SANITIZE YOUR EQUIPMENT Brewing equipment needs to be as clean and as free from biological growth as possible. The only organism you want growing in your fermenter is yeast. Contaminated beer will turn out sour or develop other off-flavors. Besides, the beer may gush out when opened, or your bottles may explode. Use cleaning products specifically intended for brewing. Be meticulous. Good enough really isn’t. You may be the biggest single threat to your own beer! Wash your hands often while brewing. When you're done, clean your brewing equipment thoroughly and wipe down all surfaces that may have gotten spattered. Comparing the cost of homebrew to well-made craft beers at the store (which most homebrews are comparable to), homebrewing is actually quite cost-effective. About $35 worth of ingredients yields seven six-packs of porter at the cost of roughly $5 per six-pack.

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The name Oro Manisa is of Geto-Dacian inspiration, representing the divine, golden speech spoken by the Getae Gods. A unique feature of this white blend is the initial fermentation of each variety with the help of a wild yeast strain to give more intensity to the flavors. Straw yellow in color, with intense aromas of flowers, fruits and spices, this full-bodied wine has a light oak note, which gives it a round and long-lasting finish.

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