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github_open_source_100_1_57 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright 2009-2014 Pavel Ponec
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.ujorm.orm.annot;
import java.lang.annotation.*;
/**
* View is a description of database view. Use it simillary like a table.
* @see Table
*/
@Retention(value=RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.TYPE})
public @interface View {
/** A named parameter for the view name. Default value is taken from a relation key name. */
String name() default Table.NULL;
/** A shortcut for the attribute "name" of View.
* @see #name()
*/
String value() default Table.NULL;
/** View alias name. The default value is taken from a name. */
String alias() default Table.NULL;
/** Mapping a VIEW to the SQL SELECT.
* The expession <code>${SCHEMA}</code> is replaced for the real schema name in the SQL sttatement.
* @see org.ujorm.orm.metaModel.MetaSelect.SCHEMA
*/
String select() default Table.NULL;
/** Name of schema. If the value is empty than a default database schema is used. */
String schema() default Table.NULL;
}
|
237312_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | F.R.C. Ralph Maxwell Lewis (Nova Iorque, 14 de fevereiro de 1904 - San José, 12 de janeiro de 1987), famoso Rosacruz, escritor, místico; deu seqüência à obra do pai, Harvey Spencer Lewis, sendo o segundo Imperator da Ordem Rosacruz – AMORC (Antiga e Mística Ordem Rosae Crucis) para a Jurisdição Internacional das Américas, Comunidade Britânica de Nações, França, Alemanha, Holanda, Suíça, Suécia e África deste segundo Ciclo Iniciático no Ocidente, de 1939 à 1987. Na Fédération Universelle des Ordres et Sociétés Initiatiques, FUDOSI, ele era conhecido com o nome místico de Sâr Validivar
Biografia
Ralph Maxwell Lewis nasceu na Cidade de Nova Iorque, domingo, 14 de Fevereiro de 1904, às 10:30 horas. Filho do H. Spencer Lewis e de Marta Morphier Lewis, recebeu sua educação inicial em escolas da Cidade de Nova Iorque e em uma academia militar de Nova Jersey. Seu natural interesse por diversos assuntos, que só encontravam respostas convincentes nos ensinamentos da AMORC, levou-o a ingressar na Organização ainda muito cedo, cursando os seus Graus na Loja de San Francisco. Ao mesmo tempo, fez um consciencioso e sistemático estudo do pensamento filosófico de todas as épocas.
Em 1919, nesta Cidade, iniciou seus estudos de Direito e de Contabilidade, ao mesmo tempo em que se dedicava a trabalhos de escritório e a outras atividades para prover seu sustento. Desde adolescente manifestou profunda aversão pela rotina e por detalhes, embora possuísse uma incomum capacidade de organização. Já ocupações ou projetos que desafiassem sua imaginação e exigissem empreendimento criativo atraíam fortemente sua natureza. Pelos próximos quatro anos, quando o rádio ainda estava em sua infância e não havia qualquer aparelho receptor padronizado no mercado, colaborou com seu pai e outros pesquisadores em um laboratório especialmente equipado em um projeto de circuitos receptores e no aperfeiçoamento de diversos instrumentos.
Sua já mencionada aversão a detalhes deu origem a uma insatisfação mental insuperável, impelindo-o a buscar uma profissão que proporcionasse a liberdade necessária para dar vazão à sua imaginação. Foi por esse motivo que, na iminência de prestar exames para advogar no Foro, abandonou o curso de Direito. As questões abstratas começaram a exercer um fascínio cada vez maior sobre Ralph. Lia sobre oceanografia, arqueologia e geologia, especialmente os tópicos que penetravam no campo especulativo. Então, as conversas com seu pai acabaram por canalizar seu interesse para a ontologia, a metafísica e o misticismo.
Um fato muito interessante é que seu pai jamais insistiu com ele para que se tornasse membro ou estudante Rosa+Cruz. Todavia, as respostas e as explicações que recebia do pai para suas cogitações despertaram uma profunda admiração pelos ensinamentos Rosacruzes, tendo Ralph cruzado o Umbral da Ordem em 6 de Fevereiro de 1921, por permissão especial, exatamente oito dias antes de completar 17 (dezessete) anos. Passou pelos diversos Graus da Ordem na Loja de São Francisco e começou, a partir de então, a estudar, conscienciosa e sistematicamente, o pensamento filosófico de todas as épocas. Em 28 de Março de 1923 casou-se com Gladys Natishna Hammer, que ficaria conhecida de todos os Rosacruzes como Soror Gladys Lewis.
Em 1936 foi Iniciado na Ordem Rose-Croix Kabalistique e na Tradicional Ordem Martinista da Europa. Dentre as diversas distinções que recebeu, sobressaem o grau honorário de Doutor em Literatura pela Universidade de Pesquisas Anghra da Índia e a Estrela e a Cruz da Ciência, do Conselho Acadêmico Internacional.
Trabalhador incansável, foi nomeado Supremo Secretário da Ordem Rosacruz da América do Norte em 1924, sendo seu delegado em muitos eventos importantes. Em 12 de Agosto de 1939, pouco depois da transição do Dr. H. Spencer Lewis, assumiu o elevado cargo de Imperator.
Como Imperator, Ralph M. Lewis participou de Convenções Rosacruzes em quase todos os países em que a AMORC já estava estabelecida. Fundou as Grandes Lojas do Brasil, da Alemanha e do Japão. Expandiu extraordinariamente a Ordem, dando-lhe a expressão mundial que hoje possui.
Durante sua gestão, organizou e dirigiu várias expedições cinematográficas aos locais onde se desenvolveram antigas civilizações e aos berços de verdades religiosas pelo mundo. Seus filmes ainda são exibidos como atividade complementar do Museu Egípcio Rosacruz, em San José, Califórnia.
Dentre as múltiplas atividades de Ralph, contam-se a fundação da Grande Loja do Brasil, no verão de 1956, da qual, posteriormente, a Soror Maria A. Moura assumiu o cargo de Grande Mestre, e o restabelecimento da AMORC na França em 1959, onde foi instalado o Frater Christian Bernard como Grande Mestre.
Nosso Irmão Ralph foi o criador e o incentivador de várias mudanças profundas nas normas administrativas da AMORC e na bendita e bem-aceita expansão da filiação de Sanctum. É, contudo, necessário que seja destacado que, à parte de seu amor filial por seu pai e de seu espírito empreendedor, prestou-lhe sempre grande respeito e admiração e manifestou-lhe de forma inquestionável a mais irrestrita lealdade. Fez atualização das monografias, devido à novos conhecimentos científicos e etc. Também foi responsável pela construção de edifícios para o Museu Egípcio Rosacruz, em 1966. Foi montada, também, na Morada do Silêncio uma estrutura administrativa que permite, inclusive, que Rosacruzes no momento sem condições de ali ficar às próprias expensas as tenham custeadas pela Ordem.
Ralph M. Lewis passou pela transição no dia 12 de Janeiro de 1987, deixando a Ordem Rosacruz - AMORC estruturada em todo o mundo. Após a transição de Ralph,o Frater Gary L. Stewart, foi instalado como Imperator da Ordem Rosacruz, AMORC, o qual foi sucedido pelo então Grande Mestre da França Christian Bernard.Atualmente, o Imperator da Antiga e Mística Ordem Rosae Crucis é o Frater Claudio Mazzucco.
Imperators da AMORC no Segundo Ciclo Iniciático
Harvey Spencer Lewis (1909 - 1939)
Ralph Maxwell Lewis (1939 - 1987)
Gary L. Stewart (1987 - 1990)
Christian Bernard (1990 - 2019)
Claudio Mazzucco (2019 - presente)
Ligações externas
RALPH MAXWELL LEWIS - Linha Cronológica
RALPH MAXWELL LEWIS - Biografia
Bibliografia
BERNARD, Raymond. Fragmentos da sabedoria Rosacruz. 2ª ed. Copyright © 1974 by Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis – AMORC, San Jose, California, EUA. Coordenação de Maria A. Moura, FRC. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Renes, s.d.
LEWIS, H. Spencer. Manual Rosacruz. 6ª ed. Copyright © 1918 by Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis – AMORC, San Jose, California, EUA. Coordenação de Maria A. Moura, FRC. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Renes, s.d.
LEWIS, Ralph M. Símbolos antigos e sagrados. Copyright © 1944 by Ancient Mystical Order Rosæ Crucis – AMORC, San Jose, California, EUA. Coordenação de Maria A. Moura, FRC. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Renes, 1979.
Rosacruzes
Pessoas relacionadas ao esoterismo ou ocultismo.
|
github_open_source_100_1_58 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package com.fudy.shop.infrastructure.db.mybatis.mapper;
import com.fudy.shop.infrastructure.db.data.UserDO;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.*;
import java.util.List;
public interface UserMapper {
String NO_ID_COLUMNS = "created_time,modified_time,user_name,nick_name,password,phone,salt";
String COLUMNS = "id," + NO_ID_COLUMNS;
@Select("select " + COLUMNS + " from user where user_name = #{userName}")
UserDO select(@Param("userName") String userName);
@Select("select " + COLUMNS + " from user where phone = #{phone}")
UserDO selectByPhone(@Param("phone") String phone);
@Select("select " + COLUMNS + " from user limit 200")
List<UserDO> selectList();
@Options(useGeneratedKeys = true, keyProperty = "id", keyColumn = "id")
@Insert("insert into user("+NO_ID_COLUMNS+") values(now(), now(), #{userName}, #{nickName}, " +
"#{password}, #{phone}, #{salt})")
void insert(UserDO userDO);
@Update("update user set modified_time=now(), nick_name=#{nickName}, password=#{password}, " +
"phone=#{phone}, salt=#{salt} where user_name = #{userName}")
void update(UserDO userDO);
@Delete("delete from user where user_name = #{userName}")
void delete(@Param("userName") String userName);
}
|
1921256_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | 301 B.R. 651 (2003)
In the Matter of LERNOUT & HAUSPIE SPEECH PRODUCTS, N.V., et al., Debtors.
Nos. 00-4397 to 00-4399.
United States Bankruptcy Court, D. Delaware.
June 10, 2003.
*652 Ira S. Dizengoff, Esq., James R. Savin, Esq., Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, New York City, Francis A. Monaco, Esq., Joseph J. Bodnar, Esq., Monzack & Monaco, Wilmington, DE, for Creditors' Committee.
Luc A. Despins, Esq., Matthew Barr, Esq., Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, LLP, New York City, Robert J. Dehney, Esq., Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell, Wilmington, DE, for Debtors.
Brett D. Fallon, Esq., Douglas N. Candeub, Esq., Morris, James, Hitchens & Williams, Wilmington, DE, for KPMG LLP.
James L. Garrity, Jr., Shearman & Sterling, New York City, Brendan L. Shannon, Esq., Young, Conaway, Stargatt & Taylor, Wilmington, DE, for Stonington.
Michael S. Etkin, Esq., Lowenstein Sandler, Roseland, NJ, for Rocker.
OPINION ON CONFIRMATION
JUDITH H. WIZMUR, Bankruptcy Judge.
The Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors ("Committee") submitted a proposed plan of liquidation on March 11, 2003. The proposed plan seeks to allocate the debtor's assets between this Chapter 11 case and the liquidation proceeding involving the debtor which is pending in Belgium. Objections to confirmation[1] were filed by Stonington[2] and Rocker[3]. *653 Oral argument was considered and the Committee's plan confirmed on May 29, 2003. The decision rendered herein supplements and clarifies my oral determination to confirm the Committee's plan.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V. ("L & H NV") was formed in Belgium in 1987 as a speech and language technology company. Beginning in 1996, L & H NV began a period of acquisition and expansion. In May 2000, through a series of mergers, L & H NV acquired 96% of the stock of Dictaphone Corporation ("Dictaphone") from Stonington in exchange for L & H common stock. On June 7, 2000, L & H NV obtained Dragon Systems, Inc. through a merger with its own wholly owned subsidiary, L & H Holdings, also in exchange for L & H NV common stock. In the spring of 2000, L & H NV common stock had a market capitalization value in excess of $8 billion dollars.
On August 8, 2000, an article appeared in the Wall Street Journal questioning the integrity of L & H NV's financial statements. On August 31, 2000, apparently in response to articles in the Wall Street Journal, the SEC commenced a formal investigation of the debtor's financial circumstances. On November 15, 2000, KPMG announced that L & H NV's financial statements for 1998 and 1999 were not reliable and required restatement. Several European banks declared defaults against the debtor and accelerated the amounts outstanding. Various legal actions were commenced by Rocker and Stonington, and two class action suits were started in the Massachusetts District Court. By November 2000, when trading on the NASDAQ was suspended, L & H NV's value had fallen to $890 million.
On November 27, 2000, Stonington commenced an action in Delaware Chancery Court against L & H NV and several of its former officers and directors, alleging that the acquisition of Dictaphone for L & H stock was obtained by fraud. The state court action was later removed to the District Court. On November 28, 2000, Stonington obtained an order in Belgium directing L & H NV to turn over its shares of Dictaphone.
One day later, on November 29, 2000, L & H NV filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware. L & H Holdings and Dictaphone filed separate Chapter 11 cases on the same day. A joint administration order was entered on December 5, 2000.[4] On December 1, 2000, L & H NV commenced an adversary proceeding, number 00-01998, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against Stonington.
On December 13, 2000, the United States Trustee appointed an Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors ("the Committee") for the combined cases of L & H NV, L & H Holdings and Dictaphone. At the request of the Dictaphone creditors, a separate committee was later appointed in the Dictaphone case on March 31, 2001.
On November 29, 2000, L & H NV also commenced a bankruptcy reorganization proceeding, called a "Concordat", in Belgium (the "Belgian case"). The first Concordat reorganization proceeding was rejected by the Belgian court on December 8, 2000. The second Concordat, filed December 27, 2000, was permitted to proceed on January 5, 2001. Commissioners were appointed to oversee the management of L & H NV in the Belgian case. Ultimately, the debtor's attempts at reorganization in *654 Belgium failed, when the plan presented by the debtor in the second Concordat proceeding was rejected by the Belgian court on October 18, 2001. Thereafter, five Curators, or trustees, were appointed to oversee the liquidation of L & H NV in Belgium.
Stonington filed proofs of claim in both this case and in the Belgian proceeding. In May 2001, the debtor sought and was granted a declaratory judgment that any claim asserted by Stonington would be subject to subordination under 11 U.S.C. § 510(b). The debtor then filed a second amended complaint against Stonington on June 29, 2001, and moved for partial summary judgment. The debtor asked this court to determine that a "true conflict" existed between Belgian and U.S. bankruptcy law and that the treatment of the Dictaphone merger claims should be determined by the United States Bankruptcy Court under the Bankruptcy Code. I concluded that there was a true conflict between the applicable insolvency laws of Belgium and the United States. I determined further that the "center of gravity" of the Stonington transaction was in the United States. On August 27, 2001, I granted declaratory and injunctive relief to the debtor, directing that the priority, treatment and classification of the Dictaphone merger claims would be determined by this court and that Stonington was enjoined from litigating the issue before the Belgian court. The District Court affirmed on September 17, 2001. Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V. v. Stonington Partners, Inc., 268 B.R. 395 (D.Del.2001). On appeal, the Third Circuit reversed and remanded, outlining the relevant legal principles to apply on remand to the issues of the anti-suit injunction sought by the debtor against Stonington, and the choice-of-law analysis required. Stonington Partners, Inc. v. Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V., 310 F.3d 118 (3d Cir.2002). Prior to the adjudication of the remand in this court, the debtor withdrew its quest to enjoin Stonington from pursuing its claim in the Belgian proceedings, effectively rendering the resolution of the remand from the Court of Appeals moot.
Following the withdrawal of the debtor's quest for relief against Stonington, on January 27, 2003, the L & H NV Creditors' Committee filed an emergency motion to modify the debtor's exclusivity period. This court entered an order allowing the Committee to propose its own Chapter 11 plan. On March 11, 2003, the L & H NV Committee submitted a disclosure statement and a proposed plan of liquidation. The disclosure statement was approved on April 10, 2003.
PLAN PROVISIONS
The Committee's plan calls for the allocation of L & H NV's assets between the Belgian case and this Chapter 11 case. At this point, L & H NV's assets consist primarily of the cash generated from post-petition asset sales in the amount of $57,610,568, of which approximately $3.5 million is being held by the Belgian Curators. The remainder of the cash is being held in the United States. For liquidating potential causes of action belonging to the debtor, the plan establishes and provides funding for a Litigation Trust to pursue recoveries on behalf of the creditors ("Litigation Trust Beneficial Interests.").
The proposed allocation of the debtor's assets between the Belgian case and the Chapter 11 case was performed by Houlihan Lokey Howard & Zukin Capital, the investment banking/financial advisory firm retained by the Committee pursuant to this court's order. In particular, Lily L. Chu, a Senior Vice-President in the Financial Restructuring Group at Houlihan *655 Lokey, supervised the allocation process.[5] In her affidavit, Ms. Chu recites that Houlihan Lokey worked extensively with the former officers of the debtor and reviewed the debtor's documents "to allocate ownership based on, among other metrics, the location of: (a) technology development; (b) product development; (c) business operations, and (d) sales generation." Chu Affid. at 4. Post-petition cash activity was also factored in, including "(a) the repayment of DIP borrowings; (b) inter-company activities; (c) other expenses and income; and (d) estimated remaining liabilities." Id. at 5. Asset allocation and cash usage allocation charts are appended to the Committee's Disclosure Statement as Exhibits B and C.
A synthesis of the two allocation methodologies produced an allocation of 76.7%, or $44,168,734.00, to the Chapter 11 case and 23.3%, or $13,441,834.00, to the Belgium case. No objections have been filed either with respect to the methodology used in calculating the allocations, or the manner in which the methodology was applied.
Following the submission of the Committee's plan, on or about March 31, 2003, the debtor filed an "Emergency Motion" seeking authorization to pay out approximately $23 million on account of administrative expense claims incurred in Belgium during the Belgian insolvency proceedings. The Curators explained that the administrative claims, which included Belgian employee claims and various post-petition Belgian tax claims, were required to be paid under Belgian insolvency laws. The Curator's motion was withdrawn following the amendment of the Committee's plan to provide for an additional allocation to the Belgian case of $5,091,386. The plan now contemplates a transfer of $14,850,000 in cash, located in the United States, plus the $3.5 million of L & H NV's assets currently in Belgium, to the Belgian Curators to be distributed to Belgian priority claims in accordance with Belgian law. The plan provides that the claims of the Belgian priority creditors will be administered solely and exclusively in the Belgian case. The Belgian priority creditors will not participate in or receive any consideration under the Chapter 11 plan. In addition, the plan was amended to provide that creditors that filed general unsecured claims solely in the Belgian case in accordance with Belgian law may have their claims administered in the Chapter 11 case and, if consistent with the Bankruptcy Code, will have their claims allowed as Chapter 11 general unsecured claims.
The Committee's plan designates five (5) classes of claims and two (2) classes of equity interests. As is relevant here, Class 3 includes all unsecured claims other than those in Class 4 (PIERS/Old Convertible Subordinated Notes Claims) and Class 6 (Securities Law Claims), and includes general unsecured claims filed in the Belgian insolvency proceedings and general unsecured claims filed in the Chapter 11 case. Class 3 will receive a ratable portion of the available cash, estimated at 4.5%, and ninety-three percent (93%) of the Litigation Trust Beneficial Interests. The pool of unsecured creditors was estimated to be $640 million in the Disclosure Statement.[6] The claims of all Class 3 creditors, *656 including the Belgian general unsecured creditors who choose to participate in the Chapter 11 case, will be allowed and treated under the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code.
Class 6 includes Securities Law Claims, such as rescission and securities damage claims, indemnification claims or other claims related to securities violations, and includes the Rocker and Stonington claims. Class 6 claimants are impaired and are deemed to have rejected the plan. It is not expected that any distributions will be made to this class.
The plan recognizes the opportunity of all creditors to pursue their claims in this proceeding as well as before the Belgian courts, and no creditor is enjoined from doing so. The Disclosure Statement specifies that the Belgian Curators do not support the plan, but the Curators have not filed an objection to the plan, and did not object to the plan at the confirmation hearing.[7]
DISCUSSION
The requirements for confirmation of a proposed Chapter 11 plan are listed in 11 U.S.C. § 1129. The proponent bears the burden of establishing the plan's compliance with each of these requirements. In re Gulfstar Indus., Inc., 236 B.R. 75, 77 (M.D.Fla.1999); In re Genesis Health Ventures, Inc., 266 B.R. 591, 598-99 (Bankr.D.Del.2001). Creditors objecting to the proposed plan bear the burden of producing evidence to support their objection. In re Goddard, 212 B.R. 233, 239 n. 7 (D.N.J.1997); Genesis Health Ventures, Inc., 266 B.R. at 599. The Code imposes an independent duty upon the court to determine whether a plan satisfies each element of § 1129, regardless of the absence of valid objections to confirmation. In re Bolton, 188 B.R. 913, 915 (Bankr.D.Vt.1995); In re Shadow Bay Apartments, Ltd., 157 B.R. 363, 365 (Bankr.S.D.Ohio 1993).
A consensual plan requires the proponent to demonstrate that the plan satisfies all thirteen elements of section 1129(a), in which case the plan must be confirmed. Beal Bank, S.S.B. v. Waters Edge L.P., 248 B.R. 668, (D.Mass.2000). A nonconsensual plan requires the proponent to prove all but one of the thirteen elements, that all classes consent or are unimpaired, 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(8), plus the additional requirements of section 1129(b), including the requirements that the plan does not unfairly discriminate against dissenting classes and that treatment of such dissenting classes is fair and equitable. Although Class 3 creditors nearly unanimously consented to the plan,[8] the plan is not consensual as to Class 6 Securities Law Claimants.
We need not address each of the uncontested requirements of section 1129(a) and (b) with respect to the Committee's plan. I readily conclude that this liquidating plan satisfies the requirements of sections 1129(a)(2) and (a)(4) through (a)(7), and (a)(9) through (a)(13), as each of these sections is relevant here. I rely as well on my rulings on the record at the confirmation hearing, which highlighted, among *657 other things, the best interest of creditor test under (a)(7), and the feasibility requirement of (a)(11). I focus instead on the concerns raised by the objectors to the plan, which implicate the plan's compliance with sections 1129(a)(3) and 1129(b).
Stonington has filed claims in both the Belgian case and the Chapter 11 case. Stonington objects to the Committee's proposal to allocate assets between this Chapter 11 case and the Belgian case, without the consent or approval of the Belgian Curators, because the plan "would accomplish exactly the opposite result to that urged by the Third Circuit" in its November 2002 decision. Stonington Obj. at 4. Stonington argues that the plan "would substantially interfere with the independent jurisdiction of the Belgian Court in a manner that is not warranted by any countervailing U.S. law or policy," in violation of international comity principles, would treat similarly situated creditors in the two proceedings unfairly and contrary to Code requirements, and would enjoin Stonington and others who filed claims in both places from pursuing their claims. Stonington Obj. at 5. Stonington's confirmation objections regarding international comity concerns focus on 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(3) requirements, while its concerns regarding the treatment of similarly situated creditors in Belgian and the United States pertain to the proscription under 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b) against unfair discrimination. Rocker, which is similarly situated to Stonington as a Class 6 Securities Law Claimant, joins in Stonington's objection.
1. Section 1129(a)(3).
Section 1129(a)(3) requires that the "plan has been proposed in good faith and not by any means forbidden by law." 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(3). Although the Code does not define "good faith" in the section 1129(a)(3) context, the term has been defined alternatively as requiring: (1) that the proposed plan foster a result consistent with the Code's objectives, In re Sylmar Plaza, L.P., 314 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir.2002) (must fairly "achieve [ ] a result consistent with the objectives and purposes of the Code"); In re PWS Holding Corp., 228 F.3d 224, 242 (3d Cir.2000); (2) that the plan have been proposed with honesty and good intentions and with a basis for expecting that reorganization can be effected, In re Piper Aircraft Corp., 244 F.3d 1289, 1300 (11th Cir.2001); In re T-H New Orleans L.P., 116 F.3d 790, 802 (5th Cir.1997); or (3) that there was a fundamental fairness in dealing with the creditors, In re WCI Cable, Inc., 282 B.R. 457, 484 (Bankr.D.Or.2002).
Stonington contends that the Committee's plan violates 1129(a)(3) because it circumvents the Third Circuit's decision in Stonington Partners, Inc. v. Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products, N.V., supra, and is violative of the international comity principles highlighted by the Circuit. The proposed allocation of assets between the United States Chapter 11 case and the Belgian case, which appears to leave the Belgian Curators with only enough funds to reach Belgian priority creditors, "will effectively divest the Belgian Court of any meaningful jurisdiction, other than the oversight of priority claims there." T55-20 through 22 (May 29, 2003). Stonington urges that the existence of dual plenary bankruptcy proceedings in the United States and Belgium mandates that serious and diligent efforts be exerted to administer the assets of the debtor in the context of a single coordinated plan. Without such efforts to harmonize the conflicting interests of the two jurisdictions, a Chapter 11 plan which undertakes to allocate the debtor's assets between the two cases cannot be confirmed.
*658 In Stonington Partners, Inc., the Third Circuit stressed its "serious concern for comity" in the international arena, "particularly appropriately applied in the bankruptcy context", 310 F.3d at 126, and the need for "coordination of the two plenary proceedings," to accommodate international comity considerations. Id. at 132. The court described international comity as the "`recognition which one nation extends within its own territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another . . . [that] should be withheld only when its acceptance would be contrary or prejudicial to the interest of the nation called upon to give it effect.'" Id. at 126 (quoting Somportex Ltd. v. Philadelphia Chewing Gum Corp., 453 F.2d 435, 440 (3d Cir.1971)). Referencing the use of a "protocol" in the Maxwell case (referring to In re Maxwell Commun. Corp., 93 F.3d 1036 (2d Cir.1996)), an agreement between administrators in the United States and England which facilitated "the first world-wide plan of orderly liquidation ever achieved," Maxwell, 93 F.3d at 1042, the Circuit "strongly recommend [ed] . . . that an actual dialog occur or be attempted between the courts of the different jurisdictions in an effort to reach an agreement as to how to proceed or, at the very least, an understanding as to the policy considerations underpinning salient aspects of the foreign laws." Id. at 133. The court opined that "`bankruptcy courts may best be able to effectuate the purposes of the bankruptcy law by cooperating with foreign courts on a case-by-case basis.'" Id. (quoting Maxwell, 93 F.3d at 1053).
The "actual dialog" between this court and the Belgian court recommended by the Court of Appeals did not take place prior to this confirmation proceeding. Earlier in the case, before the Court of Appeals issued its Stonington opinion, the parties had engaged in some efforts to coordinate the proceedings. According to a letter report from Luc A. Despins, Esquire, of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP, debtor's counsel herein, dated January 15, 2003, a draft protocol was sent in May 2001 to the Commissioners appointed in L & H NV's Belgian Concordat case. Mr. Despins reported that no written response to the draft was received. He reported further that "during at least two conference calls, the Commissioners advised the undersigned that such a protocol could not be adopted by a Belgian Court because to do so would be violative of Belgian `public order.'" Letter dated January 15, 2003 at 1.
Following the issuance of the Stonington opinion by the Court of Appeals, the coordination of the two bankruptcy proceedings was discussed during several case conferences.[9] At the conference held on December 6, 2002, special counsel for L & H NV in Belgium was instructed to make contact with the President of the Eper Commercial Court. In early January 2003, a letter was drafted by debtor's counsel which was intended for this court's signature and was directed to the Belgian court. The letter sought to open the lines of communication between the courts and may have paved the way for developing a protocol between the two proceedings. On January 8, 2003, the parties, including Stonington, were invited to comment on the draft correspondence. At a follow-up conference on January 24, 2003, the debtor withdrew its quest to enjoin Stonington from pursuing its claims in the Belgian case, thus rendering moot the adjudication of the remand. The Committee indicated *659 its intent to file a liquidating plan. The letter to the Belgian court was never sent. It was anticipated that the Committee's plan might avoid the conflict between the two jurisdictions. I determined to consider the Committee's plan prior to the initiation of contact with my Belgian counterpart.[10]
I cannot conclude that the limited outreach to and lack of "actual dialog" with the Belgian court in this case causes the Committee's plan to be violative of Section 1129(a)(3), or to be otherwise unconfirmable. I take very seriously the direction of the Court of Appeals in this regard, and regret that direct contact was not made. However, as the court recognized, while such cooperation "could be advantageous to the orderly administration of justice," Id. at 133, it is "not required by our case precedent or any principle of law." Id. The Creditors Committee is correct that the "true conflict" previously presented between the two proceedings, particularly the treatment of securities fraud claims like Stonington's, need no longer be resolved. No choice-of-law analysis is necessary. No anti-suit injunction is being imposed on any creditor. All parties may participate in either or both proceedings, whether they filed claims initially only in Belgium, only in the United States or in both proceedings. Most noteworthy on the issue of international comity and deference to Belgian judicial proceedings is the apparent acquiescence of the Curators to the terms of the plan. As noted above, although the Curators do not affirmatively support the plan, they have not filed an objection to the plan and did not object to the plan at the confirmation hearing. In other matters since their appointment in October 2001, the Curators, through debtor's counsel, have made their positions known. While the initial plan proposed by the Creditors Committee was pending, the Curators filed an emergency motion on March 31, 2003 to receive authorization to disburse $23 million dollars of debtor's assets to pay Belgian administrative claims. That motion was withdrawn when the Creditors Committee agreed to increase the funds to be allocated to the Belgian case by $5 million dollars, and agreed to allow Belgian general unsecured creditors to be administered as Class 3 creditors within this Chapter 11 plan. According to counsel for the Committee, the Curators' silence at the confirmation hearings signifies a plan that the curators "can live with, because if they could not live with it . . . they would have [ ] objected." T15-9 through 11 (May 29, 2003). Committee counsel reflected at oral argument that provisions of the Litigation Trust Agreement, which is established in the plan to liquidate potential causes of action belonging to the debtor, include cooperative paragraphs between the Curators and the Litigation Trustee, including mutual access to books and records in both jurisdictions, which was drafted *660 with Curator participation and cooperation. Id. at T21-23 through T22-9.
Counsel for Stonington acknowledged at the confirmation hearing that if every reasonable effort was made to harmonize the conflicting interests and to coordinate the two proceedings by the parties, by the court, or both, and if those efforts were unsuccessful, "I don't know if Stonington would have a meaningful objection at that point." Id. at T69-12 through 13. According to Stonington, to give content to the Third Circuit's direction regarding international comity considerations for dual plenary insolvency proceedings, there must be diligent effort to administer the assets as a single case. Only when such an effort is unsuccessful can this court proceed to allocate assets between the two proceedings, and to authorize the administration of the Chapter 11 assets.
I do not believe that the circumstances of this case support Stonington's argument. The Curators, who are fiduciaries of the Belgian insolvency estate, have not objected to this plan. There has been no contest regarding the methodology used in arriving at an allocation, or the manner in which it was calculated. A sophisticated, deliberate and expert process was employed to achieve the allocation. The fact that insufficient effort was undertaken by this court or by the parties to coordinate the two proceedings does not preclude a conclusion that this plan has been proposed in good faith and not by any means forbidden by law. While it is true that creditors who pursue their claims in the Belgian case will have a more limited pool of assets from which to seek a distribution than creditors who pursue their claims in the Chapter 11 case, that fact does not cause the plan to be inconsistent with Bankruptcy Code objectives or to defeat the honesty and good intentions of the plan proponent. I conclude that the plan proponent has established compliance with the good faith requirement of section 1129(a)(3).
2. Section 1129(b)(1).
Where, as here, at least one impaired class of claims has not consented to the proposed plan, the "cram down" provisions of 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b)(1) come into play. The cram down provisions require confirmation "if the plan does not discriminate unfairly, and is fair and equitable" with respect to each impaired non-consenting plan. 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b)(1). Stonington contends that the plan discriminates unfairly because similarly situated creditors in the two pending insolvency proceedings in the United States and Belgium are treated differently by the Committee's plan.
The concept of unfair discrimination is not defined under the Bankruptcy Code. Various standards have been developed by the courts to test whether or not a plan unfairly discriminates. In re Dow Corning Corp., 244 B.R. 705, 710 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.1999). See also G. ERIC BRUNSTAD, JR. AND MIKE SIGAL, "Competitive Choice Theory and the Unresolved Doctrines of Classification and Unfair Discrimination in Business Reorganizations Under the Bankruptcy Code", 55 BUS.LAW 1, 46-48 (Nov.1999) (describing various tests). The hallmarks of the various tests have been whether there is a reasonable basis for the discrimination, and whether the debtor can confirm and consummate a plan without the proposed discrimination. See, e.g., In re Ambanc La Mesa L.P., 115 F.3d 650, 656 (9th Cir.1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1110, 118 S.Ct. 1039, 140 L.Ed.2d 105 (1998); In re Jim Beck, Inc., 214 B.R. 305, 307 (W.D.Va.1997), aff'd, 162 F.3d 1155 (4th Cir.1998); In re Salem Suede, Inc., 219 B.R. 922, 933 (Bankr.D.Mass.1998) ("if the plan protects the legal rights of a *661 dissenting class in a manner consistent with the treatment of other classes whose legal rights are intertwined with those of the dissenting class, then the plan does not discriminate unfairly") (quoting KENNETH N. KLEE, "All You Ever Wanted to Know About Cram Down under the New Bankruptcy Code", 53 AM.BANKR.L.J. 133, 142 (1979)); In re Crosscreek Aparts., Ltd., 213 B.R. 521, 537 (Bankr.E.D.Tenn.1997) ("at a minimum there must be a rational or legitimate basis for the discrimination and the discrimination must be necessary for the reorganization"); In re Aztec Co., 107 B.R. 585, 590 (Bankr.M.D.Tenn.1989) (describing various tests and listing cases). Other courts apply the standard only in the context of subordinated claims or interests, In re Acequia, Inc., 787 F.2d 1352, 1364 (9th Cir.1986), or require similarly situated creditors to receive their "exact aliquot distribution". In re Greystone III Joint Venture, 102 B.R. 560, 571 n. 16 (Bankr.W.D.Tex.1989), aff'd, 127 B.R. 138 (W.D.Tex.1990), rev'd on other grounds, 995 F.2d 1274 (5th Cir.1991).
More recently, one court has adopted a modified test for unfair discrimination, which gives rise to:
a rebuttable presumption that a plan is unfairly discriminatory . . . when there is: (1) a dissenting class; (2) another class of the same priority; and (3) a difference in the plan's treatment of the two classes that results in either (a) a materially lower percentage recovery for the dissenting class (measured in terms of the net present value of all payments), or (b) regardless of percentage recovery, an allocation under the plan of materially greater risk to the dissenting class in connection with its proposed distribution.
In re Dow Corning Corp., 244 B.R. 696, 702 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.1999) (adopting the test proposed in BRUCE A. MARKELL, "A New Perspective on Unfair Discrimination in Chapter 11", 72 AM.BANKR.L.J. 227 (1998)). See also In re Greate Bay Hotel & Casino, Inc., 251 B.R. 213, 228-29 (Bankr.D.N.J.2000).
Here, Stonington is treated differently from general unsecured creditors in Class 3 of the plan. Its treatment as a Class 6 subordinated creditor is premised upon a declaratory judgment entered in May 2001, in this court, in favor of the debtor, which imposed mandatory subordination under 11 U.S.C. § 510(b) on Stonington's claims. The decision was based upon the fact that Stonington's claims arose from the rescission of a purchase or sale of a security of the debtor. The ruling was not appealed by Stonington. There is a legitimate basis to discriminate between Class 3 general unsecured creditors and Stonington.
As to the purported discrimination between Stonington and other Class 6 securities fraud claimants, and Belgian general unsecured creditors, no such discrimination is provided for in the Chapter 11 plan. Belgian general unsecured creditors may participate in the Chapter 11 case as Class 3 claimants. However, their claims are subject to allowance and treatment under the Bankruptcy Code. Therefore, any Belgian securities fraud claims will be treated in the same manner as Stonington and other Class 6 claimants, i.e., subordinated to Class 3 general unsecured claims.
The Committee is correct to interpret Stonington's assertion of unfair discrimination as a quest by Stonington to have its claim treated in a manner consistent with the treatment that would be afforded to its claim in the Belgian case. "The fact that under the laws of [Belgium] Stonington would be entitled to a different treatment does not mean that the plan discriminates unfairly." Committee's Memorandum of Law at 38.
*662 I highlight here the plan provision that all creditors, including creditors who have filed claims only in the Chapter 11 case, creditors who have filed only in the Belgian case, and creditors who have filed in both cases, may participate in the Chapter 11 case. They may also participate in the Belgian case. Each creditor's claim will be treated in the Chapter 11 case pursuant to the Bankruptcy Code. No party is enjoined from pursuing its claim in the Belgian case.
Based on the foregoing, I conclude that the plan proposed by the Creditors' Committee satisfies the requirements of 1129(a) and (b), and may be confirmed. In reaching this conclusion, I am mindful of and sympathetic to the circumstances of Stonington, an American ERISA fiduciary which manages institutional capital on behalf of various public and private entities, including pension funds, private endowments and financial institutions. Stonington Partners, Inc., 310 F.3d at 122. Stonington was induced, through massive fraud, by the debtor's pre-petition principals, to acquire L & H NV stock and to enter into merger agreements. There is little likelihood that Stonington will achieve any distribution from the Chapter 11 plan. Nevertheless, I have no opportunity to depart on equitable grounds from the impact of subordination under 11 U.S.C. § 510(b), or to avoid confirming a plan that otherwise comports with § 1129 requirements.
An order was entered on May 30, 2003.
NOTES
[1] The objections of several parties, including KPMG LLP, Charles Van Damme, and Innet NV, were resolved at the hearing.
[2] Stonington refers to Stonington Partners, Inc., Stonington Capital Appreciation 1994 Fund LP, and Stonington Holdings, LLC.
[3] Rocker refers to Rocker Management LLC, Rocker Partners LP, Rocker Offshore Management Co. and Compass Holdings, Ltd.
[4] Dictaphone emerged from Chapter 11 on March 28, 2002, and L & H Holdings emerged from Chapter 11 on September 23, 2002.
[5] Ms. Chu has extensive experience with global financial affairs, and with bankruptcy cases involving assets jointly administered in more than one jurisdiction. She holds an undergraduate degree in Economics from Yale University, and graduate degrees from Harvard University, including a Ph.D. in Business Economics.
[6] During oral argument at confirmation, Committee counsel estimated United States general unsecured claims to be about $400 million, and Belgian general unsecured claims to be about $70 million. On this record, I am unable to reconcile these two conflicting presentations.
[7] Counsel for the debtor-in-possession, which is now controlled by the Belgian Curators, reflected at the confirmation hearing that "the Curators do not support this plan, but have not filed an objection to it . . . [a]nd are not here standing here today objecting to the plan, or its confirmation." T52-17 through 21 (May 29, 2003).
[8] 99% in number and amount of Class 3 creditors voted to accept the plan.
[9] Telephone conferences were held on November 22 and December 6, 2002, and January 8 and January 24, 2003.
[10] Counsel for the committee stated at oral argument during the confirmation hearing that the Curators were consulted about the draft letter, and advised debtor's counsel and the Committee "unequivocally [that] this will not work." T82-8 (May 29, 2003).
|
US-201213614628-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | The input and output device 50 includes an input device such as akeyboard or a tablet and an output device such as a display or aprinter. A user uses the input device to enter information and obtainsresults of processing of the programs.
The network interface 44 connects the computer 39 through a network 45to a computer owned by an information provider 46, or to a database orthe like. The program according to the embodiment may be provided to thecomputer 39 from the information provider 46 through the network 45. Inthis case, the program may be temporarily stored in the storage device47 or the portable recording medium 49. After being temporarily stored,the program may be loaded into the RAM 43 and executed by the CPU 41. Inaddition, the program according to the embodiment may be executed on thecomputer owned by the information provider 46, while the computer 39 mayreceive and output data through the input and output device 50.
All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended forpedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the inventionand the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, andare to be construed as being without limitation to such specificallyrecited examples and conditions, nor does the organization of suchexamples in the specification relate to a showing of the superiority andinferiority of the invention. Although the embodiments of the presentinvention have been described in detail, it should be understood thatthe various changes, substitutions, and alterations could be made heretowithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A searching apparatus comprising: a memory; and aprocessor that executes a program, stored in the memory, including aprocedure, the procedure including: issuing a first instruction forsearching a first data portion included in a search scope of a searchrequest, based on the search request; issuing a second instruction forsearching a second data portion, included in the search scope, based onthe search request; and in a case that another search request, a searchscope of which includes the second data portion, is received before thesecond instruction is issued, issuing third instruction for collectivesearching, which includes obtaining data included in the second dataportion from a storage device and verifying the obtained data with bothof the search request and the another search request, instead of thesecond instruction.
2. The searching apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the procedure further includes: issuing forth instruction forsearching the first data portion based on the another search requestafter the third instruction is issued.
3. The searching apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the procedure further includes: issuingthe second instruction and a fifth instruction for searching the seconddata portion based on the second search request, instead of the thirdinstruction, in response to estimated execution time of the collectivesearching.
4. A searching method comprising: issuing a first instructionfor searching a first data portion included in a search scope of asearch request, based on the search request; issuing a secondinstruction for searching a second data portion, included in the searchscope, based on the search request; and in a case that another searchrequest, a search scope of which includes the second data portion, isreceived before the second instruction in issued, issuing thirdinstruction for collective searching, which includes obtaining dataincluded in the second data portion from a storage device and verifyingthe obtained data with both of the search request and the another searchrequest, instead of the second instruction, by a processor.
5. Thesearching method according to claim 4, further comprising: issuing forthinstruction for searching the first data portion based on the anothersearch request after the third instruction is issued.
6. The searchingmethod according to claim 4, further comprising: issuing the secondinstruction and a fifth instruction for searching the second dataportion based on the second search request, instead of the thirdinstruction, in response to estimated execution time of the collectivesearching.
7. A computer-readable recording medium storing a searchingprogram that causes a computer to execute a procedure, the procedureincluding: issuing a first instruction for searching a first dataportion included in a search scope of a search request, based on thesearch request; issuing a second instruction for searching a second dataportion, included in the search scope, based on the search request; andin a case that another search request, a search scope of which includesthe second data portion, is received before the second instruction isissued, issuing third instruction for collective searching, whichincludes obtaining data included in the second data portion from astorage device and verifying the obtained data with both of the searchrequest and the another search request, instead of the secondinstruction.
8. The recording medium according to claim 7, wherein theprocedure further includes: issuing forth instruction for searching thefirst data portion based on the another search request after the thirdinstruction is issued.
9. The recording medium according to claim 7, theprocedure further includes: issuing the second instruction and a fifthinstruction for searching the second data portion based on the secondsearch request, instead of the third instruction, in response toestimated execution time of the collective searching..
|
github_open_source_100_1_59 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { ApiPromise, WsProvider } from '@polkadot/api';
import { BlockNumber, Header, SessionIndex, EraIndex } from '@polkadot/types/interfaces';
import { Compact } from '@polkadot/types/codec';
import { Logger } from '@w3f/logger';
import { Text } from '@polkadot/types/primitive';
import { writeCSV } from './writeDataCSV'
import { DeriveSessionProgress } from '@polkadot/api-derive/session/types'
import { BucketGCP } from './bucketGCP'
import fs from 'fs'
import {
InputConfig, BucketUploadConfig,
} from './types';
export class Subscriber {
private chain: Text;
private api: ApiPromise;
private endpoint: string;
private sessionIndex: SessionIndex;
private exportDir: string;
private isCSVBeingWritten: boolean;
private logLevel: string;
private isBucketEnabled: boolean;
private bucket: BucketGCP;
constructor(
cfg: InputConfig,
private readonly logger: Logger) {
this.endpoint = cfg.endpoint;
this.exportDir = cfg.exportDir;
this.logLevel = cfg.logLevel;
this.isBucketEnabled = cfg.bucketUpload.enabled;
if(this.isBucketEnabled) this._initBucket(cfg.bucketUpload);
}
public async start(): Promise<void> {
await this._initAPI();
await this._initInstanceVariables();
this._initExportDir();
if(this.logLevel === 'debug') await this._triggerDebugActions()
await this._handleNewHeadSubscriptions();
}
private _initBucket(config: BucketUploadConfig): void{
this.bucket = new BucketGCP(config,this.logger)
}
private async _initAPI(): Promise<void> {
const provider = new WsProvider(this.endpoint);
this.api = await ApiPromise.create({ provider });
this.chain = await this.api.rpc.system.chain();
const [nodeName, nodeVersion] = await Promise.all([
this.api.rpc.system.name(),
this.api.rpc.system.version()
]);
this.logger.info(
`You are connected to chain ${this.chain} using ${nodeName} v${nodeVersion}`
);
}
private _initExportDir(): void{
if (!fs.existsSync(this.exportDir)) {
fs.mkdirSync(this.exportDir)
}
if(!this._isDirEmpty(this.exportDir)){
this._uploadToBucket()
}
}
private _isDirEmpty(path: string): boolean{
return fs.readdirSync(path).length === 0
}
private async _initInstanceVariables(): Promise<void>{
this.sessionIndex = await this.api.query.session.currentIndex();
this._unlockCSVWwrite()
}
private async _handleNewHeadSubscriptions(): Promise<void> {
this.api.rpc.chain.subscribeNewHeads(async (header) => {
this._writeCSVHandler(header)
})
}
private async _triggerDebugActions(): Promise<void>{
this.logger.debug('debug mode active')
await this._triggerDebugCSVWrite();
this._uploadToBucket()
}
private async _triggerDebugCSVWrite(): Promise<void> {
const deriveSessionProgress = await this.api.derive.session.progress();
await this._writeCSV(deriveSessionProgress.currentEra, this.sessionIndex, (await this.api.rpc.chain.getHeader()).number);
}
private async _writeCSVHandler(header: Header): Promise<void> {
const deriveSessionProgress = await this.api.derive.session.progress();
if (this._isEndSessionBlock(deriveSessionProgress) && !this.isCSVBeingWritten) {
await this._writeCSV(deriveSessionProgress.currentEra, deriveSessionProgress.currentIndex, header.number);
}
}
private async _writeCSV(eraIndex: EraIndex, sessionIndex: SessionIndex, blockNumber: Compact<BlockNumber>): Promise<void> {
const network = this.chain.toString().toLowerCase()
const request = {api:this.api,network,exportDir:this.exportDir,eraIndex,sessionIndex,blockNumber}
this._lockCSVWrite()
writeCSV(request, this.logger)
}
private _isEndSessionBlock(deriveSessionProgress: DeriveSessionProgress): boolean{
if(this._isSessionChanging(deriveSessionProgress)) return false
//it starts to write from the last few blocks of the session, just to be sure to not loose any session data being the deriveSessionProgress.sessionProgress not fully reliable
//it not always reach the very last block and jumps it may jumps to the next session
return deriveSessionProgress.sessionLength.toNumber() - deriveSessionProgress.sessionProgress.toNumber() < 2
}
private _isSessionChanging(deriveSessionProgress: DeriveSessionProgress): boolean{
if(deriveSessionProgress.currentIndex > this.sessionIndex) {
this._handleSessionChange(deriveSessionProgress.currentIndex)
return true
}
return false
}
private _handleSessionChange(newSession: SessionIndex): void{
this.sessionIndex = newSession
this._unlockCSVWwrite()
this._uploadToBucket()
}
private _uploadToBucket(): void{
this.isBucketEnabled && this.bucket.uploadFiles(this.exportDir)
}
private _lockCSVWrite(): void{
this.isCSVBeingWritten = true
}
private _unlockCSVWwrite(): void{
this.isCSVBeingWritten = false
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_60 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Metadata.Internal;
namespace Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Metadata
{
/// <summary>
/// Represents a navigation property which can be used to navigate a relationship.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// <para>
/// This interface is used during model creation and allows the metadata to be modified.
/// Once the model is built, <see cref="IReadOnlyNavigationBase" /> represents a read-only view of the same metadata.
/// </para>
/// <para>
/// See <see href="https://aka.ms/efcore-docs-modeling">Modeling entity types and relationships</see> for more information.
/// </para>
/// </remarks>
public interface IMutableNavigationBase : IReadOnlyNavigationBase, IMutablePropertyBase
{
/// <summary>
/// Sets a value indicating whether this navigation should be eager loaded by default.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="eagerLoaded">A value indicating whether this navigation should be eager loaded by default.</param>
void SetIsEagerLoaded(bool? eagerLoaded)
=> SetOrRemoveAnnotation(CoreAnnotationNames.EagerLoaded, eagerLoaded);
}
}
|
bpt6k65521601_10 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | Le principal artisan de ces malheurs publics, Alcibiade, habitait Lacédémone. Cette cité estimait, dit Plutarque, qu'elle avait déjà reçu de lui trois grands services : il avait provoqué la mission de Gylippe, une expédition nouvelle dans la Grèce, et l'entreprise de fortifier Décélie. Les Spartiates lui savaient gré aussi de sa facilité à imiter leurs mœurs, à se conformer à toutes leurs coutumes. À le voir se raser le visage, se baigner dans l'eau froide, manger du pain bis, humer du brouet noir, on eût cru que jamais il n'avait eu de cuisinier dans sa maison, ni employé de parfumeur, ni fait usage de draps tissus à Milet. Nul n'excella plus que lui à prendre et à quitter les habitudes si diverses de tous les peuples du monde. À Sparte, il se montrait laborieux, sobre et austère; en Ionie, délicat et voluptueux; chez les Thraces, buveur et cavalier; en la cour de Perse, somptueux et magnifique. Mais il était partout profondément pervers, incapable d'affections sincères et durables, ne prenant pour règle de ses actions que son intérêt personnel de chaque moment, et ne faisant consister cet intérêt que dans la satisfaction de ses plus vicieux penchants. C'est parce qu'il aimait passionnément les plaisirs, l'éclat, et par-dessus tout le pouvoir, que la guerre du Péloponnèse s'est rallumée après les trêves, et a désolé la Grèce dix-sept ans de plus. L'influence des ambitieux tels que lui n'a jamais été que funeste; et le plus grave reproche qu'on puisse adresser à l'histoire est de n'avoir pas flétri les noms de ces insignes malfaiteurs; sa plus fatale erreur est de célébrer leur mémoire. Alcibiade ne reparaîtra que dans le huitième livre de Thucydide. Dans notre prochaine séance nous étudierons le septième livre, comme je vous l'ai dit, pour le plus brillant et le plus intéressant de l'ouvrage. NEUVIÈME LEÇON. EXAMEN DU SEPTIÈME LIVRE. CONTINUATION DE LA GUERRE DU PÉLOPONNÈSE. DÉFAITE DES ATHÉNIENS EN SICILE. Messieurs, Thucydide, dans son sixième livre, a conduit l'histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse depuis la fin de l'an 416 avant notre ère jusqu'au milieu de l'an 414. C'est un espace d'environ dix-huit mois, qui se compose d'une partie de la seizième année de la guerre, de la dix-septième tout entière et du commencement de la dix-huitième. Une courte description de la Sicile et un exposé des origines de ses divers habitants ont servi de préliminaires au récit des événements dont cette île allait être le théâtre. Les Athéniens, dupes des intrigues et de l'ambition d'Alcibiade, ont résolu, malgré Nicias, d'y entreprendre une expédition. La mutilation nocturne des Hermès a failli empêcher le départ d'Alcibiade, à qui l'on imputait cet attentat. Mais ses ennemis l'ont laissé partir, ou même ils l'y ont forcé, se réservant de l'accuser et de le juger en son absence. A peine était-il débarqué en Sicile avec les deux autres généraux, ses collègues, Nicias et Lamachus, qu'il reçut l'ordre de revenir pour répondre à l'accusation. A ce propos l'historien s'est engagé dans une digression qui nous a paru fort déplacée; elle concerne Harinedius et Aristogiton, les meurtriers des Pisistratides. Alcibiade s'est réfugié chez les Péloponnésiens; il s'est allié contre Athènes à Lacédémone. Nicias a commencé la guerre en Sicile : il a investi Syracuse, et remporté plusieurs avantages. Les Athéniens ont néanmoins essuyé quelques échecs, et perdu Lamiacus, l'un de leurs chefs. Mais tels étaient encore leurs premiers succès en Sicile, que Gylippe, général lacédémonien, n'a pas cru qu'il fût temps de venir s'y mesurer avec eux; il est resté à Tarente avec sa flotte. Les Spartiates et leurs alliés dévastaient le pays d'Argos; les Athéniens s'y sont portés sur trente galères, et l'on a reconnu enfin que la trêve était rompue. En nous racontant ces faits, dans son sixième livre, Thucydide y a mêlé, selon son usage, un certain nombre de harangues; les personnages auxquels il les a prêtées sont Alcibiade, Nicias, les Syracusains Hermocrate et Athénagoras, l'Athénien Euphémus. Aucun des six livres que nous venons d'étudier n'égale en intérêt historique le septième où la catastrophe des Athéniens en Sicile va nous être exposée. L'historien nous en dévoilera les causes, les avant-coureurs, les circonstances, les résultats. Cette précieuse partie de ses récits ne correspondra qu'aux années 414 et 413 avant l'ère vulgaire. Gylippe et son collègue Python, après avoir fait radouber leurs navires, passèrent de Tarente chez les Locriens occidentaux, à l'extrémité de l'Italie. Là ils apprirent que Syracuse n'était pas encore entièrement investie, et qu'une armée pouvait y être introduite par l'Epipolémène. Les Athéniens ne disposaient pas des forces nécessaires pour étendre et affermir leurs conquêtes: ils venaient de perdre un de leurs meilleurs auxiliaires par le décès d'Archonidas, qui régnait sur une partie des Sicules. Voilà donc Gylippe qui descend dans l'île, et qui marche vers la place assiégée. Des Corinthiens venaient d'y arriver avant lui : il était temps; car déjà les Syracusains songeaient à se rendre. Les Corinthiens les en détournèrent en leur annonçant Gylippe. Son apparition inattendue troubla les Athéniens, qui pourtant se mirent en ordre de bataille. Une première affaire leur fut avantageuse : ils défirent les Syracusains et dressèrent un trophée. Gylippe assembla ses troupes et leur déclara que ce n'était point à elles, mais à lui seul qu'il fallait attribuer ce revers; qu'en les resserrant dans un étroit espace, il s'était ôté l'usage de sa cavalerie et de ses gens de trait; qu'il allait à l'instant les reconduire à l'ennemi; et que, loin de se croire inférieures en forces, elles devaient se sentir destinées, par leur qualité de Doriennes, à vaincre et à écraser des Ioniens. Je doute fort, Messieurs, de l'utilité de ces forfanteries nationales; mais on les a partout employées pour animer les soldats; c'est le style convenu des exhortations militaires. Les Athéniens s'avancèrent : Gylippe, qui les voulait prendre en flanc, disposa en conséquence ses cavaliers et ses archers; il les posta vers l'endroit où se terminaient ses retranchements, en établissant ses hoplites plus en avant des tranchées que la première fois. Sa cavalerie, pendant l'action, fondit sur l'aile gauche athénienne, et la mit en fuite; toute l'armée de Nicias se retira en désordre dans ses lignes. Les Syracusains, durant la nuit suivante, élevèrent et prolongèrent leur muraille au-delà de celle de l'ennemi, et lui ôtèrent ainsi le moyen de les renfermer. Des secours survenaient de toutes parts à Syracuse; et, grâce à l'activité de Gylippe, plusieurs villes siciliennes entraient dans la confédération. Le reste des vaisseaux de Corinthe, d'Ampracie, de Leucade, arrivait sous le commandement d'Erasinidas; et les Syracusains équipaient une flotte : Nicias, prévoyant les embarras et les périls dont il allait être ôté, sentit mieux que jamais que son armée avait besoin de renforts considérables, à moins qu'on ne se hâtât de la rappeler, ce qui eût été le parti le plus sage. Il écrivit donc aux Athéniens une lettre que Thucydide transcrit ou rédige, et qui peint parfaitement l'état des affaires en Sicile, Vous avez appris, citoyens, « par plusieurs de mes dépêches précédentes, ce que nous avons fait jusqu'à ce moment. Il importe que vous connaissiez notre situation actuelle. Nous avions eu l'avantage dans la plupart des combats; nous avions construit des retranchements, où nous sommes encore. e D'ailleurs nos ennemis ont élevé autour de nous un « mur qui, d'assiégeants que nous étions, nous transforme « en assiégés, au moins du côté de la terre; et, resserré par la cavalerie, nous ne pouvons plus avancer « dans les campagnes. On songe même à nous attaquer « du côté de la mer : on sait que notre flotte, naguère « si florissante, ne se compose plus que de vaisseaux « pourris et d'équipages ruinés. Comme les vivres commencent à nous manquer, on nous débauche des soldats, des valets, des matelots, des auxiliaires. Je « m'aperçois aussi que mon autorité s'affaiblit : encore « quelques revers, et nous sommes réduits aux dernières « extrémités. Je sais que vous n'aimez à recevoir que « d'heureuses nouvelles; mais je vous dois la vérité. « Nous sommes tous, chefs et soldats, sans reproche : « n'imputez nos malheurs qu'à l'insuffisance de nos « forces contre la Sicile entière et le Péloponnèse luttant contre nous. Ou rappelez votre armée, ou entre voyez-en une seconde de terre et de mer, avec de « grandes sommes d'argent. Je vous demande un successeur : ma santé s'est altérée; je ne suis plus en état de commander. » Cette lettre ne fut pas aussi mal accueillie que Nicias l'avait craint. On ne le déchargea point du commandement, mais on résolut de lui envoyer une autre armée et deux collègues, Démosthène, fils d'Alcisthène, et Eurymédon. De leur côté, les Lacédémoniens se disposèrent à fortifier Décélie et à ravager l'Attique. Ainsi finissait l'hiver de la dix-huitième année. La dix-neuvième, 413 avant Jésus-Christ, allait être plus décisive, et son premier semestre, de mars en septembre, occupe tout le reste du septième livre. Agis, roi de Lacédémone, envahit l'Attique et entreprend la fortification de Décélie, ville située à près de cinq lieues d'Athènes, et à la même distance de la Béotie. Sparte expédiait en même temps des forces pour la Sicile; elle armait six cents hoplites pris parmi les hilotes et les affranchis appelés néodamôdes: Eccritus les commandait. Les Béotiens envoyaient aussi des hoplites au nombre de trois cents, les Corinthiens cinq cents, les Sicyoniens deux cents. Vingt-cinq vaisseaux de Corinthe, équipes pendant l'hiver, se tenaient en station à Naupacte, en face de la flotte athénienne, et protégeaient le passage des bâtiments qui portaient les hoplites péloponnésiens. Athènes chargea Chariclès de conduire trente galères autour du Péloponnèse, et, en passant chez les Argiens, d'inviter leurs hoplites à se joindre à lui. Démosthène partit pour la Sicile à la tête de soixantecinq vaisseaux, de douze cents guerriers d'Athènes et d'un grand nombre d'alliés: il avait ordre de suivre d'abord Chariclès, de côtoyer avec lui la Laconie, en y exerçant des ravages. Si maintenant, Messieurs, nous reportons nos regards sur la Sicile, nous y retrouvons Gylippe rassemblant des troupes, Hermocrate le secondant avec zèle et habileté : tout s'apprête pour une bataille navale. Gylippe fait sortir, pendant la nuit, toute son armée de terre, il marche aux lignes de Plemmyrium : ses trirèmes font voile, toutes à la fois, trente-cinq du grand port, quarante-cinq du petit, espérant troubler et déconcerter les Athéniens de l'un et de l'autre côté; mais voilà qu'ils remontent à la hâte sur soixante galères, dont vingt-cinq voguent à la rencontre des trente-cinq sorties du grand port, et le reste au devant des quarante-cinq. La bataille commence à l'entrée du principal port de la ville: longtemps les deux flottes combattent avec des forces égales; l'une pour forcer l'entrée, l'autre pour la défendre. L'avantage demeure cette fois encore aux Athéniens: ils submergent onze vaisseaux, en prennent trois, exterminent un grand nombre d'ennemis, font des prisonniers; mais ils perdent trois de leurs bâtiments, et leur position dans leurs retranchements sur terre devient de jour en jour plus périlleuse. On leur enlève leurs magasins, le dépôt qui renferme une quantité considérable de subsistances et d'effets appartenant, soit à des marchands, soit à des triérarques, les voiles de quarante trirèmes, d'autres agrès, et trois navires mis à sec. Chassés des lignes de Plemmyrium, ils n'ont plus d'abordage sûr pour leurs munitions. Plemmyrium devient un point de départ pour les Syracusains qui bientôt dépêchent, sous la conduite d'Agatharque, douze navires, l'un destiné à porter des députés au Péloponnèse; les onze autres à saisir, sur les côtes de l'Italie, des bâtiments athéniens richement chargés. Ils les abordèrent en effet, en détruisirent le plus grand nombre, et brûlèrent, dans la campagne de Caulonie, des bois de construction préparés pour le service d'Athènes. De là ils gagnèrent Locres, où ils reçurent les hoplites qui arrivaient de Thespies, et avec lesquels ils reprirent la route de la Sicile. Vingt vaisseaux athéniens, qui les épiaient près de Mégare, les attaquèrent. Un navire syracusain fut pris; tous les autres échappèrent et rentrèrent à Syracuse. Les Athéniens ne réussissaient plus dans leurs entreprises; ces désavantages en présageaient d'autres et décourageaient leur armée. Ils essuyaient presque chaque jour de petites pertes, qui ensemble équivalaient à un désastre. La flotte commandée par Démosthène parcourait et infestait différentes cotes; mais les fruits de ces courses ne compensaient pas les ravages plus affligeants que jamais qu'éprouvait l'Attique depuis que Décélie était fortifiée. Jusqu'alors cette place avait servi de passage aux denrées que l'on tirait de l'Eubée; maintenant il les fallait faire arriver par mer en tournant Sunium. Il était pressant d'abandonner la Sicile, et il y avait moins de courage que d'opiniâtreté à persister dans les projets qu'on avait formés sur elle. On les pouvait encore abandonner sans trop de dommage, et finir la guerre plus honorablement qu'il n'avait été permis de l'espérer. En effet, au commencement de cette guerre du Péloponnèse, la Grèce avait peine à croire, dit Thucydide, que les Athéniens pussent tenir une année entière; les plus confiants disaient deux ou trois; mais personne davantage; et voilà que, dix-sept ans après la première invasion de l'Attique, ils se sont imposé le fardeau d'une seconde guerre. Les dépenses militaires s'accroissaient sans mesure; il fallut réduire toutes les autres et augmenter les tributs. La disette d'argent était extrême; elle obligea de renvoyer les Thraces arrivés trop tard pour s'embarquer avec Démosthène : on manquait de moyens de les expédier pour la Sicile et de les retenir à Athènes. En retournant chez eux, ils pillèrent les pays ennemis et surtout Mýcalesse, ville béotienne; ils y massacrèrent tout ce qu'ils rencontrèrent, sans distinction d'âge ni de sexe, et jusqu'aux bestiaux, n'épargnant rien de ce qui respirait ; ils se jetèrent dans l'école où les enfants venaient d'entrer en fort grand nombre et les égorgèrent tous. Tels sont les forfaits que la guerre amène, et qu'on n'impute point assez aux hommes d'Etat qui la provquent, et qui la perpétuent, comme avaient fait, dans Athènes, Cléon et Alcibiade. Démosthène, occupé d'expéditions particulières, ne se pressait pas d'aborder la Sicile, où Nicias s'affaiblissait de plus en plus. Un combat naval se livra près de Naupacte entre les Athéniens et les Corinthiens. Ceux-ci furent dispersés et perdirent trois galères; sept de celles d'Athènes restèrent hors d'état de manœuvrer : de part et d'autre on éleva un trophée. Les Syracusains, après avoir amélioré la construction de leurs vaisseaux, résolurent de tenter la fortune d'une nouvelle bataille. Ils attaquèrent l'armée athénienne avec leur flotte et à la fois avec leurs troupes de terre. Ce double appareil alarma les Athéniens et troubla leurs manœuvres. Durant la plus grande partie du jour, tout se passa en simples épreuves, seulement les Syracusains coulèrent bas un ou deux vaisseaux d'Athènes. Le lendemain les Siciliens se tinrent en repos; et Nicias s'occupa des dispositions défensives avec un zèle d'autant plus louable, qu'il n'était soutenu par aucun espoir. Le jour suivant, une attaque eut lieu, comme la précédente, par terre et par mer, et semblait ne devoir amener aucun résultat. Au milieu de la journée, les Syracusains descendirent de leurs vaisseaux, et prirent un repas à terre. Les Athéniens, persuadés que l'ennemi se retirait en se reconnaissant vaincu, descendirent à leur tour, se mirent à manger, déposèrent leurs armes. On est surpris qu'un capitaine aussi expérimenté, aussi sage que Nicias, ait permis cette imprudence : elle a été payée bien cher. Tout à coup, les Syracusains se rembarquent; ils s'avancent : les Athéniens déconcertés regagnent leur flotte, non sans désordre. D'abord on ne fit que s'observer réciproquement; les Athéniens se lassèrent les premiers, et un peu trop tôt, de ces lenteurs; ils engagèrent l'action, perdirent sept vaisseaux, beaucoup d'hommes, essuyèrent une défaite complète, et se réfugièrent avec peine dans leur station. Cependant Démosthène et Eurymédon arrivent ; ils amènent soixante-treize navires, sept mille guerriers, sans compter les archers, les frondeurs, les soldats qui ne sont armés que de javelots. L'aspect de cet imposant renfort, ou plutôt de cette armée nouvelle, frappe d'une vive terreur les Syracusains et leurs alliés; il ranime le courage des troupes de Nicias. On reprochait à ce général, dont l'arrivée avait aussi paru formidable, d'avoir, au lieu d'attaquer aussitôt Syracuse, passer un hiver à Calanèque, et laisser à Gylippe le temps de se fortifier. Démosthène ne voulut pas commettre la même faute. Il était impatient de profiter de l'effroi qu'inspirait le spectacle de ses forces. Il se hâtait surtout de se rendre maître du passage de l'Epipolès : s'il y réussissait, il entrerait dans Syracuse; sinon, il ramènerait toute l'armée à Athènes, et mettrait fin à une expédition ruineuse. La tentative sur l'Epipolès semblait impraticable pendant le jour : l'attaque commença donc avec la nuit, et les troupes syracusaines qui ne s'y attendaient pas, s'épouvantèrent d'abord, se laissèrent forcer, prirent la fuite; mais les Athéniens aussi s'avançaient dans un désordre qu'entretenaient à la fois leur présomption et les ténèbres. Les Béotiens leur résistèrent vivement et parvinrent à les mettre en déroute. Thucydide avoue qu'il ne lui a pas été facile de se procurer des renseignements exacts sur les détails de cette bataille nocturne. La descente de l'Épipôle est étroite: poursuivis, ils tombaient dans des précipices, et y trouvaient la mort. Ceux qui vinrent à bout de gagner la plaine, se sauvèrent presque tous dans leur camp; mais plusieurs se trompèrent de chemin, et furent, dès que le jour parut, enveloppés, massacrés par la cavalerie sicilienne. Le lendemain, les vainqueurs élevèrent deux trophées, l'un à la montée de l'Épipôle, l'autre à l'endroit où les Béotiens avaient opposé la première résistance. Les Athéniens eurent à demander la permission d'enlever leurs morts; ils l'obtinrent. Ils avaient, eux et leurs alliés, souffert d'énormes dommages, et perdu surtout beaucoup d'armes. Les Syracusains, enhardis par leurs succès inattendus, envoyèrent Sicanus avec quinze vaisseaux à Agrigente, pour attirer, s'il se pouvait, dans leur parti, cette république alors tourmentée de troubles intérieurs. En même temps Gylippe parcourait une seconde fois par terre les cantons de la Sicile, et s'efforçait d'y lever des troupes. Les généraux athéniens délibérèrent sur les difficultés de leur position. Ils voyaient leur armée abattue sous le poids de ses revers, et affaiblie par une maladie qui avait deux causes, l'approche de l'automne et le terrain marécageux où l'on campait. Démosthène voulait qu'on partît sans différer, tandis qu'on pouvait encore traverser la mer et y combattre, s'il le fallait, avec avantage. Nicias craignait qu'un si prompt départ ne proclamât trop tôt leur détresse, et ne compromît dans Syracuse la faction qui leur était dévouée, et avec laquelle il entretenait depuis longtemps des intelligences. Il prévoyait d'ailleurs que cette retraite déplairait au peuple d'Athènes et donnerait lieu de calomnier, d'accuser les chefs de l'armée. Il aimait mieux périr, si le destin l'ordonnait, sur un champ de bataille et de la main des ennemis, que d'être condamné par ses concitoyens à une mort injuste et honteuse. Cédant à ces considérations, Démosthène demandait qu'au moins on ne s'obstinât pas à continuer le siège, mais qu'on se portât à Catane ou à Thapsos, d'où l'on irait dévaster les terres des Syracusains. Nicias persista dans la résolution de ne point changer de position. Elle devenait de jour en jour moins tenable. À la vérité, Sicanus n'avait point réussi dans Agrigente, où les deux factions s'étaient réconciliées et décidées à ne point l'écouter. Mais Gylippe avait recruté un grand nombre de Siciliens; et, par surcroît, les hoplites envoyés du Péloponnèse, avaient reçu des habitants de Cyrène en Libye deux trirèmes, qui guidaient leur navigation; et ils venaient de franchir le trajet de Néapolis, comptoir des Carthaginois, à Sélinonte. Quand Nicias vit que les Syracusains et les Péloponnésiens se renforçaient ainsi chaque jour, il consentit enfin aux préparatifs du départ, pourvu qu'ils demeurassent bien secrets. On se hâta, on allait partir, quand la lune s'éclipsa (le 27 août 413, selon la table de Pingré). Ce phénomène inspira des craintes ou des scrupules à la plupart des Athéniens; et Nicias, qui n'était pas le moins superstitieux de la troupe, déclara qu'il ne permettrait point qu'on remît en délibération le projet de retraite, avant qu'il se fût écoulé trois fois neuf jours; c'était le terme que les devins avaient indiqué. Il est impossible, Messieurs, de ne pas remarquer ici à quels désastres l'ignorance et la superstition exposent les États. Les Athéniens n'avaient plus un instant à perdre; et voilà qu'un phénomène purement naturel, presque vulgaire, les retient dans une position dont ils commençaient, quoique déjà trop tard, à reconnaître le péril. Les Syracusains, sûrs de leur supériorité, ne songèrent plus qu'à empêcher le départ de leurs ennemis, et conçurent l'espoir de les accabler par une dernière bataille, à la fois sur terre et sur mer. Ils attaquèrent d'abord les retranchements, et ne remportèrent qu'un léger avantage. Le lendemain, soixante-seize de leurs vaisseaux livrèrent un combat à quatre-vingt-six navires athéniens, commandés par Eurymédon. Ce général s'était étendu le long du rivage pour envelopper les Siciliens et leurs auxiliaires : ce mouvement causa sa perte. Le centre de sa flotte fut enfoncé ; le vaisseau qu'il montait brisé, le reste poussé et resserré au fond d'un golfe. Plutarque et Diodore de Sicile nous apprennent qu'Eurymédon perdit la vie dans le combat; Thucydide omet cette circonstance. Gylippe, impatient d'achever la défaite des Athéniens qui descendraient à terre, conduisit sur le rivage une partie de ses troupes; mais il fut repoussé. Alors, pour incendier la flotte athénienne, qui n'avait perdu que dixhuit vaisseaux, on lança contre elle un vieux bâtiment de charge, rempli de torches et de matières auxquelles on avait mis le feu. Les Athéniens eurent encore l'adresse d'éloigner ce brûlot et d'éteindre les flammes. Ils dressèrent un trophée pour avoir mis en fuite le détachement de Gylippe; et les Syracusains en érigèrent un pour avoir défait Eurymédon. Les forces étaient devenues trop inégales, La question n'était plus de savoir si les Athéniens prendraient Syracuse, mais s'ils réussiraient à se retirer. Ici Thucydide fait le recensement des nations qui avaient pris part à cette guerre, soit pour, soit contre l'Attique : pour elle, les Ioniens, les Eoliens, les Grecs insulaires, quelques-uns même de ceux dont l'origine était dorienne; en Italie, les citoyens de Thurium et de Métaponte, en Sicile les Égestains et un petit nombre d'autres cités. Mais Syracuse avait pour auxiliaires les Sélinontins, les habitants de Géla, de Camarina, les Himériens, une partie des Sicules; entre les Grecs, les Béotiens, les Corinthiens et les Spartiates. Quoiqu'en général on se prétendît partagé, dans cette guerre, en race ionienne et race dorienne; ce n'étaient point des liaisons d'origine commune, pas plus que des sentiments d'équité, qui avaient entraîné ces divers peuples dans l'un ou dans l'autre parti : ils suivaient des impulsions données par des intérêts accidentels, par des conjonctures fortuites, par quelque dure nécessité. Il faut plaindre des nations armées ainsi sans savoir pourquoi, et gratuitement vouées à tant de fatigues, de souffrances et de malheurs; mais ce déplorable égarement se reproduit dans toutes les histoires. L'ambition des Syracusains était de prendre l'armée athénienne tout entière, et de ne lui laisser aucun moyen d'évasion. Ils se mirent donc à fermer le grand port, qui avait environ huit stades d'ouverture; ils en détruisirent l'entrée en mettant à l'ancre des trirèmes, des vaisseaux de charge et des barques. Les Athéniens, se voyant enfermés et réduits à la dernière détresse, résolurent d'abandonner leur camp et leur muraille, et de se retrancher sur le rivage, près de leurs navires, dans le plus petit espace qu'ils pourraient, et de livrer une bataille décisive avec tout ce qui leur restait de galères. Victorieux, ils se retireraient à Catane; vaincus, ils mettraient le feu à leurs navires, et gagneraient par terre la plus prochaine ville de leurs alliés. Voilà donc qu'ils descendent de leurs retranchements, équipent cent dix vaisseaux, y font monter, de gré ou de force, tous ceux des leurs qui sont capables de quelques services, placent sur les ponts un grand nombre d'archers et de gens de trait, Acarnanes ou autres étrangers, et rassemblent enfin tous les moyens de défense et d'attaque que peut leur laisser une si fatale extrémité. Quand tout fut prêt pour le combat, Nicias rassembla ses troupes et leur adressa, selon notre historien, un discours solennel. « Il s'agit, leur dit-il, « pour vous, comme pour vos ennemis, du salut de l'État. Chacun de vous a besoin de vaincre, s'il veut revoir sa ville natale. Non, vous n'êtes point de ceux dont le courage se laisse abattre par des revers : le vôtre n'en est que plus aguerri, et vous avez assez acquis l'expérience des combats, pour savoir que la fortune, qui vous a éprouvés, vous doit maintenant des succès. De concert avec les pilotes, nous avons reconnu, disposé tout ce qui, dans l'espace étroit du port, peut tourner à notre avantage et contre la flotte ennemie. Nous couvrirons nos vaisseaux d'archers, de gens de trait : ces troupes si nombreuses, que nous n'aurions garde d'employer dans un combat en haute mer, vont nous servir aujourd'hui, parce que, sur notre flotte même, c'est réellement une sorte de bataille terrestre que nous devons livrer : il nous y faudra, ne pouvant reculer nous-mêmes, empêcher la retraite de nos adversaires. Quand vous aurez attaqué un vaisseau, ne vous en détachez pas que vous n'ayez défait tous les guerriers qu'il porte. J'exhorte les matelots à ne pas se laisser décourager par le souvenir de nos derniers malheurs : ils ont maintenant un meilleur pontage et un plus grand nombre de bâtiments. Et vous, alliés, vrais Athéniens, nés hors de l'Attique, vous que la Grèce révère, et à qui sont communes avec nous les mêmes coutumes, la même langue, et la même puissance, conservez cette ardeur guerrière qui vous a toujours distingués. Méprisez ces Corinthiens si souvent vaincus par vous, et ces Siciliens, téméraires sans habileté, enivres de quelques instants de bonheur. Pour vous, citoyens d'Athènes, souvenez-vous que nous n'avons laissé dans notre patrie ni une flotte pareille à celle-ci, ni une jeunesse guerrière qui vous ressemble. Pensez, s'il vous arrive autre chose que d'être vainqueurs, que les Siciliens vont fondre aussitôt sur les citoyens restés dans vos murs. Serez-vous les sujets de Syracuse, et souffrirez-vous qu'Athènes obéisse à Lacédémone? Non, votre courage préviendra ce double malheur. Vous savez que les forces guerrières et maritimes de votre patrie, que la république elle-même et le grand nom d'Athènes sont ici avec vous sur ces vaisseaux. De son côté, Gylippe ayant appris que les Athéniens devaient se servir de crampons, s'efforça de se prémunir contre cette manœuvre, en garnissant de peaux le parties supérieures de ses navires. Ses troupes furent aussi haranguées par lui et par les autres généraux : vous pensez bien que Thucydide ne manque pas de mettre ces discours en opposition avec celui de Nicias. « Syracusains et alliés, dit Gylippe, ou disent ses collègues, vous avez fait de grandes choses : le moment est venu de consommer votre ouvrage. Les Athéniens qui se promettaient d'asservir la Sicile, le Péloponnèse et la Grèce entière, vous les avez arrêtés dans le cours de leurs projets tyranniques. Vous êtes les premiers qui ayez résisté à leur marine, l'unique instrument de leur puissance. Déjà vous avez affaibli, ruiné leurs forces, en les détournant eux-mêmes de l'idée qu'ils en avaient conçue. Voyez-vous comme ils sont obligés, dans leur désespoir, de changer de tactique, d'employer de nouveaux moyens qui tourneraient aussi à leur perte? Les bâtiments qu'ils ont résserrés en si grand nombre dans un petit espace ne pourront plus se mouvoir et demeureront exposés à vos coups. Jetez-vous au milieu de leur désordre. « N'écoutez que l'indignation et la vengeance. Vous savez, s'ils vous eussent vaincus, quel sort ils vous préparaient : ils auraient condamné les hommes aux supplices, les enfants et les femmes à l'opprobre, la république à porter le plus honteux des noms (celui d'esclave). Ne songez qu'à leur crime : non, si vous leur permettez de fuir, vous n'aurez pas triomphé. Ils fuiraient encore s'ils étaient vainqueurs; c'est aujourd'hui le seul succès auquel ils aspirent. Notre but, dans l'action qui va s'ouvrir, est de les extirper; et le prix en sera d'assurer à la Sicile son antique liberté. » La dernière phrase de cette harangue est traduite par Lévesque ainsi : « Les dangers les plus rares sont ceux où l'on peut succomber sans avoir beaucoup à souffrir, et qui, si l'on en sort, procurent une grande félicité. » On ne sait trop ce que de telles paroles veulent dire, au lieu que le texte, quoique très-concis, est fort clair : il s'agit des dangers, et non des périls, les plus rares, c'est-à-dire les plus désirables, ceux qui sont d'un plus haut prix. Gylippe veut dire : c'est un rare bonheur qu'une épreuve où l'on a fort peu à perdre et beaucoup à gagner. Il suppose que telle est la partie que vont jouer ses soldats, contre de si faibles adversaires. Vous prévoyez, Messieurs, par l'amertume et la violence de ces discours, quel sera l'acharnement du combat. Nicias en pressentait toute l'horreur; il croyait n'avoir ni assez fait, ni assez dit. Il s'adressait successivement à tous les chefs, les appelait de leurs noms propres, de ceux de leurs pères et de leurs tribus, genre d'égards et de prévenance auquel les anciens étaient extrêmement sensibles. Il leur parlait de leurs familles, de leurs enfants, de leurs épouses et de leurs dieux, redisait tout ce qu'il avait déjà fait entendre, épuisait toutes les idées générales et particulières, toutes les expressions de l'amitié la plus familière et la plus fraternelle. Le moment vint de conduire les troupes sur le rivage, et de diriger les vaisseaux vers l'entrée du port pour s'ouvrir un passage à la haute mer. Dans l'impétuosité du premier choc, les Athéniens obtinrent quelque avantage; mais bientôt l'ennemi fondit sur eux de toutes parts. Une bataille, plus terrible qu'aucune des précédentes, s'engagea dans l'intérieur du port. Cet espace resserré contenait environ deux cents vaisseaux des deux flottes ensemble. On ne pouvait ni reculer ni avancer; les navires se heurtaient, se mêlaient, à la fois attaqués et agresseurs, sous les nuages de javelots, de flèches, et de pierres, qui se lançaient du haut des ponts. Les ordres n'étaient plus entendus au milieu de ces chocs violents, et la fureur seule dirigeait tant de combats particuliers. Si les généraux voyaient, dans l'une ou l'autre flotte, un navire s'éloigner, ils interpellaient le triérarque et le sommaient d'accomplir ses devoirs, sans prendre garde au danger. Les troupes restées à terre contemplaient cette lutte sanglante, suspendues entre l'espérance et la crainte; les Siciliens impatients d'acquérir plus de puissance, les Athéniens redoutant des maux plus cruels que ceux qu'ils avaient endurés : leurs yeux se fixaient avec effroi sur ces vaisseaux qui portaient leur fortune, et qui risquaient tout leur avenir. Le spectacle avait peu d'étendue et des mouvements innombrables; tous les points appelaient les regards. Chaque aspect, chaque coup d'œil provoquait des vœux, des prières, des gémissements, des actions de grâces, des cris de joie ou de douleur. Tant que le combat se soutenait opiniâtrément avec égalité des deux parts, les spectateurs exprimaient par les mouvements de leurs corps leur trouble et leur anxiété. Mais la plupart ne songeaient qu'à leur salut personnel; et, privés de presque tous les moyens de l'assurer, ils ne l'attendaient que d'un hasard. Leur détresse extrême ressemblait à celle où les Lacédémoniens s'étaient vus réduits à Pylos, quand ils perdaient, avec leur flotte, leurs guerriers enfermés dans l'île de Sphactérie. Les Syracusains et leurs alliés avaient aussi, quoique vainqueurs, essuyé de très-grandes pertes d'hommes et de vaisseaux : après avoir recueilli des débris et des cadavres, ils rentrèrent dans leur ville et y dressèrent un trophée. Les vaincus ne redemandaient pas leurs dépouilles : l'excès de leur abattement ne leur laissait d'autre pensée que de s'enfuir, s'il était possible, à la faveur des ténèbres de la nuit. Démosthène, qui n'avait pas renoncé à tout espoir, vint proposer à Nicias de découvrir de troupes les bâtiments qui leur restaient, et de forcer le passage au lever de l'aurore. Ils avaient conservé au moins soixante vaisseaux capables de tenir la mer, et l'ennemi n'en possédait plus que cinquante. Pour le malheur d'Athènes, ces deux généraux ne purent entraîner les équipages à tenter ce dernier moyen de salut public, les Athéniens ne se croyaient plus en état de sortir vainqueurs d'aucune bataille, et ne voulaient songer qu'à opérer leur retraite par terre. Le Syracusain Hermocrate se douta de ce projet, et engagea les magistrats à le prévenir. Il ne fallait pas, disait-il, permettre aux Athéniens de s'échapper nuitamment et d'aller dévaster d'autres cantons de la Sicile. Il demandait que tous les Syracusains et tous les alliés sortissent pour fermer les issues et occuper les défilés. Les magistrats auraient approuvé ces mesures, mais ils désespéraient de les faire agréer à un peuple enivré de joie et impatient de reprendre du repos. D'ailleurs c'était, ce jour-là, la fête d'Hercule; on la célébrait en buvant, et cette fois en se réjouissant du nouveau triomphe. Comme Nicias avait toujours à Syracuse des amis qui allaient l'avertir de ce qui se passait dans la ville, Hermocrate imagina de lui faire donner un faux avis : il lui envoya quelques hommes qui feignirent d'être dévoués aux Athéniens, et qui lui conseillèrent de ne pas se mettre en route durant cette nuit, parce que les ennemis gardaient les routes. On se prit à ce piège, et l'on perdit encore la journée du lendemain en préparatifs; il fallait, disait-on, laisser aux soldats le loisir d'emporter au moins les objets qui leur seraient le plus strictement nécessaires. Gylippe et son armée employèrent ce délai à prendre de l'avance, et à embarrasser les chemins, à occuper les passages des ruisseaux et des rivières; à écarter, brûler ou remorquer près de la ville des vaisseaux athéniens. Enfin l'ordre du départ fut donné par Nicias le surlendemain de la bataille navale. Ce qu'il y avait de lamentable dans cette retraite, ce n'était pas seulement de la faire après un tel désastre, et quand d'imminents périls menaçaient l'armée et la république elle-même : le camp d'où l'on sortait présentait le plus douloureux spectacle; on abandonnait et la flotte entière, et les morts sans sépulture, et, ce qui était plus affreux, les malades et blessés sans secours. Ces infortunés suppliaient qu'on les emmenât; ils imploraient à grands cris la pitié de leurs amis, de leurs parents; ils s'accrochaient, se suspendaient aux habits, aux bras de leurs compagnons d'armes, et les suivaient tant que pouvaient le permettre le peu de forces qu'ils retrouvaient. On s'éloignait douloureusement d'une terre où l'on avait tant souffert; et, ainsi qu'il arrive en de telles catastrophes, on s'accablait mutuellement de reproches et d'accusations. Quarante mille hommes fuyaient ainsi, emportant à peine de quoi subsister ou languir pendant quelques jours. Les valets avaient déserté, les hoplites et les cavaliers, accoutumés à ne porter que leurs armes, marchaient chargés de leurs munitions. De quel éclat, dans quelle misère on était tombé! Cette armée, qui naguère arrivait menaçante et se flattant de tout asservir, comment la reconnaître dans une troupe fugitive, qui redoute à chaque pas la rencontre de ses vainqueurs et la honte de l'esclavage? Elle était sortie d'Athènes au chant des pæans, aux acclamations d'un peuple ivre d'orgueil et d'espérance : elle fuyait poursuivie d'augures sinistres; elle se traînait à pied, laissant les navires qui l'avaient portée dans l'appareil d'un triomphe. Nicias osa se présenter à ses soldats, et leur adresser une dernière exhortation : le malheur animait sa voix et la rendait plus forte qu'à l'ordinaire : le discours qu'il prononça est le dernier qui se rencontre dans l'ouvrage de Thucydide, et, comme c'est en même temps l'un des plus courts, je vous le rapporterai tout entier, mais sans pouvoir encore emprunter la version beaucoup trop pénible de Lévesque. « Dans l'extrémité où vous êtes réduits, ô Athéniens et alliés, il faut savoir espérer encore; d'autres ont échappé à des dangers plus terribles. Pourquoi vous reprocher à vous-mêmes des maux que vous n'avez pas mérités? Je ne suis pas moins affaibli que vous : j'ai, par-dessus-tout, vos souffrances, celle d'une maladie opiniâtre; et, après avoir été aussi heureux que tout autre dans ma vie privée et publique, je partage aujourd'hui le sort et les périls des plus infortunés mortels. Cependant j'ai rempli tous mes devoirs envers les dieux, j'ai acquitté toutes mes dettes envers la patrie. J'ai vécu juste et généreux; c'est ce qui me remplit d'espoir et d'audace. Ces malheurs que nous n'avons point à nous imputer à nous-mêmes, ils sont enfin épuisés, et le bonheur de nos ennemis l'est aussi sans doute; s'il est vrai que nous leur ayons fait la guerre contre la volonté des dieux, nous en avons été assez punis; rien ne nous reste à expier. D'autres avant nous se sont montrés agresseurs; leurs fautes étaient de celles qui échappent à la faiblesse humaine; ils n'ont subi que les peines qu'elle peut supporter. « Oui, vous avez, dès ce moment, un refuge assuré, mais vous n'en avez point d'autre, et la nécessité vous force à triompher de vos malheurs. Vous qui nous suivez sans être citoyens d'Athènes, évitez aujourd'hui de tomber aux mains de l'ennemi, et si vous reverrez les lieux, les objets que vos vœux réclament; et vous, o Athéniens, vous relèverez là puissance, si déchue, de votre cité; une cité, ce sont les hommes qui la composent, et non des murs ou des vaisseaux vides qui la constituent. » Démosthène tenait à peu près le même langage aux troupes qu'il commandait. Mais au fond, Messieurs, toutes ces paroles n'exprimaient que les difficultés et les périls de la situation des fugitifs. Arrivés au passage de l'Anapus, ils trouvèrent sur les bords de ce fleuve un détachement de Syracusains, le repoussèrent, et continuèrent d'avancer. Une cavalerie les harcelait, des troupes légères tiraient sur eux. Ils parcoururent dans la journée environ quarante stades et vingt le lendemain. Puis ils campèrent dans un lieu habité, d'où ils se proposaient de tirer de l'eau et des vivres. Cependant l'ennemi s'était porté en avant, et avait muré un passage. C'était une hauteur appelée le roc Acrée, et sous laquelle se voyaient, des deux côtés, des ravins escarpés et profonds. Les Athéniens s'y présentèrent, y soutinrent les attaques des cavaliers, les traits des troupes légères, et furent enfin forcés de retourner à leur camp, sans avoir pu se procurer de subsistance, la cavalerie ne leur permettant pas de s'écarter. Dès l'aurore du jour suivant, ils reprirent leur marche, et s'ouvrirent de vive force le passage jusqu'au tertre fortifié. Ils trouvèrent devant eux une infanterie disposée sur un ordre profond, le lieu étant fort étroit : en vain ils attaquèrent le mur; accablés de traits lancés d'en haut, ils ne réussirent point à le forcer. Un orage, qui survint pendant qu'ils se retiraient et qu'ils prenaient quelques instants de repos, orage qui n'avait rien d'extraordinaire dans ce pays et dans cette saison (l'on était en septembre), leur parut un nouveau présage de leur perte. Gylippe profita de leur inaction et de leur terreur pour envoyer un détachement élever derrière eux une muraille; ils en expédièrent un pour empêcher de la bâtir. Toute leur armée se rapprocha de la plaine et passa la nuit en chemin. L'ennemi les entourait de toutes parts, les excédait de fatigues, les affaiblissait par des blessures, reculait quand ils avançaient sur lui, fondait sur eux dès qu'il les voyait reculer, pressait surtout les derniers rangs, afin de répandre l'effroi dans tous les autres. Ils tinrent ferme cependant; et, malgré ces manœuvres, qui durèrent assez longtemps, ils traversèrent cinq ou six stades, au bout desquels ils se reposèrent encore dans la plaine, tandis que les Syracusains s'éloignaient et regagnaient leur camp. Ainsi, tous les pas que firent les malheureux Athéniens, ils eurent à les disputer. Dans cette longue suite d'attaques, le nombre de leurs blessés s'accroissait rapidement, et les munitions de toute espèce leur manquaient de plus en plus. Nicias et Démosthène prirent le parti de conduire l'armée, durant la nuit et à l'aide de feux allumés, vers la mer. Au lieu de se diriger vers Catane, elle suivait la route qui menait à Camarina et à Géla, route opposée à celle où les ennemis l'attendaient. Malgré des terreurs paniques, la division de Nicias prit de l'avance; celle de Démosthène se coupa et marcha en désordre, et cependant, au point du jour, parvenue au rivage, elle s'avança par la route nommée Hélorine, jusqu'au fleuve Cacyparis, dont elle pouvait suivre le cours pour pénétrer dans l'intérieur des terres, et dans l'espoir de rencontrer les Sicules qu'on avait mandés. Aux bords du fleuve, un détachement ennemi élevait un mur, et plantait des pilotis, afin de fermer le passage. Les Athéniens le forcèrent, et continuèrent leur marche vers un autre fleuve qui s'appelait Erinée. Informés de l'évasion des Athéniens, les Syracusains se plaignirent amèrement de Gylippe, l'accusèrent de négligence, et se mirent aussitôt à la poursuite des vaincus. Ils atteignirent, vers le milieu du jour, la division de Démosthène, qui était toujours en retard. Celle de Nicias avait une avance de cent cinquante stades (cinq lieues) : ce général avait su lui imprimer un mouvement plus rapide : il pensait qu'en de si fatales conjonctures, le moyen de se sauver n'était pas de faire des pauses volontaires, ni de livrer des combats; qu'au contraire il convenait d'user de toute la célérité possible, et de ne jamais se battre, sans y être forcé. Démosthène, parti le dernier, avait marché plus lentement, plus irrégulièrement, et soutenu plus d'attaques. Les ennemis harcelèrent sa troupe; il la voulut mettre en ordre de bataille, et y perdit un temps précieux qui aurait été bien mieux employé à gagner du terrain. Les Syracusains se bornaient à des escarmouches; ils les préféraient à une bataille réglée contre des fugitifs, à qui le désespoir pouvait rendre des forces invincibles : sûrs de les réduire par la fatigue et par des continualement échecs, ils ne voulaient pas risquer, dans une affaire générale, les fruits des manœuvres de plusieurs jours. Des traits lancés çà et là devaient suffire pour mettre aux abois une armée si malheureuse, si déroutée, enveloppée de toutes parts, emprisonnée entre des murailles et des plantations d'oliviers. Gylippe et ses alliés envoyèrent offrir la liberté à ceux des Siciliens qui abandonneraient la troupe de Démosthène et passeraient dans la leur. Quelques-uns, mais en petit nombre, prirent ce parti. Le général athénien, convaincu de l'inutilité et des périls d'une plus longue résistance, n'hésita plus à se rendre. La convention portait que ses soldats remettraient leurs armes; on s'engageait à leur laisser la vie et la liberté, à n'y attenter ni par des violences, ni par des chaînes, ni par le refus de l'absolu nécessaire. A ces conditions, ils se rendirent au nombre de six mille, livrèrent leurs armes et leur argent, dont on remplit quatre boucliers. On les conduisit à Syracuse, tandis que Nicias parvenait aux bords de l'Erinée et campait sur une hauteur. Atteint lui-même dès le jour suivant, il apprit que son collègue s'était rendu, et ne voulut pourtant le croire que sur le rapport d'un cavalier qu'il envoya pour s'assurer du fait. Alors Nicias, par le ministère d'un héraut, déclara que, si on laissait partir son armée, il stipulerait, au nom d'Athènes, que cette cité rembourserait aux vainqueurs tous les frais de la guerre, et leur livrerait, jusqu'au paiement de la somme, un nombre déterminé d'otages, savoir, un par talent. On n'accepta point ces propositions; on investit les Athéniens, on les assaillit, on tira sur eux jusqu'au soir. Quoique manquant de vivres et de munitions, ils résolurent de profiter du repos de la nuit pour s'évader; mais les Syracusains s'aperçurent des préparatifs de leur départ, et chantèrent le pané. Trois cents Athéniens forcèrent la garde; les autres virent bien qu'ils ne pourraient plus cacher leur retraite. Nicias, cependant, au retour de l'aurore, mit encore son armée en marché : bravant les flèches, les javelots et les insultes des cavaliers, elle courait au fleuve Asinarus, à la fois pressée par la soif et par l'espoir de se sauver, si elle avait le bonheur de le traverser. Tous s'y précipitèrent à l'envi et en désordre : vivement poursuivis et obligés de se serrer, ils tombaient les uns sur les autres, se heurtaient contre les javelots de leurs voisins, s'embarrassaient dans leurs ustensiles : les uns se blessaient à mort; le courant emportait les autres. Les rives étaient escarpées, et les Syracusains, postés sur l'une, tiraient d'en haut sur des infortunés, dont le plus impatient besoin, au milieu de tant de dangers, était d'étancher leur soif. Les vainqueurs impitoyables descendirent dans ce fleuve profond, et y firent un carnage horrible, qui troublait et bouleversait l'onde : bourbeuse et sanglante, on la buvait encore, on se la disputait les armes à la main. Voyant toute son armée détruite, les cadavres entassés dans le fleuve, et ceux qui n'y avaient point péri, menacés par une cavalerie qui tout à l'heure allait les atteindre, Nicias se remit à la discrétion de Gylippe, en le pria d'arrêter le massacre : il avait plus de confiance dans un Lacédémonien que dans les Syracusains. Gylippe ordonna de faire les Athéniens prisonniers; les Syracusains en avaient caché plusieurs; on emmena vivants tous les autres, et l'on poursuivit avec tant d'ardeur les trois cents qui avaient échappé à la garde, qu'on les arrêta. En tout, néanmoins, le nombre des captifs au profit de l'État ne fut pas considérable; les particuliers en avaient dérobé davantage. Ceux-là n'appartenaient ni à Syracuse ni à Lacédémone; leurs maîtres les répandirent dans toute la Sicile. Les derniers combats avaient moissonné une multitude d'Athéniens. Toutefois il s'en évada beaucoup, soit des champs de bataille, soit après avoir été réduits en servitude. |
cu31924083881460_17 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | "One from England, and the other from Calais; th« latter arrived by express, and seems of great importance." "From Calais! Who the deuce can have written to me from Calais?" "'I think I can recognize the handwriting of your friend the Comte de Wardes." "Oh!" cried the chevalier, forgetting his intention of acting the spy, "in that case I will come up at once." This he did, while the two unknown beings disappeared at the end of the court opposite to the one by which they had just entered. We shall now follow them, and leave the cheva- lier undisturbed to his correspondence. When they had arrived at the grove of trees, the foremost of the two halted, somewhat out of breath, and cautiously raising her hood, said, "Are we still far from the tree?" "Yes, madame; more than five hundred paces; but pray rest awhile, you will not be able to walk much longer at this pace." "You are right," said the princess, for it was she; and she leaned against a tree. "And now," she resumed, after having recovered her breath, "tell me the whole truth, and conceal nothing from me." "Oh, madame!" said the young girl, "you are already angry with me." "No, my dear Athenais; reassure yourself, I am in no way angry with you. After all, these things do not concern me personally. You are anxious about what you may have said under the oak; you are afraid of having offended the king, and I wish to tranquillize you by ascertaining myself if it were possible you could have been overheard." "Oh, yes, madame, the king was so close to us." "Still, you were not speaking so loud that some of your remarks may not have been lost." "We thought we were quite alone, madame." "There were three of you, you say?" "Yes; La Valliere, Montalais, and myself." "And you, individually, spoke in a light manner of the king?" "I am afraid so. Should such be the case, will your highness have the kindness to make my peace with his majesty?" "If there should be any occasion for it, I promise you to do so. However, as I have already told you, it will be better not to anticipate evil, and to be quite sure that evil has been committed, The night is now very dark, and the TEN YEARS LATER. "It was not Montalais. Montalais said nothing; it was La Valliere." Madame started as if she had not known it perfectly already. "No, no," she said, "the king cannot have heard. Besides, we will now try the experiment for which we came out. Show me the oak. Do you know where it is?" she continued. "Alas! madame, yes." "And you can find it again?" "With my eyes shut." "Very well; sit down on the bank where you were, where La Valliere was, and speak in the tone and to the same efEect as you did before; I will conceal myself in the thicket, and if I can hear you I will tell you so." "Yes, madame." "If, therefore, you really spoke sufficiently loud for the king to have heard you, in that case " Athenais seemed to await the conclusion of the phrase with some anxiety. "In that case," said madame, in a suffocated voice, aris- ing doubtless from her hurried progress; "in that case I forbid you — " And madame again increased her pace. Suddenly, however, she stopped. "An idea occurs to me," she said. "A good idea, no doubt, madame," replied Mile, de Tonnay-Charente. "Montalais must be as much embarrassed as La Valliere and yourself." "Less so, for she is less compromised, having said less." "That does not matter; she will help you, I dare say, by deviating a little from the exact truth." "Especially if she knows that your highness is kind enough to interest yourself about.me." 314 TEN YEARS LATER. "Very well; I think I have discovered what we want." "How delightful." "You will say that all three of you were perfectly well aware that the king was behind the tree, or behind the thicket, whichever it might have been; and that you knew Monsieur de St. Aignan was there too." "Yes, madame." "For you cannot disguise it from yourself, Athenais, St. Aignan takes advantage of some very flattering remarks which you made about him." "Well, madame, you see very well that one can be over- heard," cried Athenais, "since Monsieur de St. Aignan overheard us." Madame bit her lips, for she had thoughtlessly committed herself. "Oh, you know St. Aignan's character very well," she said; "the favor the king shows him almost turns his brain, and he talks at random; not only that, he very often invents. That is not the question; the fact remains. Did or did not the king overhear?" "Oh, yes, madame, he did hear," said Athenais, in despair. "In that case, do what I said: maintain boldly that all three of you knew — mind, all three of you, for if there is a doubt about any one of you, there will be a doubt about all — persist, I say, that you knew that the king and Monsieur de St. Aignan were there, and that you wished to amuse yourselves at the expense of those who were listening." "Oh, madame, at the king's expense; we never dare say that!" "It is a simple jest, an innocent deception readily per- mitted in young girls whom men wish to take by surprise. In this manner everything is explained. What Montalais said of Malicorne, a mere Jest; what you said of Monsieur de St. Aignan, a mere jest, too; and what La Valliere might have said of " ] "And which she would have given anything to have recalled." "Are you sure of that?" "Perfectly so." "Very well; an additional reason, therefore. Say the whole affair was a mere Joke. Monsieur de Malicorne will have no occasion to get out of temper; Monsieur de St. Aignan will be completely put out of countenance, he will be laughed at instead of you; and, lastly, the king will be punished for a curiosity which was unworthy of his rank. TEK IBABS LATER. 315 Let people laugh a little at the king in this affair, and I do not think he will complain of it." "Oh, madame, you are indeed an angel of goodness and sense!" "It is to my own advantage." "In what way?" "Do you ask me why it is to my advantage to spare my maids of honor the remarks, annoyances, and perhaps even calumnies, which might follow? Alas! you well know that the court has no indulgence for this sort of pecadilloes. But we have now been walking for some time; shall we be long before we reach it?" "About fifty or sixty paces further; turn to the left, inadame, if you please." "And so you are sure of Montalais?" said madame. "Oh, certainly." "Will she do what you ask her?" "Everything. She will be delighted." "As for La Valliere— " ventured the princess. "Ah, there will be some diflBculty with her, madame; sht would scorn to tell a falsehood." "Yet, when it is her interest to do so " "I am afraid that that would not make the slightea-i difference in her ideas." "Yes, yes," said madame, "I have been already told that; she is one of those overnice and affected, particular persons who place heaven in the foreground to conceal themselves behind it. But if she refuse to tell a falsehood — as she will expose herself to the jestings of the whole court — as she will have annoyed the king by a confession as ridiculous as it was immodest — Mademoiselle de la Baume le Blanc de la Valliere will think it but proper that I should send her back again to her pigeons in the country, in order that, in Touriane yonder, or in Le Blaisois — I know not whtjre it may be, she may at her ease study sentiment and a pastoral life together." These words were uttered with a Tshemence and harshness which terrified Mile, de Tonnay- Charente; and the consequence was, that, as far as ushe was concerned, she promised to tell as many falsehoods as might be necessary. It was in this amiable frame of mind, respec- tively, that madame and her companion reached the pre- cincts of the royal oak. "Here we are," said Tonnay-Charente. "We shall soon learn if one can overhear," replied inadame. S16 TEK TEARS LATER, "Hush!" said the young girl, holding madame bacK with a hurried gesture, entirely forgetful of her comDaniou's rank. Madame stopped. "You see that you can hear/' said Athenais. "How?" "Listen." Madame held her breath; and, in fact, the following words, pronounced by a gentle and melancholy voice, floated toward them: "I tell you, vicomte, I tell you I love her madly; I teL you I love her to distraction." Madame started at the voice; and, beneath her hood, a bright joyous smile illumined her features. It was she who now stayed her companion, and with a light footstep lead- ing her some twenty paces back, that is to say, out of the reach of the voice, she said, "Eemain there, my dear Athenais, and let no one surprise us. I think it may be you they are conversing about." "Me, madame?" "Yes, you — or rather, your adventure. I will go and listen; if we were both there we should be discovered. Go and fetch Montalais, and then return and wait for me with her at the entrance of the forest." And then, as Athenais hesitated, she again said, "Go!" in a voice which did not admit of a reply. Athenais thereupon arranged her dress so as to prevent its rustling being heard, and by a path which crossed the group of trees, she regained the flower- garden. As for madame, she concealed herself in the thicket, leaning her back against a gigantic chestnut-tree, one of the branches of which had been cut in a manner to form a seat, and waited there full of anxiety and apprehen- sion. "Now," she said, "since one can hear from this place, let us listen to what Monsieur de Bragelonne and that other madly in love fool, the Comte de Guiche, have to say about me." CHAPTER XLV. IK WHICH MADAME ACQUIRES A PROOF THAT LISTENERS CAN HEAR WHAT IS SAID. There was a moment's silence, as if all the mysterious sounds of night were hushed to listen, at the same time as madame, to the youthful and passionate disclosures of De Guiche. fm YDAKS tATBS. M It was Eaoul who was about to speak. He leaned in- dolently against the trunk of the large oak, and replied in his sweet and musical voice, "Alas, my dear De Guiche, it is a great misfortune." "Yes," cried the latter, "great indeed." "You do not understand me, De Guiche. I say that it is a great misfortune for you, not that of loving, but that of not knowing how to conceal your love." "What do you mean?" said De Guiche. "Yes, you do not perceive one thing, namely, that it is no longer to the only friend you have — in other words, to a man who would rather die than betray you — you do not perceive, I say, that it is no longer to your only friend that you confide your passion, but to the first one who approaches you." "Are you mad, Bragelonne," exclaimed De Guiche, "to say such a thing to me?" "The fact is so, however." "Impossible! How, in what manner could I have become indiscreet to such an extent?" "I mean, that your eyes, your looks, your sighs, speak, in spite of yourself, that every exaggerated feeling leads and hurries a man beyond his own control. In such a case he ceases to be master of himself; he is a prey to a mad passion, which makes him confide his grief to the trees, or to the air, from the very moment he has no longer any liv- ing being within reach of his voice. Besides, remember this: it very rarely happens that there is not always some one present to hear, especially those very things which ought not to be heard." De Guiche uttered a deep sigh. "Nay," continued Bragelonne, "you distress me; since your return here you have a thousand times, and in a thousand different ways, confessed your love for her; and yet, had you not said anything, your return would alone have been a terrible indiscretion. I persist, then, in drawing this conclusion: that if you do not place a greater watch over yourself than you have hitherto done, one day or anothei something will happen which will cause an explosion. Who will save you then? Answer me. Who will save her? for, innocent as she will be of your affection, your affec- tion will be an accusation against her in the hands of her enemies." "Alas!" murmured De Guiche; and a deep sigh accom- panied the exclamation. "That is not answering me, De Guiche." 818 TEN YEARS LATER. "Yes, yes." "Well, what reply have you to make?" "This, that when the day arrives I shall not be less a living being than I feel myself to be now." "I do not understand you." "So many vicissitudes have worn me out. At present, 1 am no more a thinking, acting being; at present, the most worthless of men is better than I am; therefore, my re- maining strength is now exhausted, my latest-formed resolu- tions have vanished, and I abandon myself to my fate. When a man is out campaigning, as we have been together, and he sets off alone and unaccompanied for a skirmish, it sometimes happens that he may meet with a party of five or six foragers, and although alone, he defends himself; afterward, five or six others arrive unexpectedly, his anger is aroused, and he persists; but if six, eight, or ten others should stiU be met with, he either sets spurs to his horse, if he should still happen to retain it, or lets himself be slaiii, to save an ignominious flight. Such, indeed, is my own case. First, I had to struggle against myself; afterward, against Buck- ingham; now, since the king is in the field, I will not con-- tend against the king, nor even, I wish you to understand, will the king retire; nor even against the nature of that woman. Stul I do not deceive myself; having devoted myself to the service of that afEection, I will lose my life in it." "It is not her you ought to reproach," replied Eaoul; "it is yourself." "Why so?" "You know the princess' character — somewhat giddy, easily captivated by novelty, susceptible to flattery, whether it come from a blind person or a child, and yet you allow your passion for her to eat your very life away. Look at her — love her, if you will — for no one whose heart is not engaged elsewhere can see her without loving her. "Oh, I know her better than you do, then!" exclaimed De Guiche. "She is not giddy, but frivolous; she is not attracted by novelty, she is utterly oblivious, and is without faith; she is not simply susceptible to flattei'y, she is a practiced and cruel coquette. A thorough coquette! yes, yes, I am sure of it. Believe me, Bragelonne, I am suffer- ing all the torments of hell; brave, passionately fond of danger, I meet a danger greater than my strength and my courage. But believe me, Eaoul, I reserve for myself a. victory which shall cost her floods of tears." "A victory," he asked, "of what kind?" "Of what kind, you ask?" "Yes." "One day I will accost her, and will address her thus: 'I was young — madly in love; I possessed, however, sufficient respect to throw myself at your feet, and to prostrate my- self with my forehead buried in the dust, if your looks had not raised me to your hand. I fancied I understood your looks, I arose, and then, without having done anything toward you than love you yet more devotedly, if that were possible — you, a woman without heart, faith, or love, in very wantonness of disposition, dashed me down again from mere caprice. You are unworthy, princess of the royal blood though you may be, of the love of a man of honor; I offer my life as a sacrifice for having loved you too tenderly, and I die hating you.' " "Oh!" cried Eaoul, terrified at the accents of profound truth which De Quiche's words betrayed, "I was right in saying you were mad, De Guiche." "Yes, yes!" exclaimed De Guiche, following out his own idea; "since there are no wars hero now, I will flee yonder, to the north, seek service in the empire, where some Hungarian, or Croat, or Turk will perhaps kindly put mf out of my misery at once." De Guiche did not finish, ot- rather, as he finished, a sound made him start, and at the same moment made Eaoul leap to his feet. As foi De (rniche, buried in his own thoughts, he remained seated, with his head tightly pressed between his hands. The branches of the trees were pushed aside, and a woman, pale 3aO TEN- TEARS lATEH. and much agitated, appeared before the .wo young' meiln With oue hand she held back the branches, which would have struck her lace^ and with the other she raised the .'lood of the mantle which covered her shoulders. By her jlear and lustrous glance, by her lofty carriage, by her haughty attitude, and, more than all, by the throbbing of his own heart, De Guiche recognized madame, and, utter- ing a load cry, he removed his hands from his temples, and coverea his eyes with them. Raoul, trembling and out of countenance, merely muttered a few formal words of respect. "Monsieur de Bragelonne," said the princess, "have the goodness, I beg, to see if my attendants are not somewhere yonder, either in the walks or in the groves; and you. Mon- sieur de Guiche, remain here; I am tired, and you will pei'- haps give me your arm." Had a thunderbolt fallen at the feet of the unhappy young man he would have been less terrified than by her cold and severe tone. However, as he himself had just said, he was brave; and as in the depths of his own heart he had just decisively made up his mind, De Guiche arose, and, observing Bragelonne's hesitation, he turned toward him a glance full of resignation and of grateful acknowledgment. Instead of immediately answering madame, he even ad- vamced a step toward the vicomte, and holding out toward him the hand which the princess had just desired him to give her, he pressed his friend's hand in his own with a sigh, in which he seemed to give to friendship all life that was left in the depths of his heart. Madame, who in her pride had never known what it was to wait, now waited until this mute colloquy was ended. Her royal hand re- mained suspended in the air, and when Eaoul had left, it sank without anger, but not without emotion, in that of De Guiche. They were alone in the depths of the dark and silent forest, and nothing could be heard but Eaoul's hastily retreating footsteps along the obscure paths. Over their heads was extended the thick and fragrant vault of branches, through the occasional openings of which the stars could be seen glittering in their beauty. Madame ^,oftlydrew De Guiche about a hundred paces away from that indiscreet tree which had heard, and had allowed so joaany things to be heard, during that evening, and leading him to a neighboring glade, so that they could see a certain distance around them, she said in a trembling voice, "I have brought you here, because yonder where you were everything can be overheard." TEN TEARS LATER. 331 "Everything can be overheard^ did you say, madame?" 'replied the young man mechanically. "Yes." "Which means — " murmured De Guiche. "Which means that I have heard every syllable you h»T8 said." "Oh, Heaven! this only was wanting to destroy me," stammered De Guiche; and he bent down his head, like an exhausted swimmer beneath the wave which ingulfs him. "And so," she said, "you judge me as you have said." De Guiche grew pale, turned his head aside, and was silent; he felt almost on the point of fainting. "I do not complain," continued the princess, in a tone of voice full of gentleness; "I prefer a frankness which wounds me to flattery which would deceive me. And so, according to your opinion. Monsieur de Guiche, I am a coquette and a worthless creature." "Worthless!" cried the young man; "you worthless! No, no; most certainly I did not say, I could not have said, that that which was the most precious object in life for me could be worthless. No, no; I did not say that!" "A woman who sees a man perish, consumed by the fire she has kindled, and who does not allay that fire is, in my opinion, a worthless woman." "What can it matter to you what I said?" returned the comte. "What am I compared to you, and why should you even trouble yourself to know whether I exist or not?" "Monsieur de Guiche, both you and I are human beings, and, knowing you as I do, I do not wish you to risk your life; with you I will change my conduct and character. I will be, not frank, for I am always so, but truthful. I im plore you, therefore, to love me no more, and to forge; utterly that I have ever addressed a word or a glance toward you." De Guiche turned round, bending a look full of pas- sionate devotion upon her. "You," he said; "you excuse yoisrself; you implore me!" "Certainly; since I have done the evil, I ought to repair the evil I have done. And so, comte, this is what we have agreed to. You will forgive my frivolity and my coquetry. Nay,, do not interrupt me. I will forgive you for having said I was frivolous and a coquette, or something worse, perhaps; and you will renounce your idea of dying, and will preserve for your family, for the king, and for our sex, a cavalier whom every one esteems, and whom many hold 522 TEN" TEARS LATER. Madame pronounced these last words in such an accent of frankness, and even of tenderness, that poor De Quiche's heart felt almost bursting. "Oh! madame, madame!" he stammered out. "Nay, listen further," she continued. "When you shall have renounced all thought of me forever, from necessity in the first place, and, afterward, because you will yield to my entreaty, then you will judge me more favorably, and I am convinced you will replace this love — forgive the folly of the expression — by a sincere friendship, which you will be ready to offer me, and which, I promise you, shall be cordially accepted." De ftuiche, his forehead bedewed with perspiration, a feel- ing of death in bia heart, and a trembling agitation through his whole frame, bit his lip, stamped his foot on the ground, and, in a word, devoured the bitterness of his grief. "Ma- dame," he said, "what you offer is impossible, and I can- not accept such conditions." "What!" said madame, "do you refuse my friendship?" "No, no! I need not your friendship, madame; I prefer to die from love than to live for friendship." "Comte!" "Oh! madame," cried De Guiche,"the present is a mo- ment for me, in which no other consideration and no other respect exists, than the respect of a man of honor toward the woman he worships. Drive me away, curse me, de- nounce'me, you will be perfectly right; I have uttered com- plaints against you, but their bitterness has been owing to my passion for you; I have said that I would die, and die I shall. If I lived, you would forget me; but dead, you would never forget me, I am sure." And yet she, who was standing buried in thought, nnd as agitated as De Guiche himself, turned aside her head as he but a minute before had turned aside his. Then, after a moment's pause, she said, "And you love me, then, very much?" "Madly; madly enough to die from it, whether you drive me from you or whether you listen to me still." "It is, therefore, a hopeless case," she said, in a playful manner; "a case which must be treated with soothing ap- plications. Give me your hand. It is as cold as ice." De Guiche knelt down, and pressed to his lips, not one, but both of madame's hands. "Love me, then," said the princess, "since it cannot be otherwise.'' And almost imperceptibly she pressed his TEK TEARS lATEft. 323 fingers, raising him thus, partly in the manner of a queen, and partly as a fond and afEectionate woman would have done. De Gniche trembled throughout, from head to foot, and madame, who felt how passion coursed through every fiber of his being, knew that he indeed loved truly. "Give me your arm, comte," she said, "and let us return." "Ah! madame," said the comte, trembling and be- wildered; "yon have discovered a third way of killing me." "But, happily, it is the longest, is it not?" she renlied; as she led him toward the grove of trees she had left. GHAPTEE XLVI. AEAMIS' CORRESPONDENCE. While De Guiche's affairs, which had been suddenly set to rights without his having been able to guess the cause of their improvement, assumed that unexpected change which we have seen, Eaoul, in obedience to the request of H. K. H., had withdrawn in order not to interrupt an explana- tion, the results of which he was far from guessing, and he had joined the ladies of honor who were walking about in the ilower-gardens. During this time the Chevalier de Lorraine, who had returned to his own room, read De Wardes' letter with surprise, for it informed him, by the hand of his valet, of the sword-thrust received at Calais, and of all the details of the adventure, and invited him to communicate to De Guiche and to Monsieur, whatever there might be in the affair likely to be most disagreeable to both of them. De Wardes particularly endeavored to prove to the chevalier the violence of madame's affection for Buck- ingham, and he finished his letter by declaring that he thought this feeling was returned. The chevalier shrugged his shoulders at the latter paragraph, and, in fact, De Wardes was very much behindhand, as may have bgen seen. De Wardes was still only at Buckingham's affair. The chevalier threw the letter over his shoulder upon an adjoin- ing table, and said in a disdainful tone: "It is really in- credible; and yet poor De Wardes is not deficient in ability; but the truth is, it is not very apparent, so easy is it to grow rusty in the country. The deuce take the simpleton, who ought to have written to me about matters of importance, and who writes such silly stuff as that. If it had not been for that miserable letter, which has no meaning at all in it, 324 TEN YEARS LATER. I should have detected in the grove yonder a charming httle intrigue, wliich would have compromised a woman, would have perhaps been as good as a sword-thrust for a man, and have diverted Monsieur for some days to come." He looked at his watch. "It is now too late," he said. "One o'clock in themoDiing; everyone must have returned to the king's apartments, where the night is to be finished; well, the scene is lost, and iinless some extraordinary chance — " And thus saying, as if to appeal to his good star, the chevalier, much out of temper, approached the window, which looked out upon a somewhat solitary part of the garden. Immediately, and as if some evil genius had been at his orders, he perceived returning toward the chateau, accompanied by a man, a silk mantle of a dark color, and recognized the figure which had struck his atten- tion half an hour previously. "Admirable!" he thought, striking his hands together, "this is my mysterious afl:air." And he started out precipi- tately along the staircase, hoping to reach the courtyard in time to recognize the woman in the mantle, and her com- E anion. But as he arrived at the door in the little court, e nearly knocked against madame, whose radiant face seemed full of charming revelations beneath the mantle which protected without concealing her. Unfortunately, madame was alone. The chevalier knew that since he had seen her, not five minutes before, with a gentleman, the gentleman in question could not be far off. Consequently, he hardly took time to salute the princess as he drew up, to allow her to pass; then when she had advanced a few steps, with the rapidity of a woman who fears recognition; and when the chevalier perceived that she was too much occu- pied with her own thoughts to trouble herself about him, he darted into the garden, looked hastily round on every side, and embraced within his glance as much of the hori- zon as he possibly could. He was just in time: the gentle- man who had accompanied madame was still in sight; only he was i'apidly hurrying toward one of the wings of the chateau, behind which he was just on the point of disap- pearing. There was not a minute to lose; the chevalief darted in pursuit of him, prepared to slacken his pace as he approached the unknown; but in spite of the diligence he used, the unknown had disappeared behind the flight of steps before he approached. It was evident, however, that as he whom the chevalier pursued was walking quietly, in a very pensive manner, TEN TEARS LATER. 335 with his head bent down, either beneath the weight of grief or of happiness, when once the angle was passed, unless, indeed, he were to enter by some door or another, the chevalier conld not fail to overtake him. And this cer- tainly would have happened, if, at the very moment he turned the angle, the chevalier had not run against two persona, who were themselves turning it in the opposite direc- tion. The chevalier was quite ready to seek a quarrel with these two troublesome intruders, when looking up he recog- nized the surintendant. Fouquet was accompanied by a person whom the chevalier now saw for the iirst time. The stranger was His Grace the Bishop of Vannes. Checked by the important character of the individual, and obliged from politeness to make his own excuses when he expected to receive them, the chevalier stepped back a few paces; and as M. Fouquet possessed, if not the friendship, at least the respect of every one; as the king himself, although he was rather his enemy than his friend, treated M. Fouquet as a man of great distinction, the chevalier did what the king would have done, namely, he howed to M. Fouquet, who returned his salutation with kindly politeness, perceiving that the gentleman had run against him by mistake, and without any intention of being rude. Then, almost imme- diately afterward, having recognized the Chevalier de Lor- raine, he made a few civil remarks, to which the chevalier was obliged to reply. Brief as the conversation was, the Chevalier de Lorraine saw, with the most unfeigned dis- pleasure, the figure of his unknown becoming less and less in the distance, and fast disappearing in the darkness. The chevalier resigned himself, and, once resigned, gave his entire attention to Fouquet: "You arrive late, monsieur," he said. "Your absence has occasioned great surprise, and I heard Monsieur express himself as much astonished that, having been invited by the king, you had not come." "It was impossible for me to do so; but I came as soon as I was free." "Is Paris quiet?" "Perfectly so. I will ask you, therefore, to inform me if the king is within the chateau or not, if I shall be able to see him this even- ing, or if I am to wait until to-morrow." "We have lost sight of his majesty during the last half hour nearly," said the chevalier. 326 TEN TEARS LATER, "Perhaps he is in madame's apartments," inquii-ed Fouquet. ''Not in madame's apartments, I should think, for I have just met madame as she was entering by the small staircase; and unless the gentleman whom you just now passed was the king himself — " and the chevalier paused, hoping that, in this manner, he might learn who it was he had been hurrying after. But Fouquet, whether he had or not recognized De Guiche, simply replied: "No, monsieur, it was not he." The chevalier, disappointed in his expectation, saluted them; but as he did so, casting a parting glance around him, and perceiving M. Colbert in the center of a group, ne said to thesurintendant: "Stay, monsieur; there is some one under the trees yonder who will be able to inform you better than myself." "Who?" asked Fouquet, whose near-sightedness pre- vented his seeing through the darkness. "Monsieur Colbert," returned the chevalier. "Indeed! That person, then, who is speaking yonder to those men with torches in their hands, is Monsieur Colbert?" "Monsieur Colbert himself. He is giving his orders per- sonally to the workmen who are arranging the lamps for the illuminations." "Thank you," said Fouquet, with an inclination of the head which indicated that he had obtained all the informa- tion he wished. The chevalier, on his side, having, on the contrary, learned nothing at all, withdrew with a profound salutation. He had scarcely left when Fouquet, knitting his brows, fell in a deep reverie. Aramis looked at him for a moment with a mingled feeling of compassion and sadness. "What!" he said to him, "that man's name alone seemed to affect you.' Is it possible that, full of triumph and delight as you were, just now, the sight merely of that man is capable of dis-| piriting you? Tell me, have you faith in your good star?" ' "No," replied Fouquet dejectedly. "Why not?" "Because I am too full of happiness at this present moment," he replied in a trembling voice. "You, my dear D'Herblay, who are so learned, will remember the his- tory of a certain tyrant of Samos. What can I throw into the sea to avert approaching evil? Yes; I repeat it once more, I am too full of happiness! so happy that I wi^h for nothing beyond what I have. ... I have risen so high. TEN TEABS LATER. 327 • • . You Icnow my motto: ^Quo non ascendamV I have risen so h'gh that nothing is left me but to descend from my elevation. I cannot believe in the progress of a success which is already more than human." Aramis smiled as he fixed his kind and penetrating glance upon him. ''If I were aware of the cause of your happi- ness/'he said, "I should probably fear for your disgrace; but you regard me in the light of a true friend; I mean, you turn to me in misfortune, nothing more. Even that is an immense and precious boon, I know; but the truth is, 1 have a just right to beg you to confide in me, from time to time, any fortunate circumstances which may befall you, and in which I should rejoice, you know, more than if they had befallen myself." "My dear prelate," said Fouquet, laughing, "my secrets are of too profane a character to confide them to a bishop, however great a worldling he may be." "Bah! in confession." "Or I should blush too much if you were my confessor." And Fouquet began to sigh. Aramis again looked at him without any other betrayal of his thoughts than a quiet smile. "Well," he said, "discretion is a great virtue." "Silence," said Fouquet; "that venomous beast has recognized us, and is coming this way." "Colbert?" "Yes; leave me, D'Herblay; 1 do not wish that fellow to see you with me, or he will take an aversion to you." Aramis pressed his hand, saying, "What need have I of his friendship, while you are here?" "Yes, but I may not be always here," replied Fouquet dejectedly. "On that day, then, if that day should ever come," said Aramis tranquilly, "we will think over a means of dispens- ing with the friendship, or of braving the dislike of Mon- sieur Colbert. But tell me, my dear Fouquet, instead of conversing with this fellow, as you did him the honor to style him, a conversation the ntility of which I do not per- ceive, why do you not pay a visit, if not to the king, at least to madame?" "To madame?" said the surintendant, his mind occupied by his souvenirs. "Yes, certainly, to madame." "You remember," continued Aramis, "that we have been tpld tJj^t w^4ame stands high in favor during the last tWQ 328 "' TEX TEARS LATER. or three days. It enters into your policy, and forms part, of onr plans, that you should assiduously devote yourself to his majesty's friends. It is a means of counteracting the growing influence of Monsieur Colbert. Present yourself, therefore, as soon as possible to madame, and, for our sakes, treat this ally with consideration." "But," said Fouquet, "are you quite sure that it is upon her the king has his eyes fixed at the present moment?" "If the needle has turned, it must be since the morning. You know I have my police." "Very well. I go there at once, and, at all events, I shall have a means of introduction in the shape of a mag- nificent pair of antique cameos set round with diamonds." "I have seen them, and nothing could be more costly and regal." At this moment they were interrupted by a servant fol- lowed by a courier. "For you, monseigneur," said the courier, aloud, pre- senting a letter to Fouquet. "For your grace," said the lackey, in a low tone, hand- ing Aramis a letter. And as the lackey carried a torch in his hand, he placed himself between the surintendant and the Bishop of Vannes, so that both of them could read at the same time. As Fou- quet looked at the fine and delicate writing on the envelope, he started with delight; they who love, or who are beloved, will understand his anxiety in the first place, and his hap- piness in the next. He hastily tore open the letter, which, however, contained only these words: "It is but an hour since I quitted you, it is an age since I told you that I love you." And that was all. Mme. de BelliSre had, in fact, left Fouquet about an hour previously, after having passed two days with him; and, apprehensive lest his remembrance of her might not be effaced for too long a period from the heart she regretted, she dispatched a courier to him as the bearer of this important communication. Fouquet kissed the letter, and rewarded the bearer with a handful of gold. As for Aramis, he, on his side, was engaged in reading, but with more coolness and reflection, the following letter: "The king has this evening been struck with a strange fancy; a woman loves him. He learned it accidentally, as he was listening to the conversation of this young girl with fEir YEARS tATEfi. 339 her companions; and his majesty has entirely abandoned himself to this new caprice. The girl's name is Made- moiselle de la Valliere, and she is suiBciently pretty to warrant this caprice becoming a strong attachment. Be- ware of Mademoiselle de la Valliere." There was not a word about madame. Aramis slowly folded the letter and put it in his pocket. Fouquet was still engaged in inhaling the perfume of his epistle. "Monseigneur," said Aramis, touching Fouquet's arm. "Yes, what is it?" he asked. "An idea has just occurred to me. Are you acquainted with a young girl of the name of La Valliere?" ' "Not at all." "Eeflect a little." "Ah, yes, I belieye so; one of madame's maids of honor." "That must be the one." "Well, what then?" "Well, monseigneur, it is to that young girl that you must pay your visit this evening." "Bah! why so?" "Nay, more than that, it is to her you must present your cameos." "Nonsense." "You know, monseigneur, that my advice is not to be regarded lightly." "Yet this was unforeseen " "That is my afEair. Pay your court in due form, and without loss of time, to Mademoiselle de la Valliere. I will be your guarantee with Mme. de Belliere that your devotion is altogether politic." "What do you mean, my dear D'Herblay, and whose name have you just pronounced?" "A name which ought to convince you that, as I am so well informed about yourself, I may possibly be as well in- formed about others. Pay your court, therefore, to La Valliere." "I will pay my court to whomsoever you like," replied Fouquet, his heart filled with happiness. "Come, come; descend again to the earth, traveler of the seventh heaven," said Aramis. "Monsieur de Colbert is approaching. He has been recruiting while we were read- ing; see how he is surrounded, praised, congratulated; he is decidedly becoming powerful." In fact, Colbert was advancing, escorted by all the cour- 330 TEN TEARS LATER. tiers who remained in the gardens, every one of whom com- plimented him upon the arrangements of the f&te, and which so pufied him up that he could hardly contain him- self. |
github_open_source_100_1_61 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright 2021, CS GROUP - France, http://www.c-s.fr
#
# This file is part of EODAG project
# https://www.github.com/CS-SI/EODAG
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
def check_ipython():
"""Check if called from ipython / notebook"""
try:
__IPYTHON__
return True
except NameError:
return False
class NotebookWidgets(object):
"""Display / handle ipython widgets"""
ipython = False
html_box = None
html_box_shown = False
display = None
def __init__(self):
self.ipython = check_ipython()
if self.ipython:
from IPython.display import display
from ipywidgets import HTML
self.display = display
self.html_box = HTML()
else:
pass
def display_html(self, html_value):
"""Display HTML message"""
if self.ipython:
self.html_box.value = html_value
if not self.html_box_shown:
self.display(self.html_box)
self.html_box_shown = True
def clear_html(self):
"""Clear HTML message"""
if self.ipython:
self.html_box.value = ""
|
8149292_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Petition for writ of certiorari to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit denied.
|
6640569_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Manuel Larraín Errázuriz (Santiago, 17 de dezembro de 1900 – Rengo, 22 de junho de 1966) foi um prelado chileno da Igreja Católica, bispo de Talca e presidente do Conselho Episcopal Latino-Americano.
Biografia
Estudou Direito na Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Chile, para depois entrar no Seminário e completar sua formação na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana. Foi ordenado padre em 16 de abril de 1927.
Foi nomeado pelo Papa Pio XI como bispo-coadjutor de Talca em 7 de maio de 1938, sendo consagrado como bispo-titular de Tubune na Numídia em 7 de agosto do mesmo ano, por Carlos Silva Cotapos, bispo de Talca, coadjuvado por Juan Subercaseaux Errázuriz, bispo de Linares e por Jorge Antonio Larraín Cotapos, bispo de Chillán. Na formação do Conselho Episcopal Latino-Americano, foi seu primeiro vice-presidente.
Junto com o cardeal Raúl Silva Henríquez, em 1962 deu início à implementação da reforma agrária chilena, nas Sés da Diocese de Talca e da Arquidiocese de Santiago do Chile. De 1962 a 1965 teve uma participação destacada no Concílio Vaticano II, onde fez parte do setor mais progressista. Foi um dos quarenta bispos que assinaram o Pacto das Catacumbas de Domitila, pelo qual prometiam caminhar com os pobres assumindo um estilo de vida simples e renunciando a todos os símbolos de poder.
Em 1963, torna-se o segundo Presidente do Conselho Episcopal Latino-Americano.
Morreu em um acidente de carro enquanto viajava de Santiago para Talca, em 22 de junho de 1966. Seus funerais foram realizados em 25 de junho de 1966 com a assistência do então Presidente do Chile Eduardo Frei Montalva e de grande parte de seu gabinete.
Ligações externas
Naturais de Santiago (Chile)
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Chile
Alunos da Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana
Bispos católicos do Chile.
|
github_open_source_100_1_62 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
namespace SetVersion.Lib
{
/// <summary>
/// Represents a version number string, such as "1.2.3-pre" or "1.2.3.4-pre".
/// The full format is "MAJOR.MINOR.REVISION.BUILD"
/// Note that this class is also used to parse patterns, so the components
/// can be variables such as "{{Inc}}".
/// </summary>
[DebuggerDisplay("{ToString()}")]
public class VersionString
{
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="VersionString"/> class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="versionNumber">The version number.</param>
/// <exception cref="System.ArgumentNullException">If <paramref name="versionNumber"/> is null.</exception>
public VersionString(string versionNumber)
{
Val.ThrowIfNull(versionNumber, nameof(versionNumber));
int idx = 0;
Major = Eat(versionNumber, ref idx);
if (Major == null)
{
Major = "";
return;
}
Minor = Eat(versionNumber, ref idx);
Revision = Eat(versionNumber, ref idx);
// Consume the remainder.
if (idx < versionNumber.Length)
Build = versionNumber.Substring(idx);
}
/// <summary>
/// Represents the Major component of the version string.
/// For example, in the string "1.2.3.4-pre" Major is "1".
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// The Major component of the version string.
/// </value>
public string Major { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Represents the Minor component of the version string.
/// For example, in the string "1.2.3.4-pre" Minor is "2".
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// The Minor component of the version string.
/// </value>
public string Minor { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Represents the Revision component of the version string.
/// For example, in the string "1.2.3.4-pre" Revision is "3".
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// The Revision component of the version string.
/// </value>
public string Revision { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// Represents the Build component of the version string.
/// For example, in the string "1.2.3.4-pre" Build is "4-pre".
/// </summary>
/// <value>
/// The Build component of the version string.
/// </value>
public string Build { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// The full version number.
/// </summary>
/// <returns>
/// The full version number.
/// </returns>
public override string ToString()
{
string s = Major;
if (Minor != null)
s += "." + Minor;
if (Revision != null)
s += "." + Revision;
if (Build != null)
s += "." + Build;
return s;
}
private string Eat(string versionNumber, ref int startIdx)
{
if (startIdx >= versionNumber.Length)
return null;
int start = startIdx;
again:
int idx = StringExtensions.IndexOfAny(versionNumber, startIdx, ".", "{{", "##", "%%");
if (idx == -1)
{
startIdx = versionNumber.Length;
return versionNumber.Substring(start);
}
char c = versionNumber[idx];
if (c == '.')
{
// The first thing we found was a field separator. Just eat the front bit.
startIdx = idx + 1;
return versionNumber.Substring(start, idx - start);
}
else if (c == '{' || c == '#' || c == '%')
{
// The first thing we found was a variable start. Try and skip to the
// end of the variable and start again from there.
string end = VarEnd(c);
idx = versionNumber.IndexOf(end, idx + 2);
if (idx == -1)
{
// Could not find end of the variable, consume all the remaining input.
startIdx = versionNumber.Length;
return versionNumber.Substring(start);
}
else
{
// Found the end of the variable, so start looking for a '.' again just after it.
startIdx = idx + 2;
goto again;
}
}
else
{
throw new InvalidOperationException("Should not reach here.");
}
}
private string VarEnd(char c)
{
if (c == '{')
return "}}";
else if (c == '#')
return "##";
else if (c == '%')
return "%%";
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(c));
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_63 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import os
import pytest
import functools
from unittest import mock
from asserts import assert_cli_runner
from meltano.cli import cli
from meltano.core.plugin import PluginType
from meltano.core.plugin_install_service import PluginInstallReason
from meltano.core.plugin.error import PluginMissingError
from meltano.core.m5o.dashboards_service import DashboardsService
from meltano.core.m5o.reports_service import ReportsService
class TestCliAdd:
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"plugin_type,plugin_name,file_plugin_name",
[
(PluginType.EXTRACTORS, "tap-carbon-intensity", None),
(PluginType.LOADERS, "target-sqlite", None),
(PluginType.TRANSFORMS, "tap-carbon-intensity", None),
(PluginType.MODELS, "model-carbon-intensity", None),
(PluginType.DASHBOARDS, "dashboard-google-analytics", None),
(PluginType.ORCHESTRATORS, "airflow", "airflow"),
(PluginType.TRANSFORMERS, "dbt", "dbt"),
],
)
def test_add(
self,
plugin_type,
plugin_name,
file_plugin_name,
project,
cli_runner,
config_service,
):
# ensure the plugin is not present
with pytest.raises(PluginMissingError):
config_service.find_plugin(plugin_name, plugin_type=plugin_type)
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
install_plugin_mock.return_value = True
res = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", plugin_type.singular, plugin_name])
assert res.exit_code == 0, res.stdout
assert f"Added {plugin_type.descriptor} '{plugin_name}'" in res.stdout
plugin = config_service.find_plugin(plugin_name, plugin_type)
assert plugin
plugins = [plugin]
if file_plugin_name:
assert f"Added related file bundle '{file_plugin_name}'" in res.stdout
file_plugin = config_service.find_plugin(
file_plugin_name, PluginType.FILES
)
assert file_plugin
plugins.append(file_plugin)
install_plugin_mock.assert_called_once_with(
project, plugins, reason=PluginInstallReason.ADD
)
def test_add_multiple(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
install_plugin_mock.return_value = True
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "extractors", "tap-gitlab"])
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
res = cli_runner.invoke(
cli, ["add", "extractors", "tap-gitlab", "tap-adwords", "tap-facebook"]
)
assert res.exit_code == 0, res.stdout
assert (
f"Extractor 'tap-gitlab' is already in your Meltano project"
in res.stderr
)
assert f"Added extractor 'tap-adwords'" in res.stdout
assert f"Added extractor 'tap-facebook'" in res.stdout
tap_gitlab = config_service.find_plugin("tap-gitlab", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
assert tap_gitlab
tap_adwords = config_service.find_plugin(
"tap-adwords", PluginType.EXTRACTORS
)
assert tap_adwords
tap_facebook = config_service.find_plugin(
"tap-facebook", PluginType.EXTRACTORS
)
assert tap_facebook
install_plugin_mock.assert_called_once_with(
project,
[tap_gitlab, tap_adwords, tap_facebook],
reason=PluginInstallReason.ADD,
)
def test_add_transform(self, project, cli_runner):
# Add dbt and transform/ files
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "transformer", "dbt"])
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "dbt"])
res = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "transform", "tap-google-analytics"])
assert res.exit_code == 0
assert (
"dbt-tap-google-analytics"
in project.root_dir("transform/packages.yml").open().read()
)
assert (
"tap_google_analytics"
in project.root_dir("transform/dbt_project.yml").open().read()
)
def test_add_dashboard(self, project, cli_runner):
def install():
return cli_runner.invoke(
cli, ["add", "dashboard", "dashboard-google-analytics"]
)
res = install()
assert res.exit_code == 0
dashboards_service = DashboardsService(project)
dashboards_count = len(dashboards_service.get_dashboards())
assert dashboards_count > 0
reports_service = ReportsService(project)
reports_count = len(reports_service.get_reports())
assert reports_count > 0
# Verify that reinstalling doesn't duplicate dashboards and reports
res = install()
assert res.exit_code == 0
assert len(dashboards_service.get_dashboards()) == dashboards_count
assert len(reports_service.get_reports()) == reports_count
def test_add_files_with_updates(
self, session, project, cli_runner, config_service, plugin_settings_service
):
result = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "airflow"])
assert_cli_runner(result)
# Plugin has been added to meltano.yml
plugin = config_service.find_plugin("airflow", PluginType.FILES)
assert plugin
# Automatic updating is enabled
value, _ = plugin_settings_service.get_value(
session, plugin, "update.orchestrate/dags/meltano.py"
)
assert value == True
# File has been created
assert "Created orchestrate/dags/meltano.py" in result.output
file_path = project.root_dir("orchestrate/dags/meltano.py")
assert file_path.is_file()
# File has "managed" header
assert (
"This file is managed by the 'airflow' file bundle" in file_path.read_text()
)
def test_add_files_without_updates(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
result = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "docker-compose"])
assert_cli_runner(result)
# Plugin has not been added to meltano.yml
with pytest.raises(PluginMissingError):
config_service.find_plugin("docker-compose", PluginType.FILES)
# File has been created
assert "Created docker-compose.yml" in result.output
file_path = project.root_dir("docker-compose.yml")
assert file_path.is_file()
# File does not have "managed" header
assert "This file is managed" not in file_path.read_text()
def test_add_files_that_already_exists(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
project.root_dir("transform/dbt_project.yml").write_text("Exists!")
result = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "dbt"])
assert_cli_runner(result)
assert (
"File transform/dbt_project.yml already exists, keeping both versions"
in result.output
)
assert "Created transform/dbt_project (dbt).yml" in result.output
assert project.root_dir("transform/dbt_project (dbt).yml").is_file()
def test_add_related(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
# Add dbt and transform/ files
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "transformer", "dbt"])
cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "files", "dbt"])
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
install_plugin_mock.return_value = True
res = cli_runner.invoke(
cli, ["add", "--include-related", "extractor", "tap-gitlab"]
)
assert res.exit_code == 0
tap = config_service.find_plugin("tap-gitlab", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
assert tap
transform = config_service.find_plugin("tap-gitlab", PluginType.TRANSFORMS)
assert transform
model = config_service.find_plugin("model-gitlab", PluginType.MODELS)
assert model
dashboard = config_service.find_plugin(
"dashboard-gitlab", PluginType.DASHBOARDS
)
assert dashboard
install_plugin_mock.assert_called_once_with(
project,
[tap, transform, model, dashboard],
reason=PluginInstallReason.ADD,
)
def test_add_missing(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
res = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "extractor", "tap-unknown"])
assert res.exit_code == 1
assert "extractor 'tap-unknown' is not known to Meltano" in res.stdout
assert res.stderr
# ensure the plugin is not present
with pytest.raises(PluginMissingError):
config_service.find_plugin("tap-unknown", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Uninstall not implemented yet.")
def test_add_fails(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
res = cli_runner.invoke(cli, ["add", "extractor", "tap-mock"])
assert res.exit_code == 1, res.stdout
assert "Failed to install plugin 'tap-mock'" in res.stdout
assert res.stderr
# ensure the plugin is not present
with pytest.raises(PluginMissingError):
config_service.find_plugin("tap-mock", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
def test_add_custom(self, project, cli_runner, config_service):
stdin = os.linesep.join(
# namespace, executable, pip_url
["custom", "-e path/to/tap-custom", "tap-custom-bin"]
)
with mock.patch("meltano.cli.add.install_plugins") as install_plugin_mock:
install_plugin_mock.return_value = True
res = cli_runner.invoke(
cli, ["add", "--custom", "extractor", "tap-custom"], input=stdin
)
plugin = config_service.find_plugin("tap-custom", PluginType.EXTRACTORS)
assert plugin.name == "tap-custom"
assert plugin.executable == "tap-custom-bin"
install_plugin_mock.assert_called_once_with(
project, [plugin], reason=PluginInstallReason.ADD
)
|
5653465_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | MARKS, J.
This is an appeal from a judgment canceling a policy of insurance issued by plaintiff to Gr. F. Calkins under date of August 28, 1934, because of fraud, misrepresentation and concealment on the part of Calkins in making his application for the policy protecting him against liability on his automobile.
In his application Calkins stated that his occupation was that of “Rancher”, and in answer to the question, “For what purpose is ear used ? ”, he replied that his automobile was used for “Business and pleasure”. It is admitted that these statements were warranties. The policy contained a provision that it should be void if the insured “concealed or misrepresented in writing or otherwise any material fact or circumstance concerning this insurance or the subject thereof, or if the insured or his agent shall make any attempt to defraud the Exchange either before or after the loss”.
The trial court found that Calkins warranted and represented to plaintiff that his occupation was that of rancher and that the automobile was used by him for business and pleasure as such rancher; that Galkins was in fact an agent and employee of the Fontana County Fire Protection District (hereafter called the district) and was a fireman employed by that district; that he used his automobile as such public agent and employee of the district; that on June 8, 1935, while using his automobile as such fireman in responding to a fire call, it came into collision with an automobile driven by defendant Johnson, causing both property damage and personal injuries for which Johnson recovered judgment against Calkins and the district; that on July 8, 1935, plaintiff notified Calkins that it had cancelled and rescinded the policy and tendered him the premium he had paid. The numerous other findings need not be particularized.
On October 3, 1935, Johnson commenced an action against Calkins and the district in which he sought to recover damages for his injuries. He alleged that in driving the automobile at the time of the accident, Calkins was the agent, servant and employee of the district acting within the scope of his employment. This was admitted in the answers. The judgment which Johnson recovered against both defendants has long since become final. This judgment has not been paid. Johnson instituted an action against the district and others to compel the district to pay the judgment, or, the *392officers of the district to levy a tax sufficient to raise the money to pay it. He has been successful in that proceeding. (Johnson v. Fontana County Fire Protection Dist., 15 Cal. (2d) 380 [101 Pac. (2d) 1092].)
In the Johnson case just cited the Supreme Court considered and decided two questions of law that are important here. (1) That the district falls within the classification of a '‘district established by law” so that under the provisions of the former section 1714½ of the Civil Code (sec. 400, Vehicle Code) it is liable for the negligent use of an automobile in the performance of its governmental functions; and, (2) that the district was estopped by the judgment against it in the Johnson damage action to deny that Calkins was its employee and on its business at the time Johnson was injured.
In reaching these conclusions the Supreme Court reviewed the organization of the district under the act of the legislature (Stats. 1923, p. 431; amended, Stats. 1925, p. 671; amended, Stats. 1931, p. 1599) authorizing its creation and government.
In 1928 the board of supervisors of San Bernardino County appointed five citizens to act as a board of fire commissioners of the district, having, generally, powers of management of its affairs. This board seemingly continued to function until after the accident in which Johnson was injured although all authority of law for the existence of such a board had been removed from the statute by the amendment of 1931 (Stats. 1931, p. 1599) which vested the management of the affairs of the district in the board of supervisors of San Bernardino County where such powers have remained ever since. ■
It would appear that the board of fire commissioners appointed Earl- B. Beeves as chief of the fire department of the district. When that appointment was made does not appear. Reeves appointed Calkins a volunteer fireman probably in 1933. Neither Beeves nor Calkins were appointed by the board of supervisors nor did that body ever authorize anyone to appoint either of them. As Calkins was not appointed a volunteer fireman of the district by anyone possessing authority to make such an appointment it would seem to follow that he was never an actual and qualified volunteer fireman of the district who could become its agent and employee; *393that whatever service he performed in connection with fires in the district was a community service as a volunteer citizen who was interested in the welfare of the district and its property owners. This is strongly suggested by the Supreme Court in the Johnson decision above cited. It was there held that, because of the estoppel of the judgment in the Johnson damage action, the district could not, in that case, maintain that Calkins was not its employee at the time of the accident.
Counsel argue two questions: (1) Was Calkins the agent, servant or employee of the district at the time Johnson suffered his injuries? (2) Was the notice of rescission of the policy signed by a duly authorized agent of plaintiff and was the tender of the premium to Calkins sufficient?
Because of the view we take of the case we do not consider answers to these questions necessary. Therefore, we will assume, without holding, that both questions should be answered in the affirmative.
It should be observed that plaintiff sought cancellation of the policy issued to Calkins because of his fraud, concealment and misrepresentations by stating in his application that his “occupation” was “rancher” and that his automobile was used for “business and pleasure”, without disclosing that he was employed as a volunteer fireman by the district and used his automobile in that employment.
There is strong presumption of innocence of fraud and the burden of proving these allegations rested heavily on the plaintiff. As was said in Everett v. Standard Acc. Ins. Co., 45 Cal. App. 332 [187 Pac. 996]: “The presumption is always against fraud. This presumption approximates in strength that of innocence of crime. (Truett v. Onderdonk, 120 Cal. 581, 588, [53 Pac. 26].) One who seeks relief from fraud must allege it and prove it by clear and satisfactory evidence. A mere suspicion of fraud is not sufficient.”
We should also observe that we are considering an application for insurance and an insurance policy which were prepared by plaintiff and which must be strictly construed against it. As was said in Witherow v. United American Ins. Co., 101 Cal. App. 334 [281 Pac. 668]:
“We are considering an instrument which we are justified in assuming was prepared by the insurance carrier and under which it is attempting to escape liability under its *394insurance policy and work a forfeiture of the same. ‘It is well established that conditions which provide for a forfeiture of the assured or other persons claiming under the policy are to be strictly construed against the insurance company, and if there is any ambiguity in a policy which may reasonably be solved by either one of two constructions, the interpretation shall be adopted which is most favorable to the assured, or in this particular case to the beneficiary in the deed of trust. ’ (Welch v. British American Assur. Co., 148 Cal. 223 [113 Am. St. Rep. 223, 7 Ann. Cas. 396, 82 Pac. 964, 965].) In the case before us the court is not required to give any more liberal interpretation to the language of the mortgage clause than its strict construction requires. ’ ’
The only representations made by Calkins concerning his occupation and the purpose for which his car was used were contained in his application for insurance. He there- stated that his occupation was “Rancher” and that he used his car for “business and pleasure” not “for business and pleasure purposes as such rancher” as is alleged in the complaint and as is found by the trial court. The italicized words find no support in the record.
The sole question necessary for our decision is this: Were the statements made by Calkins, that his occupation was that of rancher, and that his ear was used for business and pleasure, untrue; and in making them did he conceal material facts that misled and tended to defraud plaintiff?
The answer to this question depends on the generally accepted definitions of the word “occupation”.
“ ‘Occupation’, ... as understood commonly, will signify a vocation, calling, trade,—the business which one principally engages in to procure a living or to obtain wealth.” (State v. Austin Club, 89 Tex. 20 [33 S. W. 113, 30 L. R. A. 500].) It has been repeatedly held that a person’s principal business and chief means of obtaining a livelihood is his occupation; that the term as generally understood, does not include an isolated or semi-occasional and temporary adventure in another line of endeavor. (See Union Mutual Acc. Assn. v. Frohard, 134 Ill. 228 [25 N. E. 642, 23 Am. St. Rep. 664, 10 L. R. A. 383]; Love v. State, 31 Tex. Cr. App. 469 [20 S. W. 978]; Kenny v. Bankers’ Acc. Ins. Co., 136 Iowa, 140 [113 N. W. 566]; Village of Dodge v. Guidinger, 87 Neb. *395349 [127 N W. 122, 138 Am. St. Rep. 494]; Everson v. Gen. Fire & Life Assur. Corp., 202 Mass. 169 [88 N. E. 658]; Supreme Lodge v. Baker, 163 Ala. 518 [50 So. 958]; Evans v. Woodman Acc. Assn., 102 Kan. 556 [171 Pac. 643, L. R. A. 1918D, 122]; Industrial Commission of Ohio v. Roth, 98 Ohio St. 34 [120 N. E. 172, 6 A. L. R. 1463]; People v. DeRose, 230 Mich. 180 [203 N. W. 95]; Union Health & Acc. Co. v. Anderson, 66 Colo. 195 [180 Pac. 81]; Central Business Men’s Assn. v. Faith, 8 Fed. (2d) 325; Benefit Assn. v. Secrest, 239 Ky. 400 [39 S. W. (2d) 682].)
In Everett v. Standard Acc. Ins. Co., supra, the court said: “The word ‘occupation’ means the principal business in which a man engages. ’ ’ This case must be considered as controlling on the question before us. There the insured represented to the insurer that his occupation was “superintendent of the West Redlands Company, a mutual irrigation company”, and also “an orange grower with supervising duties only”. It was proved that occasionally he performed small tasks of repairs on the water distributing system and that “he did some manual labor in and about the groves and around his home place” consisting of light work. The insurance company was held liable on the policy because the occupation of the insured was correctly stated and the fact that he occasionally did small jobs involving manual labor did not change the nature of his occupation.
The uncontradicted evidence shows that Calkins received 14 calls consuming a total of 20 hours and 4 minutes in 1933, 12 calls consuming 12 hours and 36 minutes in 1934, and 17 calls consuming 14 hours and 34 minutes in 1935, or a total of 47 hours and 14 minutes used in duties as a fireman in three years. He received $1.25 for the first hour, and $1 for each additional hour or fraction thereof. It would seem that he received less than $100 for his services as fireman during the three-year period.
Calkins testified that his occupation during the years 1933, 1934 and 1935 was that of rancher. There was no evidence contradicting this testimony. It seems to us that it would have been a gross misrepresentation if, in his application for insurance, he had given his occupation as volunteer fireman.
It was incumbent on plaintiff to prove untrue the statement in the application that Calkins’ occupation was that of rancher. This it failed to do for the evidence of Galkina *396on that subject stands uncontradieted. He answered the next question in the application by giving the information that he used his ear for business and pleasure. This was not proven to be untrue. If he had the business of occasionally acting as volunteer fireman, and if he used his car in that business, his answer would still be true. He was not asked on what kind or kinds of business he used it.
Had plaintiff desired to know each particular business in which the automobile was used, such questions could have been included in the application. This was not done. The failure to inquire into that subject indicates an entire lack of interest in it. In fact certain rules of plaintiff introduced in evidence support this supposition because those rules do not specify the use of Calkins’ car by a volunteer fireman among the uses which were not acceptable for insurance.
The only evidence in the record indicating that the use of the car as a vehicle for a volunteer fireman was not acceptable to the insurer is the evidence of one of its officers which was received over the strenuous objections of defendants. In Everett v. Standard Acc. Ins. Co., supra, it was held that such evidence was inadmissible.
We find nothing in the record to indicate that Calkins’ statements that his occupation was that of rancher and that he used his automobile for business and pleasure, were false. In fact all the evidence shows them to be true. It follows that the findings are not supported by the evidence and that the judgment cannot be sustained.
The judgment is reversed.
Barnard, P. J., and Griffin, J., concurred.
|
github_open_source_100_1_64 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
* Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
* @format
**/
const React = require('react');
const CWD = process.cwd();
const CompLibrary = require(`${CWD}/node_modules/docusaurus/lib/core/CompLibrary.js`);
const Container = CompLibrary.Container;
const MarkdownBlock = CompLibrary.MarkdownBlock;
const TutorialSidebar = require(`${CWD}/core/TutorialSidebar.js`);
const bash = (...args) => `~~~bash\n${String.raw(...args)}\n~~~`;
class TutorialHome extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div className="docMainWrapper wrapper">
<TutorialSidebar currentTutorialID={null} />
<Container className="mainContainer documentContainer postContainer">
<div className="post">
<header className="postHeader">
<h1 className="postHeaderTitle">Welcome to the PyTorch3D Tutorials</h1>
</header>
<p>
Here you can learn about the structure and applications of Pytorch3D from
examples which are in the form of ipython notebooks.
</p>
<h3> Run interactively </h3>
<p>
At the top of each example you can find a button named <strong>"Open in Colab"</strong> which will open the notebook in <a href="https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/intro.ipynb"> Google Colaboratory </a> where you can run the code directly in the browser with access to GPU support e.g.
</p>
<img align="center" src="https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg" alt="Open In Colab"/>
<p> You can modify the code and experiment with varying different settings.
Remember to install pytorch, torchvision, fvcore and pytorch3d in the first cell of the colab notebook by running: </p>
<MarkdownBlock>{bash`!pip install torch torchvision
!pip install 'git+https://github.com/facebookresearch/pytorch3d.git'`}</MarkdownBlock>
<h3> Run locally </h3>
<p> There is also a button to download the notebook and source code to run it locally. </p>
</div>
</Container>
</div>
);
}
}
module.exports = TutorialHome;
|
https://openalex.org/W2917291673_1 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | Nuevas desigualdades urbanas: la apropiación global
del patrimonio en los centros históricos mexicanos
David Navarrete Escobedo*
Resumen. La desigualdad urbana en los centros patrimoniales
se ve marcada por la implantación de equipamientos turísticos,
culturales y de servicios de alta gama que generan atmósferas
aseptizadas y cosmopolitas en espacios históricamente populares y heterogéneos. Esos llamados “rescates” de los centros
históricos pueden explicarse en parte por la presencia de poblaciones extranjeras, sean residentes secundarios o turistas.
En el siglo xxi, esa presencia esconde procesos complejos que
conducen a la acentuación de las desigualdades urbanas bajo la
tutela del Estado, del mercado y de actores locales y globales. Es
una transformación económica, social, espacial y política que
excluye a los habitantes y usuarios tradicionales de los centros
históricos de las ciudades mexicanas quienes se ven despojados
del goce patrimonial.
Palabras clave. Gentrificación, turismo, patrimonio, exclusión,
ciudad media.
New urban inequalities: the global appropriation
of heritage in mexican historical centers
Abstract. Urban inequalities in heritage centres are inducted
by the creation of tourist, cultural and high-end services that
* Profesor investigador en la Universidad de Guanajuato, México. Correo electrónico:
davnav25@hotmail.com
Volumen 16, número 39, enero-abril, 2019, pp. 77-99
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David Navarrete Escobedo
g enerate aseptized and cosmopolitan atmospheres in historically popular and heterogeneous spaces. These so-called “rescues”
of historic centres can be explained in part by the presence of
foreign populations as secondary residents or as tourists. This
presence hides complex processes that lead the accentuation of
urban inequalities, under the tutelage of the State, the market
and local/global factors an economic, social, spatial and political transformation seeks to respond to the expectations of the
international middle classes with a higher purchasing power. In
consequence, the exclusion targets inhabitants and traditional
users who are deprived of the patrimonial enjoyment of the
historical centres in many Mexican cities.
Key words. gentrification, tourism, heritage, exclusion, middle-size city.
Introducción
La desigualdad urbana ha sido definida por David Harvey (1977) en
oposición a la justicia distributiva territorial. Ese concepto plantea que
la división de los beneficios y la asignación de cargas entre los ciudadanos sea equitativa en los procesos sociales, específicamente del trabajo
y la producción. En el siglo xxi, las desigualdades urbanas conllevan
inéditas escalas, sujetos, políticas y procesos sociales que entran en el
juego de la justicia territorial (Secchi, 2015). Trabajos como el de Sigler
y Wachsmuth (2014), han dejado en evidencia una nueva escala de la
desigualdad urbana que caracteriza a varias ciudades latinoamericanas.
Esa nueva escala es la global. Las nuevas inequidades urbanas en Latinoamérica se diferencian de las dominantes hasta el último cuarto del
siglo xx, en la medida que estas últimas se explicaban esencialmente
por condiciones endógenas de sistemas sociales, políticos y económicos que se materializaban en la realidad de un orden socioespacial más
o menos segregado en cada ciudad. Con la llegada del régimen económico neoliberal a nivel planetario, las transformaciones de las ciudades
y la desigualdad que las acompaña son interpretadas mayoritariamente
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Nuevas desigualdades urbanas
como procesos de adaptación de las condiciones locales a la injerencia
de actores globales come el capital transnacional, tal como lo conceptualizó la economista Saskia Sassen (1996).
En el siglo xxi, los estudios urbanos reconocen la influencia del
neoliberalismo capaz de reproducir desde lo transnacional las desigualdades estructurales de las ciudades latinoamericanas (Harvey 2013;
Secchi 2015; Paquot, 2006; Ascher, 2001, Mongin 2005). Sus puntos
de apoyo son personas, ideas, proyectos y políticas mundializadas que
se constituyen como principales vectores de la globalización y del modelo de ciudad neoliberal (Delgadillo, 2016). La movilidad es clave para
explicar el impacto que personas y capitales extranjeros con sus valores
y prácticas sociales tienen en la producción y reproducción de desigualdades urbanas en América Latina (Hayes 2018; Torres y Momsen,
2005; Augé, 1992; Urry, 2007). Esa movilidad transnacional afecta dos
actividades centrales del modelo económico de ciudad neoliberal: la de
segunda residencia y la de turismo (Hiernaux, 2012; Delgadillo, Díaz
y Salinas, 2015; Covert, 2017). Para la primera encontramos su mayor
referente en la migración transnacional con una nueva cualidad: la dirección norte-sur de las clases medias de las economías desarrolladas.
Para la segunda, encontramos su mejor manifestación en el turismo
internacional que también refuerza sus flujos masivos hacia los países
del sur desde los años setenta.
Este artículo aborda a esos sujetos transnacionales como potenciadores de las desigualdades urbanas en sectores patrimoniales de ciudades
medias del Sur Global (Lees, 2012). Es decir, indaga los procesos de
exclusión socioespacial vehiculados por la presencia importante de poblaciones extranjeras en calidad de residentes o turistas provenientes de
países del norte con altos ingresos. Desde nuestra perspectiva reconocemos, al igual que Nik, Peck y Brenner (2019), que el neoliberalismo y
las transformaciones urbanas que él induce poseen complejas interfaces
institucionales, geográficas y sociales. En ese entendido, los expatriados
se han instalado gracias a una historia de intercambios culturales y a la
interacción con élites económicas, políticas y sociales locales. Es decir,
las clases altas y medias nacionales también participan en el proceso de
desigualdad pero en menor grado, ya que incluso ellas son relegadas
por los superiores ingresos de los expatriados. Consideramos que la
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79
David Navarrete Escobedo
presencia extranjera explica el nivel tan amplio de la brecha de desigualdad que la sola elite local no explicaría o no la llevaría a ese grado.
El expatriado, con el permiso de los actores locales, estaría definiendo
una parte importante de la mayor disparidad entre ricos y pobres, que
según Secchi (2009 y 2015) definen la cuestión urbana de la ciudad de
los siglos xx y xxi.
Proponemos conceptualizar las desigualdades urbanas latinoamericanas por medio de fenómenos de exclusión socioespacial presentes
en ciudades con patrimonio urbano-arquitectónico relevante que el
capital marginalizó durante buena parte del siglo xx. Esas condiciones
permitieron que por medio del proceso de Rent Gap (Smith, 2012),
se creara un nicho de oportunidad de recuperación de valor, que fue
retomado primero por las clases medias locales a las cuales se les compraron propiedades a un precio rozable en las últimas décadas del siglo
xx. Posteriormente la mayor recuperación de Rent Gap paso a manos
de extranjeros provenientes de países con mayor ingreso per cápita
que desde el siglo xxi dominan y especulan con amplios márgenes de
ganancia un mercado inmobiliario patrimonial transnacionalizado. A
principios del siglo xxi, el neoliberalismo acentuó la apropiación transnacional, residencial y de ocio al expandir un nuevo mercado global de
tierras (Sassen, 2015). El resultado determina procesos de exclusión
que caracterizan a varias ciudades medias en México, Colombia, Perú,
Ecuador o Brasil, y que no hubiesen sido posible, al menos no en esas
dimensiones, desde la base de la demanda local, metropolitana o nacional de vivienda y de turismo.
Este artículo también busca responder a dos preguntas planteadas por
el dossier de la revista Andamios: “América Latina, nuevas desigualdades
urbanas”, a saber: ¿qué papel desempeña la ciudad latinoamericana en la
generación y reproducción de las desigualdades sociales y económicas?
¿Las llamadas ciudades intermedias y pequeñas son mejores escenarios
para confrontar las inequidades urbanas, que las megaciudades? Así, a
través del análisis de los distritos históricos de Guanajuato y San Miguel
de Allende (centro-occidente de México), estudiamos nuevas geografías y
modalidades de desigualdad urbana: ciudades medias patrimonializadas,
con importantes poblaciones extranjeras, mayoritariamente estadounidenses y con usos turísticos dominantes.
80
Andamios
Nuevas desigualdades urbanas
Esta investigación de corte cualitativo aborda dos aspectos importantes que introducen nuevas desigualdades urbanas en los centros
patrimonializados: la migración por estilo de vida de jubilados ricos
y el turismo. Se analizaron los perímetros protegidos por la unesco en
Guanajuato (1988) y en San Miguel (2008) para observar su usos y las
clases sociales que las habitan/utilizan. La apropiación transnacional
de los edificios patrimoniales y del espacio, nos da cuenta de un proceso de transformación vinculado con el modelo de ciudad neoliberal
en el que el Estado se vuelve garante del capital y de actores sociales
privilegiados, élites y extranjeros preferentemente. Surge un soporte
espacial de la desigualdad urbana ensamblado de espacios habitacionales de lujo, de hoteles boutique y de boutiques de productos alta
gama, de gastronomía de autor o bistrós, de galerías de arte, así como
de espacios de alta cultura. Ese modelo polariza social y espacialmente
los centros históricos y la ciudad en su conjunto. El impacto del nuevo
uso del centro patrimonial prioritariamente para extranjeros y turistas,
se hace sentir en los indicadores de la desigualdad urbana de las ciudades patrimoniales que frecuentemente muestra ser más acentuada que
aquellas que no lo tienen (coneval, 2018).
Antiguas y nuevas desigualdades urbanas
en las ciudades latinoamericanas
La desigualdad nace con la ciudad, que a lo largo de su historia ha sido
productora y reproductora de la diferenciación entre ricos y pobres
(Paquot, 2006; Secchi, 2015). La ciudad latinoamericana no escapa a
este principio, desde las ciudades prehispánicas al periodo colonial de
los siglos xvi al xviii, la era republicana del xix y la moderna del xx; las
estructuras sociales y espaciales eran y son segregativas (De la Torre
y Navarrete, 2016; Arango, 2012; Galeano, 2014). Históricamente, las
desigualdades urbanas se han constituido de soportes materiales (equipamientos, edificios, límites, espacios cerrados y espacios urbanos) e
inmateriales (prácticas, usos, estigmas, códigos, políticas, proyectos,
valores morales y de clase) (Orbeti y Prétecille, 2016; Secchi, 2015;
Harvey, 1977). Dos mecanismos clásicos son determinantes para
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David Navarrete Escobedo
comprender las inequidades de la ciudad: la estructura de clases y la
estructura urbana. Es decir que las “formas espaciales [deben ser tratadas] no como objetos inanimados dentro de los cuales se despliegan
los procesos sociales, sino como cosas que ‘contienen’ procesos sociales en la misma medida en que los procesos sociales son espaciales”
(Harvey, 1977, p. 3). Las formas espaciales producen y reproducen las
desigualdades. Es en la mezcla del espacio con las prácticas cotidianas
de apropiación donde toda la desigualdad se concretiza (Secchi, 2013).
En el periodo neoliberal, las prácticas cotidianas de apropiación de
la estructura urbana de mayor calidad (mejor estado de conservación,
servicios urbanos eficientes y mejor equipamiento urbano) por parte
del capital privado y de clases sociales pudientes, son legitimadas por
el Estado (Delgadillo, 2016). En México, la entrada al neoliberalismo
económico cuyos detonantes fueron la privatización de bancos desde
1992; la firma de acuerdos comerciales como el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, vigente desde 1994 y renegociado en
2018; y la concesión de recursos energéticos y minerales acelerada por
la reforma energética de 2013; implicaron desde inicios del siglo xxi el
surgimiento de inéditos ordenes desiguales en las estructuras sociales
y espaciales de las principales ciudades mexicanas (Garza, 2003). A
partir de los años ochenta, el crecimiento de las ciudades ya no dependió exclusivamente de los planes e infraestructuras financiados por
el Estado, que debilitó su intervención y fue garante para la entrada
de capitales privados con frecuencia extranjeros para la explotación y
administración de varios servicios de su exclusividad. Particularmente
la era neoliberal se manifestó con el surgimiento de un mercado inmobiliario internacionalizado, que a la par de un urbanismo de proyectos
(Carrión y Erazo, 2016), ha marcado el orden socioespacial de varias
ciudades mexicanas y latinoamericanas.
Lo global impacta en la apropiación de estructuras urbanas por parte de las clases privilegiadas en la era neoliberal de la ciudad (Sassen,
1996 y 2015). Se ha detectado a nivel planetario que con el surgimiento
de territorios emblemáticos, neoliberalismo implica polarización de las
estructuras espaciales y de clases (Secchi, 2015; Harvey, 2011; Sassen
2015; Delgadillo 2016). La ciudad neoliberal no da pruebas de heterogeneidad en sus territorios (ciudades globales o barrios I nternacionales
82
Andamios
Nuevas desigualdades urbanas
de negocios, enclaves residenciales en forma de torres y clubes de alto
standing o barrios históricos tematizados por el turismo y el consumo
cultural). No hay interacción/integración con el conjunto de territorios
y grupos sociales que constituyen la ciudad neoliberal. Bajo este esquema, las desigualdades estructurales de la ciudad mexicana y latinoamericana se acentúan.
En este trabajo nos interesamos por la dimensión territorial de la
desigualdad que se encuentra estrechamente relacionada con cualidades simbólicas del territorio (Secchi, 2015; Urry, 1990). Es el caso del
valor histórico, la concentración de capital cultural, social, educativo y
de recreación de ciertos barrios patrimoniales, particularmente aquellos
reconocidos por gobiernos nacionales o por instituciones internacionales como la unesco. La apropiación de las clases altas de los espacios de
mayor calidad urbana, que incluye arquitectura, monumentos, espacios
públicos, servicios, instituciones artísticas y culturales, museos, teatros,
escuelas y fuertes tejidos asociativos, es determinante para la desigualdad territorial. Un factor determinante en este proceso es el nivel de
consumo que por el ingreso puede ser hasta nueve veces superior para
los extranjeros (Yomich, 2018) comparado con un local y en función de
él se da la exclusión. En la medida que el mayor porcentaje de riqueza
se concentra en minorías sociales, el orden socioespacial de la ciudad
neoliberal se presenta fuertemente polarizado.
El patrimonio: nuevo actor en las desigualdades urbanas
El patrimonio arquitectónico es clave para entender las nuevas desigualdades urbanas de Latinoamérica (Janoschka, Sequera y Salinas,
2014; Delgadillo, Díaz & Salinas, 2015; Sigler & Waschmouth, 2014).
En él se materializan procesos socioculturales de apropiación por parte
de poblaciones ricas como los extranjeros que emigran a ciudades del
sur (Covert, 2017; Hayes, 2018). Michaela Benson (2012) argumenta
que esa migración está determinada por imaginarios colectivos y marcos culturales de los individuos que deciden expatriarse. Ella es sensible a los valores de la clase media de los países del norte, que según
John Urry (1990) siente una fuerte nostalgia por el pasado a través de
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David Navarrete Escobedo
e xperiencias (cotidianas y turísticas) asociadas al patrimonio y a la cultura. Siguiendo a Bourdieu (1979), es con el patrimonio arquitectónico
que las clases medias occidentales buscan nutrir su capital cultural y
simbólico. En esa nueva migración se ha detectado que el patrimonio y
la cultura son ámbitos en los que los expatriados cierran el círculo de se
éxito social (Hiernaux, 2012). Esta perspectiva culturalista se combina
con los factores económicos del periodo neoliberal y las constantes
crisis financieras que por el Rent Gap hacen atractivo migrar al sur.
Además, el patrimonio construido tiene un alto valor comercial en
la organización de la ciudad neoliberal (Delgadillo, 2016). La ciudad
patrimonial se ha vuelto objeto de deseo para la inversión inmobiliaria
debido a la alta rentabilidad de los espacios de consumo turístico-comerciales (Montaner y Muxí 2012). Esos procesos han conducido a
una gentrificación patrimonial (Delgadillo, Díaz y Salinas 2015) en los
sectores centrales de las principales capitales mundiales (Londres, París,
Nueva York, Barcelona). En esos contextos se ha identificado que la
gentrificación y la turistificación producen tensiones, contradicciones y
disputas por los espacios gentrificados (Smith, 2012). Incluso que en su
proceso de acentuación, la gentrificación patrimonial participa de una
“destrucción creativa” (Harvey, 2011), pues destruye las cualidades socioespaciales que le dieron origen (Moskowitz, 2018) y puede alcanzar
una sobregentrificación (Lees, 2012), amenazando los intereses de los
actores que la crearon y que en su momento fueron los más beneficiados.
En resumen, queremos focalizar este estudio en la relación entre la
migración transnacional, el turismo y el patrimonio edificado. Es con
ese vínculo que el modelo neoliberal de ciudad orquesta transformaciones urbanas en contextos espaciales hasta hace poco excluidos del
circuito de capitales internacionales, como las ciudades medias con títulos de la unesco. Igualmente argumentamos que la concomitancia del
trinomio migración-turismo-patrimonio es determinante para la acentuación de las exclusiones territoriales. En nuestro universo de análisis,
la explotación turística del patrimonio arquitectónico se encuentra a
la par y realimenta la apropiación y la recuperación del valor de renta,
conducida dominantemente por las clases medias transnacionales.
Proponemos el surgimiento de nuevas desigualdades urbanas en
ciudades medias latinoamericanas con centros históricos de valor
84
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Nuevas desigualdades urbanas
atrimonial, que desde la segunda mitad del siglo xx han comenzado
p
una apropiación liderada por migrantes extranjeros cuyo poder adquisitivo les ha permitido convertirse en los mayores propietarios o usuarios de los edificios históricos más relevantes de una ciudad para su uso
(habitacional) o de consumo (cultural, de ocio, turístico y comercial).
Nuestra modalidad de desigualdad resultaría de la relación triangular
de, primero, la migración internacional; segundo, la turistificación del
patrimonio promovida por el Estado; y tercero, el interés empresarial de
las elites económicas locales para explotar la demanda transnacional.
La desigualdad urbana se caracterizaría por la apropiación del uso de
espacios patrimoniales por dos condiciones: la primera, de un comercio de servicios de prestigio con vocación turística e internacional; la
segunda, de ocupación de habitantes extranjeros en las viviendas de los
perímetros mejor equipados y de mayor calidad estética y ambiental. El
surgimiento de una ciudad de ricos expulsaría por medio del consumo
a los pobres y aportaría una cuota de nuevos habitantes/usuarios permanentes y temporales dominada por clases medias transnacionales.
Lo anterior acentuaría las diferencias sociales. El estilo de vida de los
residentes de las clases medias transnacionales y de las prácticas turísticas, culturales y de consumo de ricos (nacionales y extranjeros),
constituyen fuerzas globales que inyectan un fuerte grado de exclusión
socioespacial que con la sola combinación de factores locales no se
daría, al menos no en esa magnitud.
Aspectos metodológicos
Los elementos patrimoniales a partir de los cuales se analizaron las
desigualdades derivadas de la turistificación y gentrificación, fueron
los edificios de mayor lujo: los hoteles boutique y los de 4 o 5 estrellas, las galerías de artes y los restaurantes tipo bistró. Se consultó
el Directorio Nacional de Unidades Económicas (dnue) del Instituto
Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (inegi) para identificar
su distribución geográfica. Se consultaron los documentos de las declaratorias de la unesco de 1988 para Guanajuato y de 2008 para San
Miguel de Allende, en los que se establecen los polígonos protegidos.
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Por último, se consultó el catálogo de monumentos históricos del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (inah) para sobreponer los
espacios gentrificados y turistificados con edificios protegidos en cada
ciudad. En el espacio público (banquetas, portales, plazas y jardines) se
realizó una observación directa para analizar las prácticas de consumo
de clases ricas.
Se identificaron los polígonos (ageb, unidades geográficas establecidas por el inegi) de uso habitacional y que coinciden con las zonas
patrimoniales en donde declararon su domicilio extranjeros. La colecta
de esos datos se realizó con los resultados del último censo disponible, el Censo General de Población del inegi 2010 y el Conteo 2015.
Igualmente se consultó el sitio Airbnb para identificar los espacios
habitacionales en renta de las ciudades. Con esos datos se analizaron
las desigualdades de la gentrificación patrimonial desde la perspectiva
habitacional en las dos ciudades.
El trabajo de campo consistió en aplicar matrices de observación sobre el edificio patrimonial y su dinámica excluyente: uso de suelo, giro,
perfil del usuario, aspectos estético-formales, cámaras de vigilancia, valet-parking, policías privadas, extensión de terrazas en espacio público,
explotación de azoteas como bares o restaurantes. Se identificó también
el uso de suelo por predio y edificio a lo largo de la calle, donde se instaló el hotel boutique y se identificaron los edificios vacantes en venta o
renta y se indagó su precio con la agencia inmobiliaria respectiva.
En el aspecto habitacional, el trabajo de campo consistió en detectar
los barrios que acusan importante presencia de vivienda de extranjeros.
Igualmente se utilizó una matriz de observación sobre calidad de la
vivienda, número de niveles, presencia de cámaras de vigilancia, electrificación, aspectos estético-formales y porosidad urbano-arquitectónica.
El trabajo de gabinete consistió en realizar los mapas temáticos de la
turistificación y la gentrificación para luego cruzarlos con datos estadísticos. Las matrices generaron un diagnostico de las modalidades de
desigualdad derivadas de la gentrificación patrimonial. Además, se realizaron entrevistas no estructuradas a informantes clave de los institutos
municipales de planeación de las dos ciudades.
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Ciudades patrimoniales desiguales:
Guanajuato y San Miguel de Allende
El perfil de la población extranjera en los centros de San Miguel de
Allende y de Guanajuato se puede dibujar con la siguiente información.
Las estadísticas disponibles para el estado de Guanajuato establecen
que se trata mayoritariamente de norteamericanos (Estados Unidos
40% y Canadá 3.5%) y sudamericanos (brasileños 4%, argentinos
3% y colombianos 2%) (inm, 2009). En cuanto al rango de edades, la
población de más de 60 años está sobrerrepresentada con un 36.5%,
le siguen la de 50 a 60 años con un 15%, en total más de la mitad de
la población tiene 50 años o más. En términos de género, 58% son
mujeres y 42% hombres. En cuanto a sus actividades principales, un
36% son jubilados, 25% trabajan, 4% estudian y el resto no especificó
su actividad. Entonces, el perfil dominante es el estadounidenses de la
tercera edad, jubilado y de altos ingresos, en promedio de tres mil 833
dólares en 2018 por hogar de retirados (Yochim, 2018).
El peso relativo de la población extranjera que daría cuenta de su
dominio en el consumo y actividades de los centros históricos es importante, sobre todo en San Miguel de Allende, donde habitan unos 17
mil extranjeros (Covert, 2017) para una población de 25 mil personas
en el polígono unesco (since, 2010). En Guanajuato, el fuerte peso relativo es del turismo (nacional y extranjero), ya que para una población
de 38 mil personas en el polígono unesco, hay una presencia anual de
cerca de un millón de turistas.
La tematización turística y la apropiación mayoritariamente extranjera del patrimonio construido es una constante en los dos casos
analizados. La primera acusa mayor grado en Guanajuato y la segunda en San Miguel. Se observa en el perímetro central de los centros
declarados como Patrimonio de la Humanidad una especialización
en usos de suelo de servicios con vocación internacional y con fuerte
presencia de usuarios extranjeros y, en menor medida, clases altas nacionales. Alrededor de los hoteles boutiques, el tejido económico se va
constituyendo de otros giros complementarios, principalmente bares
y bistrós, cafeterías, boutiques de ropa de diseñador, galerías de arte y
diseño y otros hoteles. Se ha observado en los dos casos de estudio que
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David Navarrete Escobedo
luego de la instalación de un hotel de lujo en un edificio patrimonial
se sustituyen en los inmuebles aledaños los comercios tradicionales por
otros de consumo turístico y de alta gama, igualmente en las calles y
plazas aledañas se presenta una mutación comercial. Para el caso de
San Miguel de Allende, esta especialización se observa en las calles
alrededor del Jardín Principal hacia la calle Mesones, San Francisco,
Umarán, De la Canal, Aldama y Parque Juárez. La hegemonía de los
usos de suelo turísticos, culturales y de servicio de alta gama tematizan
el centro histórico para los gustos de ocio y el alto poder adquisitivo de
las clases ricas.
Ciudad
Superficie Centro
Histórico (km2)
Nº edificios
catalogados
Nº total hoteles
Nº hoteles edificios
catalogados
Nº de turistas
anuales
Nº de Extranjeros
habitantes (inegi).
Nº boutiques
o tiendas de arte
Tabla 1. Comparación de recursos patrimoniales, turísticos y urbanos
de los centros históricos de Guanajuato y San Miguel de Allende
gto
2.22
556
747
15
936 003
303
37
sma
1.60
260
294
10
505 272
1526
53
Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de sectur gto, 2015; dnue, 2015; since, 2010.
Cabe mencionar que en ambos centros se confirma la tendencia a la
extinción del uso habitacional en su primer cuadrante, lo que implica
ya un desplazamiento incluso de residentes adinerados. Actualmente,
la totalidad de los inmuebles patrimoniales de la hotelería de lujo y
otros servicios caros tienen uso comercial y el residencial se ha extinguido. Ello no solo en el inmueble en cuestión sino en las manzanas de
implantación por la dinámica económica que se genera en torno a un
establecimiento de esta naturaleza.
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Los usos excluyentes de los inmuebles patrimoniales conducen también una privatización del espacio urbano. Los efectos de la desigualdad urbana no terminan en el límite del inmueble de lujo, sino que se
extienden, usan, aseguran y controlan el espacio público contiguo a
su fachada o plazas. Aquí los actores políticos son determinantes pues
manifiestan un favoritismo empresarial. En el caso de Guanajuato, el
poder municipal permite el usufructo de banquetas y plazas públicas a
restaurantes, hoteles y boutiques a razón de 342 pesos mensuales por
metro cuadrado. Hacia 2014 se tenían registrados, según el servicio
local de fiscalización municipal, 1 252 m2 de uso comercial de espacio
“público” rentado a hoteles y restaurantes hacia los frentes de los inmuebles. La mayoría de esas superficies se encuentran en plazas como
la de San Fernando, la de la Paz y el Jardín Reforma.
El uso habitacional también observa una tematización turística por
la presencia de clases medias internacionales y nacionales. Se trata de la
ocupación de vivienda que a veces combina habitantes extranjeros con
visitantes también extranjeros o visitantes nacionales. Este fenómeno
queda ilustrado por la puesta en servicio de espacios de vivienda en
renta por medio de aplicaciones como Airbnb. En el caso de Guanajuato
observamos una distribución de este tipo de vivienda en los barrios de
amortiguamiento o Buffer Zone según la declaratoria de la unesco, con
una mayor concentración al norte y noreste del centro histórico. Hacia
enero de 2018, en la base de datos disponible de Airbnb, se ofertan
en Guanajuato 240 espacios de renta para turistas, de los cuales 119
son viviendas enteras, es decir, un 50% de ellas están sin habitantes
permanentes la mayoría del año. Es decir, desplazan habitantes menos
rentables para vivir cerca del centro patrimonial.
En San Miguel de Allende se repite el esquema de renta de vivienda
para visitantes en las zonas de amortiguamiento que conservan una
buena calidad urbano-patrimonial y tienen cercanía con el núcleo
turístico principal. Observamos una concentración mayor al norte del
centro histórico en las colonias Guadalupe, Azteca y Barrio del Tecolote. En enero de 2018, Airbnb registra, para el centro histórico de San
Miguel de Allende, 306 espacios de renta para turistas, de los cuales
273 son viviendas enteras que se rentan, es decir, un 90% de ellas están
sin habitantes permanentes la mayoría del año.
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En ambas ciudades, Airbnb ha surgido en colonias que no se caracterizan por tener viviendas en desuso. Por su ubicación se deduce que
la integración a la explotación se ha dado por compra a propietarios
nacionales mayoritariamente, pero comercializados por extranjeros
(Aguado, 2018). En la vivienda para uso o para renta adquirida por
extranjeros se concretiza la transferencia de capital y la recuperación
del Rent Gap a escala transnacional. Según datos de la Asociación de
Inmobiliarias de San Miguel, en 2017 se vendieron 362 propiedades
en el centro a un precio promedio de 400 mil dólares y el 65% de los
compradores eran de origen extranjero (El Universal, 2017).
Los datos del inegi sobre habitantes extranjeros en el centro de San
Miguel de Allende, muestran que se sitúan mayoritariamente en las zonas de amortiguamiento alrededor del hipercentro turistificado, coincidiendo con la zona de vivienda en renta Airbnb descrita en los párrafos
anteriores. El recorrido de campo detectó las cualidades arquitectónicas
y los usuarios presentes en esa zona, se verifica una concentración de
la población extranjera en calles y barrios bien equipados, asegurados
y con buen estado de conservación, que forman un anillo alrededor del
núcleo central de monumentos.
La cuota de habitantes de origen extranjero en el centro de Guanajuato es sustancialmente menor que la de San Miguel de Allende (Tabla
1). Ella se concentra en el polígono declarado de la unesco, aunque
en enclaves más reducidos y disgregados. Lo anterior alrededor de las
plazas y callejones de la mejor calidad urbana y paisajística de la zona
monumental. Esa distribución pasa al norte por las calles De Pocitos,
de Alonso al sur, el callejón Del Potrero (también al sur), la subida de
San Miguel, la Plaza de los Ángeles y el Callejón del Beso.
Nuevas desigualdades urbanas en ciudades medias patrimoniales
La apropiación del patrimonio arquitectónico construido aparece como
uno de los principales soportes de las nuevas desigualdades en ciudades históricas latinoamericanas. En ella se materializa una exclusión
social, económica, cultural y espacial. Así podemos establecer una
relación entre la desigualdad urbana y la mutación arquitectónica del
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patrimonio de una ciudad conducida por la explotación comercial y de
servicios requeridos para la migración por estilo de vida. El binomio de
fuerzas globales (turismo y migración) y de fuerzas locales (patrimonio,
élites políticas y empresariales), pone en cuestión el acceso al valor cultural de los edificios, tematizando los centros históricos de Guanajuato
y San Miguel de Allende. Así, la arquitectura en su calidad de capital
cultural distintivo de la clase media internacional, se adapta a funciones de consumo turísticos y de viviendas de lujo que trastocan el valor
cultural e identitario, limitando el uso para clases populares.
Al tratarse de un tipo de desigualdad urbana basada en parte en
la terciarización del patrimonio, con ello se depredan usos menos o
poco rentables como el de vivienda de clases medias y bajas locales. Se
observa en los perímetros turísticos que los dueños de las propiedades
prefieren cambiar la vocación habitacional del edificio patrimonial para
recibir rentas más altas. Así, construcciones que antes se utilizaban
como vivienda en renta, sobre todo para estudiantes y clases trabajadoras del centro, son remozadas y transformadas para fines de uso comercial. Esto aparece como una tendencia clara en el primer cuadrante de
los centros históricos analizados, en los cuales la desaparición del uso
habitacional es casi total.
Las nuevas desigualdades urbanas se activan fuertemente por las
prácticas de consumo, turísticas y culturales, de las poblaciones ricas
que ahora son dueñas del patrimonio. Parte de la economía urbana
de San Miguel esta dolarizada, específicamente en su núcleo fundacional. El consumo en restaurantes, bares, galerías de arte y hoteles
boutique, pero también de buen número de panaderías, cafeterías y
mercados “hipsterizados” es prohibitivo para el poder adquisitivo de
las clases populares de San Miguel. En ellos, una tarta puede costar 4
o 5 dólares, al igual que una cerveza artesanal local, el equivalente al
salario mínimo diario de un mexicano (88.36 pesos mexicanos). Los
productos y servicios de lujo atienden a las necesidades y gustos de
consumo prioritariamente de la población expatriada y de los turistas. Lo anterior no excluye necesariamente a las clases medias y altas
nacionales, pues ellas participan en menor medida de la exclusión
al compartir cierto cosmopolitismo selectivo. Cuando la desigualdad
urbana está mayoritariamente a cargo de un grupo extranjero, se da
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una mayor ruptura en términos sociales, culturales y económicos entre
gentrificadores y locales. En los lugares de consumo se observa una
mínima o a veces inexistente interacción entre los expatriados (que se
comunican en inglés) y los nacionales, sobre todo los de clase popular, los cuales ni siquiera frecuentan o se reconocen en los renovados
espacios patrimoniales.
Desde las declaratorias de Patrimonio de la Humanidad de Guanajuato en 1988 y de San Miguel de Allende en 2008, la presión por la
explotación turística o residencial de lujo ha ido en aumento. En estas
ciudades, diferentes niveles de gobierno, tanto municipal, estatal y federal, han participado para que la mejor parte de la ciudad pertenezca
al uso de grupos sociales privilegiados y en beneficio de sus círculos
empresariales locales aliados y de importantes capitales, sobre todo de
cadenas hoteleras. En varios proyectos se pueden rastrear conflictos de
interés en los que los compadrazgos locales o el desarrollismo se antepone al estricto cumplimiento de las normas de protección patrimonial,
al del crecimiento urbano ordenado y al del bien común o del mayor
número de ciudadanos. Podemos citar tres casos. En Guanajuato, un
hotel boutique en el barrio de la Presa (de capital nacional pero de
clientela extranjera) que durante su ampliación ha incumplido varias
normas urbanas y patrimoniales, afectando estructuras de inmuebles
vecinos catalogados. En este caso, el presidente municipal en turno
(2016) tenía vínculos familiares o profesionales con los inversionistas
hoteleros. En San Miguel, el Hotel Aqua Live (de capital extranjero)
destruyó parte de una construcción del siglo xviii (Aguado, 2016). Por
último, el fraccionamiento Puerta de Piedra en el perímetro de amortiguamiento de la declaratoria de San Miguel de Allende, por la altura
y densidad de sus edificios deterioró la calidad paisajística del centro.
Los actores políticos y económicos locales recuperan parte del Rent
Gap, pero la tendencia es que cada vez participan menos de las transacciones inmobiliarias. La recuperación del Rent Gap se dio en un primer
momento a finales del siglo xx a favor de las élites locales. Actualmente,
la mayoría de las transacciones se realizan entre extranjeros, 60% según
el Delegado de la Asociación de inmobiliarios, y los precios alcanzan
niveles muy superiores a los de las primeras adquisiciones entre locales y extranjeros (El Universal, 2017). En ese sentido, los extranjeros
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acaparan el nuevo valor de uso, las empresas extranjeras explotan los
servicios turísticos y cuando la recuperación del Rent Gap es la más alta
(después de varias transacciones inmobiliarias) ya no la comparten con
los locales.
La estructura urbana resulta importante en el proceso de constitución de las nuevas desigualdades. En ella se materializan los procesos
de disputa social y cultural de escala global. La convergencia de gentrificadores extranjeros y de turistas internacionales genera una fuerte
competencia por el espacio, esto acentúa los procesos de especulación
inmobiliaria y apuntala los precios prohibitivos que alcanzan las propiedades en los centros históricos, que pueden alcanzar precios por
30 millones de dólares para una casona en el centro de San Miguel
(Anuncio de una agencia inmobiliaria a proximidad en junio de 2018
de Hotel 11 y Jardín Juárez). En esa competencia por el espacio, las
clases pobres son las que más pierden. Ello por la mayor diferencia
de ingreso que existe entre un hogar sanmigueleño de clase media o
popular con ingreso promedio ocho mil pesos (since, 2010) y un tejano
de clase media o alta con ingreso promedio 75 mil pesos en octubre de
2018.
El sujeto extranjero aparece como el productor del espacio gentrificado (comprador-revendedor de propiedades) y el consumidor del
espacio gentrificador (usuario de servicios turísticos y habitacionales
de lujo). Lo anterior impacta en las desigualdades por medio de las
restricciones del acceso al mercado inmobiliario (especulación y dolarización) y a las prácticas de consumo (desigualdad de ingresos).
Conclusión
Las desigualdades urbanas neoliberales se suman con nuevos mecanismos a las que históricamente se han constituido en las metrópolis y las
ciudades medias de América Latina. Su construcción conceptual aquí
planteada, el desplazamiento residencial vehiculado por la presencia de
poblaciones extranjeras, se realimenta de exclusiones urbanas basadas
en prácticas de consumo, las del patrimonio histórico turistificado para
nuestros casos. Otro elemento planteado por las nuevas desigualdades
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neoliberales es que exclusiones propias de los centros del capitalismo
global o grandes metrópolis latinoamericanas también se manifiesten
en ciudades pequeñas, territorios que aparentemente se encuentran
fuera de los circuitos de la globalización. Con respecto a una de las
preguntas iniciales, sobre la naturaleza de la desigualdad urbana en
ciudades medias, concluimos que ellas no la contienen mejor, sino que
incluso, por su tamaño y menor diversidad de actividades económicas,
pueden ser más desiguales que las metrópolis. El modelo neoliberal
plantea la conquista de ciudades pequeñas y medias de países peri
féricos, donde ha encontrado un campo fértil para el capital global
que se beneficia de un diferencial de renta por medio de individuos
de clase media internacional o de las empresas inmobiliarias y turísticas también transnacionales, que se las apropian con ayuda de los
actores locales. En ese sentido, reconocemos que las desigualdades
urbanas asociadas a la gentrificación y a la turistificación plantean un
escenario complejo de gobiernos, autoridades, consumidores solventes
y capitalistas extranjeros y en menor medida nacionales, en un mercado inmobiliario y de servicios en el que los expatriados van ganando
terreno paulatinamente.
Los casos de San Miguel de Allende y de Guanajuato en México,
ilustran una dimensión inédita, al menos en escala cuantitativa, de una
gentrificación consumada no en favor de las clases altas y medias de la
estructura social guanajuatense (aunque participan minoritariamente),
sino en favor de clases medias transnacionales, norteamericanas principalmente, que se insertan en la cúspide social de las ciudades patrimoniales en los países del sur. Las implicaciones sociales en términos
de desigualdad por el hecho de que sean grupos extranjeros los que la
induzcan, tienen la particularidad de que la brecha económica, espacial
y cultural que se abre es mucho más amplia; ello debido al diferencial
de ingresos y a la disparidad de practicas culturales y de consumo entre
los extranjeros y las clases locales, bajas y medias e incluso altas. Esta
desigualdad cualitativa y cuantitativa no sería tan contrastada sin la
presencia de los expatriados.
Las nuevas desigualdades urbanas neoliberales se confrontan también con la necesidad de una ciudadanía transnacional o global (Borja,
2013; Paquot 2015). Desde hace al menos quince años, el prestigio de
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San Miguel de Allende se disparó gracias a los medios de comunicación.
Los extranjeros instalados, según las consideraciones de la revista Travel
& Leisure, en la “mejor ciudad del mundo para visitar o vivir”, debido,
en parte, a su encanto cosmopolita, resienten la presión turística. Ellos
han comenzado a sentir un deterioro en la tranquilidad y calidad de
vida de sus barrios, propio de los estados avanzados de gentrificación
(Lees, 2012; Moskowitz, 2018).
Lo anterior ha llevado a que en 2018 las principales organizaciones
sociales de extranjeros como La Biblioteca de San Miguel ac, se organicen para manifestar su preocupación sobre la turistificación excesiva
del patrimonio arquitectónico de San Miguel de Allende (Aguado,
2018). La población extranjera reconoce que el factor político, sobre
todo el local, es determinante en este proceso de transformación turística que experimenta su ciudad adoptiva. Sin embargo, la Constitución
mexicana establece en su artículo 33 que los extranjeros no pueden
inmiscuirse en ningún acto político, con lo cual sus aspiraciones de
contener o manejar la presión turística, se ve truncada por su condición
de extranjería, a pesar de ser un activo social fundamental de la población del centro histórico de San Miguel de Allende. La “destrucción
creativa” de la gentrificación ha encendido su foco rojo y las disputas y
resistencias no han hecho más que comenzar.
Por último, las nuevas desigualdades urbanas latinoamericanas nos
revelan la limitación del derecho a la ciudad, que en el contexto de
las fuerzas neoliberales, sufren las poblaciones locales más vulnerables.
Los casos de Guanajuato y San Miguel, que pueden ser representativos
de varias ciudades en el subcontinente, nos muestran que es solo cuestión de tiempo para que los reacomodos socioespaciales de la ciudad
neoliberal acentúen las desigualdades territoriales. Más aún si esos procesos son impulsados por la intervención gubernamental, que busca
asegurar un nuevo desarrollo económico de la ciudad, haciendo de los
sectores patrimoniales renovados los ejes principales de las actividades
comerciales y de las clases sociales clave de la globalización.
Las importantes inversiones públicas sobre el patrimonio con fines
de atracción económica y turística benefician a los capitales extranjeros
y a una élite capitalista muy reducida. Esta especialización del territorio implica la limitación de derechos y la exclusión de actividades
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y de poblaciones menos adaptadas a los objetivos de competitividad
turístico-residencial internacional. En general, no hay en las intervenciones de los gobiernos locales mexicanos, una estrategia para incluir
a los ciudadanos menos acomodados, ni actividades tradicionales y
de proximidad y mucho menos de vivienda social, en los renovados
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146553_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 自転車道（じてんしゃどう、英:bicycle way）とは、自動車交通から構造的に分離された、自転車専用（一部は歩行者との共用）の通行空間である。
自転車道には大きく分けて、
主に、日常生活での自転車移動を安全にするために市街地の車道に併設されるもの
主に、サイクリングのために郊外（川沿いや廃線跡など）に独立して設置されるもの
の2種類がある。英語では前者を cycle track, separated bike lane, segregated cycle lane, protected bike lane、protected bike path、後者を solitary cycle track, （歩行者との共用の場合は）shared-use path などと呼ぶ。
この他、日本では自動車との混在通行区間を含むサイクリングコースを自転車道と呼ぶことがある。これは bicycle route（あるいは signed bicycle route）の概念に近い。
欧米の自転車道
歴史と現状
イギリス
イギリスでは、19世紀後半に自転車愛好家たちが団体を組織するなどの運動を展開し、1888年にイギリスの議会は彼らの求めていた「荒廃した道路の整備」に着手することと自転車を交通手段として公認を決めた。
イギリスで車道併設型の自転車道が初めて整備されたのは1934年、ロンドンのWestern Avenueで、コンクリート舗装、幅員 2.5 m という仕様だった。1935年に実施された調査では沿道の自転車利用者の80％がこの自転車道に満足していたが、自転車愛好家たちは車道を走れなくなる不満から、自転車道を無視して大人数で車道を走るデモ行為を繰り返したり、近隣の別の自転車道で始終端に杭を打って他の自転車利用者を車道に誘導したり、交通省を頻繁に訪れて反対意見を述べるなどの抵抗を続けた。戦後になると、自転車愛好家たちからの反対に加え、道路予算を高速道路網の整備に優先投入したこと、緊縮財政が続いたことから、イギリスにおける自転車道の整備は停滞した。
1950年代にはニュータウンの一つ、スティーブニッジで自動車の道路網から独立した質の高い自転車道のネットワークが計画的に整備されたが、その自転車道は徐々に利用されなくなり、現在は住民の2.7%にしか使われていない。1960年代にも別のニュータウン、ミルトン・キーンズで同じく自動車の道路網から独立した自転車道のネットワークが整備されたが、自転車の交通分担率は3%に留まっている。
自転車道の整備が再び本格的に動き出すのは2010年代に入ってからで、ロンドンではの一部路線が、車道から縁石で分離された構造で整備（CS2は当初の自転車レーンから改修）された。他の都市でも、マンチェスターのOxford Road、ケンブリッジのHills RoadとHuntingdon Roadに自転車道が整備されている。
オランダ
19世紀末、地形的条件などから自転車が急速に普及したオランダで、世界最初の自転車道路が造られたとされる。これは危険な馬車から自転車を保護するための分離を図ったものと考えられている。
戦後はオランダでも、市民の所得向上で自動車の保有率が上昇する反面、自転車の利用率低下が続き、車こそが未来の移動手段で自転車はいずれ完全に無くなるものとの考え方が一般的だった。しかし1970年代に入ると、モータリゼーションによる死亡事故の多発や排気ガスが社会問題になり、自動車中心の政策に反対する市民運動（Stop de Kindermoordなど）が活発化した。1972年にローマクラブが発表した『成長の限界』や、1973年のオイルショックも、自動車中心だった政策にパラダイムシフトをもたらす切っ掛けになった。
そんな中、自転車の安全な通行空間などを求める利益団体（Eerste Enige Echte Nederlandse Wielrijdersbond、現Fietsersbond）が1975年に設立される。ENWBは大規模なデモ走行を実施したり、道路の危険箇所をリスト化したり、自転車通行空間のない危険な道路に自転車レーンを違法にペイントして警察に逮捕されるなどしていたが、同じく自動車中心の政策を疑問視していた政治家から注目されるようになり、交通政策は自動車一辺倒から自転車に配慮したものへとシフトしていく。自転車道整備の社会実験はまず1970年代にハーグとティルブルフで、続いて1980年代にデルフトで実施され、自転車の経路選択の変化や利用者数の増加に繋がったため、これをモデルとして他の都市も自転車インフラを整備するようになっていった。1990年代に入ると中央政府が“Masterplan Fiets”という枠組みのもと、多数のプロジェクトや研究の実施を促した。
自転車道の整備延長は下表のように増加してきている。
同国の道路の総延長は、2015年の統計では 138,912 kmであり、自転車道（独立型も含む）の整備延長はその 24〜25% の規模に達する。参考として、日本の道路総延長に占める歩道設置道路は2016年4月1日時点で14.7%である。
オランダの自転車通行環境はこの他、自転車道のないローカル道路（lokale wegen）55,000 kmや、自転車レーンを有する車道 4,700 kmで構成されている。
近年は、元々あった自転車レーンを撤去して自転車道に改修する例が、ユトレヒト、デンボス、アイントホーフェンなど各都市で見られる。アムステルダムの Bilderdijkstraat では自転車レーンから自転車道への改修後、死傷事故が 50% 減少したと報告されている。
ドイツ
オランダと同様に「西ドイツでもアウトバーンの改修・新設には、りっぱな自転車道路を併設することが義務づけられた」 。
2015年12月にはドイツ初となる自転車専用高速道路が開通した。
アメリカ
アメリカでは1967年、初めての本格的な自転車レーンがカリフォルニア州デイビスの3路線に整備されたが、このうちの1本は停車帯によって自動車の流れから保護された、事実上の自転車道（“separated bikeway”）だった。ところが1970年代に Vehicular cycling と呼ばれる運動が興り、「自転車は車両の運転者として振る舞い、扱われることで最大の能力を発揮できる（“cyclists fare best when they act and are treated as drivers of vehicles”）」との思想に共鳴した自転車愛好家たちが各地の住民説明会で自転車道の整備に強く反対した。
当時、自転車利用者を対象に実施された、自転車インフラの安全性についてのアンケート（“ratings of protection from cars afforded by the bikeway”）では、自転車道（“Separated bikeways”）が自転車レーン（“Bike lanes”）や自転車推奨ルート（“Signed Routes”）の2倍以上の高い評価を得ており、自転車インフラの設計指針を作成していた連邦道路局（FHWA）も自転車道の反対者たちがノイジー・マイノリティーであることを認識していた。しかし1976年版の設計指針は、自動車からの構造的な分離を求める圧倒的多数の自転車利用者と、一切の自転車インフラ整備に反対する僅かな数の自転車愛好家の要望の中間をとって、自動車の通行帯と停車帯に挟まれた自転車レーンを推奨する内容となった。この結果、アメリカでは自転車道の整備が進まない状況が長年続いた。
アメリカで自転車道（構造的に分離された自転車レーン; protected bike lane）が再び日の目を見るのは2000年代に入ってからである。2007年、ニューヨーク市は車道の一部を樹脂製ボラードなどで簡易的に分離した自転車道を試験的に導入した。市交通局は従来型の自転車レーンを採用しなかった理由として、二重駐車で塞がれることや安心感が低いことなどの問題があったと指摘している。自転車道が導入された路線では、交通事故の減少や自転車交通量の増加、沿道店舗の売上増加などの効果が見られた。ニューヨーク市ではその後も毎年数マイルずつ整備が進められており、合計整備延長は2018年現在で100マイル（約160km）を超えている。
他の都市もニューヨークのような自転車道の整備を検討していたが、当時の設計指針にはそれが掲載されていなかったため、都市の交通担当者からなるNACTO（National Association of City Transportation Officials）が世界各地の自転車インフラの設計を調査し、2011年にUrban Bikeway Design Guideとして発表した。このような条件が整ったこともあり、自転車道は現在、オースティン、ボストン、シカゴ、ロサンゼルス、ポートランド、サンフランシスコ、シアトルなど合衆国の他の都市にも広がっている。
自転車道の代替インフラ
自転車レーン
オランダやドイツなどでは、車道から構造的に分離された自転車道の設置に早くから取り組んできたが、自転車の通行空間に占める割合は必ずしも高くない。費用や空間上の制約、安全観の変化などの要因によって、かつてはこうした自転車道の代用として考えられた自転車レーンの整備が現実的と判断されるようになっている。
バス自転車共用レーン
「バスレーン#自転車通行空間としてのバスレーン」を参照。
日本の自転車道
定義
日本では、道路法令（道路法と道路構造令）に規定された自転車の通行に供される自動車から分離された各種の道路または道路の部分を指す。一般的な用法としてはこのほかに、道路交通法に基づく交通規制による「自転車専用通行帯」（自転車レーン）や自転車以外の通行禁止規制が実施された道路、自転車が通行することのできる「歩行者用道路」、道路法上の道路ではない道路（施設扱いのサイクリング道路や河川管理道路など）を含む場合がある。日本国外の自転車走行空間については、国・地域によって定義が異なる場合があるが、それにかかわらず「自転車道」と呼ぶことがある。
日本における各種の「自転車道」については、道路行政当局や関係団体において、機能面から大きく2種類に分類されている。自転車道設計指針では、次の通りA種、B種に区分されている。
A種の自転車道は、交通の安全と円滑を主目的とし、日常生活で利用される自転車交通を対象としたものであり、多くの場合それ自体独立した道路ではなく、道路の一部として自動車等のための車道に併設される。道路構造令と道路交通法に定められた自転車道は、工作物によって区画され、車道だけでなく歩行者のための歩道からも分離されたもので、道路交通法により自転車以外の通行は認められていない。自転車道の設置されている道路において、普通自転車は自転車道を通行することが原則として義務づけられている。
B種の自転車道は、スポーツやレクリエーションとして自転車を利用すること（サイクリング）を主な目的とした道路を指す。この場合道路法にいう自転車専用道路等として整備されることがあり、一般にサイクリングロードと呼ばれる。ただし日本においては自転車専用である場合はごくわずかな例外に過ぎず、歩行者の通行も認められていることが圧倒的に多い。自転車道という用語は、こういった道路の路線名の一部として使用される場合もある。
歴史
日本では、1951年、日本自転車産業協議会の事業計画が、自転車道路の必要性に言及するが、自転車道の法制化機運が高まるのは本格的なモータリゼーションを経た1960年代後半のことで、実際に法制化されるのは1970年である。
外国の自転車道について言及した記述としては、新渡戸稲造の『修養』（明治44年刊）第十三章「道」内の「人の履む道は広いか狭いか」の項にみられ、馬車道、乗馬道、歩道の他、「近頃では自転車の道もあり」と外国の道路事情について紹介している。
法制化以前
自転車道法制化以前は1958年に制定された道路構造令（旧令）に見られるように、自転車は車道・緩速車道を通行する自動車との混合交通を前提とした。1964年には、徳島市左古町に自転車道（併設型、後のA種相当）が設置され、これが日本初の自転車道と考えられている。翌1965年には、高知市電車通りに歩道を改造した自転車道が設置された。これら法制化前に出現した短い距離の自転車道は、所轄警察署の要請により国道事務所が事故多発地点に設置したものである。一方、1967年10月には、神奈川県青少年サイクリングコース（金目川サイクリングコース）が開通する。専用道路型、B種相当、つまりサイクリングロードと呼ばれるタイプのさきがけとなるが、道路法上の道路とは認められず、「施設」扱いとされた。1965年には、国会に制化を求める請願が寄せられ始めた。
自転車道路協会の発足とその活動
1967年4月、自転車道路建設促進協議会が発足した。1968年8月には、協議会が自転車道のサンプルと位置づけた東京・神宮外苑サイクリングセンターが実現する。これは、警視庁・明治神宮など関係各方面に働き掛け、休日の公道で自動車等の通行を禁止する交通規制を実施し、サイクリングに開放したもので、初の「自転車公園」とされた。1970年には常設の代々木公園サイクリングコース、1975年には休日の交通規制によるパレスサイクリングが開設されたほか、東京以外の各地にも広がった。協議会は1968年9月に改組して財団法人自転車道路協会となった。この月、協会は太平洋岸自転車道構想を含む全国一周自転車道路網構想を建設大臣に陳情した。
法制化と制度改正
自転車道法制化の動きは国会でも具体化し、超党派の「自転車道路建設推進議員連盟」が結成され、1969年7月に議員立法による「自転車道の整備等に関する法律案」の提出に漕ぎ着けた。その審議過程では、特にオランダ、デンマーク、スウェーデンでは自転車道は完備に近く、イギリス、アメリカ、フランス、ドイツといった諸国でも自転車道の整備が進んでいるとの認識が示された。この法案は、自衛隊法・防衛庁設置法改正案や大学臨時措置法などの上程による影響で、ほかの20あまりの生活関連法案とともに審議未了となるといった紆余曲折を経て、翌1970年の3月に成立、4月に公布された。
1970年には、「交通戦争」ともいわれた交通事故多発の対策として、道路・交通関連の法令の新規制定や改正が相次いだ。まず前述のように「自転車道の整備等に関する法律」が成立した。また道路交通法と道路構造令に「自転車道」などの規定が加わり、「交通安全施設等整備事業に関する緊急措置法」に自転車道の整備に関する規定が盛り込まれた。これらの新規定により自転車を自動車交通から分離する方向性が固まった。道交法改正に伴い「道路標識、区画線及び道路標示に関する命令」が改正され、「自転車専用」（325の2）と「自転車及び歩行者専用」（325の3）の道路標識が定められた。翌1971年には道路法改正により自転車専用道路、自転車歩行者専用道路の規定が加わる。1980年には、「自転車の安全利用の促進及び自転車駐車場の整備に関する法律」（旧自転車法）が公布され、自転車道・自転車歩行者道の整備、自転車専用車両通行帯の設置など「良好な自転車交通網の形成」を図る規定が盛り込まれた。
整備事業
1973年に大規模自転車道整備事業が始まり、一般にサイクリングロードと呼ばれる道路の建設が緒につく。翌1974年には、建設省都市局長・道路局長通達「自転車道等の設計基準」が出され、詳しい仕様が固まる。
道路交通法の1970年と1978年の改正で自転車の歩道通行が認められ、うやむやのうちに一般化する一方、歩行者との共用でない自転車道などの通行空間の整備は、「我が国の道路状況において……容易ではない」ことを理由に「十分とは言い難い」状況が今日まで続いている。
日本における法令上の定義
広義の自転車道
1970年に制定された「自転車道の整備等に関する法律（以下「整備法」）」にいう「自転車道」は、以下のように定義され、法令上最も広義である。
もつぱら自転車の通行の用に供することを目的とする道路の部分（第2条第3項第1号）
自転車及び歩行者の共通の通行の用に供することを目的とする道路又は道路の部分（第2条第3項第2号）
これにより整備法の「自転車道」は、自動車等からは構造的に分離され、歩行者とは分離されているとは限らない次に挙げる自転車の通行空間の総称とされる。この場合の「自転車道」の総延長は2006年4月1日現在、7万8638kmとなる。
自転車専用道路（道路法第48条の13第1項）
自転車歩行者専用道路（道路法第48条の13第2項）
自転車道（道路構造令第2条第2号）
自転車歩行者道（道路構造令第2条第3号）
なお道路構造令では、特に同令に規定される自転車道と自転車歩行者道の総称として自転車道等という名称を用いている。
なお、道路法の規定により、道路全体を専ら自転車（あるいは自転車および歩行者）の通行に供用するものが「自転車専用道路」あるいは「自転車歩行者専用道路」であり、これらは道路法令上の名称である。一方、道路そのものの名称としては、「〇〇自転車道線」と付く場合が多いが、道路法上の規制と名称は無関係のため、「〇〇自転車道」と言う名称であっても道路法上の規制は「自転車歩行者専用道路」である場合も数多い。また、「自転車歩行者専用道路」として供用される道路を単に「自転車歩行者道」と呼称する場合もある。
これらは「自転車道等」と総称されることがあり、「自転車走行空間」「自転車通行空間」などと言い換えられることも多い。自転車走行空間としては、他に車道の一部として設けられ普通自転車専用通行帯として指定されることが想定されている自転車通行帯(道路構造令第2条第15号)、法令ではないが国交省、警察庁による文書「安全で快適な自転車利用環境創出ガイドライン」に規定された矢羽根型などの自転車ナビマークの道路標示のみで自転車の通行箇所を示す車道混在がある。
狭義の自転車道
道路構造令第2条第2号
専ら自転車の通行の用に供するために、縁石線又はさくその他これに類する工作物により区画して設けられる道路の部分
道路交通法第2条第1項第3号の3
自転車の通行の用に供するため縁石線又はさくその他これに類する工作物によつて区画された車道の部分
本節以降では単に自転車道といった場合、道路交通法の自転車道や道路構造令の自転車道という意味で使う。
道路構造令の自転車道は、「縁石線又はさくその他これに類する工作物により区画」された道路の部分であり、自動車等のための車道の各側に一体となって建設され、あとから構造分離された道路は含まれない。なお、道路構造令の車道は「自転車道を除く」と明記されているが、道路交通法の自転車道は「車道の部分」である。ただし道路交通法でも、第3章の交通方法に関しては、第16条第4項により「自転車道と自転車道以外の車道の部分とは、それぞれ一の車道」として別個に扱われる。
普通自転車は、「自転車道が設けられている道路においては、自転車道以外の車道を横断する場合及び道路の状況その他の事情によりやむを得ない場合を除き、自転車道を通行しなければならない」（道路交通法第63条の3）とされている。そのため、自転車道がある道路の側を通行する場合には、自転車道以外の車道や、歩道上の普通自転車通行可部分があったとしても、原則としてそれらは通行できない。
なお、自転車道は、前述のように自転車道以外の車道とは別個の車道として扱われるため、通行すべき左側部分も別個になり、原則として双方向通行となる。普通自転車は道路全体において進行方向右側にしか自転車道がない場合でも、（道路を横断するなどして）そこを通らなければならない。
二輪又は三輪の自転車および普通自転車サイズ（長さ190cm、幅60cm）以下の四輪自転車であって、普通自転車に該当しないもの（これらのうちサイドカーまたはサイクルトレーラー付きを除く）は、自転車道を通行できる。ただし、法第63条の3は適用されないため、自転車道と、自転車道以外の車道ほかを通行するかは、任意である。
なお自転車のうちサイドカーまたはサイクルトレーラー付きの場合や、普通自転車サイズ（長さ190cm、幅60cm）を超える四輪自転車は自転車道を通行できない（道路交通法第17条第3項）。自転車道を通行できないこれらの自転車は、自転車道以外の車道を通行することになる。自転車以外の軽車両も同様である。
なお、産業競争力強化法による区域・期間を限定した特例措置に基づく特定小型電動車、および2023年（令和5年）7月1日改正法施行による特定小型原動機付自転車については上記の限りではない。この場合、これらの車両は法令に基づき自転車道を通行する（詳細は各項目へ）。
自転車道の要件
自転車道は、縁石線、さく（柵）などの工作物や植樹帯といった分離施設によって連続して区画されていることが要件である。また「自転車専用（325の2）」の道路標識が設置され自転車道であることが示されている。
道路交通法第20条第2項の規定による車道上の車両通行帯のうち、「車両通行区分（327）」「専用通行帯（327の4）」「普通自転車専用通行帯（327の4の2）」の道路標識や「車両通行区分（109の3）」「専用通行帯（109の6）」の道路標示により「自転車専用」と指定されたものは、工作物ではなく区画線や道路鋲によって区画されているため、自転車道には該当しない。「自転車の安全利用の促進及び自転車等の駐車対策の総合的推進に関する法律（自転車法）」で自転車専用車両通行帯と称され、一般に「自転車レーン」と呼ばれるが、この部分は依然、車道の一部分であるため、自転車道の場合とは異なり、車道全体で見た左側通行の規制を受ける。
歩道をガイドポストや断続した植樹帯などによって分離している場合であっても、「自転車及び歩行者専用（325の3）」の道路標識および「普通自転車の歩道通行部分」の道路標示（114の2）がある場合、依然として道路交通法第63条の4第1項により普通自転車が通行することができるとされた歩道である。
この部分は「歩道の自転車レーン」と俗称されることがあるが、自転車道には該当しない。「普通自転車の歩道通行部分（114の3）」、道路交通法第63条の4第2項にいう「普通自転車通行指定部分」となる。従来歩道とされていた部分を工作物で分離したものであっても、車道上に設けられたものではないので自転車道とはいえない。
サイクリングロード
一般に「サイクリングロード」と呼ばれるものは、B種の自転車道に分類され、道路法の自転車専用道路等として整備されることが多い。自転車（または「自転車および歩行者」）の通行のために設けられる独立した道路である。整備法の第6条第1項では、道路管理者としての市町村に自転車専用道路等の設置について努力義務を課し、同第2項では河川や国有林野の管理者が協力するものとし、同第3項では国が財政支援の努力義務を負うこととしている。国の支援策としては、大規模自転車道整備事業が知られている。このほかに道路法にいう道路には該当しない施設扱いの“いわゆる自転車道”なども、サイクリングロード（あるいはサイクリング道路など）と呼ばれる。日本以外の諸外国においても、同様の道路の整備例が見られる。
設計基準
各種の自転車道の幅員は、道路構造令により定められている。自転車道は2メートル以上を原則とし、やむを得ない場合1.5メートルまで縮小できるとされる（第10条）。自転車専用道路は3メートル以上を原則とし、やむを得ない場合2.5メートルとされ、自転車歩行者専用道路は1993年以降自転車専用道路より広い4メートル以上とされる（いずれも第39条第1項）。
設計速度は、A種・B種の違いに応じて差異がある。まちなかの道路に併設される環境からスピードが制限されるA種の自転車道では、通常の自転車の速度と考えられた時速15キロメートル、専用道路で快適な走行が目的となるB種の自転車道では時速30キロメートルとされた。これらの規定速度を確保する設計が不経済とされる場合には、双方とも時速10キロメートルとされた。
日本における現状と問題
自動車交通から構造的に分離された自転車の通行空間の総延長は7万8638キロメートルとされるが、このうちの91.7%にあたる7万2119キロメートルは「自転車歩行者道」である。設計の上で自転車の通行を意識したことになっているとはいえ、運用の上では自転車には歩行者を優先するために徐行や一時停止をする義務が課せられる「自転車通行可の歩道」にすぎない。自転車歩行者道については該当項目に譲り、本項では自転車道とサイクリングロード（自転車専用道路等とそれに類似したもの）の現状について述べる。
自転車道の現状
都市交通の中での自転車専用の通行空間とされる自転車道の延長は、2004年現在、1199kmに過ぎず、歩道延長15万5786kmの100分の1にも満たない。自転車道の設置に際しては、自動車交通から自転車を分離し、混合交通による自動車の速度低下を防ぐことも意識されてきた。半面、設置・管理が高コストであり、自転車道の存在自体が自動車交通の処理能力の低下を招くとも考えられた。車道の幅員確保や歩道の設置・拡幅（幅員2メートル以上の歩道では、普通自転車を歩道に上げることも可能とされる）が優先され、自転車道の設置は進まなかった。
また自転車道は車道の付帯施設と認識されたため、独自の連続したネットワークを形成していないという問題も指摘されている。
自転車の歩道通行については、双方向通行が認められていることと、車道との間の分離施設によって、自転車が右左折する自動車からの死角に入り、自動車対自転車の交通事故を誘発する危険性が指摘されている。自転車道は事故防止を図ることを目的として導入されたものの、歩行者と構造的に分離されていることを除いて歩道との共通点が多いことから、自転車道にも同じ問題が存在するとの見解がある。ただし、現実に整備された自転車道の事故リスクについては日本国内では研究が見当たらない。カナダとオランダの研究では、自転車道が最も安全な自転車インフラであるとの結果が出ている。
歩行者と自転車の分離という面では、自転車道の整備は大きな成果を上げている。東京都三鷹市のかえで通りでは、自転車道の整備前に80.9%だった自転車の歩道通行率が整備後は6.1%に激減した。東京都江東区亀戸の国道14号でも、自転車道の整備前に71.0%だった歩道通行率が整備後は25%に低下した。一方、車道端をペイントによって視覚的に区分した自転車レーンなどでは、路上駐車に塞がれる、横を通る車が怖いなどの問題から、自転車の歩道通行率はあまり下がらない傾向がある。東京都渋谷区の旧玉川水道道路では、自転車レーンの整備前に84%だった歩道通行率は整備後も68%までしか低下していない。京都府京都市の河原町通と丸太町通では、車道の端に矢羽根型路面表示を試験整備したが、整備前に74.7〜92.4%だった歩道通行率は整備後も73.7〜88.9%と高止まりしている。この京都市の実験では住民アンケートで「横を車が通り過ぎると怖い」「駐車中の車の横を走るのがこわい」などの意見が寄せられている。
サイクリングロードの現状
サイクリングロードの設置場所は、河川敷がほとんどで、このほかに湖沼の沿岸、海岸、鉄道廃線跡が挙げられる。
自転車専用道路等の総延長は5113kmになるが、そのうちの90.8%は自転車歩行者専用道路が占める。このほか、河川敷や堤防上に設置された河川管理道路や緊急用道路は、一般の自動車・原動機付自転車による通行を禁じていることから、サイクリングコースとして使用されている例が多い。東京都内の荒川緊急用河川敷道路など、自転車愛好者にはサイクリングロードとして認識されているものが、実はあくまで河川管理道路であるということもある。
サイクリングロードは、設計上自転車の高速走行の快適性を重視し、ほかの道路と平面交差する箇所が市街地の一般道路に比べて少ないため、自転車の走行速度が速くなる傾向が強い。一方でこの構造的条件はランニングやウォーキングといった運動や散歩にも適している。またサイクリングロードや自転車道などと呼ばれていても、大部分で歩行者は排除されていない。このため歩行者の利用も多い。高速な自転車と大勢の歩行者が混在している状況で、両者の間にトラブルが多発し、主に歩行者から苦情が管理者に寄せられ、管理者としては対策として自転車に対して何らかの規制・措置を行う方向で動きが見られる。このことからサイクリングロードでは、自転車に対してスピードを落として歩行者に注意し優先するよう呼び掛ける標示や掲示物が目立つようになった。自転車歩行者専用道路に代表される自転車と歩行者が混在する状況に対しては、古くから自転車愛好者らによる批判がある。しかし両者を分離して自転車専用道路と歩行者専用道路を設置しようとする動きは、ほとんど見られない。
脚注
注釈
出典
関連項目
日本の自転車
日本の道路
自転車専用道路
自転車歩行者専用道路
自転車歩行者道
大規模自転車道
日本の自転車道一覧
ナショナルサイクルルート
歩道
歩行者専用道路
車道
自動車道
自動車専用道路
サイクリングターミナル
サイクルトレイン
外部リンク
自転車活用のまちづくり - 国土交通省道路局
道路
都市計画.
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newyorkmedicoch00bushgoog_27 | US-PD-Books | Public Domain | At half past three in the afternoon I again visited him. All symptoms of collapse had disappeared ; the surface generally was warm, and he complained of a Uttle pain in his head, which he said felt confused, but he was otherwise perfectly sensible, and expressed his fears that it was all over with him. The pupils were not at all more dilated than usual, but the pulse had risoi^ to 96, and was rather full ; and he complained of heat and ten- derness of the scalp. At my first visit I had requested the head to be completely shaved, and I now directed that a bladder of ice- water should be constantly applied to it. About half an hour after the bleeding, a powder, consist'mg of a scruple of jalap and ten grains of calomel, was administered. At ten o'clock at night, I visited him for the third time ; the pulse had regained its fulness and frequency, and the same symptoms had manifested them- selves, with the addition of a disposition to coma ; I therefore bled to twelve ounces, when he again became faint The bowels had not been relieved, and a conmion enema was in consequence in- jected. A saline cathartic mixture was also directed to be given at intervals of four hours, to increase the action of the medicines, which had been previously administered. Early on the following morning, between six and seven, I again saw him, and found that he had passed a tranquil night, having slept for some two or three hours at a time. The head, as might be expected, was a httle painful, but there ^\^s much" less heat and tenderness 6f the scalp. All disposition to coma had disappeared ; the pupils were perfeetly natural, and the pulse 88,' soft and compressible. The bowels had been copiously re- lieved, and upon the whole he felt very comfortable, excepting a rttifihftfls and dryness of the &C6 *, to reheve whit^ I directed that Si^« 52 Gleanhigs from Foreign Journals. • it should be gently spohged with tepid water every four hotirs^ taking care, however, not to remove the dressings. Nothing" more in the shape of diet than thin gruel and toast and water ^ere allowed him. At two o'clock, p. M. I found him precisely in the same state; all was tranquil, and he had experienced much relief from the tepid sponging. At ten at night, however, it was iar otherwise ; he had been much disturbed by the neighbours cpiarrelling under his window, and I found him complaining of more pain in his head than he had hitherto had ; his pulse had risen to 116, and was hard and full ; the scalp was hot and tender, and there was a genial in- crease of heat upon the surface of the body, and a great deal of thirst- I bled him immediately to sixteen ounces, and ordered him to continue his remedies as before. But lest I should occupy too much space in your widely-circulated Journal, I will not trou- ble you with the daily reports, as I have entered them in my case- book. I will, therefore, content myself with stating, that for the first fortnight I regularly visited him three times a day, although at the distance of a mile from my own residence, in order that I might carefully watch every untoward symptom as it manifested itself, and, if possible, immodiately check it. During that time I |6und it necessary to abstract altogether nearly 110 ounces of blood. After that period all inflammatory tendency appeared to have completely subsided, and the boy was so far free from any- thing like immediate danger, that I really began secretly to flat- ter myself with a hope of recovery, although with his friends, with whom I found great difficulty in enforcing obedience to my dbeo- tions, my prognosis was exceedingly guarded. On the third day after the accident, an emollient poultice was applied to the face, which was continued for four days, and the wound afterwards carefully dressed ^ath simple cerate. The burnt edges soon sloughed away, and granulations of a healthy character made their appearance. From the expiration of the first fortnight to the conclusion of the following fourth week, making six weeks from the occurrence of the accident, he continued to improve, and cherished hopes of recovery. At the termination of that |>eHod the deformity (rf the face, through the contractions of the granu- lations, had very much diminished; the adductor oculi had re- covered its power, and vision was in no way impaired. Towards the close of the seventh week, however, he became the subject of irritative fever, which assumed the intermittent form, and was exceedingly irregular in its duration. It was moreover accom- panied with excessive tenderness of the scalp generally, so much so, that the hair, which had been allowed to grow, he would not permit to be shaved o£f on that account ; notwithstanding which G^ Gleanings from Foreign Journals. 53 ice-blaclders were kept constandy applied. He Ufcewise became exceedingly petulant and morose in his temper, and would swear most profenel^, if only asked to take nourishment. During the continuance of this state, which remained unchecked by any of the remedial measures which 1 adopted, the granulations became shrivelled and pale, and speedily dried up. The SchneideriaQ membrane of the nasa, which before secreted muco-purulent mat- ter, also became jpale and dry, as also the lining membrane of the mouth, so as to give the appearance of hair-lip, only that the situa- tion of this cleft was rather more lateral than usual. Through the aperture in the orbitar process of the frontal bone, which was large enough to admit a fuU-size hazel-nut, the brain could be stiU distinctly seen pulsating, and detached all around nearly to the extent of an inch. That part of it immediately exposed to view was black, and appeared as if covered with a hard, dry scab, whilst all around it was of a beautiful deep-pink colour. A few days after the accession of irritative fever this scab, or slough, separated and came away, and was quickly followed by a copious discharge of pus, hiU not the smallest fragment of bone or anu other foreign bodj/j neither could any be felt with a probe. This discharge of pus was productive of great relief to his symptoms, and he continued to improve for about a week, during which time his irritability much diminished, and he was more sociable with those about him. In a very short time, however, he re- lapsed, and with the return of fever there was a disposition to coma, which if roused from he would swear most dreadfully. At night low muttering delirium supervened, under which state he would frequently get out of bed, tear the dressings from his face, and mourn and groan most piteously. Post-mortem Ex/xmination, During the movement of the body from the bed to the inspect- ing table, a quantity of pus issued from the opening in the frontal bone, and on careftdly sponging it away two fragments of bone were seen lying loose near to the aperture. The removal of these by the forceps was followed by the discharge of about a teaspoonfril of pus. On removing the calvaria, the adhesions of wluch to the dura mater were not stronger than usual, three shots were found near to the middle' and upper part of the parietal bone. Elach of * -. 54 Gleanings from Foreign Journals* these were surrounded by a small zone of inflammation, and be- yond these there was also a small semicircular line of redness, about tvv^o inches in length. Upon detaching the dura mater in the usual way, several other shots were found upon the left hemi- sphere of the brain, immediately beneath the dura mater, each surrounded either by a small zone of inflammation, or by a little suppurating cavity. On cutting through this hemisphere two abscesses, filled with pus, were laid open ; the first, the size of a walnut, was situated on the upper part of the brain, nearly in the centre of the centrum ovale ; the other, the size of a common nut, more anteriorly and inferiorly ; a third was found within about an inch of the frontal aperture, and was the one which contained the fragments of bone that had escaped during the movement of the body. Besides these abscesses, several shots were found scat- tered about in the substance ojf the left hemisphere, twenty-three of which were collected, and are now in my possession. The right hemisphere of the brain, except being rather more injected than usual, was apparently healthy. There was a trifling effu- sion into the lateral ventricles, and also at the base of the brain, but no other unhealthy appearance was detected. Re^dts of the dissection of three double monsters. By D. C. Mayer, Professor at Bonn, — {Zeitschrift fivr Physiologie.) The first of these monsters was a calf, which had come to ma- turity, and lived several hours after its birth. It had two complete heads and necks which were separate, but the two bodies were so joined together that the double vertebral column could be felt be- neath the skin as far down as the pelvis. It had two hearts. The right subclavian artery in the animal of the right side came off from the pulmonary artery; the two primitive carotids and the left subclavian were furnished by the aorta. , The arteria inno- minata served for the common trunk of the two primitive carotids. The second monster was the fetus of a sheep, with a single head but double vertebral column, and eight complete legs. The heart was single ; the pulmonary artery furnished the subclavi- ans ; the oesophagus and trachea formed but one canal. The third monster was also the fetus of a sheep. The heads were double, but at the occiput were so confounded together as to have but one occipital foramen. The body was natural The oesophagus and trachea formed but one canaL The right pulmonary artery was furnished by the aorta. On the physiological action of counter stimulants^ hy a Phy- sician at Macerata^ 1826. (Nuovo Giornale dei letteraiL) The conductor of the Italian journal asserts, that neither the *" doctrine of M. Santardili, nor the ideas by which M. Semtini baa C \ Gleanings from Foreign Journals, 55 m endeavored to sustain it, have been able to convince him of the error of the opinion he has formed, which is, thajithe time has not yet arrived, when the science of medicine can be established upon an unerring and solid basis. He says that the new doctrine of M. Santareili, is founded upon a principle which has always ap- peared to him hypothetical, and which is borrowed from tie wri- tings of Brown, upon " Excitability." According to this principle, the systems of organs are passive and inert, and their actions are only produced and sustained by t^vo orders of agents, which our author calls stimulants, and counter stimulants. Can it be admit- ted, that life is the result of the action of external causes, and not an inherent attribute of organization ? If we examine bodies really or apparently dead, we shall see that in the last, the fibres maintain their action for a certain length of time, and that in the former for instance, in women who die enceintes^ the ute- rus exercises its proper functions, and expels the living fetus. . These facts certainly disprove the new doctrine of Brown, upon the passiveness of the muscular fibres, which serves as the foun- dation of the theory of M. Santareili. The Italian Journalist next examines the action which M. Santareili attributes to counter stinnilants which are made to play a conspicuous part as well in life and health, as in disease and death. Brown considers inter- nal and external agents whether ponderable or imponderable, but as stimulants acting upon the organization according to their na- ture, their quality, and their influence. Rasori profiting by ex- perience, lias modified the principles of his master, and created a new series of causes, not of life, but of diseases, which he names counter stimulants. If the first series of agents put in operation the action of life by animating the vital principle, or maintaining its excitability, and preserve the health within certain limits by the slow consumption of those agents, or produce sickness by their too strong or too weak action ; the second series deranges the health by a depression of the strength or by a weakening of the normal action. This idea was to Rasori a luminary in the path of medication. He discovered that medicaments were divided into those which depress, and those which sustain and re-animate the powers of Dfe, consequently that by a knowledge of these contrary actions acquired by experience, we can restore the body to its normal state. This is the origin of the stimulant and counter stimulant or depressing plans of medication. The professor San- tareili has not discarded any of these ideas. He only remarks that in a normal state, the counter stimidants act differently from what they do in a state of disease. Which means, that those substan- ces which in a state of health, the school of Brown consider as counter stimulants, only serve to depress or moderate the action of stimulants ; whilst in a state of sickness they may either depress 56 Gleanings frotn Foreign Journals. or exalt the vital action, and p^oduce dropsies, fevers, and iaflam- xnations. Thus we see that according to M. Santarelli, we can have fevers and inflammations of stimulation as well as of counter stimulation, and that we must employ in fevers and inflamma- tions proceeding from stimulation, counter stimulating remedies, and in those caused by counter stimulation we should use sti- mulating medicaments. Afler the expose of the system of M,M. Santarelli and Santini, the Journalist addresse«i to them the following questions : — Does there exist in any substance the specific power of acting on the human body in a state of health in a diflferent manner than in a state of sickness ? For example, can we conceive that wine which taken in two great quantities in a state of health, oppresses the vital powers, can loose its stimulating qualities and become a counter stimulant ? He doubts if digitalis, squills, and scammony which are em- ployed in dropsies as hydragogues, excite inflammation by coun- ter stimulation, and he does not think it expedient to substitute stimulants for them. On the contrary, he thinks that the imme- diate aption of these substances upon certain parts, is to produce . irritation and inflammation. He does not adopt the opinion of M. SantareUi, that caloric is a stimulant, cmd oxygen a counter stimu- lant, and that nature has united these two substances in order to make the action of one temper or neutralize the action of the oth- er. Experiments made upon men and animals, prove the respi- ration of pure oxygen gas, quickly excites various degrees of in- flammation, and that the muscular action is energetic in propor- tion to the oxygenation of the blood. Das Aufrechterscheinen der Gesicht suhjecte — par Ar. Ad. Berthold a Goettingue. Of the correct appearance of objects notwithstanding their reversed position upon the retina. — By Ar- Ad. Berthold, &c. The author tries to explain the above phenomena by the gene- ral feeling of the visual organs. The eye he says, has a senti- ment of heaviness, of which we are conscious whenever we at- tempt either to raise it, or to move it from side to side. Thus in order to see the height of an object, we are obliged to elevate the eye in a direction contrary to this feeling of heaviness, and to see its base we let fall the organ by its own weight, so that it is this consciousness of weight, or the absence of it, which enables us to judge of what is high and what is low. From this it will be seen, that it is not the visual act itself, but the innate tact of the organs themselves, which enables us to perceive objects in a coiTect posi- tion, and in one offltrary to that in which they are impressed up- on the retina. NEW-YORK MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL BULLETIN. rUBLISBXD KONTHLT, IN NUMBERS, BACH CONTilNING 72 PAGES. EDITED BY GEORGE BUSHE, M.D. Vol. n.] • DECEMBER 1, 1831. [No. 2. ■BBBBBiBai^i=BsSBs^asBssi^sBB=i^iasssssBass=SEasaBasBsaaBiba0 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE TRACHEA. The sagacious Theophilus Bonetus counseled bronchotomy ia the case of a boy who had a small bone lodged in the trachea ; biit, unfortunately, the surgeon with whom this erudite anatomist consulted, opposed the operation, and the child died. He says, " Puer septennis, Aurifabri Genenensis Dom. Ganier filius, anno 1660, oryzam juri carnium incoctam comedens, ossiculum de- glutit^ quod k consueto tramite deerrans, asperam arteriam subit, lUi impactum haerens, digito locum designabat, circa colli me- dium : wic difficilis cum tussi anhelitus, maxime in inspirationCy dolbcque punctorius : cum nee progredi nee regredi ossiculo dare- tur, In'onchoiomiam suasi, alteri medico ineptam visam, et sexto demum die, sed ab obitu factum : exemptumque os teres, aereae monetae crassitie, triplici augulo parietibus arterise asperee affixum: Spes erat salutis in mature instituta operatione."* Willis Ukewise recommended the operation in a similar case, but he was opposed by the medical men who were in attendance.t Notwithstanding such sound advice, Muys, (who it may be presumed was acquaint- ed with the immortal works of Bonetus and Willis,) allowed a patient toperish from suffocation, induced by a bean in the tra- chea, t The first case in which bronchotomy was performed, for the removal of a foreign body from the trachea, is detailed by Verduc The operator made a free incision through the trachea, and extracted from it a small bone.§ Raw was the next person * Sepulchretum tiye Anatomia Practica, Tomos Primus, lib. ii. De Af- lactionibus Pectoris, sectio 1. De Respiratlone LsBsa, Observatio 1, p. 483. OeneTB, mdcc. t Pharm. Rat. Part ii. sect. 1. cap. iii. X Fract. Chir. Rat. Dec. vii. Obs. ix, 1690. # Path, de Chimrg. torn. ii. chap. 26. Amsterdam, 1717. VOL. II. 8 58 Foreign Bodies in the TratJie^ who succ«fleA]Dy extracted a finreign body (a bean) firofh the tm« chea. Heister, who ascertained this fact from Kaw, also per- formed bronchotomy, and extracted a portion of a mushroom from the trachea. After describing the operation of bronchotomy, he says, '^ Ainsi que j'eus le bonh«ur d'extraire dans cette ville^ {Helmstad) un morceau de champignon cuit, qui etoit tomb^ dans la trach^e art^re d'un homme, pendant qu*il avaloit eo riant, a grands traits, mi bouillon, oH se trouvoient, parmi beaucoup d'autres choses, des champignons : cet honmie 6toit sur le point de sufToquer."* After such tests of the beneficial effisctff of this operaticm, in cases otherwise necessarily fatal, it would be thought that its utility was established; nevertheless, in March, 1759, some of the ablest surgeons in France, among 'Whom was the illustrious Bordenave, opposed the sagacious Louis, and would not allow him to operate on an infant who had a bean lodged in the trachea. He says, '^ M. Bordenave, qui avoit vu la maladc> vint le vendredi matin pi'apprendre cette mort; il m'avoit pr4- venu en demandant aux parens Pouverture du corps. II la fit ce jour la m^me a six heures du soir, devant une nombreuse assem- U^e que le bruit de ce cas y avoit attir^e. Apr^s avoir fiut-une incision longitudinale a la peau et a la graisse le long de la trach^ art^re, entre les muscles stemohyoldien et entre les deux bran- chiques, il fendit la trach^e art^re en long, en coupant tiois de ses anneux. Au m^me instant tout le monde vit la feve, et je la tirai avec de petites pinces. Ou reconnut par la fecilitat^ d'ex- traire ce corps Stranger, que Population auroit eu sur fe vivant Feffet le plus prompt et le plus salutaire."t From this time no surgeon has hesitated to perfonn bronchoto- my, when the evidence of a foreign body in the trachea has de- manded it ; but there are di^ulties connected with this point, which are not always easily solved^ and which the following case^ are intended to illustrate. Case 1. In March, 1821 ^a woman from Smithfield was biragiU to the Richmond Hospital, DubUn, nearly exhausted fix)m difficult respiration. Her friends informed me, that a few minutes pre- viously, while eating her dinner of boiled pork and cabbage, she suddenly became affected with symptoms of suffocation. With as little delay as possible, I thrust the forefinger of my right hand into the fauces, and perceived a hard substance lodged between the epiglottis and rima glottidis, which with a crow-billed forceps I extracted, and on examination found it to be a piece of bone, of an irregular figure, and about the siz^ of a filbert * Inftitutions Chimr^e, tome troisieme* p! 149. t MemoirM dePAcademie Rojale de Chirntgie, tom.>u. p.»9. mjhxjulit. 'Foreign Bodies in the Tracked. 69 Case 2. On the 17th Feb. 1828, a soldier's wife swallowed a pin, when she was immediately seized with spasmodic and in[e- gular respiration ; her face became livid, and she appeared as if about to die. Being on the spot, I perceived her situation, and with as litde delay as possible passed my finger into her throat, and with considerable difficulty extracted the pin, which lay across the rima glottidis. These two cases fully demonstrate the dreadful symptoms which ensue from foreign bodies -coming in contact with the larynx. They excite spasm of the muscles, and thus by dimi- nishing the rima glottidis, produce suffocation. Fabricius Hildanus mentions a case similar to the first; a young man swallowed a bone, which lay in contact with the Atynz ; he was was suddenly seized with convulsions and died* Case 3. A patient, with anthrax, under the care of Mr. Car- micfaael, in the Richmond Hospital, Dublin, in the year 1822, while eating his dinner of boiled mutton, was suddenly seized with difficult respiration, and before Mr. Belton, (who was then Mr. C.^s assistant,) arrived, from an adjacent ward, he had soffo- cated. I assisted Mr. B. in the post mortem examination, and we found that death had been caused by a tough piece of mutton, which -completely filled the mouth of the lar}Tix. The fdlowing case, by Thos. Bartholinus, is similar to this, — ^* Sueno Olai, juvenis robustus, sed pallida faciei calore, annorum 19, cum in coena convivis, jussu hospitb inserviret, linguse fiiis- tulum bubulce, in patina residuum, clam et festinanter on injecit, node statim vox sublata et respiratio, nee caro degluta conatu ullo aut vi uUa potuit elice, antequam advocatur chirurgus, sofib- catur. Postridie cadaver apertum fuit, inventumque est firustu- lum illud linguae bubulae, pondere uncise unius cum dimidia, inter epiglottida et laryngh rimulam se insinuasse, totamque laryn« gem obturasse, tarn arete ut vix raanu eximi potuerit; unde minim non est subito et vocem cessasse et perisse respira* tionem.''t Ca^e 4. Private James Smith, aged 37, of the 25th regiment, CD the llth January, 1828, was seized while at dinner with diffi- cult respiration, cmd in a few minutes died. On examination after death, a piece of beef, as large as a pullet's egg, was found impacted in the upper part of the cesophagus. Fabricius Hildanus mentions two cases similar to this: la the first, an infant was suffocated by the lodgment of a piece of hard ca^ in the cesophagus ; and in the second, a man, by a * Coat. Obf. 96. t Coot 1. Hiftor. zi. B«*^^IH 60 Foreign Bodies in the Trachea, piece ot meat * NicoL QuL P. Backers, in MiciceQ. Cur. mentieM the case of a young man who was immediately sufTocated by ihe lodgment of a piece of meat in the upper part of the <Bsophagus« Case 5. In the summer of 1824, 1 assisted the kte Mr. Todd in the examination of a child two years old, who had died of chr(Miic laryngitis. On opening the larynx, we found a grain of wheat in the left ventricle, with tumefaction and engorgement of the mucous membrane throughout its entire extent. When the pa- rents were informed of the result of the dissection, they recollected that seven months previously, (the period at which the disease commenced,) the infant had been playing in a granary, in which was depoeoted a large parcel of wheat. Tulpius mentions the case of a roan in Amsterdam, who had a piece of th« shell of a filbert nut lodged in the larynx for seven years, during which time he had distressing cough and laborious respu-ation ; but when the foreign body was ejected he perfectty recovered. Here are his words, — " Civi» Amstelredamensis, sep- tem amplius annos, divexatus ab indefatigabili tussi, traxit conti- nenter spiritiim, adeo difficulter : ut corpus ipsi summopore emar- cuerit. Sed ejecto tandem, per vehementissimam tussim, puta- mine, nucis avellano : duxit iLico spiritim commodius ; et evasit cellerrime, quod vitse intentabatur, periculum. Inhteserat autem hoc putamen (quod adsequabat unguem humanum) circa caput asperse arteris ; uti satis distincte indicavit sBger.^f Phillipus Heechstetterus relates a similar case. A man had a ducat of gold lodged in the larynx for two years and two months, during which time his voice was altered, and he had much cough and expectoration, t Louis asks, what situation do foreign bodies occupy, which are lodged in the larynx for a length of time ? and thus replies, " L'Ana- tomie rfisoudra cette diflScult^ : elle nou^ montre une depression & chaque cdte de la glotte, entre cette overture et la face interne des ailes du cartilage th}Toide ; — les corps Strangers peuvent y so- journer assez long- temps et occasioner des syinpt6mes diffOrens, suivant la sensibility des parties, plus ou moins grande dans diaque sujet La situation du corps Stranger, sa figure, son volume seront la cause d'une plus grande ou d'une moindre g6ne."5 Ccise 6.* On the 9th June, 1827, 1 visited a pensioner's son, aged 3 years, who, he informed me, had great difficulty of breath- ing for 16 days, which he attributed to swallowing a pea. The lower part of his neck was oedematous, and he complamed of pain • Ceut. 1. Ob«. 35. t ObflervatioiieB Medicae, lib. ii. caput yii. p. 109. Amstelredainif cb. lof^^™- t Obf. Decad. yi. Ctm. z. { Op. Cit. p. 312. Fi^eign Sadies in the Trachea, 61 immediately bdow the thyroid gland. His breathing was Vfery heavy, and his voice very imperfect. Frequently he would sleep for two hours at a tiine, and then be aroused by a spasmodic cough, producing lividity of the face, and threatening suffocation. I opened the' trachea^ extracted the pea, and saved the boy's life. /Jeise 7, On the 4th of April last, Dr. Wright called me in con- sultation on the case of a female infant, between five and six months of age. He informed me, that three months previously die child had swallowed a piece of a cocoa-nut, which he had endeavored to dislodge by emetics and other judicious means, but without effect The infant was emaciated and feverish, and though it had only spasmodic cough at intervals, still k had con- stantly more or less dyspnoea, and its voice was hoarse and feeble. The tracheal region was painful, and when the ear was applied to it, the rustling of the foreign body was very audible, particu-^ larly when the respiration was hurried. I confirmed the doctor's opinion respecting the propriety of bronchotomy, an operation, which after the &ilure of emetics he unceasingly urged, but the parents would not consent. On tke 7th, the symptoms having become extreme, they made up their "minds to the result of the operation, and at 1 o'clock I visited the child with Dr. Wright. At this time I entertained great doubts, whether it could bear the operation ; but as otherwise it must perish, I soon determined on affording it the only chance for life which remained ; therefore, with the assistance of Drs. Wright, Stevenson, and Craft, I pro- ceeded to and performed the operation. When the tracnea was opened, the little sufferer immediately became tranquil, and breathed freely through the opening. The foreign body did not show itself, and as the infant was exceedingly weak, I did not protract the search after it. From this date until the 13th, she rallied wonderfully, and breathed freely through the wound, from which a great quantity of mucus was discharged. On this day the foreign body, (a piece of cocoa-nut about the size of a barley-corn,) was ejected in a fit of coughing, and a rapid recovery ensued.* Dupuytren has performed bronchotomy three times for the ex- traction of foreign bodies lodged in the trachea. In two cases he extracted the body during the operation ; in the other this could not be done, but it was discharged per se. The above cases prove that foreign bodies can remain a long time in the trachea without producing death. * In this child the arteria Innominata laj m front of the trachea, above the Mernuro ; it was exposed in the inferior angle of the wound^ and held down \jike handle of a teo-ipoon, (curved for the purpose,) while the trachea WM opened. B3 fSff^eign Bodies in the TVacAea. Jn the case mention^ by Tbeophi]us Bmetue, already nferriS to, the patient lived for fire days mth a smaU bcHie in the trachea; tn those of Muys and Louis, «lao mentioned befiare, the children lived, one for three weeks and the other for ihreedays. Sabalier has very well explained why foreign bodies remaio aa long in the trachea without destroying life. He says, " Rien n'a plus contribuf! a jetcr doutea sur la presence de ce corps dans la trachfie — artere que les intervalles de ttanquillitfi aasez loDgs qu'avait la maJade, ou pcnsait qu'il devait y causer une irritatiOfi coDliuuelle qui ne permeitrait pas les alternatives de bien et db itoal que avoient lieu. Mais ces corps 6taH lisse ; il Stait descehdh' t glotte, donl la eensibilitfi est sans dDUt« [Jus de la tn^h^e, et ne causait d'accidens retnarqua- port« dans les mouvemena de la respiration venc re de la glotte, il venait en heurter les Ugtunenb uvenure, de sorte que I'ak ne pouvidt ■'echamer dinaire. Cest a cetle cause qu'il f<iut attrUmer It il a &t6 tajt mention, parceque Fair, oUig£ de poumons, a dil rompre quelqu'une des cdhdee bronchiques, s'lnsinuer dans le tissu cellulaire de c« risc^re, et s'etendre de bas en haul, jusqu'S la partie iofSrieuiB du ecu d(Wit il a BDulev^ les hymens."* Editor. OLEANINQS FROM FOREIOIT JOURNALS. Experiments made mth the Virginia Snake Root. {PefygatU Senega.) [Conliuugd from pi(s 18.] This medicine was administered to ten members of the Society of Experiment, in doses vatying from two scruples to A drachm and a half, infused in from four U> eight ounces of water ; abo lb seven of the menibers, in powders, diluted 'with a smaB quan- tity of the same liquidj in doses of from 15 grains to one drachm. These experiments proved that the Senega acts as an excitaOt' of the intestinal canal ; that it produces congestions in all the viscera of the abdomen ; arid that il causes flatulence, rather than mucous secretions. In the greater number of cases it produced enictations, nausea, vomiting, pain' and heaviness in the sloniacb, horborygmua, tf^ether with pain in the small Inlestines. fa these symptoms were added, frequent discharges of wind, tenes- mus, without the evacuation of fecal -matter, some sticky etooiB, the entire loss, and sometimes the increase of appetite ; gno- flation of the belly, particularly of the epigastric region, togelhec with great itching around the anus. In some cases M. Jeig ob- served^ OS a consequence of the ingestion of this subetanoe, a mtt • JtUdeoiiM Opmtoin, torn* qutrita«, p. fi9, 60. iOUanings frrnn JPoreign Jaumats* ^ Mftrkd augmeptatioo of the natural heat, particularly about thi9 head, togetoer with heaviness and pain in that region ; and IW therefore concludes that it also acts upon the encephalon, and pro4uces congestions in it In other cases it augmented the ac ' tivity of the circulation, and again it increased the urinary secre- tion. This last effect depended probably upon its action on the imucous membrane of the intestinal canal. From what we have said it will be seen that the action of th^ lSen^[a is &r from being Aniforni. M. Jeerg considers it as fnofe efficacious than tlie valerian, and tliat its exciting properties are IVMM decided upon the intestinal canal. The infusion appeaiB to act particularly upon the head, the powder directs itself to the ab^ donunal oigans. When this medicine is administer^ in small doses, he action oontiaues from 8 to 12 hours, when in large doses, from 18 to 20 l]pur9 1 . therefore it should not be exhibited more than once o)r twice in the 24 hours. For an adult the proper dose is from a scruple to a drachm, either in powder or infused in water^ From these experiments we infer, that the Senega is indicated wtten we wish to increase the vitality of the intestinal canal A$ it JiensiUy diminishes the secretions of the mucous membrane of the intestines, it might be useful in chronic diarrhoea, without iur flammatiop, and in certain cases of colliquative diarrhosa. It is cootra-indiGoited whenever there is congestion or inflanuuation of the abdominal viscera. Experiments made with the flowers and root of the Leopard^ s Bane, {Arnica Montana,) 1. Flowers. Thirteen members of the society (9 men, 2 wo- ■nen, and 2 children) took the flowecs of the Leopard's Bane, in doBes varying from 2| to 36 grains, infused in-from one drachm and a half to m ounces of w^^r; by which it was shown that this substance irritates and inflames the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anils ; that it irritates the oesophagus, the sto- mach, and the smaU more than the large intestines ; and that its acticm is directed rather to the muscular fibres than to the vascu- lar tissue of the digestive organs ; from which it results, that it excitis their contractile rather than their secreting or absorbing Cwers. " The exciting power of the medicament extends to the ad, piobaWy," says M. Jeerg, " through the medium of the ab» dominiGd ^exus of nerves, which comes immediately under its influence.'' The excitation of two such important apparatuses as the head and digestive canal, necessarily produces secondary edects. These ipeie, a marked acceleration of the circulation, an augmentation c(^ cutaneous tranqriiation, together with the other ^ects of a 64 Oteanings from Fhreign JhumaU. general stimulation. On the other hand^ by reason of its action on the alimentary canal, this substance sensibly modifies the quantity and composition of the urinary secretion. The effect it produces on the pharynx and larynx excites cough, especially in those whose air passages are at all irritable. Its action is pro- longed from 24 to 36 hours. The proper dose for patients of an irritable habit Is two grains of the flowers infused in half an ounce of water; in common cases four or five grains may be taken. After its action has commenced, the dc^e should not be repeated before the expiration of 24 or 36 hours. It results from what we have said, that the flowers of the Leo- pard's Bane sboukl never be €idminlstered in inflammatory fiflfec- tions, or those accompanied with irritation of the head or abdo- men. It acts favorably in cases of general and local debility, where it is desired to stimulate sluggish organs or parts affected with paralysis. It may be usefully employed when we wish to call up the action of the intestines, especially their muscular tunic ; also in certain affections of the brain depending on e^- sion, " In short,'' says M. Jarg, " it is an excellent means of renewing the strength of the sensitive, locomotive, and circulatory systems. It should only be employed in chronic, never in acute aiTections." An infiision of the flowers being applied to the skin, produced a burning, itching affection, followed by irrili^tion, but without redness ; kept in contact with it by means of sticking plaster, it caused vi(Jent itching, succeeded lit the end of eight hours by a well marked redness, which soon disappeared. This property reconmiends it in cases where it is wished to irritate the skin without implicating the epidermis, as in the cheek or the neck. It 10 very effectual in cases of local paralysi?, either in the form of fomentations, lotions, or baths. It is also useful to stonulate ulcers, whicn are about passing into a state of induration or gangrene. 2. The Root, The effects of the root of the Leopard's Bane are different from the flowers. Infused in water, it is not so irri- tating to the mouth, the oesophagus, the stomach, or the smsdl intestines ; it affects particularly the muscular fibres of the intes- tinal canal, but its chief action seems to be directed to t|^^ead. Consequently it should have preference in all cases where it is necessary to renew the organic strength without irritating the alimentary canal. It should be select^ in chronic and colliqua- tive diarrhoea, in preference to the flowers, M. Jeerg says, the tincture is a better preparation than the aqueous infusion, and he has made the same remark of several other vegetable substances. He thinks the medicine under consideration might be useful in cases of atony of the stomach and alimentary canaL He recom- Ohanings from Fiireign JourfMM, 65 aiiends it io be taken m doees of % to 40 or 50 drops evory S4 or 36 hours. The mfiision of the root^should be adminiBtered m the same quantity as the flowers. ** To conchide,^' (says M. J«erg,) " the experiments I have made prore that the Lec^xard's Bane is a decided resolutive. It stimu- lates the absorbents, and acts as a derivative upon the brain ; ccm- 4iequently it can be empk^ed with success in cases of cerebral effu- sion, and against the induration of certain organs." Esperiments made with Camphor, These experiments were made upon almost all the members of the society. At first the camphor was administered, dissdved iu spirits of wine, in the proportion of one grain to eight drops. The doaes varied from 4 to 30 drops. When taken in substance, from half a grain to 12 grcdns were administered. M. Jaerg has drawn the following conclusions. " Camphor acts primarily as an excitant of the digestive canal and the brain; its secondary action is upon the genito- urinary mgans, the skin, and the circulating system. By reason xji the vdtetfle principle it contains, it acts as a strong diflTusible «timulaut It produces a feeling of heat in the mouth, the stomach, and the intestineb, together with an actual increase of the bodily temperature: Mixed with alcohol, its action is sensibly augment- ed. It also contains bitter And acrid principles, but their actions ace very uncertain and difficult to be distinguished. When the volatile princif^e acts alone, its duration is very short, but when the bitter and acrid principles act upon the digestive canal, its effects continue for a much greater space of dme. " It results from what has been said, that the camphor, whether acting by means of its volatile, its bitter, or its acrid princifde, is a powCTful stimulant It augments the heat of the body, produces sweating, accelerates the circulation, increases the force of the pulse, modifies in a remarkable manner the quantity and quality of the urinary secretion, and stimulates powerfidly the organs of generation. The generally received opinion that camphor acts as a sedative upon these organs, is evidently incorrect ; and," observes M. Jeei^, " though it is often employed against stranguary caused by the action of cantharides, the observations I have nmde leave no doubt on my mind as to its injurious effect in all irritations of the genito-urinary apparatus. Camphor is contra indicated in cases of fever or acute inflammation of important organs, as well as in cases of compression of the brain, resulting either bora eflfusion or depression, as it produces or augments the turgescence of the vessels. It is indicated in cases of general weakness, pro- duced or continued firom atony of the digestive organs, as it does not cause congestions in the viscera of the abdomen, and fx this VOL. II. 9 , 66 OUanings from Foreign JoumdU. reason should be preferred to the valerian, the snake roc*, or tfcs leopard's bane. One of the most constant effects of this substance is congestion of the nervous centre. " When taken in small doses its action does noC last more than three or four houft, so that when it is intended to obtain 8timiri»r tion, they should be repeated every four or six hours. "The proper dose is from half a grain to a grain, administered ai proper intervals." Experiments made with the Cantor, Those members of the society who had been found most suscep- tible to the action of medicines, were submitted to the cJxpcrimcnto with the castor, amongst whom were the three females. From 5 to 20 grains were taken, without producmg any other effect thaii disagreeable eructatioas ; from which M. Jaerg condudes that k is perfectly inert, and should be banished from [Hractice. Experiments m>€tde with Musk. This substance was taken by nine members of the wcieQr, (amongst whom were two women and two children,) in doM varying from 2 to 15 ^ains, either in water or mixed with twke its weight of magnesia. It did not prove itself so powerful a medicine as has generally been considered. Its greatest actioa was upon the brain a!hd intestinal canal. It first manifested itself by eructations, heaviness in the stomach, diminution or augmen- tation of the appetite, dryness of the oesophagus, together with pain imd heaviness in the head, and vertigo ; its secondary ^bcts were rather upon the brain than the alimentary canal ; they were, gaping, desire of sleep, weakness and heaviness of the body, end- ing in a long-continued and heavy sleep. When the dose wa» very strong, its action on the nervous system was well marked, such as tremblings of the limbs, smd sometimes convulsions. At other times it augmented the activity of the circulation, and in- creased the fullness and rapidity of the pulse. M. J«rg has, therefore, been correct in ranging it amongst the general excitants whose action is principally directed to the centre of the nervous system. Writers who have treated on the subject say, ttat the odor of the musk may be detected in the perspiration and other evacuations of those persons to whom it has been administered, which M. Jeerg denies. He says, " that the smell of this substance is caused by the frequent eructations by which their clothes are impregnated." " From these facts it results," says our author, " that the musk can only be usefully employed in cases where the brain and ner- Gleanings from Foreign Journals. 67 TtMfi system are debilitated, but without congestion or compression. St is however an errOT to consider this medicine as so excellent an excitant ; my experience proves that camphor is much more effi- cacious, particularly in renewing the powers of assimilation. The efiects of musk are not always in accordance with the doses in which it is administered ; three grains will produce a much greater impressioa on some persons than ten or fifteen will on others ; for a person of irritaUe temperament 3 (m* 5 grains are sufficient, but those of ordinary temperament may take 6, 10, or 12 grains. The diould not be renewed oftener than once in 8 or 12 hours." Experiments made with St. Ignace^s Bean, Eleven members of the society took at different times, and in doses varying from 9 to 90 drops, the tincture of the bean of St Ignace, made in the foRowing manner: — R. St. Ignace Bean, bruised, Sj. Rectified Spirits, Sviij. Four members took it in powder, in doses of from half a grain to four grains. The foUow- mg resuhs were obtained. This substance increased the secretion of the sublingual gbnds and of the tonsils, produced nausea, pain and heaviness in epigastrio, augmentation or diminution of the appetite, frequent eructations, colic, borborygmus, constipation or looseness, together with itching and heat in the region of the anus. ^ As a sequence of these primitive effects, we have weight in the head, vertigo, weighty pains in the occipital, frontal, and tem- poral regions, inflammation of the eyes, tc^ether with increas- ed secretions of the meibomian glands, finally, great depression, somnolency, and general apathy. These secondary effects are sometimes followed by a great acceleration of the pulse, by op- pression, and a pricking, smarting feeling in the urethra. |
US-201716329848-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Device and method for attaching a balancing weight to a mounting surface on an inner side of a wheel rim
ABSTRACT
The invention relates to a device for attaching a balancing weight ( 2 ) to a mounting surface ( 17 ) on an inner side ( 3 ) of a rim dish of a wheel rim ( 4 ) and provides for a mounting head ( 1 ) to be dimensioned in such a way that it fits into the rim dish. The mounting head ( 1 ) includes a support element ( 5 ), which is radially displaceable relative to the wheel rim ( 4 ) and on which a feeler element ( 6 ) is axially movably arranged, the feeler element ( 6 ) having a convex contact surface ( 14 ) and a receptacle ( 12 ) for at least one balancing weight ( 2 ), said receptacle being oriented towards the inner side ( 3 ). The mounting head ( 1 ) is configured in such a way that the contact surface ( 14 ) may be brought into contact with a boundary surface ( 18 ) of the inner side ( 3 ), and may be displaced along said boundary surface until the balancing weight ( 2 ) comes radially into contact with the mounting surface ( 17 ).
The invention relates to a device for attaching a balancing weight to amounting surface on an inner side of a rim dish of a wheel rim, andprovides for a mounting head to be dimensioned in such a way that itfits into the rim dish and which includes a support element, which isradially displaceable relative to the wheel rim and on which a feelerelement is axially movably arranged. Furthermore, the invention relatesto a method for attaching a balancing weight to a mounting surface on aninner side of a rim dish of a wheel rim.
When balancing vehicle wheels, detected imbalances are compensated bymounting balancing weights on the wheel rims, since material removal isout of the question. For this purpose, in the case of steel rims, thebalancing weights are clamped on the inner and outer edge of the wheelrim of the corresponding balancing points. In contrast, in the case ofalloy rims, the balancing weights are usually glued in the rim dish intwo axially spaced balancing planes.
From DE 10 2007 014 461 A1, a method for balancing vehicle wheels isknown, in which adhesive weights are glued to at least one determinedbalancing surface within a vehicle wheel by using a balancing head and aprogram-controlled handling device.
Furthermore, from DE 10 2010 002 002 A1 a fully automatic system forbalancing imbalances of vehicle wheels is known, in which the imbalanceof the vehicle wheels is first measured in an imbalance measuringstation and the vehicle wheels are then conveyed into a balancingstation. In the balancing station, the balancing weights, which areproduced to a suitable size on the basis of the measured values by anautomatic cutting device, and which are provided with an adhesive layer,are fastened by gluing to the vehicle wheels by means of a mountingdevice. The mounting is carried out with the aid of a setting head,which is provided with two receptacles for two balancing weights andwhich may secure them sequentially in two balancing planes of thevehicle wheel intended therefor.
DE 10 2013 108 048 B4 describes a device for mounting balancing weightsfor balancing imbalances on a rotating body to be balanced, having asupply unit, which may successively supply individual balancing weights,a mounting device which is intended and provided for attaching thebalancing weights to a rotating body to be balanced and which has afirst receptacle for a first balancing weight and a second receptaclefor a second balancing weight.
Due to weight considerations, alloy wheels or disc wheels with undercutsare often used in which there is a cavity in front of the spoke root.The balancing weights should preferably be inserted into an annularsurface (undercut annular surface) provided thereon.
In the case of wheel rims with an undercut, the space permitted forattaching a balancing weight in the axial direction is extremelylimited. This is essentially due to the fact that the rim contour isfixed on the tyre-facing side, which means that the height of themounting surface, which is used for attaching the balancing weight, isseverely limited. The balancing weight must not protrude into the radiiabove or below the mounting surface, which results in a reduction in theadhesion of the balancing weights. An automatic balancing of vehiclewheels with undercuts is known from DE 10 2007 014 461 B4. The rollingroller for attaching the adhesive weight has a conical rolling surface,so that the undercut annular surface may be reached by a tangentialrolling process. The disadvantage, however, is that the robot control isvery onerous and the adhesive weights may not be placed accurately.Alternatively, the undercut surface may be measured before attaching thebalancing weights, but this is complicated by the painting of the wheelrim and is also time-consuming.
The object of the invention is to provide a device and a method of thetype mentioned at the outset, which allow the attachment ofself-adhesive balancing weights at concave mounting surfaces of a wheelrim within short cycle times, without previously requiring a measurementof the mounting surface.
The object is achieved according to the invention by a device accordingto claim 1 and a method according to claim 13. Further developments andadvantageous embodiments of the invention are specified in the dependentclaims.
The object is achieved according to the invention by providing a devicefor attaching a balancing weight to a mounting surface on an inner sideof a rim dish of a wheel rim, and provides for a mounting head to bedimensioned in such a way that it fits into the rim dish and whichincludes a support element, which is radially displaceable relative tothe wheel rim and on which a feeler element is axially movably arranged,the feeler element having a convex contact surface and a receptacle forat least one balancing weight, said receptacle being oriented towardsthe inner side and the mounting head being configured in such a way thatthe contact surface may be brought into contact with a boundary surfaceof the inner side, and may be displaced along said boundary surfaceuntil the balancing weight comes radially into contact with the mountingsurface.
By means of the device according to the invention, it is possible inparticular to attach a balancing weight designed as an adhesive weightto the undercut annular surface provided on the inner side of the wheelrim, without the need for prior measurement of the mounting surfaceprovided in the undercut annular surface. Due to the limited space inthe case of rims with undercuts, collision-free moving of the mountinghead into the mounting position of the balancing weight is difficult.The inventive design not only simplifies the positioning of the mountinghead, but also accelerates the entire process of attaching and removingthe mounting head.
A mechanical sensing of the mounting surface for a balancing weight isperformed, in which a contact between the contact surface and a boundarysurface of the wheel rim extending to the undercut annular surface isobtained. Due to the radial movement of the mounting head, the feelerelement deviates axially, so that the contact between the contactsurface of the feeler element and the boundary surface is maintaineduntil the receptacle with the balancing weight radially reaches theundercut annular surface and thus the mounting surface. The mountinghead is moved depending on the sensing results. The present solution ispurely mechanical and simple, which also improves the cycle time of theattaching process.
According to one proposal of the invention, the feeler element isprovided at its free end with a feeler head, which is designed such thatit is movable into a cavity of the wheel rim. The feeler head may bringthe balancing weight in position on the mounting surface in a cavity ofa rim, in particular with an undercut.
The force acting on the wheel rim during the positioning of thereceptacle may be reduced in that, according to a proposal of theinvention, the support element is designed to be radially displaceableand in particular the support element is mounted in a slide guide and isradially displaceable in the slide guide against the force of a spring.
In one embodiment of the invention, the feeler element is mounted on thesupport element within a linear guide and is axially movable against theforce of a spring from a basic position into an end position. The feelerelement is axially displaced against the spring force by the contactestablished between the contact surface and the boundary surface of thewheel rim from the basic position into the end position in which thereceptacle with the balancing weight rests against the mounting surfaceand at the same time the contact between the contact surface and theboundary surface is maintained. As soon as the balancing weight isattached to the mounting surface and the mounting head moves radiallyaway from the inner side of the wheel rim, the feeler element is broughtback into the basic position by the spring force. The leaving andreturning to the basic position may be monitored by a sensor. The sensormay be provided on the support element or the feeler element and maydetect the axial movement of the feeler element out of the basicposition. This prevents erroneous contact with the wheel rim.
As an alternative to springs, in one embodiment of the invention, thefeeler element may be arranged to be axially movable on the supportelement by means of a lifting cylinder. The cylinder may be a pneumaticor a hydraulic cylinder, the cylinder of which is attached to thesupport element and the piston of which is attached to the feelerelement, so that the feeler element is repositioned by the forces of thelifting cylinder.
It is also possible that the feeler element is arranged axially movablyon the support element by means of a linkage mechanism. The feelerelement may be attached to the support element via articulated rods, sothat at least an axial mobility of the feeler element is achieved. Thelinkage mechanism is low-maintenance and allows directional movement ofthe feeler element. Alternatively, the feeler element may be attachedaxially movably to the support element via a roller bearing linearslide.
In order to allow contact between the feeler element and the inner sideof the wheel rim without damaging the wheel rim, it is proposed that thecontact surface is coated at least in part with a plastics material. Asa result, good sliding properties, high abrasion and wear resistance anda long service life may be achieved. The contact surface may also bepart of a component, such as a bar, which is attachable to the feelerelement by means of mounting means. The component is arranged in aregion of the feeler element, in particular the feeler head, in whichthe contact with the boundary surface of the wheel rim is to beestablished.
According to a proposal of the invention, the mounting head may berotatably mounted about an axis in any desired mounting position on themounting surface by means of a rotary drive, which is controllable by acontrol device. In order to enable a movement to different balancingpositions, the mounting head may be rotatable about its axis ofrotation. In this regard, it is also advantageous if the feeler elementhas a plurality of receptacles, so that after attaching a firstbalancing weight in a first balancing position, the mounting head movesinto a further balancing position for attaching a further balancingweight. A fast turning of the mounting head is achieved by the rotarydrive.
The mounting head may be provided with a pressing device, which can beactuated by a control device, for pressing the balancing weight againstthe mounting surface of the wheel rim. The balancing weight designed asan adhesive weight may be rolled by means of the pressing device ontothe mounting surface, in particular in the undercut annular surface, forexample, so that a planar contact is produced.
In one embodiment of the invention, the mounting head is arranged on anarm of a program-controlled handling device. The handling device may bedesigned as a program-controlled robot, on the arm of which the mountinghead is arranged. The robot may be movable in all three spatial axes.However, simple handling devices may also be selected, which onlycontrol the insertion of the mounting head into the rim dish and theradial movement thereof. The control of the mounting head may beforce-controlled or stroke-controlled. The mounting head mayadvantageously be attached to the arm of the handling device by means ofa quick-change coupling. Furthermore, in another embodiment, themounting head may be arranged in a stationary manner on a machine frame,so that the wheel rim to be balanced is slipped over the operating arm.
The invention further relates to a method for attaching a balancingweight to a mounting surface on an inner side of a rim dish of a wheelrim, comprising the following steps: moving a mounting head into the rimdish, wherein the mounting head has a feeler element with a receptaclefor at least one balancing element;
moving the mounting head radially outwards so that contact is madebetween a convex contact surface of the feeler element and a boundarysurface of the inner side of the wheel rim; continuing the radialmovement, wherein the contact surface slides along the boundary surfaceof the inner side until the balancing weight comes radially into contactwith the mounting surface; attaching the balancing weight to themounting surface. It is advantageous if the feeler element, whilesliding along the contact surface on the boundary surface, axiallydeviates in a linear guide. As a result, damage to the wheel rim by thefeeler element may be avoided.
The advantages presented above, as well as advantageous embodiments ofthe device apply analogously to the method.
The invention will be explained in more detail in the following withreference to an embodiment of the invention shown in the drawings, inwhich:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a mounting head in a rim dish ofa wheel rim;
FIG. 2 shows a feeler element of the device resting on the rim dish; and
FIG. 3 shows the positioning of a receptacle for a balancing weight on amounting surface.
FIG. 1 shows a mounting head 1 for attaching a balancing weight 2 to aninner side 3 of a rim 4 of a vehicle wheel. The mounting head 1 isrotatable about its axis of rotation and may be attached by means of aquick-change coupling to the end of an articulated arm of a handlingdevice, such as a robot, whose movement is controllable in all threespatial axes. However, arms of simpler handling devices may also beselected, which introduce the mounting head 1 at least linearly in therim dish and move radially to the inner side 3 of the wheel rim. Themounting head 1 may be mounted in a radially pivotable manner on the armof the handling device and rotatably mounted as a whole. The mountinghead 1 may be positioned under the control of a program so that it maymove the balancing weights 2 to each balancing point in thepredetermined balancing planes.
However, it may also be provided that the mounting head 1 is arranged ina stationary manner on a machine frame and the wheel rim 4 is slippedover the stationary mounting head 1 by means of a gripper of a handlingrobot. Embodiments of a mounting head 1 are known from DE 10 2013 108048 B3.
The mounting head 1 may be arranged on a support which extendstransversely to the axis of rotation and on which a support element 5extending parallel to the axis of rotation and extending into the rimdish is arranged. The support element 5 may be mounted in a radiallydisplaceable manner in that it is movable within a slide guidetransversely to the axis of rotation and, for example, against the forceof a spring.
On the support element 5, a stepped feeler element 6 is mounted in anaxially movable manner. For this purpose, the feeler element 6 may beguided by means of a linear slide, which is movably supported by meansof a roller bearing 7 in a guide 10, which is delimited by an upper anda lower end stop 8, 9. In the guide 10, a return spring 11 is arrangedbetween the support element 5 and the upper end stop 8 of the feelerelement 6, so that the feeler element 6 is moved axially against theforce of the return spring 11 from an end position. By arranging afurther spring, which is attached to the lower end stop 9, the feelerelement 6 may be present in a central position, from which it is movableaxially upwards or downwards against the force of the springs. A sensormay monitor the position of the feeler element 6 and be used to controlthe mounting head 1. The sensor may be arranged on the support element 5or the feeler element 6. The feeler element 6 may also be arrangedaxially movably on the support element 5 via a pneumatic or hydrauliccylinder. The mounting of the feeler element 6 on the support element 5by means of a linkage mechanism is also possible, wherein the feelerelement 6 is movably mounted on the support element 5 by means ofarticulated rods.
At a free end of the feeler element 6, a receptacle 12 for at least onebalancing weight 2 is arranged. The receptacle 12 may consist of acurved rail of rectangular cross section with a convex surface. Thereceptacle 12 may comprise magnetic material and be designed to holdmagnetisable balancing weights 2. Due to the magnetic effect, thebalancing weight 2 may be held on the receptacle 12 for transport. Also,a clamping of the balancing weight 2 in the receptacle 12 may beprovided. In this case, the balancing weight 2 may be held in positionby means of locking fingers. It is also possible to hold the balancingweight 2 by means of a negative pressure. The mounting of the balancingweight 2 on the wheel rim 4 is obtained by gluing. For this purpose, thebalancing weight 2 is coated on the side facing the inner side 3 with anadhesive layer. The attachment of the adhesive weight may be achieved bya continuous radial movement of the mounting head 1, wherein theadhesive weight is resiliently held in the receptacle 12 in order toachieve a corresponding minimum contact pressing force without damagingthe wheel rim 4.
The balancing weight 2 may be rolled on, for example.
The feeler element 6 has a feeler head 13 comprising the receptacle 12,the side of which facing the wheel rim inner side 3 is bent radiallyaccording to the curvature of the inner side 3. Adjacent to thereceptacle 12, a convex contact surface 14 is arranged with a circularlycurved edge region. The slope of the contact surface 14 has aninclination of approximately 45° and runs over the full width of thefeeler head 13. The contact surface 14 may also be curved. The contactsurface 14 is made of a sliding plastics material or is at least coatedtherewith. For manufacturing reasons, the feeler element 10 may be madeentirely or at least in part of a plastics material.
Balancing of vehicle wheels with adhesive weights is also possible incase of wheels having an undercut. In this case, a cavity 15 is presentin front of the spoke root. The predetermined balancing planes areusually located on a concave undercut annular surface 16 which ispresent in the cavity 15 and are axially spaced from one another, i.e. acylindrical mounting surface 17 of the balancing weights 2 lies withinthe undercut annular surface 16. The specific balancing points and thesize of the balancing weights 2 are calculated by an imbalance measuringdevice and transmitted, for example, to an electronic robot controller.
The mounting head 1 is controlled for attaching the balancing weight 2to the mounting surface 17 so that it dips into the rim dish and thereceptacle 12 faces the wheel rim inner side 3 essentially at a radialdistance. The receptacle 12 in this initial position is not yet at thesame height as the mounting surface 17, but lies slightly lower, so thatthe contact surface 14 of the feeler element 6 faces an oblique boundarysurface 18 of the wheel rim inner side 3 extending towards the undercutannular surface 16.
FIG. 2 shows a contact of the feeler element 6 of the device with therim dish, and FIG. 3 shows the positioning of the receptacle 12 for thebalancing weight 2 on the mounting surface 17. The mounting head 1 movesby performing a radial movement transversely to the axis of rotation inthe direction of the wheel rim inner side 3, wherein the contact surface14 of the feeler element 6 comes into contact with the oblique boundarysurface 18. Due to the continuous radial movement of the mounting head1, the contact surface 14 slides along the oblique boundary surface 18.The feeler element 6 deviates here due to the movable mounting on thesupport element 5 in the axial direction against the force of the returnspring 11 and is moved out of a basic position. The basic position maybe, depending on the configuration of the axially movable mounting ofthe feeler element 6 on the support element 5, an end position or amiddle position. It is also possible that the feeler head 13 comes intocontact with an element of the wheel rim 4 which is not shown and whichis arranged above the mounting surface 17, so that the feeler head 13senses the mounting surface 17 and the feeler element 6 deviatesdownwards from its normal position. Due to the movable mounting of thefeeler element 6, the forces acting on the wheel rim inner side 3 aresmall and damage to the wheel rim 4 is avoided.
The radial movement of the mounting head 1 and the axial deflection ofthe feeler element 6 continue until the balancing weight 2 radiallyabuts the undercut annular surface 16 or the mounting surface 17provided here. At the same time, the feeler element 6 is in an endposition in which the return spring 11 is compressed. The balancingweight 2 may then be attached to the mounting surface 17, for example,by rolling on. After successful attachment, the mounting head 1 movesradially into the starting position, so that the contact surface 14slides along the oblique boundary surface 18 and the feeler element 6 ismoved by the spring force of the return spring 11 from the end positioninto the basic position.
The height of the contact surface 14 of the feeler element 6 is designedsuch that it may slide along the oblique boundary surface 18 of thewheel rim, reaching the end position when the balancing weight 2 abuts,with its adhesive surface, the mounting surface 17 provided in theundercut annular surface 16. The feeler head 13 of the feeler element 6,which surrounds the receptacle 12 and protrudes into the cavity 15 ofthe undercut, is dimensioned in such a way that, on the one hand, thecontact surface 14 comes into contact with the oblique boundary surface18 of the wheel rim 4 and also remains in contact therewith during theattachment of the balancing weight 2 and, on the other hand, thereceptacle 12 with the balancing weight 2 is pressed against themounting surface 17. When the balancing weight 2 is pressed against themounting surface 17, an optionally radially displaceably mounted supportelement 5 is displaced against the force of springs, so that noexcessive force, which may damage the wheel rim 4, acts on the rim.
The displaceability of the feeler element 6 and the return spring 11ensure an exact height positioning. The radial displaceability, whichmay act against a spring force, of the support element 5 ensures aminimum contact force. The control of the mounting head 1 need not beforce-controlled, but may be positional, which can be achieved bysensors. Furthermore, proximity switches may verify whether the supportelement 5 and the feeler element 6 are moved far enough duringpositioning of the feeler head 13 so that the return spring 11 and otheroptional springs may be loaded according to a required minimum contactforce.
1. A device for attaching a balancing weight (2) to a mounting surface(17) on an inner side (3) of a rim dish of a wheel rim (4), comprising amounting head (1) which is dimensioned in such a way that it fits intothe rim dish and which includes a support element (5), which is radiallydisplaceable relative to the wheel rim (4) and on which a feeler element(6) is axially movably arranged, the feeler element (6) having a convexcontact surface (14) and a receptacle (12) for at least one balancingweight (2), said receptacle being oriented towards the inner side (3)and the mounting head (1) being configured in such a way that thecontact surface (14) can be brought into contact with a boundary surface(18) of the inner side (3), and may be displaced along said boundarysurface until the balancing weight (2) comes radially into contact withthe mounting surface (17).
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the feelerelement (6) has at its free end a feeler head (13), which is configuredsuch that it is movable into a cavity (15) of the wheel rim (4).
3. Thedevice of claim 1 wherein the support element (5) is radiallydisplaceable.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein the feeler element (6)is supported on the support element (5) within a straight guide and isaxially movable against the force of a spring (11) from a basic positionto an end position.
5. The device of claim 3, wherein the feeler element(6) is axially movably positioned using a lifting cylinder on thesupport element (5).
6. The device of claim 1, wherein the contactsurface (14) is at least partially coated with a plastics material. 7.The device of claim 1, wherein the contact surface (14) is part of acomponent which may be attached to the feeler element (6).
8. The deviceof claim 1, wherein on the support element (5) or the feeler element (6)a sensor is provided, which senses the axial movement of the feelerelement (6).
9. The device of claim 1, wherein the mounting head (1) ismounted on the mounting surface (17) in such a way that it is rotatableabout an axis in any mounting position by means of a rotary drive, whichis controllable by a control device.
10. The device of claim 1, whereinthe mounting head (1) is positioned on an arm of a program-controlledhandling device.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein the mounting head(1) is attached to the arm of the handling device by means of aquick-change coupling.
12. The device of claim 1, wherein the mountinghead (1) is positioned stationary on a machine frame.
13. A method forattaching a balancing weight (2) to a mounting surface (17) on an innerside (3) of a rim dish of a wheel rim (4), comprising the followingsteps: moving a mounting head (1) into the rim dish, wherein themounting head (1) has a feeler element (6) with a receptacle (12) for atleast one balancing element (2); 25 moving the mounting head (1)radially outwards so that contact is made between a convex contactsurface (14) of the feeler element (6) and a boundary surface (18) ofthe inner side (39 of the wheel rim; continuing the radial movement,wherein the contact surface (14) slides along the boundary surface (18)of the inner side (3) until the balancing weight (2) comes 30 radiallyinto contact with the mounting surface (17); attaching the balancingweight (2) to the mounting surface (17).
14. The method of claim 13,wherein while the contact surface (14) is sliding along the boundarysurface (18), the feeler element (6) axially deviates within a straightguide..
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bpt6k6153623t_15 | French-PD-Books | Public Domain | 2. L'administration des domaines paiera au sieur Decotte la valeur du terrain donné en échange par son aïeul, et aujourd'hui enclavé dans le jardin des Tuileries, ladite valeur calculée sur le prix actuel des autres terrains qui l'avoient avoisiné. 3. Notre grand juge ministre de la justice et notre ministre des finances sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 31 juillet 1812. (1062) N°. 85. DROITS POSITIFS. — ADMINISTRATION ACTIVE. — COMMUNE, — BOISSONS. Les communes imposées aux droits sur les boissons et qui doivent en être dispensées d'après la loi du 21 novembre 1818, n'ont de recours qu'auprès de l'administration active. (La commune de Phalsbourg.) Un arrêté du préfet de la Moselle, en date du 23 décembre 1808, assujettissait la ville de Phalsbourg aux droits établis sur les boissons, par les lois du 25 novembre précédent : une décision du ministre des finances, en date du 9 octobre 1810, avait confirmé l'arrêté du 22 décembre 1808. Le maire de la commune de Phalsbourg se pourvut au conseil d'état, et demanda l'annulation de l'arrêté du 22 décembre 1808, et de la décision du 9 octobre 1810. Pour moyens, il alléguait que la ville de Phalsbourg ne se trouvait pas dans le tableau des communes qui avaient une population agglomérée de deux mille habitants, et que dès lors, aux termes de la loi du 25 novembre 1808, elle ne devait pas être assujettie aux droits établis par cette même loi. Une lettre du ministre de l'intérieur, en date du 22 février 1812, attestait la véracité du fait allégué par le maire de la commune ; et comme il ne s'agissait plus que de faire l'application de la loi du 25 novembre 1808, et que cette application était un acte administratif qui appartenait au ministre des finances, la réclamation du maire de Phalsbourg y fut renvoyée; Suit la teneur du décret. N° 86. — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux ; Vu la requête du maire de Phalsbourg, tendant à ce qu'il nous plaise annuller une décision du ministre des finances, en date du 9 octobre 1810, qui confirme un arrêté du préfet de la Meurthe, du 22 octobre 1808, d'après lequel la ville de Phalsbourg est assujettie aux droits établis sur les boissons, par la loi du 25 novembre même année ; Vu la décision, l'arrêté et la loi dont il s'agit ; Vu la lettre du ministre des finances du 29 décembre 1811, dans laquelle il annonce que la suppression ou la conservation des droits dont il s'agit est subordonnée à la décision du ministre de l'intérieur sur la population de la ville de Phalsbourg; Vu l'expédition dûment légalisée d'une lettre du ministre de l'intérieur en date du 22 février 1812, par laquelle il annonce au préfet de la Meurthe qu'il a informé le ministre des finances que la ville de Phalsbourg ne se trouvait pas dans le tableau des communes qui ont une population agglomérée de deux mille habitants; Considérant, d'après ces lettres, que la légitimité de la réclamation du maire de Phalsbourg n'est plus en question; qu'il ne s'agit plus que d'appliquer la loi du 25 novembre 1808, et que cette application est un acte purement administratif qui appartient au ministre des finances. Notre Conseil d'Etat entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit: La requête du maire de Phalsbourg, avec les pièces à l'appui, sont renvoyées au ministre des finances pour y faire droit. Décret du 31 juillet 1812. Une contestation entre acquéreurs de biens nationaux, relativement au bornage de leurs propriétés, est de la compétence de l'autorité administrative; si les motifs de la décision peuvent être pris dans les procès-verbaux d'adjudication, et résulter de l'interprétation de ces actes; mais si ces mêmes actes sont muets, et qu'il faille recourir à l'usage, ou à des titres antérieurs, la décision doit être renvoyée aux tribunaux. En l'an 4, le sieur Chenet acquit, de l'État, le domaine de Mousseaux, situé dans la commune de Boynes, arrondissement de Pithiviers, département du Loiret, et provenant de M. de Boynes, émigré. Les sieurs Gandon frères, achetèrent, à la même époque, une terre labourable, limitrophe de la propriété du sieur Chenet et attenant à une allée nommée l'allée des Frênes; cette terre avait la même origine que le domaine de Mousseaux. —Il s'éleva, en l'an 10, une contestation entre le sieur Chenet et les sieurs Gandon, relativement au bornage de leurs propriétés respectives. Le sieur Chenet soutenait, qu'aux termes de la coutume d'Orléans, alors en vigueur, on devait laisser vingt-quatre pieds de distance entre les allées (telles que celles des frênes et les terres labourables); mais pour terminer amiablement, il consentit à ce qu'on ne laissât qu'une distance de douze pieds, la proposition fut acceptée par les sieurs Gandon, et les bornes posées en conséquence. En l'an 13, le sieur Chenet acquit du sieur Isaac Gandon sa moitié dans la pièce de terre indivise entre son frère et lui, et demanda au sieur Pierre Gandon de s'entendre avec lui pour procéder au bornage de la nouvelle acquisition qu'il venait de faire. Pierre Gandon s'y refusa. Chenet l'assigna devant le tribunal de Pithiviers, qui se déclara incompétent, et renvoya l'affaire devant l'autorité administrative. Les parties présentèrent leurs mémoires respectifs au conseil de préfecture du Loiret ; le sieur Chenet soutenait qu'un intervalle de vingt-quatre pieds, suivant l'article 259 de la coutume d'Orléans, ou tout au moins de douze pieds suivant la convention faite entre les parties, devait séparer leurs possessions. Le sieur Gandon prétendait, au contraire, avoir le droit de faire labourer jusqu'à cinq pieds de distance des arbres qui bordaient l'allée du sieur Chenet, et il alléguait, à l'appui, de cette prétention, que les fermiers de la pièce de terre acquise par son frère et lui, avaient labouré jusqu'à cette distance. Le préfet ordonna qu'il serait procédé à la vérification des lieux par un commissaire ; sur son rapport, le conseil de préfecture déclara que la pièce de terre en question serait mesurée à partir de deux mètres, ou six pieds de distance, distance des arbres formant la rangée extérieure de l'allée des Frênes. Le sieur Chenet s'est pourvu contre cet arrêté, et a soutenu qu'il avait été mal jugé au fond, et a demandé, subsidiairement, que la décision fût annullée comme incompétentement rendue, puisque le conseil de préfecture n'avait pas pris les motifs de son jugement dans les contrats, soit des sieurs Gandon, soit de lui Chenet; contrats qui ne donnaient aucun éclaircissement; mais que la contestation avait été décidée par l'application de l'usage des lieux et des titres antérieurs à l'époque où l'État était devenu propriétaire du domaine de Mousseaux, usages et titres dont les tribunaux avaient seuls le droit de connaître. Sur ce, est intervenu le décret suivant : N. — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux; Vu le jugement rendu par le tribunal civil de Pithiviers, département du Loiret, sous la date du 3 juillet 1807, entre le sieur Chenet et le sieur Gandon, sur une demande à fin de bornage de leurs propriétés acquises de la Nation, lequel jugement, avant faire droit, renvoya les parties devant l'autorité administrative, pour faire décider si la pièce de terre, dont le bornage fait l'objet de la contestation doit être mesurée à partir de douze pieds de distance de l'allée des Frênes, appartenant au sieur Chenet, ou seulement à la distance de six pieds; Vu l'arrêté du conseil de préfecture du même département, sous la date du 4 juillet 1809, lequel, statuant en exécution du jugement ci-dessus, et par suite d'un procès-verbal dressé, sur les lieux contentieux, par le juge de paix du canton de Beanne, commissaire nommé à cet effet par le sous-préfet de Pithiviers, arrête que la pièce de terre appartenant au sieur Gandon sera mesurée à partir de deux mètres de distance de l'allée des Frênes; Vu la requête du sieur Chenet, tendant à obtenir l'annulation de l'arrêté comme ayant mal jugé au fond; Considérant que la demande du sieur Chenet contre le sieur Gandon n'avait d'autre objet que le bornage de leurs propriétés respectives; Que leurs procès-verbaux d'adjudication sont également muets sur ce point; Que leurs droits ne peuvent être jugés que d'après l'usage ou des titres antérieurs; Et que dès lors les tribunaux sont seuls compétents pour y statuer; Notre conseil d'État entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. L'arrêté du conseil de préfecture du département du Loiret, sous la date du 4 juillet 1809, est annulé; Le jugement rendu par le tribunal civil de Pithiviers, le 3 juillet 1807, est déclaré comme non avenu; Les parties sont renvoyées à se pourvoir devant les tribunaux ordinaires. 2. Notre grand-juge ministre de la justice et notre ministre des finances sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 31 juillet 1812. (1065) N°. 87. CHEMIN VICINAL. — PROPRIÉTÉ. — PROVISOIRE. — COMPÉTENCE. L'usage des chemins vicinaux doit être provisoirement conservé aux communes qui en sont en possession; sauf le renvoi aux tribunaux pour la question de propriété. ( Le sieur Colonge. ) Le 19 ventôse an 12, le sieur Colonge avait acquis, des héritiers de M. Baglion, ci-devant seigneur de Quincieux, département du Rhône, les bâtiments formant l'ancien auditioire de justice, ensemble un jardin avec deux pièces de terre, l'une labourable, l'autre plantée en vigne, le tout attenant et dépendant du château de Baglion. Il paraît que pour communiquer plus facilement du château à l'auditoire de justice, les anciens seigneurs avaient fait pratiquer entre les deux pièces de terre ci-dessus un sentier ; lorsque les héritiers Baglion vendirent le fonds sur lequel il était pratiqué, ils ne s'en réservèrent point l'usage. Au mois de mars 1811, M. Colonge fit ouvrir un fossé aux deux extrémités du sentier dont s'agit, et par ce moyen, le réunit à ses propriétés, qu'il séparait dans une longueur de soixante-cinq mètres. Le maire de la commune de Quincieux fit constater le fait par un procès-verbal, le 22 mars 1811, et par suite le conseil municipal prit une délibération le 11 mai suivant, portant que le maire était autorisé à poursuivre le sieur Colonge, pour le faire contraindre à rétablir le chemin. Le maire de Quincieux porta sa réclamation au conseil de préfecture du département du Rhône, qui, par arrêté du 26 juillet 1811, ordonna le rétablissement du chemin dans la partie en face des fonds du sieur Colonge et aux trais de ce dernier. Le sieur Colonge forma opposition à cet arrêté, et demanda la visite et vérification du local par l'un des inspecteurs des chemins vicinaux ; mais le 13 septembre suivant le conseil de préfecture prit un second arrêté, portant qu'il n'y avait pas lieu à délibérer sur la nouvelle petition du sieur Colonge, et que l'arrêté du 26 juillet précédent serait exécuté. Le sieur Colonge s'est pourvu au conseil d'État, et a demandé l'annulation des deux arrêtés, des 26 juillet et 13 septembre 1811. Pour moyens, il a dit qu'il s'agissait uniquement de savoir à qui appartenait le sentier qui faisait l'objet du procès ; Que le maire prétendait que le chemin avait été usurpé sur la commune ; que lui, Colonge, soutenait au contraire que ce chemin lui appartenait ; qu'il excipait de son contrat d'acquisition du 19 ventôse an 12 ; que tout, dans un pareil débat, était d'un intérêt purement privé, et ne touchait en rien à l'ordre et au bien général ; que dès lors la condition des parties, relativement à la juridiction était nécessairement réglée par la loi du 24 août 1790, qui commettait aux juges ordinaires toutes les causes personnelles et réelles ; Que la loi du 9 ventôse an 13 n'était applicable que quand il s'agissait de la délimitation d'un chemin, mais que dans l'hypothèse, la contestation soumise au conseil de préfecture présentait une question de propriété à écarter, et nullement une délimitation à faire ; en conséquence il a demandé que les deux arrêtés des 26 juillet et 13 septembre 1811 fussent cassés et annullés comme incompétentement rendus, et que les parties fussent renvoyées devant les tribunaux ordinaires pour leur être fait droit. En réponse, le maire de la commune de Quincieux a soutenu que la contestation par sa nature était dans les attributions de l'autorité administrative; que l'article 6 de la loi du 9 ventôse an 13 imposait à l'administration publique l'obligation de faire rechercher et reconnaître les anciennes limites des chemins vicinaux, et de fixer, d'après cette reconnaissance, leur largeur suivant les localités; Que l'article 8 de cette loi portait, que les poursuites en contravention aux dispositions de la loi du 9 ventôse an 10, seraient portées devant le conseil de préfecture, sauf le recours au conseil d'état; Il a ajouté que le chemin dont s'agit existait de temps immémorial, qu'il était rappelé pour confined au fonds formant l'article troisième de l'acquisition faite par le sieur Colonge, le 19 ventôse an 12, et que dès lors toute entreprise qu'on avait pu y faire avait dû être réprimée par l'autorité administrative, soit comme chargée de la voierie, soit en vertu de l'article 6 de la loi du 9 ventôse an 13; Que dans l'espèce il s'agissait d'une contravention commise par le sieur Colonge à une loi, en détruisant un chemin public; qu'il devait la réparation de cette contravention, sauf à faire valoir son titre devant un tribunal de droit. Ces moyens n'ont pas prévalu: La commission du contentieux a considéré que le droit de passage, réclamé par le maire de Quincieux, au nom de sa commune, était une servitude sur la propriété du sieur Colonge, dont il n'appartenait qu'aux tribunaux ordinaires de juger l'existence. Dans cet état, est intervenu le décret dont la teneur suit : Nous ; — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux ; Vu la requête du sieur Colonge, propriétaire à Quincieux, arrondissement de Villefranche, département du Rhône, tendant à ce qu'il nous plaise annuller, pour cause d'incompétence, deux arrêtés du conseil de préfecture de ce département, sous les dates des 26 juillet et 13 septembre 1811, qui condamnent le requérant, à enlever sous huitaine, les barrières qu'il a fait poser sur le sentier qui conduit de la place de Quincieux au hameau de Seran ; Vu le mémoire du maire de Quincieux en réponse à cette requête ; Vu les deux arrêtés du conseil de préfecture ; Considérant que la difficulté qui s'est élevée entre le sieur Colonge et le maire de la commune de Quincieux, porte sur une question de propriété qui est du ressort des tribunaux ordinaires ; Considérant néanmoins que la commune de Quincieux étant en possession et en jouissance du sentier dont il s'agit; il doit rester ouvert jusqu'à ce qu'il en ait été autrement ordonné ; Notre conseil d'État entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. Les deux arrêtés du conseil de préfecture mentionnés ci-dessus sont annullés. Les parties sont renvoyées à se pourvoir devant les tribunaux ordinaires. En conséquence, la commune de Quincieux se retirera, s'il y a lieu; devant le conseil de préfecture du département du Rhône, afin qu'il décide, sauf le retour de droit, si elle doit être autorisée à plaider. 2. Le sentier dont il s'agit restera ouvert jusqu'à ce qu'il en ait été autrement ordonné. 3. Notre grand-juge, le ministre de la justice, et notre ministre de l'intérieur sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 4 août 1812. (1061) N°. 88. ADMINISTRATION ACTIVE— FRAIS.—LIMITES. — COMMUNES. Lorsque la délimitation d'une propriété particulière entraîne celle de deux communes, c'est celui qui provoque cette opération qui est passible des frais qui en résultent. Un préfet est compétent pour fixer les honoraires des personnes employées à cette opération. (Le sieur Berulle.) Par arrêt rendu par la Cour d'appel de Paris, le 19 février 1808, dans une contestation élevée entre le sieur de Berulle et le sieur Cornisset, relativement au partage d'un immeuble appelé le bois des Chauffeurs, provenant de la succession du sieur Berulle père, il fut: ordonné que des experts vérifieraient si cet immeuble était commodément partageable, et que, dans ce cas, ils en feraient trois lots, dont deux seraient tirés au sort par le sieur Berulle, et un par le sieur Cornisset. L'opération des experts donna lieu à une nouvelle contestation. Le sieur Berulle prétendit que la vérification à faire devait s'étendre non seulement sur la partie du bois des Chauffeurs située commune de Berulle, département de l'Aube, mais encore sur une autre partie de trente-cinq arpents situés commune de Cérilly, département de l'Yonne. Le sieur Cornisset soutint, au contraire, que ces trente-cinq arpents ne se trouvaient pas sur Cérilly, mais bien sur Berulle ; et il appuyait son allégation sur un plan dressé en 1787. Le sieur Berulle contestant l'authenticité du plan produit, s'adressa aux préfets des départements de l'Aube et de l'Yonne, pour obtenir la fixation des limites des deux communes qui formaient en même temps celles des deux départements. Par arrêtés des 12 et 17 juin 1809, ces deux fonctionnaires nommèrent respectivement des commissaires pour procéder à la délimitation dont il s'agît. Sur le rapport desdits commissaires, le préfet de l'Aube et celui de l'Yonne furent d'avis que les limites des deux communes de Berulle et Cérilly étaient les mêmes que celles posées dans le plan de 1787, produit par le sieur Cornisset. Ces avis furent approuvés, le 13 octobre 1810, par le ministre de l'intérieur. Des réclamations furent adressées au préfet de l'Aube, tant par l'ingénieur en chef du département de l'Yonne, que par le contrôleur des contributions et un expéditionnaire, à l'effet d'être payés de l'indemnité qui leur était due pour avoir, en exécution des arrêtés des préfets de l'Yonne et de l'Aube, des 12 et 17 juin 1810, coopéré à la reconnaissance des limites des communes de Cérilly et de Berulle. Par un arrêté du 14 novembre 1811, le préfet de l'Aube a fait droit à ces réclamations, et a alloué, tant aux réclamants qu'à l'ingénieur et au contrôleur des contributions du département de l'Aube, une somme de 553 fr. Les motifs de cet arrêté sont que le sieur de Berulle ayant succombé dans la demande qu'il avait formée à fin de changements dans les limites des deux communes de Cérilly et de Berulle, doit seul supporter les frais que l'instruction de cette affaire a occasionnés. Le sieur Berulle a réclamé contre cet arrêté, en ce qu'il lui faisait supporter une dépense qu'il prétendait devoir être à la charge des deux communes, attendu qu'elle avait eu lieu, disait-il, pour une question qui intéressait la généralité des habitants. Il déclina la compétence du préfet, et conclut à son renvoi devant le conseil de préfecture, et, au fond, à être déchargé des condamnations prononcées contre lui par ledit arrêté, sauf au conseil de préfecture à prendre le montant de l'indemnité due aux ingénieurs et contrôleurs de l'Aube et de l'Yonne, et à leur expéditionnaire, sur le fonds du cadastre des deux départements, ou des deux communes de Berulle et Cérilly. Mais, par arrêté du 22 janvier 1812, le préfet de l'Aube a rejeté cette demande sur le motif, 1°. Que la vérification des limites des communes de Berulle et Cérilly avait été provoquée par le sieur de Berulle, pour l'instruction d'une contestation élevée entre lui et le sieur Cornisset, et dans laquelle ledit sieur Berulle a succombé; 2°. Qu'il est de principe que les frais que nécessite l'instruction d'une affaire, soit administrative, soit judiciaire, sont à la charge de celui dont les prétentions sont reconnues mal fondées; 3°. Que c'est à l'administrateur qui a été saisi de la contestation à régler les frais dont il s'agit; 4°. Enfin, que la délimitation cadastrale est totalement étrangère à l'espèce, et devra toujours avoir lieu dans les formes prescrites malgré la vérification qui a été faite d'une partie des limites de Berulle et de Cérilly. Tels sont aussi les motifs sur lesquels est fondé le décret suivant, intervenu sur le pourvoi du sieur Berulle. N°. — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux ; Vu la requête qui nous a été présentée par le sieur de Bertille, demeurant à Paris, pour qu'il nous plaise annuller deux arrêtés pris par le préfet de l'Aube, les 14 novembre 1811 et 22 janvier 1812, qui mettent à sa charge et l'obligent à payer une somme de 553 fr., pour frais de reconnaissance des limites des communes de Cérilly et de Berulle, situées, la première, dans le département de l'Aube, la seconde dans le département de l'Yonne; Vu lesdits arrêtés et toutes les pièces relatives à cette affaire ; Considérant que cette délimitation a été faite sur la demande du requérant ; que les dépenses qu'elle a entraînées doivent être à sa charge, et que le préfet était compétent pour fixer les honoraires des ingénieurs et contrôleur employés dans cette opération ; Notre Conseil d'Etat entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. La requête du sieur de Berulle est rejetée, et les arrêtés du préfet du département de l'Aube, en date des 14 novembre 1811 et 22 janvier 1812, sont maintenus. 2. Notre grand juge ministre de la justice et notre ministre de l'intérieur sont chargés de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 7 août 1812. (1069) N°. 89. TABACS. — EXPERTISE. C'est à la justice administrative contentieuse à décider s'il y a lieu de réformer une décision ministérielle, qui annulle une expertise pour l'évaluation des tabacs achetés par la régie des droits réunis, en vertu du décret du 29 décembre 1810, et approuve la réexpertise qui en a été faite. (Williet Leroy.) Pour assurer l'exécution du décret du 29 décembre 1810, ordonnant que les tabacs en feuille existant chez les cultivateurs, négociants et fabricants seraient achetés par la régie des droits réunis qui en prendrait livraison, les ferait déposer dans ses magasins et en paierait comptant la valeur, la régie afferma les magasins du sieur Williet, propriétaire de tabacs en feuille à Merville, département du Nord, pour y établir un entrepôt. Indépendamment des tabacs appartenant au sieur Williet qui se trouvèrent dans lesdits magasins, et dont le récépissé lui fut délivré, ce négociant était encore intéressé pour moitié dans une autre partie de tabacs achetés par le sieur Leroy, emmagasinés chez ce dernier à Estaires, et dont la livraison fut effectuée dans le magasin particulier de Merville. Les experts de ce magasin avaient déjà procédé au classement d'une partie desdits tabacs, lorsque l'inspecteur de la régie invita les mêmes experts à recommencer leur opération, sur le motif qu'ils avaient porté dans la troisième classe des tabacs non marchands et de nature à être brûlés. Les experts s'y refusèrent, et soutinrent que leur opération devait être maintenue, attendu que si quelque partie de tabac paraissait inférieure à la classe où elle avait été affectée, la différence était plus que compensée par d'autres parties qui pouvaient entrer dans une classe supérieure. Ce refus détermina l’inspecteur à ordonner la suspension du classement. Il dressa procès-verbal de celui qui avait eu lieu comme préjudiciable aux intérêts de la régie, et rendit compte du tout à l’inspecteur général, lequel obtint du préfet du Nord que de nouveaux experts seraient nommés, et que le sous-préfet d’Hazebrouck serait chargé de se rendre au magasin de Merville, pour vérifier les faits énoncés au procès-verbal de l’inspecteur particulier. Le résultat de cette vérification, dont procès-verbal fut dressé, fut que les deux tiers des tabacs formant l’objet de la contestation devaient rester dans la troisième classe, et que parmi l’autre tiers, une partie était susceptible d’être portée dans la seconde classe, une autre ne pouvait être estimée que vingt à vingt-quatre francs; et qu’enfin l’autre partie ne pouvait être que brûlée. À l’égard des tabacs provenant des cultivateurs; le même procès-verbal constatait que le classement avait été fait d’une manière avantageuse pour le gouvernement. Cependant les experts du magasin de Merville furent remplacés par d’autres experts, et les livraisons des tabacs du sieur Williot et de son associé, qui avaient été suspendues, s’effectuèrent. Dans cet état, les tabacs provenant des sieurs Williot et Leroy furent expédiés sur le magasin général de Lille. Là, il fut reconnu qu'ils étaient de mauvaise qualité, et qu'une partie était échauffée et pourrie. Un triage devenait nécessaire. Les sieurs Williot et Leroy refusèrent de se trouver à l'expertise nouvelle, qui cependant eut lieu, et dont procès-verbal fut dressé. Il en résulta que les mêmes tabacs, qui avaient été estimés par les experts de Merville à 40,000 francs, ne furent évalués par les experts du magasin de Lille qu'à la somme de 18,000 francs, et qu'en conséquence, la différence au préjudice de la régie était de 32,000 fr. Les sieurs Williot et son associé contestèrent l'identité de ces tabacs avec ceux qu'ils avaient livrés. Ils prétendirent que leurs tabacs ayant été confondus dans les magasins de Merville avec les tabacs des cultivateurs, il en résultait que ceux composant l'expédition faite au magasin de Lille était un mélange des uns et des autres; que, quant à leur détérioration, elle provenait de ce qu'ils avaient été voiturés par eau et entassés dans un bateau dans les plus grandes chaleurs de l'été; que, d'ailleurs, ces tabacs ne leur appartenant plus, ils étaient étrangers à ces avaries, comme à tout ce qui avait pu contribuer à en altérer la qualité. Par ces motifs, ils refusèrent d'adhérer au nouveau classement et à la nouvelle estimation qui avait été faite de leurs tabacs. C'est dans cet état de choses qu'est intervenue la décision du ministre des finances, en date du 6 octobre 1811, contre laquelle les sieurs Williot et Leroy se sont pourvus au Conseil d'État, et qui, entre autres dispositions, portait l'annulation du classement fait par les experts de Merville, ainsi que du récépissé délivré au sieur Williot des tabacs en feuille qu'il avait à Merville, et l'approbation du classement fait au magasin de Lille. Devant le Conseil d'État, le sieur Williot et consorts ont objecté : 1°. Que dès avant le procès-verbal dressé par le sous-préfet d'Hazebrouck, leurs tabacs n'étaient pas les seuls réunis dans les magasins ; que ceux appartenant à d'autres négociants ou cultivateurs y avaient été introduits et confondus avec les premiers, et que le défaut de soin, ou toute autre cause qui leur était étrangère, avait pu occasionner la détérioration de tout ou partie desdits tabacs ; 2°. Qu'on ne pouvait les rendre garants ni responsables des avaries survenues depuis la livraison de leurs tabacs ; que ces avaries provenaient du fait de la régie ; que du moment où elle avait pris livraison, ces tabacs étaient devenus sa propriété, et que jamais le vendeur n'est passible des accidents qui peuvent arriver à la chose vendue, lorsqu'elle est entre les mains de l'acheteur et que d'ailleurs cette livraison avait été précédée d'une vérification et d'une estimation légales et contradictoires ; 3°. Que, dans le droit, une expertise ordonnée par la loi devenait invariablement la règle des parties, lorsqu'il y avait été procédé régulièrement ; que, dans l'espèce, l'estimation avait été faite en exécution du décret du 29 décembre 1810, et qu'elle avait tous les caractères d'authenticité et de légalité qu'on pouvait désirer. La régie des droits réunis opposait que la confusion alléguée par les sieurs Williot et Leroi n'avait jamais eu lieu; que cette preuve résultait du procès-verbal dressé à Lille, par lequel il était constaté que ces tabacs étaient les seuls qui existaient dans les magasins de la régie de cette nature et origine; qu'il était attesté en outre que ces tabacs n'avaient éprouvé aucune avarie dans leur transport; mais que leur détérioration provenait de ce qu'ayant été saucés, une grande partie était déjà échauffée et pourrie avant le chargement dans le bateau. Sur quoi est intervenu le décret suivant : N° 5 — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux : Vu la requête qui nous a été présentée par les sieurs Villiot-Vignoble et Leroy, négociants dans le département du Nord, pour qu'il nous plaise annuller une décision de notre ministre des finances en date du 2 octobre 1811; Vu ladite décision et les procès-verbaux dressés et signés par l'inspecteur des droits réunis dans le département du Nord, par le sous-préfet d'Hazebrouck et les experts du magasin général de Lille; Considérant qu'il résulte des pièces précitées, que les tabacs livrés par les réclamants ont été mal classés au magasin de Merville, et qu'ils ont été estimés à leur véritable valeur à la réexpertise du magasin général de Lille; Notre conseil d'État entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. La requête des sieurs Villiot-Vignoble et Leroy est rejetée. 2. Notre grand-juge ministre de la justice et notre ministre des finances sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 7 août 1812. Lorsqu'il s'agit de savoir si des déblais sont posés sur ou près une voie publique récemment existante ; c'est à l'administration à déterminer la largeur de la voie publique ; l'autorité judiciaire ne peut se permettre de statuer sous prétexte de constater une anticipation (Avis du Conseil d'état du 18 juin 1809, et art. 471 du Code pénal.) Le sieur Crancy. Au mois de mai 1811, le sieur Crancy, propriétaire à Amance, arrondissement de Vesoul, département de la Haute-Saône, avait déposé sur deux terrains voisins de sa maison, des terres et matériaux qui obstruaient le chemin public. Le maire de la commune d'Amance fit enlever ces terres et matériaux, et les fit employer à la réparation des chemins vicinaux. Crancy s'est pourvu devant le juge de paix contre la commune d'Amance et la personne du maire ; il a conclu à ce qu'il fut gardé et maintenu dans la jouissance et possession des deux espaces vides, dépendants de sa maison, avec défense de le troubler à l'avenir, et que pour l'avoir fait et avoir ordonné l'enlèvement des matériaux et déblais qu'il y avait déposés, à ce que la commune fût condamnée à rétablir les choses au même état où elles étaient, à payer 150 francs de dommages-intérêts et les dépens. Et subsidiairement il a demandé d'être admis à prouver que, depuis dix, vingt et trente ans, et notamment dans l'année qui a précédé le trouble, il a joui paisiblement, et à titre de propriétaire, des terrains en question ; que ces terrains ont toujours été des dépendances de sa maison, qu'il y déposait exclusivement des déblais, sables, bois, pierres et autres objets, etc. Le maire a soutenu qu'il n'avait fait enlever que des déblais déposés sur la voie publique, sur le refus fait par Crancy de les enlever; que ce dernier était non-recevable dans les fins de sa demande. Le maire de la commune a ajouté que l'autorité administrative était seule compétente pour connaître des anticipations sur la voie publique, pourquoi il demandait le renvoi de la cause devant le conseil de préfecture. Le juge de paix, par un jugement préparatoire, a ordonné la preuve par témoins des faits articulés par Crancy. Plusieurs témoins entendus ont attesté que de tout temps ils avaient vu divers matériaux sur les terrains en question, mais aucun n'a pu déclarer si ces terrains appartenaient à Crancy. Un jugement du 11 novembre 1811 a maintenu Crancy dans la possession et jouissance desdits terrains, avec défense à la commune de le troubler à l'avenir, et a condamné la commune aux dépens, le même jugement déboute Crancy du surplus de ses conclusions. Crancy s'est pourvu par appel devant le tribunal de première instance de Vesoul, en ce que ce jugement ne lui avait pas alloué le paiement des matériaux enlevés et les dommages-intérêts qu'il avait demandés; mais il a acquiescé aux dispositions de ce même jugement qui le maintient dans la possession et jouissance, et qui condamne la commune aux dépens. Pour obtenir le paiement de ces dépens, il s'est adressé au préfet du département; le maire a demandé à être autorisé à interjeter appel du jugement. Le préfet du département, au lieu d'autoriser le maire à se pourvoir par la voie de l'appel contre le jugement, a revendiqué la connaissance de cette affaire, et il a élevé le conflit par son arrêté du 23 février 1812. Cet arrêté est appuyé sur une instruction du ministre de l'intérieur du 7 prairial an 13, sur l'avis du conseil d'état, approuvé le 18 juin 1809, portant que les usurpations des fonds communaux ne peuvent être jugées que par les conseils de préfecture et sur l'arrêté du 13 brumaire an 10. Le ministre de la justice, consulté sur le mérite de ce conflit, a pensé que cette contestation présentait deux questions, la première, relative à l'usurpation que le suaire d'Amance soutenait avoir été commise par Crancy, sur la voie publique et sur une place servant à la tenue de la foire ; la deuxième question avait pour objet l'encombrement des terrains par les dépôts que Crancy y avait faits, et qui obstruaient la voie publique; Que la première question était du ressort de l'autorité administrative, conformément à l'avis du conseil d'état du 18 juin 1809, et aux instructions ministérielles du 7 prairial an 13 ; que sous ce rapport le conflit paraît être fondé, et la connaissance de cet objet appartenait à l'autorité administrative. Que relativement à la deuxième question, l'embarras de la voie publique était un délit prévu par le paragraphe 4 de l'article 471 du Code pénal; que ce délit aurait dû être constaté par un procès-verbal en forme, et poursuivi conformément au même code; Que sur ce point on ne voit pas qu'aucune formalité ait précédé l'enlèvement des matériaux appartenant à sieur Crancy; que l'usage qui en a été fait en les employant à la réparation des chemins vicinaux, ne peut couvrir l'irrégularité de cet acte, ni donner lieu à l'application des dispositions relatives aux chemins vicinaux, et que l'affaire, sous ce point de vue, devait être portée devant les tribunaux. Dans cet état, est intervenu le décret dont la teneur suit : N°. — Sur le rapport de notre commission du contentieux ; Vu le rapport qui nous a été présenté par notre grand-juge ministre de la justice, relativement au conflit élevé par le préfet de la Haute-Saône, dans la cause du sieur Crancy, appelant au tribunal de première instance de l'arrondissement de Vesoul, de la sentence du juge de paix d'Amance, en date du 11 novembre 1811 ; Vu la sentence du juge de paix qui déclare que la petite partie de terrain que la commune d'Amance prétend faire partie de la voie publique, était la propriété particulière du sieur Crancy ; Vu l'arrêté par lequel le préfet élève le conflit ; Considérant que l'existence du chemin vicinal n'est point contestée ; Que le maire d'Amance prétend que les terrains en litige en font partie ; Qu'aux termes des lois la connaissance des anticipations sur la voie publique est réservée à l'administration ; Et par conséquent que le conseil de préfecture est compétent pour prononcer sur les contestations dont il s'agit ; Notre conseil d'état entendu, Nous avons décrété et décrétons ce qui suit : Art. 1er. La sentence du juge de paix du canton d'Amance, sous la date du 11 novembre 1811, est déclarée nulle et non avenue. Le conflit élevé par le préfet de la Haute-Saône est maintenu. Les parties sont renvoyées à se pourvoir par devant le conseil de préfecture du même département. 2. Notre grand-juge ministre de la justice, et notre ministre de l'intérieur sont chargés, chacun en ce qui le concerne, de l'exécution du présent décret. Décret du 7 août 1812.(1071) N°. 91. CONSEILS DE PRÉFECTURE. INTERLOCUTEURS. — CHOSE JUGÉE. Un conseil de préfecture peut rétracter une décision purement interlocutoire. (Baylac.—C,—les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle.) Dans le courant de l'an 10, Dominique Baylac fit construire un moulin à blé sur la Garonne, à Toulouse, à peu de distance et au-dessous de la digue qui conduisait les eaux de ce fleuve au moulin appelé le Bazacle. Sur la fin de l'an 11, les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle firent placer des madriers sur cette partie de leur digue, et détournèrent les eaux de la portion de la digue correspondante au canal de service du moulin du sieur Baylac. Le sieur Baylac porta sa réclamation devant le conseil de préfecture de la Haute-Garonne, et demanda que les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle fussent condamnés à lui payer une indemnité de 30,000 francs, et que défenses leur fussent faites d'intercepter à l'avenir les eaux nécessaires à son moulin. La contestation fut instruite contradictoirement: les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle soutinrent qu'ils ne devaient aucune indemnité, qu'au contraire le sieur Baylac lui-même leur en devait 5 en conséquence, ils formèrent à cet égard leur demande. Dans cet état, un premier arrêté ordonna qu'avant faire droit il serait procédé, devant le maire de Toulouse, à une enquête administrative, où l'on fixerait, devant les parties, le temps qui s'était écoulé depuis l'époque où les propriétaires du Bazacle avaient bouché leur chaussée dans la partie correspondante au canal de prise d'eau du moulin de Baylac, jusqu'à l'époque où ils avaient enlevé lesdits ouvrages, pour, ensuite, être statué ce qu'il appartiendrait; par le même arrêté il fut dit, que la demande en indemnité formée par les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle, contre le sieur Baylac, était rejetée. Il fut procédé à cette enquête ; il en résulta que les travaux du moulin du sieur Baylac avaient été pleinement interrompus pendant les mois de vendémiaire, brumaire, frimaire, nivôse et pluviôse an 12; et le 19 décembre 1809, le conseil de préfecture rendit un arrêté, qui, fixant à cinq mois, le temps pendant lequel le sieur Baylac avait souffert des dommages, ordonna qu'ils seraient évalués par experts. Cet arrêté était contradictoire. Pour guider les experts dans leurs opérations, l’arrêté, article 8, portait : "Les experts auront égard, dans l’évaluation des dommages dont il s'agit, 1°. au nombre des meules existantes, au 1er. vendémiaire an 12, dans le moulin du sieur Baylac; 2°. à la quantité de grains que pouvait moudre ledit moulin par vingt-quatre heures; ils consulteront, à ce sujet, les livres d’entrée et de sortie de grains et farines de différentes natures, pendant le cours des années 9, 10 et 11; le prix desdits grains sera fixé par lesdits experts d’après le prix moyen porté par les merciales du marché de la ville de Toulouse pendant les cinq premiers mois de l’année; 3°. au nombre des bêtes de somme employées au transport des grains et farines, ainsi qu’au nombre de garçons meuniers aux gages de Baylac dans ledit moulin, en se conformant à l’état de choses existant aux ans 9; 10 et 11; 4° à la diminution ou augmentation du volume des eaux pendant les cinq mois indiqués; ils prendront des renseignements, à cet égard, avec le patron de la navigation et les ingénieurs des ponts et chaussées chargés de la surveillance des ouvrages d’art sur la rivière de Garonne dans cette partie; 5°. à la diminution du volume d'eau qu'aurait pu produire, en vendémiaire an 12, la réparation de la chaussée du Bazacle dans la partie correspondante au canal de prise d’eau du moulin de Baylac, si ladite réparation eût été faite successivement et seulement dans l’espace de temps nécessaire pour la confection. Le même arrêté porte, article 9 : « les experts pourront prendre les renseignements qu'ils jugeront convenables pour parvenir au but de leurs opérations avec les parties intéressées ou d’autres personnes qu'ils croiront convenable de consulter, en se conformant, toutefois, dans le résultat de leur travail, à ce qui est prescrit dans l'article précédent. » Le sieur Baylac se disposait à poursuivre l’exécution de cet arrêté, pour faire déterminer les dommages-intérêts auxquels il avait droit. Les propriétaires du moulin le Bazacle réclamèrent contre cet arrêté devant le conseil de préfecture, et le 10 août 1810 intervint un nouvel arrêté, portant que, attendu les observations renfermées dans le mémoire des propriétaires du Bazacle, et les renseignements pris depuis l'arrêté du 19 décembre 1809, le conseil réformant les dispositions de l'article 8 dudit arrêté, arrête : Les experts qui seront nommés en vertu des art. 6 et 7 de l'arrêté du 19 décembre 1809, auront égard, dans l'évaluation des dommages, à la situation du moulin, à la confiance dont pouvait jouir le sieur Baylac lorsqu'il en était propriétaire, au genre de construction et à l'état de solidité dudit moulin; l'article 8 de l'arrêté du 19 décembre est rapporté. Le sieur Baylac a réclamé contre cet arrêté, pour demander le rétablissement des dispositions de l'arrêté du 19 décembre; et le 6 février 1811, le conseil de préfecture a rendu un dernier arrêté portant, qu'il persistait dans les motifs qui l'avaient dirigé dans la décision du 10 août 1810; que, dès lors, il n'y avait lieu à délibérer sur le mémoire du sieur Baylac; et qu'en conséquence l'arrêté du 10 août 1810 sortirait son plein et entier effet. Le sieur Baylac s'est pourvu au Conseil d'état, contre les deux arrêtés des 10 août 1810 et 6 février 1811. Pour moyens, il a dit que l'arrêté du 10 août 1810 renfermait un excès de pouvoir, qu'il n'était basé sur aucun motifs, et qu'il ne contenait aucun considérants. Qu'en matière contentieuse, les arrêtés de l'autorité administrative étaient de véritables jugements rendus entre les parties, qui avaient un droit acquis, au moment où ils étaient prononcés, et contre lesquels on ne pouvait recourir que devant l'autorité supérieure; Que lorsque un conseil de préfecture avait statué contradictoirement, sa décision devait subsister : qu'il n'était plus en son pouvoir de la modifier ni rétracter, parce qu'il ne pouvait être le réviseur de ses propres jugements; Que quoique cet arrêté ne fût qu'interlocutoire, il n'en était pas moins définitif par la manière dont les experts devaient opérer, pour déterminer la fixation des dommages ; que le mode prescrit par l'arrêté ne pouvait plus être changé par l'autorité qui l'avait rendu que cette autorité était liée, en ce sens, qu'elle ne pouvait pas détruire son propre ouvrage, sauf à elle, en prononçant au fond sur la quotité des dommages, à apprécier, suivant sa prudence, l'opération des experts ; en conséquence, il a demandé qu'en annullant les arrêtés des 10 août 1810 et 6 février 1811, il fût ordonné que l'arrêté du 19 décembre 1810 serait maintenu, pour être exécuté selon sa forme et teneur. |
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sn86072143_1889-03-15_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | The Burlington, VT., FREE PRESS FURNISHING AY 3RD TO, 1892. ALU AROUND THE HOUSE. Washington and Pacific Street, New York. Hemstitched in high favor on table linen, as well as in linen. A housekeeper, Littie, has chosen of plain hemstitched, drawn work or fringed for orders. Napkins and square center pieces for the table are finished in the same manner. Lunch and ten cloths are bound colored, and they are bound for almost any price, from pretty and inexpensive to gorgeous cloths of white and linen. These come in colors and white, and are used also for dinners. Those in bright yellow and in white are remarkably rich. Plain table drapery is also to be had in a great variety of patterns, and though much cheaper than that finished with costly needlework, yet it really is immaculate. Tray cloths are in great demand and are in the same patterns as centerpieces and napkins. They are made of silk wash silk, of linen worked with hemstitched. Mills, drawn work and embroidery, and can be had for as many different prices. One remarkably pretty set is of small linen squares finished in exquisite open work, laid on orange colored silk squares the same size as the doylies. Beautiful Color on Altar Cano Work. Artistic articles of cano work that have become discolored by time or usage may be given a really beautiful rosewood color. All that is required is to make a varnish composed of one pint of alcohol, one-eighth of a pound each of red ganders, dragon's blood and skin, to be applied with a brush after straining. Two parts will be sufficient. For brown, a solution of permanganate of potash may be used and original figures are introduced of darker line than the ground color, just in with a camel's hair pencil and softened with a lighter brush. Vibrio Decoration in the Country Home. The rich golden color and satin sheen of corn stalks have brought about their use by a few daring spirits as a decorative material in summer homes. They are commended by lightweight and fine natural finish, which suggests the bamboo cane, and very much admired by being within the reach of almost any body. A correspondent of Decorator and Farmer tells of a lady who, having the courage of her artistic convictions, made a desolate cottage into a bower of beauty by decorating it entirely with corn and corn stalks. A part of the performance was as follows: A dado was first arranged, stalks of uniform thickness were selected and cut the desired lengths and fastened to the wall with a double tack that is used in putting down matting. A thin strip of wood, heading or molding, fastened the stalks securely at the bottom. This particular dado was high enough to be out of the reach of the furniture and had a narrow shelf running around the top, but if this is not durable or practical, the upper edge may be finished with selected stalks laid transversely, secured by the long brads. The accompanying illustration shows this kind of a dado. A very pretty one might be made by using the full length of the stalks, not cutting off the stalks, which to my mind are quite the most part. Great care would have to be taken in this case to select a dado. Talks as nearly the same length as possible, and the transverse length of stakes should be fastened about a foot from the top. The wall between the dado and the frieze, This daring woman covered with blue denim, With a contrived design with the corn It's. The frieze was made of the tops of the stalks, with the fluffy part down; at irregular intervals through the frieze hung ears of rip corn, with the husks turned back. A whole irise might be made of corn in this fashion. If no shelf is used above the dado, one may have a wide shelf just below the frieze; pine boards, well finished and varnished, are very suitable and pretty. Long stalks, all starting from the center edge of the ceiling, turned toward the center, having only space enough for a cluster of peas and beans to be suspended by the husks, in the center of a chamber; red ears which are occasionally found add wonderfully to the effect. If desired, the ceiling might be covered with blue denim, using the lighter side, putting it on plain or full, gathering it together in the center. Clico Printers. Put about a pint of water into a saucepan with a piece of butter the size of an egg, the first bit of cayenne, and plenty of black pepper. When the water boils, throw gradually into it a little flour to form a thick paste; then fill the fire and work into it about the center. pound of ground cheese, and then the pound of three or four eggs and the whites of two beaten up into a froth. Let the paste re-l for a couple of hours, and proceed to fry by dr. popping pieces of it the size of a walnut into plenty of hot lard. Serve sprinkled with very fine salt. A New Country Dainty. A new restaurant dish which, according to nn admirer, "looks liko n poem and tastes liko tho o lor of crushed roso leaves," is rap id! up'i -"(ling tlionttraetionsof tho deviled crab r ud Welsh rarebit. It U reully a mix ture of both, and its nnmo is '-camipi) Loren 7 j." A perfect blending of deviled crab meat and choeso is fairly fuso;l upon a deli cate bit of f riod bi md. Tins is evidently put into an oven mid baked to a rich condition of brownness. Cleanliif; ;old .Jewelry. A very easy wuy to clean a gold chain, pin, ring or other pleco of gold jowelry is with a littlo ammonia In water, I)lp tho chain into tho water andmovo back and forth n few times, then wipe, it dry on a sott linen cloth, rubbing gently but well until no moro Hack comes uif. In enso of rings, bo care ful not to exjjoso any stones that can bo injured by them, such ns pearls, to tho action of water or ammonia, fumes. To Keep T.lnnlrum I'resli nnd Ilrlqlit. Linoleum may bo kept clean and bright by tvoihitiR it with an old hoft flannel, with tepid r.oap and watw, nml then carefully ilryinu with n kntt duster, or preferably an eld riIU liandltorchiof. Now anelnf;alii it may bo rubbed over with a very littlo liiiitod oil, vr siJm or butter wilk.. THfc CUUIO&ITY ar.or1. Kiss McLean's Touching Ton, "Be Slashed" "Do massa ob do sbcnpfol', "Dat Kiinrils tie hecpfol' bin, Look out in do sloomerln' mrailcwe, Where do lnnfj nlplit rain tfRla So bo call lo do blrelln' phepa'il, "Is my sheep, is dey all conio lnf" Oh, den says do blrelln' Ehcpa'd, "Dey's some, (ley's black and thin, And some, doy'n po' ol' wedda'B, But do res', (ley's nil binng in, But do res', (ley's nil binng in, But do res', (ley's nil l.rung in." Den do massa ob d" sbeepfol', "Dat Riuinl de f lirepfol' bin, Goes duuu in do ploomerln' mradems, Wlm'r de lone night ram begin So lie lo' down do ba's ob do shoepfol', Calln' sot', "Come In, come In." Den up t'ro' dn nloomerln' meailoivs, T'ro' do col' night rain and win'. And up t'ro do gloomrrln' rain put', Wha' do sleet la' plc'cln' thla, Do po' los' sheep ob do shecpfol' Dey nil conies padderla' In, De po' los' sbeiyj ob do shcepfol' Dey all couies gaiMer In the mental overwork. The English Anthropological society has been calling from reports of schoolmasters' observations on the symptoms of mental fatigue. The observations revealed that the sense of mind reveals itself under the influence of irritability and incapacity. Children at school showed such signs of mental irritability as sleeplessness and nervous laughter, while those who were fatigued could neither sleep nor get up their task work. The flagging will show itself by lolling, yawning, and a languid manner. Headache also resulted from overwork in study, when combined with defective ventilation. The London Lancet, commenting on these observations, says that mental and bodily overwork is the most general and the least regarded term of illness in this age. Its treatment is presumed that due attention be paid to the two great essentials of timely rest and wholesome diet. A man, says the Lancet, may work on a liberal scale, provided he will interrupt its continuance by timely and adequate intervals of rest and will eat heartily of plain food, too long as appetite and sleep are unimpaired. There is little danger of overwork, but the failure of either is nature's warning signal that the strain must be relieved. Suicides. The statistics of suicides show that the number of them does not greatly increase by year. In New York, from 1870 to 1873, suicides did not increase as rapidly as the population. They averaged the first three years of this period of fifteen years, 118, in the next three years (covering 785, 711, and 711), 15.5; in the next three years, 110, and in the next three years but 143. But in the last three years, 83, 85, and 85, all hard years, suicides rose to 1.5; but even this is not 60 percent greater than the hard years, 70, 74, and 85, although population has risen to this extent. O. A. R. Commanders. It has been asked who have been commanders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and which of them are still living! 1. Stephen A. Hurlbut, 1880, '07, '08; 2. John A. Logan, 1880, '07, dead; 3. Ambrose E. Buraside, 1871, '74, dead; -L. Charles Devins, Jr., 1873, '74; 5. John F. Hartmann, 1873, '74; 5. John C. Robinson, 1877, '78; 7. William Lanishaw, 1870; 8. Louis Wagner, 1880; 8. Louis Wagner, 1880; 9. George & Merrill, 1881; 10. Paul Wanderer, 1881; 11. Robert H. Beach, 1883; 12. John S. Kountz, 1883; 13. S. S. Burdette, 1883; 11. Lucius Fairchild, 1883, '67; 15, William Warner, 1883. Mrs. Humphrey Ward. Before Mrs. Ward was married, her name was Mary Augusta Arnold. She is the youngest daughter of Thomas Arnold, M.A., of University College, and follows of the Royal University of Ireland. She is granddaughter of Dr. Arnold Pugby and niece of the late Matthew Arnold. She was born in Hobart, the chief town of Tasmania, 100 miles southeast of Australia. In 1876, she was married to Thomas Humphrey Ward, fellow of Grace College, Oxford. Her home is on Russell Square, London. The Longest River. If we take the Mississippi and Missouri together, they probably form the longest river in four years. It then becomes the Holomocas. Taking its longest waterway, it is not so long as the Mississippi-Missouri, but longer than what we call the Mississippi. The Nile is supposed to have the longest waterway of any river in the world, but we must wait a little before accepting all the surmises concerning it. Twentieth Century Regains. The Twentieth century begins the instant after midnight, Dec. 31, 1900. The reason is this: The First century didn't end with the year 1900, but with the year 1900, the Second with the year 1900, the Nineteenth with the year 1900 just as your first hundred dollars ends with number 100, and your second begins. With 101 and ends with 100. Some people absolutely won't see this. Marriage Contract. Marrlago in itself is a double contract: (1) between the man and woman; (2) between them and the state. They have absolute power over their own contract. They may live together or separately. But over the contract between themselves and the state, they have no control. They cannot annul it without the consent of the state given by its courts. Danish. In America. In the United States, several Danish newspapers are published, among which may be mentioned Tint Danne, The Nordvesten and The Nordska BlaJo. Owing to the large number of Danes residing in the large cities, and throughout the west and northwest, all of these appear to enjoy a large patronage and to be doing a paying business. Pertinent for Desertion. During the civil war, 27 Union soldiers were executed by their comrades for desertion and other causes. All executions had to be approved by the department commander, and usually by the president or secretary of Avergust. The average height of an American man is C3.1 inches; woman, C3.9 inches. There is no standard height for "perfection." The Seven Sin. The wiven deadly fins are pride, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony, avarice, and bloth. Honor. Mr. N. Krallichstein of Mobile, Ala., writes: I take great pleasure in recommending Dr. King's Discovery for Consumption has been used for a severe attack of Bronchitis and Catarrh. It has been used for a severe attack of Catarrh. It has been found to be effective and entirely cured. I also believe that I had tried other remedies with no success. I have also tried other remedies with no success. Have also tried Electric Bitters and Dr. King's New Life Pills, both of which I can recommend. Dr. Kind's New Discovery for Coughs and Cold, if used on a private trial. Trial bottles free at Leaufort & Co.'s drug store. THE PUZZLER MIRTHFUL. He has a Oulet Than With a Mysterious Bottle. No. all. -A Battle. A verb; horse of a frog; a tribe of Indians; a covering for the head; not new; a small animal; hollow cylinders; awkward from sleep; one who tends horses; woven together; moving with rapidity; larger; a girl's name making firm; thoroughfares. The words placed in the order suggested above give the form of a bottle. No. Charade. My first is what all do after sleeping, my second is a plot of ground, my whole is a town in Massachusetts. No. 313. The verb represents two words from the arithmetic. What are they? No. 311. A Tale. Darnow can be a better hero, 10 dassus roles, Let's all the elements for the. No. 313. Letter Languid. My first is in Jackal, not in ox. My second is in bear, not in fox. My third is in deer, and in zebu. By fifth is in dormouse, also in hog. My sixth is in Jaguar, not in dog. My whole is aquaduped. No. 310. Acrostic. The initials compose the name of the last Aztec emperor of Mexico. 1. A famous Portuguese navigator. 2. A famous temple chief. 3. Pertaining to a nation. A. A play written by Shakespeare. 4. A king who was called the "Unready." 5. A queen of Palmyra. 7. All the heavenly bodies. 8. The messengers of the god. 9. A native, of a certain province north of Greece. No. 317. Mutation. An energetic band are we, To publish is our theme, And we'll always delighted be To hear of some new scheme. Like unto the cruel spider, We spire not great or small, Whether rug-m or p-aco abider, Who in our clutches fall. Although some people like us not, A deal of good we do, By living here and there a dot Of something that is new. No. nia. Decapitation. A massacre or a loss of life At tending war or deadly strife, Is first, and, If beheaded be, Result of mirth we quickly see. No. 310. Numerical Lumber. My 8 and my 11! and 10, delightful exceedingly bright; My 10 and my 1, and my 15 and 3, is seen in the still summer night; My 1, 7, 1, and my! and my 3, may always be found in the depths of the sea; While my 5, and 1, and likewise, my 6, is where "all ran lead" you'll doubtlessly agree. My 11, 11, is an article small: its importance you surely have guessed! While my 8 is a letter the English misuse, and my 6, by an hundred times ten, is expressed. My whole is a part of a proverb most true; It's meaning self evident must be to you. A Taper of Many Point. Wonderfully, absurdly weak, some of the books people read; how much letter to road attentively a good, sound, well written newspaper. Do you read one? Well, now, did you over consider what paper contains the most good points of all the papers? "No!" A paper of needles, of course! A Hibernian spirit. She gently strode into the dark cave of eternal night at six and a half o'clock in the morning. A I'luzler. A man has advertised for "A boy to open oysters with a reference." Wo don't boliovo it can bo done. .Tack and -Till each d '. n pill, Old-la-hnm Kind lull kivwu : .lack's went dimn ImU with a linwn .Illl died truni "( uue unkiKiwn." Smile- will iiic'.'dc ninny frowns and mnn di-( (imfoi t- will lie unknown, when Dr. I'ieiiu'- T'oi-iuil l'uruatic IVlleU intiiely -upereede, as they hid fair to do, tho larp and Ii etllcltiit pill of imr fdielailiei'h. livery du thev Kiiin new laiiiel-l .Miwt iicpular when uii-t ills nliound ! Ilmlili iiV A inii -a ,-nUo. Tnr. IIe-t Sai.ve In the orld for Cuts Prulbct, Soies, Ulcers, Salt liheuin. Fever ' Sores, Tetter, Chupped hand-. Chilblain?, 1 Conn nnd all Skin Kruptlons, anil positively (Uicii i neb or no pay ieipiiicu. 11. ; icuar.i teed lo uivo perfi ct uatislaution, or money re funded, l'nco !ii cenla per bo. i'or uim by llcuiin'oi Lowrey. (2uickot ranipdy known for Barkat'io anrt all uttier IV.hi ii hJ Acht. Wfi.iini h t S.trn nttHH, thir rn 'iit or InriR itnnilintr. It Satisfies Every Timo. Try One. Wonderfully SOOTHING PAIN KILLING CURATIVE and STRENGTHENING. lt'h Hopt. Umplurk (iuro ami lmu HalHam pn pnroil u tqiroint all rcfidy to Apply INSIST ON HAVING THIS KIND. Hold oTcmvhuw 2ov, 5 iorS !.()(, Mailed for pn oft. f nr-ifiwurr V HOP PLASTER CO., PKOPfllETOSS, BOSTON, on tut y'iiniif juoti. Q $rv; M ... 'IP Y0UR My Back.' BACK AGHDS t33l Apply ono of tho - j FAMOUS b ??iHi P r cna rsra rs A. 9 Cnstorln promotoi jDIkosUoii, nnd overcomes Flatulency, l'(iifl(.atl(ui, flour ritomaeh, Jlinrrho'n, and Fcveridmess. Thus tho child is rendered healthy nnd its sleep imturnl. Oiiloriiv contains no Morphino or oilier narcotic property. "t'nstorln Is n well ndnpted In children that 1 recommend It ns superior to any prescription known to uie." II. A. Anciir.n, M. !.. M rortlaml Ae., Brooklyn, N. Y. "I nso Cnstorln lit my prnrtleo, and find It specially adapted to alTcctlmis of ebildien." Al.r.x. Itnur.KlSos, M. I)., JiW.M Ave., New York. Tnr. Cextacti Co., 77 Murray St., K. Y. WILL BE MOUSED WHEH YOU KHOW IT I Keep Your Eyo on Ono. It is n Slimiilnr TMnjr I lint if von lmld this piece of luperin jour huml and ptinWy roiolve H in a cirelo fame a" you would t he Mrriblc circles of Prof. Erasmus Wllaon. F. R. S. Keeping one of jour e es tlxed on oncof the nbovo seals, thai itulll prartically flmal still whllo tho other, seen from the corner of tho eyo will appear to roobo rapidly. Try It. Jt it not a singular thin?, Iiowevr, tint LOUGtE'S VITALIZING GBWiPOUND is v Very Radical Cure for Hcriifnla, ''nnc,ro,l7...'.'.!,.!i3"r'. nilitlserla or Illcnd rnl-onlnor, libeumntism (wldeli !" Arid In the Hlond.) nyi-pcpsin, nropnynn-1 'dver CoiiiiitidiiN It Is not a new 1'reean.tlon, lnvlng brcn In use over Unlf a Century and only recently rt on Hie n-arket. Send nnl cct a rampliIetContuinliiKtiie Sworn TfHtlmonji ol 10 well-known ladles and gentlemen of nctusl cases, of the abovcdbcir.es. Tho blond la Uir fountain nfVfe: II Is the pravest Impoitanrutoilierlij-.'lcanyell IiMnnor tho rate lliat the Attn) fiiilil be p'lrjjnl ef all Impurities. Tills done, no ni r c tonics or quieting medicines aro needed, as;mr Hot maXti thr ivrv h.-n of It faith 2Xot ovrronc la llfty linic pure Mood, 1'Oi'aocd It. Oct a bottle 7 O-TiA V nnd take It n-Rnlarly with out ccahlug. blx bottles for f5. Atcllbcttdrugxisti. Lougco Mctlicino Co., Lynn, Mass. CUT THIS OUT fcWD TRYTO-DAY2 camn KILLr'R j is tho cry DcstR i isJy i'nr :i Cdugh 1 ever usi-d. A J. C HL'I :-'nrnnonv. Macs. e audjl.W. HINDERCORNS. Th ftnlr suro C uro for Corn BtnntiUi.atn. Knuroa romfortto m t o t. l."r attuatrk' -. Ill ixACo.,N.y, l.iitiltist mli. uii ibt vai a. tn-iiiriiH s, h 'uj'i n T ! io inr crt n'0 l (ili'ir-r in uif ruin i i ninivf, ti', l'Tt-ji-pxiA ui-1 l.owi-1 ti d-dcr , anil h innluutno for all "int:itftiitl I.uii,,' trouMf. I it witiu'Ut dflay if oii c uuj!i, lii oncl.lll.i, Aathi.i-i, ai Lur.s. Uxz, i. 31 vn rT Aiirv lf ,,u "nt to know 1 IM 1 V 1 JUj. what o;i oiiK'ht to know K-nd tor cfal CinMilar u-lativo to in ho--tLi'n .-u-t nit lMlN.a piompi nn t iurin:iiiont (i.i-r tor NirtM!" Ucoilitv. Wrakiic", tVr. I'ru-e 31 Ux. U IXtHKSTKIi CO.. CLvinUtN H William Strict, N. V. ntr.E in F.A.M ritu 0.,tM rngrtnc of it Ann-nl I uiMn c In Lrjutoti, in l)ib tlirrHJ Uofl A.M wmLiM, MtoUiRfl IliUklrktml Ccta!(n.e I hH .Mum nlr liunki 11 d T pn! iv w ire i r ft.ur Mm"tit- an i Mntii i . " -l I-i lwiijr, New Y-itk. -3 i Tills Spring Your IJIood Needs CleitiisiiiR- Hop I!i-nlenl, beinu (ii-rfin..ti d li a ph,-i rian prot-niiiicnth ni'ted .iinrraihiate nf alo Colli ki i-tand- llr-t a- a l'uril.,T. Thimu'li not fiet-lv ml vi rti-i'd hereli f-ire. a- kindud sara p.trillit Hi mi dies ha e l.ien, il 1- nevertliele-"-the inoct leliulile, mo-' puteiit, mil eflie'icloiH niedii'lne know ii, and iillei' a lair trial will bo found mtallilile In the cure ol di-e.i-e, no mat ter Iiiih ohbtinate, il lakin conjointly with tho other Heniidieii. Ix not fail to TaKE tfie Iti:SOI.Vi:NT, rue tho r.lnod, I'll.I.-i. lor the l.ler, OlM.MBM'. lor I ho Skill. si) for tin. Toilet. OUR TREATMENT BOX. A lm -ii i ii I n I litr a lO'iii Iete treatment of the 5lop lU'iiirilicH, value lot i'i..", will bo Font, with expln it din elK'U-, book of cure-, etc.. pi could, l ixpu-H, to utiy pail of tho United '-tntiK. for mi. 70. 'I he alioo l'.ox c.mtnin' - cakes of Soap, .rV , 1 lio tllhtnieiil.'Oi , I liottlc of Ile-iihelit, $1, 1 boltlu id I'lll-. st nil tin1 I'iuiI, ol cures. Drainage SILK. Anyone sending us 6x of our lion Toilet Stamps must I receive by mail, free from any advertisement on it, our "Hop Toilet Stamps," 15 Inches high. In clear flosh tint; an ornament to every home. Boston, Mass. Jan, a, For 30 years I have been troubled with a skin disease. Have been treated by various doctors, many of whom have been special in skin diseases; it has been known by them from very simple to remedy. That so-called "Ayer's Sarsaparilla" and numerous other remedies, none of which have failed to afford permanent good, until I tried the Hop Remedies; I have had none of in long troubled. An expert refers to me. J. OS AUSTIN. Boston, Mass. Our preparations are the finest in the world. Send for both of the Hop Remedies. The most reliable books. VU 101 Hudson, Mass. 3,000,000 Offered by the AMERICAN CLOTHING CO, :?S Church St., corner of Clay. LOST! A small boy about the size of a man, brought to his father's shoes on, had an empty bag on his back, containing two railroad tunnels and a bundle of bundles. ho wore a mutton chop coat, with beauso-ip linings, ho was crovs-eyed nt the back of his neck, and his hair cut curly, he was born beforo his older brother, his mother being present on the nrrnftu. When last, seen he was shovelling wind off the armory, with the intention of raising nionuy to buy a line SUIT OF CLOTHES AT THE AmericanClothing Go's .V.S' Church Slrcrf, Cornrv Chivri, Tie Only Headanarters Bargains CLOTH I NG UIHUiUl UUUillJ -AND- JEL A T S I In liiii-linxtnii. tn.tf 869 NEW CARPETS -AT THE Carpet Ha HI CHUHC II STRKHT. OPI2IIA HOUSE BLOCK. SOUTH STOItK. lew boring i o ern Opening every (lav, tn be sold r UiJ LOWEST GASH PRICES. W'c solicit an examination of the largest and most comprehen sive assortment of Carpets to be found in the State. Our orders were given for goods in November last, securing them before the re. cent advance in prices, so that vc are able to sell them at the same low prices they have been selling during the past year. It is a good time to make a selection, while the assortment is complete. "Jko Hive" Carpel Hall. PKCK JJUOTIIKItS. "l,tu,th&s. th-'lr vu.oii i or p.i.iut(! IWetlor; IM'ICM'UU. In u-liarK. m-an il. peiMlmi, Ml TEE, I ite" Iw, inmrh'' 6 friel l ATluti; OTiiiiLL, , V. i..lili,- i.n.lj.c, Ul!OVKI) TO CLARK ST.; ICoitdoorto thu Hownrtl Mt'UvV Utiiltliii";, AT Till. 11U.AI) Ol' C'llUHCil STKEET. D, K. Z0TTMAN, Agent. rST.ditwllin NOTICE. Horses fed lor 2." cents. Hny iiml Staliliii"; lt rents, CLARPC'S Hoat'dln, bno ami Kxelmnyo htalile, A pooil Mpik of IlOllsr.tf, CAItltlAOia, si.KKiiis, iiani:;.si:s, hours, iu.ank. i:TS, U llll's. tte., always on hand lor rale or ixchaiigo at icasuuablo price, i'loiiee uivo me u call. W. II.rl.AItlv. Corner Columbia and H., PluI SH., All St, New Spring Goods AT GTJ You are showing a very large line of new Dress Goods in combination patterns, Plaids, Stripes and Plain in all the new shades, and also some new Black Goods, which are very desirable. New Salines, Zephyr, Ginghams, Indigo, Cambrics, Prints and all kinds of Wash Dress Goods. We are offering some extra values in BLACK SILKS, in Faille Francaise, Gros Grain and Satin Rhadames, which will be of interest to buyers. Hamburg We are showing a large assortment of these goods at extremely low prices. If in want you cannot afford to buy without seeing our line. Georg 3 0 Church Street. IMPORTED NGLISH DERBY JUST RECEIVED. Direct from London, Very SPRING Now in stock, all the new shapes, in style. Knox, Dunlap, Youmans, Miller and Spellman Styles. SPRING OVERCOATS All SHADES, Prices from Five to Twenty-five Dollars. The Celebrated Stein Bloch Overcoats. SMITH & HUMPHREY. THE STOCK OF A. Men's life, the cream out the trust, Any competitor. The tea, the milk, and the cream, Any competitor. The cream, the milk, and the cream, Any competitor. Prospect, should, of Theology, The cream, the milk, and the cream, Any competitor. EPIPERS, butter, churns, and everything for factories and For sale, packing, and packing. VT. FARM MACMIWS CO., Bellows Falb, READ Tlio daily arcnuTit1 of FIRE LOSSES Volifit'H ' tlio lronc-fc illld llCMt Insurance Companies Are now tn ZDJEEZ IV J rT ZD Ami altt In utiK k with Hiekokft Bailey CJsyixiiiuiiio tUelr ' V. art st. KINSLEY'S j If you want i 1 1 you can buy one at alnv your own prico, for wc v j ot a large lot of them ' ; in Plushes, Newmarkets Jackets,, which have got to b. closed out at some price. Blankets and Comfortables ! to be closed out at half price, If you want any Wool Ho siery, in Gents', Ladies', o Misses'. Kinsley's is the pi to buy them, for wehave n.a! : some closing out prices on tb n. lousoKeeoio such as Table Linens, Napkins Bed Spreads, Towels, etc., we jean give you some prices that will please you. Kinsley, Nobby and Stvli !i io: Your: Ilen, - STY1 at tlio ew lUiupsUra tho bUov. la litui in,!, 10 -41 Tpcr cr. I'.O!'. IliJ - rt'- i....i lue I ' IES. 1. GRATEFUL-COMFORTING to n n n n r BREAKFAST. "By a thoruiitfU km.v, '.u,l-o fl tbe "-i ln v lui h yi' t-rn l!ie tiiiei'iitiuu of 1 ni'tl nutiitiiui, iiinl h umirnil 11 1, the fine iiinvetlie-, of wt-ll-siilc ''.... i:i o- lnw iru lil il-mrli. . -. Uelleiilelj ilinorrt il 1 ''t 111 !ll IllHOy llOfl lloitt'l-' I'll -. II Ir. l-i jmlieim uo "f m; 11'i 1 -i i I'tiintiition nun In i"lu u tr Utoiii; '"' n.'1. 1. it -i-.'m'-. 1 eilse. H.11 -'i-' "' - 1 " 111); unn 1.1 c - 1. 1 ( tea eal 1 " 1. 1 1 , luift by 1. 1., 1 pure lilooo 11 Cfrll St 1 1'ire t. Mndo eirnpl) Kol mil) lu liaif-iiouiiu.,i 1 1 cl thus i t)A;UliKVl's A CO., Homo..mJilert,. I!!, Lwuilon, LiiKlitnU, Wj,tUi, AK g Goods, HATS ! rnno L. HUBS J 'A m Zl m 1. trro ouuut'. |
github_open_source_100_1_66 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #pragma once
#include <wx/spinctrl.h>
#include <wx/wfstream.h>
#include <wx/wx.h>
#include "../helpers.hpp"
#include "../sharedNetworkCode/networkInterface.hpp"
#include "../sharedNetworkCode/serializeUnserializeData.hpp"
#include "buttonConstants.hpp"
#include "buttonData.hpp"
#include "dataProcessing.hpp"
class TasRunner : public wxDialog {
private:
std::shared_ptr<CommunicateWithNetwork> networkInstance;
rapidjson::Document* mainSettings;
DataProcessing* dataProcessing;
SerializeProtocol serializeProtocol;
wxBoxSizer* mainSizer;
wxBoxSizer* hookSelectionSizer;
wxSpinCtrl* firstSavestateHook;
wxSpinCtrl* lastSavestateHook;
wxBitmapButton* startTasHomebrew;
wxBitmapButton* startTasArduino;
// More will be added as needed
// wxBitmapButton* pauseTas;
// Stopping will also close the dialog
wxBitmapButton* stopTas;
void onStartTasHomebrewPressed(wxCommandEvent& event);
void onStartTasArduinoPressed(wxCommandEvent& event);
void onStopTasPressed(wxCommandEvent& event);
public:
TasRunner(wxFrame* parent, std::shared_ptr<CommunicateWithNetwork> networkImp, rapidjson::Document* settings, DataProcessing* inputData);
}; |
github_open_source_100_1_67 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using Android.Content;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls.ControlGallery.Android;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls.Compatibility;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls.Compatibility.Platform.Android.AppCompat;
using FragmentTransaction = AndroidX.Fragment.App.FragmentTransaction;
[assembly: ExportRenderer(typeof(NavigationPage), typeof(_50787CustomRenderer))]
namespace Microsoft.Maui.Controls.ControlGallery.Android
{
public class _50787CustomRenderer : NavigationPageRenderer
{
public _50787CustomRenderer(Context context) : base(context)
{
}
protected override int TransitionDuration { get; set; } = 500;
protected override void SetupPageTransition(FragmentTransaction transaction, bool isPush)
{
if (isPush)
transaction.SetCustomAnimations(Resource.Animation.enter_from_right, Resource.Animation.exit_to_left);
else
transaction.SetCustomAnimations(Resource.Animation.enter_from_left, Resource.Animation.exit_to_right);
}
}
} |
351848_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | Petition for writ of mandamus denied..
|
sn84022835_1911-08-31_1_3_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Siitotfn5w K. tU'rUFJ!riw,,e"- t. CRUSADE BETHEL HIGHWAYS There is any field of public spirited activity in the United States which stands out conspicuous above all others because of recent progress. It is that which concerns itself with the betterment of our public highways. If anybody had predicted a few years back that the beginning of the second decade of the twentieth century would be so marked and widespread an improvement of the public roads of the United States, he would probably have been laughed at by all save those few enthusiasts who were looked upon until a short time ago "cranks." This is not saying, mind you, that there is not much yet to be done to bring the highway system of this great land to the point where it ought to be and to maintain it there. We are still a very long way behind most of the countries of the old world notably our sister republic of France in the condition of our roads. But that is perfectly natural, not because the foreigners are any better road builders than we are, but also because of the fact that we are not in the mood to make any progress. As a result of the war, the United States has been in the making for many centuries, whereas we have mighty few turnpikes that are more than one hundred or at most two hundred years old. And furthermore, on top of the youth of our country in road building, there is the circumstance of the tremendous size of Uncle Sam's domain. No wonder the Europeans have been able to have good roads when half or two-thirds as many people as we have in this whole vast country have been contributing their work and their taxes to keep up the roads in a territory no larger than one of our medium size states. But for all the lead given by time and the advantage of dense population, it looks as though we would overtake our cousins overseas in the matter of the possession of good roads. Indeed, even now in some states, such as sections of Massachusetts, there are roads as fine as anything of similar character on the other side of the big pond. The secret of this boom in road building in America lies in organization as well as agitation and the country is likely to see new fruits from both during the middle week of September when a "Good Roads Week" will be held throughout the United States. This week of "missionary work" is expected to stir up a good share of our people on the question of good roads and it is hoped that some of the new converts and the old will that week practice what they preach to the extent of lending a hand to the building here and there of stretches of "model road" that will serve as convincing objects lessons. "Good Roads Week" is going to be held in connection with the first annual convention of the American Association for Highway Improvement which will be held at Richmond, Va and will be addressed by many of the most prominent men in the country. This national organization will, of course, be much in the public eye in this connection, but it is only one of scores of associations great and small that have been helping in this cause. There are state organizations and county organizations and even township organizations all over the country that have been supporting our national, state and municipal governments in what they have been doing for better roads, and the results attained prove what can be accomplished when a large number of people who are very much in earnest set out to all "pull together" toward a desired goal. A good many people who have not looked very deeply into the subject have gained the idea that the motorists are more largely responsible than any other class of people for this dawning era of good roads. Now, it would not be right to disparage what the automobilists have done, which has been considerable in one way or another, but in the interest of the truth it must be pointed out that the one factor supreme in influence for better roads has been the wide-awake farmer. To be sure, it is a fact, and a mighty significant one, that the largest and most powerful corporations in the country, business interests such as our biggest railroads and the steel trust and the Standard Oil corporation are working energetically with the new American Association for Highway Improvement because they realize that anything that will help the condition of the country at large will help their business. At the same time, it is the farmer class that are supplying the backbone of this movement just as they are of every other big movement affecting rural conditions and have been from time out of mind. It is just as well to admit right here, too, that the average farmer who is going in hard for the cause of better roads is not devoting his time and his labor to the project on any fanciful sentiment at the basis of any fanciful sentiment. Of course, it contributes to his pride to face his farm bounded or neglected by a splendid road and he is gratified that the good folk who go past his door pleasure riding should have an easy pathway, but the great underlying impetus is found in the need of good roads to enable the farmer to market his produce conveniently and economically. The average old-time farmer was prone to look upon bad roads as a necessary evil. He realized in a sense what a detriment they were to his interests, but he put up with the situation because he did not see any way out of the dilemma at least not without more work than he could afford to give. Then along came the United States government, when rural free delivery commenced to be introduced, and declared that these rural mail carriers could not be placed in districts where the roads were not in fair condition. This did much to awaken the farmers to the situation, for every rural home prizes the boon of a daily mail delivery. And, at about the same time, the farmers, who thus had their serious attention focused upon the good roads question, found, as they looked closer, that bad roads meant a hole in the pocketbook of every tillor of the soil. It began to be realized that if a farmer required the services of four horses and an entire day's time to get a load of produce to market via bad roads, the loss to him was just as serious as though he had to accept a very low price for the yield of his acres. Herein is found the supreme incentive among many that has enlisted the progressive farmer in behalf of better roads. One of the best things accomplished for the farmer by good roads is that it has broadened his markets. With rocky or muddy highways enforcing low progress, the average farmer was in the old days restricted to one market town, the one nearest his farm. Now, with good roads, he can in a shorter interval than was formerly required to reach any one of several communities located in different directions. This enables him to attain the market where he can get the best prices. Similarly, with good roads, the farmer is not likely to be so restricted to one railroad for shipping facilities. If the road nearest his farm will not give him the cars, he needs or otherwise play fair, he most likely has some redress by driving across the countryside to a rival line. And the very fact that the introduction of good roads is destroying such monopolies has served to render the railroads more obliging to their farmer clients. The new country-wide Highway Improvement association, which is to hold its first annual congress in the near future, will not seek to drive out or supplant the various good roads associations that have been organized all over the country and many of which are, as has been said, doing an excellent work within a more or less local sphere. However, the new national institution is designed to serve as a clearing house that will pass on all good roads schemes wherever they may originate and that will seek to bring together all the various local associations, harmonizing their plans and policies where in the past they have too often been working at cross purposes. The United States government is back of this new national organization upon which public attention is now being focused. Indeed, the first president of the body is Illicit Sam's chief expert on good roads, namely, Mr. Logan W. Page, director of the United States office of agriculture. And he should be noted that this public roads once-a-branch of the United States department of agriculture is doing a most important work for the cuts of road improvement throughout the length and breadth of the land. For one thing, laboratories are maintained at Washington, specially equipped to ascertain which of these are best adapted to use in any specified locality or under any given conditions. Even more important is the work of the government bureau in building stretches of "model road." Under this plan of building model roads to serve as objects lessons in the possibilities and benefits of highway improvements, Uncle Sam sends his force of engineers and experts into any community which seems to need to be aroused regarding good roads and with their own helpers, or by means of a force of workmen recruited in the neighborhood they construct a mile or two miles of just the sort of road that is ideal for that particular district. How beneficial these object lessons are is proven by the fact that thousands of miles of good roads have been built in various parts of the country this past few years with these governmental "sample roads" as patterns. The showing made by rural roads "before and after" treatment by the government road doctors has prompted state legislatures, county commissioners, local boards of trade, farmers' granges and other bodies to appropriate money for a more extensive good roads campaign in localities that have thus had a taste of the benefits, and in some states, notably Delaware, wealthy men have paid out of their own pockets for long stretches of improved public roads for the use of the whole community. Busy Times in Minnesota Those in charge of digging the state drainage ditches complain that they cannot keep men because the farmers grab the laborers to work in the harvest fields, says the St. Paul Dispatch. A Minneapolis man with an automobile tells how he was shanghaied by those who wanted a machine in which to ride to and from their work as burglars. It would seem as though no one is safe in the busiest harvest times. Review of the Kingdom of Judah Sunday School Lesson for Sept. 3, 1911 Specially Arranged for This Paper firmness is feminine and obstinacy is masculine so says a woman. "From the beginning, from the beginning to the end, the principal characteristics and the leading events of these Bible lessons should be impressed on the memory of all. This should be done in such a way as: To show what were the marked characteristics of each person, the relation of each person to the course of the history, the relation of each event to the movement of the history, the coming of the kingdom of God, the principles which each one sets forth clearly to shed light upon the path of life and progress today. Rehoboam. First king, H. C. S2 first year of the kingdom. Had Advice. Kolly. Threw away five-sixths of his kingdom. Event. Division of the kingdom, Asa. Third king, 11. C. 0C2 twenty-first year of kingdom. Reformer. Progression kingdom. Event. Great revival of religion. Jeliohlphat. Fourth king, 11. C. 0C2 sixty-second year of kingdom. Strong character. General, successful, religious, event. Intellectual, moral and religious progress. Suffered from bad alliance with Jezebel. Moabite stone. Several had rulers. Jehoshaphat, Aim Mah, Athallah, Introduction of Hana worship. Temple desecrated. Decline In morals and prosperity. John, Eighth king, D.C. 880 ninety-seventh year of kingdom. The bad king. Good so long as under good advisers. Events. Temple restored, and His worship. Hael: obe lisk. Aliaz. Twelfth king, H.C. 738 two hundred and forty-fifth year of the kingdom. Events. Assyrnus come in contact with Palestine. Dial of Ahaz. Isaiah prophesying. Hazekiah. Thirteenth king, D.C. 72.1 two hundred and sixtieth year of the kingdom. Good, religious, active reformer. Taylor cylinder. Events. Pall of Samaria end of Israel. Destruction of Sennacherib wide extended revival. Life prolonged 100 years in answer to prayer. Manassah. Fourteenth king, D.C. 694 two hundred and eighty-ninth year of the kingdom. The bad king suffered captivity changed life. Events. Assyrian domination partial reformation. Joelph. Sixteenth king, D.C. 68 three hundred and forty-fifth year of kingdom. Youthful consecration, cleansing of temple, widespread revival. Events. Finding The book of the law. Dible study, Jeremiah. Tcholakim. Eighteenth king, n. C. C07 three hundred and seventy-sixth year of the kingdom. Weak, wicked, defiant of God. Events. During the book of Jeremiah. Heginning of the captivity. Nebuchadnezzar besieges Jerusalem. Daniel carried to Babylon. The second captivity began at the close of his reign when many captives were carried to Babylon, with his son, King Icholachin. Zedekiah, Twentieth and last king, D.C. 59C-387. Weak and false to his Agreements. Events. Jeremiah imprisoned. At the close of his reign, Jerusalem and the temple were destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, and the end of the kingdom of Judah came in D.C. CSC, after 397 years of existence. There were three deportations by Nebuchadnezzar: 1. The fourth year of Jehoshaphat, Daniel, etc. 2. 10,000 at the close of his reign. 3. 4,600 in the three deportations of the final campaign. Geography. Study the map for the three kingdoms involved. Egypt, Palestine, Assyria, the great routes of travel, and the situation of Palestine between the two world powers; Jerusalem being one side from the routes between the other two. This is the key to the situation. Note, In this history, what were the things that urged or attracted the nation to the downward course. What was the essential element that would have enabled the nation to move upward to true success and character. No nation and no individual can attain the highest good from life without supreme consecration to God, a lofty ideal and a holy enthusiasm in the service of God and man. Trace in the history what God did for the people to inspire and move them to the upward course, as prophets, written scriptures, revivals, prosperity, rewards of obedience. What obstacles did. God put in the way of the downward course of the nation and puts them in the way of sinners today; as warnings, adversity, losses. Tho rlso and fall of Israel Is a picture of what Is going on continu ally among Individuals. Tho whole course or tho history Is n magic mir ror in which sinners may sco them Eclves. On tho bank of the Niagara river, a sign hoard bears this startling legend, 'Past Redemption Point,' bo cause It is bclloved In tho neighbor hood that nothing can pass that point and escapo destruction. One day a vessel was being towed across tho river when tho hnwser broke and sho drifted helplessly down stream, In full view of the horrified thousands on tho shoro. Just as sho reached Past Re demption point a broezo sprang up, all sails were set and she escaped. Tho wind of God's mercy blew upon the Hebrew ship of state, but no sails wer set, and sho was engulfed. m YC'X SAl.i: Mnvltm Picture film, la foot. II. Divln, Wnti-itown, Wis. Surely. 'Is that bargain really cut glaasT "Sine; It was marked down." Mr TttnMnw'4 HonlMnir Hvnip for CMMrea Irrtlilnp, Hoflrim tin-kii'im. rnlucM Itiflnrntnfc tlou, llr nlti,i'uri'H wind colic, 21c o, tout , A Commuter's Explanation. Tho man In tho Iron mask explained. "They assured mo thrro wero no mosquitoes here," he cried. I.ADIKN CAN WKAK HIIOP.M on tio mnllrr nfler uring Alli-n'i Foot-Emw, th iiiumpihiu puwunr w pa nnirn inio inn ftiKMt. i niaifliiiu nr nnw MkxmrmlMiir. UlMrnt comfort, iltuti niDiitiuln, t'nr KltHS) t.ig, ftddroti Alton 8. Olnmtod, Im tlof, KM't. rntn; trlJ r. M. Could Take Her Choice. As tho railroad train wan stopping, nn old lady nut accustomed to travel Ing hailed tho passing conductor onif asked : "Conductor, what door shall I get out by?" "Either door, ma'am," graciously answered thu conductor. "The out stops at both ends." Gnlcsburg Mall, Advice. "Now that you've heard my daughter sing, what would you advise me to do?" "Well," the music master replied, "I hardly know. Don't you suppose you could get her interested in settlement work or horseback riding or something like that?" A Human Cruet-Stand. Several villagers were discussing a departed sister who had been given to good deeds but was rather too fond of dispensing sharp spoken advice. "She was an excellent woman," said the deceased lady's pastor. "She was constantly in the homes of the poor and afflicted. In fact, she was the salt of the earth." "She was more than that," remarked a visitor. "She was the vinegar, the pepper, and the mustard as well. She was a perfect cruet stand of virtues." London Tit-Bits. - Avoid Disputation. The disputations person never makes a good friend. In friendship, men look for peace and concord and some measure of content. There are enough battles to fight outside, enough jarring and jostling in the street, enough disputing in the market place, enough discord in the workaday world, without having to look for contention in the realm of the inner life also. There, if anywhere, we ask for an end of strife. Friendship is the sanctuary of the heart, and the peace of the sanctuary should brood over it. Its chief glory is that the dust and noise of contest are excluded. Hugh, Black. A DIFFERENCE. Mrs. Jinks, my husband is making a collection of steins. Mrs. Boozo A. Lott, my husband is making a collection of the contents of steins. GET POWER. The Supply Comes From Food. If we get power from food, why not strive to get all the power we can. That is only possible by use of skillfully selected food that exactly fits the requirements of the body. Poor fuel makes a poor fire and a poor fire is not a good steam producer. "From not knowing how to select the right food to fit my needs, I suffered grievously for a long time from stomach troubles," writes a lady from a little town in Missouri. "It seemed as if I would never be able to and out the sort of food that was best for me hardly anything that I could eat would stay on my stomach. Every attempt gave me heartburn and filled my stomach with gas. I got thinner and thinner until I literally became a living skeleton, and in time was compelled to keep to my bed. A few months ago I was persuaded to try Grape-Nuts food, and it had such good effect from the very beginning that I have kept up its use ever since, I was surprised at the case with which I digested it. It proved to be just what I needed. All my unpleasant symptoms, the heartburn, the inflamed feeling which gave me so much pain disappeared. My weight gradually increased from 108 to 116 pounds, my figure rounded out, my strength came back, and I am now able to do my housework and enjoy it Grape-Nuts food did it." Name given by Postum Co., Battle Creek, Mich. A ten days' trial will show anyone some facts about food. Read the little book, "The Road to Wellville," in pages. "There's a reason." Over read the letter. A (one appears from time to time. There are certain, true, and fall: a safe way. |
43694938_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Prionapteryx brevivittalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1919. It is found in South Africa.
References
Endemic moths of South Africa
Ancylolomiini
Moths described in 1919.
|
github_open_source_100_1_68 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //
// GDWLoginViewController.h
// gchat
//
// Created by apple on 16/8/2.
// Copyright © 2016年 apple. All rights reserved.
//
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@interface GDWLoginViewController : UIViewController
@end
|
sn84026749_1933-05-24_1_22_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | JACK RUSSELL MAKING STRONG BID FOR STARTING ROLE Bl B| Im Br? /jb| Jk w' :> »- <v " - </W laSBgW |K£gMHHM|M|M|M| y*s X t? jAkk w st- » HL Ljk%v /19 vM| Ikk Wrf BL'*r B b| |p i HI wa»K Z T,* Mhw WW JWW [chop stroke fz — R i# Hh / JW sir fl j -J ißfjl z BHWHnHMHy ffiyl BHBBHP Mr ISWMB Jg ght : - Pr -? 'M.Wr<w, :■ '■ > <*.„ -W- BOw ; - *#. I ■ iifc J :'>*K3w - ; |k. ::::: St IIIHBBBb 'M™ g Llfef l ■/-■x \-^ : V' & i :*■-,. • J ':■• ■■■..<% x - ■ ME 'jillMß'-... WW - -wh jasfr, sgißl «? :<w ■ ■ "''S*,-’,l,'; z.-* ■ I* I ■ ;-a ■>,»:• Iback hand *■... ’•..■ ;vT\ >■ - ■ • X -■- |WK I f/ J. fl Stroke xft-'•*"%•. -?-u, :■• yuWMM BWMFB - HI > HECTOR CATT ARUZZA, 28-year-old Argentine Davis Cup player, exhibits several of his most potent SPORTS By KIRK MILLER Old Man Jim Jeff, Boken, Schulte, Has Hounded Griffs Goslin and Bluege To Very Little Avail All Get Injuries It is possible to figure a great many elements ahead of time in building a baseball club, such as pitching and batting, relief hurling, right and left-hand hitting, reserve strength and the like, but the jinx element is one item which can ruin the best laid plans of any manager or owner. Because of this, winter and spring predictions often amount to just so much idle chatter. All the more wonder, therefore, that Washington finds itself up among the leaders, despite the twixt season outlay, trades and general fortifications. For if ever Old Man Jinx trailed a ball club in an effort to make it falter, Washington has been trailed by that gentleman this year. For a month now, what was originally considered the first team, has been interrupted from making a 100 percent front. It started April 25 It was on April 25, which will go down in Washington baseball history as Black Tuesday, that Buddy Myer was ejected from the game for participation in personal warfare with Ben Chapman, of the Yankees. At that moment Old Man Jinx stuck his ugly noggin into the picture, and he’s been hovering around the club ever since. Drawing a five-day suspension, Myer was barely back in the game before he got beaned. In Detroit, being further unavailable to his club. Then, the kid who took Myer’s place in the lineup, Bobby Boken, succumbed to a twisted ligation, but only after doing some sensational hitting and personally stuffing three or four games into the win column for his team. On top of this, Ossie Bluege, a power on the defense for the better part of a decade, came down with a Charley horse and Cecil Travis, who now needs no introduction to Washington fans, had to be imported from the Chattanooga farm, to play third. This he has done capably, all things being considered. Reserves Do the Job But Myer and Boken and Bluege were not enough. To satisfy Mr. Jim, who it seems also had designs on the outfield. More recently this questionable character whom you’ll find lurking around all ball parks, has taken a fancy to Fred Schulte and Goose Goslin, the former being out with a fractured finger and Goslin having pulled a muscle in his leg. Meanwhile, Ossie Bluege gets back into the line-up for a fraction of a game, only to discover he hadn’t given his underpinning quite enough rest on his previous respite from play. So he’s out for the second time this season. There’s enough hard luck in the above incidents of unforeseen handicaps to give many a team the blues, but Washington seems to still have its chin high and determined to overcome any and all obstacles. And, as Joe Cronin says, if all of the known factors of his club ever get to clicking at once, he’ll have one good team on the field and another fair to middling one sitting on the bench. His reserves certainly have stood him in excellent stead over the last month. Killer Kane Gets Navy Sword Award ANNAPOLIS, May 24—William R. (“Killer”) Kane, of San Rafael, Cal., has been awarded the “Navy Sword,” awarded annually at the Naval Academy to the midshipman who excelled in athletics during the past year. He engaged in football, wrestling, baseball and track. Midshipman Charles Elliott Loughlin, of Lansdowne, Pa., has been awarded the “Navy Sword” for his work in the Navy. was awarded the cup given annually to the individual who did most to promote athletics at the Academy. BILL SHORES FARMED CINCINNATI, May 24.—The New York Giants today had shipped Bill Shores, former member of the Athletics, to Kansas City on option. It was believed the Giants would recall Pitcher John Salveson from Dallas to fill the vacancy on the roster. Popeye Picks: GOLLY—In the Second Race at Bowie THE WASHINGTON TIMES strokes with which he expects to score for the South American republic against the United States in the POLICE BATTLE IRON NINE TODAY By SID KATZNELL Nightsticks vs. Iron Works. That’s the attraction listed in the Industrial Baseball League today. B. R. Campbell will lead his husky lot of hard working police swatmen against Henry Gichner's smart collection of Ironmen at 5 o’clock on the South Ellipse. “Wild” Bill Payne, who is known throughout the sandlot circles as a pitcher of class, climbs the hill for the “Lawmen,” while in all probability “Lefty” Brown, who has seen service with several potent minor league teams, will be his opponent. Rauber Manages “Ty” Rauber, who used to coach at Central High School, has his investigation “Sleuths” in top shape for their clash with Matt Mattare’s Federal Unionists today at 5 o’clock on East Ellipse. It’s a Departmental League contest. Barber & Ross baseballers will Try to redeem themselves when they tackle a really, and truly strong foe in the Telephone nine in the National Capital circuit today at 5:15 o’clock on the West Ellipse. Thus far, the Ross men have dropped three straight engagements. Yesterday, weekday league games were not so hot. The winners won their games by lop-sided scores. Dixie Pigs defeated the Fairfax Farms in the Industrial loop, 18—3; Standard Oil swamped the Acacia, 14—1, in the National Capital outfit; Aggies trimmed the Union Printers, 9—2, in the good ole Departmental wheel, while Eldebrooke gave Calvary Baptist a 9-to-5 lacing in the church organization. Cherrydale Ready The Cherrydale unlimited baseball team has reorganized for the season and is anxious to book games with leading teams. Call Clarendon 757. Chevy Chase Grays are on the lookout for games with outstanding unlimited tossers. Telephone Cleveland 3681. The team meets tomorrow night at 7:30 o’clock at 3807 McKinley St. N.W. The American Legion athletic officers and managers will hold an important meeting Friday night at 7:30 o’clock in room 237, Transportation Building. Michigan Still Leads Big Ten Golf Race CHICAGO, May 24.—Michigan with a four-man total of 650 strokes, retained its hold on the Big Ten golf championship as play went into the final lap. Johnny Fischer, ace of the Michigan team and last year’s medalist in the national amateur, set the pace with a 78—76—154 on the first 36 holes. Additional Sports News On Page 24 The Box Score DETROIT AB R H O A E Fox, cf 5 1 2 2 0 0 Gehriuer, 2b 5 2 3 17 0 Stone, lf 5 2 4 0 0 0 Walker, lf 4 0 0 4 0 0 Greenberg, 1b 3 1 1 4 0 0 Owen, 3b 4 0 0 1 0 0 Rogell, lf 4 0 0 4 0 0 Hayworth, c 4 0 0 5 0 0 Marberry, p 4 0 0 0 4 0 Totals 38 7 10 27 15 0 WASHINGTON AB R H O A E Rice, cf 4 0 0 4 0 0 Myer, 2b 4 1 1 2 1 Mamixh, lf 3 0 0 1 0 0 Cronin, ss 3 0 1 6 0 Harris, lf 3 0 0 2 0 0 Kuhel, lb 3 0 0 1 8 0 0 Travis, 3b 3 0 1 0 2 1 Sewell, c for Russell in eighth. Detroit 01400002 o—7 WASHINGTON.... 00010000 o—1 Runs batted In —Hayworth, Stone (2), Walker, Owen (2), Greenberg, Cronin, 2-base hits—Gehriuer, Stone, 3-base hit —Stone. Double plays—Cronin to Myers to Kuhel (3); Rogell to Gehriuer to Greenberg. Left on bases— Detroit, 5; Washington, 2. Bases on balls—Off Marberry, 1; off Stewart, 1. Hits—Off Stewart, 4 in 2 Innings; off Russell, 4 in 6; off Burke, 2 in 1. Struck out—By Marberry, 3; by Burke, 1. Winning pitcher—Marberry. Losing pitcher—Stewart, empires—Dineen, Ormsby and Kolla. Time of game—1:34. RAYMOND SOILS MANLEY STRING Roy Manley, southpaw lightweight, will have to start on another winning streak as he was checked by Lew Raymond, Baltimore, in the eight-round feature boxing event at Portner’s Arena in Alexandria, Va., last night. Raymond was the master throughout the scuffle and easily solved Manley’s southpaw style. The Baltimorean also excelled in body punching and was superior at in-fighting. Manley, fiercely assailed in the fourth, survived the round and flashed his best form to win the sixth and seventh. Ken Overlin, Norfolk middleweight, gave a boxing lesson to Henry Irving, of this city, in the eight-round semifinal. Overlin floored Irving with a smoking right-hander in the second, the Northeast boy taking nine. Irving managed to last the distance after taking plenty about the body. Billy Strickler, local middleweight, outpointed Walter Kirkwood in a heated eight-round preliminary. Strickler was the better in the slugging exchanges. Harry Kersey, of Jacksonville, Fla., substituting for Chief Perry Knowles, kayoed Billy Eschinger in the second round. Goldie Ahearn, manager of Knowles, refused to permit the Indian to face Eschinger when learning the latter carried a 10-pound pull in the weights. BUSINESS METPLAY Georgia Avenue Business Men’s Association baseball team will play the Mt. Rainier Seniors Saturday at 1 o’clock on the Taft Park field. St. Joseph’s unlimiteds want A game for Saturday and a game for Decoration day. Call Frank Cinotti at Lincoln 8788. The National Daily American interzone finals at Chevy Chase Club, tomorrow, Friday and Saturday. Cattaruzza will assume the role of a former Tribe Star. He's been knocking at the door several times recently, and because he's shown to such excellent advantage while doing that knocking, it wouldn't be at all surprising to see Jack Russell, the handsome right-hander, get a starting chance as a Griff hurler soon. So far, the former Cleveland twirler has appeared only in relief roles since becoming a Griff, dividing these honors with Al Thomas, Bobby Burke, Bill McAfee, and General Alvin Crowder whenever Manager Joe Cronin has found it necessary to relieve a faltering regular. But the young hurler looks really “ready” to start a game at this stage of the season, and maybe it wouldn’t be a bad idea to give him a shot at the job, particularly with the regulars finding it pretty tough to get in those victories expected of them. Russell was used as a relief pitcher for the ninth time this year in yesterday’s game with the Detroit Tigers, which the Tigers won, 7 to 1, and hurled excellent ball during five of the six whole innings he pitched. Hit Him, But The Tigers combed his offerings for two hits and an infield out for two runs in the eighth, and Manager Joe Cronin, always trying to start a rally, put Cliff Bolton up to bat for him in the Griffs’ end of the frame. This procedure brought Bob Burke to the mound to finish out the string. Jack relieved Walter Stewart in the third when the Tigers jumped on the offerings of the veteran left-hander for what resulted in four runs. He retired the side, helped by a double play in this third, and then proceeded to pitch shutout ball until that Tiger uprising in the eighth. Heretofore, Russell has shown to as good advantage, if not better, when given relief assignments in recent games. Particularly did he turn in several bits of excellent twirling when the Griffs were out West earlier in the month. In one or two of the instances he was forced to truly “bear down” to retire the side after a faltering regular had gotten into trouble and in each case he came through with flying colors. Russell has had a varied career since entering the big leagues. He began with the Boston Red Sox about four years ago and pitched several excellent games only to lose because the Sox were such a weak team and could not bat behind him. Trade Brings Appearance Last year he spent most of the season with the Cleveland Indians, being purchased at an hour when they were in the midst of what they believed was a fight for the pennant. He continued his steady work, defeating the Griff men, particularly, while this winter he became one of Manager Cronin’s men when President Clark Griffith pulled off one of his famous trades. Whether Manager Cronin gives him a starting chance remains to be seen at this stage of the season when the regulars need all the work they can get in order to reach that condition expected, but even so it’s a cinch the young hurler looks “right” and ready to give a good account of himself as a starter if only handed the chance. Maybe Cronin will tell him to take a turn one of these days in the near future. Jack won’t be caught off guard, you can bet your sweet life on that. EASTERN BATS GONE TO LIFE Eastern High diamonders finally picked up the bats with hits in them, but it was much, much too late to mean anything as far as the interhigh school championship was concerned although it gave them a thumping 10-to-8 decision over Western. Eastern still has a forlorn chance of tying for second honors should Roosevelt trip up Central Thursday. However, the Lincoln Parkers are undisputed masters of the third rung come rain or shine, if that is any consolation. Coach Moore sent three twirlers to the mound, only to discover that each one was more welcome than the last as the hit-hungry Guyonites satiated their long pent-up appetite, clocking out 21 safeties, three homers, three triples and plenty of doubles and singles. The Western lads, too, were in a slugging mood, collecting twelve, but they were only a gentle breeze compared to the wild-walloping Easternites. Ed Fitzpatrick and Joe Mills led the whanging with four socks each. One of Fitzpatrick’s was a homer and Mills had a triple. Harry Bassin and Clarence Smith also circuit clouted. Attorney Wins Court Battle From Art Whataman Shires, the battling baseball player, will have to pay an attorney’s fee of $119.33 under a ruling handed down by Judge Joseph Cordes. The judgment sought by William H. Timlin, who defended Shires in a breach of contract suit, was ordered entered when Shires failed to appear in court here. No. 2 singles assignment. He is the third ranking net man of his country. Baseball Standings AMERICAN LEAGUE W. L. Pet. GB New York 20 11.645... WASHINGTON 26 15.571 2 Chicago 18 14.563 2% Philadelphia 16 14.533 3% 2 Cleveland 18 16.529 5% Detroit 13 19.406 7% 2 St. Louis 14 21.400 8 Boston 11 20.355 9 Games behind leader. Yesterday Results Detroit 7; WASHINGTON. 1. New York, 8; Cleveland, 6. Athletics, 8; St. Louis, 6. Chicago, 7; Boston, 0. Today’s Games Detroit at WASHINGTON. Cleveland at New York. St. Louis at Philadelphia. Chicago at Boston. NATIONAL LEAGUE W. L. Pct. Pittsburgh 21 11.645. New York 19 13.594 2 St. Louis 19 16.333 3 Brooklyn 14 15.483 5 Boston 17 19.472 6 Cincinnati 15 18.455 7 Chicago 15 19.441 7 Philadelphia 13 22.371 9 Games behind leader. Yesterday’s Results Pittsburgh 3; Brooklyn, 0. Philadelphia 9; Chicago, 5. New York, 6; Cincinnati, 4. Boston, 3; St. Louis, 1. Today’s Games Brooklyn at Pittsburgh. Philadelphia at Chicago. Boston at St. Louis. New York at Cincinnati. RUNS DRIVEN IN Klein, Phillies 37 Foxx, Athletics 39 Dickey, Yankees 38 Hartnett, Cubs 37 Gehrig, Yankees 36 HOME RUN DERBY American League—Gehrig, Yankees, 8; Izzz, Yankees, 7; Foxx, Athletics, 7; Ruth, Yankees, 6. National League—Berger, Braves, 10; Klein, Phillies, 8; Hartnett, Cubs, 7. COLEMAN PERIL FOR OUSEK Rapidly establishing himself as a distinct menace to the wrestling Duseks, Abe Coleman, California’s mighty midget, tries again tomorrow night. This time against title aspiring Ernie, whom he engages to a finish in open air at Griffith Stadium. Originally establishing himself as a big leaguer through successive upsets of “Rude Rudy” Dusek, the dynamic dwarf also has proven a complete puzzle to big Ernie, having recorded seven draws in as many bids against The rough working youngster. “Rude Rudy” is scheduled 45 minutes with Dick Raines in the semifinal. The preliminaries offer: Jim McMillan vs. Everett Marshall; Vic Christy vs. Nick Condos, and Fred Grobmier vs. Henry Piers. Western Jockey Star To Ride Head Play CHICAGO, May 24.—Head Play will be ridden by Lee Humphreys, sensational western jockey, in the American Derby at Washington Park June 30. With the arrival of the 3-year-old from the East, Humphreys’ contract was purchased by Warm Stable. MRS. MARTINEZ MEETS TENNIS SENSATION By GINO SIMI Abbie Sard, sensation of the current City of Washington tennis tournament now in progress at Rock Creek courts, faces her severest test of the event today when she clashes with Mrs. Ruth Martinez, No. 1 District net woman, in the semifinals. Mrs. Martinez, the odd son favorite, easily triumphed in her earlier matches. Miss Sard sprung a decided surprise when she eliminated Mrs. Stone, former City of Washington champion, in the second round and added to her prestige by trouncing Marian Butler, another highly regarded player, in a hard-fought three set match yesterday. Mangan vs. Latona A great tussle is in the offing in the men’s singles when Torr Mangan, one of the city's leading racquers for over a decade, meets Tony Latona. Washington’s latest “find,” in the semi-finals, Mangan is playing one of the strongest games of his career. Latona is noted for his fighting spirit and dogged determination. Gene Hermann faces his “Waterloo” in Dooly Mitchell, but he is sure to put up a strong fight before succumbing. Came From Behind Mangan had to come from behind to dispose of a stubborn Muscoe Garnett yesterday. Garnett took the first set and then fought Mangan to 6-all standstill in the second, but the wily veteran thundered home, blasting out eight straight games to Muscoe's. One. Mitchell, too, was given quite a struggle by Frank Shore, who five times defeated one set and one of the other. Hermann had trouble with Bill Buchanan in the first set but rode home easily in the second. Pat Deck failed to handle Latona very much. Summaries: SINGLES MEN Quarterfinals Matches —Mitchell defeated Shore, 11—9, 7—5, Hemmann defeated Buchanon, 13 —11, 6 Latona defeated Deck, 6 —2, 6—4. Mangan defeated Garnett, 4—6. B—G. 6—1. SINGLES WOMEN Quarterfinal Matches —Martinez defeated Kronman, 6—2, 6—0; Sard defeated Butler, 7—5, 4 —6, 7—5. Tabler defeated Colliday, 6 —2, 6—Davis defeated Whitfield, 6 —2, 2—6, 6—0. TODAY'S SCHEDULE SINGLES MEN Semifinals—Latona vs. Mangan, 4:30 p.m., Mitchell vs. Herman, 5 p.m. SINGLES WOMEN vs. Sard, 4:30 p.m.; Tabler vs. Davis, 4 p.m. DOUBLES WOMEN First Round—Turner Morris vs. Butler-Miller; Ryan-Philpitt vs. Omwake-Raver. BOWIE RACES BUSSES LEAVE 1416 F St. N.W. 1 P.M. ROUND TRIP, $1.00 PHONE NATIONAL 10W THE CAPITAL TRACTIONS CO. |
US-64393603-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Electronically controlled suspension apparatus for use in anti-squat control
ABSTRACT
An ECU of an ECS apparatus has a determination block for determining whether the TPS signal rises to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of the front damper according to the determination result. The damper control block sets the front damper into a hard rebound. mode when the determination block determines that the TPS signal rises to be greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets the front damper into a hard compression mode when the determination block determines that the TPS signal declines to become less than the second reference value.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to an electronically controlled suspension (ECS) apparatus; and more particularly, to an electronically controlled suspension apparatus capable of performing anti-squat control in a manner that a squat of a vehicle and a subsequent dive thereof can be suppressed.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] In general, an electronically controlled suspension (ECS) apparatus is installed between a wheel axle and a vehicle body, so that it absorbs road shocks exerted on the vehicle axle to protect goods from damage and improve ride comfort. Further, the ECS apparatus controls an attitude (e.g. a roll, a squat or a dive) of the vehicle body experiencing forces incurred by, e.g., a turning, an acceleration, or a deceleration of a vehicle.
[0003] In order to perform such a vehicle attitude control, the suspension apparatus adjusts a damping force of a variable damper incorporated therein by activating an actuator of, e.g., a step motor type or a solenoid type, of the variable damper depending on driving conditions, such as a speed, a deceleration and an acceleration of the vehicle, and on a road surface condition.
[0004] For example, the variable damper having the actuator of the step motor type is provided with a control rod, which is rotated clockwise or counterclockwise by a certain angle by the actuator. And an effective cross-sectional area of an orifice in the variable damper is varied by the rotation of the control rod, which results in a variation of the damping force of the variable damper.
[0005] The variable dampers are usually classified into two types. One type is a reverse type, in which a rebound damping force and a compression damping force are individually controlled. The other is a normal type, in which the rebound damping force and the compression damping force are increased or decreased together.
[0006] By adjusting damping forces, the reverse type damper selectively produces three damper settings, i.e., a firm (or hard) rebound with a soft compression (hereinafter referred to as an H/S), a soft rebound with a soft compression (hereinafter referred to as an S/S) and a soft rebound with a firm (or hard) compression (hereinafter referred to as an S/H). And the normal type damper selectively produces two damper settings, i.e., a firm rebound with a firm compression (and hereinafter referred to as an H/H) and S/S.
[0007] Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a conventional ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control, which includes a throttle position sensor (TPS) 10 for producing an electrical signal which is representative of a throttle opening angle, an electronic control unit (ECU) 20, a front left and front right dampers 30F and a rear left and rear right dampers 30R.
[0008] The conventional ECS apparatus performs an anti-squat control as follows: First, when the ECU 20 determines that the TPS signal produced from the TPS 10 becomes greater than a predetermined threshold ((a) of FIG. 2), it varies damping forces of the front and rear dampers 30F, 30R by activating actuators ((b) and (c) of FIG. 2). For example, if the TPS signal is greater than the threshold and the front and rear dampers 30F, 30R are of the reverse type, the ECU 20 sets the front variable dampers 30F into the H/S mode to provide hard rebound and soft compression strokes and sets the rear variable dampers 30R into the S/H mode to provide soft rebound and hard compression strokes. In contrast, if the front and rear dampers 30F, 30R are of the normal type, the ECU 20 sets the front and rear dampers 30F, 30R into the H/H mode to provide hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0009] The ECU 20 increases or decreases the damping force of the damper by a fixed amount, or by an amount proportional to a level of the TPS signal or of a differentiated value thereof. Further, the dampers are set into the S/S mode again after a predetermined period of time, i.e., a control time T1, so that the riding comfort can be recovered.
[0010] In such a conventional ECS apparatus, a squat (or nose-up) occurring when the TPS signal increases can be suppressed; however, when an acceleration pedal is released so that the TPS signal decreases and the vehicle is not accelerated anymore (see (d) of FIG. 2), there still occurs a dive, i.e., a sudden drop of a nose portion of the vehicle, thereby resulting in deterioration of the riding comfort of the vehicle. (In FIG. 2, it is assumed for simplicity that the vehicle is being accelerated from time t0 to t1.)
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control which is capable of suppressing a squat occurring when a TPS signal rises and a drop of a nose portion of a vehicle occurring when the TPS signal declines after the rise thereof.
[0012] It is another object of the present invention to provide an ECS for an anti-squat control which is capable of suppressing a squat occurring when a differentiation value of the TPS signal rises and a drop of a nose portion of the vehicle occurring when the differentiation value of the TPS signal declines after the rise thereof.
[0013] In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an electronically controlled suspension apparatus, including:
[0014] a throttle position sensor for producing a TPS signal which is representative of an amount of a throttle opening;
[0015] at least one front damper mounted on a front portion of a vehicle body; and
[0016] an electronic control unit having:
[0017] a determination block for determining whether the TPS signal rises to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and
[0018] a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of said at least one front damper according to the determination result made by the determination block,
[0019] wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard rebound mode to produce a hard rebound stroke during a first control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal rises to be greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard compression mode to produce a hard compression stroke for a second control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal declines to become less than the second reference value.
[0020] In accordance with another preferred embodiment of present invention, there is provided an electronically controlled suspension apparatus, including:
[0021] a throttle position sensor for producing a TPS signal which is representative of an amount of a throttle opening;
[0022] at least one front damper mounted on a front portion of a vehicle body; and
[0023] an electronic control unit having:
[0024] a differentiation block for differentiating the TPS signal;
[0025] a determination block for determining whether the differentiated TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal decreases to be less than a second reference value; and
[0026] a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of said at least one front damper according to the determination result made by the determination block,
[0027] wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard rebound mode to produce a hard rebound stroke for a first control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard compression mode for a second control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal decreases to be less than the second reference value.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0029]FIG. 1 is a conventional ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control in a block diagram;
[0030]FIG. 2 presents graphs illustrating a damping force profile provided by the conventional ECS apparatus and a vertical displacement of a nose portion of a vehicle;
[0031]FIG. 3 depicts an ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control in a block diagram and in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention;
[0032]FIG. 4 offers a graph illustrating a damping force profile provided by the ECS apparatus of the first preferred embodiment;
[0033]FIG. 5 sets forth an ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control in a block diagram and in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
[0034]FIG. 6 releases a graph illustrating a damping force profile provided by the ECS apparatus of the first preferred embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0035] Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like parts appearing FIGS. 3 to 6 are represented by like reference numerals.
[0036] Referring to FIG. 3, there is illustrated an ECS (electronically controlled suspension) apparatus for anti-squat control in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The ECS apparatus for anti-squat control includes a TPS (throttle position sensor) 100 for producing an electrical TPS signal which is representative of a degree (or amount) of throttle opening, a vehicle speed sensor 105 for producing a speed signal which is representative of a speed of a vehicle, an ECU (electronic control unit) 110, front left and front right dampers 130F and rear left and rear right dampers 130R.
[0037] The ECU 110 determines damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R in response to the TPS signals generated from the TPS 100 and optionally depending on the speed signals generated from the vehicle speed sensor 105. Then, the ECU 110 adjusts the damping forces of the front and rear dampers 130F, 130R according to the thus determined damping forces by way of activating actuators of, e.g., a step motor type or a solenoid type (not shown), of the dampers 130F, 130R.
[0038] The ECU 110 is provided with a determination block 111, which determines whether the TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value and also determines whether the TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block 113, which adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R according to the determination result made by the determination block 111.
[0039] The operation of the ECS apparatus of the present invention will now be described with reference to FIG. 4, which illustrates a damping force control profile provided by the ECS apparatus.
[0040] First, the TPS and speed signals are transmitted from the TPS 100 and the vehicle speed sensor 105 to the determination block 111 in which an increasing TPS signal is compared with a first reference value RV1 and a decreasing TPS signal is compared with a second reference value RV2, wherein the first reference value RV1 is different from and preferably greater than the second reference value RV2. If the determination block 111 determines that the TPS signal rises to exceed the first reference value RV1 at time t0 (see (a) of FIG. 4), the determination block 111 transmits an anti-squat signal to the damper control block 113 in order to operate the dampers 130F and 130R in an anti-squat mode as described below. Then, the damper control block 113 adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R substantially at time t0 in response to the anti-squat signal in order to suppress a squat.
[0041] As shown in (b) and (c) of FIG. 4, in a case where the dampers 130F, 130R are of the reverse type, the damper control block 113 sets the front dampers 130F into an H/S mode and maintains this damper setting from time t0 to time tl, i.e., during a control time period T1, to provide hard rebound and soft compression strokes, and sets the rear dampers 130R into an S/H mode and maintains this damper setting during the control time period T1 to provide soft rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0042] In contrast, if the dampers 130F, 130R are of the normal type, the damper control block 113 sets the front and rear dampers 130F, 130R into an H/H mode and maintains this damper setting during the control time T1 to provide hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0043] After the control time Ti, the determination block 111 transmits a reverting signal to the damper control block 113. Then, the damper control block 113 sets the front and rear dampers 130F, 130R into an S/S mode again and maintain this damper setting until the determination block 111 determines that the TPS signal decreases to be less than the second reference value RV2 at time t2 (see (a) of FIG. 4).
[0044] If the determination block 111 makes such a determination, it transmits an anti-dive signal to the damper control block 113 to operate the dampers 130F, 130R in an anti-dive mode as described below. Then, the damper control block 113 adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R substantially at time t2 in order to suppress a dive.
[0045] As shown in (b) and (c) of FIG. 4, when the dampers 130F, 130R are of the reverse type, the damper control block 113 sets the front dampers 130F into the S/H mode and maintains this damper setting from time t2 to time t3, i.e., during the control time period T2 to provide the soft rebound and hard compression strokes, and sets the rear dampers 130R into the H/S mode over the control time period T2 to provide the hard rebound and soft compression strokes.
[0046] In contrast, if the dampers 130F, 130R are of the normal type, the damper control block 113 sets the dampers 130F, 130R into an H/H mode during the control time T2 to provide the hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0047] After the control time T2, the determination block 111 transmits the reverting signal to the damper control block 113. Then, the damper control block 113 sets the front and rear dampers 130F, 130R into the S/S mode and maintain this damper setting until the determination block 111 determines that the TPS signal increases to be greater than the first reference value RV1 again.
[0048] The degree of the damping forces (i.e., the degree of the hardness and/or softness of the dampers) can be preferably made to be constant irrespective of the vehicle speed. In the present invention, however, the determination block 111 more preferably determines the degree of the damping forces of the dampers 130F, 130R depending on the speed signal transmitted from the vehicle speed sensor 105. In such a case, the anti-squat, and anti-dive signals transmitted from the determination block 111 to the damper control block 113 need to carry information about the degree of the damping forces. For instance, since the amount of squat and dive are likely to become greater at a lower vehicle speed, the degree of damping forces can be made to vary in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle at time t0 or time t2. Specifically, in case of the reverse type front dampers, the rebound and the compression of the dampers can be made harder and softer, respectively during the control time period T1 if the speed of the vehicle is lower at time t0. Similarly, the rebound and the compression of the front dampers of the reverse type can be controlled softer and harder during the control time period T2 for the lower vehicle speed at time t2. The rear dampers of the reverse type and the normal type dampers can be controlled in a similar manner. In addition, the lengths of the control time periods T1 and T2 can be made to vary depending on the vehicle speed detected by the vehicle speed sensor 105. Preferably, the lengths of the control times periods T1 and T2 are set in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle at time t0 and t2, respectively.
[0049] Further, if the time t2 precedes the time t1, the determination block 111 transmits the anti-dive signal to the damper control block 113 at time t2 without transmitting the reverting signal, so that the anti-squat control stops and the anti-dive control starts substantially at time t2.
[0050] As described above, the ECS apparatus for an anti-squat control in accordance with the first preferred embodiment sets the dampers into the anti-dive mode during the control time period T2 when the TPS signal decreases to be less than a second reference value. Therefore, a sudden drop of a front portion of the vehicle usually occurring when the TPS signal declines after a rise can be suppressed.
[0051] Referring to FIG. 5, there is illustrated an ECS apparatus for anti-squat control in accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. The ECS apparatus for anti-squat control of the second preferred embodiment includes a throttle position sensor (TPS) 200 for producing an electrical TPS signal which is representative of a degree (or amount) of throttle opening, a vehicle speed sensor 205 for producing a speed signal which is representative of a speed of a vehicle, an electronic control unit (ECU) 210, front left and front right dampers 230F and rear left and rear right dampers 230R.
[0052] The ECU 210 determines damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R in response to the TPS signals generated from the TPS 200 and optionally depending on the speed signal generated from the vehicle speed sensor 205. Then, the ECU 210 adjusts the damping forces of the front and rear dampers 230F, 230R respectively according to the thus determined damping forces by way of operating actuators (not shown) of the dampers 230F, 230R.
[0053] The ECU 210 is provided with a differentiation block 211, which differentiates the TPS signal generated from the TPS 200; a low pass filter 212, which removes noises from the differentiated TPS signals; a determination block 213, which determines whether the processed TPS signal transmitted from the low pass filter 212 increases to be greater than a first reference value and also determines whether the processed TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block 215, which adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R according to the determination result made by the determination block 213.
[0054] The operation of the ECS apparatus of the second preferred embodiment will now be described with reference to FIG. 6, which illustrates damping force control profile provided by the ECS apparatus.
[0055] First, the TPS signal is transmitted from the TPS 200 to the differentiation block 211 in which the TPS signal is differentiated, and the speed signal is transmitted from the vehicle speed sensor 205 to the determination block 213. The differentiated TPS signal is transmitted to the low pass filter 212 which removes noises from the differentiated TPS signal. The differential value of the TPS signal generated from the low pass filter 212 is transmitted to the determination block 213 in which an increasing differential value of the TPS signal is compared with a first reference value RV3 and a decreasing differential value of the TPS signal is compared with a second reference value RV4. If the determination block 213 determines that the TPS signal rises to exceed the first reference value RV1 at time t0′ (see (b) of FIG. 6), the determination block 213 transmits an anti-squat signal to the damper control block 215 to operate the dampers 230F, 230R in an anti-squat mode as described below. Then, the damper control block 113 adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R substantially at time t0′ in response to the anti-squat signal in order to suppress a squat.
[0056] As shown in (c) and (d) of FIG. 6, in a case where the dampers 130F, 130R are of the reverse type, the damper control block 215 sets the front dampers 230F into an H/S mode and maintains this damper setting from time t0′ to time t1′, i.e., during a control time period T3, to provide hard rebound and soft compression strokes, and sets the rear dampers 230R into an S/H mode and maintains this damper setting during the control time period T3 to provide soft rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0057] In contrast, if the dampers 230F, 230R are of the normal type, the damper control block 215 sets the front and rear dampers 230F, 230R into an H/H mode and maintains this damper setting during the control time T3 to provide hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0058] After the control time T3, the determination block 213 transmits a reverting signal to the damper control block 215. Then, the damper control block 215 sets the front and rear dampers 230F, 230R into the S/S mode again and maintains this damper setting until the determination block 213 determines that the differential value of the TPS signal decreases to be less than the second reference value RV4 at time t2′ (see (b) of FIG. 6).
[0059] If the determination block 213 makes such a determination, it transmits an anti-dive signal to the damper control block 215 to operate the dampers 230F, 230R in an anti-dive mode as described below. Then, the damper control block 215 adjusts the damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R substantially at time t2′ in order to suppress a dive.
[0060] As shown in (c) and (d) of FIG. 6, when the dampers 230F, 230R are of the reverse type, the damper control block 215 sets the front dampers 230F into the S/H mode and maintains this damper setting from time t2′ to time t3′, i.e., during the control time period T4, to provide the soft rebound and hard compression strokes, and sets the rear dampers 230R into the H/S mode during the control time period T4 to provide the hard rebound and soft compression strokes.
[0061] In contrast, if the dampers 230F, 230R are of the normal type, the damper control block 215 sets the dampers 230F, 230R into the H/H mode during the control time T4 to provide the hard rebound and hard compression strokes.
[0062] After the control time T4, the determination block 213 transmits the reverting signal to the damper control block 215. Then, the damper control block 215 sets the front and rear dampers 230F, 230R into the S/S mode and maintain this damper setting until the determination block 213 determines that the differential value of the TPS signal increases to be greater than the first reference value RV3 again.
[0063] The degree of the damping forces (i.e., the degree of the hardness and/or softness of the dampers) can be preferably made to be constant irrespective of the vehicle speed. In the present invention, however, the determination block 213 more preferably determines the degree of the damping forces of the dampers 230F, 230R depending on the speed signal transmitted from the vehicle speed sensor 205. In such a case, the anti-squat, and anti-dive signals transmitted from the determination block 213 to the damper control block 215 need to carry information about the degree of the damping forces. For instance, since the amount of squat and dive are likely to become greater at a lower vehicle speed, the degree of damping forces can be made to vary in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle at time t0′ or time t2′. Specifically, in case of the reverse type front dampers, the rebound and the compression of the dampers can be made harder and softer, respectively during the control time period T3 if the speed of the vehicle is lower at time t0′. Similarly, the rebound and the compression of the front dampers of the reverse type can be controlled softer and harder during the control time period T4 for the lower vehicle speed at time t2′. The rear dampers of the reverse type and the normal type dampers can be controlled in a similar manner. In addition, the lengths of the control time periods T3 and T4 can be made to vary depending on the vehicle speed detected by the vehicle speed sensor 205. Preferably, the lengths of the control time periods T3 and T4 are set in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle at time t0′ and t2′, respectively.
[0064] Further, if the time t2′ precedes the time t1′, the determination block 213 transmits the anti-dive signal to the damper control block 215 at time t2′ without transmitting the reverting signal, so that the anti-squat control stops and the anti-dive control starts at time t2′.
[0065] As described above, the ECS apparatus for anti-squat control in accordance with the second preferred embodiment sets the dampers into the anti-dive mode during the control time period T4 when the processed TPS signal decreases to be less than a second reference value. Therefore, a sudden drop of a front portion of the vehicle usually occurring when the processed TPS signal declines after a rise can be suppressed.
[0066] While the invention has been shown and described with respect to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An electronically controlled suspension apparatus, comprising: a throttle position sensor for producing a TPS signal which is representative of an amount of a throttle opening; at least one front damper mounted on a front portion of a vehicle body; and an electronic control unit including: a determination block for determining whether the TPS signal rises to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal declines to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of said at least one front damper according to the determination result made by the determination block, wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard rebound mode to produce a hard rebound stroke during a first control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal rises to be greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard compression mode to produce a hard compression stroke for a second control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal declines to become less than the second reference value.
2. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 1, wherein the determination block allows the damper control block to set said at least one front damper into soft rebound and soft compression mode to produce soft rebound and soft compression strokes after the second control time period.
3. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a vehicle speed sensor for producing a speed signal which is representative of a speed of a vehicle and transmitted to the determination block, wherein the electronic control unit adjusts the damping force in a manner that a degree of the damping force varies in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle.
4. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 1, further comprising at least one rear damper mounted on a rear portion of the vehicle, wherein the damper control block adjusts a damping force of said at least one rear damper according to the determination result made by the determination block, and wherein the damper control block sets said at least one rear damper into the hard compression mode to produce the hard compression stroke for the first control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal rises to become greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one rear damper into the hard rebound mode to produce the hard rebound stroke for the second control time period when the determination block determines that the TPS signal declines to be less than the second reference value.
5. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first reference value is greater than the second reference value.
6. An electronically controlled suspension apparatus, comprising: a throttle position sensor for producing a TPS signal which is representative of an amount of a throttle opening; at least one front damper mounted on a front portion of a vehicle body; and an electronic control unit including: a differentiation block for differentiating the TPS signal; a determination block for determining whether the differentiated TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value and for determining whether the TPS signal decreases to be less than a second reference value; and a damper control block, which adjusts a damping force of said at least one front damper according to the determination result made by the determination block, wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard rebound mode to produce a hard rebound stroke for a first control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal increases to be greater than a first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into a hard compression mode for a second control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal decreases to be less than the second reference value.
7. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 6, wherein the damper control block sets said at least one front damper into soft rebound and soft compression mode to produce soft rebound and soft compression strokes after the second control time period.
8. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a vehicle speed sensor for producing a speed signal which is representative of a speed of a vehicle and transmitted to the determination block, wherein the electronic control unit adjusts the damping force in a manner that a degree of the damping force varies in inverse proportion to the speed of the vehicle.
9. The electronically controlled suspension apparatus of claim 6, further comprising at least one rear damper mounted on a rear portion of the vehicle, wherein the damper control block adjusts a damping force of said at least one rear damper according to the determination result made by the determination block, and wherein the damper control block sets said at least one rear damper into the hard compression mode to produce the hard compression stroke for the first control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal is greater than the first reference value, and then the damper control block sets said at least one rear damper into the hard rebound for the second control time period when the determination block determines that the differentiated TPS signal is less than the second reference value..
|
github_open_source_100_1_69 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { shallow } from 'enzyme';
import * as React from 'react';
import AlertCopy from '../AlertCopy';
const defaultProps = {};
describe('AlertCopy.tsx', () => {
it('should render', () => {
const app = shallow(<AlertCopy {...defaultProps} />);
expect(app).toMatchSnapshot();
});
});
|
github_open_source_100_1_70 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | class Solution {
struct CitAndNum {
int citations=0; // exactly these number of citations
int num_papers=0; // for these number of papers
};
public:
int hIndex(vector<int>& citations) {
map<int, int> cits_to_num_papers;
for (int c : citations) {cits_to_num_papers[c]++;}
vector<CitAndNum> can;
for (const auto& kv : cits_to_num_papers) {can.push_back({kv.first, kv.second});}
std::sort(can.begin(), can.end(), [](const CitAndNum& lhs, const CitAndNum& rhs) -> bool {
if (lhs.citations != rhs.citations) return (lhs.citations < rhs.citations);
return (lhs.num_papers < rhs.num_papers);
});
const int total_papers=citations.size();
int sum_papers=0;
int h = can.back().citations;
int cp = can.size()-1;
for (; h>=0 && cp>=0; h--) {
if (h == can[cp].citations) {
sum_papers += can[cp--].num_papers;
}
if (sum_papers >= h) {
return h;
}
}
return citations.size();
}
};
|
github_open_source_100_1_71 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <template>
<div class="music-list">
<ul class='albums'>
<li v-for='obj in musicList' :key="obj.id">
<router-link :to="'/music/music_player/'+obj.id+'/aa'">
<img :src="obj.bg" alt="">
</router-link>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import Axios from 'axios'
export default {
data(){
return {
musicList: []
}
},
mounted(){
Axios.get('/static/musiclist.json')
.then((res)=>{
this.musicList = res.data.albums;
})
},
}
</script>
<style>
.albums{
position: absolute;
top : 1rem;
bottom : 1rem;
width : 100%;
}
.albums li{
width : 50%;
height: 33.33%;
float : left;
}
.albums li img{
width : 100%;
height: 100%;
}
</style>
|
a5c39a60436ac68908db457bf898a73c_1 | French Open Data | Various open data | RCS non inscrit
LANEIGES
Grégoire
Agir Formation Occitanie
Création
établissement principal
prestation de service commercial/télévente
60
Rue
Hervé Harant
34400
Lunel
2021-07-06
Immatriculation d'une personne physique suite à création d'un établissement principal
2021-07-01.
|
github_open_source_100_1_72 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace App\Domain\Base\Categories\Categories\DTO;
use Spatie\DataTransferObject\DataTransferObject;
class CategoryDTO extends DataTransferObject
{
/* @var integer|null */
public $id;
public static function fromRequest($request)
{
return new self([
'id' => $request['id'] ?? null,
]);
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_73 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "fbcunit.bi"
SUITE( fbc_tests.overload_.op_cast_coercion )
const TEST_VAL_BYTE = 1
const TEST_VAL_SHORT = 2
const TEST_VAL_INTEGER = 3
const TEST_VAL_LONG = 4
const TEST_VAL_LONGINT = 5
const TEST_VAL_UBYTE = 6
const TEST_VAL_USHORT = 7
const TEST_VAL_UINTEGER = 8
const TEST_VAL_ULONG = 9
const TEST_VAL_ULONGINT = 10
const TEST_VAL_SINGLE = 11
const TEST_VAL_DOUBLE = 12
type foo
as byte pad
declare operator cast() as byte
declare operator cast() as short
declare operator cast() as integer
declare operator cast() as long
declare operator cast() as longint
declare operator cast() as ubyte
declare operator cast() as ushort
declare operator cast() as uinteger
declare operator cast() as ulong
declare operator cast() as ulongint
declare operator cast() as single
declare operator cast() as double
end type
#macro gen_test( tp )
operator foo.cast() as tp
return TEST_VAL_##tp
end operator
sub tp##_ref( byref v as tp )
CU_ASSERT_EQUAL( v, TEST_VAL_##tp )
end sub
sub tp##_val( byval v as tp )
CU_ASSERT_EQUAL( v, TEST_VAL_##tp )
end sub
TEST( tp##_test )
dim f as foo
tp##_ref( f )
tp##_val( f )
END_TEST
#endmacro
gen_test( byte )
gen_test( short )
gen_test( integer )
gen_test( long )
gen_test( longint )
gen_test( single )
gen_test( double )
gen_test( ubyte )
gen_test( ushort )
gen_test( uinteger )
gen_test( ulong )
gen_test( ulongint )
END_SUITE
|
5539577_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | *887Appeal dismissed, without costs, by the Court of Appeals sua sponte, upon the ground that the dissent at the Appellate Division is not by at least two Justices (CPLR 5601 [a]).
|
US-201916533138-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Corner shot firearm
ABSTRACT
A corner shot firearm comprises one or more clamp, a trigger actuator, a front grip, an accessory trigger, a pivot stud and an aim control wheel. The clamp includes a first mounting point disposed at a front end of the clamp, wherein the first mounting point is configured to mount a secondary firearm. Additionally, the trigger actuator is connected to the first mounting point. The front grip is attached to a rear end of the clamp. The accessory trigger is connected to the front grip such that the accessory trigger is actuatable by a finger of the human hand holding the front grip. Additionally, the pivot stud is connected to the first mounting point. Further, the aim control wheel is connected to the first mounting point.
The current application claims a priority to the U.S. Provisional Patentapplication Ser. No. 62/714,989 filed on Aug. 6, 2018.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention generally relates to firearms. More specifically,the present invention relates to a corner shot firearm.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
An individual's ability to aim or fire at two simultaneous targets indifferent locations has not currently been adequately addressed. Withindividuals in battle scenarios a firearm with the ability to shootaround a corner without exposing the individual will be beneficial tothe individual using the firearm.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved firearm that may overcome oneor more of the above-mentioned problems and/or limitations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form, that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This summary is not intended to identify key features oressential features of the claimed subject matter. Nor is this summaryintended to be used to limit the claimed subject matter's scope.
Disclosed is a corner shot firearm. The corner shot firearm comprises aclamp comprising a first mounting point disposed at a front end of theclamp, wherein the first mounting point is configured to mount asecondary firearm. Further, the corner shot firearm comprises a triggeractuator connected to the first mounting point, wherein the triggeractuator is configured to actuate a secondary trigger of the secondaryfirearm mounted to the first mounting point. Further, the corner shotfirearm comprises a front grip attached to a rear end of the clamp,wherein the front grip is configured to be held by a human hand.Further, the corner shot firearm comprises an accessory triggerconnected to the front grip such that the accessory trigger isactuatable by a finger of the human hand holding the front grip, whereinthe accessory trigger is coupled to the trigger actuator such than anactuation of the accessory trigger causes the trigger actuator toactuate the secondary trigger. Further, the corner shot firearmcomprises a pivot stud connected to the first mounting point, whereinthe pivot stud is configured to allow the first mounting point to bepivotally rotated in relation to the rear end of the clamp. Further, thecorner shot firearm comprises an aim control wheel connected to thefirst mounting point, wherein the aim control wheel is configured to berotated, wherein a rotation of the aim control wheel causes acorresponding pivotal rotation of the first mounting point.
Both the foregoing summary and the following detailed descriptionprovide examples and are explanatory only. Accordingly, the foregoingsummary and the following detailed description should not be consideredto be restrictive. Further, features or variations may be provided inaddition to those set forth herein. For example, embodiments may bedirected to various feature combinations and sub-combinations describedin the detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this disclosure, illustrate various embodiments of the presentdisclosure. The drawings contain representations of various trademarksand copyrights owned by the Applicants. In addition, the drawings maycontain other marks owned by third parties and are being used forillustrative purposes only. All rights to various trademarks andcopyrights represented herein, except those belonging to theirrespective owners, are vested in and the property of the applicants. Theapplicants retain and reserve all rights in their trademarks andcopyrights included herein, and grant permission to reproduce thematerial only in connection with reproduction of the granted patent andfor no other purpose.
Furthermore, the drawings may contain text or captions that may explaincertain embodiments of the present disclosure. This text is included forillustrative, non-limiting, explanatory purposes of certain embodimentsdetailed in the present disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a right side view of a corner shot firearm according to someembodiments.
FIG. 2 is a front view of the corner shot firearm according to someembodiments.
FIG. 3 is a right side view of a transmission of the corner shot firearmaccording to some embodiments.
FIG. 4 is a right side view of a transmission of the corner shot firearmaccording to some embodiments.
FIG. 5 is a right side view of the clamp of the corner shot firearmaccording to some embodiments.
FIG. 6 is a right side view of the corner shot firearm with a frontsection and a rear section of the corner shot firearm separated, inaccordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 7 is a rear view of a corner shot firearm in accordance with someembodiments.
FIG. 8 is a rear view of a corner shot firearm in accordance with someembodiments.
FIG. 9 is a top view of a secondary firearm brace for a secondaryfirearm in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 10 is a right side view of a clamp of a corner shot firearm with amounting point configured to mount a primary firearm, in accordance withsome embodiments.
DETAIL DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INVENTION
As a preliminary matter, it will readily be understood by one havingordinary skill in the relevant art that the present disclosure has broadutility and application. As should be understood, any embodiment mayincorporate only one or a plurality of the above-disclosed aspects ofthe disclosure and may further incorporate only one or a plurality ofthe above-disclosed features. Furthermore, any embodiment discussed andidentified as being “preferred” is considered to be part of a best modecontemplated for carrying out the embodiments of the present disclosure.Other embodiments also may be discussed for additional illustrativepurposes in providing a full and enabling disclosure. Moreover, manyembodiments, such as adaptations, variations, modifications, andequivalent arrangements, will be implicitly disclosed by the embodimentsdescribed herein and fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
Accordingly, while embodiments are described herein in detail inrelation to one or more embodiments, it is to be understood that thisdisclosure is illustrative and exemplary of the present disclosure, andare made merely for the purposes of providing a full and enablingdisclosure. The detailed disclosure herein of one or more embodiments isnot intended, nor is to be construed, to limit the scope of patentprotection afforded in any claim of a patent issuing here from, whichscope is to be defined by the claims and the equivalents thereof. It isnot intended that the scope of patent protection be defined by readinginto any claim limitation found herein and/or issuing here from thatdoes not explicitly appear in the claim itself.
Thus, for example, any sequence(s) and/or temporal order of steps ofvarious processes or methods that are described herein are illustrativeand not restrictive. Accordingly, it should be understood that, althoughsteps of various processes or methods may be shown and described asbeing in a sequence or temporal order, the steps of any such processesor methods are not limited to being carried out in any particularsequence or order, absent an indication otherwise. Indeed, the steps insuch processes or methods generally may be carried out in variousdifferent sequences and orders while still falling within the scope ofthe present disclosure. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope ofpatent protection is to be defined by the issued claim(s) rather thanthe description set forth herein.
Additionally, it is important to note that each term used herein refersto that which an ordinary artisan would understand such term to meanbased on the contextual use of such term herein. To the extent that themeaning of a term used herein—as understood by the ordinary artisanbased on the contextual use of such term—differs in any way from anyparticular dictionary definition of such term, it is intended that themeaning of the term as understood by the ordinary artisan shouldprevail.
Furthermore, it is important to note that, as used herein, “a” and “an”each generally denotes “at least one,” but does not exclude a pluralityunless the contextual use dictates otherwise. When used herein to join alist of items, “or” denotes “at least one of the items,” but does notexclude a plurality of items of the list. Finally, when used herein tojoin a list of items, “and” denotes “all of the items of the list.”
The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings.Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawingsand the following description to refer to the same or similar elements.While many embodiments of the disclosure may be described,modifications, adaptations, and other implementations are possible. Forexample, substitutions, additions, or modifications may be made to theelements illustrated in the drawings, and the methods described hereinmay be modified by substituting, reordering, or adding stages to thedisclosed methods. Accordingly, the following detailed description doesnot limit the disclosure. Instead, the proper scope of the disclosure isdefined by the claims found herein and/or issuing here from. The presentdisclosure contains headers. It should be understood that these headersare used as references and are not to be construed as limiting upon thesubjected matter disclosed under the header.
The present disclosure includes many aspects and features. Moreover,while many aspects and features relate to, and are described in thecontext of firearms, embodiments of the present disclosure are notlimited to use only in this context.
Overview
According to some embodiments, the present disclosure relates generallyto an apparatus for a rifle. Further, the disclosure relates to anapparatus for a firearm, shotgun, or any type gun that has a pivotingpistol or any type barrel mounted underneath the main firearm allowingfor an individual to shoot a target around a corner or aim on twoseparate targets at one time.
According to some embodiments, a corner shot firearm is disclosed. Thecorner shot firearm may be a useful gun that can be used by soldiers,police, security forces, recreational users, and any other interesteduser. Further, the firearm may be designed with aplastic/composite/metal/other material shell which can come in a varietyof colors, such as camouflage, dark red, purple, etc. Further, the topof the firearm allows for open sight. In an alternative embodiment, ascope may be mounted on the firearm with a light on top of the scope.
Further, the disclosed corner shot firearm may be fully operational andready to shoot around corners before it is attached to a firearm.Further, the corner shot firearm may be battery operated. The cornershot firearm has a clamp which holds a pistol. Further, this clamp maybe connected to a pivot stud which allows a user to pivot the pistolaround corners. Further, the corner shot firearm has an LCD displayscreen which shows images from a pivoting pistol attachment on thefirearm. Further, the corner shot firearm has an auto-trigger devicewhich allows the user to fire the weapon with an accessory trigger.
Further, the corner shot firearm has an aim control wheel which allowsthe user to pivot the attached pistol around corners.
Further, the corner shot firearm has space around the top of theattached pistol which allows the top of the pistol to eject shellcasings. Further, the corner shot firearm has a specific distance orpart of the brace that fastens to the pistol grip in order to facilitatethe attachment of the pistol to the firearm.
Further, the corner shot firearm has a small chain which ride upon gearsor any other method such as belt drive which facilitates the pivotingmotion of the corner shot firearm.
Further, the corner shot firearm has clamps which attach the corner shotfirearm to a hand rail or a barrel of the firearm. The corner shotfirearm has the pistol harness which may be moved by the chain drivenpivot and controlled by the aim control wheel. This pistol harness maybe designed to attach many different kinds of pistols.
Further, the corner shot firearm has an electric wire which connects thepistol sighting camera with the LCD display, this function may also bewireless.
Further, the corner shot firearm has the pistol harness which has anadditional brace. The pistol brace and the control wheel serve partly asa hand grip to operate the control wheel.
Further, the corner shot firearm has an LCD target monitor which may beattached to the left side but can be designed to fit the right sideabove the trigger of the firearm.
Further, the corner shot firearm has the LCD target monitor may bezooming capable and displays remaining rounds left to be fired, also canbe set in an open or closed position. The accessory trigger fits overthe primary trigger and may be designed to fit perfectly on any firearm.
Further, the corner shot firearm may be easily attached to the hand railor the barrel of a firearm. Additionally, the LCD target monitor may beeasily attached to the left side above the trigger of the firearm. Theaccessory trigger may be set in front of the primary trigger. Thisaccessory trigger may be in a convenient place for firing and allows forremote firing of the pistol trigger. The pistol brace has a pistolattached to it. A pistol can be attached and removed quickly.Additionally, the pistol brace can be attached with a pistol attached oronly the pistol can be removed. The user can rotate a pistol free handaround a corner if the pistol may be unlocked from the control wheel andpistol brace.
Further, the corner shot firearm provides an apparatus for a firearmthat has a pivoting pistol apparatus attached underneath a main firearm,so the individual can fire around a corner without exposing their bodyand at the same time be able to aim at a different target with the samefirearm.
Further, with the corner shot firearm, an individual has the ability tocover their front with a primary firearm and fire at various targets andaround corners. The corner shot firearm has a pivoting pistol or barrelapparatus attached underneath a primary firearm so the individual canfire around a corner without exposing their body and at the same time beable to aim at a different target with the same firearm.
Referring now to figures, FIG. 1 is a right side view of a corner shotfirearm 100 according to some embodiments. Further, the corner shotfirearm 100 may include a clamp 102. The clamp 102 may include a firstmounting point 104 disposed at a front end of the clamp 102. Further,the first mounting point 104 may be configured to mount a secondaryfirearm 106.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include a trigger actuator 108connected to the first mounting point 104. Further, the trigger actuator108 may be configured to actuate a secondary trigger 110 of thesecondary firearm 106 mounted to the first mounting point 104.
According to further embodiments, the trigger actuator 108 may includean electromechanical actuator configured to actuate the secondarytrigger based on a control signal received from a controller. Further,the controller may be electrically coupled to the accessory trigger.Further, the controller may be configured to generate the control signalbased on actuation of the accessory trigger. Further, the corner shotfirearm 100 may further include a power source configured to provideelectrical energy to the electromechanical actuator.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include a front grip 112attached to a rear end of the clamp 102. Further, the front grip 112 maybe configured to be held by a human hand.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include an accessory trigger114 connected to the front grip 112 such that the accessory trigger 114may be actuatable by a finger of the human hand holding the front grip112. Further, the accessory trigger 114 may be coupled to the triggeractuator 108 such than an actuation of the accessory trigger 114 causesthe trigger actuator 108 to actuate the secondary trigger 110.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include a pivot stud (shown inFIG. 3) connected to the first mounting point 104. Further, the pivotstud may be configured to allow the first mounting point 104 to bepivotally rotated in relation to the rear end of the clamp 102.
Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include an aim control wheel116 connected to the first mounting point 104. Further, the aim controlwheel 116 may be configured to be rotated, wherein a rotation of the aimcontrol wheel 116 causes a corresponding pivotal rotation of the firstmounting point 104. Further, the aim control wheel 116 may be coupledwith the pivot stud.
According to some embodiments, the clamp 102 may further include asecond mounting point configured to mount a primary firearm. The primaryfirearm may at least one of a rifle, a shotgun, a long gun, a machinegun, an automatic rifle, an assault rifles. Further, the second mountingpoint may be configured to mount at least one of a hand-rail and abarrel of the primary firearm. Further, the clamp may include a fourthmounting point configured to mount at least one of a scope configured toprovide optical magnification, a light source configured to emit lightand a primary camera configured to capture an image, wherein a primaryoptical axis of the primary camera is parallel to a primary line of fireof the primary firearm mounted to the second mounting point.
According to some embodiments, the first mounting point 104 may includea quick release mechanism configured to facilitate mounting anddemounting of the secondary firearm 106 to the first mounting point 104.Further, the quick release mechanism may allow a user to easily andquickly remove an attached device, such as the secondary firearm 106.Further, at least one of an electroshock weapon, or a knife may bemounted at the first mounting point 104.
According to some embodiments, a locking mechanism may be coupled to thefirst mounting point 104. Further, the locking mechanism may beconfigured to be set in one of a locked state and an unlocked state.While in the locked state, the locking mechanism may be configured toprevent movement of the first mounting point 104 independent of therotation of the aim control wheel 116. While in the unlocked state, thelocking mechanism may be configured to allow pivotal rotation of thefirst mounting point 104 by a rotatory force imparted directly to thefirst mounting point 104.
For example, the locking mechanism may include a pin that prevents thefirst mounting point 104 (and any attached items, such as the secondaryfirearm 106) from rotating. This allows a user to steady the secondaryfirearm 106 and prevent undesired movements. Further, the lockingmechanism may be configured to lock the secondary firearm 106 in aforward facing position by default.
FIG. 2 is a front view of the corner shot firearm 100 according to someembodiments. Further, the corner shot firearm 100 may include a viewfinder 202. Further, the secondary firearm 106 may include a muzzle 204.
Further, the secondary firearm 106 may include a pistol. Further, thefirst mounting point 104 may include a receptacle (not shown) configuredto receive at least a portion of a hand-grip 208 of the pistol, whereina depth 210 of the receptacle may be based on a length of the hand-grip208. Further, a dimension of the receptacle corresponds to a dimensionof barrel of the secondary firearm 106.
Further, a structure of the first mounting point 104 may provide a spacearound a top of the secondary firearm 106 mounted to the first mountingpoint 104 in order to facilitate ejection of shell casings from thesecondary firearm 106.
FIG. 3 is a right side view of a transmission 302 of the corner shotfirearm 100 according to some embodiments. The transmission 302 isinstalled within the body of the clamp 102. Further, a first end of thetransmission 302 may be rotationally coupled to the aim control wheel116 and a second end of the transmission 302 may be rotationally coupledto the first mounting point 104.
In further embodiments, the transmission may include a power sourceconfigured to provide electrical energy. Further, the transmission mayinclude an electric motor rotationally coupled to the second end of thetransmission. Further, the electric motor may be electrically coupled tothe power source. Yet further, the transmission may include a rotationsensor coupled to the aim control wheel. The rotation sensor may beconfigured to generate rotation data corresponding to rotation of theaim control wheel. Further, the transmission may include a controllerelectrically coupled to the electric motor. The controller may beconfigured to control the electric motor based on the rotation data.
In some embodiments, the transmission 302 may include a plurality ofgears 304, 306, 310 forming a gear train. Further, a first gear 304 ofthe gear train may be rotationally coupled to the aim control wheel 116.Further, a second gear 306 of the gear train may be rotationally coupledto first mounting point 104. The second gear 306 may be rotationallycoupled to first mounting point 104 via a pivot stud 308. Yet further, athird gear 310 of the gear train may connect with both the first gear304 and the second gear 306.
FIG. 4 is a right side view of a transmission 402 of the corner shotfirearm 100 according to some embodiments. Further, the transmission 402may include a first pulley 404 rotationally coupled to the aim controlwheel 116. Further, the transmission 402 may include a second pulley 406rotationally coupled to the first mounting point 104. Further, thetransmission 402 may include a belt 408 configured to couple the firstpulley 404 to second pulley 406.
FIG. 5 is a right side view of the clamp 102 of the corner shot firearm100 according to some embodiments. The clamp 102 may include a mountingpoint 502, which may be used to mount one or more accessories such as acamera, a display, and a view finder.
FIG. 6 is a right side view of the corner shot firearm 100 with a frontsection 602 and a rear section 604 of the corner shot firearm 100separated, in accordance with some embodiments. An electric wire 606 mayconnect the clamp 102 to a display device 608, such as an LCD targetmonitor. The electric wire 606 is secured in the body of the corner shotfirearm 100.
FIG. 7 is a rear view of a corner shot firearm 700 in accordance withsome embodiments. Further, the corner shot firearm 700 may include asecondary camera 702 attached to a clamp 704 at a second mounting point706 on the clamp 704. Further, a secondary optical axis of the secondarycamera 702 is parallel to a line of fire corresponding to a secondaryfirearm mounted at the first mounting point of the clamp 704.
Further, a display device 708 may be attached to the clamp 704 at athird mounting point on the clamp 704. Further, the display device 708may be communicatively coupled to the secondary camera 702. Further, thedisplay device 708 may be configured to display an image captured by thesecondary camera 702. FIG. 7 shows the display device 708 in an openstate. FIG. 8 shows the display device 708 in a closed state.
Further, the third mounting point may include a left third mountingpoint on a first lateral side of the clamp 102 and a right thirdmounting point on a second lateral side of the clamp 102. Further, thedisplay device 708 may be attachable to each of the left third mountingpoint and the right.
Further, a power source (not shown) electrically coupled to each of thesecondary camera 702 and the display device 708. Further, the powersource may be configured to provide electrical energy to each of thesecondary camera 702 and the display device 708.
In further embodiments, the corner shot firearm 100 may include anammunition sensor (not shown) which may be configured to sense a numberof ammunition rounds remaining in the secondary firearm 106. Further,the display device 708 may be communicatively coupled to the ammunitionsensor, wherein the display device 708 may be further configured todisplay the number of ammunition rounds remaining.
FIG. 9 is a top view of a secondary firearm brace 902 for the secondaryfirearm 106 in accordance with some embodiments. Further, a first end ofthe secondary firearm brace 902 may be connected to the first mountingpoint 104 and a second end of the secondary firearm brace 902 may beconnectable to a hand-grip of the secondary firearm 106. Further, thesecondary firearm brace 902 may be configured to secure the secondaryfirearm 106 to the first mounting point 104 in spite of a recoil of thesecondary firearm 106 upon firing of the secondary firearm 106.
FIG. 10 is a right side view of a clamp 1002 of a corner shot firearm1000 with a mounting point configured to mount a primary firearm 1004,in accordance with some embodiments. Further, the clamp 1002 includes afirst mounting point configured to mount a secondary firearm 1006.
Further, the corner shot firearm 1000 includes a trigger actuatorconnected to the first mounting point, wherein the trigger actuator isconfigured to actuate a secondary trigger 1008 of the secondary firearm1006 mounted to the first mounting point.
Further, an accessory trigger 1010 may be connected to a rear grip 1012such that the accessory trigger 1010 may be actuatable by a finger ofthe human hand holding the rear grip 1012, wherein the accessory trigger1010 may be coupled to the trigger actuator such than an actuation ofthe accessory trigger 1010 causes the trigger actuator to actuate thesecondary trigger 1006.
Further, a primary trigger 1014 may be actuatable by a finger of thehuman hand holding the rear grip 1012. The primary trigger 1014 may beused to operate the primary firearm 1004.
According to some embodiments, at least one of the first mounting point104, the second mounting point, the third mounting point and the fourthmounting point may include a quick release mechanism configured tofacilitate mounting and demounting of the respective components mountedat the at least one of the first mounting point 104, the second mountingpoint, the third mounting point and the fourth mounting point.
Although the present disclosure has been explained in relation to itspreferred embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possiblemodifications and variations can be made without departing from thespirit and scope of the disclosure.
What is claimed is:
1. A corner shot firearm comprising: a clampcomprising a first mounting point disposed at a front end of the clamp,wherein the first mounting point is configured to mount a secondaryfirearm; a trigger actuator connected to the first mounting point,wherein the trigger actuator is configured to actuate a secondarytrigger of a secondary firearm mounted to the first mounting point; afront grip attached to a rear end of the clamp, wherein the front gripis configured to be held by a human hand; an accessory trigger connectedto the front grip such that the accessory trigger is actuatable by afinger of a human hand holding the front grip, wherein the accessorytrigger is coupled to the trigger actuator such than an actuation of theaccessory trigger causes the trigger actuator to actuate the secondarytrigger; a pivot stud connected to the first mounting point, wherein thepivot stud is configured to allow the first mounting point to bepivotally rotated in relation to the rear end of the clamp; and an aimcontrol wheel connected to the first mounting point, wherein the aimcontrol wheel is configured to be rotated, wherein a rotation of the aimcontrol wheel causes a corresponding pivotal rotation of the firstmounting point.
2. The corner shot firearm of claim 1 furthercomprising: a secondary camera attached to the clamp at a secondmounting point on the clamp, wherein a secondary optical axis of thesecondary camera is parallel to a line of fire corresponding to thesecondary firearm mounted to the first mounting point; a display deviceattached to the clamp at a third mounting point on the clamp, whereinthe display device is communicatively coupled to the secondary camera,wherein the display device is configured to display an image captured bythe secondary camera; and a power source electrically coupled to each ofthe secondary camera and the display device, wherein the power source isconfigured to provide electrical energy to each of the secondary cameraand the display device.
3. The corner shot firearm of claim 2, whereinthe third mounting point comprises a left third mounting point on afirst lateral side of the clamp and a right third mounting point on asecond lateral side of the clamp, wherein the display device isattachable to each of the left third mounting point and the right thirdmounting point.
4. The corner shot firearm of claim 2 further comprisingan ammunition sensor configured to sense a number of ammunition roundsremaining in the secondary firearm, wherein the display device iscommunicatively coupled to the ammunition sensor, wherein the displaydevice is further configured to display the number of ammunition roundsremaining.
5. The corner shot firearm of claim 1 further comprising atransmission, wherein a first end of the transmission is rotationallycoupled to the aim control wheel and a second end of the transmission isrotationally coupled to the first mounting point.
6. The corner shotfirearm of claim 5, wherein the transmission comprises a plurality ofgears forming a gear train, wherein a first gear of the gear train isrotationally coupled to the aim control wheel, wherein a second gear ofthe gear train is rotationally coupled to first mounting point.
7. Thecorner shot firearm of claim 5, wherein the transmission comprises: afirst pulley rotationally coupled to the aim control wheel; a secondpulley rotationally coupled to the first mounting point; and a beltconfigured to couple the first pulley to second pulley.
8. The cornershot firearm of claim 5, wherein the transmission further comprises: apower source configured to provide electrical energy; an electric motorrotationally coupled to the second end of the transmission, wherein theelectric motor is electrically coupled to the power source; a rotationsensor coupled to the aim control wheel, wherein the rotation sensor isconfigured to generate rotation data corresponding to rotation of theaim control wheel; and a controller electrically coupled to the electricmotor, wherein the controller is configured to control the electricmotor based on the rotation data.
9. The corner shot firearm of claim 1,wherein the clamp further comprises a second mounting point configuredto mount a primary firearm.
10. The corner shot firearm of claim 9,wherein the second mounting point is configured to mount at least one ofa hand-rail and a barrel of the primary firearm.
11. The corner shotfirearm of claim 9, wherein the clamp further comprises a fourthmounting point configured to mount at least one of a scope configured toprovide optical magnification, a light source configured to emit lightand a primary camera configured to capture an image, wherein a primaryoptical axis of the primary camera is parallel to a primary line of fireof a primary firearm mounted to the second mounting point.
12. Thecorner shot firearm of claim 1, wherein the first mounting pointcomprises a quick release mechanism configured to facilitate mountingand demounting of the secondary firearm to the first mounting point. 13.The corner shot firearm of claim 1, wherein the first mounting pointcomprises a receptacle, wherein a dimension of the receptaclecorresponds to a dimension of a barrel of the secondary firearm.
14. Thecorner shot firearm of claim 1, wherein the trigger actuator comprisesan electromechanical actuator configured to actuate the secondarytrigger based on a control signal received from a controller, whereinthe controller is electrically coupled to the accessory trigger, whereinthe controller is configured to generate the control signal based onactuation of the accessory trigger, wherein the corner shot firearmfurther comprises a power source configured to provide electrical energyto the electromechanical actuator.
15. The corner shot firearm of claim1, wherein the secondary firearm comprises a pistol.
16. The corner shotfirearm of claim 15, wherein the first mounting point comprises areceptacle configured to receive at least a portion of a hand-grip ofthe pistol, wherein a depth of the receptacle is based on a length ofthe hand-grip.
17. The corner shot firearm of claim 1, wherein astructure of the first mounting point is such as to provide a spacearound a top of the secondary firearm mounted to the first mountingpoint in order to facilitate ejection of shell casings from thesecondary firearm.
18. The corner shot firearm of claim 1 furthercomprising a locking mechanism coupled to the first mounting point,wherein the locking mechanism is configured to be set in one of a lockedstate and an unlocked state, wherein the locking mechanism, while in thelocked state, is configured to prevent movement of the first mountingpoint independent of the rotation of the aim control wheel.
19. Thecorner shot firearm of claim 18, wherein the locking mechanism, while inthe unlocked state, is configured to allow pivotal rotation of the firstmounting point by a rotatory force imparted directly to the firstmounting point.
20. The corner shot firearm of claim 1 furthercomprising a secondary firearm brace, wherein a first end of thesecondary firearm brace is connected to the first mounting point and asecond end of the secondary firearm brace is connectable to a hand-gripof the secondary firearm, wherein the secondary firearm brace isconfigured to secure the secondary firearm to the first mounting pointin spite of a recoil of the secondary firearm upon firing of thesecondary firearm..
|
6625452_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Kidlington är en ort och civil parish i Storbritannien. Den ligger i grevskapet Oxfordshire och riksdelen England, i den södra delen av landet, km väster om huvudstaden London. Kidlington ligger meter över havet och antalet invånare är.
Terrängen runt Kidlington är platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är meter över havet, km sydväst om Kidlington. Runt Kidlington är det mycket tätbefolkat, med invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Oxford, km söder om Kidlington. Trakten runt Kidlington består till största delen av jordbruksmark.
Kustklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är °C, och den kallaste är december, med °C.
Kommentarer
Källor
Externa länkar
Orter i Oxfordshire
Civil parishes i Oxfordshire.
|
github_open_source_100_1_74 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | //==================================================================================================
/*
EVE - Expressive Vector Engine
Copyright : EVE Contributors & Maintainers
SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
*/
//==================================================================================================
#pragma once
#include <eve/constant/inf.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/minf.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/valmax.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/valmin.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/maxflint.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/smallestposval.hpp>
#include <eve/constant/sqrtvalmax.hpp>
|
github_open_source_100_1_75 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import sqlite3
class BotDb:
def __init__(self):
self.con = sqlite3.connect('./Database/discord_bot.db')
self.cur = self.con.cursor()
def insert_messages(self, user_id, message_id, txt_c_id, vc_c_id):
self.cur.execute('insert into messages values(?, ?, ?, ?)'
, [user_id, message_id, txt_c_id, vc_c_id])
self.con.commit()
def get_message_id(self, user_id, vc_c_id):
self.cur.execute('''
select
message_id
from messages
where
user_id = ?
and target_voice_channel_id = ?
''', [user_id, vc_c_id])
return self.cur.fetchall()[0][0] |
github_open_source_100_1_76 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include "core/genes/DiscreteGene.hpp"
DiscreteGene::DiscreteGene(Gene * other) : Gene(other) {}
void DiscreteGene::add(double addend) {
this->index = std::round(
this->target->closestIndex(this->index + addend)
);
}
void DiscreteGene::set(double value) {
this->index = std::round(this->target->closestIndex(value));
}
Gene* DiscreteGene::copy() {
return new DiscreteGene(this);
}
Gene* DiscreteGene::copy(double newIndex) {
return new DiscreteGene(
this->target,
this->target->closestIndex(newIndex)
);
}
Gene* DiscreteGene::increment() {
this->add(1);
return this;
}
Gene* DiscreteGene:: decrement() {
this->add(-1);
return this;
}
|
https://openalex.org/W4301909534_2 | Spanish-Science-Pile | Various open science | Dentro de su quehacer, CREAME busca
como estrategia alcanzar tres objetivos
principales. Primero, la creación de
empresas y el fortalecimiento empresarial
a través de los centros de desarrollo
empresarial y rural; segundo, mejorar las
condiciones de financiación de los nuevos
emprendimientos y los ya existentes por
medio de Capitalia Colombia; tercero,
APUNTES DEL CENES Nº. 56
Vol. 32, Julio - Diciembre de 2013
operar de manera conjunta programas de
emprendimiento con instituciones,
organizaciones y entes territoriales de la
región y el país.
Así, el Centro Integral de Servicios
Empresariales desarrolla su labor y
ofrecesus recursos y servicios en cinco
líneas estratégicas,a través de un modelo
en red por nodos que incluyen tres tipos
de servicios y recursos (presencial y
virtual) para apoyar a una masa crítica
de emprendedores permitiéndoles
elaborar su iniciativa de negocio hasta la
creación y fortalecimiento de sus
empresas, buscando resultados, impacto
y rentabilidad, tal y como se detalla en la
Tabla 7, la cual responde: con qué ofrece,
cómo ofrece y a quiénes ofrece sus
recursos y servicios.
Tabla 7. Descripción de la oferta de recursos y servicios de CREAME
¿Con qué ofrece 1) CREAME desarrollo empresarial: este centro de servicios fomenta el
los servicios? emprendimiento en Colombia mediante tres servicios: la transferencia de
Tres tipos de modelos de emprendimiento, el diseño y la operación de nodos empresariarecursos y
les y el diseño, la gestión y la operación de programas de emprendimiento
servicios
a la medida de las organizaciones e instituciones.
2) CREAME desarrollo rural: el centro gestiona de manera integral proyectos agroindustriales y de emprendimiento social, por medio de servicios de
acompañamiento como socio empresarial, e incubación y formación especializadas.
3) Capitalia Colombia (inversiones y finanzas): es un instrumento de conexiones financieras inteligentes, que opera como banca de inversión para
la pequeña y mediana empresa prestando asesoría en finanzas corporativas
e instrumentos de intermediación de capital.
¿Cómo ofrece 1. Creación de CREAME dispone de dos pisos completos en el
los recursos y empresas y forta- Tecnoparque del SENA, dedicados a personas emprenlecimiento empre- dedoras, equipado con oficinas, puntos de asesoramienservicios?
to, aulas de formación, salas de reuniones y un espacio
Cinco líneas sarial
de asesoramiento.
de actividad
Los servicios que ofrece son: a) Convocatorias de inio ejes de
ciativas empresariales y un acompañamiento integral de
intervención
1 año, denominado planeación o gestión, según el estado en el que se encuentra, b) Asesoría en temas jurídicos, gestión comercial, finanzas, modelación de negocios, red de contactos y herramientas para el control y el
seguimiento integrado de la gestión empresarial, c) Alianzas con centros educativos, empresas privadas y cajas
de compensación familiar, con el fin de aplicar un modelo
flexible que promueva la creación de empresas alrededor
de un nicho de mercado específico, d) Incubación especializada, e) Formación especializada y f), Acompañamiento como socio empresarial.
193
Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
2. Asesorías en El centro dispone de una boutique financiera especialifinanzas corpo- zada para empresas con alto potencial de crecimiento,
rativas y acceso así como el diseño de prácticas metodológicas y finana capital.
cieras que se adaptan a las necesidades de cada cliente.
Algunos servicios son: valoración de empresas y gestión del valor, evaluación financiera de proyectos y empresas, diseño y desarrollo de herramientas de gestión y
planeación financiera, gestión y administración de fondos de capital de riesgo, gestión y administración de
Redes de Inversionistas Ángeles, canalización de recursos de financiación por medio de líneas de créditos especializadas y líneas de fomento, entre otros.
3.Operación de a) Diseño, gestión y operación de programas y proyecprogramas y pro- tos de emprendimiento a la medida de las organizaciones
yectos con enti- e instituciones locales, regionales y nacionales.
dades de desa- b) Nodos o centros de atención que se crean en alianzas
rrollo territorial. con centros educativos, empresas privadas y cajas de
4.Posicionamien- compensación familiar, con el fin de aplicar un modelo
to de la marca flexible que promueva la creación de empresas y
CREAME.
posicione la marca CREAME.
c) Transferencia de modelos de emprendimiento
estandarizados para la ejecución de programas de
emprendimiento social, agroindustrial, de valor agregado o de base tecnológica.
5.Aumento de la El modelo de operaciones de CREAME está soportado
rentabilidad a tra- en dos unidades de negocio: de un lado, el desarrollo
vés de las empre- productivo y empresarial que tiene dos líneas de trabajo
sas propias.
correspondientes a consultoría para el desarrollo de territorios y emprendimiento rural y social, y del otro, nuevos negocios, que tienen operación con Capitalia Colombia y la Certificadora.
¿A quién ofrece El modelo de operaciones de CREAME está soportado en dos unidades de
los recursos y negocio: de un lado, el desarrollo productivo y empresarial que tiene dos
servicios?
líneas de trabajo correspondientes a consultoría para el desarrollo de territorios y emprendimiento rural y social, y del otro, nuevos negocios, que
tienen operación con Capitalia Colombia y la Certificadora.
Fuente: elaborado por los autores, con base en CREAME (2011).
La tabla anterior muestra una orientación
del centro hacia la generación de nuevos
ingresos por medio de la operación de
programas y proyectos territoriales e
institucionales y la creación de nuevos
194
negocios, desarrollando labores más
transversales de conformación de
empresas y no de incubación propiamente
dicha en la ciudad y la región, que son
actualizados de forma permanente teniendo
en cuenta las demandas del entorno.
APUNTES DEL CENES Nº. 56
Vol. 32, Julio - Diciembre de 2013
Descripción y cronología de las
políticas y programas de emprendimiento
En el contexto anterior se puede señalar
que el Estado tradicionalmente establece
un marco jurídico del sistema de desarrollo
urbano, social y económico. Controla un
gasto importante en infraestructura para la
malla vial y la red de transporte nacional,
regional y local.
El Estado también asigna la mayor parte
de los fondos públicos para inversión social
y seguridad del país y la ciudad.
Adicionalmente hay una serie de políticas,
planes, programas y fuentes de financiación
que se dirigen específicamente al desarrollo
económico y empresarial del país y la
región, muchos de los cuales son
importantes para Medellín (BID, 2011).
lugar donde determinada comunidad
construye su relación con el entorno,
configurando la realidad que quiere
intervenir (Muller, 2006). Dicha interacción
entorno-organización, se ha tejido
intermitentemente entre CREAME y la
Alcaldía de Medellín, como lo expresa el
empleado número 9:
Pues eso tendría que dividirlo como
en varios ámbitos, lo que es lo (sic)
nacional, lo departamental y ya pues
lo local; por otro lado yo digo que aquí
ha habido mucho desorden en las
políticas a nivel nacional porque aquí
estamos inventando la rueda en cada
región… Entonces, yo hablaba en
estos días con una persona, que aquí
falta más articulación en todo el tema
de emprendimiento y posiblemente
por eso digo que falta más relacionamiento corporativo con otro tipo de
actores y yo sé que por ejemplo, la
incubadora ha venido haciendo ese
trabajo y lo ha hecho muy bien, por
ejemplo con la Alcaldía de Medellín
con todo este tema de ciudad cluster.
De ahí que las “políticas públicas para esta
investigación se asuman como
configuraciones de los actores” (Muller,
2006, p. 67), debido a que su construcción
ha ido evolucionando en el tiempo. Es decir,
en las dos primeras décadas (1980 y 1990)
su elaboración era de arriba a abajo
(institucionalmente) y durante 2000 se ha
iniciado un proceso de construcción en doble
vía, de abajo a arriba y viceversa; una
prueba de ello, es el SNCTI, el cual está
compuesto por organizaciones públicas,
privadas y mixtas que interactúan
flojamente entre sí, pero están en proceso
de consolidación de sus relaciones.
La percepción anterior muestra que aunque
existe diversidad de políticas y programas
formulados y legitimados en el campo del
emprendimiento y la innovación dentro de
los planes de desarrollo nacional, regional
y local (Meny & Thoening, 1992), aún falta
un verdadero relacionamiento de los actores
y el SRI en Medellín-Antioquia, para lograr
ser una ciudad y región innovadora.
Por consiguiente, las políticas públicas no
son sólo un proceso de decisión, sino un
De hecho, el diseño de políticas y
programas de emprendimiento e
195
Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
innovación se da de forma explícita en el
año 2000, con ciertas características
particulares que permiten suponer que su
elaboración estuvo dirigida autónoma y
gradualmente por la Gobernación de
Antioquia y la ciudad, con el apoyo
indirecto de CREAME, como se puede
apreciar en la concepción que tiene el
emprendedor número 1 sobre el diseño de
políticas y programas en este campo.
Antes CREAME ha sido el creador de
todos estos programas, CREAME fue
pionero en temas de emprendimiento,
es un referente. CREAME mandó al
doctor Darío Montoya al SENA, creó
el fondo Emprender, creó una masa
crítica de emprendimiento importante
en el país; después sale el equipo
CREAME a montar el Parque del
Emprendimiento. CREAME incubó un
sistema de emprendimiento muy
importante en el país; además de las
incubadoras que creó en otras partes.
Lo cual evidencia que entidades como
CREAME, participan y lideran propuestas
públicas de desarrollo empresarial, que
luego se convierten en programas de
desarrollo económico de la ciudad.Ello
refleja la transición hacia modelos de
gestión pública del tipo modus vivendi o
negociado de acción o de gobernanza.
Por tanto, las políticas y programas de
desarrollo empresarial en Colombia,
Antioquia y Medellín, han presentado tres
cambios fundamentales de evolución del
sistema socioeconómico, científico y
tecnológico. El primero es visto como el
196
inicio del cambio institucional: se desarrolló
durante los años ochenta y su foco de
acción estuvo orientado a mejorar los índices
de pobreza e inequidad social, así como a
reactivar la economía colombiana afectada
por una fuerte crisis producto de la violencia
y los bajos niveles de desarrollo del aparato
productivo nacional.
El segundo se concibe como la aceleración
del cambio institucional: surgió en la década
de 1990 y se ocupó principalmente por
alcanzar la paz y fortalecer la inclusión social
de la sociedad civil, así como el inicio y la
ejecución tímida de políticas y planes de
desarrollo económico vía competitividad,
con el fin de mejorar el aparato productivo
nacional para exportar o atraer inversores
internacionales. Este periodo de desarrollo
estuvo destinado a fortalecer la autonomía
de las regiones enmarcadas en la nueva
Constitución Política de 1991.
Finalmente, la protección y estabilización
de la institucionalidad, que busca el
desarrollo económico y empresarial,
ligado al bienestar social de la población,
cuyo énfasis mayor está en fortalecer el
desarrollo empresarial y la competitividad
de las empresas a través de la inversión
en CT&I, se promueve con el fomento
de la relación e interacción entre los
distintos actores de la sociedad civil,
como se observa en la tabla de relación
sintética de las políticas y programas de
desarrollo empresarial e innovación
(Tabla 8), siguiendo las construcciones
analíticas (génesis, adolescencia, adultez
y madurez) expuestas por Hoffman
(2001) y Eshun (2004).
Políticas
Categpría
Adolescencia
(1991-2000)
Adultez
(2001-2010)
¿Madurez?
(2011 ...)
Nacionales (Colombia)
Iniciar el cambio institucional. Acelerar el cambio institucional, Proteger y renovar la institucionalidad. Se interesa por
Política de estabilidad, crecimiento fundamentado en la revolución
el fortalecimiento de la democracia a partir de la noción
y equidad en términos sociales, pacífica y el cambio social para
de Estado comunitario, desarrollo para toda la sociedad
comerciales y de producción.
construir la paz.
civil y productiva del país.
Iniciativas locales de ocupación Iniciativas locales de
Se concentra en la promoción empresarial en el país, la
laboral.
empleabilidad.
región y la ciudad.
Regionales (Antioquia)
Promocionar
el desarrollo Durante 1997 se define la visión Productividad y competitividad para Antioquia. La
regional, urbano y productivo.·
2020 para Antioquia.
última es la que tiene relación con el desarrollo
Mejorar la infraestructura fiscal Se crea el Plan Estratégico de
empresarial y la innovación.
y social.
Antioquia PLANEA, por
Planificación y ejecución de la política de CT&I y el
Ocupación laboral.
ordenanza No. 12 del 19 de
emprendimiento.
agosto.
Sectores estratégicos y empresas para revitalizar la
Se define la construcción de un
economía antioqueña.
modelo de desarrollo propio
Promover la internacionalización de Antioquia vía
para el departamento.
fortalecimiento de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación,
el turismo, y la productividad y la competitividad.
Definición explícita de políticas y programas de
desarrollo empresarial e innovación en el departamento.
Locales (Medellín)
En el PLANEA se incluye a Medellín y su área
Se elabora el primer plan de Se crea la Consejería
Presidencial para Medellín.
metropolitana.
desarrollo metropolitano.
Se define a MedellínCity y su área metropolitana.
No hay ninguna política explícita Actualización del plan
Se establece un modelo de ciudad propio, orientado a
sobre desarrollo empresarial e estratégico metropolitano.
Política de generación de
convertir a Medellín en una ciudad innovadora.
innovación.
empleo y fortalecimiento
empresarial.
Génesis
(1980-1990)
Tabla 8. Síntesis cronológica de las políticas y programas de desarrollo empresarial
e innovaciónen Colombia, Antioquia y Medellín
APUNTES DEL CENES Nº. 56
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197
198
Adolescencia
(1991-2000)
Regionales (Antioquia)
Sólo se incluye el desarrollo y las Programas orientados al fomento
actividades productivas diversifi- del sector agropecuario y
cadas de Antioquia por sectores, agroindustrial, con pocos
con énfasis en su capacidad de estímulos a la pequeña y mediana
generación de empleo.
empresa.
Programas de fomento a la
tecnología en la industria y la
exportación o comercio
internacional en Antioquia.
Locales (Medellín)
No hay ninguna política explícita Los programas estaban más
sobre desarrollo empresarial e orientados a conseguir la paz, la
innovación.
integración social, el desarrollo
social y la calidad de vida.
Mejorar la infraestructura urbana
y el espacio público.
Propiciar el desarrollo económico
y la competitividad.
Nacionales (Colombia)
Sólo se incluye el crecimiento Reformas estructurales a la
económico, la generación de economía.
empleo y el mejoramiento de los Se inicia el proceso de
ingresos del trabajo, a través de planificación de la CT&I.
programas sectoriales.
Elaboración y puesta en marcha
del plan nacional de generación de
empleo.
Inicia operación del Consejo
Nacional de Competitividad.
Génesis
(1980-1990)
Fuente: elaborado por los autores.
Programas
Categpría
¿Madurez?
(2011 ...)
programas financiación.
Medellín un modelo de ciudad.
Medellín ciudad innovadora.
Medellín ciudad cluster.
Cultura del emprendimiento y la innovación.
Medellín competitiva y solidaria.
Medellín la más educada.
Medellín la más competitiva.
Promoción de la CT&I en el departamento.
Competitividad y dinamización de los clusters.
Financiación de la innovación y el emprendimiento.
Fomento a la innovación en y para las empresas.
Impulso al desarrollo empresarial y la innovación.
Fortalecimiento de la formalización empresarial.
Fomento a la productividad y competitividad.
Definición de cadenas y apuestas productivas.
Se implementan diversos
Se promueve
competitividad en los sectores estratégicos.
la creación de nuevas empresas y el
fortalecimiento empresarial.
Se promulga la Ley 1014 de 2006 para el fomento del
emprendimiento.
Se implementa la Ley 1286 de 2009, de ciencia y tecnología.
Se pone en marcha la Ley 1429 de formalización y generación
de empleo en 2010.
Se inicia la construcción de las agendas regionales de
de desarrollo empresarial.
Se crea e implementa en Planeación Nacional la dirección
Adultez
(2001-2010)
Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
APUNTES DEL CENES Nº. 56
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En la tabla anterior se hace visible que
las políticas y programas se han
transformado y evolucionado desde su
concepción, coordinación y ejecución de
actividades de empr endimiento e
innovación, como algo constr uido
conjuntamente entre el sector público y
privado en Medellín y Antioquia,
mediante la participación de diferentes
actores del sistema regional de
innovación (SRI) en su diseño e
implementación.
Por tanto, la manera de diseñar, formular,
operar y evaluar las políticas públicas y los
programas de acción ha ido cambiando
paulatinamente de un gobierno centralizado
a uno descentralizado, en “donde la mayor
parte de la producción de políticas se ha
desplazado a los entes no gubernamentales” (Peters, 2004, p. 69); es decir,
con una vinculación directa de actores
privados en el diseño de las políticas, pero
orientados, dirigidos y evaluados por el
Estado.
El proceso de dirección de una comunidad
determinada “no es equivalente a una sola
acción directiva del gobierno sino del
conjunto social” (Ramírez, Vargas & De
la Rosa, 2011, p. 39), que se deriva de la
construcción de capacidades institucionales
en materia de desarrollo económico,
empresarial y de innovación en la ciudad
de Medellín y el departamento de Antioquia.
Incluso se observa que la política
económica nacional está centrada en el
bienestar social y la equidad para la
población colombiana, con poco interés
en el desarrollo empresarial y la ciencia,
la tecnología y la innovación (CT&I) a
nivel departamental y municipal. Sin
embargo, en los últimos diez años ha
habido un interés particular por aplicar la
Constitución Política colombiana en su
componente de autonomía regional, con
el fin de que cada región reorganice sus
estrategias e iniciativas de planificación
y ejecución de políticas y programas a
escala departamental, especialmente en
relación con el emprendimiento y la
innovación, así como con la productividad
y competitividad empresarial en el
contexto nacional e internacional.
Por su parte, en el ámbito internacional
se busca incrementar las actividades
regionales y competir de manera global,
por medio de diversidad de acciones
estr atégicas coordinadas por el
departamento de Antioquia y la Alcaldía
de Medellín durante los últimos veinte
años. Este proceso ha estado orientado
fundamentalmente a mejorar la calidad
de vida y el bienestar social de la
comunidad mediante el fomento al
emprendimiento, la investigación, el
desarrollo tecnológico, la innovación y el
fortalecimiento empresarial.
Precisamente, durante la década de 2000
se expone de forma explícita el diseño y
la operación de políticas y programas de
ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CT&I)
y desarrollo empresarial en Colombia, no
sólo desde la formulación, sino desde la
implementación creciente de medidas de
fomento del espíritu emprendedor y la
innovación.
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Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
Por eso, si se reconoce que una organización y un programa son ante todo
espacios para negociar más o menos
institucionalizados, entonces deben
concurrir muchas mediaciones para que
se alcance un compromiso (Monnier,
1992). Dicho comportamiento ha hecho
que Medellín y CREAME replanteen y
redefinan gradualmente las políticas y
programas por “fases u etapas
(formulación, ejecución y evaluación), en
respuesta a la demanda social o de
mercado, en términos de gobernanza”
(Peters, 2004, p. 68).
La gobernanza se percibe como un
“conjunto de mecanismos que proveen
servicios públicos a ciertos espacios
sociales” (Peters, 2004, p. 69), que se
conciben, en otros términos, ya no desde
un punto de vista secuencial, sino en
virtud de la naturaleza de las relaciones
entre los actores sociales de Antioquia y
Medellín. En consecuencia, el departamento de Antioquia y la ciudad de
Medellín han logrado desarrollar cuatro
elementos clave 3 para fomentar el
espíritu emprendedor en un contexto
específico, mediante la superación
gradual y superficial de tres dilemas
básicos en los procesos de planificación
(Castells & Vilaseca, 2007).
1. El dilema entre la adopción de
medidas horizontales de fomento a
la creación de empresas y medidas
de apoyo selectivas, dirigidas a
grupos específicos susceptibles de
recibir una atención preferente.
2. El dilema entre apoyar la creación
de empresas, de cualquier índole,
que estimulen la auto-ocupación, o
proporcionar ayuda preferente a
aquellas firmas que, por el tipo de
actividad que desarrollan o su
contenido tecnológico, presentan a
priori un mayor potencial de
crecimiento, consolidación y arrastre
(empresas gacelas).
3. El dilema entre emplear la
eficiencia económica y la social
como criter io preferente en la
distribución de los recursos públicos.
Tales disyuntivas han sido desarrolladas
por algunas entidades territoriales de
Medellín que promueven el emprendimiento por medio del sistema regional
de innovación (SRI), con la inclusión de
instrumentos como los parques tecnológicos, las unidades de emprendimiento y las incubadoras de empresas.
Entre otras cosas, este último instrumento
ha perdido reconocimiento nacional,
debido a que las incubadoras no cuentan
con el apoyo técnico y económico
suficiente para desarrollar su objeto
social, por tanto, esto hizo que la IEBTA
se transformara en CREAME durante el
2006 y se dedicara a la consultoría
empresarial.
__________
3
i) Eliminación de los obstáculos a la creación de empresas, ii) mejor equilibrio entre los riesgos y las recompensas
a la iniciativa empresarial, iii) fomento de la capacidad y las competencias empresariales, iv), mayor accesibilidad
de la iniciativa empresarial al conjunto de la sociedad.
200
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Por supuesto, la relación de actores y
sistema confluye en el diseño y operación
de políticas y programas de desarrollo
empresarial e innovación, que han venido
legitimando de manera progresiva la
cultura emprendedora en la ciudad, en
términos de Monnier (1992). En otras
palabras, el éxito que ha tenido la política
de emprendimiento e innovaciónes
producto de la acción decidida de los
gobernantes y los actores del sistema
regional de innovación (SRI) de Medellín
y Antioquia.
La actualización permanente de las
actividades y los servicios ofrecidos por
los actores que pertenecen al sistema, es
producto de una inquietud institucional
(políticas y programas) clara para lograr
los propósitos de desarrollo económico y
empresarial de forma eficiente (Castells
& Vilaseca, 2007).
De allí que la capacidad institucional sea
vista como un complejo entramado de
recursos, mecanismos y dispositivos de
orden técnico y organizacional, pero de
naturaleza política, que un gobierno como
el de Medellín dispone par a la
conducción de la acción social dirigida al
desarrollo y bienestar de la sociedad civil,
histórica y socialmente determinada
(Ramírez, Vargas & De la Rosa, 2011).
CONCLUSIONES
Desde el año 2001, las políticas públicas
de desarrollo empresarial e innovación se
encuentran en un estado de adultez,
surgidas predominantemente en el
contexto regional, por la convergencia de
diversos actores, especialmente privados,
que juegan un papel importante en el
diseño y ejecución, si bien el seguimiento
y la evaluación siguen principalmente en
manos del Estado; lo cual coincide con
los rasgos del modelo de gestión pública
modus vivendi o negociado de acción,
y de la gobernanza.
Sin embargo, si bien en el ámbito regional
son evidentes los avances en cuanto a la
transición hacia modelos de gobernanza
en materia de políticas públicas de
desarrollo empresarial e innovación, son
también notorias las dificultades para
“negociar la acción” con los actores
nacionales que tienen injerencia en los
procesos de formulación, lo cual, en
ocasiones, genera redundancias y
tensiones entre lo regional y lo nacional.
En ese orden de ideas, CREAME es una
de las instituciones del sistema regional
de CT&I, resultante de la articulación
público-privada, que, al mismo tiempo, se
reconoce como un referente en el diseño
de nuevas políticas públicas de desarrollo
empresarial e innovación, y en un actor
de notoria incidencia en sus etapas de
formulación, ejecución y evaluación.
De otra parte, la creciente participación
de actores no gubernamentales en la
formulación de las políticas, evidencia la
legitimación del accionar de los mismos,
cuya vinculación constituye un
mecanismo para subsanar la racionalidad
limitada y un medio para conectar las
políticas de desarrollo empresarial e
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Las políticas públicas de desarrollo empresarial e innovación desde la perspectiva
Geovanny Perdomo Charry - José Enrique Arias Pérez
innovación con las demandas sociales o
del mercado.
La evolución de la política pública de
desarrollo empresarial e innovación, ha
transformado a CREAME, dedicada en
un inicio a la incubación de empresas, en
una institución que también ofrece
servicios de consultoría, especialmente
porque este instrumento ha perdido
reconocimiento nacional,debido a que no
logr a brindar el apoyo técnico y
económico suficiente para desarrollar
eseprimer objeto social.
Futuras líneas de investigación, pueden
orientarse al estudio de las políticas
públicas, entendidas como configuración
de actores que negocian la acción en el
marco de los propósitos nacionales y
regionales, en ocasiones antagónicos; en
consecuencia, sería pertinente identificar
los inhibidores o impulsores de los
acuerdos y las tensiones, así como poder
estudiar el desarrollo de otros actores del
sistema producto de las políticas públicas
en materia de desarrollo empresarial e
innovación.
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US-84949404-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Method and system for settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity
ABSTRACT
A method of settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving 501 a tender request form indicating that an amount of the commodity, which has been credited to a clearinghouse that is responsible for managing settlement of the derivatives contract, is to be tendered; selecting 509 a long position to take delivery of the amount of the commodity; and effecting delivery of the amount of the commodity to fulfil the long position, thereby settling the derivatives contract.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method and system for settling aderivatives contract in respect of a commodity, and has particular—butby no means exclusive—application to settling a futures contract forgrain.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A derivatives contract, such as a futures contract, is a legally bindingagreement between two parties to buy or sell a particular commodity on aspecified date in the future. Derivatives contracts are traded over awide range of commodities such as gold, grain, base metals andelectricity.
Derivatives contracts are commonly made via exchanges, such as theAustralian Stock Exchange (ASX). The ASX, for instance, has anelectronic derivatives trading platform that allows parties to enterinto a derivatives contract. The ASX's derivatives trading platform isalso known as CLICK™. Once a derivatives contract has been established,it is sometimes registered with a clearinghouse that is essentiallyresponsible for the orderly settlement of derivatives contracts onmaturity; that is, ensuring the commodity is delivered to the purchaserand that the purchaser pays for the delivered commodity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provideda method of settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity,the method comprising the steps of:
- - receiving a tender request form indicating that an amount of the commodity, which has been credited to a clearinghouse that is responsible for managing settlement of the derivatives contract, is to be tendered; - selecting a long position to take delivery of the amount of the commodity; and - effecting delivery of the amount of the commodity to fulfil the long position, thereby settling the derivatives contract.
Thus, the present invention has an advantage of maintainingconfidentiality of trader's positions by virtue of the fact that it isdealing with a commodity that has been credited to the clearinghouse.
Preferably the step of receiving the tender request form comprises thestep of receiving the tender request form from a first broker acting onbehalf of an entity that has an interest in the amount of the commodity.
Preferably the step of selecting the long position comprises the step ofrandomly selecting the long position from one or more open boughtcontracts.
Preferably the step of effecting delivery of the amount of the commoditycomprises the steps of:
- - issuing a second broker responsible for establishing the long position with a delivery notice comprising information about the amount of the commodity; - receiving from the second broker a payment for the amount of the commodity; and - making a further payment to the first broker for the amount of the commodity.
Preferably the method further comprises the step of receiving from thefirst broker a title transfer notice that represents a request to havethe amount of the commodity credited to the clearinghouse.
Preferably, the method further comprises the step of receiving aconfirmation notice confirming that the amount of the commodity has beencredited to the clearinghouse.
Preferably, the step of obtaining the confirmation notice comprises thestep of receiving the confirmation notice from a storage facilityresponsible for storing the amount of the commodity.
Preferably, the derivatives contract comprises a futures contract.
Preferably, the commodity comprises a grain.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provideda system for settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity,the system comprising:
- - an electronic document exchange device operable to receive a tender request form indicating that an amount of the commodity, which has been credited to a clearinghouse that is responsible for managing settlement of the derivatives contract, is to be tendered; - a computer system operable to select a long position to take delivery of the amount of the commodity; and - an electronic communication means operable to effect delivery of the amount of the commodity to fulfil the long position, thereby settling the derivatives contract.
Preferably, the electronic document exchange device is operable toreceive the tender request form from a first broker acting on behalf ofan entity that has an interest in the amount of the commodity.
Preferably, the computer system is operable to select the long positionfrom one or more open bought contracts.
Preferably, the electronic communication means comprises anotherelectronic document exchange device operable to:
- - issue a second broker responsible for the long position with a delivery notice comprising information about the amount of the commodity; - receive from the second broker a payment for the amount of the commodity; and - make a further payment to the first broker for the amount of the commodity.
Preferably, the electronic document exchange device is operable toreceive from the first broker a title transfer notice that was issued asa request to have the amount of the commodity credited to theclearinghouse.
Preferably, the electronic document exchange device is operable toreceive a confirmation notice confirming that the amount of thecommodity has been credited to the clearinghouse.
Preferably, the electronic document exchange device is operable toreceive the conformation notice from a storage facility responsible forstoring the amount of the commodity.
Preferably, the derivatives contract comprises a futures contract.
Preferably, the commodity comprises a grain.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provideda computer software which, when run as a computing system, allows thecomputing system to carry out the method according to the first aspectof the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Notwithstanding any other embodiments that may fall within the scope ofthe present invention, an embodiment of the present invention will nowbe described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanyingfigures, in which:
FIG. 1 provides a screen shot of information presented on a computerterminal used in conjunction with a derivatives trading platform;
FIG. 2 provides a schematic diagram of a system used to settle aderivatives contract;
FIG. 3 shows an example of a title transfer form that is used insettling a derivatives contract;
FIG. 4 shows an example of a tender request form used in settling aderivatives contract;
FIG. 5 provides a flow chart of various steps used to settle aderivatives contract;
FIG. 6 shows an example of a delivery notice used in settling aderivatives contract; and
FIG. 7 shows an example of a redemption notice used to settle aderivatives contract.
AN EMBODIMENT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The embodiment of the present invention has particular application tothe settlement phase of a futures contract in respect of an amount of agrain (for example, milling wheat, barley or canola). Thus the followingdescription focuses on a seller, in legal possession of an amount ofgrain, opening a futures position by entering into a futures contract tosell the amount of the grain.
When the seller wishes to open the futures position they first instructa broker (also referred to as a trading participant) that they wouldlike to sell the amount of the grain. The seller will typically instructthe broker via telephone or facsimile. It will, however, be appreciatedthat other forms of electronic communication can be used to convey theinstruction to sell the amount of the grain; for example, e-mail or viaa website operated by the broker. As part of the instructions to thebroker the seller will specify details such as the type of the grain(for example, whether it is barley or canola), the amount of the grain,the price the seller is asking for the amount of the grain, and theparticular date in the future which the seller wants to sell the amountof the grain.
On receiving the instructions to sell the amount of the grain, thebroker proceeds to list the seller's offer to sell the amount of grainon an electronic derivatives trading platform that is operating by astock exchange. The broker lists the seller's offer by entering into thetrading platform details such as, the type of grain the seller wants tosell, the price the seller is asking for the grain, and the particulardate on which the seller wants to sell the grain.
The electronic derivatives trading platform comprises a central computersystem that is under the control of the stock exchange and which isbased on the well known CLICK™ system from OM AB. Connected to thecentral computer system is a number of computer terminals. The computerterminals are generally located in the offices of futures brokers, andenable the brokers to view and make offers to buy and/or sell the grainvia the central computer system. It is noted that the terminals can alsobe used to view offers to buy and/or sell other commodities such aselectricity. The each computer terminal is connected to the centralcomputer system via a secure digital communication link, which istypically supported by ISDN technology. The broker acting on behalf ofthe seller uses the computer terminal in their office to list theseller's offer to sell the amount of the grain on the electronicderivates trading platform. The central computer system of the tradingplatform is such that it disseminates to all of the computer terminalsthe seller's offer to sell the amount of the grain so that other brokersare capable of seeing the seller's offer. Thus, other brokers viewing acomputer terminal can opt to take-up the seller's offer. FIG. 1 shows anexample screen shot of information (offers to buy and/or sell the grain)presented to the brokers via the computer terminals.
The electronic derivatives trading platform (more specifically thecentral computer system) is such that it will automatically match theseller's offer to sell the amount of the grain with a correspondingoffer to buy the grain. The offer to buy the amount of the grain is alsolisted on the trading platform by another broker acting on behalf of abuyer wanting the amount of the grain. The offer to buy the amount ofthe grain is made in the same way as the seller's offer to sell theamount of the grain, which is by entering the offer into the tradingplatform using one of the computer terminals.
Once the offer to sell is matched with the offer to buy, a futurescontract is effectively established in respect of the amount of thegrain. The electronic derivatives trading platform is arranged toelectronically transfer details of the futures contract to aclearinghouse so that it can be recorded and registered. Theclearinghouse is essentially responsible to ensuring orderly settlementof the futures contract. An example of the clearinghouse is theAustralian Clearing House Pty Ltd, which is a wholly owned subsidiary ofthe Australian Stock Exchange. To ensure the seller and the buyer arenot exposed to the credit risk of each other, the clearinghouse uses theconcept of novation. This basically means that the clearinghouse becomesthe buyer to the seller, and the seller to the buyer.
The clearinghouse operates a system 201, which it uses to settle thefutures contract received from the electronic derivatives tradingplatform. The system 201, which is shown in FIG. 2, comprises: a firstelectronic document exchange device and an electronic communicationmeans that comprise a facsimile machine 203 that is connected to apublic telephone network; and a computer system 205 in the form of acomputer running appropriate database software. It is noted that whilstin the present embodiment the electronic document exchange device andthe electronic communication means comprise the facsimile machine 203,it will be readily appreciated that other means for transferring anelectronic copy of a document could be used. Once such alternative isthe user sending a copy of the document via e-mail or submitting it to awebsite operated by the clearinghouse.
Upon deciding to tender (deliver) the amount of the grain against thefutures contract. The seller will at a given date before the maturitydate of the futures contract advise the broker of their intention totender the amount of the grain to fulfil the futures contract. Theseller typically informs the broker of this intention by placing atelephone call or facsimile. On being advised that the seller wants totender the amount of the grain the broker completes a title transferform and sends it via facsimile to a grain handler that is storing theamount of the grain for the seller. The broker also faxes a copy of thetitle transfer form to the facsimile machine 203 so that theclearinghouse is aware that the title transfer form has been filed. Anexample of the title transfer form is shown in FIG. 3. Essentially, thetitle transfer form represents a request by the seller to have theamount of the grain transferred from a first account that the seller haswith the grain handler to a second account that the clearinghouse haswith the grain handler.
Subsequent to receiving the title transfer form, the grain handler willfirst check the seller's account to determine whether it is storing forthe seller the grain that is specified in the title transfer form. Ondetermining that it is storing the grain, the grain handler updates itsrecords so that the clearinghouse's account is credited with the grainspecified in the title transfer and the seller's account is debited thegrain specified in the title transfer form. The grain handler willtypically update the first account and the second account by using acomputer based inventory record system.
Once the seller's account and the clearinghouse's account has beenupdated, the grain handler faxes to the clearinghouse a notice of thefact that the clearinghouse's account has been credited with the grainspecified in the title transfer form. The grain handler. Fixes thenotice to the facsimile machine 203 so that the clearinghouse is awareof this matter.
Once the amount of the grain has been credited to the clearinghouse'saccount with the grain handler, the seller can at the appropriate timebefore the futures contract matures instruct the broker to initiatetendering of the amount of the grain that was previously credited to theclearinghouse's account. In this regard, the seller typically instructsthe broker by making a telephone call or facsimile; however, it will beappreciated that communication mechanisms such as e-mail can be used toinstruct the broker in this regard. On receiving an instruction totender the amount of the grain the broker proceeds to complete a tenderrequest form and sends it to the clearinghouse as a facsimile to thefacsimile machine 203. An example of the tender request form is shown inFIG. 4.
On receiving the tender request form from the broker, the clearinghouseproceeds to settle the futures contract by carrying out the varioussteps shown in the flow chart of FIG. 5. As such the clearinghousecarries out the step 507 of checking all open bought futures positionsthat have not been matched out, and then proceeds to carry out the step509 of randomly selecting an appropriate long position to take deliveryof the amount of the grain. Persons skilled in the art will readilyappreciate that a long position is when a trader has purchased a futurescontract and is committed to take ownership of the amount of the grain.
The previous steps 507 and 509 are performed by using the computersystem 205. It is noted that when the offers to buy and sell the amountof the grain (futures contracts) are transferred from the electronicderivatives trading platform to the clearinghouse, details of the offersto buy and sell are loaded into the computer system 205 so that theprevious steps 507 and 509 can be carried out. The computer system 205is such that it can receive, in electronic form, details of the futurescontracts via a secure communication link which interconnects thederivatives trading platform and the computer system 205.
Using the information contained in the computer system 205, theclearinghouse carries out the next step 511 of identifying the brokerresponsible for establishing the long position; that is the broker thatlisted the buyer's offer to buy the amount of the grain. It is notedthat details of the buyer's broker are transferred to the computersystem 205 from the derivatives trading platform along with the detailsof the offers to buy and sell the amount of the grain. Using thefacsimile machine 203, the clearinghouse carries out the step 513 offaxing a delivery notice to the broker responsible for listing thebuyer's offer. The delivery notice basically sets out details of theamount of the grain that is being tendered. An example of the deliverynotice is shown in FIG. 6.
On receiving the delivery notice from the clearinghouse, the buyer'sbroker arranges to make full payment to the clearinghouse for the amountof grain that is being tendered. Typically, the buyer's broker will makethe full payment by way of an electronic bank transfer to theclearinghouse's bank account. On receiving the full payment and aredemption notice (which is shown in FIG. 7) from the buyer's broker,the clearinghouse carries out the step 517 of instructing the grainhandler to transfer the amount of the grain from the clearinghouse'saccount to the buyer's account with the grain holder. Typically thegrain holder carries out this step 517 by sending a facsimile to thegrain holder using the facsimile machine 203. The clearinghouse thenperforms the final step 519 of arranging for the full payment to betransferred to the broker acting for the seller of the amount of thegrain. Typically, this payment is also made using an electronic banktransfer to the seller's broker. The seller's broker will in turn passon the payment to the seller, thereby settling delivery of the amount ofthe grain. If the clearinghouse does not receive the redemption notice,then the clearinghouse will not carry out the step 517 of instructingthe grain handler. Consequently, the amount of the grain will remain inthe clearinghouse's account until such time as the redemption notice isreceived.
It is noted that whilst the embodiment of the present invention has beendescribed in the context of a futures contract for grain, the presentinvention has a broader application to other derivatives contracts, suchas options, and other commodities, such as wool.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention describedherein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than thosespecifically described. It should be understood that the inventionincludes all such variations and modifications which fall within thespirit and scope of the invention.
1. A method of settling a derivatives contract in respect of acommodity, the method comprising the steps of: receiving a tenderrequest form indicating that an amount of the commodity, which has beencredited to a clearinghouse that is responsible for managing settlementof the derivatives contract, is to be tendered; selecting a longposition to take delivery of the amount of the commodity; and effectingdelivery of the amount of the commodity to fulfil the long position,thereby settling the derivatives contract.
2. The method as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the step of receiving the notice comprises the step ofreceiving the tender request form from a first broker acting on behalfof an entity that has an interest in the amount of the commodity.
3. Themethod as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of selecting the longposition comprises the step of selecting the long position from one ormore open bought contracts.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, whereinthe step of effecting delivery of the amount of the commodity comprisesthe steps of: issuing a second broker responsible for the long positionwith a delivery notice comprising information about the amount of thecommodity; receiving from the second broker a payment for the amount ofthe commodity, and making a further payment to the first broker for theamount of the commodity.
5. The method as claimed in claim 2, furthercomprising the step of receiving from the first broker a title transfernotice that represents a request to have the amount of the commoditycredited to the clearinghouse.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1,further comprising the step of receiving a confirmation noticeconfirming that the amount of the commodity has been credited to theclearinghouse.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein in the stepof receiving the confirmation notice comprises the step of receiving theconformation notice from a storage facility responsible for storing theamount of the commodity.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, whereinthe derivatives contract comprises a futures contract.
9. The method asclaimed in claim 1, wherein the commodity comprises a gram.
10. A systemfor settling a derivatives contract in respect of a commodity, thesystem comprising: an electronic document exchange device operable toreceive a tender request form indicating that an amount of thecommodity, which has been credited to a clearinghouse that isresponsible for managing settlement of the derivatives contract, is tobe tendered; a computer system operable to select a long position totake delivery of the amount of the commodity; and an electroniccommunication means operable to effect delivery of the amount of thecommodity to fulfil the long position, thereby settling the derivativescontract.
11. The system as claimed in claim 10, wherein the electronicdocument exchange device is operable to receive the tender request formfrom a first broker acting on behalf of an entity that has an interestin the amount of the commodity.
12. The system as claimed in claim 10,wherein the computer system is operable to select the long position fromone or more open bought contracts.
13. The system as claimed in claim10, wherein the electronic communication means comprises anotherelectronic document exchange device operable to: issue a second brokerresponsible for the long position with a delivery notice comprisinginformation about the amount of the commodity; receive from the secondbroker a payment for the amount of the commodity; and make a furtherpayment to the first broker for the amount of the commodity.
14. Thesystem as claimed in claim 11, wherein the electronic document exchangedevice is operable to receive from the first broker a title transfernotice that was issued as a request to have the amount of the commoditycredited to the clearinghouse.
15. The system as claimed in claim 10,wherein the electronic document exchange device is operable to receive aconfirmation notice confirming that the amount of the commodity has beencredited to the clearinghouse.
16. The system as claimed in claim 15,wherein the electronic document exchange device is operable to receivethe conformation notice from a storage facility responsible for storingthe amount of the commodity.
17. The system as claimed in claim 10,wherein the derivatives contract comprises a futures contract.
18. Thesystem as claimed in claim 10, wherein the commodity comprises a gram.19. Computer software which, when run on a computing system, allows thecomputing system to carry out the method as claimed in claim
1. 20.(canceled).
21. (canceled)..
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github_open_source_100_1_77 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { ClientEvents } from "discord.js/typings/index.js";
export default class BaseEvent {
constructor(public readonly config: { name: keyof ClientEvents }) {}
get name() {
return this.config.name;
}
// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any, @typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars
execute(...args: any[]): Promise<any> | any {
return;
}
}
|
anessayoncompos00unkngoog_10 | English-PD | Public Domain | Of the bon/e of Dowdy lower ftill— 6. Her name Maty, yet lower. Her hafl>aad could not call, Mary! but it reminded her of her po* verty — 7. Qf Natuintby we are now at the ground* nay the grave, for Galilee was in the region of the fhadow of death. From this lowlf f^ate of Mary we gather coa* fort for ourfelves, for i . Oar foul is a woman— 2. She is a 1/trgin^^^. She is efponfed to fome favourite ftudy-— 4. To the boify, that is to the fiefii» which is the carpenter's ibop, and the fpirit, which is the carpenter— 5. This carpenter is nobly defceaded— 6« Marj is Lady, and that's the Ibul^s name coo — 7. She dwells hera at Nazareth, &c. &c." This Sermon is entitled " TAe Virgut Maryy preached in S, Nlarf^ College (New Ccrf- lege) Oxford, on tad^-dsLj^ 164I. By the LEARNED The* m^ Mafter, B. D/* Digitized by Google ( "7 ) VIIL Remark the Time of a Word or Action. (6) For example, St, Paul in his firft epiftle to Timothy requires, that in the publick lervices of the (6) Rimari the time of an txprefflon or a&ion. Time is an article of fo mach confe* quence to the propriety of all IwbUck oradonsy that rheto- riciaos always lay it down as a principal role. " In judiciis freqnentifli- ma eft. « • Si dicatur fignator» qni ante diem tabularam de- ceftit; ant commifine aliquidy vel cum infans eflet, vel cam cmnino nsUus non iffit. Prx- ter idy quod omnia facile a/- gnmenta, ant ex iis, qu^ ante rem fada fant, ant ex conjunStii rei, aut confiqiunti^ biu ducutitur," J^/«/« ItiJI. lib. V, cap, lo. Cicero makes a fine ufe of this place in his oration pro Mil. — pro legi ManiL — pro Cal. kc. Divines very joftly lay down the fame rule as of the Qtmoft importance. ** Im- primis hoc tenendum, atife itmniay ut textus accommo- detur ad praefentia temporal quod in omnibas, quoad po- tc'ft, fieri debet." Urfini Me- thod, form. Condon. The fame writer adds, that ** as cveiy uxt c^tains a variety of matter, the preacher neither can, nor muft attenipt to difcufs all, and therefore^ as he will be obliged to fele^ fome one article, it would, be unpar- donable to feleA that, which was leaft fitted to the time.*' Another fays the fame of commonplaces, that the for- m'er faid of the text. *' As it would be a v^in attempt to ufe them all at any one time, fo the preacher will be obliged to make a choice, and he ihould choofe thofe» which bed fuit the rime. Non femper omnes tradan- dos e/Te: fed habito deleda pnecipuosy atque eos in pri- mis, qui prafentihus Audita* ribus magis conveniunt, et ad prafentem ecclejiig ftatum quadrant . . reliquos in aliiid tempus refervandos efie.*' Georg. Sobnii de interp. Eccle^ Jiaftica. I believe, it will not ap- pear needlefs to prefs an ob- fervation of this article, when we confider how nuny ab- furdities proceed from an inattention to it. V They, Digitized by Google ( ii8 ). the church prayers fliould be made for all fnm; but frft for kings^ and far tbofe that were in au- tb^ity. 1. They, who read* fer- mons compoTed by others, are very often furprized into violations of time. A Ger- man divine fays, ^* One of thefe retailers of fmall ware having picked up an old ho- mily compofed fome years before when the plague was raging in the country, preached it to his congrega- tion on the Lord's Day. To- ward the clofe, having (harp- ly reproved vice, he added for tbtje fvices it is^ that God has liijitid youy and your fa-- milits nvitb that cruel /course the flagutf txjhich is no^w /f reading every *^hert in this iown. At his uttering thefe words the people were all fo thunder-ftruclf , that the chief magidrate was obliged to go to the pulpit, and to aik him. For Qods-fake^ Jtr^ par- don the interruption^ and in^ form me 'where the plague is that I may infiantly endeavour U prevent its farther fpread^ ing^^The plague^ fir ! replied the preacher, / knov} nothing about the plague* Whether it be in the town or not, it is in nty homily. Sive pedis — five non — ego lie in pollilla mea reperi. Keckermanni Rhet. Ecclef lib. }i. cap, poflrem. 1, They, who fpend all their time in confuting old fftons believed formerly. but exploded now; or ia dating, explaining, and efla- bli(hin^ fome truths, former- ly denied, or doubted, or mifunderdood, but now ge- nerally believed by their au- ditors; they are inattentive to time, and are heard with difgud. Thefe preachers would aft with lefs impro- priety, were they not to af- fc€t to be the fole conferva- tors of orthodoxy. ' 3. The dodrine of time is very important on the fubjed of prophecies -^ou tha^ of miracles-'^-'-'^xtraordinary gifts'-^dreams'^'^ifions'^revt' ^ations^'^^infpir^tions''^— &c. Pretenders to thefe midakp time in a manner very grof^ indeed. There goes a pro.* phecy about of Bi£op IJflicr's concerning the fiaytng of the witnejfes^ Rev. xi,— There arc many miraculous events re- lated by Fox of the Englidi reformers— There are many extraordinary and extrava- gant tales told in Clarke's lives of the Puritans — and, in (hort, there are enthufiafts in all our parties, though in none fo many as in the church of Rome. The stt^ Deids are Enthufiads, wit- nefs the miraculous anfwer to Lord Herbert of Cher- bury's prayer — but all thefe forget the ti;ne, in whic)i (hev dve j for now they ought Digitized by Google ( "9 ) thorityl Here it is very natural to rcmirk the time. It was when the church and the apoftles were every where perfecuted; when the faithful were the obje£ts of the hatred and calumny of all mankind, and irl particular of the cruelty of chefe tyrants. Yet hone of this rough treatment could ftop the courfe of Chriftian charity. St. Paul not only requires every believer to pray for all men : but he would have it done in publicky that all the world might know the maxims of Chriftianity, always kind, patient, and benevolent. Believers confider themfelves as bound in duty to all men^ though men do nothing to oblige them to it. He was aware^ malicious flanderers would call this worldly policy and human prudence, and would £iy, Cnriftians only meant to flatter the great, and to court their favour ; yet even this calumny does not prevent S. Paul, he orders them to pray not to expcA, nor the world to believe fuch iDformation. In the famous difpute be- tween Dr. Middleton, and hit opponents, concerning the timg, when miraculous powers tea/ed in the chrif- tian church, four things are rendered very clear— i. That there had been trui miracles, otherwife there would have been no counterfeits — 2. That miracles afforded fo;/- iteuce very popular and pleaf- ing— 3. That iropofture vt- ty early infeded chriilianity — and 4. That credulity is a great blemifh in a minider, and propagates error and vice more than truth and virtue. Not to enlarge, we fhall only obferve, time elucidates many fcriptures. Lev. xviii. 7bou foalt not takt a <iuifi /# her ffttr in her lifi'time^ this law forbids polygamy : but it does not prohibit the marriage of the iifter of a deceaftdvjife* — 2 Kings V. 26. // it a time^ to rectimt money ? — Ifaiah i. I/aiah/aw a mifion in the dayt §f Uzxiabf &c. — Ifai.xi. lo* in that day a root ofjeffejhall ftandfor an «r/^ff.— Eph. ii. 12. At that time ye nvere •without Cbrift — 2 Sam. xvii. 7. The ccunfel is not good at this time — Ifai. Iv, 6. ^eek the Lord ivhile he may hefcund,^^ Phil, iv, Te /ent onto and a" gain to wy neceffity* — Jcr. xxviii. 16. This year thou Jhalt die, ice* kc. Digitized by Google pubUddy^ and Jirft for civil governdrs* We ought always to difchar^ our duty, and, for the refl:, ibbmit to the uiyuft accounts that men ^ve of our condud. (7) ^ IX. Observe place. (8) St. Paul lays to the Philippians, fergetting tie things^ wlricb are behind^ and reaching forth umt^ tbofe (7) Example. Mr. Saurin's obiervatioDs on Peter's denial of Chrift, and Chrift's love to Peter are drawn from this ibarce. Thetimt of Peter's de- nial makes his crime black indeed ! the timt of the lord's looking at him illuminates his looks ! Hear our preacher. •' At the very time, when Jefus Chrift was riving the tendereft marks of his love» Peter discovered the blackeft ingratitade to him ; whila Jefus redeemed Peter, Peter denied him; while Jefu» Chrift yielded to the bloody death of the crofs for Peter, Peter refuied to confefs him ; but - • • Jefus looks at him I My brethren, what do thefe looks fay I how eloquent ate thofe eyes! never was a dif- courfe fo eSedlual, never did an orator exprefs himfelf with ib much force! It is the man of griefs complain- ing of a new burden while he is ready to fmk under what he already bears. It is the beneficent rtdamtr pi« tying a foul ready to oe loll r It is the ap9ftU tf jmr profeJJioH preaching in chains. In fine, it is the fi^ftrtigm of the hearts of men, the u- mighty God curbing the ef- forts of the devil, and taking ^ his conqueft away." TYitit four laft articles are the parts of the fecond divi« fion of the difcourfe. Stuarm Set. torn, i. fur P MmiuHm ii. S. Fierrt. (8) Obfervt pUtci. Rheto^ ricuns, aJFter Quintilian, put this article, place, under the head fuautitjy and the latter gives Cicero's oration Ibr Slilo as an example. We will explain it by a fcriptore example, zsA ftrnti %b$ cafe of Eliiha cavfing the dcaUi of forty-two children for ridi- culing his bald head. 2 Kings ii. 23, 24, 2C. The ftatin^ of a cafe is tne iflue, to which it is brought frona the compUint of the accn^, and the dtftntt of the accofed. Thuf, Digitized by Googk thofk tbittgi^-itthkh are hfore^ I frefs toward the mrk for the prize of the high calling of God iH ^ " Chriji Thus, let OS foppoft, Eliiha was accufed of killing forty- two children. Eli (ha con- Mtd he killed them ; but faid, he killed them Ju/fj* Now the i^ating of the cafe here is, whether Elifha killed the forty-two children juffy. A cafe may be ftated/(>«r ways. I. A cafe is ccnjt^u- ral, when it is enquired, whe- ther the thing were ^^x^ or not. As whether Eiijha did pro- cure the ^eatb of thefe chil- dren ? fwo heetrt came and tare /^/w.— 2. A cafe is fat- tive, when we enquire into the name, natnre, and i/efi- mthn of the fnppofed crime, 8s, EliihzkilifJ them : but he did not commit murJer, where mvJer rauft be denned. 3* A ca(e in quality is, where it is enquired in what manner a hSt was done, as Elifha killed the children : but he did it juftly. Here we mufl: eaqolre into circvmftanca^ and prove what in this cafe may be deemed yj^, or unjuft,-^ 4. A cafe in qmatftity is^ when we enqnire into the greatnefs^ Ofjmalhef} of a crime. Here we amplify or diminifh; and by confidertng how the fa A was circumitanced by time^ FL A c B, ■ Hjoordt^ a n'd aSions^ eaqairing who? what? where ? by whole aid f why? how? when? and comparing tiime« with ^ Vol. II. things, we determine what may be deemed great or httle. Place is of great ufe in the- ology, both to prove and //- luftrate. Mofes firft publifhed his miflion in the moft learn* ed court in the world at that time, confequently later pro- phets had a right to glory that God fent Mofo and Aaron to fhew figns and wonders in the land of Ham* Pfal. cv. 26, 27. — The pro- phets taught in publick places before aflemblies of the whole nation, and hereia they gloried over the affedted privacy of falfe idol prx)- phcts. Ifai. viii. 19. IVU %ari$ feepy and mutter-^-^xlvm 19. / have not fpoken in fe* critt in a dark place of tb$ earth — Pfal. xl, 9. / havt preached rtghteoufne/s in the great congrega tion. ■ Jefm Chrift publilhed his revela- tion in a place the moft like- ly in the world to defe^ a falfe prophet — Mat. ii. u Ze/us ivas horn in Judea^^ uke iv. 15. Jefus taught Im their fynagogues — Mat. y. i^ On a aountain^-^SLt. xiii. a* By thefea-Jid^ — John viii. ^^ In the temple^OxM Lord ufcd this topick before the priefls at his trial. John xviii. 20^ I /pake openly to the tjuorld ^ I ever taught in Ihe Jynagogue% and in the tempUy ^whither the Jenui always re/ort^ and in Digitized by Google C 122 ) Cbriji Jefus. The place where he writes this fur* nilhes a very beautirul condderation. He was then in prifin. fecrit have I /aid notbtwg.-^ The apoftles bore witDefs of his relurrecllon on the day of Pentecoft in the very city where he had been put to death— *in publick places— and in courts of judicature. Adls ii. 46* ^hiy continutd daily in the tempU — v. 20. Goftand and/peak in the temple t§ tbt people all the nuerds of this life — xxvi. 26. This things king Jlgrippa<t Rnas net dome in et comer. John iii. 23. John nvas baptizing at Enon, beeaufe tbere n»as mucb '*uater. In all thefe, and fimilar pafTages, place IS proof Place ferves alfo to illuf trate, Deat. xxxii. 10. Tbe Lord inftru^ed bis peotle in tbe fwafle bowling 'wildernefs'^ Amosviii. 129 il.Fleeawajf, feerf into tbe land of Judab^ propbejy not again any more at Betbeli for it is tbe king^t <hafely and it is tbe king's €ourt — ^John iv. 6. Jefus fat on tbe w.//-^John ii. 2. Botb Jefus and bis difciples^ were called to tbe marriage of Cana^ and bis motber was tbere — A€tt xix. 21. Paul purpofed in tbe fpiritf nvben be had pajfed tbrougb Macedonia^ ondAcbaia^ to go to Jeru/akmy /"^y^^gt After I ba've betn tbere, Imufi alfo fee Rome. Whataftretch of foul ! << Circa locum fpe£latur, facer fit an prophanus-*pub- iiicus an privatn^tnui an alienus— 'freqnens an folita- rius — pauperis an divitis<— honeHi nominis an infiunis* Turpins erat Antonio pro roitris in confpe^lu popiiU Romani vomere. Ncc inde- corum eft bono gravi que viro domi in nuptiu faltare, quod in foro faceret indecen* ter; aut in balneo nudare corpus, quod m conTino turpiter fieret. Item gravior culpa eft in templis garrire frivola, aut oculis fichari puellas quam in fbro ant theatro, &c/' Erafim. do RaU concionandi, lib» ii. The laft article, ment^ oned by Erafmus, is of very little ufe in regard to the non- conformifts in this country, for a man would be accounted little better than wild among as, if he ftiould whifper and ftare people out of connte- nance daring divine fervice : but in fome places of woHhip fuch vulgarities are too com- mon. Complimentine* whim- pering, ftanng, andkioking people ottt of countenance with glalTes in places of ovar^ Jbip are indecent prances imported from the theatre* and extremely oftenfive to all, who diftinguiih between religion and a farce. Sach indecencies are below {erioos reproof, efpecially the laft. Aneafyceniure, and, Itkink, the beft the offender de- fervtSy when he opticifes the premclier» Digitized by Google ( ^^3 > frifofh ^ Rome, loaded with chains, and deprived of his liberty; yet he fpeaks as if he were as much at liberty as any man in the world ; as able to aft as he pleafed, and to diipofe of himfelf as ever : he talks of having entered a courfe, running a race, forgetting things behind, preffing toward thofe that were before, and, in fliort, of hoping; to gain a prize ; all thefe are adtions of a man enjoy- ing fuU liberty. (9) How could he, who was in a prifon, be at the fame time on a race-courfe ? how could he run, who was loaded with irons? how could he hope to win a prize, who every day expefted a fentence of death ? But it is not difficult to conciliate thefe things : his bonds and imprifon- ment did not hinder the courfe of his faith and obedience. His prifon was converted into an agreeable Sudium, and death for the Gofpel might well be confidered under the image of a complete viaory. fteacher, is for the preacher to take his own glass out of his pocket and opticife him again. I have (een a man of no fmall facefo confound- ed by this treatment as to blaih, and go backward, and qnit the place. It happened ttnlackily for this pulpit- gaacer, the preacher was ex- plaining to his people at the very time. Mat. vii. 12. All things njobcufifuir ye ivculd' thm men fifould do to you^ do y€ foen fo to them ; for this is tb$ Iww and tht fropbits. Examples might be given, were not this note already too long : but two excellent ones may be feen in Saari&'s Sermon on the life of a tour* tier J from 2 Sam. xix. 32' — 39. and in Bp. Maffillon's to his clergy on the conduct of a clergyman in hi^parijh. in both, refle6iions arife from the //^// in queftion. Saur. Ser, tern. iii. ^.'^MaffiUott Confer, torn, i. 8. (9) ^ (^ifi toward the mark^ Phil. iii. 14. Eft in hoc, ec dnobus foperioribus veriibus, condnua qusdam metaphora, fumpta ab iis qui curm cer- tant in ftadio ; et voces hie nfurpatx (unt flam agomfUca^ et Icriptoribus agoniftlcis ufirpatae.— See i Cor. \x^^ Digitized by Google • ( "4 ). viftory, for a martyr gains an unfading crown ai a reward of his fuferings. (i) CoN3iD£a mt Persons addressed. (2) Let us again take S. Paul's words for an ex- ample. Recompenfe to no man evil for evil^ Rom. jcii. 17. They, to whom the apoftle addrelTed thcfe (1) Re*ward cf Martyrdom, The primitive Chridians •confidered martyrdom as the highed dignity, to which a man could afpire; hence Cyprian, Epiphanius, liidore and others, particularly Ter- tullian« fpeak of martyrdom as a far more glorious reward than the Grecian combatants gained in thdr games : and their rewards, lis Tuliy fays, were the moft glorious, that Greece had to beftow. " Cer- taminis nomine Ikut nobis martyria prop^onit, Hie quoque liheralitas magis quam acerbitas dti prsecft. - -^- Amavit qu«e vocavc- rat in falutpm invitare ad fi;loriam : ut qui gaudeamus iiberati exuUemus itiam corth- matt, ^irtut, adnt, Gnofiic, cap» 6. (2) Confider tbt pfrfnns ad-^ drejfed. A knowledge of the perfons add re (Ted is a branch of fcience eHTcntial to a^nini- &tr in feveral parts of his minifterial labours. For ex<v ample. J . Inftudying tht holy /trip'' HifUn I'bc propriety of inocb fcHpttire language^ efpecially that of the bold figurative kind can only appear by the genius of the people ad- drcfll'd. Sec Ezck. xvi. 23. Joel ii. 2", 6ct. Nahum ii. lii, &c.-««Tlije eauity asd fitnefs of many mofaieal^ i^^- tutts appear by a compariibn of them with the condition of the people.— The dif- ccfurfes- of oitf ^«<vfMr» mA the. epiftles of S. P^id are both more beautiful and more intelligible by this con* fideration-^The theological fyflems of the Jews, the mo< r,al philofophy of tbe learned heathens, the mythology of the vulgir herd of pagans. and the conditions of primi- tive churches, all elucidate the doetrittu of the new tefta- ment 2. Knowledge of peribns addreflfed ia eUential in the pQpiJh and hitrarcbual coa- troverfy. While thefc oeco* nomies are embraced by mercenary men, rewarded by ilate emoluments, and guard- ed by the fword, it will be bu( loll laboar to addrefs Digitized by Google ( 125 ) thtk words^ were Romans^ whafe perpetual m^xim was violently to revenge pxiblick injuries, and to- tally to deftroy thofe, who intended to deftroy them. dignified priefls on articles of fartbef reformation. It wa^ an apt fimilirude, that an ingenious gentleman ufed concerning the popi{h cere- ' monies retained in fome re- formed churches under pre- tence of bringing Romanifts over to themfelves. ** You refemble» faid he, a floating veffel failened to a rock by a rope ; if you in the veflel think to pull the rock to you •by the rope, you will find, on trying, a contrary efFeft will follow. Hence that well-known faying of Bi (hop Bonner ; when he heard that Cranmer and Ridley had re- tained fome ceremonies of the Roman church, he ex- claimed, ** Since our broth goes down with them fo well, they will ihortly feed upon the beef too!** An exclama- tion rather low and unepifco- pal : but, however, it was the moll prophctival vulga- rifm that his lord(hip ever Bttered, as the after-hillory of the Englifii epifcopal church plainly (hewed. See LtiJois Du Moulin^ uhi /up, 3. Knowledge of perfbns is eEential to a minifler in addreffing both the righteous and the 'wkked. No man addrefles the wicked ib for- cibly as he, who bed knows l^liioan natore in general. and the condition ,of each " firtner in particular. Had our Dean Swift, who often went difguifed into low com- pany to iludy human nature unmafked, made a holy ufe of his knowledge by reprov- ing and reforming fuch peo- ple, he might have been one of the mod ufeful miniilers of his day. A man, who has feen human nature in fuch places is in pofleffion of a thoufand topicks not to be Icarn^^d in higher life, where almoft all is trick and maf* querade, what Archbiftiop Leighton fomewhere calls an interchange of vanity and lies. The fame may be faid in regard to the pious part of an auditory. What can a young fpark, who has no piety himfelf, nor one pious intimate in the world, fay to pious auditors wor:h thoir hearing ! Religion itfelf is difgraced by being in fuch company. To put a bible in fuch a man's hand is like hanging Sir Ifaac Newton's Principia about the neck of a beaft. All other things may be difpenfed with : but a thorough knowledge of the fingular exercifes of pious minds under conviction, con- veriion, temptation, afflic- tion, in proipedls of death and in retrofpe^ of iin, can never Digitized by Google ( "6 ) thetn» or had offered them an^ affronts^ wk- neis the Carthaginians and Corinthians* They totally deftroyed Cartha^ becaufe (he had carried her arms into Italy by Hannibal's means, and had been upon the point of ruining Rome. Corinth they facked and burnt for having affronted their ambafladors. (3) You may wb remark this par- mtfver be difpenred with in a minifter of religion^ nor can he attain this knowledge without ptrfonal experience. We often fpeak of a mi- nifter's /peaking to the btart. The phrafe is icriptoral, and as Erafmus obferves, is there ofed for the iomfoUtot^ Ian* gua^e of the gi/ptK m dif- tin£lion from that of the law, which convids, and con- demns. See Ifai. xl. 2. Hof. 11. 14. Now this, as he adds, cannot be done bat by a man, whofe own heart has been comforted by the fame con(blation. '* Nullus aa- tem poteft loqui ad cor po- puli, nifi loquatur ex corde." Di Rat. Co9c Ii6. i. The phrafe, ^ak to tbi hearty in modern ufe, ftands for that excellent talent, which fome minifters poflefs, of addrefT- ing the confcience, bringing home the matter, to the man, fpealcing ad nm^ ad bominem^ what ihall I call it ? It di- , mides afundtr foul and fpiritt and is a difcvuirer rf the thoughts and intents of the heart. Heb.iv. 12. Such a jninifter farrounds his audi- tor, and wraps him up in convi&ions of fin, or in mc- filiations of God, which aie neither fe*w nor fmalL 3. Knowledge of peribhs is eflential to a minifter in enforcing duties. He mnft diftinguifh hnfbands, wives — matters, fervants— gover- nors, fubje^s — parents, chil- dren—-minifters, magiftrates, &c. and give to each his portion in due feafon, rightly dividing the word of truth. 4. Finally, knowledge of perfons is e&ential to cajtajhj. Cafes of confcience differ in different circumftaaces ; not that there is one gofpel for the rich, and another for the poor : but becaofe the fasiu God onMT all, being rith in wurey to all, requires different fervices in different circum* fiances. See ASU xxi. 20, 2 1 , &c« xxi. 40. Gal. ii. 2. iv. 13, 20, &c* (3) The Romans foihd Co- rinth for ajironiing their lidors, haffadors. See Aptiam in LvS, —rell. Paterc. lih. iL 16 See alfo the juft refleftions of Bifhop Bojket on thefe fubjedls Hijl. Uninferf vol. !• chap. 6. and above all let us never forget that neceffsr^ remark Digitized by Google ( "7 ) pardcular circumftance % that, although die Ro* mans had fucceeded in avenging their injuries, the empire owing its grandeur to fuch excelSes, yet their fuccefs did not hinder the apoftle from frying Recompenfe to no man evil f$r evili becaufe Beitha:^ examples nor fuccefles ought to be the rules remark of Mr. RMm in hisJn- €Umt Hifi. vol. xii. b. 26. p. 2. €• 2. ** PeffiB mtrmlit^ it n§ ^nhm f be Uarmti omt /rtm ibe wQPrd of G4J,*' not chst mtaral refigion with all its blindntis conld allow of thefe cxceflQM. See Ciara 4U OjfU. lib. ill. bot, after admitting all its excellencies. It leaves m» proud, and far from the image of God : exhibiting ind^ fomething Of the ra- tional, bat deba£ng it with a mixtore of the bratal and infernal. When we refer to Tarions anchors, andvarions articles tending to elncidate the holy fcriptnres, we do ib on fappofition that it is pro- per to compofe a fermon of ieveral topicks prooerly cbofen and arranged. Moft divines make mixed obfer- ▼ataons, that is, they fome- times take them with the ut- TooSi propriety from various Iborces, as from perfin^^lacit Sbc. The following example will explain my meaning. *' 2 Sam. iii. 38. Know yi wgi tbat tberi is a frincu tmd u griM man fallen tbis de^ in Ifi-oiU - - - Obf. I. k great n&an's death pailes not with- out publick notice ; the King jMdi Knnwje not, &c. Obf. 2, Sxiraardhuby perlbns are not exempted from the oommoix laws of mortality ; tbefrime^ emd the great man falL ObC |. They, who ftand in htgli» itand in the' moft flippenf piaees'y Abner fell by aiflTa^- fination. ObC 4. The bel^ land is not a place privi- ledged againft Uie arreft of death. Abner fell in ^4//." Cemmemoratimi Sermon en tbe deatb of Colonel Cbar, Coven-* dijhf Jlain in tbe Jer^ice of Cbar. I. Preacbed at Darfy 1674, iy Wm. Naiknt. Nothing can bemoreplaia and fimple than thefe obfer* vations, yet from them the preacher derives a great va- riety of edifying inftrufUons^ very pertinent, and very pro- per to the occafion. The time of S. Paul's con<* veriion is confiderable, for it was when he was in the higheft rage, and when the church was moft deprefled—- i The place alfo is remarkable^ it was near Damafcns. Seve* ral 'otber circnmft antes aUo heighten the glory of it» thonder, lightning, &c A difcourfe on SauFs converiioa is therefore properly See BeauJobr$ Difc. tern. vi. a[xx« Digitized by Google rules of our condufl:, byt fqlely the wiU of God^ and the law of Chriflianitiy, (4) (4) The repealed nvill of Gdd^ and not tbe/ucce/s ofthofe 'who depart from it^ ftfould he a Cbriftitu^sryle ^f aSinn. ThU remark is of great confe- quence in theology. The whole book of job feems to have been written with a view to this article. Job was abided. His fronds tt>ought« hU condition a proof of his impiety. Not at all, replies Job, The tahtrnacUi cf robbers proffer, and they, that provoke God, are fecure, xi • 6> There are five forts of mi- nifters, who ought to iludy this article, i. They who make worMly profperity a mark of the true church of ChriA. It is certain, we fhgald never find the head of the church by this rule, and it is not likely we ihoald dif- cover his members by it. See vol, i. page 280, note 5. 2. Th^ who afpire at nothing in the church but preferment, and by unwor- thy adions obtain it, fhould regard this fubjed. Thefe reprobates lofe all fenfe of the guilt of fuoceeding in the picafHFe of fnecefs. 3. The^t. ought to iludf this, who choofe their rdi* gioQ by popularity, who em- brace what mod allow be- CJ^oie the molb allow it. The religion of Chrift is aa «in« iavoury thing to the vitiated taAes of the bulk of man- Idad: and he, who eicpfi&i to find wholefome food on tables prep n red by fuch per- foBS, wilt find himfelf OB a trial groisly deceived. 4. They, who impofe on their own confcicnces, , and flatter theniAlves into un- fcriptural compliances under pretence of obtaining wider. fields of ufeiulueff. are in— der th^ fame fad mill^kew They fucceed, in whati la. doii g partial good ; for theie- are troths, which they dajc not memion. hey fiiccoed* in what ? In doing mcmeatarf good, wh^ch expires, whea they depart. Succcfs tt> them(<:lves, and not to the. caufe at large, is their objed« Were they to refufe compU-. ance with what their coa- fciences abhor, they might fiorm PRSE fixieties, whick would perpetuate diemfelves^ and even their miniiier by chooling a fuccefiioa like him. Aiasi how flew have fuch extcnfire, difin^ereiied vie%vs ! 5. They ^e alfo far fixMa Monfienr Claude's obferr»- tloo, who adopt any chin^ in the courfe of their bu-* nifiry, how fiUy foever, thtf givds them popularity, whick they call the iucceft of th« gofpel. Diogenes^ going to declaim to a very Dew audi- tors, and loth to iay that t» a Usm^ which was wofthy of beii^ hcacd by saaay, hiL- jpa (to ila^ th£ jQfxri^ «£ Digitized by Google ( 2*9 ) XL ExAMmt irstt t»ABLTi<ctrtAk State xfi^ Vtist^i ADt)R£SSED* (5) For example, recompenfe to n6 num evH for evih JSc. Paiil inrm to RoOians : but 16 Rttnten Chtf^ HtiHs% WUch fixm farought aaditors aroanil him, Anaximefiesy M>t bdng able to a^rad the ^fttmtioii of his atidiciice by nawly decraiitoinffy took out tome rcry fine mCfiSr, and AcoLh&od idle eye^ W at- Wotion of his aoditors. At- •lentioo acquired ftf ibcfa odd methods is not worth hiving, imd yet hoitr many means as ]BMitmcal as thefe have been Ut 00 bjr preachers nnder |ireti9ice of exciting atten- •bqairine popnlari^ «ad enfnrittg fitc'cefs. Via. i>mm. Heinfii Una Afim^ p. i. (;) SxamM ihi p^ttiaJar jtMUtfftrfmtiuUr^. Thas we accodht for mapy ioem- ing d6ntnuB6tions in fcrip- tnrei Mofes ioiade a ferpent of brif9» Nom. xxi. 9. He- ftefciah broke it in pieces> iieoaufey hi bis dm^s^ the tbil" 4ttn of ifitul did bum inaufi fit, % Kings Xviii; 4 — ^One prophet fays, Bh^tkiSrmm^ fit 4m the Mtw moon, nnd on pUr ^fidmm feufi dajs^ fir tbis is a Jhauti fir ifrofly and u law 9 f ibi God 0/ Jacob. Pfal. Ixxxi. 3^ 4.-^Aoocher ftys, Nensf moom tmd fiMaihs I c^mmt •ttMry wib, tvm tbi fiUUm wuktng is impUlf. My fidl banth tbom, for yiittr basoJt m-e fill of biood. Jfai. r. 13, l^.-^/ faii indeod tiy boufo /boUlH walk biforo me for Ofvor : but wow tbe Itrdfaitbj Bf itfkr froik fim. I Sam. ii. ^o.-^Ji mobaf imftmttt Ijl^dt cometrmimg a utUkk to dujhof it, if tbaf nmtiom tttrm from fbrir onril^ I will repent* Jer. xflii. 7, 8.<m Man is juftlfed by fsutb nvifb^ oki tbe deeds eftbe la^va. Rom« iii. tS. — By works mem isjiU*^ iified^ emd nm iy faitb onlj\ James ii. 14. Thefe> and a thonfand other paflTages, a^ harmonised only by an at- tention to the partilcnlar con- dition of the peribns oA^ drefled. StPaul beantifullf calls this variety a cbange if 'voice. Gal. it. ad. Tbe fame heavenly Inftrador fpeaks: but fpeaksy fb to fay, in dif- ferent tones adapted to thd diiferent tempers of the av-^ ditors. This notion of revda^ tioo is a very juft one^ and as it aathorizes uor minifters in varying their addreffes t6 their hearers, fo it condemns thofe loofe» defn^tory decla* mationi,. which addrefs ail* and fo ^ffed none. It Thi Digitized by Google (130 ) iianSy who faw themfelves hated and perfecuted by their fellow-citizens, and in general abufed by the whole world. Yet, however reafonahle it- fentment might apjpear at firft fight, the apoftk would The pecttliar drcumfbuices of the perfon fpeaking alfo. ferves to account for many things, that fall under the immediate notice of theolo- gidSy and at firft appear very unaccountable* We will ex- emplify a Few* I* Nothing is more com- mon than to hear men of equal abilitet affirm direBly tomtrary to one another on the/une fabjed. TiUttfim zxidi Holtrofi had been chamber* fellows at Clare-hall. Til- iQcfon declared in his old ^%^* ** I do in my con- fcience believe the [eft/copal] church of England to be the beft conflitttted church in the world." Sirm, en i Cor, ixi. 15. Holcroft thought, the epifcopai church of £ngladd was an image of the beaft, as favage and lAre filly than the beail itfelf. How are we to account for this vari- ety ? Confider the condition of each fpeaktr. The image of the beail made Tillotfon Archbifliop of Canterbury ; and the beft conftituted church in the world was very near hanging Holcroft for non-confbrmicy. 2. Nothing is more fre- quently feen than the fame divine difierins; from himfelf. Stillingflcct did fo. In his Irenktm^ he declared tkat preibyterian government was more conformable to fcrip* ture and reafon than Epifco- pacy— -that Bifliops ought not to impofe any ceremo* nits, which have no firan-' dation in fcrij^tnre— >that fchifm was on their fide, who impofed ceremonies, and not on theirs, who refufed fab- miffion to them. But in his Anfwer to/everal latt freatifit^ he calls thofe fchifinadcks, who deny fubmiffion to the government of the epifcopai church of England, and addb^ <* The conftitution of <mt church ftands upon this >£a^ p9int9 all things are lawf«l# which are not roaaiB- dbk/' Wheaee this (b*£fe* rence? The peculiar condi- tion of the ipeaker is to be confidered. The Irtmcum was publiihed when tha as* thor was minifter of one fin* gie Sutton ia Bedfordihiiv* The Anfrvtr came out about ^ 8 years after, when • .^ • • what ? God forbid we fhould fay, men ihould not live and learn : but it hapjiens very unlttckilv, when illumina- tion ana preferment coma together ! 3ifliop Stillingfleet's op- ponents faid, the point on which his church ftood» " would Digitized by Google ( 131 ) woold not have them obey fuch psdions as the light of reafoii, the inftin<5t of nature, and the dq- ftrc of their own prcfcrvation might fcem to excite. He ** wonid make a pare fricaf- fee of religion, it woald jaf- dfy the addition of oil, cream, fpittle, and fait in baptifm, and it would as aoch authorize a minifter to »areach the |;ofpel with a Jielmet on his head, and a fword and' buckler in his haiid» as iigns of our fpiri- tual warfare, as it would the crois in baptifm. It is not' enough in religion, that things are not/crSMen, they in aft -be. eommanitd, Jer. Tii. 31.'' L4wis Dm Moulin ubifufr^. 3* Divines have feen a wliole church change its doc- irhuf and yet retain its crctds^ and tefts of orthodoxy ; and, what is more extraordinary, declare the famt teHs the guardians of twofyftems of divinity as ofpofitt as particu- lar election and general re- demption, and both of them go{pel fbr the time. What I Has the eofpel of 1555 been explained by any new reve- lation iince, or is the old gof- pel an unartain found f Nei* ther : bat the particular corir ditions of leading; chur9hn)tn have altered with the times, aud with the tempem of civil governors. 4* Divines have feen a church change its temfur .o( ^overmng, and yet not alte;^ . lis form of government. Stra-' tagem and col lu Hon, dupli- city and foft worda took place with Tilfotfon, and Tenifon, of Parkerian fire, and Laudean pride. The latter in days of yore ex-' communicated and perfecut- ed non-conformifts to death : but the former in later times tell us they pity and pray for us, and efteem us their dear brethren in Chrift. Have they made an abatement of one word in terms of confor- mity/r^jw ibi day that Ifrael came up out of Egypt to this day? Confider Mr. Claude's eleventh common place, tak$ adwe^ fpeak your minds^ and firft ofallgi^ut tl>anks for kings t and for all that are in auiho^ rityy that you lead quiet and peaceable li^ues in fill godlinefs and bonefty / J. We fometimcs amufe ourfelves with contrafting the great doeu with the great ,fyffi!rers in religion in the days of our anceHors. We weigh the merits of Fox and Coverdale a?ainft thofe of Cranmer and Cox— We fet Cartwright againft Whitgift •—Baxter and Bates againft Laud and Cofins — Watts againft Atterbury— ^Bunyan againft Bugg — and fo on; and we. enquire; - - • No^^* R 2 ^ . - .. we Digitized by Google lie esuhopted thipm to leave vengeance to Gtod, «k| lidvifcd them only to follow the diftates of love. The grcAteft perfcciitors cf t^e primitive Chriftian^ yftvc the Je\ys, on vhom the 'Roman Chriftians^ could ^afily have avenged th^mifelves under va- lious pretexts; for the Jews were generafiy hated ^nd defpifed by all other nations^ and nothing coul^ be eafi^l: than to avail themfclves of that pub^ick hatred, to which the religion of the* Jews expofca them. Neycrthrfeils, S. Paul not only fays in ge^ neral Render not evil for evil :. but in p vticidat? Recompenfc to no mn e^iX for eyilj. As if he?, we will not enquire. C/Wir- 4ite^ jam fi'V9i, P**^* fi* fraim biherunt. Finally, fliia place is ofc- fttl in many £ngle theological oueftions. for example. Why did act tke apoftles fpeaJc mgainft cutting infant-bap> dfm in the room ofcircam- cifion^ The particular ftate cf the primitive d^orclx did xiot require it. Infant-bap- tifm had not been thought of then. Why did not the apof- tles make creeds and canons? They' would have defeated ^tir own particular V'cw, which was to put individuals into a capaaty of making treeds ^d canons i^r tlv.em- jbtves» ic/ &c/ ConJStUr ttti particular ft aU •f th^' texfons addrejgei. The tffe of the moral law is ^ut placed in a very propqr ?ght/ ^^ Ufus lcgi« moralia varias eft fecundum varios ^tOs hominis. Ptim^evo bd*^ AiW/ ft^atm erat ot homo per iTlam yivificaretur. XJfts fiih ftfttupeecati eft, iit homiae^ de tranfgreffione et reditu ar- guat - - • ttt ilium fie cpn- vtdum ad gratiAm defidn- randam compellat • • • Ser-* vit praeterea lex in hoc ftati^ tunx Ehdt ut hominem cohi- beat, turn feecath, ot pecci* turn augear. Tertius ufoi legis mpralls erga homineii\ jam Spiri^ Dei et Chrifti re- natum conveniens' ftatui gr»-' tiac eft, ut fit p^etna rego- la vitae. Ex luice ufibus fa-i die cblligere eft,, qiiopi^nei lex moraliff intei* fid^es, e( ftib. gratia Chrifti conftitutos obtineat, et quoofoue abro- gau fit. Aminii ef. The^l* Di/pKtat. FfA. m. To give ah ^^ampTe, Rom. xi. J3. O tbi depths ^Cr in order to en tier into* the apoftle^s ipeaning, it is' neceifary to cpniider Uie fiih^ je&^ to which he appUe$ his text, and never to lofc fi|j4t of the dtfign of tUs wHW, ^jpiftlj^* Digitized by Google ( »J3 ) \ad (lud. Do not injure thofe, on whom fou eoukl ipoft qafily avenge yourfclyes ; hurt not the moft violent ^oftle. Tlie apoftle ^nd- Sy means to oppofe a icaiir OS fchifin, which ren^ the church of Rome ; that diarch wai compofed of two fiutf of Chriftians, (bme of them qime from paganifm, others from Jadai^ ; the latter defpifcd the fof mer, fo fhejr h^ always treated fo- retgttcrt ; they mfifted on it, ^t finr their town parts they liad a natural right to th^ Ueffiogs, which the MeiEah came to ^eStow iippn his church ; becaofe, being bom tews, they were the Tawfal neirs of Abraham, to whom the promiie was made, where- as the Gentiles partook of thefe bleffin|s, ^inly by mere grace. St. Pa'iil oppoies this pretudice, proves Uiat Jews and Gendles were alike »«.- irr yf«, that they had an eoaal need of the covenant Of crace, tltkzt they both im^ their vocation to the mercy of God, that no one was riejeAed as a Gentile, or admitted i^ a Jew, and that ibch only had a part in this frlTntion as had been chofen in thf eternal decrees of God. The Jews coold not relift Ibdl humbling ideas, nor 9djaft all this doftrine with ^ir high notions of the prerogatives of their nation, ^QCh leis conM they enter "" ' 8. FauPs fyftem of pre- ^atson. S, Pi^iU appUes this chapte^, CMit of whlcl^ our text is taken, and thi^ two preceding ones, to an- fwer their difficnlties. He tnms the fnli^e& (if I may fo fpeak) on' every fide to make it clear. He reafons, proves, argnes : bqt after he had &eaped proofs upon proofs, reafi>ns upon reafons^ folutions npon wlutions, he acknowledges in the words of my tesct, that it was his glory to reft beneath his fab* jea : he daifes himfelf in a manner with the moft igno-^ rant of thofe, to whom he writes, he acknowledges that ^e has not received a faffici* ent meafure of the fpirit of God to fathom fach abyffes, and he exclaims upon the brink of thil ocean, O tbt dipthj &c. hvw UMfiarch^^ able^ && Smr Us frofomUurs dicing, tern. xL Monfieor Saurin's defign in this fermon is to prqmote Chriftian love among people, who think differently con- cerning the decrees. In or-^ der to this he ohferves, that all the ways, in which it picafes God to difcover him- lelf to men^ though ftiining with light are yet ihadeC with adorable <}arkncfs, they are li^byinths, i^ which fee- ble reafon is loft. Our ideas^ of the deity are ideas of a vaft:' profound— the works of na- ture are a great deep — the. ways. |
5638002_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Smith, Judge.
Convicted of simple battery, Williamson appeals, enumerating as error that on three occasions during the course of the trial a juror was allowed by the court to examine witnesses. Since it has been unequivocally stated that in this state “a juror should not be permitted to examine witnesses under any circumstances,” denial of appellant’s motion for a new trial must be reversed. Stinson v. State, 151 Ga. App. 533, 536 (1) (260 SE2d 407) (1979); Hall v. State, 241 Ga. 252, 256 (4) (244 SE2d 833) (1978). Further contentions as to improper charges are without merit.
Judgment reversed.
McMurray, P. J., and Banke, J., concur.
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bpt6k5823237_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | Le problème autrichien A. E. 1. 0. U. « Austrix ést imperare orbi vniversu » telle fut, jadis, la fière devise de l'Autriche. Elle a du paraitre d'une amère ironie à l'empereur Charles, si d'aventure il s'en est souvenu, en allant à Spa, faire hommage au kaiser. C'est qu'il n'était plus ques'ion pour l'Autriche de commander au monde entier, mais de se livrer pieds et poings liés à # Allemagne. Aujourd'hui, le sacrifice est consommé. Il n'est plus permis de douter que les accords signés au Grand Quartier Général allemand doivent assurer au gouvernement de Berlin la domination sur l'Autriche comme la paix de Bucarest a réalisé l'asservissement de la Roumanie. L'Autriche perdra, dans l'avenir, jusqu'à la libre disposition de l'instrument de sa force militaire, puisque l'armée autrichienne, réorganisée avec l'aide de l'Allemagne, doit être mise dans l'impossibilité d'entreprendre la guerre contre l'Allemagne, ne serait-ce que pour des raisons techniques. 1.a situation est bien celle que décrit la Tribuna « L'Autriche est maintenant complètement prisonnière de l'Allemagne. Après avoir anéanti la Russie, l'Allemagne va pouvoir, grâce à la mise en esclavage de l'Autriche, assurer sa mainmise dans l'Orient européen. Le traité nouveau ramène là couronne de l'empereur d'Autriche à la même proportion que la couronne bulgare et que le fez turc. » La monarchie dualiste n'est plus qu'un camouflage destiné à dissimuler l'hégémonie allemande de l'Europe centrale. lous assistons, répétons-le, à la constitution du Mitteleuropa. Nous voyons se réaliser le rêve des teutomanes autrichiens. Les Allemands et les Magyars ne peuvent maintenir leur domination sur la majorité slave qu'ils oppressent, qu'en assurant leur position privilégiée par un appui extérieur. L'Empire allemand est devenu pour eux le seul concours possible. Les Allemands d'Autriche et les Magyars n'ont donc pas à désirer que la monarchie austro-hongroise demeure indépendante, leur politique même exige qu'elle soit dépendante de l'Allemagne. Il faut que le flot slave se brise, impuissant. contre le peuple allemand uni dans toute l'étendue de l'Europe centrale. Le député Rodolff Berger, dans un discours à la Li.gue pangermaniste, le 20 juin 1905, disait Le passage de l'ancien et misérable particularisme allemand d'autrefois à l'Empire allemand d'aujourd'hui a été infiniment plus difficile que ne le sera le passage du régime actuel à l'Allemagne pangermaniste que nous voulons établir. La catastrophe russe a incité les Allemands à brûleur l'étape au cours même de la guerre européenne. Comment les nationalités opprimées d'Autriche, maintenant qu'elles sont privées de leur protectrice naturelle, la Russie, oseraient-elles exprimer autrement que par des paroles le vif mécontentement que leur cause le développement de l'alliance austro9»mande ? Ici la psychologie des Allemands et leur information pourraient bien être, en;emble, en défaut. Des troubles intérieurs très graves menacent de naître du nouvel état de choses. Le gouvernement viennois se verra très probablement forcé d'exercer le pouvoir sans le Parlement, car il ne pourra jamais faire approuver par les Polonais, les Tchèques, les Sud-Slaves et les Social-Démocrates un traité d'alliance perpétuel avec l'Allemagné, ayant pour conséquence d'isoler la monarchie dualiste de l'Europe occidentale et d'entraîner un état d'armement dont rien ne peut aire prévoir la fin. Déjà Charles I* a reçu des avertissements significatifs. La noblesse tchèque, les membres tchèques de la Chambre des Seigneurs viennent de publier une déclaration contenant au sujet au droit de la Bohême de former un Etat indépendant, les mêmes revendications que celles des divers partis tchéco-slovaques. Ils invoquent le droit historique corroboré par le droit naturel et matériel des nations de déterminer librement leur sort ». Ils somment le gouvernement de renoncer au projet de régler unilatéralement la question de Bohême et le menacent de « conséquences désastreuses ». Qu'une telle situation amène tôt ou tard la chute de la dynastie, c'est là une hypothèse que nous sommes en droit d'envisager sans trop de hardiesse. Mais il est une autre considération qu'il est bon de mettre en lumière. Les pangermanistes professent que le monde tend à l'unité ». C'est une erreur d'optique. ou d'information. S'il est vrai qu'une partie de l'univers s'unifie, une autre tend à se diviser, et ces phénomènes de désintégration, comme disait Herbert Spencer, sont très nombreux. Quatre ans avant la guerre, un écrivain attentif aux leçons de l'histoire et sachant lire dans le coeur des hommes tirait des progrès du mouvement autonomiste en Egypte, de la résistance de l'Alsace-Lorraine et de la Pologne prussienne aux entreprises de la germanisation, du mouvement catalanistë à demi triomphant sous le ministère Maura, du retour accentué de l'esprit public français au mouvement provincial, de mille autres faits contemporains, cette conclusion que la centralisation et l'unification sont loin d'être fatales. que les tendances à la désintégration abondent par tout l'univers, et que Frédéric Amouretti ne se trompait pas en montrant que l'oeuvre dn xlxa siècle n'avait pas été purement et simplement une évolution régulière de tous les peuples vers l'unité. Dans les premières armées du xx siècle, un écrivain jui fit le tour du monde pour le compte du M. Gaston Donnet, a ratifié purement fi simplement les vues d'Amouretti, dont M. Paul Bourget, à son retour d'Italie et d'Amérique, avait dit la justesse il admettait la coexistence future de quelques grands empires avec une pousUton de principautés et de républiques. Avez vous fait le compte des républiques nouvelles, des Etats nouveaux qui sont nés de cette guerre et de ceux qu'elle a en gestation • C'est un jeu assez vain que de tracer le plan géographique de l'Europe tant que les armées n'ont pas achevé leur œuvre. Comme le dit le Vorwaerts, « c'est la conférence générale de la paix qui dira le dernier mot sur tout ce qui se fait actuellement ». Puissent les diplomates de l'Entente s'y rendre avec des vues plus réalistes que celles qu'ils ont apportées jusqu'à ce jour à l'examen de la question d'Autriche. et de quelques autres. Ils auront un problème ardu à résoudre ils auront à chercher ce qui assurera le mieux la tranquillité de l'Europe et servira le mieux les intérêts de la France et des puissances occidentales, de la destruction de l'Autriche ou de la destruction de l'Allemagne, du morcellement de l'un des deux Empires ou des deux, ou de leur coexistence avec une poussière d'Etats slaves les encadrant et les surveillant. A première vue, il apparaît qu'en poursuivant l'affranchissement des peuples opprimés, nous sommes, politiquement, historiquement, et sentimentalement, dans la bonne voie. La sympathie des peuples d'Occident est acquise à la politique des nationalités. Nous aurons à chercher, quand l'heure sera venue d'établir le règlement de l'Europe, de rétablir l'équilibre européen i, s'il convient de laisser sur la tête du roi de Prusse la couronne du Saint-Empire Germanique ou d'empêcher, au contraire, que l'Allemagne fasse son unité comme la France a fait la sienne, ou de s'en tenir enfin au principe que nul ne doit dominer en Allema gne. Une chose est sOre c'est que, si nous sommes vainqueurs, et nous le serons, on ne procédera plus, au Congrès de la paix, comme on le fit il y a un siècle au Congrès de Vienne par des calculs de nombre d'âmes il faudra savoir ce que ces âmes désirent. Cette guerre a été partout une guerre nationale, elle a éveillé les revendications même des nations non organisées. Le prochain congrès se fera une règle de respecter, dans la répartition des territoires, le sentiment national et la volonté des populations. Il dissipera l'esprit de Machiavel et de Bismarck, l'esprit de ruse et de violence. La monarchie autrichienne, Etat purement dynastique, assemblage de nations sans unité intérieure, reste, dans ses deux moitiés, un défl au sentiment national de ses sujets. Elle a bien des chances de disparaître. Mais à côté de l'œuvre de destruction qui sera plus tard le fait des militaires et des diplomates, il est une œuvre de construction que diplomates et militaires se doivent d'entreprendre tout de suite c'est le sauvetage de la Russie, la restauration de l'empire russe. Sans une Russie ordonnée, puissante et prospère, reprenant son rôle de protectrice des républiques slaves et de contrepoids à la Confédération germanique, il n'y a pas d' « équilibré européen possible. Eugène LE BRETON. Les obséques de Gilbert PARIS, 21 mai. Aujourd'hui ont eu lieu les obsèques de l'aviateur Gilbert. Le corps, ramené de Versailles, était exposé dans une chapelle ardente, rue Pergolèse. Sur le cercueil recouvert d'un drapeau tricolore, avait été déposée la palml offerte par la ville de Paris aux victimes du devoir. Aux couronnes de Versailles s'en étaient ajoutées beaucoup d'autres. Le cortège s'est mis en routf à 10 heures et demie du matin, pour se rendre au cimetière d'Auteuil, où Je cercueil oevait être déposé dans un caveau provisoire, en attendant d'être transporté à Clermont-Ferrand Une foule énorme se pressait sur le passage du convoi. Les honneurs étaient rendus par une section de la garde républicaine à pied qui -formait la haie autour du corbillard encadrant le drapeau des vétérans des armées de terre et de mer. Les cordons du poële étaient tenus par MM. Puech, sénateur ancien ministre le capitaine Vida1 le caporal Bayll. et M. Bontemps ,des Vétérans des armées de terre et de mer. Sur un coussin étaient portées les décorations de l'aviateur, puis venaient le beau-père et le beau-frère du défunt, ainsi que les autres membres de la famille. Aussitôt après la famille, avaient pris place MM. Dumenil, sous-secrétaire d'Etat de l'aéronautique, accompagné du commandant Brocard, son chef de cabinet le commandant de Malherbe, représentant M. Clemenceau le lieutenant Fournols, représentant M. Pams; le capitaine Marchai ,représentant le général Dubai1, et le colonel Girod, inspecteur général des écoles d'aviation. Des délégations d'aviateurs civils et militaires et d'ouvriers des usines d'aviation suivaient. Dans l'assistance, on remarquait MM. Charrois, Villaret, Jacques Bréguet, le capitaine Rocien, Rochette, de l'inspection des forges les lieutenants aviateurs Audemard et Clément. Au cimetière, M. Puech et le capitaine Vidal ont rappelé en termes émus, la brillante carrière de Gilbert, à qui ils ont adressé un suprême souvenir. Fermeture de débits de boissons Saint-Etienne, 21 mai. Le maire de StChamond a pris un arrêté ordonnant la fermeture des débits de boissons. VOIR en deuxième PAGE Le Japon, les Etats-Unis et la thtstU, La chaleur 30 degrés à l'ombre PARIS, 21 mai. De notre rédaction parisienne). La chaleur est venue tard, mais elle est venue, sans transition et depuis quelques jours, elle sévit impitoyable sur la région parisienne. Trente degrés à l'ombre, c'est le régime auquel nous sommes soumis aujourd'hui 21 mai 1 Hier et dimanche, la température sénéga'lienne avait incité bon nombre de Parisiens a fuir Paris et à se réfugier dans les coins ombreux de la banlieue. La journée s'est bien passée. Mais le soir, le retour a donné lieu à des incidents amusants, curieux et pittoresques. A Saint-Germain, des centaines de promeneurs ne purent trouver place dans les trains ou dans les tramways. Les uns, gens de résolution, acceptèrent joyeusement l'idée de coucher à la belle étoile sous les arbres du parc ou ceux de la forêt, mais d'autres allèrent demander au commissaire de police de leur procurer un logement. Très aimablement. ce fonctionnaire s'efforça ,t les satisfaire en obtenant qu'ils pussent attendre le lever du jour dans une grande salle de la ville la salle des Arts. Tant bien que mal, ils reposèrent. A Argenteuil, les suites irattendues de cet exode ont été bien plus amusantes encore. Des automobilistes qui s'y étaient rendus beaucoup imprudemment, s'étaient aventurés en dehors des limites de la grande ceinture, c'est-à-dire dans la zone récemment interdile. Fâcheuse inadvertance 1 Ils ont été contraints de s'arrêter et de descendre de leurs voitures qui. en dépit de leurs protestations, ont été confisquées. le commissaire est bon enfant, mais le gendarme est sans pitié et tous les deux se sont trouvés d'accord pour appliquer le règlement militaire avec une rigueur inflexible. LE MARECHAL MACKENSEN se rendrait SUR LE FRONT ITALIEN Londres. 20 mai. Le Daily Telegraph écrit « Un ccrtain nombre de divisions allemandes ont quitté la Roumanie pour une destination inconnur. Il se peut qu'elles soient destinées au front italien. e Quant à Mackensen, il est probable qu'il commandera sur le front italien, car c'est un spécialiste des opérations de montagne. » Les préparatifs autrichiens s'accentuent Rome, 21 mai. Le correspondant particulier du Daily Mail Milan, a télégraphié le 19 mai a L'envoyé du Corriere della Serra au front itaficn dit que les préparati/s autrichiens se sont accentués au cours de la semaine écoulée. » Communiqué ojpciel italien HOME, 21 mai (commandement suprême), Pendant la nuit du 19 au 20, une compagnie d'assaut ennemie qui tentait un coup de main dans la région de Sotto-Castello, au sud-est de Mori, a été repoussée par nos feux. Une autre attaque répétée deux fois sur les pentes méridionales du Sosso-Rosso, a donné lieu à de vifs combats locaux à la suite desquels l'adversaire a dû se replier sur des positions de départ. Une pointe dans la direction de Fener a infligé des pertes sensibles à l'ennemi et nous a rapporté quelques prisonniers. SUR L'ENSEMBLE DU FRONT, IL Y. A EU, PENDANT LA JOURNEE D'HIER, UNE PLUS GRAVE ACTIVITE D'ARTILLERIE AYANT DES CARACTERISTIQUES DE HARCELE. MENT. SUR LE MONTE SPINOCIA, UN DE NOS DETACHEMENTS, APPUYE PAR L'ARTILLERIE, A EXECUTE AVEC SUCCES UN COUP DE MAIN SUR LES POSITIONS FORTIFIÉ%S ENNEMIES. LA GARNISON ET UN DETACHEMENT ACCOURU A SON AIDE, ONT ETE ANEANTIS. DEUX OFFICIERS ET 51 SOL. DATS ONT ETE FAITS PRISONNIERS. A Capo-Silo, nous avons élargi nos gains réalisés le 20, ce qui nous a permis de constater les pertes graves subies par l'adversaire. Au cours des combats de nuit huit avions ennemis ont été abattus par les aviateurs bri. tanniques et italiens. Un neuvième atteint par l'artillerie, es tombé en flammes. LE COMPLOT ALLEMAND EN IRLANDE LONDRES, 20 mai. Les documents saisis par le Gouvernement établissent à l'évidence la complicité des Sinn Feiners avec les adversaires de la Grande-Bretagne. On assure qu'une partie de cas documents va être publiée incessamment, cette publication ne présentant aucun inconvénient. Lea Sinn-Feiners sont jugés sévèrement en Amérique Washington, 20 mai. La proclamation adressée à l'Irlande par Lord French est publiée en vedette par tous les journaux américains'. On attend avec impatience de nouveaux détails sur les événements survenus en Irlande, mais jusqu'à présent les milieux officiels s'abstiennent de tous commentaires. En tous cas, s'il est démontré que les Sinn-Feiners se sont rendus coupables des actes dont on les accuse, personne aux Etats-Unis ne montrera pour eux la moindre sympathie, car nul ici ne tolérerait une pareille déloyauté. Au Conseil des ministres on s'est occupé de la question alimentaire PARIS, 21 mai. Les ministres, réunis ce matin à l'Elysée, sous la présidence de M. Poincaré, se sont entretenus de la situation militaire et diplomatique. Le conseil a approuvé la convention du 1er mai, relative aux bois entre les gouvernements alliés et la Suisse. Le ministre de l'Agriculture et du Ravitaillement a fait adopter par le conseil un certain nombre de mesures tendant à réduire le coût des denrées d'alimentation de première nécessité. Les lecteurs de l'Ouest-Eclair trouveront en seconde page, les grandes lignes des projets que nourrit M. Boret pour arriver à ce résultat On y verra notamment qu'il promet à bref délai, la disparition des trois jours sans vande. Dans ces conditions, était-ce bien la peine de les créer Les Allemands ont perdu 5 appareils dans leur raid sur Londres LONDRES, 21 mai. De vingt à trente gotha3 ont pris part au raid de dimanche soir. Quelques douzaines de bombes ont été lancées sui la région de Londres, occasionnant en quel.ques cas des dommages considérables il, de petites maisons d'habitation. CINQ APPAREILS ENNEMIS ont certaine. ment ETE DETRUITS. Il est probable qu« deux autres appareils l'ont été également. A propos de ce raid sur Londres, le Timeà de ce matin dit: « Une négligence mise dans le retard à avertir la population de se réfugifr dans les abris parait avair été la cause de la grande proportion de morts et de blessés occasionnés par le raid dans certaines parties de Londres. C'est ainsi, par exemple, que onze personnes ont été tuées et dix blessées par une seule bombe dans l'un des districts de la capitale pendant que ces personnes fia.naient dans les rues. L'armée de von Below est massée près d'Arras LE KAISER DANS LES FLANDRES; BÉTHUNE EN FLAMMES « Oui, oui, nous y passerons tous ». Tels furent les premiers mots que Bongartz, l'as des as allemands depuis la mort de Reischtoffen, prononça devant ceux qui le relevèrent très grièvement blessé. Quel bel hommage aux aviateurs alliés Et combien il est mérité. Aujourd'hui encore, le communigué britannique nous annonce que 30 avions boches ont été descendus; et une dépêche du front, que le célèbre Fonck, pour arroser ses galons de lieutenant. a précipité à nouveau sur le sol trois avions ennemis. Oui, une fois de plus, et pas seulement au sens symbolique, l'oiseau des nuées l'emporte. Il n'est plus douteux que les centaines de hard is oiseaux, lâchés par Pétain le 23 mars, au moment de l'avance allemande entre Somme et Oise, l'ont retardée de beaucoup par le massacre et le désordre qu'ils ont portés dans les rangs des combattants et dans les colonnes en marche. Il est également avéré que la nouvelle offensive allemande a été retardée et gênée par la maîtrise incontestée de l'air, qui nous a permis, aux Britanniques, aux Américains et à nous, d'écraser dans un déluge d'acier tant de cantonnements, d'aérodromes et de gares, de rendre terriblement insalubres les routes de ravitaillement et d'accès, et de crever en grand nombre les yeux des artilleries ennemies que sont leurs avions; pourquoi ne nous serait-il pas permis d'affirmer que l'aviation jouera, au cours des grands combats qui vont s'engager, un rôle de tout premier plan. Dès à présent, tous nos aviateurs, chasseurs, éclaireurs,. bombardiers sont à leur poste, prêts à prendre une part directe aux actions dont le déclenchement est devenu imminent le capitaine Heurtaux, l'ancien commandant de l'escadrille des Cigognes, dont la haute compétence en la matière est connue de tous, nous affirme, à son retour d'Amérique, que, là-bas, l'effort de nos amis, dans la voie de l'aviation, a été considérable que les pilotes américains sont excellents pourquoi, paraphrasant le mot de Bongatz, ne répéterions-nous pas Oni, oui, ils y passeront tous ? » Si beaux cependant que soient les succès des alliés, il convient de ne pas oublier que les résutats seront d'autant plus tangibles que les efforts seront continus Efforts au 'front, c'est entendu. Ceux-là ne failliront pas, mais aussi efforts de l'arrière qui doit chaque jour intensifier les fabrications de !l'aviation, de façon à ce que nos usines de guerre sortent en grande série les différents types dont est à présent dotée notre armée de l'air. Tont retard dans la production pour quelque cause que ce soit serait un crime. Cela dit, rappelons qu'il y a aujourd'hui 2 mois que l'ennemi déclenchait sa grande offensive de Picardie et que depuis le 29 avril il a jugé prudent de se mettre au repos. Depuis lors, toutes les opérations qui ont eu lieu, ont tourné à notre avantage, .•fins qu'il soit encore possible de désigner le front d'attaque. Signalons toutefois, à titre de simple indication, que Von Hutter, qui, le 26 mars, a réussi à enfoncer momentanément le centre britannique devunt St-Quentm, et qui semble trés en faveur auprès du Kaiser, rassemble sous son autorité toutes les forces allemandes échelonnées entre Moreuil et Noyon. Le grand état-major de Berlin a-t-il l'intention de diriger dans ce vsste secteur d'importantes opérations 7 L'avenir nous le dira. il se pourrait qu'il ne tarde pas. Le Kaiser, en effet, serait dans les Flandres. Communiqué officiel français 1S90' jour de la guerre PARIS, 21 mai. Communiqué officiel français de 14 heures Activité des deux artilleries dans la région Thennes-Hailles et en quelques points au sud de l'Avre. Nos patrouilles opérant au sud-ouest de Lassigny, sur la rive droite de la Meuse et en Lorraine ont ramené des prisonniers. Nuit calme sur le reste du front. Communiqué officiel anglais Londres, il mai. Communiqué officiel britannique de l'après-midi Hier au soir, un bataillon du régiment de Surrey a réussi une opération locale au nord-ouest de Merville. Nous avons réduit le saillant ennemi dans ce secteur, fait trente prisonniers et capturé six mitailleuses. Ce matin, de bonne heure, ̃̃'e contre-atta.que ennemie entreprise contr nos nouvelles positions, après un vigoureux bombardement a été brisée sous les feux de notre artillerie et de nos mitrailleuses. Au sud-est d'Arras, nous avons effectué ur. raid heureux et ramené tics tranchées enne. mies quelques prisonniers et une mitrailleuse, L'artillerie allemande a été ?otive pendant la nuit, dans les secteurs d'Albert, aux environs d'Hébuterne et entre la foret de Nieppe et Meteren. Elle s'est montrée PLUS VIO.LENTE que d'habitude entre LA SCARPE ET LA COTE 70, au nord de Lens. LE BOMBARDEMENT D'HIER PAR OBUS TOXIQUES de la région au nord de Béthunedéjà signalé, A ETE CONSIDERABLE. 30 avions boches descendus COMMUNIQUF %INIQUE DE L'AVIAIION,20 mai Pendant toutin journée du 19, nos aviateurs ont pu faire du bon travail,, Nos ballons d'obsercation et nos avions ant coopéré activement, avec notre artillerte, en en réglant le tfr et en indiquant l'emplacement d*s batteries 'ennemies en action. Nos escadrilles de bombardement ont versé 17 tonnes d'explosifs snr les garés, les aérodromes les dfipfits Pt Les cantonnements 'ennemt,s. Au-dessus des lignes allemandes et à grande distance, de vifs combats ont eu lien. Nos appareils de bombardement ont été attaqués par de nombreuses escadrilles ennemies. Nous avons détnrits 3 ballons d^obserwalon 27 APPAREILS ALLEMANDS 07fT ETE ABATTU. 3 ONT ETE CONTRAINTS D'ATTERRIR DESEMPARES, 1" de nos avions ne sont pas rentrés. Après la tombée de la m/ri,, de vigourevx bombardements ont été entrepris par noua et par l'ennemi. Nos aviateurs ont jeté 'plus de 15 tonnes d'explosifs sur Les garés de Chautnes, de Douai, de Don 'et de Marcoing sitr ^aérodrome de Saint-Denis-Westrem, snr Bray et Rapaume. Au-dessus de nos lignes, nos tirs aériens ont abattu un grand m'ion de bombardement allemande. Tous nos appareils sont itiMiért,. Le 20, nous anons jeté mtc tomte d'exptosifs sur les casernes, les usinés ga. et la. gare de Landau au nord-onest de Knrlsruhe en Allemagne.La gafe a été atteinte plusieurs fois. Deux incendies ont été allumés. Aucun de nos appareils ne manque. Béthune est en gammes Londres, 21 mai. Du correspondant Reutcr armée anglaise Après avoir abattu la uieille tour de l'église de Béthune. L'artillerie ennemie a inondé la ville d'obus incendiaires, Le vent aidant, l'incendre est devenu général. Le lieutenant Foack a abattu 3 nouveau appareila PARIS, mai. On annonce du front qve le lieutenant Fonch, continuant la longue série de ses exploits, aurait abattu tram nouveaux appareils ennemis dont deux seraient âHjà homologués La nouvelle ne tardera pas à devénir officielle. L'armée de von Below ut aux environs d'Arras Front français, lundi. Du correspondant de l'Assoctated Presse au « New-York Herald » Il n'y a pas encore d'imlicaliou nette sur 1& direction dans lamiPlle sp pn**««» VaMte que allemand. t'état-major allemand a adopte une méthode semblable il. celle du mars Le front est fortement tenu partout, mais les troupes de péemière ligne sont plus denses sur certains points que sur d'autres. Aux environs d'Arma, se trouve l'importante armee de von Below qui, JUSQU'ICI N'AVAIT PAS PRIS PART A LA BATAILLE, mais sa présence signiRe qu'on la destine d un rude travail. Comme d'habitude, les Allemands rassemblent leur armée de manœuvres à proximité. Là, des troupes s'exercent par anticipation aux mouvements ou'on <-ro!t qu'elles auront il. exécuter quand elles seront appelées il suivre après l'attaque faite par les troupes occupant déjà les lignes. Il semble probable que cette armée est numériquement plus forte que celle qui fit la ruée du 21 mars, mais c'esi une question de savoir si la qualité des troupes est demeurée la même. Les divisions récentes reconstitués contiennent de nombreux éléments qui subirent pendant de longs jours, les horreurs de rudes batailles et doivent avoir perdu une partie de leur valeur combative. Pour le moment les raids sont fréquents partout, chacun des adversaires cherchant à s'emparer des prisonniers pour être renseigné sur les intentions de l'autre. L'ennemi ne peut plna tirer parti de mont Kemmel Londres, 21 mai. M. Parcival Philips télégraphie' le 20 mai « Attaquant sur un front d'environ deux milles et demi, les Français ont avancé leur front vers le Mont Kemmel ce matin. Ils ont atteint tous leurs objectifs et fait plus de 300 prisonniers. Ils ont progressé des deux côtés des ruines de l'hospice de Locre qui ont été le théâtre de violents combats. Il y a peu de parti à tirer du Mont Kemmel, qui reste sous le feu ininterrompu des batteries alliées. L'infanterie allemande doit le contourner des deux côtés pour atteindre ses tranchées avan oées soit devant Locre, soit dans les prairies dominées par le Scherpenberg et par les autres collines au pouvoir des Français. » La bravoure des volontaires russes PARIS, 21 mai. La légion russe, au cours d'une récente attaque, a été superbe d'entrain et dc bravoure, et le général commandant la dix'ision marocaine l'a citée en exemple. Elle a fait, dit-il, l'admiration de tous et en particulier des zouaves avec lesquels elle marchait, Les officiers et soldats qui se sont les plus distingués pendant l'attaque, ont été récompensés sur le champ de bataille même. Le capitaine Loupano/ fut fait chevalier de la Légion. d'honneur. U'autres militaires reçurent la médaille militaire uu la croix de guerre. flem se de drapefux à deux régiment de tirailleurs PARIS, 21 mai. A l'arrière du front de Lorraine, unp 4BMVi.nte cérémonie s'est déroulée le 16 flM. le, général commandant l'armée a reiflte^nCrapeaux aux deux régiments de tirSTiiïTrT;. S'adressant aux troupes, il s'est exprimé en ces termes En vous confiant la garde de ces emblèmens de la patrie, je sais que vous tiendrez à faire preuve des plus hautes vertus militaires et que vous aurez à coeur de conttnuer les /ortes traditions des vieux régiments de tiraitleurs. Ceux-ci ont déjà inscrit des noms impérissabtes de victoires dans les plls de leurs gloricu,x étendards, sui la Marne, sur l'Yscr, à Verdun et sur la Somme. » Après la remise des drapeaux, les tirail"surs défilèrent dans un ordre magnifique. Le Japon décore des officiers français PARIS, 21 mai. Ce matin, aux Invalides, l'ambassadeur du Japon, S. E. Keishiro Hatsui, entouré d'officiers japonais, a remis un certain nombre de décorations décernées par son gouvernement à des officiers français. Il a prononcé un émouvant discours auquel le général Dubail a répondu. Deux aviateurs allemands recueillis pu des pêcheurs suédois Londres, tl mai. On mande de Stockholm eu Morning Post Le 20, deux aviateurs allemands, recueillis par des pécheurs suédois près de Doggerbank. ont été débarqués Marstrand, dans le Cattégat, et internés. Ces aviateurs avaient participé à l'expédition sur la côte nglaise. Au retour, le manque d'essence les força à descendre en mer. • Le kaiser dans les Flandres LONDRES, 21 mai. Le correspondant du Morning Post télégraphie que suivant des déclarations de prisonnters allemanda, le kai ser est arrivé dans les Flandres pour assister à la nouvelle offensive. L'empereur allemand n'était pas revenu sur le front octidental deputs la sanglante défaite infligée par les troupes belges à sa première division de landvehr. Lea atrocités des sous-marins allemands Christiania, 21 mai. Des télégrammes de Bergen, Hamerfest, Vardoe et de Kirkennes, donnent des détails sur les nouvelles atrocités commises par les sous-marins allemands. On a débarqué à Waldi.-içuba, 22 hommes d'un bateau de pèche cuulé par les sous-marins allemands dans l'océan Arctique. On a.nnonce que cinq autres bateaux ont été coulés et qu'il règne une grande arxiété sur le sort de quarante autres bateaux de pêche ayant à bord un total de cinq cents hommes d'équipage. Un sous-marin a tiré sur un bateau poste ayant & bord des passagers, et sur une malle faisant le service entre Ardoë la côte russe, alors qu'elle se trouvait dans le port de waïdaguba. Dix personnes furent tuées, dont deux femmes. Le commandant du sousmarin déclara que son intention était de cnuler tous les bateaux de pêche norvégiens donnant comme motif que l'huile dn leurs pêches était destiné? h VAnrMpvrp. Ce n'est pas le cas, car l'exploitation de l'huile est absolument Interdite. Les avions italiens sur le front occidenla! PARIS, 21 mai. Les escadrilles d'avions italiens en France ont pris part dans le courant de ce mois, à six actions de bombardement. Dans la nuit davant-hier, un appareil a eu un accident d'atterrissage qui a causé la mort d'un officier observateur. Ses deux compagnons ont été blessés gravement. La pouvo rs illimités de M. Wilson Washington, m mai. Le président Wilson a signé la loi Overnian, votée paria Chambre et le Sénat, lui conférant des pouvoirs pratiquement illimités pour la conduite de la guerre. LA SITUATION La veillée des armes Depuis près de huit jours, un attend à chaque instant que tes Allemands déclenchent leur offensive. I'uurquut ne t uul-ils pas encore lait? Très probablement à cause des attaques répétées de nos aviateurs et des aviateurs britanniques sur Leurs urrièrcs. Ils sont obligés de réparer les voies de communication endummugées, de remplacer le matériel démoli, les munitions détruites. Ce n'est, sans doute, que partic remise, mais pendant ce temps nus atliés et nuus nous consolidons nos positions, rmus rxuus renseignons plus sûrement sur les desseins de l'adversaire et nous réussirons des cours de main et de petites avances locales qui le géneront considérablement lorsqu'il s'élancera à l'attaque. Il faut admirer le sang-froid des soldats qui depuis tant de jours attcndent cet instant suprême. Il faut étre de tout notre cmur avec ceux. Il faut qu'ils le sachent, qu'ils sachent que tous à l'arrière nc pensons qu'à cette hevre, qu'à la lutte qu'ils vont soutenir, à l'effort qu'ils vont donner, aus sacrifices qu'ils vont faire. Qu'Us ii'nirnt pas l'écho de nos petites plantes poxr quelques contrariétés que notts causeraient Ira restrictions ordonnées par le gouvernement Eh oui. cela est ennuyeux cf on voudrait bien pouvoir les éviter. On est fdché que les transports laissent un peu à désirer et soient cause d'un rrdoublement dans nos difficultés alimentaires. Dlais disons-nous que, en ces jours qui précèdent l'immense bataille, les transports pour l'arrière sont la moindre préoccupation de ceux qui ont la charge du pouvoir. Disons-le nous et que nos poilus sachent que c'est bien là notre pensée., qu'ils ne croient pas que prndrrnt qu'ils se battent, nous ne songeons qu'à notre bien-être, que certains ne pensent ou'à grossir, leurs bénéfices et se faire rfrç rentes avec du sang rersé. Les spéculateurs devraient se rendre compte que si quelque chose pouvait démonos pnilus, et serait de savoir qu'on abuse ainsi de leur dévouement. P.-O. DOLBERT. LE FUTUR CHANCELIER D'AUTRICHE SERAIT UN POLONAIS HERSE. 21 mai. On peut, à titre de renseignement, signaler le bruit qui court d'après lequel le prochain successeur du comte Il'rian serait le comte Adam Tarnovski. D'après la Gazette da Rhin et de Westphalie .organe des Krupp. le comte Tarnovski est un nationaliste polonais très ardent qu' àBerlin on considère comme peu sur. Nous touchons à la fin des restrictions a dit M. Boret Paris, 21 mai. M. Victor Boret a réuni aujourd'hui dans son cabinet les repr'ésentants de la presse. M. Boret s'est exprimé en ces termes Nous touchons à La fin des restrictions. Aucune restrtction nouvette n'est à l'étude. Désormais, il faut arriver à la compression des prix. Les restrictions vont s'atténuer, puis nrourir La compression, c'est-à-dire la diminution de la cherté des vivrea, va se produire et il faut pour atteindre ce résultat crn peu de férocité cn ce qui concerne le problème difficile de la viande. Le Ministre a fait adopter une taxe sur la viande vive et une taxe sur la viande abattue, laissant aux municipalités le soin de taxer chez le détaillant en vertu de la loi de Si les maires se refusent à appliquer csite taxation, le Ministre donnera ordre aux Préfets de se substituer à eux. La taxe portera sur la viande dans l'ordre suivant 1° le boeuf, 2o le mouton, 3° le porc. S'il y a lieu, toutes ces mesures se succéderont rapidement. Le Ministre compte procéder à une réorganisation complète par interdiction de sorties et par l'obligation du passage par le marché de la Villette. M. Boret fera procéder à un recensement du bétail, à l'amélioration des magasins et des frigorifiques, à la suppression de la vente an gare et au développement des boucheries coopératives. Pour éviter la mévente, toutes les bêtes invendues pourront être réquisitionnées. En tous cas, elles devront être abattues avant le marché suivant. Les expéditions seront interdites sauf pour certains départements limitrophes. Toutefois, une Commission sera créée, chargée d'accorder l'autorisation de dérogations pour réexpédition. Le prix maximum de vente de la viande ne sera connu qu'après la publication du décret. Après le recensement des différentes catégories d'animaux, viande sur pied et viande abattue, sur tous les points de la France, les Préfets organiseront des Commissions chargées de fixer les prix. L'action de cette taxation doit atteindre deux catégories de consommateurs les restaurants et les consommateurs chez eux. Pour les restaurants, s'ils continuent à exiger des prix trop élevés par suite d'achats en quantités supérieures à leurs besoins réels, on imposera le prix fixe. Pour la consommation à domicile, on poursuivra le developpement des coopératives d'alimentation d'nnp manière générale, pour réglementer ou imposer au commerçant l'obligation de puhlier le prix de vente de leurs denrées. Le prix sera remis en double exemplaire l'undestiné à la municipalité et 1 autre à un asrent dn ravitaillement. Chaque modification des prix nécessitera un nouvel affichage. Cet agent du ravitaillement aura le droit d'exiger les justiflcations de la hausse, ainsi que la production par les négociants de leurs factures. snus peine de poursuites. Les agents munis de ces chiffres en référernnt soit au ravitaillement, soit au Parquet. La déclaration sera absolument obligatoire snus peine de taxation d'office. LE RECENSEMENT DES CEREALES ET DU BETAIL Il sera procédé successivement au recensement des céréales, puis au recensement du bétail. Pour le recensement des^ céréales, on obtiendra les quantités approximatives, tout au moins en multipliant la superficie ensemencée par la moyenne de production. Il sera établi un carnet de battage. Pour vendre, la production de ce carnet sera exigible. Pour le bétail, les agriculteurs devront fournir mensuellement une déclaration faisant connattre la quantité de têtes fi. vendre penchant chaque mois. Ce sera là un véritable calendrier des ventes. Ce svstème incitera jes cultivateurs à cette déclaration puisqu'il leur permettra d'établir les quantités nécessaires en fourrages, en avoine et en grain. Ce système se résume tout entier en ces deux points déclaration de la récolte et déclaration du bétail. LA QUESTION DU LAIT En ce qui concerne le lait condensé, afin de rendre impossible l'accaparement, un délai d'un an sera imparti après la fabrication. Des étiquettes apposées sur les boites porteront l'indication de la nature du lait et la date d? production. Pour le stock actuellement existant, il devra être mis en vente dans un délai de quatre mois. LA QUESTION DES VINS Pour les vins, une partie est libérée. La réquisition est levée. L'importation s'est accrue et néanmoins les prix ont été maintenus. Le ministre avait espéré que l'accord franco-espagnol, permettant la liberté d'entrer, amènerait une baisse, mais certains négociants se sont retranchées derrière les difficultés de transport. Il faut donc s'attacher à donner des facilités d'enlèvement. Or, la capacité de la flotte ne permet pas l'enlèvement des vins d'Algérie. La question est à l'étude. On envisage entre autres, un procédé de condensation du vin, qui permettrait d'obtenir une sorte de miel vineux fermenté. On réaliserait ainsi 4/5 de réduction du volume, mais pour atteindre ce résultat, il faut du matériel et du charbon. Le ministre envisage enfin la transformation en Amérique, d'un certain nombre de navires frigorifiques. En outre, si comme on l'espère, la prochaine récolte en France est abondante, il se trouvera un supplément de fret n la disposition du ministrc. De nombreux wagons sont actuellement utilisés au bénéfice de l'Italie, de la Suisse et pour le transport de troupes américains, mais l'rlmérique ronslmit H'.s wagons et des locomotives qui nous sont destinés et vraisemblablement, d'ici quatre ou cinq moins, on possédera les effectifs de mécaniciens pour utiliser ce matériel. Il faut aussi simplifier les formalités d'octroi pour récupérer le temps perdu. Le ministre propose l'utilisation d'auto-camions qui amèneront sur le marché les marchandises en bloc, cette dernière conditions ayant pour objet d'éviter la hausse. LES PATES ALIMENTAIRES Enfin, le ministre affirme < 1 1 » ̃ les fabricants de pâtes alimentaires possèdent des quantités plus que suffisantes de farine. Le chiffre qui leur a été attribué est formidable. Ceux qni en manqueraient n'ont qu'a télégraphier (ilrectement au ministre et satisfaction immérliate leur sera donnée. LES TROIS JOURS SANS VIANDE SONT APPELES A DISPARAITRE Nous pouvons ajouter que ta mesure 'les trois jours sans viande qui a donné jusqu'ici des résultats, très appréciables, n'est qu'une mesure essentiellement transitoire appelée à disparaltre bientôt. Après que NI. Boret a donné la certitude que les restrictions seraient fortement atténuées à bref délai, il déclare que les mesure.: les plus énergiques vont être prises pour comprimer non plus la consommation, mai; le prix de vente des denrées. Le Japon et les Etats-Uuis sont d'accord pour une intervention en Russie Une bonne nouvelle le Japon et les EtatsUnis s'accordent enfin sur le principe d'une intervention armée du premier de ces Etats en Russie, et la Chine entre dans l'alliance. Le Japon ne met à son action éventuelle qu'une condition, mais elle est capitale il faut que la gouvernement russe le sollicite d'intervenir. Le Japon montre une invincible répugnance à marcher, ne fût-ce qu'en apparence, contre un peuple avec lequel il s'était franchement réconcilié et auquel il a prêté, tant que ce peuple a fait la guerre aux AustroAllemands, le concours de son industrie, de sa science et de ses finances. Il craint qu'une action japonaise ne soit mal interprétée en Russie et ne produise une impression pénible sur les Russes fidèles aux Alliés. Les articles du Rtetch, l'organe des cadets, ont fait impresion il Tokio. « Nous préconiserons toujours, écrivait récemment ce journal, l'alliance intime avec les puissances occidentales, car elles seules peuvent nous assurer notre prospérité nationale. » Non* ne voulons ni du Japon ni de l'Allemagne. Nous voulons lutter encore, de toutes nos forces, et nous refusons de reconnaître la paix de Brest-Litovsk, qui est une absurdité historique, géographique, ethnographique et économique. Ce traité doit être revisé, et notre programme minimum et irréductible est celui-ci Réintégration de la Russie dans ses frontières économiques et rétablissement de ses droits d'Etat souverain. » Rebutés par ce langage d'hommes à qui la réalité n'a rien appris, les Japonais, qui sont des réalistes, se tournent vers les Bolcheviks, maîtres actuels de la Russie, et dont le pouvoir, dit-on, a des racines profondes. Menacé dans ses intérêts politiques et économiques par l'emprise allemande, qui peut s'étendre encore et qui s'étendra certainement, puisqu'il n'y a plus en Russie aucune force pour l'en empêcher. le Japon attend le signe d'appel qu'on ne manquera pas de faire de Moscou. Il y a en Russie un gouvernement et qui dure on doit, faute de mieux, s'en contenter. Quels qu'aient été leurs crimes, les maximalistes ont payé cher l'expérience ils ont été bernés, frustrés par l'Allemagne et commencent à en prendre ombrage. Le moment n'est-il pas venu de s'appuyer sur eux t II existe des moyens de les aider, de leur fournir amicalement le noyau de l'armée que Trotsky veut auloard'hui constituer. Le capitaine Mangiu-Uuuquti., i .i, tructeur, ne tarda pas à acquérir la preuy que ces pièces avaient été communiquées à Almereyda par le sergent Paix-Séailles, commandilaire du Bonnet Rouge pour une somme de francs. Le 5 novembre, le sergent Palx-Séuilles se voyait inculpé par le capitaine Mangin-Bocqupt. Le 1: le capitaine Mathieu, de l'état-majur du l'année d'Orient, qui venait d'être rappelé de Salonique se déclarait devant le même magistrat l'auteur responsable de la divulgation des documents sus-énumérés. Inculpé à son tuur, il choisit pour défenseur Me Hild. M» Edmond Bluch fut chargé des intérêts de Paix-Séailles. Après une instruction cl»; louyu« durée. «• sergent et le capitaine s'entendirent accuser d'avoir « livré ou communiqué à une personne non qualiflée pour en prendr connaissance ou divulgué, en tuut ou en partie, le» plans, écrits ou documents intéressant la déense du territoire ou la sûreté extérieure -le l'Etat à eux confiés ou dont lis ont eu connaissance à raison de leurs fonctions L'instruction avait établi que des relations d'affaires existaient avant la guerre entre Paix-Séailles et un Allemand du nom de Eminel. Certains témoins déposèrent sur les tendances germanophilies du journal Le Courrier Européen, que dirigeait Paix-Séailles. Les débats de l'affaire commenceront u U heures, dans la salle où se tinrent les deux premières séances de l'affaire du Bonnet Rouge. L'accusation a cité dix-huit témoins, dont MM. Léon Daudet, Gustave Hervé, Painlevé, Vlollette, ancien ministre du ravitaillement, le général Sarrail, etc. Les témoins r: tés par la défense sont au nombre de vignt-etun. Citons parmi eux le général Messimy. Lnvien ministre de la guerre, M. Steeg, ancien ministre, M. Victor Marguetittc, M. Jacques Dhur, directeur de l'Eveil. M !;n«?[.n V'dni. directeur du Pays. Le siège du commissaire eu sera occupé par le commandant Monte!. Les peines encourues par les inculpés sont de deux à cinq ans de prison Pt 0" à 5.000 francs d'amende. Les deux accusés n'ont ;essé d'alléguer la pureté et le patriotisme de leurs intentions. On se souvient qu'au cours des débats récents du 3e Conseil de guerre, l'avocat de l'un des complices de Duval eut ce mot: « Paix-Séailles et Mathieu ont rendu un grand service à leur pays. Il se peut que les débats aient lien à huisclos. Zeebrugge toujours embouteillée LONDRES, 21 mai. L'Amirauté britannique communique la note suivante Le beau temps de ces derniers jours a rendu possibles de constantes reconnaissances aériennes sur Bruges et le canal de Zeebrugge à Bruges et la prise de clichés photographiques. Le résulLat montre qu'aucun changement ne s'est produit depuis le 23 avriL et que la plus grande partie des sous-marins ennemis et torpilleurs qui ont leur base sur la côte des Flandres ont été immobilisés a Brugea depuis les opérations d'embouteillage Il 7eebrugge. Feuilleton DE V&uest-Eclair 4 du 22 mai 1918. VANOURA LA BULGARE pa Victor COEDORP PREMIERE PARTIE U Le prince Samara Mais ces natures de Slaves restées primiives, un peu sauvages même, ont des ressources insoupçonnées d'énergie froide et concentrée qui les aident à subir stoïquement l'adversité la plus cruelle. « Je serai courageuse et forte avait dit Michaela il. Vernières. Elle tenait sa promesse. Le moment était arrivé Dour le jeune homme de se séparer de celle qu'il ne se lassait point d'admirer. Comptez sur moi, mademoiselle, pour réparer le mal qui vous est fait. Je retourne à Paris. J'y serai dans deux heures. Demain, vous saurez le résultant de mes démarches. Vernières partit pour Paris avec la certitude que Michaëla se trouvait à l'abri de toutes les entreprises de ses ennemis dans cette paisible retraite. il savait, quel réconfort serait pour l'âme meurtrie de la jeune fille 1 affection simple et tendre dont sa mère et sa sœur ai laient l'entourer. 11 avait conscience de remplir un devoir d'humanité et Il éprouvait la secrète fierté de se conduire en gaiam homme. Sa nature ardente, chevaleresque, ne redou•alMaucun danger. Pourtant, Il sentait oonlu sèment qu'il se trouvait lancé à corps perdu dans une fantastique aventure. D'avance, le cœur fort, l'âme haute, il en acceptait tous les risques. Dès qu'il fut arrivé à Paris, son premier soin fut de se rendre à la Sûreté générale, mais là, on lui dit qu'il aurait dû d'abord prévenir les autorités locales. Puisqu'il ne l'avait pas fait tout de suite, il convenait de regagner dans une certaine mesure, le temps perdu en prévenant par téléphone le maire, la gendarmerie, le Parquet. Toute la journée se passa en envois de répèche, en communications téléphoniques, en démarches multiples, longues et fastidieuses. Le ledemain, à la première heure, un agent en bourgeois se présenta chez lui Vernières habitait depuis quelques mois, ruo ClémentMarot, dans les Champs-Elysées. Le directeur de la Stlreté générale, M. Gerliot, le convoquait d'urgence à son cabinet. Dès qu'il fut arrivé, le haut fonctionnaire l'invita à renouveler, à préciser les explications qu'il avait données, la veille, à ses sousordres. Le directeur de la Sûreté l'écoutait avec ona attention croissante. Le récit de Vernières l'impressionnait manifestement. Ce que vous me racontez est très curieux, très extraordinaire. Un autre que vous me âl rait ces choses que je croirais qu'il est victime d'une hallucination. Le directeur de la Sûreté lui posa une question Ce portefeuille dont vous m'avez parlé, vous l'avez, n'est-ce pas t Le voici, ftt Vernières en le déposant ïur la table du fonctionnaire. A ce moment, dans le couloir, urbruit de voix se fit entendre Monsieur le directeur de la Sûreté I Je vous dis que je veux voir immédiatement le chef de la Sûreté. Celui-ci interloqué, se leva et entr'ouvrit la porte de son cabinet. Excusez-moi un Instant, monsieur Verniéres. Comment laisse-t-on pénétrer jusqu'ici 1 C'est inconcevable 1 Mais ce que M Gerliot a vu dans le couloir est sans doute d'un intérêt bien vif, puisque voilà qu'il fait un signe d'accueil au nouveau venu et lui ouvre la porte qu'il maintenait entrebâillée. Un personnage singulier se précipite aussitut dans le bureau du directeur de la Sûreté générale. Vernières, à sa vue, demeure figé d'étonnement. |
github_open_source_100_1_78 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*Given an array nums containing n + 1 integers where each integer is between 1 and n (inclusive), prove that at least one duplicate number must exist. Assume that there is only one duplicate number, find the duplicate one.
Example 1:
Input: [1,3,4,2,2]
Output: 2
Example 2:
Input: [3,1,3,4,2]
Output: 3
Note:
You must not modify the array (assume the array is read only).
You must use only constant, O(1) extra space.
Your runtime complexity should be less than O(n2).
There is only one duplicate number in the array, but it could be repeated more than once.
来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/find-the-duplicate-number
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权，非商业转载请注明出处。*/
class Solution {
public:
int findDuplicate(vector<int>& nums) {
int l = 1,r=nums.size()-1;
while(l<r){
int cnt = 0;
int mid = l+(r-l)/2;
for(int i = 0; i < nums.size();++i){
if(nums[i]<=mid)
cnt++;
}
if(cnt>mid){
r = mid;
}else{
l = mid+1;
}
}
return l;
}
}; |
2013/92013E003584/92013E003584_PT.txt_7 | Eurlex | CC-By | Examinează Comisia compensarea acestor reduceri din alte resurse/bugete, astfel încât să asigure viabilitatea proiectelor și a investițiilor deja realizate?
Răspuns dat de dna Kroes în numele Comisiei
(14 mai 2013)
Trebuie remarcat faptul că Consiliul European a convenit asupra unui buget de 1 miliard EUR pentru sectorul telecomunicațiilor prin intermediul MCE în cadrul reuniunii sale din 7-8 februarie 2013, în contrast marcant cu propunerea Comisiei pentru o alocare de 9,2 miliarde de euro pentru perioada de programare 2014-2020. Decizia finală privind cadrul financiar multianual al UE încă nu a fost aprobată în mod oficial și se află în prezent în curs de examinare de către Parlamentul European.
În cazul în care acordul Consiliul European este aprobat de către autoritatea bugetară, nu există niciun plan de a compensa pierderea telecomunicațiilor MCE — de exemplu, prin transferarea fondurilor între alte linii bugetare. Aceasta va reprezenta o reducere reală în finanțarea acestor infrastructuri prin bugetul UE. Cu toate acestea, Comisia își menține angajamentul de atingere de către UE a obiectivelor Agendei digitale până în 2020 pentru rețelele în bandă largă. Sarcina revine în principal statelor membre, dar Comisia va depune toate eforturile pentru a asigura că fondurile structurale și fondurile de investiții sunt utilizate eficient în sprijinirea infrastructurii de bandă largă ori de câte ori acest lucru este necesar pentru a atinge aceste obiective.
Programul ISA va fi afectat de reducerile propuse de Consiliul European la rubrica 1, „Competitivitate pentru creștere economică și locuri de muncă”, în cazul în care acestea sunt aprobate de autoritatea bugetară. În acest caz, nu vor exista compensații de la alte linii bugetare. Pentru a nu compromite eforturile continue de a îmbunătăți interoperabilitatea dintre administrațiile publice europene, Comisia va aplica reducerile în mod proporțional în rândul proiectelor în curs de derulare. Consecința imediată a acestor reduceri va consta în întârzieri mai mari de punere în aplicare, dar existența și sustenabilitatea pe termen lung a acestora nu va fi compromisă.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003645/13
to the Commission
Petru Constantin Luhan (PPE)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Commission's cut of EUR 60 bn on broadband installation costs proposals
Owing to the fact that the Commission is to cut EUR 60 bn on broadband installation costs proposals, ISA (Interoperability Solutions for European Public Administrations) and CEF (Connecting Europe Facility) will be affected and the sustainability of the projects already started will be endangered, which raises the question whether the investments that have already been made could be jeopardised.
Is the Commission considering compensating for these cuts from other resources/budgets so as to ensure the sustainability of projects and investments already made?
Answer given by Ms Kroes on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
It should be noted that it is the European Council that agreed upon a budget of EUR 1 Billion for the telecom sector under the CEF at its meeting of 7-8 February 2013, in sharp contrast with the Commission's proposal for an allocation of EUR 9.2 billion for the programming period 2014-2020. Final decision on the EU multi-annual financial framework has not yet been formally approved and is currently under consideration by the European Parliament.
If the European Council agreement is endorsed by the Budgetary Authority, there is no plan to compensate for the loss of CEF Telecom — e.g. by shifting funds between other budget lines. It will represent a real cut in funding such infrastructures through the EU budget. However, the Commission remains committed to the EU achieving the Digital Agenda targets for broadband by 2020. The onus therefore lies primarily with Member States but the Commission will make every effort to ensure that structural and investment funds are used efficiently — in support for broadband infrastructure wherever this is needed to achieve these targets.
The ISA programme will be impacted by the reductions proposed by the European Council in Heading 1, ‘Competitiveness for growth and jobs’, should they be approved by the Budgetary Authority. In that case, there will be no compensation from other budget lines. In order not to compromise ongoing efforts to improve interoperability between European public administrations, the Commission will apply the reductions in a proportional way among ongoing projects. The immediate consequence of these reductions will be increased implementation delays, but their existence and their long-term sustainability will not be compromised.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003646/13
to the Commission
Derek Vaughan (S&D) and Glenis Willmott (S&D)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Regulation of ‘energy’ drinks
A recent report conducted by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) has found that consumption patterns of ‘energy’ drinks are especially high amongst adolescents and children — a cause for concern given their high caffeine content.
Does the Commission plan on taking any action to regulate the marketing, sale and caffeine content of these drinks in light of the EFSA report’s conclusions, particularly with respect to young people?
Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
Directive 2002/67/EC (158) harmonises the labelling of beverages containing caffeine. For further details the Commission refers the Honourable Member to the answers given to the previous Written Questions E‐000464/2010 and E‐002353/2010 (159).
Furthermore, as a result of the concerns raised by certain Member States, the Commission has requested the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to assess the safety of caffeine. EFSA is to provide advice on a daily intake of caffeine, from all sources, that does not give rise to concerns about harmful effects to health, both for the general population and as appropriate, for specific subgroups of the population.
In its advice EFSA should also determine whether and the extent to which the consumption of caffeine together with other food constituents such as alcohol or substances found in ‘energy drinks’ could present a risk to health as a result of interactions of these constituents (160). The risk assessment should be finalised by the end of 2013.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003647/13
to the Commission
Charles Tannock (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: European Social Fund contribution to UK Jobcentre Plus scheme
I have been made aware by a London constituent that the UK Government’s Department for Work and Pensions Jobcentre Plus scheme is using the EU’s European Social Fund (ESF) logo in its heading.
Can the Commission clarify the scale and purpose of the ESF’s involvement with the UK Department for Work and Pensions Jobcentre Plus scheme? In what way do the ESF grants help my London constituents find work?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(8 May 2013)
The Commission confirms to the Honourable member that the Department for Work and Pensions, DWP, working through Jobcentre Plus, is using ESF funds to deliver a range of opportunities and support to help people into sustainable employment.
DWP is acting specifically as a national Co-financing Organisation, CFO, of the England and Gibraltar ESF operational programme. The programme is managed at national level by the DWP ESF Division with some management functions delegated in London to the Greater London Authority as Intermediate Body under the strategic direction of the Mayor.
In this respect, London has developed its own Regional Framework within the current national ESF programme and has been awarded the largest allocation, EUR 516.569.097 (16.7%) of the England and Gibraltar ESF programme allocation.
As one of the five London CFOs, DWP is securing ESF funds and contributing their own funds to co-finance 50% of over GBP 200 million ESF Priority 1 activity, dedicated to extending employment opportunities, in London.
So far, DWP CFO contracts have delivered a range of provision at local level aimed at disadvantaged people, helping more than 24 000 unemployed Londoners to move into jobs and 1 755 NEETs (161) into employment education or training. ESF Support to Families with Multiple Problems constitutes the largest element of ESF provision in London for 2011-2013. The rest of the provision is mainly shared between the ESF element of Work Programme — Incapacity benefit/Income support element and the London Day1 Support for Young People which aims to help young people with little or no work experience, with support from Day1 as Job Seekers Allowance claimants.
(Wersja polska)
Pytanie wymagające odpowiedzi pisemnej E-003648/13
do Komisji
Janusz Wojciechowski (ECR)
(28 marca 2013 r.)
Przedmiot: Środki Funduszu Spójności a możliwość finansowania WPR
Czy, w świetle obowiązujących uregulowań prawnych, istnieje możliwość użycia przez państwa członkowskie środków z Funduszu Spójności na finansowanie zadań z zakresu II filara Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej, czyli rozwoju obszarów wiejskich?
Odpowiedź udzielona przez komisarza Johannesa Hahna w imieniu Komisji
(17 maja 2013 r.)
Państwa członkowskie muszą zapewnić stałą komplementarność między poszczególnymi instrumentami finansowymi UE. Na obszarach wiejskich szczególnie ważne jest wspieranie tworzenia synergii pomiędzy polityką strukturalną, polityką zatrudnienia i polityką rozwoju obszarów wiejskich. Państwa członkowskie nie mogą jednak wykorzystywać funduszy przyznanych w ramach polityki spójności na finansowanie projektów w ramach programów rozwoju obszarów wiejskich.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003648/13
to the Commission
Janusz Wojciechowski (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Cohesion fund and possibilities for financing the CAP
Under current regulations, would it be possible for Member States to use cohesion policy funding to finance projects under CAP II (development of rural areas)?
Answer given by Mr Hahn on behalf of the Commission
(17 May 2013)
Member States must ensure complementarity between different EU funding instruments at all times. In rural areas, it is particularly important to promote synergy between structural, employment and rural development policies. However, Member States cannot use funding allocated under cohesion policy to finance projects within rural development programmes.
(Versiunea în limba română)
Întrebarea cu solicitare de răspuns scris E-003649/13
adresată Comisiei
Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă (S&D)
(28 martie 2013)
Subiect: Lucrătorii din rețelele de apă și canalizare
La nivel european, există un număr important de lucrători în întreprinderi sau în structurile colectivităților locale care lucrează în domeniul exploatării și întreținerii rețelelor de apă și canalizare. Milioane de metri cubi de apă tranzitează zilnic aceste rețele, motiv pentru care condițiile de lucru pentru personalul în cauză — mecanici și electromecanici, electrotehnicieni, specialiști în hidraulică, geometrică, controlori etc. — sunt foarte dificile: umiditate, bacterii, obscuritate, ape murdare și cu reziduuri solide, solvenți, produse toxice, inclusiv animale moarte.
Calitatea aerului din aceste spații pune probleme și dă naștere la numeroase cazuri de intoxicări, probleme respiratorii, mergând până la diverse boli profesionale, care pot determina reducerea speranței de viață pentru aceste persoane.
Având în vedere apariția și dezvoltarea de noi tehnologii și materiale pentru acest domeniu, în ce măsură are Comisia în vedere stabilirea unor reglementări comune privind protecția acestor lucrători, folosind experiența acumulată la nivelul acestor structuri și schimbul de bune practici dintre întreprinderile și structurile autorităților locale și regionale din țările UE?
Răspuns dat de dl Andor în numele Comisiei
(21 mai 2013)
Tipurile de activități la care se referă distinsul membru sunt deja reglementate prin mai multe directive UE, acestea includ Directiva 98/24/CEE (162) privind agenții chimici, Directiva 2000/54/CE (163) privind agenții biologici și, în special, Directiva-cadru 89/391/CEE (164).
În special, angajatorul, în conformitate cu Directiva-cadru, are obligația de a evalua toate riscurile pentru sănătate și securitate la care lucrătorii sunt expuși sau pot fi expuși și să stabilească măsurile de prevenire și protecție, între altele, la alegerea echipamentului de lucru, a substanțelor chimice sau a preparatelor utilizate și a modului în care acestea sunt utilizate, precum și la amenajarea locurilor de muncă.
Un aspect important în acest sector se referă la riscurile asociate cu expunerea la hidrogenul sulfurat gazos. În legătură cu aceasta, Comisia a adoptat o valoare limită de expunere profesională în Directiva 2009/161/UE (165).
Prin urmare, angajatorul are obligația de a pune în aplicare orice măsuri adecvate de gestionare a riscurilor care asigură o îmbunătățire a nivelului de protecție acordat lucrătorilor și sunt integrate în toate activitățile desfășurate de întreprindere și/sau unitate la toate nivelurile ierarhice.
Directivele UE trebuie să fie transpuse de către statele membre și este responsabilitatea principală a autorităților lor competente să aplice legislația națională adecvată.
Comisia nu intenționează să instituie noi norme comune privind cazul specific menționat de distinsul membru.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003649/13
to the Commission
Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă (S&D)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Workers in the water and sewage networks
There is a large number of workers in businesses or in collectivised local structures working in the exploitation and maintenance of water and sewage networks across the EU. Millions of cubic metres of water pass through these networks each day. This is the reason why the working conditions of the relevant personnel, such as mechanical and electrical engineers, electrical technicians, hydraulic and geometric specialists, controllers, etc. are very difficult. These conditions include humidity, bacteria, murkiness, dirty water and water containing solid residues, solvents and toxic products, including dead animals.
The air quality in these spaces causes problems and gives rise to numerous cases of intoxication and respiratory problems. These can lead to various occupational diseases which can reduce life expectancy for these people.
Given the emergence and development of new technologies and materials for this domain, to what extent is the Commission considering setting up new common rules on the protection of these workers, using the experience gained at the level of these structures and the exchange of best practice between companies and the local and regional authorities in EU countries?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(21 May 2013)
The types of work activities to which the Honourable Member refers are already covered by several EU Directives, this includes Chemical Agents Directive 98/24/EEC (166), the Biological Agents 2000/54/EC (167) Directive and particularly the framework Directive 89/391/EEC (168).
In particular, the employer, as provided for under the framework Directive, has the obligation to evaluate all the health and safety risks to which the workers are exposed or can be exposed and to establish the resulting prevention and protection measures, inter alia in the choice of work equipment, the chemical substances or preparations used and how they are used, and the fitting-out of work places.
An important issue in this sector concerns risks associated with exposure to the gas hydrogen sulphide. In connection with this, the Commission adopted an Occupational Exposure Limit Value in Directive 2009/161/EU (169).
The employer shall thus implement any appropriate risk management measures which ensure an improvement in the level of protection afforded to workers and are integrated into all the activities of the undertaking and/or establishment at all hierarchical levels.
The EU directives must be transposed by the Members States and it is the primary responsibility of their competent authorities to enforce the relevant national legislation.
The Commission has no intention of setting up new common rules on the specific case mentioned by the Honourable Member.
(Ελληνική έκδοση)
Ερώτηση με αίτημα γραπτής απάντησης P-003650/13
προς την Επιτροπή
Sophocles Sophocleous (S&D)
(28 Μαρτίου 2013)
Θέμα: Απόφαση του Eurogroup για επιβολή τέλους επί των καταθέσεων των κυπριακών τραπεζών
Η πρωτόγνωρη απόφαση του Eurogroup για επιβολή τέλους επί των καταθέσεων των κυπριακών τραπεζών αποτελεί ένα τεράστιο πλήγμα, τόσο για την κυπριακή οικονομία όσο και, μέσω του προηγούμενου που δημιουργεί, για την ασφάλεια των καταθέσεων για τις οικονομίες των υπολοίπων μελών της Ευρωζώνης. Ήδη τα αποτελέσματα της εν λόγω απόφασης έχουν αντίκτυπο στις διεθνείς αγορές. Παράλληλα, η απόφαση παραβιάζει κατάφορα τα ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα και δεν προστατεύονται οι καταθέτες.
Ερωτάται η Επιτροπή:
—
Συμμερίζεται πως η απόφαση του Eurogroup δεν συνάδει με την Οδηγία 2009/14/ΕΚ περί των συστημάτων εγγυήσεως των καταθέσεων όσον αφορά το επίπεδο κάλυψης;
—
Συμμερίζεται πως παραβιάζεται το άρθρο 17 του Χάρτη των Θεμελιωδών Δικαιωμάτων της ΕΕ στο οποίο αναφέρεται το δικαίωμα της ιδιοκτησίας;
—
Συμμερίζεται πως υπονομεύεται η αρχή της ευρωπαϊκής αλληλεγγύης;
—
Σε ποια χώρα, μέλος της ευρωζώνης, πάρθηκε παρόμοια απόφαση;
Απάντηση του κ. Barnier εξ ονόματος της Επιτροπής
(6 Μαΐου 2013)
Οι κυπριακές αρχές δεν έχουν επιβάλει κάποιο τέλος σε καταθέσεις κάτω των 100 000 ευρώ. Ως εκ τούτου, δεν τίθεται ζήτημα συμβατότητας με την οδηγία 2009/14/ΕΚ περί των συστημάτων εγγυήσεως των καταθέσεων.
Η Επιτροπή θεωρεί ότι η έγκριση της πρότασης σχετικά με το πλαίσιο εξυγίανσης των τραπεζών, η οποία υποβλήθηκε τον Ιούνιο του 2012, θα αποσαφηνίσει σημαντικά τον τρόπο με τον οποίον επιτυγχάνεται η εξυγίανση των τραπεζών στο μέλλον. Όπως προτάθηκε, με τη νέα οδηγία θα θεσπιστεί στο σύνολο της ΕΕ ένα πλαίσιο με όλα τα εργαλεία αποφασιστικής παρέμβασης τόσο πριν προκύψουν προβλήματα όσο και στα αρχικά στάδια μιας τέτοιας διαδικασίας. Επίσης, σε περίπτωση που η χρηματοοικονομική κατάσταση μιας τράπεζας επιδεινωθεί ανεπανόρθωτα, οι εθνικές αρχές σε όλα τα κράτη μέλη θα διαθέτουν κοινή δέσμη «εργαλείων» και χάρτη πορείας για τη διαχείριση της πτώχευσης των τραπεζών. Το σημαντικότερο όλων είναι ότι το εργαλείο διάσωσης με ίδια μέσα που περιέχει αυτό το πλαίσιο θα επιτρέπει στις τράπεζες να προβαίνουν σε ανακεφαλαιοποίηση με απαξίωση ή μεγάλη μείωση της αξίας των μετοχών, ενώ οι απαιτήσεις των πιστωτών θα μειώνονται ή θα μετατρέπονται σε μετοχές. Καταθέσεις κάτω των 100 000 θα εξακολουθούν να είναι πλήρως εξασφαλισμένες και να αποκλείονται ρητά από το εργαλείο αυτό.
Σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 51 παράγραφος 1 του Χάρτη των Θεμελιωδών Δικαιωμάτων, οι διατάξεις αυτές αφορούν τα κράτη μέλη μόνο όταν εφαρμόζουν το δίκαιο της Ένωσης. Στην προκειμένη περίπτωση, το εν λόγω κράτος μέλος δεν ενήργησε στο πλαίσιο της εφαρμογής του δικαίου της ΕΕ. Η Επιτροπή δεν έχει καμία ένδειξη ότι η Κύπρος μπορεί να έχει αγνοήσει κάποια από τις διεθνείς υποχρεώσεις της όσον αφορά την προστασία των θεμελιωδών δικαιωμάτων με τη θέσπιση των εν λόγω μέτρων.
(English version)
Question for written answer P-003650/13
to the Commission
Sophocles Sophocleous (S&D)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Decision by the Eurogroup to impose a levy on deposits in Cypriot banks
The unprecedented decision by the Eurogroup to impose a levy on deposits in Cypriot banks is a huge blow to the economy of Cyprus and the precedent it creates is undermining confidence in the security of deposits in the economies of the rest of the eurozone. This decision is already having an impact on international markets. It also represents a flagrant violation of human rights and fails to protect depositors.
In view of the above, will the Commission say:
—
Does it agree that this Eurogroup decision is incompatible with Directive 2009/14/EC on deposit-guarantee schemes as regards the coverage level?
—
Does it agree that this represents a violation of Article 17 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU on the right to property?
—
Does it agree that it undermines the principle of European solidarity?
—
In which Member State belonging to the eurozone does a precedent exist for such a decision?
Answer given by Mr Barnier on behalf of the Commission
(6 May 2013)
The Cypriot authorities have not imposed any particular levy on deposits under EUR 100 000. Therefore there is no issue of compatibility with Directive 2009/14/EC on deposit-guarantee schemes.
The Commission considers that the adoption of the proposal for a bank resolution framework which was presented in June 2012 will considerably clarify the modus operandi of bank resolution in the future. As proposed, the new Directive would introduce in the whole EU a framework with all the tools to intervene decisively in banking crisis both before problems occur and early on in the process if they do. And, if the financial situation of a bank deteriorates beyond repair, national authorities in all Member States would have a common toolkit and roadmap to manage the failure of banks. Most importantly, the bail-in tool enshrined in that framework would allow a bank to be recapitalised with shareholders wiped out or diluted, and creditors would have their claims reduced or converted to shares. Deposits below EUR 100 000 will continue to be fully guaranteed and are explicitly excluded from this tool.
According to Article 51(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, its provisions are addressed to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law. In the matter referred to the Member State concerned did not act in the course of implementation of EC law. The Commission has no indication that Cyprus might have disregarded any of its international obligations regarding the protection of fundamental rights by adopting the measures at issue.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-003652/13
an die Kommission
Angelika Werthmann (ALDE)
(28. März 2013)
Betrifft: Neuerung im IT-Bereich — Problemfelder
Im letzten Jahr wurden zahlreiche Neuerungen im IT-Bereich angedacht und verwirklicht, die schlussendlich auf ein „wearable computing“ abzielen, das ihre Benützung im öffentlichen Bereich über unauffällige Hilfsmittel (Brille, Folie, etc) fast ohne äußere Sichtbarmachung zum Ziel hat. Diese Geräte lassen eine digitale Aufnahme von Videos, Tönen, Fotos und anschließendes Teilen im Internet zu, ohne dies für die betroffenen Personen erkennbar zu machen. Die hierdurch generierten Daten eröffnen ein vielfältiges Problemfeld: Fragen von Informations‐ und Datenschutz sind ebenso zu klären, wie der Umgang mit fehlender Einwilligung und der möglichen Verletzung von Persönlichkeitsrechten.
1.
Ist die Kommission über die oben skizzierten Entwicklungen informiert?
2.
Wenn ja, gibt es bereits Pläne zum Umgang mit diesem Problemfeld?
3.
Hält die Kommission eine europaweite Kooperation/rechtliche Regelung in diesem Bereich für sinnvoll, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die grenzüberschreitenden Sachverhalte?
4.
Wäre in diesem Kontext eine Re-Definition der Konzepte von öffentlichem und privatem Raum anzudenken, insbesondere im Kontext von Artikel 8 EMRK?
Antwort von Frau Reding im Namen der Kommission
(20. Juni 2013)
Die Kommission ist über die technologische Entwicklung und über die Tatsache, dass viele Innovationen wie „wearable computing“ die Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten mit sich bringen, sehr wohl informiert.
Die Kommission hat zu Jahresbeginn 2012 die Datenschutzreform („die Reform“) (170) vorgeschlagen. Die Reform stützt sich auf Artikel 16 AEUV, die neue durch den Vertrag von Lissabon eingeführte Rechtsgrundlage für den Erlass von Datenschutzvorschriften. Derzeit wird sie von beiden Gesetzgebern geprüft.
Unter Berücksichtigung des grenzüberschreitenden Charakters von Innovationen im digitalen Binnenmarkt wurde eine Verordnung als das angemessenste Rechtsinstrument angesehen, um zu gewährleisten, dass strikte und harmonisierte Vorschriften für alle für die Verarbeitung personenbezogener Daten Verantwortlichen gelten, die Einzelpersonen innerhalb der EU Waren und Dienstleistungen anbieten oder diese überwachen, wie Anbieter von Dienstleistungen, die unter „wearable computing“ fallen.
Mit der Reform schafft die Kommission eine konsequentere, kohärentere Datenschutzregelung in der EU, die durchsetzbar ist und die Voraussetzungen dafür bietet, dass die digitale Wirtschaft im Binnenmarkt weiter Fuß fasst, die Bürger Kontrolle über ihre eigenen Daten erhalten und die Sicherheit für Wirtschaft und Staat in rechtlicher wie praktischer Hinsicht erhöht wird.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003652/13
to the Commission
Angelika Werthmann (ALDE)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Innovation in the IT sector — problems
Over the last year numerous innovations in the IT sector have been thought up and implemented that are aimed ultimately at ‘wearable computing’, intended to be used in the public domain by way of inconspicuous accessories (glasses, films, etc.) which will be almost invisible to the outside world. These devices allow the digital recording of videos, audio and images, which can subsequently be shared on the Internet without the persons concerned knowing anything about it. The data generated by this create a multitude of problems: questions concerning information and data protection need to be addressed and the issues of the lack of consent and the potential violation of personality rights need to be dealt with.
1.
Is the Commission aware of the developments outlined above?
2.
If so, are there already plans in place for dealing with these problems?
3.
Does the Commission consider Europe-wide cooperation/regulations in this area to be appropriate, in particular in view of the cross-border nature of the matter?
4.
In this context, would re-defining the concepts of the public and private sphere be worth considering, in particular in the context of Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(20 June 2013)
The Commission is well aware of technological development and that many innovations such as wearable computing entail the processing of personal data.
The Commission proposed the data protection Reform (the Reform) (171) early 2012. The Reform builds on Article 16 TFEU which is the new legal basis for the adoption of data protection rules introduced by the Lisbon Treaty. It is now under evaluation of both co-legislators.
Taking into account the cross border nature of innovation in the digital single market, a regulation was considered to be the most appropriate legal instrument to ensure that strong and harmonised rules apply to controllers of personal data offering goods and services to individuals in the EU, or monitoring them, such as providers of wearable computing goods services.
With the Reform, the Commission is building a stronger and more coherent data protection framework in the EU, backed by robust enforcement that will allow the digital economy to develop across the internal market, put individuals in control of their own data and reinforce legal and practical certainty for economic operators and public authorities.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-003653/13
an die Kommission
Angelika Werthmann (ALDE)
(28. März 2013)
Betrifft: Überprüfung der medizinischen Freigabesysteme
In der Vergangenheit gab es mehrmals Probleme mit unindizierten und gefährlichen Wirkungen bei Arzneimitteln, die erst verhältnismäßig spät vom Markt genommen worden sind. In diesem Kontext ist die Entscheidung des EU-Parlaments zur Überprüfung der medizinischen Freigabesysteme zu sehen.
1.
Gibt es bei dieser Überprüfung bereits Ergebnisse?
2.
Wird in Zukunft auch darauf geprüft werden, ob ein Medikament tatsächlich eine bessere Wirkung (weniger Nebenwirkungen) hat, als die sich bereits auf dem Markt befindlichen Produkte?
3.
Existieren Vorschläge, um das Prozedere der Prüfung verbraucherfreundlicher zu gestalten und generell mehr (finanzielle) Unabhängigkeit von der Pharmaindustrie herzustellen?
4.
Wird im Zuge der Überprüfung auch auf die Problematik der sowohl für die Pharmaindustrie, als auch für die EMA tätigen Experten eingegangen (insbesondere im Hinblick auf mögliche Interessenskonflikte)?
5.
Gibt es konkrete Pläne, Medizinprodukte einem ähnlichen Zulassungsverfahren wie Arzneimitteln zu unterziehen?
Antwort von Herrn Borg im Namen der Kommission
(14. Mai 2013)
Ein Arzneimittel kann nur in Verkehr gebracht werden, wenn gemäß den EU-Rechtsvorschriften (172) eine Genehmigung für das Inverkehrbringen erteilt, seine Qualität, Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit bewertet und ein positives Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnis im Zusammenhang mit seiner Verwendung festgestellt wurden. Nachdem ein Arzneimittel in Verkehr gebracht wurde, wird seine Sicherheit laufend überwacht.
Im Jahr 2010 wurden die Rechtsvorschriften geändert (173), um sie patientenfreundlicher zu machen. Inzwischen unterliegen bestimmte Arzneimittel einer zusätzlichen Überwachung, und die Patientinnen und Patienten können in der gesamten EU Nebenwirkungen direkt melden. Werden bei der Überwachung Sicherheitsprobleme festgestellt, so werden EU-weite Beurteilungen durchgeführt und gegebenenfalls entsprechende Rechtsvorschriften erlassen. Gemäß einer weiteren Überprüfung der Rechtsvorschriften im Jahr 2012 (174) muss die Kommission bis Juni 2018 über die zusätzliche Überwachung Bericht erstatten.
In der Verordnung zur Errichtung der Europäischen Arzneimittel-Agentur (175)
ist festgelegt, dass die Ausschussmitglieder und Sachverständigen keine finanziellen oder sonstigen Interessen in der pharmazeutischen Industrie haben dürfen, die ihre Unparteilichkeit beeinflussen könnten. Der Rechnungshof hat in einem vor kurzem veröffentlichten Bericht (176) zwar anerkannt, dass die Agentur zu den Agenturen mit den fortschrittlichsten Vorschriften hinsichtlich Interessenkonflikten/-erklärungen zählt, gleichzeitig aber zu weiteren Verbesserungen aufgerufen. Die Agentur hat ihre Unabhängigkeitsregeln weiterentwickelt und die Empfehlungen des Rechnungshofs und des Europäischen Parlaments aus dem Entlastungsverfahren berücksichtigt.
Die Vorschläge der Kommission über Medizinprodukte (177) sehen kein zentralisiertes Systems der Zulassung von Medizinprodukten vor dem Inverkehrbringen vor, stärken jedoch das System der benannten Stellen, verschärfen die Marktüberwachung und etablieren einen Kontrollmechanismus für mit hohem Risiko behaftete Produkte. Die Vorschläge werden derzeit im Parlament und im Rat erörtert.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003653/13
to the Commission
Angelika Werthmann (ALDE)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Review of medical monitoring systems
On several occasions in the past there have been problems of unindicated and dangerous effects of some drugs, with these products only being withdrawn from the market at a relatively late stage. This is the context in which the decision of Parliament to review medical monitoring systems should be seen.
1.
Are there any results of this review yet?
2.
In future, will there also be a check to see if a medicinal product actually works better (has fewer side-effects) than the products already on the market?
3.
Are there any proposals for making the testing procedure more consumer-friendly and in general establishing greater (financial) independence from the pharmaceuticals industry?
4.
Is the problem of experts working for both the pharmaceuticals industry and the European Medicines Agency addressed during the review (in particular with regard to possible conflicts of interest)?
5.
Are there any specific plans to subject medicinal products to a similar approval procedure to that used for drugs?
Answer given by Mr Borg on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
A medicine can be placed on the market only after a marketing authorisation has been granted in accordance with the EU legislation (178), when its quality, safety and efficacy have been evaluated and a positive benefit-risk balance related to its use has been concluded. Once placed on the market, the safety of a medicine is continuously monitored.
In 2010 the legislation was changed (179)
to make it more patient-friendly. Now certain medicines are subject to additional monitoring and patients across the EU can directly report adverse reactions. When monitoring identifies safety issues, Union-wide assessments are carried out and appropriate regulatory actions are taken, if necessary. A further review of the legislation in 2012 (180) requires the Commission to report by June 2018 on the additional monitoring.
The founding Regulation of the European Medicines Agency (181)
provides that committee members and experts shall not have financial or other interests in the pharmaceutical industry that could affect their impartiality. The Court of Auditors in a recent report (182) acknowledged that the Agency belongs to those with the most advanced rules on conflict/declaration of interest, while calling for further improvements. The Agency has further developed its rules on independence and addressed recommendations made by the Court of Auditors and by the Parliament during the discharge procedure.
The Commission proposals on medical devices (183) do not introduce a centralised pre-market approval system for medical devices but reinforce the system of notified bodies, strengthen market surveillance and establish a scrutiny mechanism for high-risk devices. The proposals are under discussion in the Parliament and the Council.
(Deutsche Fassung)
Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-003654/13
an die Kommission
Jorgo Chatzimarkakis (ALDE)
(28. März 2013)
Betrifft: Kombination der Rechtsprechung von zwei Mitgliedstaaten in einer Anklageschrift
Ist es mit EU-Recht vereinbar, wenn in einer Anklageschrift die Rechtsprechung zweier Mitgliedstaaten für die Urteilsfindung in einem Gerichtsverfahren kombiniert angewandt wird?
Antwort von Frau Reding im Namen der Kommission
(29. Mai 2013)
Die Anfrage des Herrn Abgeordneten scheint sich darauf zu beziehen, dass bei der Entscheidung der Staatsanwaltschaft, ob wegen einer Straftat oder eines Verbrechen gegen eine Person Anklage erhoben wird, die Rechtsprechung mehrerer Mitgliedstaaten berücksichtigt werden kann.
In Artikel 49 der Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ist der Grundsatz der Gesetzmäßigkeit im Zusammenhang mit Straftaten festgelegt. In Artikel 2 des Vertrags über die Europäische Union wird daran erinnert, dass die Europäische Union auf dem Grundsatz der Rechtsstaatlichkeit beruht. Gemäß Artikel 51 Absatz 1 der Charta der Grundrechte gilt die Charta für die Mitgliedstaaten ausschließlich bei der Durchführung von EU-Recht.
Staatsanwälte und Richter sind somit der Rechtsstaatlichkeit verpflichtet. Im Rahmen der Rechtsstaatlichkeit wird eine Staatsanwaltschaft jedoch von keiner Vorschrift des EU-Rechts daran gehindert, bei der Einleitung eines Gerichtsverfahrens die Rechtsprechung verschiedener Mitgliedstaaten zu zitieren.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003654/13
to the Commission
Jorgo Chatzimarkakis (ALDE)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Combining the case law of two Member States in one bill of indictment
Is it compatible with EC law for the case law of two Member States to be combined in a bill of indictment with a view to a judgment in court proceedings?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(29 May 2013)
The question of the Honourable Member seems to relate to the possibility to take jurisprudence of different Member States into account when the public prosecutor decides whether to charge someone for an offence or crime.
Article 49 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union stipulates the principle of legality of criminal offences. Article 2 of the Treaty of the European Union reminds that the European Union is founded on the rule of law. According to Article 51(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, its provisions are addressed to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law.
Public prosecutors and judges are thus bound by the rule of law. Within the limits of the rule of law, nothing in European Union law prevents a public prosecutor from considering and quoting the jurisprudence of different Member States when bringing someone to trial.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003655/13
to the Council (President of the European Council)
Nicole Sinclaire (NI)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: PCE/PEC — End of presidential term
Given that he has announced that he will not seek re-appointment when his term of office expires in 2014, will the President of the European Council agree with me that he is now, in effect, a ‘lame-duck’ president?
Reply
(13 May 2013)
The Honourable Member is invited to acquaint herself with the treaty, which provides quite clearly that the President of the European Council may in any case not serve for another term.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003656/13
to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative)
Nicole Sinclaire (NI)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: VP/HR — Vice-President/High Representative's pension fund
With her term in office due to expire in 2014, could the Vice-President/High Representative please advise me of the anticipated value of her pension fund on conclusion of her term in office?
Answer given by Mr Šefčovič on behalf of the Commission
(23 May 2013)
The Vice-President/High Representative is entitled to a pension, payable from the age of 65 and calculated in accordance with Regulation No 422/67/EEC, 5/67/Euratom of the Council of 25.7.1967 with subsequent amendments and Council Decision of 1 December 2009 (2009/910/EU). The pension is subject to community tax.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003657/13
to the Commission
Vicky Ford (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: SME participation in Framework Programme 7
Can the Commission please provide figures on the number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) taking part in collaborative research projects under Framework Programme 7 (FP7)?
In particular, it would be interesting to have figures on SME participation in elements of FP7 which are not specifically targeted at SME participation.
Answer given by Ms Geoghegan-Quinn on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
The Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7, 2007-2013) foresees for its Specific Programme ‘Cooperation’ a budgetary target dedicated to SMEs of 15%. This target was reached at the end of 2011. Currently, the corresponding figure is 16.6% which represents an amount of EUR 3.5 billion for 12 550 participations by SMEs.
The target was reached by a number of activities specifically dedicated to SMEs. They comprise for instance calls with topics of interest to SMEs in the respective industry sector, calls which require the participation of SMEs in the consortia as well as a number of calls with ring-fenced budgets for the participating SMEs. These activities were accompanied by support activities, brokerage events for consortia building and information campaigns through the support networks, like the FP7 National Contact Points and the Enterprise Europe Network.
An analysis of the annual work programme contribution to the above figure shows that the annual SME funding started with 13.9% for Work Programme (WP) 2007, 15.8% for WP 2008, 14.4% for WP 2009 with a slight increase to 17.5% for WP 2010, whereas the abovementioned activities led to an increase to 22.8% for WP 2011 (184). Detailed analyses of the SME participation in the framework programme, including the other Specific Programmes, can be found in the periodical SME Progress Reports under http://ec.europa.eu/research/sme-techweb/index_en.cfm?pg=publications
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003658/13
to the Commission
Vicky Ford (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: European Research Area — ERA Chair proposals under Horizon 2020
With regard to the proposed ERA Chairs to be funded through Horizon 2020, can the Commission answer the following questions:
—
How many ERA Chairs does the Commission expect to fund?
—
How much funding will be allocated to each Chair, and what will the total cost be?
—
Will the scheme be funded exclusively through Horizon 2020?
—
From which Horizon 2020 budget line will the funding be allocated?
—
How long will the Chairs be funded?
—
What arrangements will be put in place to ensure effective spending?
Answer given by Ms Geoghegan-Quinn on behalf of the Commission
(17 May 2013)
The European Research Area (ERA) aims at being a unified research area, in which researchers, scientific knowledge and technology circulate freely. Through ERA, the EU and its Member States will strengthen their scientific and technological bases and their competitiveness.
As part of its strategy to close the research and innovation divide and to accelerate an open labour market for researchers within the context of ERA, the Commission is proposing ‘ERA Chairs’ (185) as a new measure under Horizon 2020. It will attract outstanding researchers to institutions with a clear potential for research excellence. The ERA Chairs will support these institutions to develop, in a particular field, the level of excellence required to successfully compete internationally, hereby effectively widening participation.
To test the concept and learn from experience, the Commission published a pilot call under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) (186). In the pilot call ERA chairs will be funded by FP7 but institutions are also requested to participate in the budgeted costs and to mobilise other funding streams, including Cohesion funds, to build a stairway to excellence. The information gathered through the pilot call and its monitoring actions will be used to set up the calls to be launched under Horizon 2020. As a consequence, the Commission will only be in a position to precise funding modalities, the budget allocated to each proposal and follow up measures to ensure compliance with rules under Horizon 2020 at a later stage.
In addition, the interinstitutional negotiations on Horizon 2020 are still ongoing and it is premature to provide information on the future course of the action.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003659/13
to the Commission
Vicky Ford (ECR)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: ERA Chairs pilot scheme under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)
With regard to the FP7 pilot call for European Research Area (ERA) Chairs, can the Commission answer the following questions:
—
How long will the Commission fund those who are successful in securing one of the pilot ERA Chairs?
—
What budget does the Commission expect to allocate to each ERA Chair?
—
What controls will the Commission impose on how this funding is allocated/used?
—
What proportion of the grant does the Commission expect to be spent on: salary costs for the ERA Chair; salary costs for the ERA Chair’s team; direct research costs; capital/infrastructure?
—
Against what criteria will the Commission judge the pilot exercise? Will the pilot exercise be fully and publically evaluated before any further Chairs are launched under Horizon 2020?
Answer given by Ms Geoghegan-Quinn on behalf of the Commission
(14 May 2013)
The Commission is launching a pilot call for ‘ERA Chairs’ under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7, 2007-2013) (187) with a EUR 12 million budget. The requested EU contribution shall not exceed EUR 2.4 million for a period of up to 60 months and 90% of the total estimated budget for each proposal.
The Commission will sign with institutions a Grant Agreement in which the proposed deliverables and milestones are specified. The selection of the ERA Chair holder is the first deliverable and institutions shall provide a report on the selection procedure. Institutions shall also report every 18 months on the state of implementation and a mid-term review will be conducted after 30 months. The Commission will assess at all stages if the deliverables and milestones have been attained.
The budget will be dedicated to salaries of the ERA Chair and his/her team and costs related with the implementation of the work plan such as research training, conferences, workshops and equipment. Although no specific proportion is required for personnel costs, a minimum of 300 months of full-time work equivalent is to be foreseen. Funding for direct research costs should be provided from other sources.
The pilot call will be assessed using multiple sources of information including analysis of the proposals (number, scope, their qualities and weaknesses, etc.) which will be taken into account to decide on the timing and details of calls to be launched under Horizon 2020.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-003660/13
alla Commissione
Mario Borghezio (EFD)
(28 marzo 2013)
Oggetto: Veto turco contro Cipro danneggia anche l'Italia
Il ministro dell'Energia Taner Yildiz ha annunciato che il governo turco ha deciso di sospendere i progetti avviati con l'Eni (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi) a causa della partecipazione del gruppo petrolifero italiano al programma di esplorazione dei giacimenti di gas al largo delle coste di Cipro, che Ankara contesta in una disputa sulle acque territoriali.
A gennaio l'Eni aveva annunciato la firma di un accordo con il governo di Nicosia per l'esplorazione e lo sfruttamento di tre zone del giacimento di gas al largo delle coste dell'isola, in consorzio con il gruppo coreano Kogas, e la Turchia contesta al governo di Nicosia il diritto di gestire autonomamente le risorse energetiche al largo dell'isola. Inoltre, Ankara ha minacciato più volte di sospendere ogni collaborazione con i gruppi petroliferi internazionali che concludano accordi con il governo cipriota e ha diffidato il governo cipriota negli ultimi giorni dall'usare le riserve di gas quale garanzia per superare l'attuale crisi finanziaria
Come valuta la Commissione questo atteggiamento della Turchia, anche in relazione ai gravi danni che può arrecare all'economia di due Stati membri — Cipro e Italia — e quali iniziative intende intraprendere in merito?
Risposta di Štefan Füle a nome della Commissione
(29 maggio 2013)
La Commissione è al corrente della questione segnalata dall'onorevole deputato e sta seguendo il caso.
Come l'Unione europea ha costantemente ribadito negli ultimi cinque anni, tra l'altro nelle ultime conclusioni del Consiglio del dicembre 2012, gli Stati membri hanno la facoltà di stipulare accordi bilaterali e di esplorare e sfruttare le loro risorse naturali in conformità del diritto dell'UE e internazionale.
La Turchia, che sta negoziando l'adesione all'UE, deve impegnarsi in maniera inequivocabile a intrattenere rapporti di buon vicinato nonché a risolvere pacificamente le controversie nel rispetto del diritto internazionale. La Commissione affronterà il problema, se del caso, con le autorità turche.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-003660/13
to the Commission
Mario Borghezio (EFD)
(28 March 2013)
Subject: Turkish veto on Cyprus is also damaging Italy
Taner Yildiz, the Minister for Energy, has announced that the Turkish Government has decided to suspend projects launched with Eni (Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi) because of the Italian oil group’s participation in the gas exploration programme off the Cypriot coast. Ankara is challenging this programme in a dispute over territorial waters.
In January, Eni announced the signing of an agreement with the Nicosia Government for the exploration and exploitation of three offshore gas field areas around the island, in a consortium with the Korean group Kogas. Turkey is challenging Cyprus’s right to independently manage energy resources off the island’s coast. In addition, Ankara has threatened to suspend all collaboration with international oil groups that enter into agreements with the Cypriot Government on several occasions, and has recently warned Cyprus not to use the gas reserves as a guarantee for combating the current financial crisis.
How does the Commission view this attitude on the part of Turkey, considering the serious damage that it may cause to the economies of two Member States, Cyprus and Italy?
What steps does it intend to take on this issue?
Answer given by Mr Füle on behalf of the Commission
(29 May 2013)
The Commission is aware of the issue raised by the Honourable Member and follows the case.
As the European Union has consistently reaffirmed over the past five years, including in the last conclusions of the Council in December 2012, Member States have the right to enter into bilateral agreements and to explore and exploit their natural resources in accordance with EU and international law.
Turkey, as a country negotiating accession to the EU, needs to commit itself unequivocally to good neighbourly relations and to the peaceful settlement of disputes and to the respect of international law. The Commission will raise the issue as appropriate with the Turkish authorities.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-003661/13
alla Commissione
Patrizia Toia (S&D)
(28 marzo 2013)
Oggetto: Infezioni HCV
Secondo i dati della World Health Organization del luglio 2012, nel mondo circa 150 milioni di persone sono cronicamente infettate dal virus dell'epatite C, si stimano 3-4 milioni di nuove infezioni ogni anno e più di 350.000 persone muoiono ogni anno per le malattie correlate all'epatite C. La percezione della diffusione e della gravità dell'infezione è ancora molto scarsa.
Molte infezioni da HCV vengono contratte durante prestazioni odontoiatriche e questo fenomeno è ancora sottovalutato anche nelle indagini epidemiologiche. Attualmente, in Europa non esiste una regolamentazioni comune che fissi standard di professionalità per gli assistenti alla poltrona e questo si ripercuote sia sul paziente che sulla mobilità professionale di queste importanti figure.
1.
Ciò premesso, può la Commissione far sapere se intende fissare degli standard relativi a questa figura professionale che ne garantiscano la mobilità in Europa e che tutelino al contempo i pazienti?
2.
Quali iniziative intende adottare la Commissione al fine di verificare la corretta acquisizione di dati epidemiologici sull'HCV?
Risposta di Tonio Borg a nome della Commissione
(14 maggio 2013)
La salvaguardia dei pazienti a livello di Unione è di importanza cruciale e a tal riguardo il Consiglio sulla sicurezza dei pazienti (188) stabilisce una serie di iniziative che gli Stati membri devono attuare per ridurre il rischio di danni alle persone che ricevono assistenza sanitaria.
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forhiscountrygra00saunuoft_1 | English-PD | Public Domain | rORHIS-COUNTRY MARSHALL SAUNDERS AUTHOR OF "BEAUTIFOLJOr COSV CORNER SERIES Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/forliiscountrygraOOsaunuoft FOR HIS COUNTRY AND GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW Works of Marshall Saunders ^ Beautiful Joe's Paradise . . $J.50 The Story of the Gravelys ► J^ nrilda Jane . . • , l^ Rose I Charlitte , J^ Deficient Saints . . , , 1.50 Her Sailor 1.25 For His Country • , , .50 Nita: The Story of an Irish Setter ^0 Jl L. C PAGE AND COMPANY New England Building, Boston, Mass. FOR HIS COUNTRY AND GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW BY MARSHALL SAUNDERS AUTHOR OF "BEAUTIFUL JOE, ETC." SllustrattH bs LOUIS MEYNELL and others BOSTON L. C. PAGE & COMPANY PUBLISHERS Copyright^ igoo By Perry Mason & Company Copyright, igoo By L. C. Page & Company (incorporated) All rights reserved PS Fourth Impression Colonial Pre«s Electrotyped and Printed by C. H. Simonds & Co Boston, MaM.. U. S. A. For His Country Grandmother and the Crow 13 41 ^0, im/STMrre PAGE "'Mademoiselle, you ark an American?'" (Courtesy of the Youth's Companion) . . FrOtltispicce «*She went on gathering her sticks" . .18 "♦I AM FROM California'" . . . .21 "♦You, too, love your country!'" . . 27 "♦There is no hope'" 32 "He tried to sing with them" . . . 36 "I saw second cousin George following HIM " (Courtesy of the Youth's Companion) . . .45 " He went up softly behind him " {Courtesy of the Youth's Companion) ...... 5^ " Rover knew this old George" . 55 FOR HIS COUNTRY FOR HIS COUNTRY. ** My country ! 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing ! " Here the singer's voice broke down, and I peered curiously around my corner of the wall. He was pacing to and fro on the river-bank — a weary-faced lad with pale cheeks and droop- ing shoulders. Beyond him a fat French foot- man lay asleep on the grass, one hand loosely clutching a novel. An elderly goat, grazing nearer and nearer the man, kept a wary eye on the book, and finally seizing it, devoured it leaf by leaf. At this the weary-faced boy did not smile, and then I knew there was something the matter with him. Partly because I wished to console him, partly because I was lonely, I continued the «3 14 FOR HIS COUNTRY. song in notes rather more cheerful than his own : " Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From every mountainside Let freedom ring ! " The boy stood stock-still, only moving his head slightly after the manner of a bird listen- ing to a pleasant strain. When I finished he came toward me, cap in hand. "Mademoiselle, you are an American?'* " No, my boy. I am a Canadian." " That's next best," he said, politely. " It's better," I rejoined, smiling. " Nothing is better than being an American." *' You are patriotic," I observed. " If your ancestors fought with Indians, and English and rebels, and if you expect to die for your country, you ought to be patriotic." I surveyed him curiously. He was too grave and joyless for a boy in a normal condition. " In youth one does not usually speak of dy- ing," I said. His face flushed. " Ah, mademoiselle, I am homesick! I have not seen America for a year." FOR HIS COUNTRY. I 5 " Indeed ? Such a patriotic boy should stay at home." " My mother wished me to finish my educa- tion abroad." "A woman should educate her children in the country in which they are to live," I said, irritably. " I guess you're most old enough to be my mother, aren't you } " he replied, gently, and with such tenderness of rebuke that I smiled irrepressibly. He had delicately intimated that if I were his mother I would not care to have him discuss me with a stranger. " I've got to learn foreign languages," he said, doggedly. "We've been here one year; we must stay one more and then go to Italy, then to Germany. I'm thankful the English haven't a different language. If they had, I'd have to go learn it." " And after you leave Germany ? " " After Germany — home ! " He was not a particularly handsome lad, but he had beautiful eyes, and at the word home they took on such a strange brilliance that I gathered up my parasol and books in wondering silence. 1 6 FOR HIS COUNTRY. " I suppose," he said, soberly, " that you will not be at the Protestant church on Sunday ? " " Probably I shall." " I don't see many people from America," he went on, turning his head so far away that I could hardly hear what he said. " There isn't anybody here who cares to talk about it. My mother, of course, is too busy," he added, with dignity. " Au revoir, then," I said, with a smile. He stood looking quietly after me, and when I got far up the river-bank I turned around. He was adjusting a slight difference between the footman and the goat ; then, followed by the man, he disappeared up one of the quaint old streets leading into the heart of the city. Close beside me a little old peasant woman, gathering sticks, uncurled her stooping figure. *^ Bon jour y mademoiselle ! You have been talk- ing to the American boy." " Oui^ madame.^' " It is very sad," she continued, in the excel- lent French spoken by the peasants of the Loiret department. " He comes by the river and declaims. He . speaks of Linkum and Wash'ton. I watch from my cottage, for my FOR HIS COUNTRY. 1 7 daughter Mathilde is housemaid at Madame Greyshield's, and I hear her talk. Monsieur le colonel Greyshield is a grand officer in America ; but his wife, she is proud. She brings her children to France to study. She leaves the poor man lonely. This boy is most heartbroke. Mathilde says he talks of his dear country in his sleep, then he rises early to study the foreign languages, so he can more quickly go to his home. But he is sick, his hand trembles. Mathilde thinks he is going to die. I say, • Mathilde, talk to madam e,' but she is afraid, for madame has a will as strong as this stout stick. It will never break. It must be burnt. Perhaps mademoiselle will talk." " I will, if I get a chance." The old woman turned her brown, leathery face toward the blue waters of the Loire. " Mademoiselle, do many French go to America for the accent } " " No ; they have too much sense ! " " It is droll," she went on, " how the families come here. The gentlemen wander to and fro, the ladies occupy themselves with their toilettes. Then they travel to other countries. They are i8 FOR HIS COUNTRY. like the leaves on that current. They wander they know not whither. I am only a peasant, yet I can think, and is not one language good enough to ask for bread and soup ? " And muttering and shaking her head, she went on gathering her sticks. On Sunday I looked for my American boy. FOR HIS COUNTRY. I9 There he was, sitting beside a handsomely dressed woman, who looked as if she might in- deed have a will like a stout stick. After the service he endeavoured to draw her toward me, but she did not respond until she saw me speaking to a lady of Huguenot descent, to whom I had had a letter of introduction. Then she approached, and we all went down the street together. When we reached the boulevard leading to my hotel, the boy asked his mother's permis- sion to escort me home. She hesitated, and then said, " Yes ; but do not bore her to death with your patriotic rigmaroles." The boy, whose name was Gerald, gave her a peculiar glance, and did not open his lips until we had walked a block. Then he asked, de- liberately, " Have you ever thought much of that idea of Abraham Lincoln's that no man is good enough to govern another man without the other man's consent } " " Yes, a good deal ; yet one must obey." "Yes, one must obey," he said, quietly. '♦ But sometimes it is puzzling, especially when a fellow is growing up." " How old are you ? " aO FOR HIS COUNTRY. " Fourteen." "Not older?" "No; I am from California," and he drew himself up. "The boys and girls there are large, you know. I have lost twenty pounds since we came here. You have never been in California, I suppose ? " "Yes. I like California." " You do } " He flashed one swift glance at me, then dropped his eyes. I politely averted my own, but not before I saw two tear-drops splash on the hot, gray pavement. "If I could see," he said, presently, "if I could see one of those brown hills, just one, — this flat country makes me tired." "Can you imagine," I said, "that I have been as homesick in California as you are in France } " " No ! no ! " he replied, breathlessly. " No, I could not imagine that." " That I sailed into San Francisco Bay with a heartache because those brown hills you speak of so lovingly were not my native hills .? " " But you are grown up ; you do not need to leave your country." FOR HIS COUNTRV. 2$ "Our duty sometimes takes us to foreign lands. You will be a better soldier some day for having had a time of trial and endurance." '♦ I know it," he said, under his breath. " But sometimes I think I must break loose, especially at night, when the bugles blow." I knew what he meant. At eight o'clock every evening, from the various barracks in Orleans, the sweet, piercing notes of bugle answering bugle could be heard ; and the strain was the one played by the American bugles in the school that I guessed he had attended. " You think of the boys drawn up in line on the drill-ground, and the echo behind the hill." • ** Do you know Almoda ?" he exclaimed, with a face as white as a sheet. "I do." This was too much for him. We had paused at the hotel entrance, and he intended, I knew, to take a polite leave of me ; but I had done a dangerous thing in conjuring up the old familiar scenes, and mumbling something in his throat, and giving one tug to his hat, he ran as nimbly down the street as if he were a lean coyote from the hills of his native State. Four weeks later I asked myself why I was 24 FOR HIS COUNTRY. lingering in Orleans. I had seen all the sou- venirs of Joan of Arc; I had talked with the peasants and shopkeepers till I was tired ; I agreed thoroughly with my guide-book that Or- leans is a city sadly lacking in animation ; and yet I stayed on ; I stayed on because I was engaged in a bit of character study, I told my note-book; stayed on because my presence af- forded some consolation to a struggling, un- happy boy, I told my conscience. The boy was dying of homesickness. He did not enter into the life of the sleepy French city. "This is a good enough country," he said, wearily, "but it isn't mine. I want America, and it seems to me all these priests and soldiers and citizens are acting. I can't think they were born speaking French." However, it was only at rare intervals that he complained. Away in America he had a father who had set the high standard of duty before him, — a father who would not encourage him to flag. On the Fourth of July, Mrs. Greyshield was giving a reception — not on account of the day, for she had not a spark of patriotism, but be- cause she was shortly to leave Orleans for the FOR HIS COUNTRY. 2$ seashore. Gerald was also giving a reception, his a smaller one, prepared for in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties, for he re- ceived no encouragement from his mother in his patriotic schemes. His only pleasure in life was in endeavouring to make his little brother and sister as patriotic as himself, and with ill-concealed dismay he confided to me the fear that they were forget- ting their native land. About the middle of the afternoon I joined him and the children in a small, gaily decorated arbour at the foot of the garden. Shortly after I arrived, Mrs. Greyshield, accompanied by a number of her guests, swept down upon us. The French officers and their wives and a number of English residents surrounded the arbour. " Ah, the delicious cakes ! But they are not dadas and savarins and tartelettes ! They must be American ! What do you call this kind } Doughnuts ! How peculiar ! How ef- fective the arrangement of the bunting, and how many flags — but all of his own country ! " Mrs. Greyshield listened carelessly to the com- ments. "Oh, yes, he is hopelessly provincial. 26 FOR HIS COUNTRY. I shall never teach him to be cosmopolitan. What do you think of such narrowness, prin- cess ? " and in veiled admiration she addressed her most distinguished guest, who was also her friend and countrywoman. As Mrs. Greyshield spoke, the American princess, who was the possessor of an exceed- ingly bitter smile, touched one of the flags with caressing fingers. "It is a long time since 1 have seen one. Your boy has several. I should like to have one for a cushion, if he will permit." The boy's nostrils dilated. *' For a cush- ion ! " he exclaimed. His tone was almost disrespectful, and his mother gave him a warning glance, and said, hastily, " Certainly, princess. Gerald, choose your prettiest flag." " Not for a cushion ! " he said, firmly. " The flag should be up, never down ! " The gay group gazed with concealed interest at mother and son. Mrs. Greyshield seized a flag and offered it to her guest. "Thank you — not from you," said the prin- cess, putting up her lorgnette. "Only from the boy." FOR HIS COUNTRY. 29 He would not give her one. His mother was in a repressed rage, and the boy kept his eyes bent on the ground in suffering silence. The titled lady put an end to the pain- ful scene. " I have changed my mind," she said, coolly. " I have too many cushions now." The boy turned swiftly to her, and, lifting the white hand hanging by her side, gently touched it with his lips. ^^ Madame la Princesse, you, too, love your country ! " His exclamation was so enthusiastic, so heartfelt, there was in it such a world of com- miseration for the titled lady before him, that there immediately flashed before each one present the unhappy life of the poor princess in exile. The boy had started a wave of sympathy flowing from one to another of the group, and in some confusion they all moved away. Gerald wiped the perspiration from his fore- head, and went on with the programme of pa- triotic selections that the impatient children were obliged to go through before they could have the cakes and fireworks. 30 . FOR HIS COUNTRY. After the fizzing and bursting noises were over, I said, regretfully, ** Gerald, I must go to Paris to-morrow." " I have been expecting this," he said, with dogged resignation. " When you are gone, Miss Canada, I shall have no one to talk to me about America." I had grown to love the boy for his high qualities of mind and soul, and my voice faltered as I murmured, " Do not give up, — fight the good fight." " Of faith," he added, gravely, " looking for- ward to what is to come." It seemed to me that an old man stood press- ing my hand — an old man with life's experience behind him. My heart ached for the lad, and I hurried into the house. "Good-bye," I said, coldly, to my hostess. > "Good-bye, a pleasant journey," she re- sponded, with equal coldness. " If you do not take that boy of yours home, you will lose him," I murmured. I thought my voice was low, but it was not low enough to escape the ears of the princess, who was standing beside her. Mrs. Greyshield turne.d away, and the prin- FOR HIS COUNTRY. 3 1 cess's lips moved almost imperceptibly in the words, •< What is the use ? " " The boy is dying by inches ! " I said, indig- nantly. "Better dead than like those — " she said, with her bitter smile, nodding toward the chat- tering cosmopolitan crowd beyond us. I echoed the boy's words : " You, too, are a patriot ! " " I was," she said, gravely, and sauntered away. I went unhappily to Paris. Would that another stranger could chance along, to whom the boy might unburden his heart, — his noble heart, filled not only with dreams of military glory, but of plans for the protection of the weak and helpless among his countrymen ! A week later a telegram from the princess summoned me to Orleans. To my surprise, she met me on the staircase of Mrs. Grey- shield's house. " You are right ! " she whispered. " Mrs. Greyshield is to lose her boy ! " My first feeling was one of anger. " Do not speak of such a thing ! " I said, harshly. " Come and see," and she led the way to a room where the weary-faced lad lay on a huge, 32 FOR HIS COUNTRY. canopied bed, a nursing sister on either side of him. " The doctors are in consultation below," she murmured ; "but there is no hope." " Where is his mother ? " " In her room. She sees no one. It is a foreign fashion, you know. She is suffering deeply — at last." FOR HIS COUNTRY. 33 " Oh, this is horrible ! " I said. " Can noth- ing be done ? " " Do you observe what a perfect accent he has?" she said, meditatively. "There must be excellent teachers at the lyc^e ! " From the bed came occasionally muttered scraps of French prose or poetry, and I shud- dered as I listened. " Sacrificed for an accent ! " she went on to herself. " It is a favourite amusement of Ameri- can mothers. This boy was torn from a father whom he worshipped. I wonder what he will say when his wife returns to America with two living children and one — " She turned to me. "I could have told her that growing children should not be hurried from one country to another. Yet it is better this way than the other." " The other } " I repeated, stupidly. " Yes, the other, — after years of residence abroad, no home, no country, no attachments, a weary traveller till one dies. I thought you might like to see him, as you were so attracted by him. He fainted the day you left, and has been this way ever since. It cannot last much longer." 34 FOR HIS COUNTRY. We had been speaking in a low tone, yet our voices must have been heard by the sleeper, for suddenly he turned his head on the pillow and looked at us. The princess approached him, and murmured his name in an exquisitely soft and gentle voice. The boy recognised her. "Ah, the princess!" he said, collectedly. " May I trouble you with a message } " "Certainly." "It is for papa," he said, dreamily. "Will you tell him for me, please — " Here his voice died away, and his dark, beseeching eyes rolled from one to another of the people in the room. "Shall I send them away.?" asked the prin- cess. " No, thank you. It is only the pain. Will you — will you be good enough to tell papa not to think me a coward .<* I promised him to hold out, but — " " I will tell him." "And tell him I'm sorry we couldn't build that home and live together, but I think if he prepared it mamma and the children might go. Tell him I think they would be happier. FOR HIS COUNTRY. 35 America is so lovely ! Mamma would get used to it." He stopped, panting for breath, and one of the nurses put something on his lips, while the other wiped away the drops of moisture that the effort of speaking had brought to his spectral face. Then he closed his eyes, and his pallid figure seemed to be sinking away from us ; but presently he roused himself, and this time his glance fell on me. " Miss Canada," he said, drowsily, " the salute to the flag — Dottie and Howard." The princess motioned to one of the nurses, who slipped from the room and presently re- turned with the children. A wan, evanescent flush overspread his face at sight of the flag, and he tried to raise himself on his elbow. One of the nurses supported him, and he fixed his glazing but still beautiful eyes on the children. "Are you ready.?" The small boy and girl were far from realising their brother's condition, but they knew what he wished, and in a warbling voice little Dottie began : ' '.'C *« This is my country's flag, and I am my country's child, To love and serve her well will ever be my joy." 36 FOR HIS COUNTRY. A little farther on her tiny brother took up the formula which it had been Gerald's pleasure to teach them. The consultation below had broken up, and several of the doctors had crept to the door of the room, but the boy did not seem to notice FOR HIS COUNTRY. 3/ them. His attention was riveted on the children, to the exclusion of all others. " Give brother the flag ! " he murmured, when they finished. They handed him the Stars and Stripes, but he could not retain it, and the princess, quietly moving to the bedside, steadied it between his trembling fingers. " Now sing vv^ith brother." The two children lifted up their little qua- vering voices, and turning his own face to the ceiling, a face illumined by a joy not of this world, he tried to sing with them : " My country ! 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty. Of thee I sing ! " Here his voice faltered, his radiant face drooped, and his darkening eyes turned be- seechingly in my direction. In a choking voice I finished the verse, as I had once before finished it for him : " Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride. From every mountainside Let freedom ring ! " 38 FOR HIS COUNTRY. His head was on the pillow when I finished, but his fingers still grasped the flag. "Gerald," said the princess, tenderly, "do you understand ? " "Yes, I understand," fluttered from his pale lips. " And are you contented ? '[ He pressed her hand slightly. " Would you rather die, or live to grow up and forget your country, as you surely would do if you lived all your young life among strangers } " " I would rather die ! " and here his voice was so firm that all in the room heard it. " Dottie and Howard ! " he murmured, pres- ently, and the princess drew back. After all, she was only a stranger. He died, with their little faces pressed close to his own. "Give my love to mamma,. dear mamma ! " were his last words. Shortly after the nurses drew the children away. The boy had had his wish. He had died for his country as truly as if he had fallen in battle. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. When I was a little girl I lived with my grandmother, and a gay, lively little grand- mother she was. Away back in the family was French blood, and I am sure that she re- sembled French old people, who are usually vivacious and cheerful. On my twelfth birth- day I was driving with her through a thick wood, when we heard in front of us the loud shouting and laughing of boys. "Drive on, George," said my grandmother; "let us see what this is all about." As soon as he stopped, she sprang nimbly from the phaeton among half-a-dozen flushed and excited boys who had stones in their hands. Up in the tall trees above them were dozens of crows, which were cawing in a loud and dis- tressed manner, and flying restlessly from branch 4« 42 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. to branch. A stone thrown by some boy with too true an aim had brought a fine young crow to the ground. "Ha — I've got him. Thought I'd bring him down ! " yelled a lad, triumphantly. " Now give it to him, boys." The stones flew thick and fast at the poor crow. My grandmother screamed and waved her hands, but the boys would not listen to her until she rushed to the phaeton, seized the whip, and began smartly slashing those bad boys about the legs. " Hi — stop that — you hurt ! Here, some of you fellows take the whip from her ! " cried the boys, dancing like wild Indians around my grandmother. " Cowards ! " she said ; " if you must fight, why don't you attack something your own size.?" The boys slunk away, and she picked up the crow. One of its wings was broken, and its body was badly bruised. She wrapped the poor bleeding thing in our lap-robe, and told George to drive home. " Another pet, grandmother ? " I asked. " Yes, Elizabeth," she returned, " if it lives." GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 43 She had already eight canaries, some tame snakes, a pair of doves, an old dog, white mice and rats, and a tortoise. When we got home, she examined the crow's injuries, then sponged his body with water, and decided that his wing was so badly broken that it would have to be amputated. I held his head and feet while she performed the surgi- cal operation, and he squawked most dismally. When it was over, she offered him bread and milk, which he did not seem able to eat until she pushed the food down his throat with her slim little fingers. Then he opened and closed his beak repeatedly, like a person smacking his lips. " He may recover," she said, with delight ; "now, where is he to sleep? Come into the garden, Elizabeth." Our garden was walled in. There was a large kennel on a grass-plot under my grand- mother's bedroom window, and she stopped in front of it. "This can be fitted up for the crow, Eliza- beth." "But what about Rover?" I said "Where will he sleep ? " 44 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. *'Down in the cellar, by the furnace," she said. " He is getting to be rheumatic, and I owe him a better shelter than this in his old age. I shall have a window put in at the back, so that the sun can shine in." For several days the crow sat in the kennel, his wings raised, — the stump of the broken one was left, — making him look like a person shrugging his shoulders, and the blood thicken- ing and healing over his wounds. Three times a day my grandmother dragged him out and pushed some bread and milk down his throat ; and three times a day he kicked and struggled and clawed at her hands. But it soon became plain that he was recovering. One day my grandmother found him trying to feed himself, and she was as much pleased as a child would have been. The next day he stepped out on the grass-plot. There he found a fine porcelain bath, that my grandmother had bought for him. It was full of warm water, and he stepped into it, flapped his wing with pleasure, and threw the water over his body. " He is coming on ! " cried my grandmother ; ** he will be the joy of my life yet." "I SAW SECOND COUSIN GEORGE FOLLOWING HIM. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 4/ "What about Second Cousin George?" I asked. Second Cousin (jeorge — we had to call him that to distinguish him from old George, the coachman — was a relative that lived with us. He was old, cranky, poor, and a little weak- minded, and if it had not l?een for my grand- mother he would have been obliged to go to an almshouse. He hated everything in the world except himself, — pets especially, — and if he had not been closely watched, I think he would have put an end to some of the creatures that my grandmother loved. One day after the crow was able to walk about the garden, I saw Second Cousin George following him. I could not help laughing, for they were so much alike. They both were fat and short, and dressed in black. Both put their feet down in an awkward manner, carried their heads on one side, and held themselves back as they walked. They had about an equal amount of sense. In some respects, though, the crow was a little ahead of Second Cousin George, and in some respects he was not, for on this occasion Second Cousin George was making a kind of 48 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. death-noose for him, and the crow walked quietly behind the currant-bushes, never sus- pecting it. I ran for grandmother, and she slipped quickly out into the garden. " Second Cousin George, what are you doing?" she said, quietly. He always looked up at the sky when he didn't know what to say, and as she spoke, he eyed very earnestly some white clouds that were floating overhead, and said never a word. " Were you playing with this cord ? " said grandmother, taking it from him. " What a fine loop you have in it ! " She threw it dex- terously over his head. " Oh, I have caught you ! " she said, with a little laugh, and began pulling on the string. Second Cousin George still stood with his face turned up to the sky, his cheeks growmg redder and redder. " Why, I am choking you ! " said grand- mother, before she had really hurt him; "do let me unfasten it." Then she took the string off his neck and put it in her pocket. " Crows can feel pain just as men do. Second Cousin George," she said, and walked away. GKANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 49 Second Cousin George never molested the crow again. After a few weeks the crow became very tame, and took possession of the garden. He dug worms from our choicest flower-beds, nipped off the tops of growing plants, and did them far more damage than Rover the dog. But my grandmother would not have him checked in anything. " Poor creature ! " she said, sympathetically, "he can never fly again; let him g^. what pleasure he can out of life." '— t;-,;,/ I was often sorry fx)r him when the pigeons passed overhead. He would flap his one long, beautiful wing, and his other poor stump of a thing, and try to raise himself from the ground, crying, longingly, " Caw ! Caw ! " Not being able to fly, he would go quite over the garden in a series of long hops, — that is, after he learned to guide himself. At first when he spread his wings to help his jumps, the big wing would swing him around so that his tail would be where he had expected to find his head. Many a time have I stood laughing at his awkward attempts to get across the garden to 50 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. grandmother, when she went out with some bits of raw meat for him. She was his favour- ite, the only one that he would allow to come near him or to stroke his head. He cawed with pleasure whenever he saw her at any of the windows, and she was the only one that he would answer at all times. I often vainly called to him, " Hallo, Jim Crow, — hallo!" but the instant grandmother said, "Good Jim Crow — good Jim!" he screamed in recognition. He had many skirmishes with the dog over bones. Rover was old and partly blind, and whenever Jim saw him with a bone he went up softly behind him and nipped his tail. As Rover always turned and snapped at him, Jim would seize the bone and run away with it, and GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 51 Rover would go nosing blindly about the gar- den trying to find him. They were very good friends, however, apart from the bones, and Rover often did good service in guarding the crow. The cats in the neigh- bourhood of course learned that there was an injured bird in our garden, and I have seen as many as six at a time sitting on the top of the wall looking down at him. The instant Jim saw one he would give a peculiar cry of alarm that he kept for the cats alone. Rover knew this cry, and spring- ing up would the wall, bark- and frighten- away, though could have rush toward ing angrily, ing the cats he never seen them well enough to catch them. Jim detested not cats alone, but every strange 52 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW, face, every strange noise, and every strange creature, — boys most of all. If one of them came into the garden he would run to his kennel in a great fright. Now this dislike of Jim's for strange noises saved some of my grandmother's property, and also two people who might otherwise have gone completely to the bad. About midnight, one dark November night, my grandmother and I were sleeping quietly, — she in her big bed, and I in my little one beside her. The room was a very large one, and our beds were opposite a French window, which stood partly open, for my grandmother liked to have plenty of fresh air at night. Under this window was Jim's kennel. I was having a very pleasant dream, when in the midst of it I heard a loud, " Caw ! Caw ! " I woke, and found that my grandmother was turning over sleepily in bed. "That's the crow's cat call," she murmured; "but cats could never get into that kennel." " Let me get up and see," I said. " No, child," she replied. Then she reached out her hand, scratched a match, and lighted the big lamp that stood on the table by her bed. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 53 I winked my eyes, — the room was almost as bright as day, and there, half-way through the window, was George, our old coachman. His head was in the room ; his feet must have been resting on the kennel, his expression was con- fused, and he did not seem to know whether to retreat or advance. "Come in, George," said my grandmother, gravely. He finished crawling through the window, and stood looking dejectedly down at his stock- ing feet. "What does this mean, George.^" said my grandmother, ironically. " Are you having nightmare, and did you think we might wish to go for a drive ? " Old George never liked to be laughed at. He drew himself up. " I'm a burglar, missus," he said, with dignity. My grandmother's bright, black eyes twinkled under the lace frills of her nightcap. "Oho, are you indeed? Then you belong to a danger- ous class, — one to which actions speak louder than words," she said, calmly ; and putting one hand under her pillow, she drew out something that I had never known she kept there. 54 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. I thought at the time it was a tiny, shining revolver, but it really was a bit of polished water- pipe with a faucet attached ; for my grandmother did not approve of the use of firearms. " Oh, missus, don't shoot — don't shoot ! I ain't fit to die," cried old George, dropping on his knees. "I quite agree with you," she said, coolly, laying down her pretended revolver, " and I am glad you have some rag of a conscience left. Now tell me who put you up to this. Some woman, I'll warrant you ! " "Yes, missus, it was," he said, shamefacedly, " 'twas Polly Jones, — she that you discharged for impudence. She said that she'd get even with you, and if I'd take your watch and chain and diamond ring, and some of your silver, that we'd go to Boston, and she'd — she'd — " "Well," said grandmother, tranquilly, "she would do what ? " "She said. she'd marry me," sheepishly whis- pered the old man, hanging his head. " Marry you indeed, old simpleton ! " said my grandmother, dryly. " She'd get you to Boston, fleece you well, and that's the last you'd see of her. Where is Miss Polly ? " «'I ain't fit to die,' cried old GEORGE.' GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. 5/ "In — in the stable," whimpered the old man. " H'm," said grandmother, "waiting for the plunder, eh ? Well, make haste. My purse is in the upper drawer, my watch you see before you ; here is my diamond ring, and my spoons you have in your pocket." Old George began to cry, and counted every spoon he had in his pocket out on the bureau before him, saying one, two, three, four, and so on, through his tears. " Stop ! " said my grandmother. "Put them back." The old man looked at her in astonishment. She made him return every spoon to his pocket. Then she ordered him to hang the watch round his neck, put the ring on his finger, and the purse in his pocket. "Take them out to the stable," she said, sternly ; " sit and look at them for the rest of the night. If you want to keep them by eight o'clock in the morning, do so, — if not, bring them to me. And as for Miss Polly, send her home the instant you set foot outside there, and tell her from me that if she doesn't come to see me to-morrow afternoon she may expect to have $8 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. the town's officers after her as an accomplice in a burglary. Now be off, or that crow will alarm the household. Not by the door, old George, that's the way honest people go out. Oh, George, George, that a carrion crow should be more faithful to me than you ! " My grandmother lay for some time wide- awake, and I could hear the bed shaking with her suppressed laughter. Then she would sigh, and murmur, " Poor, deluded creatures ! " Finally she dropped off to sleep, but I lay awake for the rest of the night, thinking over what had taken place, and wondering whether Polly Jones would obey rny grandmother. I was with her the next day when Polly was announced. Grandmother had been having callers, and was sitting in the drawing-room looking very quaint and pretty in her black velvet dress and tiny lace cap. Polly, a bouncing country-girl, came in hang- ing her head. Grandmother sat up very straight on the sofa and asked, " Would you like to go to the penitentiary, Polly Jones } " " Oh, no, ma'am ! " gasped Polly. "Would you like to come and live with me for awhile ? " said my grandmother. GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. $9 Now Polly did not want to do this, but she knew that she must fall in with my grand- mother's plans ; so she hung her head a little lower and whispered, "Yes, ma'am." " Very well, then," my grandmother said, "go and get your things." The next day my grandmother called to her the cook, the housemaid, and the small boy that ran errands. "You have all worked faithfully," she said, " and I am going to give you a holiday. Here is some money for you, and do not let me see you again for a month. Polly Jones is going to stay with me." Polly stayed with us, and worked hard for a month. "You are a wicked girl," said my grand- mother to her, " and you want discipline. You have been idle, and idleness is the cause of half the mischief in the world. But I will cure you." Polly took her lesson very meekly, and when the other maids came home, grandmother took her on a trip to Boston. There she got a policeman to take them about and show them how some of the wicked people of the city lived. Among other places visited was a prison, 60 GRANDMOTHER AND THE CROW. and when Polly saw young women like herself behind the bars, she broke down and begged grandmother to take her home. And that reformed Polly effectually. As for old George, after that one miserable night in the stable, and his utter contrition in the morning, he lived only for grandmother, and died looking lovingly in her face. Jim the crow ruled the house as well as the garden after his exploit in waking grandmother that eventful night. All this happened some years ago. My dear grandmother is dead now, and I live in her house. Jim missed her terribly when she died, but I tried so earnestly to cultivate his affec- tions, and to make up his loss to him, that I think he is really getting to be fond of me. THE END. COSY CORNER SERffiS It is the intention of the publishers that this series shall contain only the very highest and purest literature, — stories that shall not only appeal to the children them- selves, but be appreciated by all those who feel with them in their joys and sorrows. The numerous illustrations in each book are by well- known artists, and each volume has a separate attract- ive cover design. Each, I vol., i6mo, cloth $0.50 By ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON The Little Colonel. (Trade Mark.) The scene of this story is laid in Kentucky. Its heroine is a small girl, who is known as the Little Colonel, on account of her fancied resemblance to an old-school Southern gentleman, whose fine estate and old family are famous in the region. This old Colonel proves to be the grandfather of the child. The Giant Scissors. This is the story of Joyce and of her adventures in France, — the wonderful house with the gate of The Giant Scissors, Jules, her little playmate, Sister Denisa, the cruel Brossard, and her dear Aunt Kate. Joyce is a great friend of the Little Colonel, and in later volumes shares with her the delightful experiences of the " House Party " and the " Holidays." Two Little Knights of Kentucky. Who Were the Little Colonel's Neighbors. In this volume the Little Colonel returns to us like an old friend, but with added grace and charm. She is not, however, the central figure of the story, that place being taken by the " two little knights." B—l 2 Z. C. PAGE AND COMPANY'S By ANNIE FELLOWS JOHNSTON {Continued) Cicely and Other Stories for Qirls. The readers of Mrs. Johnston's charming juveniles will be glad to learn of the issue of this volume for young people. Aunt 'Liza's Hero and Other Stories. A collection of six bright little stories, which will appeal to all boys and most girls. Big Brother. A story of two boys. The devotion and care of Steven, himself a small boy, for his baby brother, is the theme of the simple tale. Ole Mammy's Torment. " Ole Mammy's Torment " has been fitly called " a classic of Southern life." It relates the haps and mis- haps of a small negro lad, and tells how he was led by love and kindness to a knowledge of the right. The Story of Dago. In this story Mrs. Johnston relates the story of Dago, a pet monkey, owned jointly by two brothers. Dago tells his own story, and the account of his haps and mis- haps is both interesting and amusing. The Quilt That Jack Built. A pleasant little story of a boy's labor of love, and how it changed the course of his life many years after it was accomplished. Flip's Islands of Providence. A story of a boy's life battle, his early defeat, and his final triumph, well worth the reading. B— » COSY CORNER SERIES By EDITH ROBINSON A Little Puritan's First Christmas. A story of Colonial times in Boston, telling how Christmas was invented by Betty Sewall, a typical child of the Puritans, aided by her brother Sam. A Little Daughter of Liberty. The author's motive for this story is well indicated by a quotation from her introduction, as follows: " One ride is memorable in the early history of the American Revolution, the well-known ride of Paul Revere. Equally deserving of commendation is another ride, — the ride of Anthony Severn, — which was no less historic in its action or memorable in its consequences." A Loyal Little Maid. A delightful and interesting story of Revolutionary days, in which the child heroine, Betsey Schuyler, renders important services to George Washington. A Little Puritan Rebel. This is an historical tale of a real girl, during the time when the gallant Sir Harry Vane was governor of Massachusetts. A Little Puritan Pioneer. The scene of this story is laid in the Puritan settlement at Charlestown. The little girl heroine adds another to the list of favorites so well known to the young people. A Little Puritan Bound Girl. A story of Boston in Puritan days, which is of great interest to youthful readers. A Little Puritan Cavalier. The story of a " Little Puritan Cavalier " who tried with all his boyish enthusiasm to emulate the spirit and ideals of the dead Crusaders. B~8 4 L. C, PAGE AND COMPANY'S By MISS MULOCK The Little Lame Prince. A delightful story of a little boy who has many adven- tures by means of the magic gifts of his fairy godmother. Adventures of a Brownie. The story of a household elf who torments the cook and gardener, but is a constant joy and delight to the children who love and trust him. |
US-424817D-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | William h
(No Model.)
W. H. PATTON.
BOAT.
No. 424,817. Patented Apr. 1,1890.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
WILLIAM H. PATToN, or cI-IIoAco, ILLINOIS.
BOAT.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 424,81*?, dated April 1, 1890.
Application filed August l2, 1889, Serial `No. 320,482. (No model.)
T0 all whom it may concern:
-Be it known that l, WILLIAM H. PATTON, a citizen of the United States, residing at Ohicago, in the county of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Boats, of which the following is a specification.
My invention relates, more particularly stated, to the class of boats propelled by machinery; and the object of my invention is to provide an economically generated power and reliably operative form of mechanism for generating it which shall serve for application to the propelling' purpose of all kinds and sizes of the class of boats referred to, and which may, as a desirable feature of the plan, be used without steam, thereby rendering unnecessary andenablin g saving of the employment of a licensed engineer, since skill and experience are not prerequisites for proper care of the machinery.
My invention consists in the combination,
in a boat, with the screw or analogous propelling means, of mechanism for actuating the latter, comprising an electric motor operatively connected with the propelling' means, a storage-battery system connected with the mot-or to drive it, a dynamo-electric machine for charging the battery, and an engine (and, preferably, though not essentially, a gasengine) for driving the dynamo.
, In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 represents a boat in plan View employing a propeller-screw for its locomotion and having indicated in operative position the combination of mechanism in which my invention consists for actuating the screw; and Fig. 2 is a view of the same in side elevation, with my improved mechanism indicated by dotted representation.
A is a boat, which may be of any suitable or well-known form and size, and which is shown to be provided with a propeller-screw B, in the usual position, for effecting its manner of locomotion, though other means for the purpose, as the common side wheels, may be employed instead.
O is the shaft of the propeller, properly supported and having suitably connected with it the rotary portion of an electric motor I),
actuated from a system of storage-batteries E, which are charged from a suitable dynamoelectric machine F, driven by the power generated by an engine G, which,for the sake of economy in the maintenance, should be, and preferably is, the well-known gas-engine.
All the mechanism combined, as described,
for actuating the propeller should be located in the hold of the boat, wherein it, and particularly-the storage-battery system thereof, affords, incidentally, ballast.
The various features of my particular combination of devices being, if desired, of common and well-known construction to those skilled in such machinery, as also the matter of their particular co-operative connection for my purpose, it is unnecessary to show and de- Scribe herein the details of construction of the machines and of the adjustment together of the latter, especially since this forms no part of my invention, which consists in the particular combination for my purpose of thc different kinds of mechanism herein set forth and represented.
lVith the well-known switch devices in common use for cutting in and out sections of the motor a pilot can alone control the boat as to its speed and stop and start it without assistance.
Other and important advantages resulting from my particular combination consist in the fact that the boat is never required to stop at certain periods to charge the batteries or take on fuel, and that the motor D, of a required horse-power, can be readily operated from a dynamo of less horse-power, since the power to drive the motor will be supplied from both the dynamo and storage-battery, the latter being` charged during stoppage of the boat, if desired.
lVhat I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-
1. rlhe combination, with a boat and its propeller, of an electric motor D, connected with the propeller-shaft, a storage-battery system E, electrically connected with the Inotor, a dynamo-electric machine F, for charging the battery and for driving the motor, and an engine Gr, connected with the dynamo, substantially as and for the purpose set forth.
IOO
2. The eombinatoll,wth aboat and its proing the motor, and an engine G, Connected peller, of means located in the hold of the boat with the dynamo, substantially as and for the for actuating the propellereomprsingan eleopurpose set forth.
trie motor D, Connected with the pl'opellel- NVILLIAM Il. PATTON. 5 shaft, a storagebattery system E, electrically ln presence ofconnected with the motor, a dynamo-electric J. XV. DYRENFORTH,
machine F, 'for Charging the battery and driv- M. J. FROST.
|
github_open_source_100_1_79 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package org.hswebframework.web.organizational.authorization.simple.handler;
import org.hswebframework.ezorm.core.param.Term;
import org.hswebframework.ezorm.core.param.TermType;
import org.hswebframework.web.authorization.define.AuthorizingContext;
import org.hswebframework.web.organizational.authorization.access.DistrictAttachEntity;
import org.hswebframework.web.organizational.authorization.PersonnelAuthentication;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Set;
import static org.hswebframework.web.organizational.authorization.access.DataAccessType.*;
/**
* @author zhouhao
*/
public class DistrictScopeDataAccessHandler extends AbstractScopeDataAccessHandler<DistrictAttachEntity> {
@Override
protected Class<DistrictAttachEntity> getEntityClass() {
return DistrictAttachEntity.class;
}
@Override
protected String getSupportScope() {
return DISTRICT_SCOPE;
}
@Override
protected String getOperationScope(DistrictAttachEntity entity) {
return entity.getDistrictId();
}
@Override
protected void applyScopeProperty(DistrictAttachEntity entity, String value) {
entity.setDistrictId(value);
}
@Override
protected Set<String> getTryOperationScope(String scopeType, PersonnelAuthentication authorization) {
switch (scopeType) {
case SCOPE_TYPE_CHILDREN:
return authorization.getAllDistrictId();
case SCOPE_TYPE_ONLY_SELF:
return authorization.getRootDistrictId();
default:
return new java.util.HashSet<>();
}
}
@Override
protected Term createQueryTerm(Set<String> scope, AuthorizingContext context) {
Term term = new Term();
term.setColumn(DistrictAttachEntity.districtId);
term.setTermType(TermType.in);
term.setValue(scope);
term.setType(Term.Type.and);
return term;
}
}
|
106573_1 | Caselaw_Access_Project | Public Domain | OPINION
PICKARD, Chief Judge.
{1} Mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to Brittany and Alisha. On appeal, Mother raises five issues: (1) the trial court violated her right to due process by making a finding of futility (finding that additional efforts to engage her in a treatment plan to reunify her with her children would be futile) at an informal judicial review hearing, even though no party asked for a full evidentiary hearing; (2) the trial court's finding of futility was erroneous because it relied on hearsay in violation of Rule 11-802 NMRA 2000, even though Mother did not object to the use of hearsay; (3) there was not clear and convincing evidence to support the trial court's finding of futility; (4) there was not clear and convincing evidence to support the trial court's finding that the causes and conditions of abuse or neglect were unlikely to change in the foreseeable future; and (5) she received ineffective assistance of counsel, in part due to the failures to object noted in the first two issues. We consolidate the issues into three areas for discussion and affirm.
BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{2} On May 31, 1996, the Children, Youth & Families Department (the Department) took Brittany and Alisha into custody after Mother was arrested on a charge of receiving and transporting a stolen vehicle. Three days later, the Department filed a petition alleging Mother had abused and neglected her children. The trial court held a hearing on the Department's petition on September 6,1996.
{3} About three weeks later, the trial court entered judgment in which it concluded that Mother's children had been neglected and that they should remain in the custody of the Department. On that same date, the trial court adopted the Department's proposed disposition and treatment plan. Under the treatment plan, Mother had to (1) participate in weekly random drug screening tests, (2) meet with a psychotherapist to address the issues specified in her psychological evaluation and the parenting issues identified by her social worker, (3) maintain regular visitation with her children, and (4) continue in her efforts to obtain suitable housing for her and the children. The Department proposed psychological therapy and drug treatment as part of Mother's treatment plan because she had neglected her children "due to [her history of] substance abuse and domestic violence in California and New Mexico."
{4} In March 1997, the trial court performed the first of several judicial reviews regarding Mother's compliance with the treatment plan. The trial court's review was generally favorable. The trial court found that Mother had made sincere efforts to find a stable place to live, was employed, and had consistently attended her therapy sessions with her psychotherapist. The only unfavorable finding the trial court made was that Mother had not compiled with the drug screening part of her plan. The trial court adopted the Department's proposed amended treatment plan to address Mother's continuing drug issues.
{5} In August 1997, the trial court conducted its second judicial review. At the hearing, the Department advised the trial court that Mother had made significant progress toward completing the treatment plan. In particular, the Department informed the trial court that Mother had submitted five of the eight drug tests required of her, only one of which tested positive for amphetamine or methamphetamine; Mother had completed all of her scheduled psychotherapy sessions; Mother had consistently attended her weekly supervised visits with her children; and Mother had worked hard at developing a stable and secure environment for her children. Based in large part on the Department's judicial review report, the trial court returned Mother's children to her physical custody on August 14,1997.
{6} Two weeks later, Mother's children were returned to the Department's physical custody after Mother was arrested for violating the terms of her probation. As a result of this arrest, Mother's original probation was revoked and a new probation was ordered. During the two-week time period that Mother had physical custody of her chil dren, Mother's social worker attended a Citizen Review Board (CRB) hearing. At the hearing, the CRB recommended that the trial court not place Mother's children in her physical custody. The CRB based its opinion on Mother's failure to comply with the terms of her probation, her failure to attend substance abuse counseling, her failure to acknowledge that Brittany had been sexually abused, and the unknowns of her living situation at the time. Mother's social worker also learned that during the two-week period, Brittany had gone home to an empty home ' on one occasion and that she had been transported to school by two men unknown to her on another occasion.
{7} In March 1998, the Department submitted to the trial court a very unfavorable judicial review report regarding Mother's compliance with the treatment plan. In particular, the Department informed the trial court that in October 1997, Mother had been arrested again for violating the terms of her probation. At about the same time, Mother and her partner were involved in a domestic violence altercation during which Mother bit her partner's forearm three or four times and cut his thumb with a razor. The trial court also learned at the hearing that in December 1997 and January 1998, Mother had taken several drug tests, both for her social worker and for her probation officer. During the course of these two months, Mother's urine tested positive for methamphetamine on at least five occasions. Mother's probation officer stated that when he visited Mother at her house to administer the drug tests, he observed that her house was in bad condition, that it was "gross." The Department stated in its judicial review report that it intended to ask the trial court to enter a finding of futility.
{8} In June 1998, the trial court conducted its third judicial review. At the hearing, the Department formally asked the trial court to enter a finding of futility. In support of its request, the Department reiterated the information contained in its March 1998 judicial review report and, in addition, informed the trial court that Mother had failed to produce documentation regarding the steps she had taken to comply with the treatment plan. The Department advised the trial court that Mother's unwillingness to produce such documentation obstructed the Department's ability to assess whether Mother was drug free. The Department also produced letters from the children's guardian ad litem, as well as their therapists. The letters indicated that the children loved Mother and that she loved them, but that Mother appeared incapable of recognizing or changing the "aspects of her life (poor choice of domestic partners, drug use, living on the 'edge' of the law) which place her children at serious risk of neglect or abuse."
{9} In her defense, Mother stated, through her attorney, that she had attended drug rehabilitation programs at Turquoise Lodge and the Milagro program. Mother indicated that she had signed forms to release this information to the Department and that she had continued providing urinalysis throughout the course of her probation. Finally, Mother claimed that she continued to visit her children and continued to make efforts to comply with the treatment plan. At the end of the hearing, the trial court found that the Department had made reasonable efforts to reunite Mother and her children and that further efforts to do so would be futile. As a consequence of the trial court's ruling, the Department no longer assisted Mother.
{10} Two months later, in August 1998, the Department filed a motion to terminate Mother's parental rights to Brittany and Alisha. The trial court held the termination hearing in December 1998. The trial court heard a great deal of testimony which either clarified or corroborated the issues that had been addressed at the June judicial review hearing. At the end of the hearing, the trial court terminated Mother's parental rights to Brittany and Alisha. The trial court asked counsel to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. The Department complied with the trial court's request, while Mother did not. In January 1999, the trial court wholly adopted the Department's proffered findings and conclusions, and it entered an order terminating Mother's parental rights.
DISCUSSION
I. & II. DUE PROCESS & HEARSAY
{11} On appeal, Mother claims the trial court's reliance on hearsay evidence and oral argument and its corresponding failure to swear in witnesses and take formal testimony deprived her of a fair hearing at the futility hearing. In support of her claim, Mother relies on State ex rel. CYFD v. Erika M, 1999-NMCA-036, 126 N.M. 760, 975 P.2d 373. In Erika M., the trial court terminated the mother's parental rights by summary judgment. See id. ¶ 1. We reversed the trial court's decision because the mother presented evidence that raised genuine issues of material fact, thus defeating summary judgment. See id. ¶ 29.
{12} In spite of our holding, we addressed the mother's claim that her due process rights had been violated because the trial court's decision was based exclusively on facts developed at judicial review hearings. See id. ¶ 26-28. We noted that the termination of parental rights implicates a liberty interest, an interest that must be protected by providing the parent with a fair opportunity to be heard and to present a defense. See id. ¶ 26. After discussing the non-adversarial attributes of periodic review hearings, we questioned whether a trial court could rely solely on facts gleaned from such hearings to terminate parental rights. See id. ¶ 28.
{13} Mother's reliance on our dicta in Erika M. is misplaced. In Erika M., we observed that "[termination hearings are more formal and comply with the rules of court because of the weighty issue — final termination of parental rights — that is being considered at them." Id. ¶ 27. That observation is critical to the disposition of the case at bar for two reasons.
{14} First, a trial court's finding of futility does not finally terminate a person's parental rights. A finding of futility does result in the removal of a person's expectation to the Department's reasonable assistance, but it does not consign a parent to failure nor does it resolve the ultimate issue of whether that person's parental rights will be terminated. In the absence of the Department's resources, a parent still has the opportunity to receive assistance on her own and to alleviate the causes and conditions that precipitated the state's intervention into her family arrangement.
{15} For example, in the case at bar, Mother independently sought help from the Turquoise Lodge and Milagro programs. According to Mother, her efforts were so successful that she now deserves to have her children returned to her custody. Mother's opportunity to protect her parental rights after the trial court made its finding of futility argues against the need for any additional procedural safeguards at the judicial review hearing, particularly in the absence of any objection by her. See Thomas v. Thomas, 1999-NMCA-135, ¶ 24, 128 N.M. 177, 991 P.2d 7; see also M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 127-128, 117 S.Ct. 555, 136 L.Ed.2d 473 (1996) ("In contrast to matters modifiable at the parties' will or based on changed circumstances, termination adjudications involve the awesome authority of the State 'to destroy permanently all legal recognition of the parental relationship.' ") (citations omitted and emphasis added); cf. State ex rel. CYFD v. Stella P., 1999-NMCA-100, ¶ 21, 127 N.M. 699, 986 P.2d 495 (holding that, even in the absence of any objection, trial court has a duty to inquire as to whether a parent is intentionally waiving the entire right to contest termination proceedings).
{16} Second, in Erika M., we were reviewing the trial court's decision to terminate parental rights on the Department's motion for summary judgment. Due to the fact that the trial court granted summary judgment based exclusively on judicial review reports, we observed that the mother not only lacked the opportunity to contest the reports when they were first adopted, but more importantly, she also lacked the opportunity to contest the reports at a termination hearing. See id. ¶ 24, 29. We noted that the mother "had no incentive to contest the Department's reports when they were used . as progress reports, rather than in support of termination." Id. ¶ 28. As a consequence, we declined to hold the mother to the judicial review reports, especially on summary judgment. See id. ¶ 28, 29.
{17} In the case at bar, Mother knew far in advance of the futility hearing that the Department intended to seek a finding of futility based on the information contained in its judicial review reports. The Department put Mother on notice as early as March 1998 that it intended to ask the trial court to enter a finding of futility. This advance notice not only provided Mother with at least three months to prepare for the futility hearing, but it also provided her with every incentive to challenge any untoward allegations contained in the March 1998 and June 1998 judicial review reports as well.
{18} Most critically, Mother had the opportunity to contest the judicial review reports at the futility hearing and she did so, almost exclusively through nontestimonial documents of her own. Mother appeared with her attorney at the June 1998 futility hearing. The attorneys for each side made presentations to the trial court. The trial court did not swear in any witnesses and no formal testimony was taken. Instead, the Department, along with the children's guardian ad litem, offered into evidence, and then reiterated to the trial court, the information contained in the March 1998 and June 1998 judicial review reports. Mother's attorney presented letters that Mother had attended drug rehabilitation and parenting training at the Turquoise Lodge and Milagro programs. Attorneys for both sides also offered their own observations about Mother's case, the steps she had taken or failed to take to comply with the treatment plan, and her chances of becoming an adequate parent for .Brittany and Alisha in the foreseeable future. Mother did not object to the procedural aspects of these proceedings in any way, either during the futility hearing or during the final termination hearing. We believe Mother's advance notice and her opportunity to contest the validity of the previous judicial review reports significantly reduced her interest in having additional procedural safeguards.
{19} Upon balancing the factors herein, we conclude that Mother's right to due process was not violated through the procedures used at the trial court level. Mother had adequate notice of the issue to be resolved, as well as the opportunity to prepare and present a case on that issue. Moreover, the trial court based its decision on matters that did not appear to require live testimony. Put more succinctly: either Mother testéd positive for drags or she did not, either Mother submitted documentation of her compliance with the treatment plan or she did not, either Mother was arrested for domestic violence or she was not, and either Mother was employed or she was not. It is neither coincidental nor inconsequential that, as Mother points out, the testimony at the termination hearing "clarified or corroborated many of the issues that arose at the [futility hearing]." See Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 345, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976) (concluding that oral testimony is unnecessary when an assessment can be made through written documents).
{20} We also conclude that the trial court's reliance on hearsay evidence does not violate Rule 11-802. According to Rule 11-802, "[h]earsay is not admissible except as provided by these rules or by other rules adopted by the supreme court or by statute." The trial court made its finding of futility at a judicial review hearing. Judicial review hearings, which are governed by NMSA 1978, § 32A-4-25 (1999), are not subject to the rules of evidence. See § 32A-4-25(E). We hold that the trial court did not err by basing its finding of futility made at the judicial review hearing on hearsay evidence.
{21} In view of the fundamental interests that are at stake in termination of parental rights cases, we recommend that in the future, if the real potential for an adverse ruling is in the offing at a judicial review hearing, and the adverse ruling might be avoided through the exercise of certain procedural safeguards, counsel should be prepared to present evidence and cross-examine witnesses. Although the rules of evidence do not necessarily apply in judicial review hearings, the hallmarks of the adversarial process — the presentation of evidence and the cross-examination of witnesses — are both contemplated in and permitted by our statutes. See § 32A-4-25(D) ("At any [periodic] review hearing ., the child's guardian ad litem and all parties given notice . shall have the opportunity to present evidence and to cross-examine witnesses."), § 32A-4-25(E) ("The Rules of Evidence shall not apply to hearings held pursuant to this section."). All Mother had to do was object if she were truly concerned that she was in danger of losing rights granted by statute or constitution. We answer Mother's ineffective assistance issue below.
III. & IV. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE
{22} Mother claims that the trial court had insufficient evidence to conclude, both at the futility hearing and at the termination hearing, that she had done nothing to comply with the treatment plan and thus erred in finding futility. Mother also claims the trial court had insufficient evidence to conclude at the termination hearing that the causes and conditions of neglect which rendered her unable to properly care for her children were unlikely to change in the foreseeable future. As both of these claims concern the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court's decision to terminate Mother's parental rights, we consolidate them for consideration under the standard of review applicable at termination proceedings.
{23} A person's parental rights shall be terminated upon a showing that her children have been neglected, and the causes of the neglect are unlikely to change in the foreseeable future despite reasonable efforts by the Department to assist the parent in adjusting the conditions that rendered her unable to properly care for her children. See NMSA 1978, § 32A-4-28(B)(2) (1999). In determining whether to terminate parental rights, the trial court must "give primary consideration to the physical, mental and emotional welfare and needs of the child[ren], including the likelihood of the child[ren] being adopted if parental rights are terminated." Section 32A-4-28(A).
{24} The standard of proof in cases involving the termination of parental rights is clear and convincing evidence. See NMSA 1978, § 32A-4-29(J) (1999); In re Termination of Parental Rights of Eventyr J., 120 N.M. 463, 466, 902 P.2d 1066, 1069 (Ct.App.1995). However, notwithstanding this standard of proof, this Court will not reweigh the evidence on appeal. See In re R.W., 108 N.M. 332, 335, 772 P.2d 366, 369 (Ct.App.1989). Instead, we must view it in a light most favorable to affirmance. See Eventyr J., 120 N.M. at 466, 902 P.2d at 1069. Nor do we assess the credibility of the witnesses, deferring instead to the conclusions of the trier of fact. See State v. Tisthammer, 1998-NMCA-115, ¶ 25, 126 N.M. 52, 966 P.2d 760. We will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court as to any factual matter. See In re Wayne R.N., 107 N.M. 341, 345, 757 P.2d 1333, 1337 (Ct.App.1988). Our standard of review is therefore whether, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to affirming the termination of Mother's parental rights, the trial court could properly determine that the clear and convincing standard was met. See Eventyr J., 120 N.M. at 466, 902 P.2d at 1069.
{25} At the termination hearing, the trial court found that Mother "has continually neglected the children[ ] by failing to complete and progress in all of her substance abuse treatment and by continuing to place herself in situations involving domestic violence and suspected criminal activity[.]" Mother claims the trial court "had insufficient evidence to say that she had made no efforts in complying with the treatment plan and therefore had insufficient evidence" to find continuous neglect.
{26} As our quote of the trial court's finding of neglect indicates, the trial court did not find that Mother had made no efforts to comply with the treatment plan. Rather, the trial court found that Mother had failed to comply with several key elements of her treatment plan, including her need to avoid drugs, domestic violence, and other criminal involvement. The trial court determined that Mother's failure to comply with the treatment plan caused her to neglect Brittany and Alisha. The evidence in the record supports the trial court's finding of neglect.
{27} As Mother concedes, the trial court heard testimony at the termination hearing that Mother was arrested in October 1997 for the domestic violence incident in which she bit her partner's arm and cut his thumb with a razor; Mother submitted seven urinalyses positive for methamphetamines in December 1997 and January 1998; Mother failed to conform to probation requirements, resulting in an unfavorable discharge; Mother failed to provide the Department with any releases regarding her participation in the Turquoise Lodge and Milagro programs; Mother failed to conform to the rules at Turquoise Lodge; Mother failed to show that she participated in individual therapy after the Department removed its resources and after leaving Turquoise Lodge; Mother tested positive for drugs when she gave birth to her daughter Jasmine in July 1998; Mother continued to maintain that she did not need to participate in any aftercare programs; and Mother was unemployed and without a dwelling of her own.
{28} Viewing the Department's evidence in a light most favorable to affirming the trial court's finding of on-going neglect, we hold that the trial court could properly determine that the clear and convincing standard was met. See Eventyr J., 120 N.M. at 466, 902 P.2d at 1069. We reject Mother's claim that the trial court had insufficient evidence of on-going neglect. We acknowledge that Mother presented evidence that her August 1998 arrest was based on a mistaken probation matter and that she signed and provided releases for information and independently sought help by participating in the Turquoise Lodge and Milagro programs. We also acknowledge that Mother presented evidence that she continued to work on family skills with the Department through its Los Pasos Family Preservation Services (Los Pasos) program in connection with her daughter Jasmine and that her social worker at Los Pasos did not have any concerns about whether Mother was still using drugs. However, Mother's claim essentially requests that we reweigh conflicting evidence in her favor. We cannot reweigh the evidence. Conflicts in testimony are matters for the trial court to resolve. See id.
{29} Mother also claims the trial court had insufficient evidence to say that she had "made no efforts in complying with the treatment plan" and therefore had insufficient evidence to make a finding of futility at the judicial review hearing. This is essentially the same claim Mother raised in the context of the trial court's finding of neglect. As we stated above, the trial court did not base its decision on the erroneous finding that Mother made no efforts to comply with the treatment plan. Instead, the trial court found that Mother had not done enough to comply with the treatment plan. Based on this finding, the trial court concluded that it would be futile for the Department to make further efforts to assist Mother. After two years with limited or no long-term or sustained progress being made, we believe the trial court could find that there was clear and convincing evidence that the causes and conditions of neglect would not change in the foreseeable future. See id.
{30} Mother acknowledges that if the trial court's futility finding at the judicial review hearing is legitimate, then its futility finding at the termination hearing is also legitimate. Mother concedes this point because the trial court had virtually the same evidence before it at the futility hearing that it had before it at the termination hearing, although at the termination hearing, it was in such form that it was subject to cross-examination and the other formal rules of evidence. We held that the trial court's first futility finding was legitimate and, accordingly, we now hold that its second finding regarding change in the foreseeable future was also legitimate.
V. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE
{31} Mother contends she received ineffective assistance of counsel because (1) her trial attorney failed to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law, thus preventing this Court from reviewing her sufficiency of the evidence arguments, and (2) her trial attorney performed ineffectively in connection with her failure to object to the absence of admissible evidence at the judicial review hearing and her failure to object to the trial court's use of the finding of futility at the termination hearing.
{32} A parent has the right to effective counsel in termination eases. See State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep't v. Tammy S., 1999-NMCA-009, ¶ 20, 126 N.M. 664, 974 P.2d 158. In Tammy S., 1999- NMCA-009, ¶ 20, 126 N.M. 664, 974 P.2d 158, we recognized that "the majority of jurisdictions utilize the same standard for effective assistance in [termination] cases as in criminal cases, and we utilized the criminal standard for the purposes of [In re Termination of Parental Rights of James W.H., 115 N.M. 256, 259, 849 P.2d 1079, 1082 (Ct. App.1993) ]." We did not reach the issue of what the standard for effective assistance of counsel should be in Tammy S. because counsel's performance was inadequate regardless of the standard. See id. ¶ 20. In contrast, in In re James W.H., we concluded that even if the criminal standard was used, the claim lacked merit. See id. at 259, 849 P.2d at 1082. The same is true in this case.
{33} "In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we look at the proceedings as a whole. Litigants alleging ineffective assistance of counsel have the burden of establishing the claim and are required to show not only that trial counsel was ineffective, but that trial counsel's inadequacies prejudiced them." State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep't v. David F., 121 N.M. 341, 348, 911 P.2d 235, 242 (Ct.App.1995) (citation omitted). The party asserting ineffective assistance must prove both prongs of the test. See State v. Hester, 1999—NMSC-020, ¶ 9, 127 N.M. 218, 979 P.2d 729. The burden of proof is upon the party claiming ineffective assistance. See State v. Baca, 1997-NMSC-045, ¶ 20-21, 124 N.M. 55, 946 P.2d 1066. Failure to prove either prong of the test is fatal to a claim of ineffective assistance. See id. In the case at bar, we hold that Mother did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel.
{34} First, her trial attorney's failure to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law has not prevented us from reviewing her sufficiency of the evidence arguments because her trial attorney called the trial court's attention to the alleged insufficiency of the evidence. See Cockrell v. Cockrell, 117 N.M. 321, 324, 871 P.2d 977, 980 (1994) (ruling that evidence may not be reviewed on appeal when the party seeking review has failed to submit requested findings of fact and conclusions of law and the appellant has otherwise failed to object to the findings or call the trial court's attention to the insufficiency of the evidence).
{35} Second, her trial attorney's alleged failure to object to the trial court's use of the finding of futility did not render her attorney's assistance ineffective, because the trial court made its findings based on the testimony given and the evidence presented at the termination hearing. The trial court did not rely upon the futility hearing itself. See Eventyr J., 120 N.M. at 473, 902 P.2d at 1076 (ruling that a parent was not deprived of her due process rights by the trial court taking judicial notice of prior adjudication because it based its decision on the evidence presented at termination hearing rather than relying upon prior adjudication).
{36} We deem it important to note that this is not a ease in which the earlier finding of futility prejudiced Mother in any way, contrary to Mother's arguments. Her arguments may have merit in the abstract or in another case, but they do not have merit under the facts of this case. First, Mother has made no attempt to show that the result of the judicial review hearing would have been any different had she insisted on her right to present admissible evidence and cross-examine the Department's evidence. Thus, her attorney's reliance on a presentation similar to that of the Department at the judicial review hearing may well have been an adequate strategy. See State v. Cooper, 1998-NMCA-180, ¶ 11, 126 N.M. 500, 972 P.2d 1 (holding that reviewing court will not second guess strategy and tactics). Second, the motion to terminate parental rights was filed shortly after the finding of futility. Third, the Department did not rely on the time period following the finding of futility to show that the causes and conditions of the abuse and neglect would not change despite the Department's reasonable efforts. As Mother acknowledges, the Department relied on the same events at the termination hearing as it did at the judicial review hearing. Thus, Mother's concern that a premature finding of futility could unduly prejudice a parent, while potentially meritorious in the abstract, has no application to the facts of this case.
CONCLUSION
{37} We affirm.
{38} IT IS SO ORDERED.
BOSSON and BUSTAMANTE, JJ., concur..
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1380303_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | 《FAIRY TALE》(페어리 테일)은 2002년 10월 23일에 발매된 쿠라키 마이의 3번째 정규 음반이다.
해설
1번째 음반, 2번째 음반에 이어서 100만장 이상의 출하를 기록.
“동화”를 테마로 쿠라키의 “꿈을 버리는 것이 어른이라면 되고 싶지 않다”(夢を捨てるのが大人ならば、なりたくはない)라는 생각을 잇댄 콘셉트 음반이다.
이 음반이 대만의 CD 차트 1위를 획득한 것을 계기로 쑨옌즈와 차회작으로 경연하게 되었다.
제17회 일본 골드 디스크 대상에서 록&팝 앨범 오브 더 이어를 수상하고 있다.
수록곡
전체 작사: 쿠라키 마이
Fairy tale (my last teenage wish) (4:18)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
음반 표제곡. 가사에는 ‘호박 마차’‘독 사과’ 등 동화와 관련된 말이 다수 등장한다. 앨범 투어 이후 피로되는 것은 적었지만, 10월에 개최되는 핼러윈 라이브에서는 피로되는 차가 많은 음반 곡이다.
Feel fine! (4:48)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
12번째 싱글. 본인도 출연한 시브리즈의 광고 음악.
Ride on time (5:01)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
2002년도 《전일본대학여자역전》(ABC제작 TV 아사히계열) 테마송. 비디오 클립이 제작되었으며, 당시의 백 밴드 EXPERIENCE와 같이 hills 빵공장의 지하 2층 스테이지를 사용하여서 라이브 형식으로 제작되고 있다.
key to my heart (3:33)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: Cybersound
남코 테일즈 오브 데스티니 2 테마송.
게임 소프트웨어 《테일즈 오브》 시리즈의 테마곡 컴필레이션 음반 《The Best of Tales》에도 수록되어있다.
비디오 클립도 제작되었으며, 〈Ride on Time〉과 마찬가지로 당시의 백 밴드 EXPERIENCE와 같이, 이쪽은 관객을 넣은 라이브 형식으로 촬영되었다.
Winter Bells (4:37)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
11번째 싱글. 요미우리 TV 애니메이션 《명탐정 코난》 오프닝 테마이다.
Loving You… (5:18)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: Cybersound
당시, 미발표곡으로 공개된 “Loving You…”Tour 2002의 투어 타이틀곡이다. 비디오 클립도 제작되었으며, 후렴 부분을 레코딩 스튜디오에서 부르는 모습이 수록되어있다.
Can't forget your love (5:29)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: Cybersound, 토쿠나가 아키히토
10번째 싱글 〈Can't forget your love/PERFECT CRIME (Single Edit)〉싱글의 1번째이다. TV 아사히계 드라마 《살기 위한 정열로서의 살인》 삽입곡.
Trip in the dream (4:19)
작곡 · 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
비디오 클립이 제작되어 있으며, 밤의 빌딩 옥상에서 후렴을 부르는 모습이 수록되어있다.
Not that kind a girl (4:27)
작곡 · 편곡: YOKO Black. Stone
Like a star in the night (5:39)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
13번째 싱글. TV 아사히계 드라마 《다크 엔젤》 테마송.
이상한 나라() (5:26)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: 이케다 다이스케
《이상한 나라의 앨리스》의 하얀 토끼가 가사에 등장한다. 곡보다도 가사 쪽이 먼저 이루어진 작품이다.
fantasy (3:49)
작곡: 오노 아이카, 편곡: 토쿠나가 아키히토
참가 음악가
토쿠나가 아키히토: 코러스 (#1,2,3,5,8)
우토쿠 케이코: 코러스 (#1,8,10,11)
오노 아이카: 코러스 (#4,10,11,12)
마이클 어프릭: 코러스 (#4,6,7)
후루카와 마호: 코러스 (#5,7)
Jeffrey Qwest: 게스트 보컬 (#8)
YOKO B. Stone: 코러스 (#9)
TAMA MUSIC：스트링스 (#7,10)
이케다 다이스케: 스트링스 어레인지 (#7,10)
외부 링크
music freak magazine Vol.95 2002년 10월호 (본인으로의 인터뷰)
BARKS-쿠라키 마이-FAIRY TALE
쿠라키 마이의 음반
2002년 음반
콘셉트 음반.
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github_open_source_100_1_80 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
Copyright (c) 2012 Javier Ramirez-Ledesma
Distributed under the MIT License (license terms are at http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
*/
package msti.netlink.mensaje;
import java.net.InetAddress;
public interface IMensajeNetlinkRouteAttributeGateway extends IMensajeNetlinkRouteAttribute {
public InetAddress getGateway();
public boolean hasGateway();
/**
* M�todos de modificaci�n de atributos. La clase IMensaje, una vez construida, es de s�lo lectura
*/
public interface Build extends IMensajeNetlinkRouteAttribute.Build {
public Build setGateway(InetAddress gateway);
}
}
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bpt6k310495_24 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | L'allocution contenue dans le pontifical du Mont-Cassin, précédemment cité, présente t'anncau de t'abbe comme étant, aussi bien que celui de l'évêque, un symbole de ~M~'OH et ~7<OKHe?<r.' ~LCC~e <!HMM~H discretionis et honoris, !K~'«' (1) MarU'ne, De mtfifj'M!s.E<'f/~t<f )'t<&Ms, lib. t, cap. vnt, art. t. 1), ord. 10, p. /[18 du tome JI, édition in-A" de Rouen., 1700. (2) Poftfi/tf'n/e romnMKMt <'ï<'mfM<s r/ et <)~a!;t! t7/ cum commcntarii!, Josepfu Catu)ani, part. J, tit. XV, § ]8, t. I, p. /t6t. /M< S~?M<?M/MM, ut <~?<~ ~MH~a .!?/H~ S~MM P~ ~M~' ~C~tCTK~a suntprodas (1). Il est, dans la même formule, l'emblème des pouvoirs spirituels dont l'abbé est investi Et ere~'M~M ~)P'' /?~< ~~M?H6! 6~H6" m~pr;'COr<f?'a.' fi~ro ~MM~ ~/M?.< &M&n!&i'~a'N!7cK~M~ per ?H!'KM~'wm ~cone~oK/s, ~'onKaS regni Cœ~S~ a/)<??'M.9 (2). 1.G saphir qui orne la bague cardinalice comme on l'a vu déjà, désigne par sa couleur bleue, ou le ciel, ou la posuion emincnte que les cardinaux occupent auprès du chef de l'Église, pontife et roi. L'anneau nuptial, chez les chrétiens, a une signification analogue à celle qu'il avait avant l'établissement du christianisme; mais il indique des liens plus sacrés, un amour plus pur et une fidélité plus parfaite. Nous ne pouvons nous dispenser de citer de nouveau le passage de saint Isidore de Séville qui y a rapport « Si un anneau, dit ce saint évoque, est d'abord donné par l'époux à l'épouse, c'est qu'il est le signe de leur fidélité mutuelle. Il indique aussi qu'en raison des liens qu'ils contractent ils doivent s'attacher cordialement l'un a l'autre et c'est pour cela qu'il est mis au quatrième doigt: une veine, en effet, comme on l'assure, partant de ce doigt va directetïicnt au cœur (3). » Guillaume Durand dans son /?pf</o/M/, pc sert des propres paroles de saint Isidore (~). Il ajoute < Le sage Prothee fit d'abord, comme marque d'affection, (t) MarH-ne, De <t)t'Mt'.< T~t'f/csMf i'i'ft~MS, ]!b. Il, cap. t, ord. J m, p. 18. (2) Id., /&!(/. (3 Isid. nispu).,Df ff'f'/t'SM.sfx'f.s f~Ms, )ib.IT,Mp.xx, n"8; ~airoto~if de M. Migne, ).. LXXXIII, cot. 8)2. (&) G. Durand, ~~n'oM~c (/tt'!H<mf;)t ~'fft'Mm, )!]). cap. H, Mit. ~c Lyon, 157!t, t. p. un anneau de fer; il y enchâssa un diamant et voulut que l'époux en donnât un semblable comme arrhes à sa future épouse. De même, en effet, qu'avec le fer on vient à bout de tout, de même aussi l'amour surmonte les plus grands obstacles car il n'y a rieu de plus puissant, de plus violent que l'amour. Et comme on ne saurait briser le diamant, on ne saurait non plus séparer ceux qu'unissent un ardent amour. L'amour est fort comme la mort. Et voi)a pourquoi il a été réglé que l'on porterait l'anneau au doigt annulaire renfermant une veine qui vient directement du cœur. Dans la suite, on substitua des anneaux d'or aux anneaux de fer, et on remplaça le diamant par des gemmes. Comme l'or est le plus riche et le plus précieux des métaux l'amour pur est aussi au-dessus de tous les biens; et de même que l'or reçoit un nouvel éclat de la pierre qu'il enchâsse, à l'amour conjugal doivent venir s'ajouter toutes les autres vertus pour lui donner un plus grand prix (1). » Tout ce dernier passage paraît être tiré de la P~c de /~M<? d'Honoré d'Autun. Mais celui-ci nomme l'inventeur de la bague de fer Promcthee et non Prothée. Du reste, il lui donne egatement le titre de sage sap!'eHs quidam (2). (1) Item_ProHt:Bus quidam sapiens primum ob amorissignumferreum annulum fecit et inibi adamantcm inclusif et indc subarrare sponsas constituit. Quia sicut ferrum omiiM domat, sic amor omnia Yiucit quoniam :]iM amons furore vehemeudus. Et sicut adamas est infra~gibilis, sic et amor est iusuperaMiis.Fortis est enim ut morsditectio. Jdeoque m digito annulari, in quem yena proccdit a corde iHum portare instituit. Postmodum Yero pro ferreis, sunt aurei eonstituti et pro adamante gemmis ornati, quia sicut aurum cetera metalla sic amor universa I)0t)a prcccellit. Et sicut aurum gemma decoratur, sic conjugalis nmor ca;tcris virtutibus adornatur. (Gui~I. Durandi /if)ti'o)i<<' ~tt't)t0)'!fm o~i'ot'Mm lib. J, cap. ix, u° 10, édition de Lyon, <57A, t. I, p. /t3). (2) Honnrius August. De ~cMtMft ftf)t))ifp, ]ib. J, cap. ccxt-i, tome unique, le CLXY! du ft)M)'s </</'<~)-o~tc de M. l'abbé Migne, col. CQ9. Une des prises assignes pour la bénédiction de l'anneau de mariage dans le missel de Rennes, écrit au XIe siècle et conservé dans la Bibliothèque de St-Catien de Tours, cousidère surtout cet ornement comme l'emblème de la d)astct6 Conjugale /?<'M<'< Z~OMiMP, Q'HHM/M !'S~?n~ ut C/'KS /?<y~t'a! ~7~C:m CKS~O~'a?:~ (1). L'anneau des vierges consacrées à Dieu indique qu'elles sont les épouses de Jésus-Christ, et les avertit de ne jamais violer les saints engagements qu'elles ont contractes envers lui: Despote ~psM-C7~o/~M SKmM< Pa/)' ut te :7/<ysam CMS~O</M~. YlcC~C.P?~0 NM?!?/?~ fidei, S!KOC!</MyM Spiritus sancti, ut sponsa Z)f/ t'occ~ et, si ei /e/?Yer s~t'e?'s,, in ~M'pc~/Kn! 'co'onp~?~ (2). -CHA PITRE X. MrFÉRENTS NOMS DES AKNEAtJX. Nous ne donnerons que les noms grecs, )atins et français, et ils sont peu nombreux 1° Ae<xTu).M:. Dans la langue grecque le mot le plus usité est f~xi~to;, qui vient de ~KxTu').o;, doigt. Il est employé pour designer non-seulement les anneaux de pur ornement, mais encore les bagues-cachets. La version des Septante nous tn fournit de nombreux exemples en voici quelques-uns ·. -Lorsque Juda demande à Thamar ce qu'elle veut qu'il lui 'donne pour gage de ses promesses, cite répond Ttv (!'K.:Tu).tov (<) MartÈnc, De «Mt~MM Ecc/~M' t'itt~M, lib. I, rap. ix, art. 5, t)rd. 2, p. 61C du tome II, Mit. ni-/t' 1700. (a) P<~tfi/?M<f t'omnMMW Clementis VIII et PrbaniVIIt, cum com'mcntariis Jo&ephi C:ttn)uni. cou, « votre anneau (1). y C'est en ces termes qu'il est question, dans la Genèse, de l'anneau que Pharaon remit à Joseph, comme marque de la haute dignité qu'il lui conférait KKt TreptE~d~efos $KpKH Tov ~<xxT~).tov Kn'o T'~e ~E~ao~ KUTo3 TTE~tsS~xE~ KuTov E~t T'Ov ~sf~K 'iMT~p <( Et étant son anneau de sa main, Pharaon le mit à la main de Joseph (2). n Parmi les objets précieux qu'apportent à Moïse les Israélites pour la fabrication des vases et des ustensiles devant être employés dans les cérémonies religieuses, se trouvent des bagues, et c'est encore sous le nom de f~xTu~o: qu'elles sont indiquées, celles du moins qui ne servaient que pour la parure. K«t %VEyK<xv 0[&~E; n-K~K THV yu~MXfBv. ~Eyxc~ crypcty~K:, xKt MMT<K, KKt jKxTu~ou; K Et ils apportèrent des cachets, des pendants d'oreilles, des anneaux (3). A l'endroit où le propliète Isaïe parle des filles de Sion, qui seront depouitlées de leurs plus brillants ornements, on lit T~ ~~(x SXEtV~, XK~ ~S.).St E~U~tO; T'~ (~0~ TOU t~KTtt~MU KUrMf. XKt Toùç ~xTu~tou: « En ce jour )e Seigneur leur enlèvera leurs riches vêtements. et leurs anneaux (4). » Daniel rapporte ainsi avec quelles précautions on ferma la fosse aux lions où il avait été jeté: Kat. ~K~MTo 6 ~K<rt).Eu: T~ OKXTu).tM KUTOU XKt TM J'KKTU~tH TMX METt<TTK~Ni' KUTOU « Et te roi scella de son anneau et de celui des grands de son royaume la pierre placée au-dessus de t'ouvcrturc de la fosse (5). » Le passage d'M' où il est dit qu'Assuerus donna a Aman son anneau pour sceller les lettres écrites contre les Juifs, est rendu de la sorte Km ~ts~d~o; a pKCTt).EU; TO!' <~K::Tu).tt~ M'~XE)) Eéç ~~<X; TM 'AMKV 0'MKyt<7C!< (it) Genèse, ch. xxxvii!, v. f8. (2) Ge)i<'M, ch. xu, v. A 2. (3) Exode, ch. xxxv, v. 22. M Isaïe, ch. III, v. 18-24, (5) Dattier ch. v~ v. 17. MMix THu ~sy~K~e~Mv xKT& f&x tou(MtH~ « Et le roi prenant son anneau, le mit entre les mains d'Aman pour sceller ce qui i avait été écrit contre les Juifs (1). u Les auteurs profanes se servent, comme les traducteurs de la Bible, du mot ~cotTu/.to:. Nous l'avons rencontré déjà dans Josephe, dans Phuostrate, dans Aristophane; il se trouve aussi dans la République de Platon, à l'endroit où il est question de l'anneau de Gygès. ? XypK~; (Ion., 2~). Ce mot, qui s'applique en gênerai à toute espèce de sceaux, désigne en particulier les anneaux dont on se servait comme cachets. Il a cette signification dans les Septante, à l'endroit où il est question des lettres qu'écrivit Jézabel, au nom d'Achab, pour faire périr Naboth: &c~ et~K~tcKTo Tp frypK~ KUTou « Et elle les scella de l'anneau du roi (2). » Il l'a également dans le passage où Hérodote fait l'énumération des objets qui formaient le costume des Babyloniens s~~t~ sx~To; s~t x~ cxijTrT~ ~E~on-o~To~ « Chacun d'eux porte au doigt un anneau à cacheter, et à la main un sceptre fort riche (3). » Appien donne le nom de s~c~t; aux anneaux d'or que portaient au doigt les tribuns militaires (4). 3" 2u~.6o').oy. Planche, dans son factionnaire, donne <ru~6o~oT< comme désignant certains anneaux. Nous ne connaissons aucun auteur qui en ait fait usage en ce sens. Il faut po'urtant, d'après ce que nous dirons tout à l'heure au mot ~)jÈ~iA<'t',c!l.III,Y.10. (2) H!' livre des Rois, ch. xxt, v. 8. (3) Hérodote, //M<o!)'e, livre I", § 195, p. 65 de ('édition de Didot. Paris, iSA~. (4) Appien, lib. VIII, De )vtMspK<ti<S, cap. ciy,p. H6 de l'édition deDidot. latin ~M~o/K7/~ qu'il ait été assez Mqucmment employé, et par là même que l'indication de Planche soit exacte. ù° j4.?:KM~. j4.MMM~<x, qu'un certain nombre d'auteurs écrivent <'<?:M/ est le nom latin sous lequel on a le plus souvent désigne les bagues. C'est celui que nous ont offert la plupart des passages précédemment cités. 5° Annellus, ûHe~s. Nous avons déjà trouvé aiinellus dans les vers où Horace trace le portrait de Priscus, homme inconstant et bizarre Ssepe notatus Cum tribus annellis, modo Imva Priscus inani Vixit insequaiis clavum ut mutaret inhoras (1). Certaines éditions de Cicéron écrivent aussi (ww~M à l'endroit où Pomponius rappelle que plusieurs disciples d'JÈpicure avaient la figure de ce philosophe non-seu)ement sur leurs tableaux, mais encore sur leurs vases et sur leurs anneaux: 6~M w:«~Mp/M M~H modo <K tabulis, ~e~ e~'aM <M poculis et in annellis /e/~ (2). -Le même mot se lit dans un passage de Lucrèce, où il est question d'anneaux de fer ou d'acier placés les uns à la suite des autres sous une pierre d'aimant, et s'attachant ensemble de manière à former une sorte de chaîne par l'effet de la seule force magnétique Hune liomines lapidem mirantur quippe catenam Ssepe ex anneUis reddit pendentibus ex se (3;. (1) Horace, satire 7 du livre II, v. S, p. 17 du tome des OEuvres complètes, édition de Panetoucke. (2) Cicér.De /~tttM &o;to)'unt et )H<o)'Kttt, lib. V, cap. i, p. 374 du tome XXIII des Œuvres complètes, édition de Leclerc. (3) Lucrèce, De )'e)'Mm )MiM<'a, lib. VI, v. 911, p. 256 du tome II deréditiotideLemaire. Paris, 1838. Da.ns Plautc, ~y«e adresse à 7'/«;< ces paroles. Non mcmimMti me auream ad te adferrc natn)i d!e IjUDu!nm, atque anellum aureolum in digitum? 2 '« Tu ne te souviens pas que je t'apportai, pour t'anni versaire de ta naissance, un croissant çl'or avec un petit anneau d'or pour mettre a ton doigt (1) ? » 6" ~.tMM/a. Le mot a~sM/a, désignant dans la BiNcdes Cordons, des liens, des courroies (2), a été employé par plusieurs auteurs avec }a signification de bague. Saint Augustin, dans son 7?'a:7e de la ~c~'Hp c/<?'e~"MA signale une pratique superstitieuse qui était obsenec de son temps et qui consistait à porter au doigt, pour obtenir descnets merveilleux, des anneaux faits avec des os d'autruche; il appelle ces anneaux ansM~e (3). -Les .Ac~ des saintes Perpétue et Félicité, publiés dans le recueil de Dom Ruinart, désignent sous le même nom la bague que Saturus. au moment de son martyre, prit au doigt du soldat Pudcns et qu'il lui remit ensuite comme un précieux souvenir de sa foi et de son courage, après l'avoir trempée dans son sang (~). (tj Théâtre de Plaute, ~Mt'tyMe, acte Y, scène t" v. f~, p. 256 du tome IV~ editio); de Panckoucke. (2) ~.fo</c, ch. xxvi, v. /t, 5, 10. (3) Qu:c mitiore nomine physica yocant, ut quasi non sup~rstitione implicare, sed natura prodcsse videantur. Sicut sunt maures in summo aurlum singulanim aut de strutMonum ossibus ansuisc in digitis. (Aug~st., De DofO'tHa <))'Mtt<!M< lib. II, cap. xx, p. 50 du tome III des OEuvres complètes de ce Père, édition de M. Migne. Paris, 1M2. (4) Tune Pudenti miiiti Vatc, inquit (Saturus), et memor este fidei mex', et hcec te non conturbent, sed confirment. Simuiqoc ansulam de digito cjus petiil et vulneri suo mersam reddidit ci, hsercditatem pignoris relinquens illi et memoriam sanguinis. (Huinart, Acta «fMfforum 37a)'!yrMHt finfe) a et selecta, in-4°, p. S6. Paris, 1689. ) 7° C'OMd'M/~et6'ON~M/~K..En grec, xo~tAo; signifie articulation, phalange. Peut-être s'en est-on servi aussi dans cette langue pour nommer les bagues qui se portent aux phalanges des doigts. Ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que les Latins les ont quelquefois désignées par les mots condulus et eoMcMM~ qui ne sont que la reproduction de celui-là. En effet, dans l'ouvrage de Sextus Pompeius Festus, qui a pour titre Z)<? ~<M'K?H significatione, on lit: CoH~M~ aHHM/M condulium similiter aKHM/H:M (1). 8° Condalium. Substituant un a au premier u de condu~MM, on en a fait coHcM~ Scaliger, dans sa note sur le passage de Festus que nous venons de citer, rappelle que Plaute ayant traduit une comédie de Menandre qui avait pour titre ActKTu). lui donna celui de CoH~a~'MM: (2). Dans une de ses propres pièces « L'Homme aux trois deniers, )) T~HM~M, Plaute se sert de cette expression avec la même signification. Au vers 6' de la 3" scène de l'acte IV, .S~we, esclave de la maison de C/'a~n~, s'adresse à lui-même ces paroles Ecce hominem te, Stasime, tiihiii ? Satin' in thermopoilo Condalium es oblitus, postquam thennopotasti gutturem? Recipe te et recurre petere, re recenti. « Cours sans t'arrêter, imbécile de Stasime; ne voilà-t-il pas que tu as oublié ton anneau dans le cabaret où tu as (1) Auctores latinœ lingmc in unum redacti corpus cum notis Gothefredi, ')58S, p. 271. (2) M. Verni Flacci quœ exstant et SMti Pompeii Festi, De M)-&n)'!fm ~H~Mf!Mf., I.h. XX, cum casligationibus Jos. Scaligeri recognitis et auctis. ( P. XLYBi des Notes de Scaliger. ) &3 humecté de vin chaud ton gosier. Retourne, cours le réclamer pendant qu'il est temps (1). ') Quelques vers plus bas, pensant aux TrÏpbns avec lesquels H a bu il se dit Mer eosne hommes condalium te redipisd pbstuhs, .Quorum unus sûbnpuent currenti cursori so)um ? a « Tu t'imagines retirer d'eux ton anneau, lorsque l'un d'entre eux pourrait voler les souliers d'un coureur pendant la course. » 9" J~M/MS et ~H~MM. On lit dans Pline ~:yoy 7~?'~m: S&t~Mam sine annulo esse; quanquam et de nomine !psû ambigi video. Grceci a digitis a~e~ï~'e; a/)?~ nos prisci !~h~Mm vocabant. « On doit donc s'étonner de voir la statue de Tarquin sans bague. Du reste, on varie sur le nom même de cet ornement. En grec, on le tire du mot doigt en vieux latin, il se nomme ongle (2). )) Festus dit aussi que, dans la langue des Osques, Kn~M~M signifie anneau Oscorum lingua ~K!?ca~ «KKM~MM et il cite plusieurs auteurs qui l'ont employé (3). Il paraît, d'après ces auteurs, qu'on lui donnait ordinairement une terminaison masculine, ungulus. Festus cependant le met au neutre, ungulum (&). Saint Isidore de Séville nous assure, dans le (1) tM&tre de Plaute, T<KumMs, acte IV, scène m, v. 1069, t. IX, p. 152, de l'édition de Panckoucke. (2) Id., MM., v. 178. (3) Mine, ~stott'e naturelle, liv. XXXÏ!l, chap. tv, t. XIX, p. 8, de l'édition de Panckoucke. (A) Sextus Pompeius Festus, De t'et'&ot'MM St~~catiOtte, vërbo UNMLMt;!hter aMffot'ei taf!tt< <t)t~M(B in MtttftH redactos cdrpMS a Gothefredo, 1585. livre des F~Mio/o~M, que ce nom ue s'appliquait qu'aux anneaux ornés de pierres. La raison qui les faisait désigner ainsi, suivant lui, est que la pierre des bagues est enchâssée dans le métal comme l'ongle dans la chair des doigts ~Klus est gemmatus, quia sicut «n~M~a ca~w ita gemma anM~/< auro accingitur (1). 100 ~y?M~~MM. Pline, dans le passage que nous venons de citer, nous apprend encore que les bagues ont été nommées symbolum. « En vieux latin cet ornement s'appelait ongle; depuis, la Grèce et Rome l'ont appeté symbole: Prisci MM~M/MK vocabant, postea et 6'?'~C< et MOS~ ~H~M (2). Ce n'étaient pas seu)ement les anneaux portés comme signe de puissance, ~aM~oM~oHMCMr, qui étaient désignés de la sorte le même mot paraît avoir été appliqué à tous ceux qui présentaient la HM~M<? sigillaire des personnes auxquelles ils appartenaient, 11" Anneau, anniau, Du mot latin annulus, les Français ont fait anneau et anniau. Ces mots sont employés l'un et l'autre dans les vieux auteurs, dans les anciens comptes, dans les anciens inventaires, pour désigner les bagues le second s'y trouve peut-être plus souvent encore que le premier. On lit dans Li ~'o~aMs des se~ sages, écrit vers 1250 Deus amaus ot en sa main destre Et trois en ot en la senestre dans les Comptes royaux de 1359: .PoM'<MMMM~M', (1) Isidore Hkpaf., B~mo/ lib. XIX, cap. xxxn, tome LXXXII du Cours complet de Patt-o~ie de M. Migno, t. III et IV réunis des OEuvres complètes de l'auteur, col. 702. (2) Pline, Histoire naturelle, liv. XXXIII, chap. iv, t. XIX, p. 8, édition de Panckouckc. acAe~M ~0:0' le ~'oy, esquiex r< ~c!<~ yj<'er/'M ~<~M dans des comptes du duc de Bourgogne, de 1399: A Jean LesMz'e~r, or/erre~ pur 'un anneau ~or psma~e ~?')KCS, au yK?~ est esc~xp~ .MMf chanfon (1). 12" AMKe~, a?M/. Annel, correspondant au mot latin an}!eJ/MS et à l'italien annello, a été aussi très en usage dans le vieux langage français. Plusieurs anciens cêremomaux, comme on l'a vu précédemment, s'en servent en indiquant les rites prescrits pour la célébration du mariage. Nous citerons en outre les exemples suivants: Pour j anel <~ /e~Ma;~ d'or que la ~oyMe donna quand il prist fame comptes royaux, de 1316). Un OMH~ CM !7 y a une pierre dont Joseph espousa NostreDame, si comme dist madame de 6'<t!M~-7MS~ qui donna le dit aH7:e~ a (Inventaire du duc de Berry, de ~16.) A Luc, ordure., -pour avoir fait et /br~e M~ annel ~o'' esma:e de ~t~, garni ~'KM ~am<ï/~ (Comptes des ducs de Bourgogne, de 1399, n" 5881) (2). 13° Anelet. Le diminutif <M~ figure dans des Poésies de Marie de France composées vers le milieu du XIIIe siècle Et l'anelct mist en son dei NeIIdlsp!usneHameI(3). H° ~M. Ce nom, d'après Ménage, vient du mot latin (1) M. de Laborde, ~fMe SM)les ~m<tM.f, bijoux et of~M f/!M)' <o~i! ~.s ;M ~af<-ftM (/M ~Ot<).')'< n<' paitie, Glossaire, p. d31, aux -mots AKNEL et AftNEAU DE MARUGE. p) M., jrM< (3) M., MM., p. 130, au mot AxELET. bacca, qui signifie une perle ronde. Du Cange le dérive de <~ya, qui, dans la basse-latinité avait la signification de coffre et duquel on a également formé le mot bagage. M. de Laborde paraît avoir adopté la même opinion (1). Papias, dans l'Elementarium ~oc~'MM~'M~'M~M~ le fait venir de bauga ou bauca, désignant certains bracelets que les hommes portaient autrefois. Ce serait aux Francs, aux Cimbres, aux Gotus ou aux Saxons qu'il aurait été emprunté, si l'on en croit Icquez. Cet auteur fait remarquer que &OM~ dans la langue des Francs, ~a?~ dans celle des Goths, bagua dans celle des Cimbres &e~ et & dans celle des Saxons, signifient bijou, bracelet, pierrerie. It ajoute que &M~M veut dire fléchir, courber, et que ce verbe saxon est la racine des autres mots qui viennent d'être indiqués. Quoi qu'il en soit, on donnait autrefois aux mots baghe et bague une acception assez étendue. Ils s'appliquaient à toute sorte de bijoux et d'objets précieux, quelquefois même à tout ce qui comprend l'avoir mobilier, à cette partie de la fortune qu'au moyen-âge on tenait toujours en état d'être promptement emportée. Le verbe débaguer, à cette époque, avait la signification qu'a maintenant le verbe dévaliser, comme on le voit dans ce passage d'une Histoire de Charles VII, écrite en 1463: « La reyne d'Angleterre fut en adventure de perdre sa vie et son fils en une forest du pays, où ils furent pris et débaguez de brigands (2). a Depuis deux cents ans, le mot bague n'est plus pris que pour les anneaux de la main. Quand, au XV siècle, il commença à avoir cette acception particulière, on ajouta aux doigts H, « à porter aux doigts», pour empêcher de confondre les bagues proprement dites avec d'autres bi(1) M. de Laborde, ?);('<' su;' les éntaux du ~<w)'< 2'' partie, p. 154, au mot BACHE. (2) M., /tt' II'' partie, Gfot'MttT, p. 15'), au motBAGM. jpux. Ainsi, dans Jean, le m~~e ~e~cs~il est dit <t Tant d<bun<'ttes pendantes à chaînes d'or, tant de carquans, tant d.'a~tquetz, tant de bt'assetetz, tant de bagues aux doigts que c'c~ mie djpse inRnie. M L'Inventaire de Gabrielte d'Estrees, de 1599, porte encore ces indications <( Bagues à mettre aux doigts, –autres bagnes de plusieurs façons (1). )) (1) M. de Labafde, Attife !K'' ~s cmamj; ~tt t.otft.'f'c, au mot I~AGn~ Ct. au r~Pt Btt~CELET~ < CHRONIQUE. COK~'&S M!CK<i'/t</MC de France, ~'XXjf session, à y;-0!/P~. La XXXI" session du Congrès scientifique de France s'est tenue à Troyes (Aube), du 1er au 10 août elle peut être regardée comme une des meilleures, non-seulement cause du grand nombre de bonnes communications qui ont été faites dans les diverses sections mais encore par l'excellente direction donnée par les bureaux de ces sections. On a dit, il y a longtemps que du chef dépend le succès. Or, le secrétaire-général, qui est toujours le véritable chef d'un Congres, était un homme de mérite, véritable organisateur, M. Gayot, membre de l'Institut des provinces, ancien constituant, qui a tenu la plume avec un rare talent, il y a quelques années, au Congrès de l'Institut des provinces, à Paris, rue Bonaparte, M. Le Secrétaire-général du Congrès a été secondé partous les secrétaires des sections. Le bureau généra) se composait de M. Bo'M~y, de Turin, président de MM. C/M~<?, d'Auxerre l'abbé Le .Peh~, 'ra~~Mdi'cr, membres de l'Institut des provinces, et de M. de LaPey~'oM~c.préside.ntde laSociétédel'Aube, auxquels on a adjoint, comme présidents d'honneur: M. Sallas, préfet Mg' .RaMK<?<, évêque de Troyes M. le Alaire de Troyes et M. de CaK)MOH<, directeur de l'Institut des provinces. Les membres de la Société française dont les noms suivent ont été appelés à faire partie des bureaux des sections o MM. Co~eaK, d'Auxerre (l" section) le comte d'E~a:Kfo<, de Rouen l'abbé Dceordc, de. Bures ( 2" section ) I!oM.c, de Marsei)Ie ~ce/oM, de Oieuze ( 3° section ) T<«M!r, de Douai l'abbé Co~Mpf, de Troyes l'abbé JVi'doK, id. de .S/M;/<M?'p., d'Auxerre (~ section); Camusat de Fa:i~OM)'doK, de Troyes; PcrKo< de Vassy (5' section). ). Le nombre des membres inscrits s'est élevé a 600. Les séances générales ont été très-suivies la belle salle de l'Ilôtel-de-Ville était toujours pleine et les dames s'y trouvaient en grand nombre. L'ouverture du Congrès a été imposante. A. 9 heures 1/2, deux cents membres du Congres ayant en tête M. Gayot, secrétaire-général, M. le préfet, M. le maire et B~. de Caumont, directeur de l'institut des provinces, ont quitté rHôteI-do-YiIle pour se rendre il la cathédrale. Le doyen du Chapitre, entouré de quatre chanoines, attendait le Congrès ~) !a porte et a adressé aux membres quelques paroles bien senties, auxquelles M. de Caumont a répondu au nom de ses confrères. Toutes les cloches sonnaient à grande volée. La cathédrale était pleine: les plus riches toilettes donnaient à l'assistance un éclat inaccoutumé. Le Congres a été introduit dans le chœur aux sons d'un orgue magnifique qui a appartenu à l'ahbaye de saint Bernard (Clairvau.x. ) Mg* l'évoque a célébré la messe. Des chœurs admirablement dirigés ont exécuté divers morceaux. M. l'abbé Duquesnay, curé de Paris, est monté en chaire, et, prenant pour texte ces paroles de Bacon UM 'Peu de science éloigne de << rp~oK, beaucoup de science y raN~Mc, il a fait un magnifique discours qui aurait souvent provoqué les applaudissements du Congres, si la sainteté du lieu l'avait permis. Mais nous sommes heureux d'apprendre que, sur les instances de M. de Caumont, l'orateur a bien voulu promettre d'écrire ce beau discours ,afm qu'il puisse être imprimé dans les Actes du Congrès. Monseigneur a terminé la messe, et à peine avait-il prononcé les paroles sacramentelles et donné la bénédiction, que la grande toile qui depuis vingt-deux ans séparait le chœur de la nef, par suite des réparations considérables qu'on a faites dans le chœur, est tombée et ce beau chœur restauré, avec ses brillants vitraux peints, a paru dans tout son lustre aux yeux des Cdeles qui remplissaient la vaste basilique. Ce changement a vue a été du plus bel effet. Monseigneur alors est allé au-devant des membres du Congrès, lesinvitant à visiter les restaurations, et M. l'abbé Tridon, de l'Institut des provinces, a indiqué les dates des diverses parties de l'édifice. Monseigneur a conduit ensuite le Congrès à l'exposition des châsses, émaux, ornements, qu'il a organisée au palais épiscopal. M. l'abbe Cofïmet a fait la démonstration de toutes les raretés et chefs-d'ceuvre d'art réunis dans cette galerie. Il ne nous appartient pas de faire connaître les discussions élevées dans le sein de la & section; toutes les questions inscrites au programme ont été traitées; quelques communications en dehors du programme ont été entendues. Ainsi M. R. Bordeaux, dans une revue des plus intéressantes, a indiqué les principales observations qu'il a faites à Troyes, au sujet des constructions en bois, dont il a fait, selon son expression trèsjuste, l'tMM~MM' compara' en indiquant ce qui les distingue des constructions de même nature qui existent à Kouen, à Lisieux et dans d'autres villes. Un grand nombre d'observations ecclésiologiques, faites à Troyes par notre confrère, et qui n'avaient pas encore préoccupe. les archéologues, ont paru intéresser particulièrement l'Assemblée. Une de ces observations est relative aux anneaux des portes de l'église St-Urbain, au centre de la ville M. Bordeaux a cru y reconnaître des anneaux qui assuraient le droit d'asite ou l'impunité aux condamnés, qui pouvaient s'échapper et parvenir à les saisir avec la main. Personne ne savait si le privilège du droit d'asile avait été concédé par le pape Urbain iV à i'égUse qu'il avait fondée a Troyes, sur l'emplacement de la maison de son père, qui était cordonnier. Mais, le lendemain, l'idée de M. Bordeaux paraissait probable car on se rappelait que l'abbesse de Notre-Dame-aux-Nonnains avait vu avec déplaisir fonder une église près de son abbaye et sur un terrain qui en dépendait. La tradition rapporte même qu'elle ne se contenta pas de faire des remontrances au légat du pape quand il posa la première pierre de FégUse, mais qu'elle lui appliqua deux soumets. L'abbesse exerçait la haute-justice, et les instruments destinés aux corrections étaient sur une place voisine il se peut donc que, pour prendre sa revanche des mauvais procédés de l'abbesse envers son légat, le pape Urbain IV ait accordé le droit d'asile à son église, et favorisé de cette manière l'absolution des prévenus de la justice de l'abbesse. D'autres suppositions trèsprobables viennent à l'appui des idées de M. JR. Bordeaux. Des recherches approfondies seront faites, sur ce sujet, par M. t'abbé CoïEnet. Dans la séance tenue le ù août par la Société française d'archéologie, M. DEMARSY remplissait les fonctions de secrétaire; M. l'abbé Tridon présidait. D'intéressants mémoires ont été entendus; une allocation a été faite pour contribuer à l'érection d'un monument sur l'emplacement de la bataille de Cassel (Nord). Le Congrès s'est transporté le 8 août à Nogent-sur-Seine, et de là dans un canton où existent encore une dixaine de dolmens. M. Gréau a fait un rapport intéressant sur le résultat de cette .course. Dans la séance du 9, qui a été remarquable, Ni. Cayot a présenté un tabieau rapide et très-bien fait des travaux du Contres. M. de Caumont, au nom de Finstitut des provinces, a almoncé que la ville de ~OKCK avait été choisie pour siège de la session de 1865. Enfin, M. le président Baruffy a prononcé un discours de clôture, dont la péroraison a produit le plus grand effet sur l'Assemblée. L. P. E.rpo.<!0?M de Troyes. Mg' havinet avait bien voulu adresser une circulaire pour engager MM. les curés de son diocèse à faire parvenir à t'év&ché ce qu'ils possèdent de curieux dans le mobilier portatif de leurs églises, pour que ces objets fussent exposés dans la salle du Synode. Cette exposition attirait, à juste titre, l'attention des archéologues elle était riche et disposée avec goût. D'autre part, une grande exposition artistique renfermant des tableaux anciens des meubles, des faïences et des objets d'antiquité, occupait la belle salle de la Bibliothèque, longue de 150 pieds et une autre salle de 100 pieds. M. Gréau avait apporté là sa riche collection de bronzes, de meubles, d'antiquités, de médailles. Le catalogue des deux expositions a été publié et forme un volume in-12. Le catalogue des musées de Troyes a été publié avant l'ouverture du Congres il est fait avec talent par M~). CofBnet, Gréau, Bay, et c'est une couvre remarquable. Quand le Congrès n'aurait fait que déterminer la publication de cet important catalogue, que le Congrès archéo)ogique demandait il y a dix ans déj~ il eût rendu au pays un vrai service. D. C. CoK~?'f'M prOM'KO'~ f/C /t.MOC!f<n'OM KM'HMM~t? « F'C/NMC.–Les quatre jours passés à Falaise par l'Association normande, du 14 au 17 août 186ù, ont offert une suite de fêtes extrêmement brillantes, et )c dimanche 17 juillet 25,000 personnes du dehors étaient venues s'ajouter & la population normale de la ville, qui est d'environ 10,000 habitants. Les rues étaient, comme à Bernay l'année précédente, tapissées de verdure NI. Le Guay, maire de Falaise, avait voulu que ces fêtes fussent plus brillantes que toutes celles qui avaient précédé, et il a complètement téussi. Les séances de l'Association, présidées successivement par M. Le Guay, M. le duc Pasquier d'Aucliffret et M. Mabire, maire de Neufchâtel, ont été intéressantes et bien remplies. Des excursions ont eu lieu la Brèche-au-Diable et à Versainviiie, comme t'avait prévu le programme, et une visite a été faite à M"" la baronne de La Fresnaye, qui a bien voulu faire les honneurs du ctiâteau de La Fresnaye et des magnifiques collections xootogiqucs qu'avait formées ie baron F. de La Fresnaye. Le concours de bestiaux a été un des plus beaux des dernières années 150 bêtes à cornes, presque toutes remarquables y ont concouru. Le Congrès s'est terminé par un banquet splendide dans les bâtiments du Collége, et par une iHumination qui ne le cédait pas aux illuminations de Paris. JI est vrai que la centralisation n'a rien oublié car en fait d'exploitation, elle exploite jusqu'aux lampions 1 Tous les appareils employés à falaise étaient venus de Paris Deux expositions avaient été organisées et attiraient, à juste titre, l'attention: la première, l'exposition artistique, àl'lloteldc-ViIIe la deuxième, l'exposition industrielle, dans ]es bâtiments de la Salle d'asile. La première avait été organisée par une Commission dont faisaient partie MM. de Brébisson, de Clock et CIiolsy la seconde avait été formée par les soins de la Chambre de commerce; elles resteront ouvertes l'une et l'autre au moins pendant un mois. Il y avait aussi une belle exposition d'horticulture. La Société française d'archéologie s'est réunie une fois sous la présidence de M. de Glanville M. Charles Vasseur remplissait les fonctions de secrétaire. C'est à Coutances (Manche) que se réunira l'Association normande en juillet 1865. M. du Poëriër de Portbail espère, d'ici à cette époque, propager dans l'arrondissement de Coutances l'enseignement primaire agricole qui, grâce à son impulsion et à ses efforts, a ëté organisé dans les arrondissements de Cherbourg et de Talognes. D. C. ~n~t'fM~ des provinces de f~Mcc. L'Institut des provinces de France a tenu, le 5 août, à l'Ilôtel-de-Ville de Troyes, une séance générale administrative, dans laquelle il a procédé à l'élection de plusieurs membres nouveaux, sur les travaux desquels des rapports ont pu être présentés. L'élection de plusieurs autres candidats a été remise au 30 novembre, les rapports qui les concernent n'ayant pu être terminés. Dans la même séance, l'Institut des provinces a décidé que la XXXII'' session du Congrès scientifique de France se tiendra à Rouen en t865. M. de Caumont été chargé d'organiser les bureaux avant le 30 novembre. Quelques jours après, le Bureau de l'Institut des provinces se constituait en chambre des comptes h l'effet de voter des remcrctmcnts à M. Ch. Des Moulins, de Bordeaux, secrétairegénéral de la XXIX' session du Congrès scientifique de France ce savant. dévoué a voulu que tous tes mémoires împoriants présentes au Congrès de Bordeaux fussent publies et il a généreusement suppléé l'insuffisance des recettes. En effet, cinq magnifiques volumes ont été le résultat de la XXtX" session mais notre savant et généreux confrère, sous-directeur de l'Institut des provinces, cet homme qui n'a ptM son pareil 6'MF)'<mcc en fait de dévouement et de désintéressement, a contribué pour 2,500 fr. aux dépenses du Congrès. Voici l'état qui le prouve « Le Conseil municipal a voté, en deux fois, etpfH/e du'CC<6'M:ftt< M <p)'i'M:6'Mr 9,000 fr. « Les souscriptions ont fourni. 6,120 « Le reliquat a été donné par M. Des Moulins.. 2,500 « Ainsi, les 3,391. pages des cinq volumes et toutes les dépenses accessoires du Congrès ont coûté. 17,620 fr. L'Institut des provinces tiendra le 30 novembre, à une heure, à Paris, rue Bonaparte, M, sa session semestrielle. De nombreuses communications sont annoncées. MOKUC?KPK< dit personnel de <t: Sociélé /raKr«i'M' <ft!)'chéologie. -Ont été nommés membres de la Société française d'archéologie MM. Ch. DE VoGELSANG, ancien président de l'Association lilloise, à Lille (Nord), rue de la Barre, 50 Frédéric D'AuRAs, ancien notaire, à Dunkerque; L'abbé CORTYL, de l'Académie royale de Belgique, curé de Wyider, près Dunkerque. Bonnes nouvelles archéologiques. Le Gouvernement vient d'accorder 10,000 francs la ville de Reims pour qu'une toiture soit établie au-dessus de l'arc-de-triomphe gallo-romain et empêcher ainsi les eaux p!uviales de traverser les voûtes; les terres seront nivelées alentour et les eaux pluviales écartées. On se rappelle que la Société française d'archéologie, réunie à Reims il y a quelques années, avait émis a l'unanimité le voeu qui va être exaucé. M. Duquenelle, membre de la Société, en a poursuivi l'exécution avec un courage et un dévouement dont on doit lui savoir gré. 11 est arrêté aussi qu'un musée d'antiquités sera formé dans les annexes de l'Ilôtel-de-Vi1Ie actuel, qui vont être construites 'et attendant, tous les objets d'antiquité vont être réunis et classés dans un local provisoire mis par l'Administration mumcipate à la disposition de la Commission chargée de ce clas'sement. Enfin, dans l'escalier de la partie nouvelle de l'UôteI-de-ViMe, on doit placer, comme tenture décorative des murs, la belle 'mosaïque trouvée sur la promenade, et dont nous avons entretenu les lecteurs du Bulletin monumental. C'est une excellente idée qui donnera un grand intérêt à cet escalier, en même temps qu'elle assurera à jamais la conservation de cette belle mosaïque. i)E CAUMONT. PUBLICATIONS. Ut'C~'OKKau'C des COMMMKM de ~< France, par Adolphe JouANKE, avec la collaboration d'une Société d'archivistes, de géographes et de savants (1). Voilà un ouvrage qui effraie quand on réfléchit à l'immense quantité de docuMtMs qu'il a fallu réunir, et au courage de l'auteur; mais on cannait M. Adolphe Jouanne par ses précédents travaux on sait avec quelle énergie il entreprend les ouvrages les plus longs et les plus difficiles, et l'on comprend que ce qu'un autre homme n'aurait pu entreprendre, M. Jouanne l'ait terminé en quelques années à la satisfaction de tous. En effet, ses publications sont telles qu'on est toujours forcé de rendre hommage à l'exactitude et aux consciencieuses recherches de l'auteur. L'arUcIe spécial consacré à chaque commune contient la 'division administrative, la population d'après le recensement de 1861, la situation géographique, l'altitude, la distance des 'Chefs-lieux de canton d'arrondissement et de département, les bureaux de poste, les stations et les correspondances des chemins Ûe fer, le bureau de télégraphie électrique, la cure ou succursale, l'indication de tous les établissements d'utilité publique ou de P) :,MO pages, &.800 co!onnes, 360,600 figues, H minions de !<;<.[res, 1 million de renseignements. bienfaisance, tous les renseignements administratifs, judiciaires, ecclésiastiques, militaires, maritimes, le commerce, l'industrie, l'agriculture, les richesses minérales, la nature du terrain, enfin les curiosités naturelles ou tH'<t(/o<o~KM, les collections d'objets d'art ou de sciences. Chaque département, chaque cours d'eau chaque montagne a aussi un article particulier, dont les développements sont proportionnnés à son importance relative. Comme on le voit, le Dictionnaire des co)M?K:<KM de <s ~'aMce est un catalogue aussi complet et aussi exact que possible de la France actuelle aux points de vue géographique, géologique, hydrographique, administratif statistique industriel commercial, agricole, artistique, monumental, archéologique, etc. Il offre un résumé fidèle de tous les ouvrages publiés durant ces vingt dernières années sur les 89 départements français, mais il contient en outre un très-grand nombre de documents inédits. Nous ne craignons pas de l'affirmer le Dictionnaire des co?7!M:MKM, dont nous annonçons la mise en vente, est l'ouvrage de ce genre le plus exact et le plus complet qui ait paru jusqu'à ce jour sur la France c'est le MK/e-mccMM indispensable de tous les gens d'affaires ou d'étude, de tous les fonctionnaires, de tous les géographes, de tous les archéologues. Dans ce dictionnaire nouveau qui renferme 2,MO pages et 4,800 colonnes, nous avons à peine remarqué quelques erreurs légères et bien pardonnables dans un travail aussi étendu. Ainsi, à Castillon, canton de Balleroy (Calvados), on a appliqué ce qui se rapporte à Castillon-en-Auge canton de Mexidon, et réciproquement. Ce sont là de bien petits défauts qui, avec quelques autres du même genre que nous pourrions indiquer encore, disparaîtront dans la seconde édition. D. C. N~CROLOGIG.II07·l lle bl. !tlottquel, z~ecevcur des ~nczytces ci NÉCROLOGIE.0)'< d<? A7. ~OKfj'MC~, ?'6'C<?M'K/' </M /tKaNCM « Dieppe. –La Société française d'archëoiogie a perdu, dans ta personne de M. Mouquet, un de ses plus anciens membres, et l'Association normande un de ses inspecteurs. M. Mouquet, neveu de M. Ëstancelin, archéologue distingué, avait été sous-préfct de Dieppe de 18HO a 18~5 alors il devint receveur des finances dans la même ville. Quand l'Association normande tint à Dieppe, en 1&39, son Congrès provincial, j). bouquet, alors sous-préfet, seconda avec un grand empressement !a Compagnie et l'on vit deux hommes qui l'un et l'autre sont devenus ministres prendre une grande part aux discussions dirigées par MA!, de Caumont, Girardin et Mouquet; ces deux hommes étaient M. Roulland et M. de Chasseloup-Laubat. Depuis cette époque, c'est-à-dire depuis 25 ans, M. Mouquet avait été un des inspecteurs les plus dévoués de l'Association normande et un des lecteurs les plus constants des publications archéologiques, notamment de celles de la Société française d'archéologie. M. Mouquet était officier de la Légion-d'Honncur. DE CAUMONT. Mort de A/. j6:~ot! de ~pM~ de <m<i<M< <~ p!'o);:?tcc~. –11 y a déjà trois mois que nous avons perdu notre excellent confrère et collaborateur, M. le docteur Sillon, de Lisieux. Depuis son voyage a Home, d'où il était revenu très-fatigué, M. Dillon a vu ses forces déctiner de jour en jour. Il s'est éteint après avoir dicté ses dernières volontés à ses amis, entouré des soins d'une épouse dévouée. M. Billon, dont on cottBfut plusieurs mémoires insérés au BM&'(ut mo~MmpK/a~ et qui avait tant fait pour la conservation de nos'monuments normands, avais mis la dernière main à son travail~sur ~.Ëpty~p/tte camjtMtMu'p, publié en abrégé dans le BxMp~tM monumental. Ses amis désolés se sont rendus en grand nombre a Lisieux le jour de ses obsèques. M. de Caumont a prononcé un discours sur sa tombe, au nom de la Société française d'archéologie et de l'Institut des provinces. B. Afor< de de L'jËc~Hp. M. de L'Écluse, un des rédacteurs du Journal des Débats, et qui avait rendu des services incontestables à l'art et a l'archéologie, est mort à Paris dans un âge avancé. M. de L'Ecluse était venu plusieurs fois visiter les monuments de la Basse-Normandie. D. C. ESQUISSES DES MONUMENTS ROMAINS DE FRËJUS~ > Par M. Vietof PJETiT, Membre de a Société française d'archéologie. DECXtÈME PROMMAM. LES MURAILLES ET LES PORTES ROMAINES. Avant de commencer notre deuxième promenade, nous donnons te ~exte de t'abbe Girardin. CHAPITRE IV. DE L'ENCEINTE ET DES MURS DE FRÉJUS. « Notre ancienne ville avait plus de cinq mille pas de circonférence J'ai fait le circuit de ses murs, qui s'étendaient comme on le voit encore, depuis les anciens magasins du Port jusqu'à la Porte-Romaine; de la Porte-Romaine jusque la Plate-Forme et de là jusqu'à l'amphithéâtre; de l'amphithéâtre jusqu'au Pâti du Pati jusqu'à la porte de la Paticic-re. de cette porte jusqu'à la butte de Saint-Antoine, et de cette butte entin tout alentour du Port jusqu'à ses magasins. « Ses murs étaient bâtis de quartiers de pierre de tout qualibre, à chaux et à sable on n'y épargnait pas le mortier; on l'y jettait en abondance, et ce mortier est aujourd'hui aussi dur que la pierre même de sorte qu'il est très-mal aisé de détruire ces anciennes mazures. Le dehors de ces murs était paré de petites pierres taillées, ayant environ un pan de largeur, 'et demi-pan de hauteur, à peu près. Elles étaient rangées d'une manière qui fait plaisir à voir. Ces murs étaient fort élevez et fort épais partout, pour résister aux béliers et aux machines de guerre de ce tems-là il en parait des restes en une infinité d'endroits, et il y en a qut se sont conservez presque entiers jusqu'à nos jours. « Ils étaient gardez par plusieurs tours. On en voit deux sur les bords de la Vigne du Chapitre, vers le nord. L'une avait plus de cinquante pans d'hauteur, et environ trente-deux pans de circonférence l'autre avait les mêmes dimensions à peu près nMs elle est fort ruinée dans le haut. Les eaux de l'aqueduc passaient par le milieu de ces deux tours on en voit encore le canal, renfermé dans leur diamètre. La moitié de ces tours, qui tournent au midi, a été ruinée par les barbares, jusqu'au rès de terre. |
150039_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | West Quoddy Head, no Parque Estadual Quoddy Head, localizado em Lubec, no estado do Maine, é o ponto mais oriental do território continental dos Estados Unidos. Em 1808, um farol foi construído no local para guiar os navios pelo estreito de Quoddy. A torre atual, com listras vermelhas e brancas, foi construída em 1858 e é uma ajuda ativa à navegação. A lente de Fresnel de 3ª ordem é a única de oito lentes de 3ª ordem ainda em uso na costa do Maine.
O farol foi adicionado ao Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos como West Quoddy Head Light Station em 4 de julho de 1980.
Galeria
Ver também
Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos no Maine
Ligações externas
do West Quoddy Head Light Keepers Association
Maine SP West Quoddy Head Light Station no National Archives Catalog
West Quoddy Head Light Station no NPGallery Asset Detail
Faróis do Maine
Lubec
Pontos extremos dos Estados Unidos
Estruturas do Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos
Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos no Maine.
|
github_open_source_100_1_81 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package ch.ethz.acl.intrinsics
import org.scalatest.FunSpec
class TestPower extends FunSpec {
describe("Test power") {
val powerIr = new PowerIr
println(powerIr.code)
}
}
class PowerIr extends TestIr with AVX with AVX2 with IntrinsicsArrays { q =>
case class Address[T:Typ](of: Exp[T]) extends Def[Array[T]]
def addressOf[T:Typ](of: Exp[T]) = {
Address[T](of)
}
def initBits(bits: Exp[Array[Long]]) = {
var i = 0
while (i < 32) {
array_update[Long](bits, i, 1L << i)
i = i + 1
}
}
def power(x: Rep[Double], n_int: Rep[Int]) = {
// Init
val result = rep_asinstanceof(Const(1), typ[Int], typ[Double])
val resAdr = addressOf(result)
val bitz = NewArray[Long](32)
initBits(bitz)
val bits = rep_asinstanceof(bitz, typ[Array[Long]], typ[Array[Double]])
val bt1 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 0)
val bt2 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 4)
val bt3 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 8)
val bt4 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 12)
val bt5 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 16)
val bt6 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 20)
val bt7 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 24)
val bt8 = _mm256_loadu_pd(bits, 28)
val bones = _mm256_broadcast_sd(resAdr, 0)
// Actual
val b = NewArray[Double](4)
array_update[Double](b, 0, x)
array_update[Double](b, 1, x * x)
array_update[Double](b, 2, array_apply(b, 1) * array_apply(b, 1))
array_update[Double](b, 3, array_apply(b, 2) * array_apply(b, 2))
val nIntAdr = addressOf(n_int)
val nIntAdrDbl = rep_asinstanceof(nIntAdr, typ[Array[Int]], typ[Array[Double]])
val bn = _mm256_broadcast_sd(nIntAdrDbl, 0)
val band1 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt1)
val band2 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt2)
val band3 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt3)
val band4 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt4)
val band5 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt5)
val band6 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt6)
val band7 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt7)
val band8 = _mm256_and_pd(bn, bt8)
val beq1NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band1, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt1, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq1 = rep_asinstanceof(beq1NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq2NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band2, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt2, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq2 = rep_asinstanceof(beq2NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq3NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band3, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt3, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq3 = rep_asinstanceof(beq3NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq4NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band4, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt4, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq4 = rep_asinstanceof(beq4NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq5NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band5, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt5, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq5 = rep_asinstanceof(beq5NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq6NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band6, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt6, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq6 = rep_asinstanceof(beq6NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq7NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band7, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt7, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq7 = rep_asinstanceof(beq7NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val beq8NonCasted = _mm256_cmpeq_epi64(
rep_asinstanceof(band8, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i]),
rep_asinstanceof(bt8, typ[__m256d], typ[__m256i])
)
val beq8 = rep_asinstanceof(beq8NonCasted, typ[__m256i], typ[__m256d])
val bones11 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq1)
val bones22 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq2)
val bones33 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq3)
val bones44 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq4)
val bones55 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq5)
val bones66 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq6)
val bones77 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq7)
val bones88 = _mm256_and_pd(bones, beq8)
val bones1 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones11)
val bones2 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones22)
val bones3 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones33)
val bones4 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones44)
val bones5 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones55)
val bones6 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones66)
val bones7 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones77)
val bones8 = _mm256_sub_pd(bones, bones88)
// Perform calculation
val r11 = _mm256_loadu_pd(b, 0)
val b21 = _mm256_mul_pd(r11, r11)
val b41 = _mm256_mul_pd(b21, b21)
val b81 = _mm256_mul_pd(b41, b41)
val r21 = _mm256_mul_pd(b81, b81)
val b22 = _mm256_mul_pd(r21, r21)
val b42 = _mm256_mul_pd(b22, b22)
val b82 = _mm256_mul_pd(b42, b42)
val r31 = _mm256_mul_pd(b82, b82)
val b23 = _mm256_mul_pd(r31, r31)
val b43 = _mm256_mul_pd(b23, b23)
val b83 = _mm256_mul_pd(b43, b43)
val r41 = _mm256_mul_pd(b83, b83)
val b24 = _mm256_mul_pd(r41, r41)
val b44 = _mm256_mul_pd(b24, b24)
val b84 = _mm256_mul_pd(b44, b44)
val r51 = _mm256_mul_pd(b84, b84)
val b25 = _mm256_mul_pd(r51, r51)
val b45 = _mm256_mul_pd(b25, b25)
val b85 = _mm256_mul_pd(b45, b45)
val r61 = _mm256_mul_pd(b85, b85)
val b26 = _mm256_mul_pd(r61, r61)
val b46 = _mm256_mul_pd(b26, b26)
val b86 = _mm256_mul_pd(b46, b46)
val r71 = _mm256_mul_pd(b86, b86)
val b27 = _mm256_mul_pd(r71, r71)
val b47 = _mm256_mul_pd(b27, b27)
val b87 = _mm256_mul_pd(b47, b47)
val r81 = _mm256_mul_pd(b87, b87)
// Skip the bits
val r12 = _mm256_and_pd(r11, beq1)
val r22 = _mm256_and_pd(r21, beq2)
val r32 = _mm256_and_pd(r31, beq3)
val r42 = _mm256_and_pd(r41, beq4)
val r52 = _mm256_and_pd(r51, beq5)
val r62 = _mm256_and_pd(r61, beq6)
val r72 = _mm256_and_pd(r71, beq7)
val r82 = _mm256_and_pd(r81, beq8)
val r1 = _mm256_add_pd(r12, bones1)
val r2 = _mm256_add_pd(r22, bones2)
val r3 = _mm256_add_pd(r32, bones3)
val r4 = _mm256_add_pd(r42, bones4)
val r5 = _mm256_add_pd(r52, bones5)
val r6 = _mm256_add_pd(r62, bones6)
val r7 = _mm256_add_pd(r72, bones7)
val r8 = _mm256_add_pd(r82, bones8)
val rr1 = _mm256_mul_pd(r1, r2)
val rr2 = _mm256_mul_pd(r3, r4)
val rr3 = _mm256_mul_pd(r5, r6)
val rr4 = _mm256_mul_pd(r7, r8)
val pr1 = _mm256_mul_pd(rr1, rr2)
val pr2 = _mm256_mul_pd(rr3, rr4)
val finalRes = _mm256_mul_pd(pr1, pr2)
_mm256_store_pd(b, finalRes, 0)
array_apply(b, 0) * array_apply(b, 1) * array_apply(b, 2) * array_apply(b, 3)
}
val codegen = new BaseTestCgen with CGenAVX with CGenAVX2 {
override val IR: q.type = q
override def emitNode(sym: Sym[Any], rhs: Def[Any]) = {
rhs match {
case Address(of) => stream.println(s"${remap(sym.tp)} ${quote(sym)} = &${quote(of)};")
case _ => super.emitNode(sym, rhs)
}
}
}
lazy val code: String = {
val x = fresh[Double]
val exp = fresh[Int]
val source = new java.io.StringWriter()
val block = reifyEffects {power(x, exp)}
val inputs = List(x, exp)
codegen.emitSource(inputs, block, "power", new java.io.PrintWriter(source))
source.toString
}
}
|
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/4k5dp0/articles/DTL42_1 | BNL Newspapers | Public Domain | England. LllndüN, S. Mai. Da die Sitzungs-Protocolle ter (Sonferenj bis zu ihrem Schlüsse geheim gehalten »erben sollen, so werden vorerst authentische Belichte üb^r die Verhandlungen zwar nicht zu erwarten sein, Ced) spricht die allgemeine Uebereinstimmung dafür, daß in Cet gestrigen ersten Sitzung die Garantie-Frage schon zur Sprache gebracht worden ist. England — sagt die Times — sei begreiflicher Weise nicht sehr geneigt gewesen, cine so Ichwere Verpflichtung zu übernehmen, wie die Theil« nähme an der Garantie de« luxemburgischen Gebietes; doch »erde das Ziel der Conferenz nicht nur in befriedigender Weise, sondern so» gar in kurzer Frist erreicht werden. „Man gibt sich hier und da viele Mühe" — fährt das Blatt fort —, „die Schwierigkeiten zu übertreiben, mit welchen die Unterhändler zu kämpfen haben. Es gibt Menschen, die nur dann glücklich scheinen, wenn c« !>>en gelingt, sich in die Lage des höchsten Elenos hineinzudenken, und diesen wollen wir den Luxus ihrer schlimmen Befürchtungen nicht entziehen. Wir sehen durchaus nicht ein, mit welchem Rechte man behauptet, die Conferenz sei ohne Basis zusammengetreten. Daß Frankreich feine Ankaufsplane hat fallen lassen und Preußen auf die [Räumung, der Festung eingegangen ist, scheint uns cine völlig hinreichenrc Basis der Unterhandlungen zu fein, und diesen Bedin gungcn ist, wie wir glauben, von allen Seiten zugestimmt worden. Es schien Anfang«, als würce die Ncutralisirung des Großhcrzoglhums und die von Preußen verlangte Garantie Hindernisse in den Weg stellen. Doch läßt (leb die Neutialisnuna, unseres Vedünkcns lcicht zwischen den neutralen Mächten ordnen, so wie es schon durch die gegenseitige Eifersucht der beiden Niefenstaatcn, zwischen denen ta« streitige Gebiet liegt, von Natur garantir! ,jt. Wie der Plan auch ausgeführt werde — ob das Großhcrzogthum in seine: jetzigen Personal-Union mit Holland »erbleibe, ob es in Belgien einverleibt weide, ob es zu einem besonderen Staate erhoben »erben soll, — das bleibt jedenfalls augenscheinlich, daß die beiden kleineren Königreiche Holland und Belgien gleich sehr in der Sicherheit Luxemburgs inteicsfirt sind. Lassen fie sich bestimmen, Die luxemburgische Angelegenheit zu beicerfeitiger Zufriedenheit zu ordnen, so könnten sic zwi feben sich einen Pact wechselseitiger Unterstützung abschließen, der fie in Stand setzen wür« be, ihre neutrale Stellung wenigstens eben so fest zu bewahren, wie die «Schweiz. |
1726513_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Секвої вічнозелені () — американський повнометражний музичний фільм режисера Девіда Льюїса про короткий період романтичних стосунків двох чоловіків з Північної Каліфорнії.
Сюжет
Хоча Еверетт і Майлс живуть дружно, і здавалося б, душа в душу, а їх облаштований будинок розташований в маленькому прекрасному каліфорнійському містечку серед величних секвой, в цьому раю теж є проблеми. Фільм розпочинається з розмови, яка не виходить за рамки обговорення побутових моментів: зламалася поливалка для газону, а у ванній кімнаті з'явилася пліснява. Коли Майлс з сином від'їжджає на якийсь час до батьків, в містечку з'являється незнайомець — честолюбний письменник на ім'я Чейз. Після декількох випадкових зустрічей між Евереттом і Чейзом зав'язуються стосунки. Спочатку обмін історіями з життя, надіями і мріями. Потім між ними спалахує пристрасть. Еверетт в сум'ятті, він не знає, чому надати перевагу: стабільним стосункам в гей-сім'ї, буденній роботі, одноманітному життю, чи синові, до якого він так прив'язаний? Чи кинути все і поринути з головою в нову романтику? Але Чейз від'їжджає. Проходить п'ять років. Майлс з сином знову вирушають в поїздку. Еверетт чекає Чейза, але, замість довгожданої зустрічі, звістка: Чейз помер. Від нього у Еверетта залишилася тільки нова книга під назвою «Секвої вічнозелені», та їх спільна фотографія на тлі величезних і красивих дерев.
У ролях
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт фільму
Фільми англійською мовою
Фільми-драми США
ЛГБТ-фільми США.
|
45375486_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Esther Raab (; April 25, 1894 – September 4, 1981) was a Hebrew author of prose and poetry, known as "the first Sabra poet", due to her eminence as the first Israeli woman poet and for the prominence of her native landscape in her imagery.
Biography
Esther Raab was born and raised in the rural moshava of Petah Tikva in Palestine (part of Ottoman Syria at the time), to founding residents Judah (Yehuda) and Leah Raab. Raab's grandfather was an immigrant from the Hungarian village of Szentistván who moved to Palestine with his son in 1876 and settled in Jerusalem. Raab was the second of four children born to Yehuda and Leah, Yehuda's second wife. In late 1909 the moshava’s school became co-ed and Raab, aged fifteen, was prohibited by her father from attending. She later wrote that she was much hurt by that decision.
In 1913, she moved to Degania Alef, the earliest kibbutz (socialist Zionist farming commune), with Second Aliyah pioneers. In 1914, she returned to Petah Tikva.
In 1921, Raab visited her cousins, the Green family, in Cairo, Egypt. In December 1921, Raab married her cousin, Yitzhak Green, in Cairo. Raab and Green lived in Hilwan, a suburb of Cairo, for five years following their marriage. She then returned to Palestine (by then under British rule) and lived in Tel Aviv, where her home became a literary salon. Raab’s first poetry collection, Kimshonim ("Thistles"), was published in 1930. The collection is dedicated to Green, who died suddenly the same year. Raab was briefly remarried to artist Arieh Alwei from 1932-1935. In 1945, she returned to Petah Tikva. During that time, she studied education, and worked in teaching and agriculture.
Raab continued to publish over several decades, often silent for years due to financial and other difficulties. Raab’s second collection of poetry, Tefila Achrona ("Last Prayer"), was published in 1964.
Raab died in 1981. A line from her poem Neshoret ("Fallout") is written on her tombstone: "The clods of your soil were sweet to me, homeland, as the clouds in your skies."
Two collections of Raab's work were published after her death: Collected Poems in 1988 and Collected Prose in 2001. Both volumes were edited by Raab's nephew, Ehud ben Ezer. Ben Ezer is also the author of her 1998 biography, Yamim shel La'anah u-Devash ("Days of Gall and Honey").
Poetry
Much of Raab's poetry is written in free verse, with no set rhyme or meter.
The principal theme present in Raab's work is nature; she references particular plants and often describes the land of Israel in her works. Much of Raab's poetry also manipulates traditional ideas of sex and gender, challenging a concrete gender binary.
Awards and recognition
1964 – for literature, awarded by the Municipality of Holon for the poetry book The Poems of Esther Raab (in Hebrew)
1972 – the Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works
Published works
Books in Hebrew
Thistles (poems), Hedim, 1930 (Kimshonim, קמשונים)
Poetry of Esther Raab (includes Thorns), Massada, 1963 (Shirei Esther Raab, שירי אסתר ראב)
Last Prayer (poems), Am Oved, 1972 (Tefila Acharona, תפילה אחרונה)
The Murmur of Roots, HaKibbutz HaMeuhad, 1976 (Hemyat Shorashim, המיית שורשים)
A Destroyed Garden: selected stories and seven poems, Tarmil, 1983 (Gan She-Charav, גן שחרב)
Later Compilations and Editions in Hebrew
Esther Raab, An Anthology: selected poems with an introduction, selected edited and introduced by Ehud Ben Ezer and Reuven Shoham, Yachdav and the Hebrew Writers Association, 1982 (Esther Raab, Yalkut Shirim, אסתר ראב ,ילקוט שירים)
Complete Poetry, Zmora Bitan, 1988 (Kol Hashirim, כל השירים); a second edition published 1994
Complete Prose, Astrolog, 2001 (Kol Haproza, כל הפרוזה)
Works in Translation
English: Selected Poems of Esther Raab, translated by Ehud Ben-Ezer and Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature, Bnei Brak, 1996
English: Thistles: Selected Poems of Esther Raab, translated and introduced by Harold Schimmel, Jerusalem, 2002,
See also
Rachel Bluwstein (1890–1931), friend and Hebrew poet, known as "Rachel the poetess"
References
External links
Biography and English bibliography from the Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature
Complete and authorized bibliography of her writings,
Bibliography on Raab in the Lexicon of Modern Hebrew Literature (Hebrew)
Entry on Raab in Jewish Women's Archive
1894 births
1981 deaths
Israeli people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Israeli poets
Modern Hebrew writers
Hebrew-language poets
Israeli women poets
Ashkenazi Jews from Ottoman Palestine
20th-century Israeli poets
20th-century women writers
Recipients of Prime Minister's Prize for Hebrew Literary Works
Burials at Segula Cemetery
Jewish women writers
People from Petah Tikva.
|
github_open_source_100_1_82 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // @flow
import * as React from 'react';
import { View } from 'react-native';
import { Translation, Alert } from '@kiwicom/mobile-localization';
import {
TextInput,
StyleSheet,
TextIcon,
type StylePropType,
TouchableWithoutFeedback,
} from '@kiwicom/mobile-shared';
import { defaultTokens } from '@kiwicom/mobile-orbit';
type Props = {|
+onSecurityCodeChange: (securityCode: string) => void,
+inputWrapperStyle?: StylePropType,
+placeholder?: React.Element<typeof Translation>,
+placeholderStyle?: StylePropType,
+displayLabel: boolean,
|};
export default class SecurityCodeInput extends React.Component<Props> {
static defaultProps = {
displayLabel: true,
};
onPress = () => {
Alert.translatedAlert(
{ id: 'mmb.trip_services.insurance.payment.security_code' },
{
id: 'mmb.trip_services.insurance.payment.security_code.alert_message',
},
);
};
render() {
let label;
let helpIconOffset;
if (this.props.displayLabel) {
label = (
<Translation id="mmb.trip_services.insurance.payment.security_code" />
);
helpIconOffset = styles.helpIconOffset;
}
let placeholderProps;
if (this.props.placeholder != null) {
placeholderProps = {
placeholder: this.props.placeholder,
placeholderStyle: this.props.placeholderStyle,
};
}
return (
<React.Fragment>
<TextInput
label={label}
onChangeText={this.props.onSecurityCodeChange}
keyboardType="numeric"
maxLength={4}
inputWrapperStyle={this.props.inputWrapperStyle}
{...placeholderProps}
/>
<TouchableWithoutFeedback onPress={this.onPress}>
<View style={[styles.helpIcon, helpIconOffset]}>
<TextIcon code="F" style={styles.icon} />
</View>
</TouchableWithoutFeedback>
</React.Fragment>
);
}
}
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
helpIcon: {
position: 'absolute',
end: 0,
padding: 10,
},
helpIconOffset: {
end: 15,
bottom: 2.5,
},
icon: {
color: defaultTokens.paletteProductNormal,
fontSize: 16,
},
});
|
70849352_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Corymbophanes kaiei is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Potaro River basin in the Essequibo River drainage. It is usually found in fast-moving, sunlit riffles among cobble and submerged logs. The species reaches SL.
References
Ancistrini
Catfish of South America
Fish described in 2000.
|
sn88086023_1909-09-28_1_8_1 | US-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | KICK PAGES. The Old Way Coffee in Bulk A blend of dirt, dust and the New Way ill-kept Coffee scooped White House into a Paper package. Coffee A choice blend of the best Coffees in the world. Sold whole or ground in air-tight tins. Never in bulk. Standard Grocery Co. 214-216 East Court St. Leading Grocers. AEROGRAM ROM F II EXPECTED REDMEN WILL AWAIT WIRELESS MESSAGE TONIGHT When It Arrives Are-lights Will be Dimmed. American Flag Will be Dipped and ranidc Will Start for Pavilion Many Novel Stunts are Assured. Possibly a wireless message from President Taft will be received this evening by the entertainment committee of the Redmen who have the parade in charge. Negotiations have been going on with this object in view, and the results look very favorable. With the possibility of receiving this wireless, A. C. Koeppen has made full arrangements for the proper recognition should the message be received, and through the courtesy of Dr. Vincent arrangements have been made whereby if the fireless message should be received, a signal will be given to the Electric Company, and they in turn will signal the Pendleton Station, and the operator at the Pendleton station will dim the arc lights upon notice of the beginning of the wireless message. When the current will be turned on full force, which will be a signal for the parade to proceed. If the wireless is received during the dimming of the arc lights, arrangements have been made whereby the stars and stripes will suddenly shoot forth in full view of the public, and the message will be acknowledged by the flag being slightly dipped. The public is advised to station themselves somewhere on West Court street and not on Main street, as this signal can only be viewed looking toward the east, and will be perfectly visible, even though the person is standing three or four blocks on Court street, below Main street. Court street from Cottonwood street, west, will be reserved for the public and from 7:30 until after the parade no vehicles of any kind will be allowed in these three or four blocks. This is for the protection of the public. This order or such orders as the police department decide upon will be enforced by them. The parade will contain any amount of novelties in the formation and march that is usually not found in parades. The committee who have this in charge have made every endeavor to have everything pertaining to this parade contain nothing of the usual or ordinary features. The parade will start promptly at 7:45, formation taking place in front of the courthouse. McElroy's band will leave the pavilion at 7:30 promptly, marching in an unusual form, and the music will be altogether different than what you will expect to find in this line of march from the pavilion in front of the courthouse where they will form, and will head the parade. Following the band will be an emblematical float, which will be followed by the parade in squads or unusual shapes and sizes, and positions. The marchers will halt in front of the Eagle-Woodmen hall where the wireless message will be acknowledged, should it be received, but if not some other stunt will take place. The parade committee has worked out plans which are still being kept "dark" and therefore cannot be given to the public, but undoubtedly it will be one of the most novel parades that has ever taken place in Pendleton. The manager states that if the public wishes to see these novelties demonstrated, you must be on West Court street by 7:45. In and About Pendleton Sues (ill it Not. An action to collect a note for $100 has been filed in the circuit court by A. D. Augustavo against George H. McDonald. Moving to California. Calvin Colo, one of the pioneer residents of Platt county, is moving his family to Napa, California, where they expect to make their home in future. Company L has been out for Inspection and muster this evening, it being the first inspection since the return of the company from camp. The inspection will be by the company officers. Assembly will be at 8:30. St. Louis Recovering. Arlie Siddons, the O. R. & N. passenger brakeman who was seriously injured in a train accident at Huron, Saturday morning, seems to be rapidly recovering from the effects of His injuries and will probably be able to leave the hospital before many days. Will Finish the Robes. Clarence Edmunds, reputed to be one of the most competent workmen of his class, arrived this morning to take a position in the Pendleton woolen mill. He will have charge of the finishing department. Mr. Edmunds is a married man and his family will come to the city later. A Grande Fair Men Here. Seven Union county men who are directly interested in the Union-Walworth district fair are in Pendleton today, investigating the local fair and gathering data and ideas for their own. Those in the party are W. J. Church, P. A. Charlton, F. B. Curry, C. S. Dunn, George H. Curry, A. V. Andrew, and Mac Wood. FESTAL SPIRIT-SABROAD (Continued from Page One.) Milk Crusader Here. Marshall N. Dana, member of the Oregon Daily Journal staff and the man who has covered the pure milk crusade for that paper, is here today. He is in the city to meet the members of the state board of health, all members of the board being here in attendance at the meeting of the eastern Oregon Medical association. Wife Were Affected. That the phone wires between this place and Portland were affected by the aurora borealis Saturday is stated by L. G. McClellan, manager for the Pacific States company. For an hour during the afternoon the long distance service was interrupted owing to the presence of static electricity in the air. At first it was thought that the line was down, but upon investigation the trouble was attributed to the use of the air. Signor E. Croffi Harltono Program Part One. 1. March "Garde du Corps" 2. Scenes from Opera, "Robin Hood" De Koven 3. Cornet Solo Selected Mr. B. F. Driscoll 4. (a) Idyll "The Glow Worm" Llncke (b) Morcean Characteristic "For est Whispers" Losey 5. Speelulty Hurst and Hogan Barrel Jumping Act. 6. Comedy Slack Wire Act "Patsy" 7. Overture "Maritana" Wallace Solos by Mr. Driscoll and Sig. Farrella. Comedy Slack Wire Work (Specialty) Patsy Patriot "The Blue and the Gray" Dalby Stanfield Day. Tomorrow is Stanfield Day and according to Dr. Henry Waldo Coe, every man, woman and child in Stanfield and vicinity will be present, properly decorated with badges. They propose to not only demonstrate that Stanfield Is on the map but that It is growing by leaps and bounds and that the people of that section of the county are loyal to the district fair. Judge Horses Tomorrow. The Judging of horses will commence tomorrow morning at 8 o'clock and as It Is desirous of completing this work before noon, every exhibitor of horses is urged to be present promptly at 8 o'clock so no unnecessary delay may be encountered. Those who are to take part In the riding and driving contests will be given a chance to perform Thursday morning, beginning at 9 o'clock. Stock Parade Tomorrow. One of the big events for tomorrow will be the parade tomorrow afternoon, commencing at 1 o'clock. All the horses and cows on exhibit and an horse who expect to drive or ride for prizes are expected to be in line. As the number of entries is twice as large as In former years the parade will be that much larger. than formerly. This stock has been reduced, Of the winning features of the fair and the reason for holding it so soon is to permit those owners of horses who live in town to take the animals to their own stables as the big stock tent is filled to overflowing. Poultry Men Will Organize. The poultry department is also over-crowded and carpenters have been at work all day constructing more Coops to properly house the fine birds which are on exhibit. Notwithstanding the fact that this is the time of year when chickens look their worst, there are many fine specimens on exhibit. There is also strong talk of organizing a poultry association and making arrangements for a winter show not later than tomorrow and a good program at Orpheum. The program now being shown at the Orpheum theatre is one of the best that Manager Medernach has ever offered the public. The program is a long one and the vaudeville numbers and the pictures are far ahead of the average picture show entertainment. The program will be repeated tonight and tomorrow night. Chance and Perserverance Helped PERRY REACH the NORTH POLE Chance and Perserverance will BUILD YOU A HOME See MARK MOORHOUSE & CO. Farm and City Loans. Bonds, REAL ESTATE Farm and City property. LIFE INS. Burglary Ins., Fire Ins. Washington's Reputation. First began with the Cherry Tree Story OURS by honest dealing with our customers. When you find "18 Karat Gold" stamped on our goods, you can bank on it every time. When a piece of silverware is market "Sterling," you know it's Solid Silver. Wm E. Hanscom, Jeweler Successor to Winslow Bros. O. M. Seacock, Optician. Try an J.,s;e.ia.lly '.h the B!4h state was affected by the aurora borealis AttODdl National Meeting. M. A. Rader of the Rader furniture store, has gone to Portland to attend the sessions of the annual convention of the National Funeral Directors' association. This is the first time this organization has ever met on the coast and It was through the efforts of Under and the other Oregon delegates who attended last year's meeting that the convention was brought to Portland this year. Several hundred funeral directors from all parts of the United States are in attendance and the convention will probably continue throughout the remainder of the week. Here is where you will find the largest and best line of School Books, Pictures School Supplies, Frames Office Supplies, Stationery LATEST COPYRIGHT FICTION Trummeaooie Pair skip Out. Helen Hargrove and Grover Farmer are fugitives from Justice. The latter is charged with assault and battery, while the former, if caught, will be compelled to face a charge of selling liquor in violation of the local option law. The woman has been conducting the Columbia lodging house in this city for several months and in the course of that time her line has been raided by the police no less than three or four times. All the way from one to four persons have been arrested as the result of each raid. Some time ago Farmer was ordered to leave town, but when Chief of Police Ourdane raided the place again Sunday morning it was found he had returned to town. He was arrested and locked up but released on bail. Some time later when he was sought on a more serious charge it was found no and the woman had fled. TOYS Large shipment of new toys just received. Send the children in to see them. TOYS You'll find a larger stock and right prices at NELSON'S 'The flax store.' 710 Main Street. PRESIDENT AMISS HIS POLICIES, 'Continued From Page One.) The change in the conditions that special provision should be made in the interests of the public for their transfer to private control." Pledged to Roosevelt Political. Taft discussed the conservation of coal and oil lands. He said his administration was pledged to the Roosevelt policies, but this does not involve him in obligations unless he has congressional power to carry them out. But he does require him to use every legitimate means to influence congress to enact legislation enabling him to carry out the Roosevelt policies. He discussed, however, that the secretary could be counted on to use the great influence of his office to promote the conservation of resources. Tomorrow afternoon, if present arrangements are carried out, a very interesting speaking program will be given. Dr. Andrew C. Smith, who was originally scheduled to speak today, will talk upon the subject of pure food. Incidentally, he may touch upon some matters that are now very live topics in this state. Hon. J. N. Teal of Portland, is also upon the program tomorrow, while Dr. H. W. Coe and Grant B. Dimick of Oregon City, are also slated to speak. PRESIDENT RISKS LIFE IN DEATH DEFYING AUTOS Spokane, Sept. 28. If President Taft is not smashed, an auto wreck before his western trip is completed, he will be the luckiest man that ever lived. In half of the towns visited, he is whirled over bad streets and worse roads at death defying speed and it is a miracle that he has thus far escaped serious injury from skidding wheels or breaking of the machine. No president beforever faced this danger, in Roosevelt's famous trip he rode in carriages drawn by horses. Taft likes autos and the finest and best are placed at his disposal everywhere. Speed laws are forgotten and the chauffeur hits the high places. Those accompanying Taft are thankful when every ride is ended. 2. 3. 4. IVoirmrii at the Grand. Motion pictures "1776, or the Hessian Renegade." "Hillposters Trials." Manufacture of Hambo Hats." "An Incident of the Revolutionary War." Vaudeville Acts 1. Andville Sisters. 2. Holy Girl, by request, in his old Mad Act. Song "When the Little Old You Love Thinks of You." Sung by George High. 1:30, the Or, eon ' Have You De fective Vision? Road Has no Fatalities. Milwaukee, Kept. 2. The Chicago & Northwestern railway, which carried 27,000,000 passengers last year, joins the Pennsylvania with a record free from fatalities. To this roll of honor the name of Any other concern, the railroad will cheerfully be added. It makes no difference when I make a statement. There are some defects of vision which are hard to detect, except by a scientific examination, and if not corrected in time may run onto something serious indeed. For your own satisfaction, let our eye sight specialist examine them. Wm E. Hanscom, Jeweler. O. M. Heacock, Eyesight Specialist. FALL SUITS, OVERCOATS with Style, Value. The clothes your Sweetheart likes. They keep men young. $20.00 to $40.00 all menfolk wear, at the Big Boston Store Where You Trade to Save. American National Bank Depository for United States, State of Oregon Umatilla County and City of Pendleton. Capital Surplus and Profits, Total Resources $100,000 $162,000 $1,450,000 Interest paid on Time Deposits. SAFETY DEPOSIT BOXES FOR RENT. Who Said Chicken? WE ALWAYS HAVE THEM. YOUNG HENS, OIL HENS AND SONS THAT ARE NOT HENS AT A. I. Phone Your Order Night Before to Main 536. East End Grocery. |
github_open_source_100_1_83 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
from os.path import dirname, realpath
proj_dir = dirname(dirname(dirname(realpath(__file__))))
sys.path.append(proj_dir+"/scripts/")
from launcher import Launcher
hostfile = "machinefiles/20nodes"
progfile = "release/PageRankBsp"
schedulerfile = "release/SchedulerMain"
common_params = {
"scheduler" : "proj99",
"scheduler_port" : "33227",
"hdfs_namenode" : "proj99",
"hdfs_port" : 9000,
}
program_params = {
"url" : "/datasets/graph/webuk-adj",
"num_vertices" : 133633040,
# "url" : "/datasets/graph/google-adj",
# "num_vertices" : 427554,
"num_local_threads" : 20,
"num_parts" : 1000,
"combine_type" : "kShuffleCombine",
"num_iters" : 10, # write every num_iters
"staleness" : 0,
"pr_url" : "/tmp/tmp/yz/tmp/0408/pr/",
"topk_url" : "/tmp/tmp/yz/tmp/0408/tmp2/topk-10",
}
scheduler_params = {
"dag_runner_type" : "sequential",
}
env_params = (
"GLOG_logtostderr=true "
"GLOG_v=-1 "
"GLOG_minloglevel=0 "
# this is to enable hdfs short-circuit read (disable the warning info)
# change this path accordingly when we use other cluster
# the current setting is for proj5-10
# "LIBHDFS3_CONF=/data/opt/course/hadoop/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml"
"LIBHDFS3_CONF=/data/opt/hadoop-2.6.0/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml"
)
dump_core = False
l = Launcher(schedulerfile, progfile, hostfile,
common_params, scheduler_params, program_params, env_params,
dump_core)
l.Launch(sys.argv)
|
US-29661D-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Improvement in scythe-fasteners
C. L. BARRITT.
Scythe Fastening.
No. 29,661. Patented Aug. 21, 1860.
7 Mimi/10' W W 4 M/XM N, PETERS. Phelu-Llhwgm c.
UNITED STATES PATENT ()FFICE,
CHARLES BARRITT, OF'NEW YORK, N. Y.
lM PROVEM ENT IN SCYTHE- FASTENERS.
Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 29,661, dated August 21, 1860.
of the city, county, and State of New York,
have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Scythe-Fasteners; and I do hereby declare the following to be a full description of the same.
The nature of my invention relates to fastening scythes to the handles of scythes by attaching to the end of the handle, by any suitable means, a plate of metal having a center hole, and in its face a countersunk seat commencing at the center hole and expandingoutward, so as to conform to the shape of the shank of the scythe, though a little larger, so as to permit the scythe being hung with a greater or less sweep to accommodate the varying lengths of scythes and the conveniences of the mowers. This is done by small wedges of wood prepared by the mowers, and adjusted between the opposite edges of the shank of the scythe and the sides or flangesofthe countersunk seat. \Vhen thus adjusted a capplate is put upon them, and by means of a ring on the end of the scythe-handle and an iron wedge the whole are clamped together to form a solid fixture.
To describe my invention more particularly I will refer to the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification, the same letters of reference, wherever they occur, referring to like parts.
Figure 1 is a profile view of the scythe-handle and scythe attached thereto. Fig. 2 is a longitudinal cut section of the same through the line :0 m, Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is adetached view of the fastener-plate, having the shank of the scythe secured therein by wood wedges for the purpose ofregulatingthe hang ofthe scythe. Fig. 4 is a detached view of the cap-plate.
Letter (0 is the scythe-handle, having its end chamtered or flattened for the purpose of adjustinga scythe-fastener metal plate, I), thereon by means of screws 0 or other suitable devices. The form of this plate is an oblong square. In its upper face is formed a triangular countersunk seat, terminating at the apex, near the lower end of the plate, in a center hole, d, passing entirely through the plate.
Letters 6 are marginal ledges or flanges, about three-eighths of an inch deep, formed by thecountersinking of the seat. The, object of these sides or ledges is to form a support for the shankf of the scythe to rest against, or
against small adjustable wedges 9, when interposed between the edges of the shank of the scythe and the ledges forming the sides of the countersunk seat, so that the scythe may be hung at any desired sweep of stroke to accommodate its length and at the same time the efiectiveness of the stroke.
Letter h is a cap-plate, adjusted upon the fastener-plate so as to overlie the shank of the scythe, and adjustable wedges for holding it. The object of this is to hold the adjustable wedges firmly between the edges of the shank and sides of the countersunk seat, so that they cannot get out of place, and at the same time prevent their being crushed or splintered, as would be the case if not compressed by the cap-plate on their edges. It is contemplated that the wedges 9 will be made of wood, and thus leave the forming of the wedges to the mower to adjust to suit his own ideas of the best adjustment of the hang of the scythe. Iron wedges, therefore, are not desirable, unless great numbers Were to be used, besides their cost and liability to getting lost. And as adjusting-screws are adding greatly to the cost ofthe fastener, as well as their liability to loose their hold, consequentupou the constant jar of the scythe and by rusting, they have not been found practically as useful as wedges made of some hard wood, which, if confined, as
in my invention, they grow tighter in their places, in consequence of the absorption of the moisture from the grass, and thus, in fact, subserve a more useful purpose than any metallic attachment.
-To hold the cap-plate down upon the shank of the scythe and wedges, I use the common and well-known ring 9 and wedge It used by farmers generally to fasten the scythe and handle together.
Having now described my invention, 1 will proceed to set forth what I claim and desire to secure by Letters lfatentof the United States- The plate I), as described, for adjusting and holding the shank of a scythe by means ofadjustable wood or other wedges, in combination with the cap-plate h, andringand wedge j and k, or their equivalents, when used for the purposes hereinbefore set forth.
CHARLES L. BARRITT.
Witnesses:
RoB'r. S. RoWLEY, B. RowLEY.
|
github_open_source_100_1_84 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.2;
/**
Contrato RegistroCliente, Contiene todas las funciones para manejar un registro de clientes en
un contrato, puede pensarse como algo similar a añadir una capa de autenticación a una aplicación web
*/
contract RegistroCliente {
// Estructura de Cliente
struct Cliente {
bytes32 nombre;
address direccion;
int saldo;
bool existe;
}
mapping(address => Cliente) public clientes; // Mapa de Clientes
address[] internal listaClientes; // Lista de las direcciones de los clientes
// Modificadores de verificación
modifier clienteRegistrado{
require(clientes[msg.sender].existe, "El cliente no esta registrado");
_;
}
modifier clienteAlDia virtual{
require(clientes[msg.sender].saldo >= 0, "El cliente no esta al dia");
_;
}
// Funciones de interés para un registro de Clientes
/**
* Registra un cliente en el contrato e inicia su saldo
*/
function registrarCliente(bytes32 _nombre) public returns(bool) {
require(!clientes[msg.sender].existe, "El cliente ya esta registrado");
Cliente memory cliente = Cliente(_nombre, msg.sender, 0, true);
clientes[msg.sender] = cliente;
listaClientes.push(msg.sender);
return true;
}
/*
* Obtiene el saldo de una cliente registrado.
*/
function obtenerSaldo() public clienteRegistrado view returns (int) {
return clientes[msg.sender].saldo;
}
/*
* Modifica el saldo de un cliente con la dirección brindada
* la función es virtual y los contratos que hereden de este podrían
* modificarla
*/
function modificarSaldo(address dirCliente, int valor) virtual public returns(int) {
clientes[dirCliente].saldo += valor;
return clientes[dirCliente].saldo;
}
}
/*
* Contrato TieneCreador, brinda las capacidades para que un contrato tenga creador
*/
contract TieneCreador {
address payable public creador; // Dirección del Creador del Contrato
constructor(){
creador = payable(msg.sender);
}
modifier esCreador{
require(msg.sender == creador, "Debe ser el creador del contrato");
_;
}
}
/*
* Contrato Destructible, brinda las capacidades para que un contrato sea destructible
*/
contract Destructible is TieneCreador{
/*
* Función para destruir el contrato, solo puede ser llamada por el creador
* y puede ser modificada
*/
function destruir() esCreador virtual public {
selfdestruct(creador);
}
}
/*
* Contrato RegistroTransaccion, contiene todas las funciones para manejar un registro de
* transacciones en un contrato.
*/
contract RegistroTransaccion{
// Estructura de una Transaccion
struct Transaccion {
address direccion;
int monto;
}
Transaccion[] public transacciones; // Lista de transacciones
// Funciones de interés para un registro de Clientes
/*
* Registra una transacción en la lista de transacciones
*/
function registrarTransaccion(Transaccion memory _transaccion) virtual public returns(bool){
transacciones.push(_transaccion);
return true;
}
/*
* Sumariza el monto total de todas las transacciones
*/
function sumarizar() virtual internal returns(int){
int balance = 0;
for (uint256 i = 0; i < transacciones.length; i++) {
balance += transacciones[i].monto;
}
return balance;
}
/*
* Sumariza el monto total de todas las transacciones de una dirección
*/
function sumarizarPorDireccion(address direccion) virtual public returns (int){
int balance = 0;
for (uint256 i = 0; i < transacciones.length; i++) {
if(transacciones[i].direccion == direccion){
balance += transacciones[i].monto;
}
}
return balance;
}
}
/*
* Contrato Tienda, representa una tienda en la que se puede comprar y fiar, hereda múltiples contratos
* de utilidad, la tienda necesita registrar clientes, transacciones, debe tener un creador y debe poder
* 'destruirse'
*/
contract Tienda is RegistroCliente, RegistroTransaccion, TieneCreador, Destructible {
struct Producto {
string nombre;
uint precio; // Precio en Wei
bool existe; // Variable de control para verificación de existencia
}
mapping(string => Producto) private productos; // Mapa de productos
/**
* Función para realizar la compra de un producto, puede ser llamada por cualquiera, requiere que el
* el cliente esté registrado y no tenga deudas, se debe enviar el dinero en la llamada
* _producto Nombre del producto a comprar
**/
function comprar(string memory _producto) public payable clienteRegistrado clienteAlDia returns(bool) {
Producto memory producto = productos[_producto];
// Verificar restricciones del producto
require(producto.existe, "El producto no existe");
uint precio = producto.precio;
require(precio == msg.value, "El valor enviado es diferente al del producto");
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender,int(precio));
// Registrar la compra
registrarTransaccion(transaccion);
return true;
}
/**
* Función para fiar un producto, puede ser llamada por cualquiera, requiere que el cliente esté
* registrado y no tenga deudas, no se envía dinero al llamarse la función, registrar esta compra fiada
* representará una deuda para el cliente
* _producto Nombre del producto a comprar
**/
function fiar(string memory _producto) public clienteRegistrado clienteAlDia returns(bool){
Producto memory producto = productos[_producto];
require(producto.existe, "El producto no existe");
uint precio = producto.precio;
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender,int(precio));
modificarSaldo(msg.sender, -int(precio));
// Registrar la compra
registrarTransaccion(transaccion);
return true;
}
/**
* Función para visualizar la deuda del cliente que la llama, requiere que el cliente esté registrado
**/
function verDeuda() public clienteRegistrado view returns(int) {
int deuda = clientes[msg.sender].saldo;
require(deuda < 0, "El cliente no tiene deudas");
return -deuda;
}
/**
* Función para pagar la deuda que tiene el cliente que la llama, requiere que el cliente esté registrado,
* se debe enviar la cantidad exacta de wei que se debe con la llamada
**/
function pagarDeuda() public clienteRegistrado payable returns(bool){
int deuda = clientes[msg.sender].saldo;
require(deuda < 0, "El cliente no tiene deudas");
clientes[msg.sender].saldo += int(msg.value);
return true;
}
/*
* Función para obtener la suma de dinero gastado por un cliente en la tienda, sobreescribe
* la función del padre para restarle el saldo que debe el cliente por compras fiadas
*/
function sumarizarPorDireccion(address direccion) override public returns (int){
int saldo = clientes[direccion].saldo;
int balance = RegistroTransaccion.sumarizarPorDireccion(direccion);
return balance + saldo;
}
}
/*
* Contrato Banco, representa un banco en el que los clientes pueden prestar, depositar y sacar dinero,
* debe registrar clientes y las transacciones con la bolsa del banco que hagan los mismos, debe ser destructible
*/
contract Banco is RegistroCliente, RegistroTransaccion, TieneCreador, Destructible {
uint public dinero = 0; // Bolsa de dinero del Banco
/*
* Función que permite a un cliente prestar dinero del banco, siempre y cuando el cliente
* esté al día (no tenga deudas con el banco) y el banco tenga el dinero que quieren prestar
*/
function prestar(uint monto) public clienteRegistrado clienteAlDia returns(bool){
require(dinero > monto, "El banco no tiene fondos suficientes para prestar dinero");
clientes[msg.sender].saldo -= int(monto);
dinero -= monto;
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender,-int(monto));
registrarTransaccion(transaccion);
payable(msg.sender).transfer(monto);
return true;
}
/*
* Función que permite a un cliente depositar dinero en el banco banco, depositar dinero
* incrementa su saldo
*/
function depositar() payable public clienteRegistrado returns(bool){
clientes[msg.sender].saldo += int(msg.value);
dinero += msg.value;
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender,int(msg.value));
registrarTransaccion(transaccion);
return true;
}
/*
* Función que permite a un cliente sacar dinero que ha depositado previamente, en caso
* de que el banco no tenga el dinero del cliente, enviarle todo el dinero disponible
*/
function sacar(uint monto) public clienteRegistrado clienteAlDia returns(bool) {
require(int(monto) <= clientes[msg.sender].saldo, "No puede sacar mas dinero del que tiene");
if (monto > dinero){
monto = dinero;
}
clientes[msg.sender].saldo -= int(monto);
dinero -= monto;
Transaccion memory transaccion = Transaccion(msg.sender, -int(monto));
transacciones.push(transaccion);
payable(msg.sender).transfer(monto);
return true;
}
/*
* Función de destrucción del banco, se encarga de devolver todo el dinero posible
* a los clientes que tengan dinero depositado en el banco, finalmente llama la función de destrucción
* del padre
*/
function destruir() esCreador override public{
for (uint256 i = 0; i < listaClientes.length; i++) {
address dirCliente = listaClientes[i];
int saldo = clientes[dirCliente].saldo;
if (saldo > 0){
if (uint(saldo) >= dinero){
payable(dirCliente).transfer(dinero);
break;
}else{
dinero -= uint(saldo);
payable(dirCliente).transfer(uint(saldo));
}
}
}
Destructible.destruir();
}
} |
accountofbritish00theorich_7 | English-PD | Public Domain | Head dull yellow to brown ; proboscis and palpi yellow ; antennae brown ; base yellow. Antennae twice the length of thorax in the $ \ about the same length as thorax in the ? . Pectus and sides of the thorax yellowish-red. Wings having the prae-brachial areolet closed by two veinlets, which form an acute angle, the hind one longer than the fourth longitudinal vein before its fork. Anal vein very short. Abdomen club-shaped ; blackish-brown ; testaceous beneath ; with testaceous bands for half the length from the base ; the base testaceous in the ? ; brown in the $ . The ovi- positor is composed of three angular valves ; the lamellae thin and oval. The colour varies in the male. The legs testaceous ; spurs 1 20 AN A ceo UNT OF BRITISH FLIES. short; tarsi brown; tibiae dark; very short spurs in hind ones. Length, 2 J to 3 lin. {R. maculosa, Zett. R. discoidea, Zett. M. zonata, Steph. This is a common species, reddish-yellow in appearance, wiih testaceous ventral surface. The palpi and antennae are testaceous ; the latter dark at the base. The two veinlets, which form the prae- brachial areolet, make a right angle ; the posterior one very much larger than the fore one ; about three times the length of the fourth longitudinal vein before its fork ; the hind branch curved. The anal vein extends far beyond fork of fourth longitudinal vein. The abdo- men is brownish-black, with four testaceous bands on the fore segments ; the extremity of the abdomen is testaceous. The legs are long and slender, dark reddish-brown ; tarsi almost black ; spurs long; very small on hind tibiae; the fore tibiae much shorter than fore metatarsi. Length, ij to 2 lin. There are four other British species of this genus ; viz., truncata, Wtz. ; maculosa, Mg. ; selecia, Wlk. ; and sericea^ Mg. Genus. — Dynatosoma, Wtz. = Mycetophila, Mg. This genus much resembles Mycetophila. There are two ocelli only. The base of the fourth hmd areolet is 7nuch more distant from the base of the wing than is the base of the seco?td hind areolet. r\ X ' • TVT [M.fuscicornis, Mg. D. fnscicorms, Mg. = \ ^/^ , ' ^ KM. prceusta, Staeg. This is the only species of this genus found in Britain. It was formerly included in the Mycetophilae, and was described as one by Walker ; but it is now raised to a distinct genus by Winnertz. The imago is blackish-brown; thorax tawny in front, with three dark-brown spots ; palpi yellowish. Antennae yellowish at the base ; abdomen with a white tomentum beneath ; legs yellowish ; tarsi brownish; tips of posterior femora dark-brown; fore-tibiae long. Wings grayish-brown, with two distinct brown spots, one on the tip of the prae-brachial areolet and of the fork of the fourth longitudinal vein, the other near the costa ; fifth longitudinal vein forked ; sixth does not extend to the fork of the fifth. Length ij to 2 lin. Found in the autumn and winter. Genus. — Exechia = Mycetophila, Mg. The ocelli two, small. Sides of the thorax with bristles. Abdomen THE MYCETOPHILIDM. 121 club-shaped, flattened at the sides. Wings somewhat short Base of fourth hind areolet much nearer the base of wing than is base of the second hind areolet. Petiole of second hind areolet long. Fourth longitudinal vein short. Larvae live in fungi. E.fungorum, Vig. — M.fusca^ Latr., Mg. This is a fairly common species. The larvae living in the pileus of Boletus and other fungi. Imago dark-brown. Head brown, palpi and antennae yellowish- red; the latter dark-brown at the tip, very slender, and about the length of thorax. Thorax brown, tawny on each side; with grayish and small black hairs on parts. Abdomen blackish-brown, with tawny extremity. Pincers small and tawny. Wings with a brownish tinge ; the veinlets of the prae-brachial areolet forming a slightly obtuse angle, the hind one much longer than the fore one, and about four times as long as the sub-apical vein before its fork. The anal (sixth longitudinal vein) does not extend as far as the fork of the fifth longitudinal vein. Legs pale yellow, slender ; tarsi brown; hind tibiae with minute spines and very long spurs. Length 2 to 2J lin. (M. guttivenfris, Mg. E. lateralis. ^'^~ f,Mg. = { M. seriata, Zett. This is another fairly common British species. It is dark brown, with testaceous ventral surface. Head brown; antennae testaceous at base, dark brown at distal extremity, about as long as thorax. The thorax, which is brown, and covered in parts by minute gray and black hairs, is testaceous or tawny at the sides. The abdomen has five triangular testaceous spots on each side, the second and the third each forming a band above. The wings have the veinlets of the prae-brachial areolet forming a slightly acute angle, the hind one nearly eight times the length of the fore one; the anal does not extend to the fork of sub-anal. The legs are long and slender and testaceous; spurs long; tarsi brown. Length ij to 2 lin. These are the only two common species in this genus, but the following also occur in England : leptura, Mg., dorsalis, Staeg., indecisa^ Wlk., tarsata, Staeg., leioides, Wlk., ferruginea^ Wlk., flava, Wlk., zxid^fuscula, Wlk. Genus. — Allodia, Slender, tawny or brownish-black genus. Antennae sometimes cone-shaped. Resembles Eymosia, but the petiole of the second hind areolet is long. 122 AN A ceo UNT OF BRITISH FLIES. A. crassuornis, Stan. = j^' ^«'!^">^' ^'^^S' \M. Spinicoxa^ Zett. This is a dark species. Tlie head is yellowish-red ; the palpi are yellowish. Antennae testaceous at the base. Antennae are stout, and in the $ longer than the thorax; in the ? they are shorter and lanceolate. Head and thorax covered with a gray tomentum. The thorax has a reddish-yellow stripe on each side; these two stripes are broadest in front. The abdomen is yellowish- red (yellow according to Schiner) on the ventral surface, and also on the hinder parts of each segment. The ovipositor and male genitalia are testaceous, and sometimes brown. The wings have a yellowish tinge ; the hind veinlet of the prae-brachial areolet about twice the length of the fore one. The anal does not extend to fork of sub-anal. The legs are yellowish-brown, and fairly long; tibiae and tarsi brown; fore tibia much shorter than the fore metatarsi. The spurs and spines on the posterior tibiae long. Length 2 to 2 J lin. Fairly common at times. (M. grata^ Mg. A. ornaticollis^ Mg. = \M. lugenSy Mg. \M. analis. This is also a common species. It is testaceous, some almost dark brown. The head is dark brown, and the vertex has a white tomentum. The thorax is also blackish-brown, the sides having a white tomentum. The proboscis and palpi reddish-yellow ; antennae dark brown, yellowish at the base. The abdomen seems to be liable to a large amount of variation, and there seem to be three distinct types of variation : (a) Blackish-brown, with small yellowish patches { = ornati- collis) ; (/?) Entirely blackish-brown, with bright incisions (helleren Einschnitten) = lugens ; (7) Or blackish-brown, with triangular yellowish patches from the second to the fourth segment, and with testaceous anal segment {= grata). Walker, again, describes his ornaticollis as having a large triangular blackish-brown spot on each dorsal segment. The legs are moderately long and testaceous ; tarsi brown ; posterior tibiae having longish spines; the anterior tibiae are much shorter than the anterior meta- tarsi. The wings are transparent and grayish, the costa and its neighbourhood being tinged with yellowish-red. Length i J to 2 J lin. THE MYCETOPHILID^. 123 Genus. — Mycoihera. Moderately small, dark brown and yellowish-brown genus ; wings with brown markings. Head round. Fourth joint of palpi long. Antenna i6-jointed. Eyes roundish; ocelli small, the middle one standing in a little cavity. Abdomen 6 or 7-jointed; hypopygium small. The wings large, and the petiole of the second hind areolet is short, not long as in Exechia. M. semifusca, Mg. This is a dark brown species, and, according to Walker, it has a gray tomentum. The head is brown. The thorax is also dark brown, with a testaceous spot on each side, has bright yellowish hairs on it. x\bdomen dark brown ; the $ genitalia small ; the ovipositor tawny ; lamellae brown. Palpi testaceous. Antennae brown, about length of the thorax, testaceous at the base. Wings marked with pale brown across the middle and at the tips. Legs testaceous, tibiae and tarsi brown ; posterior femora also brown at their distal extremity ; spines on posterior tibiae very small. The anterior tibiae longer than anterior metatarsi. Length \\ \.o ij lin. This does not appear to be a common species, nor does the other one that is found in England, viz., M. dimidiata^ S\.2iQg.= ocellus, Wlk. Genus. — Brachycampta, Wtz. The costal vein ending a little before the tip of the wing ; base of fourth hind areolet much nearer base of wing than is base of second hind areolet. Metamorphosis unknown. B. bicolor, Macq. This gnat varies from rusty yellow to brown, with a grayish tinge. Head brown ; thorax brown and testaceous pectus ; abdomen testa- ceous, with brown markings. Anal segment small ; palpi testaceous ; antennae brown or black, testaceous at base, stout, shorter than thorax. Wings yellowish, with a brownish tinge. Legs yellowish ; tarsi brown ; the posterior tibiae have only a few spines, and very long spurs ; anterior tibiae nearly same length as the anterior meta- tarsi. This is an uncommon species, and the only one of the genus found in England. Length ij to 2 lin. Genus. — Docosia, Wtz. The base of the fourth hi?id areolet is in a line with that of the second hind areolet. Head oval, proboscis short ; palpi bent, 4-jointed — first joint small, the fourth flat and very long. Antennae i6-jointed ; 1 24 AN A ceo UNT OF BRITISH FLIES. eyes round, ocelli three. Abdomen cylindrical, 7 segments, anal segment and $ genitalia small ; ovipositor short, two small lamellae. The larvae live in fungi and rotten wood. The gnats are found in woods and thickets. D. sciarina^ Mg. = J/, gilvtpes, Hal. This is a slightly ferruginous gnat, covered by whitish hairs. Palpi yellow ', antennae blackish-brown and thick \ the second joint has a long hair above. Eyes dark and oval; ocelli three in number, almost in a straight line. Thorax ferruginous. Wings minutely pubescent ; first, second, and third veins reddish-brown : " Das steile Basalstiick der dritten Langsader liegt verder Basis der Gabel der vierten Langsader, bei S. valda liegtes jenseits dieser Basis." The legs are rather stout and thick, tibiae darker than femora ; a thick row of small spines on posterior tibiae, the spines are stouter in the hind tibiae ; tarsi brown. Length \\ to 2 lin. Winnertz found the larvae in Boletus-scaber and edulis, and in Hydnum repajidum ; also in rotten wood. The species D. valida is also found in England. It has a chocolate thorax, and is much darker than sciarina. It appears in May. Genus. — Fhronia, Wtz. This genus has been admirably worked out by Dziedzicki,* and a most detailed and true classification has been brought forward by him. After giving the characters of this genus and the two British species, I will then give a short account of the method of classifica- tion he has adopted. Characters of genus : Moderately small, rusty yellow to brown in colour. Head roundish, and segment large. Anterior tarsi always longer than the tibia. Wings rather short, costa extends now and then beyond the apex of the third longitudinal. The first longitudinal vein generally incomplete, sometimes it ends at the costa ; fourth longitudinal vein with short petiole ; the fifth with a long petiole and generally a very small fork ; sixth and seventh longitudinal veins rudimentary. F, austriaca, Wtz. Head yellowish-brown. Palpi yellow. Antennae brown ; first segment yellow. Thorax yellow, with three dark brown stripes, which are confluent at their origin. Halteres yellow, or whitish- yellow. Abdomen of six segments, dark brown above, yellowish- * Ent. Hor. Rosslandae, t. xxiii., 1889. THE MYCETOPHILIDyE. 125 brown beneath. Legs yellow ; tarsi of the anterior legs 2-3 times longer than the tibiae of the corresponding legs ; the tibiae are in the same proportion to the corresponding metatarsi. The ovipositor : the pars basalia supera with a deep angular hollow on the posterior side, and with a slight arched depression on the sides ; the w hole ex ternal surface of .the lamella almost bare, and not clothed with any little hairs. The pars basalia infer a : the posterior border notched in form of a parenthesis, and covered by a single row of small hairs. The anterior lamella cylindrical, with the surface covered by delicate hairs ; the superior edge has also a single row of long hairs. The posterior lamella small, pyriform. Length \\ to \\ lin. They appear in May, June, July and August, according to Dziedzicki. P. nitidiventris^ V. d. Wulp. The larvae of this species live in rotten wood. The $ organs blackish-brown. The posterior border of the lamifta basalis is divided into three blunt lobes by two moderately deep cuneiform depressions ; the middle lobe is the largest and more convex than the lateral ; the external surface is covered by delicate hairs. The forceps inferior is almost rectangular in form, the ex- ternal border larger than the internal ; the posterior border furnished by a row of strong and also long hairs \ the whole external surface covered by delicate hairs. The forceps superior, sickle-shaped (faucilliforjne), furnished on the posterior borders and on the internal with small hairs; in the middle of this last piece is a triangular lamella furnished on its superior border with a row of strong hairs ; on the external parts of the forceps are found mem- branous lamellae with rows of rods {baguettes). Ovipositor brown. The pars basalis supera: the posterior border is notched with three semicircular depressions, the middle one much deeper than the lateral ones ; the external surface is bare, and there is a fine and long hair at the posterior angle. The pars basalis infera is a truncated triangle in form, with the posterior angles rounded ; the external surface and posterior border are covered by delicate hairs. The ant., or superior lamella, is heart-shaped, depressed in a deep arch on the posterior surface ; the external surface covered by minute hairs. The post, or inferior lamella, is in the form of a button, and is furnished with some short and strong hairs. Length ij to \\ lin. The imago is found in May, June, July and August. The descriptions of these two British examples of the genus Phronia are taken from Dziedzicki's monograph of the genus. He 126 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. bases his classification and specific characters on the sexual organs, viz., the Hypopygium or $ copulatory organs, and the ovipositor (Legerohre or $ ). The great importance of these two parts cannot be over-estimated, as they form the most decisive specific characters. The colour and nervation of the wings, etc., cannot be relied on, especially in the Mycetids, where the variation seems to be very great, and although, as pointed out by Professor Mik, the use of the hypopygium and ovipositor as specific characters necessitates the destruction of the species, it is far better to do so and thus find out what the true species are, than to be adding numbers of species, which are mere variations in colour and nervation. Is it not far better to have the hypopygium or ovipositor of an insect identified than the perfect fly which we cannot definitely identify? The great importance of these organs cannot be valued enough as specific dis- tinctions. I will now give an account of the Hypopygiutn and Ovipositor {pi the genus Phronia). The Hypopygium (Fig. 24). This is composed of the following Fig. 24. — $ genitalia = hypopygium of Phronia. I. and II. A = IaminDS basalis ; B = lam. superae ; c = forceps superior, D forceps inferior ; III. = forceps superior. parts: (i.) lamina basalis ; (ii.) lamincB superce ; {u\.) forceps inferior ; i^iw.) forceps superior ; (v.) and the appendix ijiterfia, or adminiculum. (i.) The lamina basalis^ which forms the greater part of the hypopygium, is attached to the sixth abdominal segment by the modified two last segments (seventh and eighth^. The posterior surface of the lamina is indented in various THE MYCETOFHILIDJS. 127 ways in the different species ; the forceps join the poste- rior surface. (ii.) The lamince superce. are two in number and lanceolate. They cover the summit of the lamina basalis. They are movable, and easily elevated upwards or downwards. There are two plates at the base of the laminae. (iii.) The forceps inferior simple, often notched and curved in various ways, and very hairy. This part forms a great specific character. (iv.) The y^r<r^/5 ^//?/f/'/<5'r formed of three distinct parts : (i) The " trone " (<^), which varies a great deal in form. (2) The "lamella" (<:), which is generally a triangular plate, the superior border being furnished with spines, which are long and strong. (3) The " membranous lamella " {a). This is wrinkled in various ways and furnished with recumbent, horizontal rows of rods {baguettes)^ smooth and compact. There is also another lamella present, joined to this, oblong in form and variable in shape, directed towards the interior ; a few hairs present. (v.) The appendix interna^ or admi7iiculu7n. This is found to be present in the middle of the basal lamella and beneath the two laminae superse. They are small structures, and not easily found in Mycetids. The Ovipositor (Legerohre). This is also composed of five parts : The pars basalis supera ; the pars basalis infer a ; the lamellce ante- r lores ; the lamellcB posteriores, and the vaginula. (Vide Fig. 25.) (i.) Fars basalis supera (a). This corresponds to the eighth dorsal abdominal segment. It is a simple plate, which is indented on the posterior border in various ways. (ii.) The pars basalis infera (e). This corresponds to the eighth ventral abdominal segment. It is also a simple piece, with various indentations in the different species. (iii.) The lamellce afiteriores (b) are movable plates of various shapes, the superior border being edged with a few long hairs. (iv.) The lamellce posteriores (c) are joined to the lam. ant., and are surmounted on their summit or extremity by short, strong hairs. (v.) The vaginula (d). This underlies the ant. and post, lamellae. Of course these parts vary, not only in each family, but in each genus and species ; their study is at present in a very unsatisfactory state 128 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. By this means alone will a satisfactory separation of the species of Mycetophilidce, be accomplished. The paper from which this has / Fig. 25. — ? genitalia = ovipositor (Legerohre) oi Phronia. been mainly compiled shows amply the great specific importance of the structure of the sexual organs. Genus. — Sceptonia, Wtz. This is a small, dark-coloured genus. The middle tibia has one row of black spines on its inner surface. The costa passes beyond the apex of the third longitudinal. The anal is incomplete (sixth), and the seventh longitudinal vein is very long. The larvae live in fungi and rotten wood. The gnats are found in shady woods. S. nigra, Mg. This is a black species, about ij to i^ lin. in length. The head is black ; the palpi testaceous ; the antennae black, testaceous at the base. The anal segment and hypopygium testaceous ; the ovipositor brown, with yellow lamellae. Legs testaceous; tarsi brown; black tips to femora ; fore tibiae longer than fore metatarsi. Wings yellowish or with a brownish-yellow tinge (Walker describes them as gray). This fly appears in woods and thickets fairly plentifully from April to October. Genus. — Zygomyia, Wtz. Head roundish ; proboscis short ; palpi, eyes, and ocelli as in Exechia. Forehead drawn forward in a triangular shape ; head with THE MYCETOPHILIDAi. 129 anterior border somewhat projecting. Legs tolerably long, anterior ones shortened ; femora strong and thick ; posterior femora very thick ; tibiae strong, club-shaped, spurred ; anterior ones devoid of spines ; posterior with two rows of strong lateral spines ; posterior tarsi with fine spines. Abdomen 6 to 7 jointed ; $ genitalia small. Wings minutely hairy. Z. noiata, Stan. This is a blackish-brown insect ; head dark brown ; palpi yellow ; antennas brown, with yellow base ; glistening yellowish-gray hairs on the abdomen. Anal segment small, yellowish. Ovipositor and lamellae brown. Legs testaceous, the apex of the hind femora brown. V/ings with a yellowish-gray tinge ; root and costa yellow, with a discal brown spot. Length, f to ij lin. This gnat is found in woods and copses, the larvae living in rotten wood. There are the following also found in Britain : Valida^ Wtz. (Verb. d. Zool. Bot., Ges. xiii., 902-1. 1863.) Pictipennis^ Staeg. (Staeger, Kroj., Tidskr. iii., 266-41. 1840). Vara^ Staeg., ibid.^ 42 ; diXid paludosa^ Staeg. Genus. — Azana^ Wlk. Small dark insects. Head small and oval ; lower than thorax. Palpi small and short. Antennae stout and i6-jointed, not longer than thorax. The thorax is convex. The abdomen is compressed and of moderate length, the anal segment blunt and the hypopygium small. Wings fairly broad. The costa passes beyond the apex of the third longitudinal vein ; fourth and fifth longitudinal veins simple ; sixth rudimentary. Transverse veinlet small, long, and nearly hori- zontal. Metamorphosis unknown. A. anomala, Staeg. = A. scatopsoides, Wlk. This is the only species in this genus, and was first described by Walker. The gnat is black, with grayish wings; yellowish hairs. The head, palpi, and antennae mostly black ; the base of the latter occasionally testaceous. Legs piceous, stout, and long ; hind tibiae with minute spines and fairly long spurs. Tarsi brown. Halteres tawny, with black knobs. Length, about ij lin. This genus is closely allied to Mycetophila. Appears in May and June. Genus. — Acnemia, Wtz. Head round; flat in front; proboscis short; antennce T6-jointed, arched. Eyes oval. Ocelli three^ the middle one small ; some- 9 I30 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. times in a straight line. Abdomen cylindrical, with large anal segment and small hypopygium, short ovipositor, and two strong lamellae. Legs long, stout, and strong. Wings longish and rounded. The costa passes beyond the apex of the third longitudinal. The upper and lower branch of the first longitudinal form together one transverse veinlet. The fourth longitudinal vein is forked, and the fork has a short petiole ; sixth longitudinal vein very short. The larvae live in fungi and rotten wood. A. defecta, Wlk. The perfect insect is black. Testaceous palpi. Antennae i6- jointed, sub-moniliform, a little longer than thorax. Abdomen testaceous at the tip. Wings nearly limpid, first longitudinal vein joining costa before one-third length of wing, united by a little trans- verse veinlet with the second longitudinal vein, at some distance from its tip; the second is united to the third by a veinlet, which is a little beyond the base of the fourth vein ; third joining the costal near the tip of the latter; fourth and fifth slight, the former forked near its base. Legs testaceous ; trochanters partly black ; spurs long ; tarsi blackish, minutely setose beneath. Length, i lin. This species seems only to be described by Walker, from whom this account is compiled. A. nitidicollis^ Mg. Black with shiny hairs, thorax shiny ; hypopygium and lamellae of ovipositor yellowish; antennae i6-jointed, brown; palpi yellowish. Legs testaceous ; tarsi brown ; base of legs brown. Wings brownish ; base and veins brown. Length, \\ lin. A. amana^ Wtz. This is a yellowish species also found in England. Length, 2 lin. Genus. — Glaphyroptera, Wtz. Most of the species in this genus seem to have been placed in the old genus Leia, and many of them are described under this head by Walker and Meigen. Head roundish, flat above ; proboscis short ; palpi 4-jointed ; fourth joint very long — as long as the three preceding ones together. Antennae i6-jointed. Eyes oval ; ocelli three, in a semicircle ; central one small ; lateral ones large near the eyes. Thorax very convex. Abdomen with seven segments, slender, short anal segment and small genitalia {$). Legs fairly thick; tibiae with long spines. Wings generally with spots or bands. Fourth and fifth veins forked. THE MYCETOPHILID^. 131 iL.fasciola^ Mg. ^ ^ . . - _ ' Z. flavicorfiiSy Mg. G. fasapenms, Mg. = ,. -^ , . V^ ,. Z. consobrina^ Curtis. Iz. crucigera, Zett. This gnat is yellowish, with testaceous ventral surface. Palpi yellow ; antennae brown, yellowish at the base. Legs yellowish- brown, with brown tarsi. Wings with a yellowish tinge, testaceous at the base, and having a gray sub-apical band. The first longitudinal vein short, united to second longitudinal vein by a transverse veinlet ; fork of the fifth longitudinal vein much nearer than the fork of the fourth to the base of wing. This is an abundant species, and is especially common on oak and lime trees. There are about a dozen of this genus found in England — the one described is the commonest. The larvae live in fungi and rotten vegetable matter. The larva of G. fascioia, Mg. (fascipennis) is described by Van Roser* as follows : " The transparent, smooth and slimy larva lives in delicate webs on the surface of tree fungi." They strongly resemble Sciophila larvae in habits and structure. G. Wintheffiii, Lehm. = Leia Wintheviii Wlk. (Ins. Brit.). This species is testaceous. The thorax has three brown stripes^ the middle one being divided. Wings with three gray bands, which seem to vary, sometimes being almost absent. Abdomen has a dark band on each segment at the ventral edge. An autumnal species. Recorded by Dale at Glanville Wootton. G. subfasciata^ Mg. = Leia Marklini^ Zett., is the only other cer- tain British species ; there are many others recorded as British, but their records want verification. G. pukhella, Curt., is a bright ochreous species, with a dark spoi on the thorax ; the first and second abdominal segments have a black spot ; third, fourth and fifth have a black ring ; sixth and seventh black. Recorded by Curtis and Haliday, and taken on umbelliferae. SMycetophiia, Mg. Leia^ Macq. Boietina^ Zett. This genus resembles Leptomorphus^ but the ocelli are nearly of the same size, and are arranged in a straight line. Abdomen flattened laterally. Wings microscopically hairy; third vein, simple; fourth and fifth forked ; sixth vein not extending to the edge of wing. The costa extends over the apex of third Tei?i. * Verz. Wiirttemb. Dipt., 1834. 9—2 132 AN A ceo UNT OF BRITISH FLIES. A. nemoralis^ Mg. = Boletina elotigaia, Curtis. Blackish-brown. The body long, slender, shining ; head brown ; hairs yellowish ; thorax with a tawny spot on each side in front. Palpi yellowish; antennae blackish-brown, yellowish at the base. Wings with brownish tinge, yellowish costa and brown veins ; third longitudinal vein undulating; fourth longitudinal vein not forked, but accompanied by a secondary vein, ending behind the tip of the wing ; fork of fifth and tip of praebrachial areolet at an equal distance from the base of the wing ; sixth vein fairly long. Legs testaceous, long and slender ; brown at their base and also the tarsi ; hind tibiae brownish, no spines. Length 3 lin. Not an uncommon gnat. The life history unknown. i Mycetophila^ Mg. Genus Boletina, Staeg. = - Leia, Mg. yLeptomorphus, Wlk. This genus of gnats much resembles the Mycetophilse, but they are of a more slender build than the latter, and the sub-costal, or first longi- tudinal vein, is much longer. The following may be taken as the chief characters of the genus : Body 7-segmented and slender, cylindrical in (^, subfusiform in ?; thorax large, convex, short; head small, and ventrally placed ; eyes oval, ocelli three, central one below lateral ones and small ; the palpi are curved outwards. Proboscis scarcely elongated. Antennae slender, i6-jointed compressed, about twice the length of thorax in the $, and about same length as thorax in the $ ; very few hairs. Wings broadish ; costal vein not long, scarcely reaching tip of wing ; first longitudinal vein long, nearly half length of wing ; second longitudinal straight, not ending quite at the tip ; third longitudianl vein joins tip of costal ; fourth and fifth forked ; sixth distinct, but not reaching the border of the wing; seventh small. Legs slender, of moderate length ; a few bristles on the tibiae ; spurs longish. Hypopygium and ovipositor small. These gnats frequent woods and damp places, and in their habits they much resemble Mycetophilae. The larvae live in fungi and in rotten wood. Beling* describes one from rotten and "decaying leaves in a forest of deciduous trees " in Denmark. Closely allied to this genus is Gnoriste, which is not, however, found in England. The Boletinae seem to be northern insects, many being found in Norway, Sweden, Greenland, Lapland, etc. ; but they are equally abundant in warmer climates. * Wiegm. Archiv., etc., 1875, P* S^- THE MYCETOPHILID^. 133 B. dubia^ Staeg. This is a black gnat. Head and thorax covered by a gray tomen- tum ; antennae slender, i6-jointed and a little longer than the thorax. The abdomen is long and dark. Wings have the fork of the fifth longitudinal vein nearer to the base of wing than the fork of the fourth longitudinal vein ; sixth extends nearly to the fork of the fifth. Legs testaceous, long and slender ; tibiae dark, posterior tibiae with long spurs and short spines : tarsi black. Length 3 to 3^ lin. n ' ' c^ f Mycetophila sciarina. Mg. B. sciartna, Staeg. = \ ^i'^ „ ^ ^ ( M. obscurella^ Zett. This is a blackish-brown species, very widely distributed. Zetterstedt describes it from Norway, etc., under the name obscurella. It is, according to Walker, slightly covered by a gray tomentum. Palpi and antennas are blackish-brown ; the antennae are twice the length of the thorax. The body is clothed with yellowish hairs. The anal segment is longer than the one before it. The legs are testa- ceous, and the spurs short ; tarsi blackish-brown, and the hind tibiae with very few short spines. The wings have a grayish tinge ; second and third longitudinal veins very distinct, brown ; the fourth and fifth pale; the sixth fairly long, extending beyond the fork of the fifth. Length i\ to 2 lin. The other British species are trivittata,''' Mg. (System. Beschr. i., 258, 10); borealis, Zett. (Dipt. Scand., xi. 4,160, Z)\ plana^ Wlk. (Ins. Brit., vol. iii., p. 34) ; mialis, Mg. (System. Beschr., i., 257, 9). Genus Leptomorphus, Curtis. This genus was formed by Curtis, one species only being known. The body is slender ; head small ; palpi 4-jointed, long and slender, Fig. z^.—^q.'x^ q{ Leptomorphus Walkeri. fourth joint longest. Eyes oval; ocelli two. Antennae i6-jointed, filiform, about half length of body. Thorax very short. Abdomen compressed, thickened at the tip ; the hypopygium large. Legs long and slender, very small spines to tibiae and very long spurs. Wings narrow, hairy ; costal ends a little in front of tip of wing ; first longi- tudinal vein long, connected with the second by a transverse veinlet * Taken at Linton, Ivybridge, Loch Maree and Tongue, in June. (Verrall.) 134 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FIIES. near its junction with the costa ; there is another transverse veinlet near this, between second and third veins ; the third longitudinal is united with the tip of the costa, and is not forked ; the fork of the fourth much beyond the fork of the fifth, which is nearly opposite the transverse veinlets ; the sixth extends beyond the fork of the fifth. This is figured by Curtis. The metamorphosis is unknown. L. lValken\ Curtis. Testaceous ; head tawny ; thorax with three blackish-brown stripes, united behind. Palpi and proboscis testaceous; antennae brown, yellow at the base. Ocelli brown. Abdomen brown towards the tip, posterior borders of the segments darkish, the hypopygium golden yellow ; yellowish hairs. Wings grayish at the tip ; a brown spot at the tip of the praebrachial areolet ; veins dark brown. Legs testaceous ; tarsi brown and spurs dark brown. Length 5 lin. Mr. Dale found this species in September at Glanville V/ootton. The fiight much resembles that of a Plume Moth {Pierophorus). Section 3. — Sciophilinm. Body elongated and slender. Head small. Eyes round or oblong. Ocelli three, the middle one small. Proboscis short. Palpi 4-jointed, curved downwards ; fourth joint long. Antennae i6-jointed. Wings broad ; two cubital areolets ; first longitudinal vein reaching costal in some (Sciophila, etc.), much shorter in others (Tetragoneura), united to second longitudinal vein near its base by a transverse veifilet; fourth vein forked ; fifth usually forked ; sixth vein long, but not reaching the border of wing. Abdomen with 7 segments. Legs long and slender. The larvae of this section may at once be known from those of Mycetophila by their elongated form and different mode of life. They do not live as the Mycetophilince larvae inside the fungi, but they prefer the surface of the pileus, generally the under side ; this they cover with a dense net in which they live.* Others live in decaying wood, especially when covered with Byssus. The larvae form slimy tracts, like slugs, and on these they move backwards and forwards with great rapidity. The pupae are enclosed in dense cocoons of silk. The maggots are usually whitish or yellowish, and often live in the same fungi as Mycetophilce larvae, and hence great mistakes have been made in the descriptions of the larvae. The luminosity of these * I have also found SciophilcB larvae living inside some tree fungi, which they had covered with their webs. They crawled out of their tunnels as soon as the weather became warmer (March), and crawled about amongst the webs. THE MYCETOPHILIDyE. 135 larvae has been mentioned before (pp. 97, 98). The maggot of a Scio- phila is figured on page 96. (Fig. 15 A.) Genus. — Empalia^ Wtz. The costal vein does not extend to the tip of the wing ; the base •of the fourth hind areolet a little nearer to the base of the wing than is the base of the second hind areolet. The petiole of the latter moderately long. E. vitripennis^ Mg. Blackish-brown. Head dark brown ; proboscis and palpi yellow- ish ; antennae brown, tawny at base. Thorax dark brown, yellowish on each side. Abdomen dark brown, ferruginous at the tip ; lamellae of $ yellow, and the ovipositor and anal segments. Legs light yellow \ tarsi dark brown ; base of legs brown ; femora with dark spots at the apex ; the end of the posterior femora and tibia brown ; anterior tibia with two, middle and posterior with three rows of dark spines; the anterior tibia much longer than the metatarsi. Wings sometimes brownish, pale at the base ; fourth and fifth veins pale. Length if to 2| lin. Genus. — Empheria^ Wtz. The first longitudinal vein does not extend to the tip of the wing ; the base of the fourth hind areolet is much nearer the base of the wing than is the base of the second hind areolet. E. ptctipenftis, Hal. Yellowish. Thorax yellowish-brown, sides pale. Abdomen has first and second segments unspotted -, third and fourth blackish-brown with testaceous hind border, fifth and sixth almost black : hypopygium yellowish ; lamellae of ovipositor yellow. Head yellow, front and vertex brownish ; proboscis yellow ; palpi and antennae brownish, the latter yellowish at the base (first and second joints), scarcely as long as the head and thorax together. Wings with two brown bands; one in the middle of the wing, passing beyond the areolet, and "sinuated thence to the hind border; the other sub-apical, extending to the tip of the radial vein." Legs pale yellow ; tibia brownish ; tarsi brown ; anterior tibia some- times longer than the metatarsi. Length i J to 2 lin. Appears in October, This is a rare species ; it was found in Kent, and described by Mr. Haliday.* Mr. Dale records this also from Glan- ville Wootton in the Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd series., vol. i., p. 109 (1890). * E/tL Mag., I. 156 (1833), and Winneitz, Verh. d. Zool. Bot. Ges., xju. pp. 742-745 (1863). 136 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. ^ ,w ^ \ Sciophila, Curtis et Zett. Q.^^^3^.-Tetragoneura, Wtz.*= "^Mycetophila, Mg. Body slender and elongated. Head small and round, flat above. Eyes round. Proboscis short. Labium short and fleshy, rigid in front and hairy. Coxae elongated, femora compressed, lateral spines on hind tibiae. Wings longer than abdomen ; costal does not extend to tip of the wing. First longitudinal vein very short, third ending Fig. 27.— Head of Tetragotieura Sylvatica. before tip of wing : base of the fourth hind areolet in a transverse line with the base of the second, or very near the base of the wing. Joints of the antennae cylindrical. The larvae live in fungi and rotten wood. T hirta^ Wtz. = S. dissimilis, Zett. Black, clothed with whitish hairs. Thorax with grayish tinge, beset with large light hairs. Abdomen in $ dark brown with light hairs and somewhat shiny, ventral segment yellow ; in the ? the abdomen is yellow, the segments have a black dorsal stripe and black bands, except the sixth and seventh segments, which are entirely black. Hypopygium yellow; ovipositor and lamellae brown. Head dark brown, vertex sometimes grayish ; proboscis and palpi yellow. An- tennae dark brown, basal and second joints yellow. Wings hyaline, costa dark, areolet oblong ; second and third longitudinal veins brown, the rest pale ; the first longitudinal ending in the second before its middle ; fork of fourth longitudinal opposite apex of areolet ; fork of the fifth nearly at the base of the wing. Legs light yellow \ coxae and tips of posterior femora dark brown, the latter has a black streak at the base on the ventral side ; tibiae and tarsi brown ; posterior tibia longer than metatarsus. Length i\ lin. This is a rare species. Haliday records it from Ireland. There are two other species of this genus recorded from Great Britain, viz., sylvatica, Curtis, Brit. Ent., xiv., 641, 16 (1837), and Winnertz, Verb. d. Zool. Hot. Ges., xiii. 766. 2 { = disfincta) and melanoceras, Wlk., 7'ide Walker, Ins. Brit., Dip., vol. iii., p. 46.! * Ent. Zeit. V., Stett. vii. 18 (1846). + 6j/r'a//Va = Black ; proboscis, palpi and second Joint of antennae yellow THE MYCETOPHILIDAt. 137 The round head and circular eyes, the ocelli being nearly equal and in a curved line, and the cylindrical joints of the antennae, be- sides the veins, at once distinguish this genus. Genus. — Lasiosotna, Wtz. = Sciophila^ Mg. The larvce of this genus live in fungi and rotten wood. The gnats may be found in woods and thickets. The genus may be distinguished by the base of the fourth hind areolet being much further from the base of the wing than is the base of the second hind areolet. It is nearly allied to Sciophila^ but the costal does not extend to the tip of the wing as it does in Sciophila. There are seven species of this genus found in Great Britain. Z. /J/rto, Mg.= |f^'''''«'H°'^"- \S. pilosida^ Zett. Blackish-brown. Head brown. Palpi testaceous ; antennae longer than thorax. Abdomen brown. Legs yellow ; tarsi brown, yellow at the base ; posterior femora dark at the base and tips ; posterior tibiae also dark at the tips. Wings with a brownish-gray tinge ; first cubital areolet of moderate size, oblong. This is a fairly abundant species. Length i^ to 2 lin. L. rufilaterum, Wlk. = S. rufilatera^ Wlk. This is a dark brown insect ; palpi yellowish ; antennae blackish- brown, tawny at the base. Thorax with a tawny spot on each side in front. Abdomen tawny on each side, except towards the lip. Legs tawny ; tarsi brown ; posterior tibiae with minute spines and rather long spurs. Wings grayish. First cubital areolet very small, almost square. Length ij lin. Scarce species. The following are the other British species : L. luteum, Macq. Dale has bred this species from larvae feeding in a web on a fungus on a pear tree. The imago is yellowish, with dark brown head. L. ochraceum^ Wlk., Ins. Brit. Dip., vol. iii., p. 41. L. jnauray Wlk., ibid. p. 42. Z. fenestrella^ Curtis, British Ent., 641 (1837). L. rufiun^ Mg. Genus. — Monoclona^ Mik. M. halierata^ Staeg. This is a rare species, resembling S. (L.) riifutn, Mg., in appear- ance. The imago is testaceous ; the head has front and vertex dark- Thorax blackish-gray, beset with long whitish-yellow hairs. Areolet minute. Abdomen as in hiria. Sub-costal obsolete. Me/afiorera s~Antennx quite black. Sub-costal complete. Areolet elongated and dilated at the tip. Holywood, near Belfast (Haliday). 138 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. brown ; the thorax shiny and covered with pale hairs. The abdomen brownish. Palpi brownish ; antennae dark brown, first and second joints yellowish. Legs short, yellowish; posterior tibiae have short, but distinct spines. Wings hyaline ; veins stout and brown ; areolet small ; first longitudinal vein connected with second before the areolet ; fork of fourth longitudinal vein with very short petiole. Length 2 J lin. This species may be known from Z. rufuni by being shorter in legs and antennae and by the stout veins. ^ r. . . (Platyura^ F. Genus Ciciophtla, Mg. = { ^ • , , x. ^ ' ° \Asindulurn^ Lat. In this genus the costal vein extends to the tip of the wing. The body is slender and elongated. Head small. Proboscis short. Palpi four-jointed, fourth joint long and slender, first and second joints short. Antennae i6-jointed, as long in ?, longer in ^^ than head and thorax. Eyes oblong ; ocelli three in number. Thorax short, with black hairs. Abdomen slender, seven segments, cylindrical in <^, fusiform in $. Legs long and slender; femora hairy, tibiae setose ; spurs moderately long. Wings moderately broad, minutely hairy; first longitudinal vein slightly curved towards its tip, often united with costal, and connected with second longitudinal near its tip by a transverse veinlet ; third longitudinal arises from the second before the middle of the wing ; fourth longitudinal forked at beyond the middle of wing ; fifth forked, forks nearly straight ; seventh very near the base. Areolets twelve, including two cubitals. S. tenuis, Wlk. This gnat is slender and tawny. Head tawny, vertex black. Palpi and proboscis yellowish ; antennae dark brown, yellowish at the base. Thorax has three dark stripes, the middle one long, the lateral ones short. Abdomen tawny. Legs yellowish, long and slender ; posterior tibiae with minute spines and very short spurs. Wings nearly limpid ; transverse veinlet springs from the first longitudinal vein opposite the middle of the first cubital areolet. Length 2 J lin. Appears to be uncommon ; found in August. S.fasciata, Zett. Yellowish ; head with vertex black ; antennae dark, yellowish at the base. Three black stripes on the thorax, lateral stripes short. Abdomen black, with a yellowish border on the posterior edge of each segment. Legs yellowish; tarsi brown; posterior tibiae with THE MYCETOPHILIDJE. 139 minute spines and long spurs. Wings with a faint brownish tinge cubital areolet not clouded. Length 2 to 3 lin. Fig. 28. — Sciophila Fasciata. This is a common species, and resembles S. murginaia^ but the latter has the cubital areolet clouded. Margitiafa^ Mg., is 2 J to 3 lin. long. As far as I can make out, 6". hilaris, Wlk., is the same 2iS fasciata^ Zett. Other British species are : S. hyalinata* Mg. Verb. d. Zool. Bot. Ges., xiii., 713, 6. S, congrua^ Wlk. This is a black species, with tawny palpi \ a ferruginous spot on each side of the thorax in front ; scutellum and pectus ferruginous. S. trivittata^ Zett. Gray, hoary beneath. Testaceous spot on each side of thorax in front. Abdomen testaceous beneath and along the hind borders of the segments on each side. Found in May. S. cingulata^ Mg. Meig., i c. I. 102, 5 ; Zw. i., 247, 5 (1818). S. ornata, Mg. Winnertz, Verh. d. Zool. Bot. Ges., xiii., 725, 18. S. fimbriata^ Mg. Ibid.^ xiii., 736, 29. Meigen, Zw., 247, 3. S. ferruginea^ Mg. Zw. i., 249, 9. S. ruficollis^ Zett. ? Zetterstedt, Dip. Scan., xi. 41 21, 17. S. punctata, Mg. Winnertz, Verh. d. Zool. Bot., Ges., xiii., 714, 7. * HyalJnata, Mg. Testaceous ; vertex black, abdomen brown, hind borders of segments testaceous. Cingulata, Mg. Testaceous ; vertex brown. Fimbriata^ Mg. Tawny ; vertex piceous. Ferruginea, Mg. Testaceous ; vertex black ; brown band on hind border of each abdominal segment. Ruficollis, Zett. Testaceous ; sutures and tip of abdomen black. Punctata, Mg. Tawny ; vertex black. Triliiteata, Zett. Testaceous ; abdomen pale ferruginous. Incisiirata, Zett. Testaceous ; vertex brown. Abdomen brown ; pale testaceous band on hind border of each segment. Ornata, Mg. Testaceous ; abdomen testaceous ; second to fifth segments with black borders. I40 AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FLIES. S. trtlineata^ Zett. Ibid.^ xiii. 734, 27. S. tficisurata, Zett. = S. annulata, Mg. Ins. Lapp., 859, 7 (1840). Zett. and Zw., i., 247, 4 (18 18). Meigen. Section 4 . — Ceroplatince. Antennae 17-jointed, not very long. Ocelli three, middle one small. Thorax elliptical. First longitudinal vein short ; third, fourth and fifth veins forked ; brachial vein short. Body long and narrow ; eight segments. A. Mouth elongated like a beak. fTipula, F. Genus Asindulum^ Ltr. = J Platyura, Zett. \Macrorrhyncha^ Wtz. The insects of this genus are slender, and their bodies are long. Head (Fig. 17A) oval and depressed in front ; vertex convex ; front broad. Eyes oblong ; ocelli three, middle one small. The mouth is produced into a short rostrum : the proboscis is long and bifid, elongated Hps. Palpi 4-jointed ; first joint small, third and fourth fairly long and nearly equal. Antennae : first and second joints cyathiform, re- mainder cylindrical, except seventeen, this is conical; hairy. Abdo- men cylindrical, eight segments ; in ? the abdomen is subfusciform ; hypopygium small. Legs long and slender; hind femora stout and bare ; hind tibiae have minute lateral spines ; spurs well developed. Wings minutely pubescent, parallel in repose ; first longitudinal vein short, second ending much beyond half the length of the wing ; fourth longitudinal, forked near its base, fore-fork ending just behind tip of the wing ; fifth forked nearer base of wing, its fore -fork connected by a transverse veinlet with the third longitudinal vein before the fork of the fourth ; the sixth and seventh veins short. The metamorphosis is not known, but Winnertz* reared them from rotten wood. (A. flavum). A.flavum, Wtz. = P. rostra ta, Zett. The imago is yellow. The thorax yellow, with three brownish stripes running longitudinally, clothed with black hairs. Proboscis, palpi and antennae blackish -brown. Abdomen brown in the S, first and second segments yellow; sixth, seventh and eighth black; hypopygium light brown to yellow. In the ? the abdomen is pale brownish-yellow ; third, fourth and fifth segments with black sutures ; the seventh and eighth black; ovipositor light brown. Legs pale * Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1846, p. 18. THE MVCETOPHILIDJS.. 141 yellow ; tibiae pale brown ; tarsi brown. The wings have a yellowish tinge. Length 2 to 2| lin. This is a rare species, and the only one of the genus found in England ; the larvae live in decayed wood. B. Mouth not elongated like a beak. Genus Flatyura, Mg. Body long and narrow. Head roundish, small. Proboscis short. |
bpt6k2408904k_1 | French-PD-Newspapers | Public Domain | 20' ANNÉE, 2* SÉRIE, N° 1293DIRECTION ET RÉDACTION ruARIb, 2£»7, rue Saint-Honoré, PAK6&PRIX DE L’ABONNEMENT PARIS ET DÉPARTEMLX T? 3 mois 7 fr.; 8 mois 13 fr.; 1 an 24 fralsace-louuaisb 3mois 9 fr.; 8 mois 16 fr.; 1 an 30 ir.ÉTRANGER (UNION POSTALE) 3 mois 10 fr.; 8 mois 19 fr,; 1 an 36 faPARIS O Centimes. — DÉPARTEMENTS 1Q Centimes.DÉPÔT LÉGALSAMEDI 11 JUIN 1898.ADMINISTRATION ET PUBLICITÉ (PARIS, 257, rue Saint Honoré, PARISPRIX DE L’ABONNEMENT PARIS ET DÉPARTEMENT!' 3 mois 7 fr.; 6 mois 13 fr.; 1 an 24 tir,ALSACE-LORRAINE , 3 mois 9 fr.; G mois 16 fr.; 1 au 30 fr^ETRANGER (t'NlON POSTALE) 3 mole 10 fr.; 6 mois 19 fr.; 1 an 36 fr»< » r pHoire : Schlakber-Paris (241—52)Tout ce gui concerne ta rédaction doit être enbayé à M le Secrétaire de la rédaction du Signal, 257, ~ue Saint-Honoré, Paris. — Les manuscrit i W. sont vas rendusQuotidien, Politique et Littéraire ITéléphone : ScttlaeberParis (241—62)Tous mandats,chèques ou articles d'argent concer nant les abonnements et la publicité doivent étii adressés à M. Albert Pagès, trésorier, au bureau du Signal, *257, rue Saint-Honoré. Paris.' ■ I ■■■ ggB—(«8) aOMMAXRBTribune. — Progressistes : H. Draussik. Ktraniter. — L’évacuation do la Thessalie.La guêtre Hispano-Américaine. Conférence «le Vcrsnillcv ; J|. A. D. Quinzaine ■clentltiqne ; J. Dauphis. variété. — Un ambassadeur de Louis RIVE. Feuilleton. — Pougatcbeff ; R. CandianiTRIBUNEPROGRESSISTESPas de concentration ! Ce mot d’ordre, adopté par « certains républicains de gouvernement » ne paraît pas leur présager une victoire prochaine. Il est très facile d’élaborer un programme ; il est fort légitime de vouloir le réaliser à soi tout seul et de repousser toute alliance avec des groupes ou des partis limitrophes, de crainte de concessions fâcheuses. Peste à savoir si l’on est en mesure de far ôa se, comme prétendait l’ôtre l ltalie, qui a dû accepter ou invo quer la coopération de la France et de la Prusse pour secouer le joug de l’Autriche et constituer son unité politique. Or, en dépit des estimations optimistes de la statistique officielle au lendemain de la grande bataille électorale, aucun parti ne peut se flatter de posséder la majorité absolue dans la nouvelle Chambre. La question se pose donc de savoir parquelle combinaison un minis tère qui veut durer et un parlement qui désire faire œuvre utile, atteindront leur butNous n’attachons qu’une importance secondaire à la chute ou au maintien du ministère Méline, et nous trouvons puéril l’empressement de ses adver saires à annoncer qu’il se proposait de remettre sa démission entre les mains du président de la République aussitôt après l'élection du bureau définif de la Chambre. Cette élection, quel qu’en soit le résultat, encore imprévu au moment où nous écrivons ces lignes, n’aura pas plus de valeur démonstrative au point de vue de l’existence d’une majorité ho mogène que n'en avait l’élection du président provisoire. On renveise un ministère avec une majorité de rencon tre, on ne gouverne pas, on n’édifie rien de stable, au moyen d’une coalition d’éléments hétérogènes et incohérents.Est-il assemblages plus criards, troupes plus discordantes que la majorité et la minorité qui se disputent le siège présidentiel de la Chambre? Un dépla cement, — nous ne disons pas une défection — de quelques voix fait passer la victoire d’un camp dans l’autre. Et c'est, à ce va-et-vient de dix, de vingt, de cinquante bachi-bouzoucks, aventu riers de la politique vivant aux dépens de tous les partis, qu’il faudrait subor donner l'existence d’un ministère 1L existence de la République n’est plus menacée, dit-on. C’est possible. Mais le bel avantage en vérité, si nous piétinons sur place, et si nous conser vons une République immobile, grâce à la continuelle instabilité ministérielle et à la stérilité parlementaire.Qui dit république, dit progrès. Eh bien, s'imagine-t-on qu’une majorité côté droit, dont l’appoint serait formé par les groupes Piou, de Mun, abbé Garnier, Paul de Cassagnac, peut-être aussi — pourquoi pas? — par les natio nalistes, les révisionnistes, les antisé mites, est capable de faire de bonne besogne, et qu’un ministère sorti d’un pareil laboratoire aurait la moindre vi talité? Le jour où cette majorité et ce ministère tenteraient une réforme sé neuse, ils perdraient l’appui de leurs associés d’occasion, un seul moyen leur permettant de le conserver ; le sacrifice de quelque loi constitutionnelle, c’està-dire le recul vers un passé à jamais condamné. Ce n’est que par des conces sions de principes, par des mesures réactionnaires, par de continuelles exécutions de fonctionnaires que le gouvernement parviendrait à vivre : en d’autres termes il serait le protégé et l’obligé de la réaction.Une majorité côté radical n’aurait pas un rort plus glorieux. C’est avec les socialistes de toute nuance, avec les collectivistes qu’elle devrait entrer en composition, et l’on peut croire que les exigences de tels alliés ne seraient pas moindres, dans le sens révolutionnaire, que celles des ralliés cléricaux et desmonarchistes impénitents dans le sens opposé.Voilà donc deux fractions importan tes de l’armée républicaine, qui, réu nies, écraseraient de leur masse tous les groupes d’opposition et qui, divi sées, ont pour seule perspective d’exer cer alternativement le pouvoir grâce à d’humiliantes accointances.On aura beau épiloguer et équivo quer, on ne nous persuadera point que MM. Deschanel, Poincaré, Ribot, soient aussi rapprochés de M. Piou et de l’abbé Lemire que de M. Bourgeois ou de M. Pelletan, ni que la distance entre radi caux et progressistes soit plus grande et l'entente moins facile qu'entre radi caux et collectivistes ou socialistes révolutionnaires.Pourquoi dès lors, au lieu d’obéir à la loi des affinités naturelles, persisteraiton à chercher dans des unions simmo rales l'exercice toujours précaire d’un pouvoir indigne de respect? La France doit être lasse de cette agitation stérile dont notre dernière législature a offert le peu édifiant spectacle. Elle est satu rée de ces interpellations mesquines, de ces ajournements perpétuels de réfor mes, de cette nonchalance et de cette légèreté à voter les budgets, qui ont tant discrédité notre régime parlemen taire. Elle aussi, la toute première, demande que le travail de ses représente tants soit plus sérieux, mieux réglé ; elle aussi réclame qu’on s’occupe de ses intérêts plutôt que de la chasse aux portefeuilles.La Chambre nouvelle a mal débuté; c’est faute d’expérience, nous voulons le croire. Mais il serait prématuré de la croire impuissante et il est absurde de penser à la nécessité d’une dissolution. Elle renferme des hommes de haute valeur et de grande clairvoyance. C’est à eux de coordonner les bonnes volontés et de former, par l’union républicaine, une majorité vraiment progressiste, qui réduise à l’impuissance toutes les oppo sitions coalisées, non seulement par sa force numérique, mais surtout par son zèle et son intelligence à satisfaire les aspirations de la démocratie.H. Drausala.TÉLÉGRAMMES ET CORRESPONDÎTESGrande-BretagneHier, à la Chambre dca Communes, M. Cnr zon, questionné sur Ici affaires d’ExtrêmeOrient, a déclaré qu’il avait appris que les Français avaient obtenu la concession d’un chemin de fer de Pakhoï àNanning Fou. Il ne peut pas exposer en ce moment les mesures que l’Angleterre est on train d’adopter dans le sud de la Chine.Ou poursuit en Birmanie, a-t-il dit, la contraction d’un chemin de fer dans la direction do la frontière chinoise ; mais quant à la ronto qu’il prendra et quant à son étendue à partir do cette frontière, il est très difficile de l’éta blir et, par conséquent, impossible, tant que ce point n’aura pas été réglé, de demander à la Chine une concession.Il n’y a pas eu de correspondance avec la France au sujet de chemins de fer chinois et la correspondance avec la Chine continue.Nous ! e possédons pas le texte do l’accord russo-chinois, mais la Russie a déclaré qu’elle entendait respecter les droits de souveraineté delà Chine à Port-Arthur et à Ta-Lien-Onan ainsi que les traites existant entre la Chine et les autres Etats.La Russie a ajouté qu'elle conserverait cru puleusement le statu quo existant avant la cession à bail des deux ports et que Jo nouveau règlement assurera la marine de guerre et à la marine marchande de notre pays l’entrée des port» prévue dans certains cas par les trai tés, et mémo l’entrée des ports fermés. Il en résulte que Port Arthur sera ouvert aux na vires anglais aux mêmes conditions qu’aupara vent.M. Curzon croit que les capitalistes anglais n’ont jamais fait à la Chine de propositions né rieuses pour la construction d’un chemin do fer de Pékin à Han-Koou.La concession faite à un syndicat belge, en 1897, prévoit l’emploi do capitaux, de travailleurs chinois et étrangers.La Chine dit que le syndicat acceptera lac cord, mais le directeur général des chemins do fer chinois conservera la haute m: *j. Beaucoup de temps s’écoulera avant que ce chemin de fer, s’il est jamais construit, atteigne la vallée du Yang-Tsé-ICiang. Il est donc préma turé de dire si ce chemin de fer mettra les Russes à même de transporter leurs soldats ! jusqu’è cette vallée. L’envoi <lo soldats sans le ; consentement de la Chine constituerait un actede guerre. En prévision de cet événement, le gouvernement anglais fera les démarches nécessaires.Le baron de Courceb ambassadeur de France, est revenu hier soir à Londres. Il doit avoir l’après-midi une entrevue avec lord Salisbury.Maroc Ou lit dans la Gazette d'Allemagne du Nord : Les meurtriers du banquier Hænner, assassiné à Tanger le 16 décembre 1896, ont maintenant tous expié leur crime.Après la mort du Marocain Vasani, il res tait à exécuter la sentence capitale prononcée par la cour d'assises de Cadix contre l’Espa gnol Francisco Ferez GTallego. Cette sentence, confirmée par la haute-cour de justice de Madrid, a été exécutée à Cadix le l,T juin-Jusqu’au dernier moment, on a fait de divers côtés des tenta1 ives pour obtenir la grâce du coupable, mais ces tentatives n’ont pa-i abouti.Les deux Marocains convaincus d’avoir participé à ce meurtre, Jelali et Hassan Erifi, subissent maintenant la longue peine d’emori sonnement prononcée contre eux à la suite d’un jugement du cadi de Tanger. »Canada La Chambre des Communes a adopté à l’unanimité la proposition d’admettre au tarif préférentiel des sucres provenant des ports britanniques.Chine On mande de Pékin au Times, à la date du 9 juin :Par une convention signée aujourd’hui, la Grande-Bretagne obtient la concession à bail pour une durée de 99 ans, de territoires situés en face do Hong Kong.La superficie totale do ces territoires est de 200 malles carrés.La Chine garde la côte nord de la baie de Mirs et de la baie do Deep : mais elle cède à bail à l’Angleterre les eaux do ces deux baies.Le Japon a fait savoir à la Chine qu’il exi geait des concessions à Fou-Chanà Wou-Sung, Sha-Shi, Fou-Ning, Yo Chan et Ching Ouau Tan, et de plus une somme de 16,000 livres sterling comme indemnité pour les émeutes de Cha-Cbi.Le Times et le Standard sq déclarent satis faits de cette convention.LA POLITIQUEUn journal, à qui ses relations dans le groupe antisémite valentdes «tuyaux» particuliers, (pour parler le jargon du jour), la Libre Parole prédisait l’élec tion de M. Deschanel à vingt voix de majorité. Ses comptes semblaient faits sur des données sûres. Son directeur, M. Drumont, qui, pour faire pièce au ministère Méline, — persécuteur de Max Régis et des pauvres Anti Juifs d’Algérie, — avait d’abord voté pour M. Brisson et l’avait fait savoir urbi et orbi, ne cachait à personne que, — le minis tère ayant mis les pouces et lui ayant donné satisfaction par la libération de Max Régis et autres, — il allait cette fois voter pour le candidat du minis tère, M. Deschanel. C'était du même coup revenir à ses affinités naturelles qui sont, comme chacun sait, avec la droite cléricale ; avec cette droite qui, personne ne l'ignore, avait fait balle, dès le premier jour, pour M. Deschanel contre M. Brisson. Le groupe des antisémites algériens, les Morinaud et consorts, promettant d’imiter l’exemple de leur chef, et quelques « nationalistes » de France lui devant bien aussi de sui vre sa bannière, ou comptait, par ainsi, sur uu déplacement de huit ou dix voix, ce qui devait donner à M. Deschanel les vingt voix prédites de majorité.Or, M. Deschanel n’a eu que dix voix : 287 contre 277 à M. Brisson. Le poin tagedela Libre Parole s’est donc trouvé en défaut. C’est dire que l’exemple et l’influence deM. Drumont n’ont déplacé (la sienne comprise) que trois voix. Ce n’est pas encore de quoi nous inquiéter beaucoup sur l’importance de M. Drumont et de son groupe. Il reste que M. Deschanel, qui était l’élu des modérés et de la droite, sera en plus l’élu du groupe antisémite. Ce serait assez pour expliquer ce que rapporte un de nos confrères qui, ayant vu sortir hier soir du Palais-Bourbon le président définitif, a remarqué son <z allure triste et préoc cubée. Il n’avait pas du tout, écrit-il, l’air d’un triomphât ur ». Il est certain que M. Deschanel, dont toutes les ori gines, tout le passé, sont d’un républi cain, avait dû rêver d’une élection faite dans d’autres conditions et ne doit être qu’à demi-llatté de devoir son fauteuil, en même temps qu’à ses amis politiques, à la coalition de tous les adversaires de la République et des institutions répu ricaines.Et maintenant la question qui se pose est celle savoir si cette majorité com posite qui vient de se former pour por ter au fauteuil M. Deschanel se retrou vera pour soutenir et faire durer le ministère Méline. Il ne serait pas abso lument impossible. Cependant, d’après plusieurs symptômes et d’après les pro notices qui s’échangent, nous en dou tons fort. D’ailleurs les interpellations annoncées vont se produire à la Cham bure. La rencontre du ministère et de ceux qui veulent son renversement va avoir lieu incessamment. L’issue n’en est donc plus qu’une question de jours, presque d’heures. Attendons.Deux mots à la “Vérité”La Vérité est un journal consacré à la défense de la religion ; on ne saurait dès lors le lire sans édification, car sa polémi que ne peut être que loyale et respectueuse surtout de la vérité, de toute la vérité. Il ne saurait s’attaquer à la réputation d’autrui par des jugements ou des affirmations contraires à l’exactitude des faits, l’hon neur de représenter les intérêts religieux lui en fait une défense absolue. Il doit en être ainsi alors que l’on veut soutenir le caractère d’un Caton de notre presse.Mais comment compter sans la passion cléricale, pour laquelle le but sanctifie les moyens, si détestables soient-ils ? En voici un exemple entre mille et c’est M. Nemours Godré qui nous le fournit. A propos du banquet franco-américain de ces jours derniers, citant les noms de quelques assistants il mentionne : M. Siegfried, l’exministre protestant, qui,par économie bien comprise, laissa prendre par les Anglais le câble des Açores (Vérité, 2 juin).Que M. Godré eût traité M. Siegfried d’homme politique sans valeur, c’était son affaire et son opinion n’eût engagé que lui. Mais, ici, nous nous trouvons en présence d'un fait, et d’un fait très grave, celui de l’abandon d'un câble télégraphique aux Anglais, par la faute d’un ancien ministre du commerce.Affirmé dans un journal qui s’appelle la Vérité, comment ne serait-il pas vrai?Eh bien, M. Godré a dit le contraire de la vérité, sans autre souci que de nuire à un homme politique qui a le tort de ne rien envoyer à son journal pour le pain de Saint-Antoine.M. Godré sait-il seulement ce qu’est le câble des Açores ? Rendons-lui cependant cette justice que, dans sa phrase vipérine, se sont introduits, stupéfaits, étonnés, quatre mots d’une exactitude absolue : a par économie bien comprise ».Oui, cela est vrai, lorsqu’il fut question d’établir le câble des Açores, qui devait, via Lisbonne, rejoindre les Antilles, M. Sieg fried, démontra devant la commission du budget que la compagnie qui voulait immerger ce câble, demandait, à son avis, un prix beaucoup trop élevé, et soucieux de nos finances, il estimait que l’on devait procéder d’autre manière. M. Siegfried fit observer que notre véritable intérêt était d’avoir un câble atterrissant à la côte fran çaise, car en cas de guerre celui des A çores serait des plus menacés. La commission du budget approuva cette manière de voir et les événements qui survinrent montrèrent à quel point M. Siegfried avait vu juste.Le câble direct fut construit et son éta blissement coûta huit millions de moins que le prix demandé pour celui des Açores.M. Nemours Godré intervient pour dire: Soit, mais les Anglais ont pris le câble des Açores...Veut-il s’en porter garant et nous affir mer que les Anglais ont immergé un câble entre les Açores et les Antilles ?Pour nous, nous affirmons que ce câble dont les Anglais devaient s’emparer est encore à prendre et que l’affirmation de M. Nemours Godré est contraire à la vé frité. Nous attendons un démenti.ÉCHOSNotre confrère le Temps que Von ne pect soupçonner de plaisanterie, a donné com munication d’nn rapport de savant qui nous arrache avec douleur notre dernière illu sion ! Les papillons, ces pétales vivants, ces pierres précieuses animées, etc., etc , sont, paraît il, les plus répugnants ivrognes que la terre ait jamais produits ! Ces pierres précieuses, ces pétales vivants, etc., etc., s’acharnent sur les fleurs dont la distillation produit le pins d’alcool, au point de rester inanimée pendant plusieurs heures ! Le savant qui a fait cette désolante décou verte a offert du xviskyà des papillons... Ceux-ci y ont pompé à trompe que-veux-tu et se août ensuite endormis d’un lourd sommeil... Pauvre poésie, quelle * tape » !Le journal satirique anglais Punch avait l’habitude de représenter le député M. Gib son Bowles tantôt avec une bosse, tantôt avec des béquilles. Voici que la Société de secours mutuel des estropiés, s’inspirant uniquement du dessin du Punch, a offert à l’honorable momhre du Parlement anglais d’occuper la présidence d’honneur à sa prochaine assemblée générale. Or, M. Gibson Bowles n’est pas plus bossu qu il n’est boi yeux. Tableau !Le malheureux roi O thon de Bavière a failli mourir ces jours derniers. Le bruit de sa fin a même couru à Munich. Aujourd’hui la crise est passée et rien n’indique que l’infortuné prince soit à la veille d’être délivré. Le chroniqueur allemand de la Bibliothèque universelle rapporte, dans la livraison de juin de ce périodique, un incident romanesque survenu au cours de cette dernière crise et qui a vivement frappé les gardiens du roi Othon. Le royal malade n’avait presque rien mangé depuis une semaine ; il ne cessait de crier, pleurer et gémir. Quand, un matin, son garde et son médecin pénétrèrent dans la chambre du prince, ils trouvèrent celui-ci en contem plation devant une petite boîte d’argent ; le malade se tourna et souriant : « — La com tesse L..., cria-t-il, va mieux ; elle est maintenant hors de danger. $ Puis il ferma la boîte qui contient deux fraises desséchées. Toute la journée, il fat calme et joyeux. Voici maintenant comment on explique les paroles du pauvre fou : En 1867, le prince Othon prenait part à un pique-nique, où il rencontra la gracieuse comtesse L..., alors dans tout l’éclat de ses dix-sept ans. Il s’assit à côté d’elle pendant le déjeuner champê tre et lui fit une cour assidue. Cet incident fit jaser plus que de raison et l’on sépara brusquement les deux jeunes gens. La com tesse L... fut envoyée au couvent de la Mi séricorde où elle se trouve encore aujour d’hui. Par quelle mystérieuse intuition Othon de Wittelsbach, incurablement fou, avait-il appris, dix-neuf ans après cet épisode, que, dans sa cellule de religieuse, la comtesse L... était malade ? Qui le dira? Toujours est-il que le prince avait vu juste! On a vérifié les faits et l’on a constaté que Mlle L... entrait en convalescence le jour même où se passait à Fürstenried, la scène que nous venons de raconter. Voilà un thème à souhait pour les gens de science et les poètes.Une montagne d’alun. C’est à 23 kilomè tres d’un village chinois appelé Liu-Shik, que se trouve ce singulier phénomène natu rel, unique au monde. La montagne d’alun — « Fan Shah » — a environ 16 kilomètres de circonférence à sa base et sa hauteur est de 500 mètres. Les habitants du pays l’exploitent depuis plusieurs générations, aussi est-elle percée dans tous les sens de puits et de galeries plus ou moins profonds. Iis ramassent les pierres pour les traiter dans de grands fours, puis dans d’immenses cuves pleines d’eau bouillante. L’alun se cristallise de lui-même sur une épaisseur de 15 centimètres environ, et quand il est refroidi on le débite en blocs de 50 kilos. Cette montagne est la richesse du pays ; et si imparfait quo soit le procédé employé pour son exploitation industrielle, le sel qu'on retire chaque année, et cela depuis deux siècles au moins, représente plusieurs centaines de tonnes.Un artiste russe, M.Boleslas Matuszewski, s’occupe actuellement de l’organisation d’un musée cinématographique. L’idée de M. Matuszewski est de recueillir des « tranches de vie » syant un caractère public ou na tional, sous forme de photographies ani mûes. Il n’est pas douteux qu’il n’y ait dans ce procédé une source d’enseignement des plus efficaces. Comme le dit l’auteur du projet lui-même, que de lignes de vague description gagnées dans les livres desti nés à la jeunesse, le jour où l’on déroulera devant une classe, en un tableau précis et mouvant, l’aspect plus ou moins agité d’une assemblée délibérante, la rencontre des chefs d’Etat près de sceller une alliance, un départ de troupes ou d’escadre, ou bien la physionomie changeante et mobile des cités !La Westminster Gazette nous apprend que la guerre hispano-américaine a do sin guliers résultats. L’un d’eux, c’est qui les Etats-Unis sont menacés de la famine, mais d’une famine particulière, la disette du papier-journal. Tous les stocks de réserve sont épuisés. La fabrication quotidienne des papeteries est de 1,800 tonnes, et la consommation quotidienne du mois dernier a été de 2,100 tonnes. Ces renseignements sont extraits d’un organe spécial, the Ame rican Paper trade and Wood Pulpe neics. Les usines désespèrent d’arriver à faire leurs livraisons assez vite pour répondre aux demandes des clients. Certains grands journaux consomment de 90 à 95 tonnes de papier par jour contre 55 à 60 tonnes en temps ordinaires. Il y a une hausse de 5 fr. par 100 kilogrammes... Et voilà, dans le nouveau monde, une nouvelle corporation intéressée à la durée de la guerre : celle des marchands de papier.PRISE I)E SIKASSOLe Journal officiel du Sénégal, reçu à Bordeaux, donne les détails suivants sur la prise dt Sikasso :Partie do fiammako le l,r avril, la colonne arrive lo 15 devant Sikasso sans être inquiétée et sn trouve en présence d’une ville immense do 9 kilomètres de tour, sur 3 kilomètres do longueur, défendue par deux murs d’enceinte concentrique» ayant 5 mètres de hauteur sur 6 mètres d'épaisseur à la base. Quatorze com bats préliminaires sont livrés autour de la ville pour occuper des positions favorables aux batteries. Enfin, le l,r mai, après uu vigoureux bombardement qui démoralise les défenseurs en détruisant les obstacles dont l’accumulationleur paraissait infranchissable, l’assaut est donné.Conduit avec entrain et méthode, il se prolonge depuis le lever du jour jusqu’à 3 h. de l’après-midi et triomphe de la résistance achar née des défenseurs.Babemba, au milieu de sa garde, se fait tuer dans son tata particulier.La prise de cette place, réputée imprenable par tous les indigènes, a eu, dans tout le Soudan, le retentissement le plus considérable. Aucun retour offensif n’est à craindre et dès le lendemain, les soumissions ont commencé à affluer.Nos pertes ont été relativement minimes malgré la résistance opiniâtre qui nous a été opposée aussi bien dans les combats prélimi naires qu’au moment de l’assaut.Nous avons malheureusement à déplorer la mort de deux officiers : celle du lieutenant d’infanterie de ligne Gallet, tué par une bail# en plein front, le 25 avril, au combat de Sou* kouradi, et celle du lieutenant d’infanterie de marine Loury, tué le Ie* mai en enlevant ses hommes à l’assaut de Sikasso.Cette opération si rapidement conduite fait le plus grand honneur au lieutenant-colonel Audéoud, aux officiers et aux troupes qui l’ont aidé de tout leur savoir et de tout leur courage ; elle ajoute une page glorieuse à l'his toire de nos troupes d’Afrique et donne la. mesure de ce que la France est en droit d’at tendre de leur valeur et de leur dévouement.Petîteô NoteôHier, j’aurais rempli ces Petites Notes deS éclats de mon indignation, et peut-être m’auriez-vous vu adresser à la Croix une de ces apostrophes qui mettent une date dans I histoire ; il en serait de même demain, sans doute. Mais je me suis bien levé, aujour d hui, et personne ne m’a marché sur le pied ; et c’est pourquoi la composition du supplé ment de la Croix a provoqué chez moi une vaste hilarité, — une de ces hilarités qui vous font trépider, qui vous secouent, de la nuque à la plante des pieds, durant des heures. Non, c’est inénarrable, c’est haut de cent coudées, c’est vertigineux de sottiseJe me demande quel est l’état d’esprit, quelle est la mentalité, non pas de ceux qui mettent en circulation ces fantaisies énormes, mais de ceux qui les acceptent, qui les pren nent pour argent comptant. Il s’agit de saint Antoine de Padoue, toujours lui, et d’une mule. Cette mule appartenait à un Albigeois; et l’Albigeois mit au défi le saint de faire adorer le saint sacrement parla mule,tenue au jeûne préalablement pendant trois jours. Le saint accepta ; et la composition nous montre la mule agenouillée devant l’hostie, II faut voir ça ; et aussi tous les Albigeois imitant l'exemple de l’animal. La conversion par une mule ! Là où la parole du saint a échoué, la prosternation d'une mule agissant sur les esprits et sur les cœurs! Une mule opérant des miracles ! Pourquoi pas maître Aliboron? Hé ! dites donc, si l’on faisait promener certaines mules par les rues de Paris, conduites par quelques Pères de la Croix. San-CHlÉTRANGERL’ÉVACUATION DE LA THESSALIE Les dernières troupes turques ont enfin évacué la Thessalie, et leur chef, Edhem-Pacha, s’est embarqué lundi dernier à Volo, salué par les membres de la commission européenne chargée de surveiller les opérations. Les Grecs peuvent maintenant ne plus penser que comme à un mauvais rêve, à ceffe reprise de possession d’une de leurs provinces par l’ennemi héréditaire, auquel on avait eu tant de peine à l'arracher. Mais, hélas ! la frontière, déjà mal éta blie en 1881, a été rectifiée encore à l’avantage des Turcs, dont le territoire s’avance comme un coin dans la vallée du Pénée. En possession de toutes les hauteurs, ils pourront envahir à leur gré la Thessalie, et opposer en revan che une résistance invincible à toute offensive des Grecs. On peut cependant espérer que le jour où les cbréiiens des Balkans se trouveront de nouveau en lutte avec leurs oppresseurs, ils ne trouveront plus toute l’Europe réunie pour les empêcher de combattre.Bien des»ruines sont à réparer. Les Turcs ont passé là, et comme autrefois « tout est ruines et deuil », quoiqu’on s’accorde à reconnaître que les chefs et le général Edhem-Pacha le premier, ont fait de leur mieux pour modérer le zèle de leurs troupes. Ils ont réussi à éviter tout conflit grave entre les Turcs et les populations chrétiennes. Mais Pharsale, [ Domoko sent presque entièrement enruines. On n’a pas massacré, mais les réquisitions, les déprédations se sont faites sur une telle échelle qu’il faudra, dit-on, pour en réparer les effets, une somme égale à celle de l’indemnité de guerre.Quoi qu’il en soit, la Grèce vient de tourner la page la plus malheureuse de son histoire. Un chapitre nouveau s ou* LE SÏQNALvre, qui fera oublier, nous l’espérons, les tristesses du précédent. Elle s’est montrée infiniment plus raisonnable après la défaite, qu’on n’eût pu l’atten dre de sa conduite avant et pendant la campagne. Si elle persévère quelques années dans cette voie, elle aura facilement réparé les ruines de la guerre, et reconquis son prestige un peu entamé chez les Hellènes de l’Orient. A cela, il y a quelques conditions indispensables : éviter les crises politiques, et, pour mieux s'en garantir, reviser la Consti tution qui remet tous les pouvoirs à une seule Chambre ; réduire le nombre des fonctionnaires au strict minimum ; s’abstenir de toute ambition d’annexion territoriale, et servir la « grande idée » autrement, c’est-à-dire mettre en valeurtoutes les ressources, encore insuf fisamment exploitées, du territoire na tional, et développer le commerce et l’industrie, ce qui est pour des gens intelligents une occupation plus intéres sante que les perp^luelles discussions politiques.LA SITUATION EN ITALIELe Conseil des ministres a décidé la conrocation du Parlement pour le 16 juin.Il a arrêté le programme politique et le programme financier. Los associations seront à la merci du gouvernement qui em pêchera la reconstitution de celles qu’il jugera hostiles aux institutions. Le domi cile forcé sera appliqué aux condamnés po civiques.La loi sur la presse augmentera le chiffre des amendes; elle établira la responsabilité du directeur et du gérant. Les délits de presse seront tous soumis au tribunal corsectionner.Les élections administratives sont jour nées à un an. L’abolition de l’octroi est décidée pour les petites communes. Les petites propriétés seront exemptes d’impôt. Celles qui ont été saisies par le fisc seront rendues.Un emprunt spécial aura lieu pour assu rer la construction de chemins de fer. Le traitement des curés sera porté de 600 à 800 francs.Dans les cercles parlementaires ce programme est froidement accueilli.Le gouvernement n’a pas l'intention de dissoudre les associations religieuses de Rome,comme le bruit en avait couru. Mais les associations, effrayées, ont apporté au Vatican leurs papiers et leurs emblèmes ; elles ont menacé de lermer les cuisines économiques qui font des distributions d’aliments aux pauvres, et même les églises et les couvents.La guerre Hispano-AméricaineA SantiagoUne dépêche reçue d’un des avisos ac tuellement dans les eam do Santiago annonce que les insurgés ont coopéré avec les Américains à l’attaque de Caimaira.Les fortifications de cette place ont été détruites; les Américains ont l’intention de faire de Caimaira une base de ravitaillement. Les dépêches ajoutent qu’il ne reste que peu de vivres à Santiago et l’on croit que l’attaque de cètte place aura lieu au plus tard dimanche.Le correspondant du Daily Mail au CapHaïtien annonce qu’on reçoit la nouvelle de fréquentes escarmouches entre les Espa gnols et les Américains. Les Espagnols ne résistent que faiblement.Les Cubains et les Américains réunis ontFEUILLETON DU SIGNAL • 11 Juin 1898QUINZAINE SCIENTIFIQUELes guerres maritimes : rôle prépondérant dos torpilleur». — Torpille automobile Howell. — Son adoption par la marine américaine. — Les bateaux sous-marins ; VArgonaute, bateau destiné à explorer le fond de» mors.Personne, à l’heure actuelle, ne saurait dire, si dans la lutte engagée, l’avantage restera aux Américains ou aux Espagnols, au nouveau ou à l’ancien continent. Il semblait à tout le monde que l’Amérique ne dût taire qu’une bouchée de la vieille et antique Espagne ! La jeune République avec ses immenses richesses qui lui permettent d’être sérieusement outillée, devait avoir la supériorité et remporter rapidement de nombreux succès. Or, si la ba taille de Cavité a semblé un instant, être le prélude de victoires futures, les tentatives de débarquement à Cuba n’ont pas aussi bien réussi. — Il faut croire que la richesse des Américains, et par suite leur armement tout à fait moderne, n’aura pas trop vite raison des armes et des pratiques moyenâgeuses des Espagnols.Et cependant, une nation qui peut avoirplusieurs fois battu les Espagnole. Ils ont pris nn petit fort à l’est du Morro, arec l'aide de la flotte.Les Cubains sons les ordres de Garcia sont au nombre de 3,000 et cet effectif s’ac croît chaque jour. Ils sont en communica tion constante avec l’amiral Sampson, qui leur fournit des armes et des munitions.La disette se fait sentir à Santiago. Les vivres sont réservés pour les troupes et les marins, qui sont mis À la demi-ration. On dit que des désertions se produisent parmi les tronpes du général Llinarès, qui n’a plus sons ses ordres que 5,000 hommes.L’opinion qui semble prévaloir est que l’amiral Cervera est menacé à bref délai d’an Sedan maritime. Acculé au fend de la baie de Santiago, avec l’extrême difficulté de sortir par l’étroite passe, rendue encore plus difficile parl’échouement du Merrimac, il sera contraint sans doute ie se rendre, lorsque les forts Commandant l’entrée du goulet anr^ut réduits au silence.Départ des troupes américainesOn avait annoncé hier comme une chose positive, le départ des troupes américaiaes de Tampa. Une dépêche de Washington semble indiquer que, si le départ a réellement eu lieu, ce dont on ne doute guère, il n’est pas certain que les transports ne soient pas retenus à Key-West; l’on en donne pour raison que des navires espa gnols auraient été signalés sur le littoral nord de Cuba.Une dépêche de l’escadre de 1 amiral Sampson dit que tous les câbles de Santiago ont été coupés et aménagés de façon à permettre à l’amiral de se mettre en commoni cation directe avec Washington.Aux PhilippinesLe Daily Chroniclt a annoncé hier la prise de Manille par Aguinaldo. Mais cette nouvelle paraît être au moins prématurée.On compte pourtant qu’Aguinaldo pourra prendre Manille avant l’arrivée des troupes américaines. D’après le correspondant du Daily Mail, les Etats-Unis n’ont pas l’inten tion de donner l’île aux insurgés.La proclamation d’Aguinaldo annonçant qu’il organisera une République cause assez de préoccupations à Washington.On mande de Hong-Kong au Morning Post que les autorités ont saisi une grande quantité d’armes et de munitions qui étaient destinées à Manille, malgré qu’elles fassent en apparence chargées pour un port chinois.Les îles Hawaï On mande de Washington au Daily Mail que le président Mac Kinley a l’intention d’adresser un message au Congrès pour demander l’annexion des îles Hawaï comme mesure de précaution militaire.En EspagneLe conseil des ministres d’hier s’est pres que exclusivement occupé de la question militaire des Philippines.Le ministre de la guerre a atténué les impressions causées par les dernières dépê ches en niant que la position du général Augusti soit si désespérée. M. Sagasta a ajouté que Manille avait assez de vivres et de moyens d’existence pour attendre les renforts. Le conseil a pris à l’égard des Philippines des décisions radicales gardées secrètes et le ministre de la marine a été autorisé à prendre les mesures les plus lar ges qu’il jugera nécessaires pour les Philippines.Le ministre des finances a été, de son côté, autorisé à s’entendre avec les chefs de la majorité du Parlement en vue de l’appro bation immédiate du budget.M. Sagasta a déclaré que le gouvernement n’avait nullement l’intention de pren dre l’initiative de négociations sur la paix et qu’il n’avait pas non plus connaissance qu’ancune paissance soit disposé à le faire. Le gouvernement n’a reçu aucune dépêche officielle relative au nouveau bombardement de Santiago.Le conseil des ministres a accepté la démission du capitaine général de Madrid Da ban et a nommé à sa place M. Chinchilla, ex-ministre de la guerre. Après le conseil, le ministre de la guerre s’est rendu au Palais où il a conféré pendant plus d’une heure avec la reine régente.Le ministre de la marine est parti hier soir à 9] h, 25 pour Cadix. Tous les antres ministres étaient à la gare an moment de son départ,En l’absence dn ministre de la marine, le ministre de la guerre fera l’intérim de la marine. Le ministre de la marine restera à Cadix trois ou quatre jours, c’est-à dire pendant tout le temps qui sera nécessaire à l’escadre pour se préparer. On annonci^que Vescadre de réserve partira tout entière de Cadix. Elle est composée de quinze navires, parmi lesquels les cuirassés Pelayos, CarlosQuinto, Alphonso XIII, Vittoria, trois contre-torpilleurs, les croiseurs Patria et Rapido récemment achetés à l’Allemagne et des transatlantiques transformés en na vires de guerre.On ne saura rien de la direction que prendra l’escadre, car les ordres seront transmis par le ministre de la marine à l’amiral Camara lorsqu’il sera en pleine mer, à une grande distance de Cadix.Les forces de l’escadre seront divisées. Nous ne saurions faire assez de réserves sur ces nouvelles.On va jnsqu’à nous parler de vingt tor pilleurs accompagnant l’escadre de Cadix. Rappelons que les torpilleurs ne peuvent entreprendre aucune traversée importante, que leur rôle se trouve limité à la défense immédiate des côtes. Seuls les torpilleurs de haute mer, du type du Terror qui vient d’être détruit, peuvent accompagner les cuirassés et les croiseurs, et à la condition de pouvoir être ravitaillés en mer, opération parfois fort difficile.Les groupes composant la minorité de la Chambre se sont réunis chez le ministre des finances. Les conservateurs sont décidés à appuyer le gouvernement en vue de l’adop tion du budget. Des républicains offrent leur appui si le gouvernement s’engage à laisser les Cortès ouvertes.Les carlistes demandent la suppression de la surtaxe de 20 0(0 de l’impôt foncier.M. Romero Robledo demande : Ie la sup pression de la surtaxe de 20 0^0; 2e l’éta blissement d’un impôt sur la rente que le cabinet appliquera lorsqu’il le jugera oppor tun ; 3e le paiement en pesetas du coupon de la Dette extérieure à partir du l‘r juillet.Aux Etats UnisLa conférence interparlementaire est arrivée à s'entendre au sujet du bill des cré dits de guerre.La conférenceinterparlementaire a décidé que le métal blanc, y compris le seigneu rage, serait converti en monnaie à raison de 1,500,000 dollars par mois.On estime qubl faudra une année pour monnayer tout le métal blanc qni se trouve actuellement dans les caves du Trésor. La conférence ost arrivée à un compromis sur l’émission de bons qui serait de 40 millions de dollarsToutes les ventes de spéculation sur des titres ou sur des produits agricoles seront frappées d’un droit de timbre.Bruits d’interventionAu cours de la séance de la Chambre des Communes, M. Curzon a dit qu’il est faux que l’ambassadeur d’Angleterre à Washing ton ait demandé à M. Mac Kmley les condi tions de paix que l’Amérique accorderait à l’Espagne.Le correspondant du Daily Mail à Madrid annonce que les nouvelles alarmantes des Philippines ont causé une impression tellement mauvaise qu’on espère qu’une action diplomatique des puissances ne tar dera pas à se produire.On sait que l’Espagne, dans sa détresse, se tourne vers l’Autriche pour lui deman der aide ; ce n’est pins au Pape qu’on fera appel.REVUE DE LA PRESSECourt commentaire du Siècle sur l’élection de M. Deschanel comme président de la Chambre :Cette majorité de dix voix n’a été faite qu’avec l’appoint de la droite. Si elle est suffisante pour élever un président au fauteuil, elle n’est pas suffisante pour soutenir un gouvernement.Il parait que les députés ont trouvé que la droite était suffisamment représentée au bu-, rean par M. Paul Deschanel : car, contrairement à tous les précédents, pas un seul secré taire appartenant à la droite n’a été élu.De YEclair, sur le même sujet :Aujourd’hui comme hier, les dmx partis entre lesquels se partage la Chambr.' équili brent, à un très faible chiffre de voix près, leurs forces, et, conséquemment, le minière demeure fort exposé, le plus imperceptible mouvement de barre à droite ou à gauche pouvant lui faire perdre les cinq ou six adhérents dont la défaillance suffirait à le mettre en échec.Le Peuple Français, de l’abbé Gar nier, est plein d’espoir :Du vote d'hier, il est possible de concevoir de favorables espérance».Si M. Méline est net dans les déclarations qn’il va être appelé à faire, nos ami» n’hésiteront pas à appoyer une politique modérée et libérale, et le centre opportuniste, dont quelques membres se sont détachés pour soutenir M. Brisson, lui reviendront en bloc pour éviter au pays l’épreuve inutile d’un ministère de concentration.Les pessimistes peuvent avoir raison quand ils disent que tout n’est pas gagné. Mais les hommes de bon sens ont le droit de se fé'iviter du progrès qui s’accentue et s’accentuera cha que jour davantage dans le sens des idées de liberté et de justice.Le Figaro donne la même note, en y mettant pourtant une sourdine :Il i e faut plus que quatre voix pour atteindre le chiffre qui permet à Palmerstoa do gouverner pendant quatre ans.Mais je reconnais que 1 absence de Palmers ton oblige à réclamer une majorité un peu plus nombreuse, sinon plu» compacte. Ce sera le rôle du ministère de s’arranger pour que les questions soient toujours posées do telle façon que toutes les voix de M. Deschanel soient forcées de rester fidèles à M. Méline.Et nous ne sommes pas assez à court de questions urgentes et utiles sur lesquelles l'alliance entre la droite et les républicains modérés est possible, naturelle même, pour que nous soyons obligés d’aborder tout de suite les sujets où la discorde naîtra du choc des principes contraires.Donnons enfin l’oracle de la Libre Parole :La seule question intéressante,c’est de savoir dans quelle situation se trouve à l'heure a tuelle le ministère Mcline. Y aura-t il contre lui une majorité après le débat sur la politique générale? Au contraire, la triple élection de M. Deschanel donnera-t-elle à M. Méline une force nouvelle ?Nous avons déjà exprimé notre avis à ce sujet, et, contrairement à ce qu’on a écrit dans certain* journaux, nous pensons que le sort de Méline e^t désormais entre les mains des seuls radicaux.A trois reprises, ils se sont comptés sur le nom de M. Brisson, et Us chiffre» n’ont pas varié entre le premier et le troisième tour de scrutin. Hier encore, 276 députés, ce qui est bien près de faire la majorité, ont voté contre M. Deschanel. Si le raisonnement fait par les journaux radicaux est vrai ; si voter pour M. Brisson c’était voter contre Méline, nous retrouverons ces 277 voix au jour de l’interpel lotion.Eh bien, si elles se retrouvent, si ces rad caux sont aussi raisonnables qu’on veut bien le dire si l’élection présidentielle avait réellement la signification qu’on a voulu lui donner, M. Méline est battu.Il ne 'faut pas, en efft t, être grand clerc pour trouver dans la majorité recueillie par Si. Danchauel une vingtaine de voix qui iront résolument contre Méline. Ces vingt voix,nous les connaissons, nous pourrions nommer les vingt députés qui sont prêts à renverser le ministère après avoir élu M. Deschanel.Eh bien, si nous ajoutons ces vingt députésaux 277 qui ont voté pour Brisson, nous arri vons à la majorité.Encore une fois, nous sommes sûrs de ces vingt député», et vous, Pelletan, vous qui étiez si indigné, êtes-vous bien sûr des 277 ? Si ceux-là font leur devoir, si tous vos amis, Pelletan, mettent dans l’urno le bulletin bleu que vous y mettrez vous-même,nos vingt amis feront l’appoint et Méline e»t par terre.On lit dans le Siècle :Le Nouvelliste de Lyon, dans son numéro du 8 courant, signale comme une trahison envers le pays l’article de M. Joseph ReVnach, que nous avons publié et où il est rendu compte des commeniaires sur l’affaire Dreyfos-Ester hazy de la National Review de Londres.L’organe clérical cherche à démontrer que M. Reinach voudrait humilier la France et désorganiser l’armée en faisant intervenir l’Allemagne au profit de la « campagne Drey fusarde », et il en donne pour preuve cette phrase : < Heureux les Français s’ils peuvent « faire justice sous une pareille intervention. »C’est odieux, dit le Nouvelliste. Oui, en effet, c’est odieox ; mais l'odieux est dans l’art savant avec lequel l’honnête journal falsifie les textes, sans avoir l'air d’y toucher.La phrase citée par lui doit être rectifiée comme suit : « Heureux les Français s’ils « peuvent faire justice sans une pareille inter« vention. » — C’e&t ju«to l’idée inverse de celle prêtée à la Nccional Review, et, par contre coup, à M. Joseph Reinach. C’est âinsi qu’elle a paru dans le Siècle. Le Nouvelliste a r« m placé sans par sous !Hommes noirs, d’où sortez sortez-vous ? Nous sortons de dessous terre...Un correspondant du Temps raconte en ces termes une visite qu’il a faite récemment à la forteresse de Gibraltar :J'ai pu visiter, dit-il, les célèbres galeries centenaires que les Anglais ont fait creuser, à grands frais, dans la paroi du Penon ; domi nant la rade d’Algésiras et l’étroite boucle de territoire neutre qui sépare l’E»pagno de la forteresse britannique, elles prennent l’air et a lumière par d’innombrables embrasures ar mées de canons d'un modèle plus ou moins mo derme. C’e»t nno excursion très fatigante et d’on intérêt médiocre.Une promenade autour du Penon, de c^tte immense roche qui mesure environ 4,000 mètres de hauteur moyenne, serait autrement édifiante, mais l'ascension eu est rigoureuse ment interdite aux profanes qui doivent bor ner leur curiosité à la contemplation de la verrigiueu»e falaise qui fait face à l'E-pagne, se prolonge du côté de la Méditerranée jusqu'à la Galeta, petit village de pêcheurs, et à la partie occidentale, comprise entre la porte de mer, et le quartier anglais de la pointe d’Europe. On ne peut même plus visiter les inté ressantes grottes de Sap Miguel, situées à l’extrémité méridionale du Penon, où 500 soldats du génie, à l’exclusion des ouvriers indigène», exécutent en ce moment de grands travaux de dffense; une vingtaine de mineurs, recrutés dans le» provinces basque», y participent seul», et j’ai appris de l’un d’eux que M. Goschena fait dimanche dernier l’inauguration d’une ga lerie nouvelle. Il l’a parcourue, à cheval, de puis le village de Caleta jusqu’au faubourg du Rosia.Les fortification», m’a dit un Espagnol qui habite Gibraltar depuis de nombreuses année», s’étendent du nord au sud du rocher ; elles sont armées de 800 pièces croisant leurs feux sur toute la rade et le littoral espagnol. Les batteries basses sont reliées aux étages supérieurs par des courtines verticales ; les batteries hautes sont de deux sortes : les unes couverte», les autres découvertes : elles com muniquent entre elles par des chemin» couverts avec places d’armes,magarin»,poudrières d'eau, escaliers, ventilateur-, etc. Au nord, sur la partie la plus élevée du Penon, se trouve la batterio B ack-Mouth, au sud, celle d'Atcho, armee de 12 pièces de 60 tonne» et on vient d’y transporter le canon do 100 tonnes qui menaçait autrefois Algesiras.Les batteries rasante», armées de canons de 30 et 40 tonnes s’étendent depuis le quai de la pointe de la Mer jusqu’à la pointe d Europe : celles nord couvrent de leurs Lux la côte esbagnole jusqu’à l’embouchure du Guadar radque; celles du centre battent Algésiras et la partie du littoral espagnol comprise entre Palraones et la pointe de Santa Garcia, celles du eud sont dirigées contre l’ensenade de Gétarès et la pointe Caruero ; enfin la dernière série qui protège la pointe d Europe du côté de la Méditerrauée, comprend une deuxième pièce de 109 tonnes. Un large fossé, facilement inonà son actif une armée nombreuse de tor pilleurs peut et doit facilement venir à bout des flottes ennemies, lorsqu’elle sait la rencontrer. C’est l’opinion d’un homme, ancien ministre de la marine, qui voit dans les torpilleurs, leur nombre, leur rapidité, l’un des facteurs les plus importants, sinon le seul, des futures batailles navales. Les petites dimensions d’un torpilleur en font une arme redoutable, puisqu’il approche inopinément, sans bruit et se retire de même aussitôt, le désastre accompli, ina perçu ou hors d’atteinte. Le vaisseau menacé doit être constamment sur ses gardes s’il ne veut pas servir de cible à ces engins.La flotte américaine a adopté en 1891 une torpille des plus dangereuses et des mieux perfectionnées : c’est une torpille automobile. Elle a été découverte en 1870 par M. Howell, qui depuis vingt ans l’a modifiée de la façon la plus réussie pour en faire ce qu’elle est aujourd’hui, un engin de destruction redoutable, ce que les expériences les plus récentes et leurs résul tats ont confirmé de point en point.Une torpille ordinaire a un rendement habituel de 37 0/0, tandis que la torpille Howell donne un rendement de 98 0/0 des coups portés.La torpille Howell file 32 nœuds en une demi-minute, c’est-à-dire qu’elle parcourt 32 fois 15 mètres par 30 secondes, soit 960 mètres à la minute. De plus, son sillage n’est pas visible comme celui des autres torpilles dont la trajectoire est indi quée nettement par des bulles d’air s’échap pant des réservoirs à air comprimé. La trajectoire est une ligne droite, point essentiel et caractéristique; lorsqu’elle est soumise aux forces des vagues qui pourraient la faire dévier de son but, elle tourne sur elle-même de gauche à droiteou de droite à gauche, sans modifier sa direction. Son entretien est facile et les accessoires nécessités par son lancement sont moins encombrants et moins compli qués que ceux des autres torpilles.Ces différents avantages ne sont pas à dédaigner. Préconisée par la compagnie Hotchkiss qui en a effectué la construction, et suivi tous les perfectionnements, cette torpille a effectué des essais conclnauts en rade de Villefranche.La forme de la torpille est celle d’un ciga re allongé ; elle se divise en trois parties bien distinctes : le cône de charge, le corps du milieu et le cône d’arrière où s ajoute la queue.Le cône de charge est formé de huit galettes comprimées de coton pondre humide. Chacune de ces galettes est percée d’un trou central dans lequel on met du coton poudre sec. Le feu se communique facilement par du fulminate de mercure qu’un percuteur enflamme au moindre choc. L’inflammation ne se produit qu’à 100 mètres au plus du point de lancement, plus loin même suivant les besoins. Sa charge peut être de 60 à 95 kilogrammes de poudre.Le corps cylindrique du milieu a sur son flanc un volant de la hauteur de la torpille, très lourd, en acier forgé, trempé à l’huile : c’est l’organe de direction et de propulsion. Il tourne verticalement sur un axe horizontal. Au moyen de deux engre nages intérieurs, il actionne les deux hélices propulsives placées à la partie postérieure et qui constituent la queue. Son mouvement de rotation lui est communiqué par un moteur placé dans le torpilleur, près du tube d’où sera lancée la torpille. C’est le volant qui communique par un jeu d’engrenages les mouvements nécessaires à tontes les pièces de l’appareil. La vitesse de rotation du volant est de 10,000tours par minute, cette vitesse peut être obtenue au bout de quelques secondes et conservée jusqu’au moment opportun.La troisième partie est la plus compli quée : elle possède une chambre à air qui empêche l’appareil de descendre au fond de l’eau , de plus elle a deux régulateurs : un régulateur d’immersion et un régulateur de direction, tous les deux liés inva riablement au mouvement du volant. Le régulateur d’immersion, comme son nom l’indique, a pour but de maintenir l’appa reil à une même profondeur pendant toute la durée de sa course, et à cet effet il commande une palette horizontale placée à l’extrémité de la torpille ou se relève quand la torpille passe au dessus ou au dessous de son plan d’immersion. Il est compose d un piston hydrostatique et d’un pendule. Le piston joue plus particulièrement le rôle de régulateur d’immersion tandis que le pendule a pour but de régler et de maintenir l'horizontalité.Quant au régulateur de direction, il se compose simplement d’un pendule vertical qui oscille à droite ou à gauche et suit tous les mouvements de la torpille dans un sens ou dans l’autre.Le Génie Civil, d’où nous tirons ces renseignements, donne le détail de ce mécanisme, trop compliqué et trop technique pour que nous en fassions supporter la lec ture ; qu’il nous suffise de dire que la précision des coups portés par cet engin en fait la torpille ou l’une des torpilles les plus redoutables construites jusqu’à ce jour.* * A côté de ces engins destructeurs que la science se plaît à perfectionner, il en est d’autres heureusement dont le but est tout humanitaire. En voici un, surnommé Y Argonaute, nom caractéristique, rappelant les héros grecs qui accompagnaientJason à la conquête de la Toison d’Or. Il est destiné à explorer le lieu d’un naufrage et à conquérir les richesses que les flots ont englouties, à en opérer le sauvetage et à renflouer le navire coulé, s’il y a lieu et s’il n’a pas été trop malmené par la tempête ou les récifs.Construit à Baltimore par M. Simon Lake, il fait disparaître toutes les difficul tés et les impossibilités que les plongeurs rencontraient dans leurs recherches sonsmarines.Lorsque les plongeurs doivent travailler à la réparation d’une digue ou d’une jetée, rien de plus facile : ils installent leurs pompes et tout leur matériel sur la jetée même ; mais s ils doivent travailler à quelque distance de la côte, ils sont obligés d’employer des pontons, des chalands, des remorqueurs dont l’emploi est impossible lorsque la mer est mauvaise et que le vent souffle en tempête. Dans tous les cas le travail est bien plus compliqué.L'Argonaute opère par tous les temps et sert lui-même de chantier aux ouvriers et il fonctionne sous l’eau.Il a 2 m. 75 de diamètre sur 11 mètres de long ; il est en forme de cigare ; sa coque, formée de couples en fer lui permet de résister à nne pression de6 atmosphères, ce qui correspond environ à 50 mètres de profondeur.Quand il flotte, il est mu par une hélice ; quand il touche le fond il devient voiture automotrice et c’est au moyen de 3 roues qu’il avance ; deux grandes roues sur les flancs, une plus petite en arrière au-dessous de l’hélice, cette dernière lui servant de gouvernail en tout temps.L’inventeur a prévu ce cas où l’Ar^o naute devrait se mouvoir en terrain acci denté : les roues ne supportent pas tout le poids du bateau et ne sont faites que pourdable, un boolevaré et des glacis avec chambre de mine», séparent Gibraltar du reste de l’Espagne: ce» ouvrages sont protégés par de pe tites pièces à tir rapide et par des batteries plu» importante», à barbette ou casematées, construites sur le flanc du Penon.h'Officiel de ce jour contient des décrets portant nominations de directeurs des contributions indirectes; un arrêté instituant des agrégés près les facultés de médecine de diverses universités; une décision accor dant des diplômes supérieurs d’ingénieur des constructions civiles ; une décision du ministre de la marine portant inscription d’office aux tableaux de classement pour la Légion d honneur et la médaille militaire.Confèrence de VersaillesLa conférence de Versailles (œuvres féminines, chrétiennes et philantropiques) s’eat réunie hier, dans la belle propriété de Mme A. André, les « Ombrages >.Malgré le brouillard et une pluie fine et serrée, de bonne heure dans la matinée, une file nombreuse de dames circulaient sur les quais de départ des deux rives, cherchant gagnent une place dans les com partiments, essayant de se grouper si pos sible avec des amies qu’on n’avait pas vues depuis longtemps et qu’ua même but réu nissait dans une même course.« Qu’est-ce que ce peut bien être que cette invasion de dames? » demandait à un employé un Monsieur à l’air grave et étonné ? Qui sait ? peut-être, lui aussi, étaitil venu un jour dans la ville du Grand-Roi pour un congrès autrement important sans doute.En arrivant aux « Ombrages» l’œil est ravi par la vue d’une gracieuse tente dres sée sur une immense pelouse : à l’entrée, au-dessus de la porte, flotte coquettement le drapeau aux trois couleurs nationales ; tout neuf je vous prie, et gracieusement offert par Mme André. Une élégante bannièce bleu de ciel, portant en lettres d’ar gent « œuvres féminines, chrétiennes et philantropiques » mêle harmonieusement ses plis ondoyants à ceux du drapeau.La séance est ouverte à 10 heures et demie. Toutes se lèvent et se reçue lient, pendant que Mme Siegfried prononce l'oraison dominicale, prière récitée au congrès des religions de Chicago, et consi dérée justement comme résumant admirablement les sentiments de tous ceux qui veulent travailler en commun sans distinc tion de culte, pour le progrès, le relèvement, l'apaisement et aussi le bonheur de toutes les femmes-sœurs.Mlle Sarah Monod, présidente, lit un discours plein de pensées nobles et élevées. Chacun l’écoute avec attention, avec émo tion parfois.« Nous sommes ici chez nous » dit-elle en désignant l’immense tente, abritant une assemblée de plus de trois cents personnes. « Nous avions parlé l’année dernière de notre projet de maison roulante, ce projet, nous avons dû l’abandonner comme trop coûteux et trop compliqué. »Mlle Monod adresse un salut au drapeau, qu’il y a autant de manières de servir qu’il y a de formes à la charité. Elle fait un touchant appel à la paix que chaque femme doit s’efforcer de procurer. LE SIGNALil y a l’encouragement intérieur d’une bonne conscience, encouragement qui vient d'en Haut.De longs applaudissements accueillent cette remarquable allocution.Nous croyons devoir informer les lec teurs du Signal que les travaux de la conférence seront publiés in extenso dans le journal La Femme (s’adresser pour se le procurer à Mlle Sabatier, 18, rue Nicolle).Mme W. Monod lit un travail sur la vie au foyer domestique, sur ce que doivent être les rapports entre les parents et les enfants. Elle fait appel à l’énergie morale de la femme ; elle parle de la reconstitu tion de la famille, et de la part des femmes dans cette reconstitution ; elle proteste avec force contre l’idée de retirer les fils à leur mère pour les placer dans les pensionnats ou sous la direction absolue du père ; elle parle des nombreux devoirs domes tiques qui rendent souvent la femme ner veuse, inquiète, et peuvent nuire à son influence sur ses fils. Nous ne voulons rien citer de ce précieux travail, l'effleurer serait le déflorer. Nous renvoyons le lec teur, à la source indiquée; notons seulement cette spirituelle remarque à propos des mille devoirs domestiques incombant souvent à la femme, presque tous en même temps : « 11 faut avoir de l'empire sur soi-même pour n être jamais pressée. >Mlle Humket parle des bureaux de femmes dans les Observatoires. Quelle patience il leur faut pour les observations astronomiques ; leur âme, dit-elle, communie avec Dieu dans l’infini.Mme d Abbadie dit quelques mots de M ss Frauces Willard, cette personnalité américaine, cette apôtre de la Tempérance morte y a peu de temps. « Elle n’a point de patrie, elle appartient à tous par le bien qu’elle a fait, et par celui qu’elle nous ap prend à faire. Elle cite la devise de cette noble femme, que la perte de son père avait laissée sans fortune, ainsi que sa mère : « Gagner mon pain ; faire mon che min, rendre ma vie utile. »Puis, Madame d’Abbadie présente Miss Slack, secrétaire de Miss Willard, et digne continuatrice de son œuvre. Elle est venue en France dans I intention de recueillir le plus de signatures possible pour l'A bstinence totale de toute boisson spiritueuse ; unani mement il lui a été prédit qu'elle réussirait comme Société de Tempérance, mais absolument pas comme Abstinence totale.Mlle Schirmachtr, déjà bien connue de de notre public féminin, parle des Associations des Institutrices primaires en Alle magne et de leurs efforts pour améliorer le sort des enfants du peuple.Mme Seignobosc un rapport rédigé par Mlle Chalamet empêchée cette année pour des raisons de famille d’assister à la Conférence. Ce rapport traite des moyens à employer pour supprimer ou tout au moins modifier les chambres des jeunes domesti ques logées à Paris au sixième étage loin de toute surveillance. C est une entente difficile, mais néanmoins réalisable à un moment donné. 11 faudrait que les architectes et les propriétaires pussent aména ger, dans les appartements, des chambres de domestiques. On pourrait après enquête signaler, pour qu elles fussent choisies de préférence, les maisons avec les apparte ments ainsi compris et leur donner les désignations de bonnes, assez bonnes ou mauvaises. En attendant, une surveillance journalière devra êire exercée par la maî tresse de maison, sur les chambres du sixième et elle devra veiller également à ce que ces chambres soient soigneusement nettoyées et aérées chaque jour.Mlle Monod ayant demandé à la Conférence d’accorder à son bureau, par unvote de confiance, toute latitude pour les démarches à faire en vue d’obtenir l’autorisation d’un Congrès féminin en 1900, (à l’occasion de l’Exposition), Mme Vincent demande à ce que toutes les œuvres fémi nistes participent à ce Congrès ; une discussion très animée s’engage sur ce sujet, discussion à laquelle prennent part Mmes Vincent, Schmall et Bogelot. Mlle Monod estime qne les Sociétés indépendantes de celle de Versailles pourront se rallier, si elles le désirent, au programme qui sera proposé par la Conférence féminine phi lantropique chrétienne, et entrer alors dans le Congrès. Mme Vincent veut que la Société dont elle fait partie et d’autres soient admises à élaborer le programme, ce que le bureau de Versailles, avec raison, ne peut admettre. Nouvelle discussion. Nouvelles explications, il faut avoir recours à la sonnette ; un instant on se serait cru à la Chambre des Députés ! (pardon messieurs.) Enfin deux votes sont proposés à mains levées; lepremier, émis par le bureau de la Conférence de Versailles et énoncé précédemment, le vote réunit une majo rité presque absolue. Le second, sur la proposition de Mme Vincent, ne réunit que très peu de voix.Mme Vincent lit un rapport sur le Congrès féministe de Bruxelies auquel elle a assisté comme déléguée française.Mme Moriceau présente un travail très intéressant, sur le rôle des femmes dans l'Agriculture. Elle parle des Ecoles d'Agriculture pour femmes fondées en Russie. Si Ton veut de bons fermiers, il faut de bonnes fermières.Mme Fégard, présidente de la Société d’Emigration des femmes aux colonies rend compte de son œuvre. Sans avoir retenu les chiffres nous savons que, par l’intermédiaire de cette Société plusieurs émi grées se sont mariées là-bas ; d’autres s’y sont relevées, d’autres y travaillent et sont heureuses ; quelques unes ont encore tem porairement besoin de secours en argent.Mme de Lampérière se livre à une cau serie qui certes a un fort grand charme, étant données sa voix harmonieuse et la finesse délicate de ses paroles. Elle dit que le rôle de la femme n’est pas individuel, qu il est social, que sa place est au foyer domestique. Elle ne veut pas que les femmes prennent la place des hommes ; il faut chercher pour la femme des occupations de femmes ; quelles seront ces occu pations?Mme de Lampérière estime qu’il est possible de s'occuper de l’amélioration des femmes sans en faire des simili-hommes. Elle dit qu’il y a une société dont elle fait partie qui cherche le moyen d’employer les activités de femmes à des tâches fémi naines.Plusieurs voix s’élèvent pour protester contre les couturiers qui usurpent U place de la couturière, les grands magasins qui ont des hommes aux rayons d objets de toilette de femmes, etc. Une clameur sué lève parce que quelqu’un a prétendu que les couturières ne savent pas couper comme les couturiers. Mme de Lampérière laisse passer 1 orage et continue : que de choses à enseigner aune femme pour lui appren dre à aimer le foyer et à y demeurer.— Et manger? interrompt la spirituelle et aimable Mme Schmall.Calme imperturbable de Mme de Lampérière qui poursuit son idée : combien de femmes ne savent ni acheter, ni coudre, ni commander, ni employer leur temps? Combien ignorent ce qu’il faudrait ensei gner aux enfants : la puissance du beau, l’amour de l’art. La mission de la femme ainsi comprise, ce serait d’un seul coup l’améliorai ion de la famille et de la société;il faut se garder de faire de la femme un demi-homme. La femme, répète-t-elle, ne doit pas empiéter sur les métiers des hommes. De vives interruptions se produi sent, un répond : Pourquoi les hommes empiètent-ils sur les métiers des femmes?Mme de Lampérière,vu l’heure avancée, cesse de parler. Elle a dit de bonnes choses, elle a soulevé bien des questions intéressantes qu’on ne pourra songer à résoudre que lorsque le salaire du chef de fa mille sera suffisant pour l’entretien de toute la chère nichée.Bonne journée après tout, môme avec les discussions soulevées —• ce qui est chose rare à Versailles — mais n’oublions pas que c’est du choc que jaillit la lumière, et qu’il y a toujours beaucoup à gagner quand dans une réunion comme celle-là, on échange librement ses idées. Dans l’assemblée, nous notons au passage des noms connus et sympathiques : Mmes Henri Mallet, F. Puaux, Jules Siegfried, Tra rieux, Bentzon, la générale See d’Abba die, Isabelle Bogelot, etc.Entre la séance du matin et celle du soir, déjeuner en commun où rien ne manquait, ni l’appétit, ni l’entrain, ni la franche et saine gaieté. Comme tous les ans, d’aimalles fées dont nous taisons les noms avaient pris soin de déposer dans chaque verre un délicieux bouquet, et sur chaque assiette une devise illustrée :« La vie est faite pour être montée non pour être descendue ».Merci à tous ; merci au vaillant comité, merci aux aimables organisateurs, merci au personnel servant (dans ce nombre plusieurs enfants de l’orphelinat), et merci à celui qui le premier nous a enseigné à aimer notre prochain comme nous-même.M. A. D.LE PARLEMENTCHAMBRE DES DÉPUTÉS Nous avons pu donner dès hier, en dernière heure, le résultat de l’élection pour le siège de président de la Chambre.Jamais on n’avait vu un vote aussi com plet : 567 bulletins sur 581 membres, et cela encore est très significatif. En réalité, il n’a manqué en tout que sept députés à l’appel, MM. de Largentaye, Lasies, Rouanet, Beauregard, Brune, Cluseret et Cornudet, malade. Je ne parle pas, bien entendu, des députés des colonies qui sont en mer.Trois vice-présidents sur quatre ont été élus au premier tour. Ce sont :MM. Georges Leygues. 315 voix Sarrien 298 Kraniz 272 Venaient ensuite, dans l’ordre que voici :MM, Mesureur .... 242 voixIsambert 240 Maurice Faure. 205MM. Isambert et Maurice Faure se sont désistés. Le second tour aura lieu demain. Il reste également à nommer les trois ques teurs et quatre secrétaires, sur huit.Les quatre élus aujourd’hui août :MM. Ruau 271 voixOrdinaire .... 265 Marc Saazet. 261 Drake 258 Treize voix d’écart seulement entre le premier et le quatrième. Les autres can didats sont arrivés dans cet ordre :MM. Dnbief 239 voixSommeiller. 224 Jourde 223 Claude Rajon. 223 Berteaux 219 Lhopiteau .... 201 Aucun d’eux n’ayant obtenu la majorité absolue, un second tour est nécessaire; mais il y a gros à parier que la victoire restera demain à ceux qui ont été le plus favorisés aujourd’hui. M. Berteaux s’est désisté.Quant à l'élection des questeurs, les négociations entamées entre les divers grou pes n’ont pas abouti, et on assure que l’af faire sera chaude.INFORMATIONSUn déjeuner a été offert, hier, à M. Tnr rel, ministre des travaux publics, par le comité consultatif des chemins de fer, réuni sous la présidence de M. Alfred Pi card. Aux remerciements chaleureux de M. Picard, te ministre a répondu en faisant l’éloge du comité.M. Perettée, président de la chambre de commerce amérbaiue de Pari*, accompagné de M. Masson, président de la chambre de commerce de Paria, est venu, hier, inviter M. Henry Boucher, ministre du commerce, à assister au banquet de la chambre de com merce américaine, qui aura lieu le 2 juillet. M. Boucher a accepté.Hier après midi, à deux heures, le lycée Michelet, à Vanves, a préludé à la célébration du centenaire du grand historien en inaugurant, dans le grand parloir, le buste de Michelet, œuvre du sculpteur Antonin Mercié. Mme veuve Michelet était présente. |
github_open_source_100_1_85 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import re
from rest_framework import serializers
from users.models import User
from django_redis import get_redis_connection
class RegiserUserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
#自己定义字段就可以了
# 用户再进行提交的时候有3个数据:校验密码,短信验证码,是否同意协议
# 所以,我们需要定义三个字段
password2 = serializers.CharField(label='校验密码', allow_null=False, allow_blank=False, write_only=True)
sms_code = serializers.CharField(label='短信验证码', max_length=6, min_length=6, allow_null=False, allow_blank=False,write_only=True)
allow = serializers.CharField(label='是否同意协议', allow_null=False, allow_blank=False, write_only=True)
token =serializers.CharField(label='token',read_only=True)
"""
ModelSerializer 自动生产字段的过程
会对fields 进行便利，先去model中哦查看是否有相应的字段
如果有则自动生产如果没有则查看当前类 是否定义
"""
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ['id','token','mobile','username','password','allow','sms_code','password2']
extra_kwargs = {
'id': {'read_only': True},
'username': {
'min_length': 5,
'max_length': 20,
'error_messages': {
'min_length': '仅允许5-20个字符的用户名',
'max_length': '仅允许5-20个字符的用户名',
}
},
'password': {
'write_only': True,
'min_length': 8,
'max_length': 20,
'error_messages': {
'min_length': '仅允许8-20个字符的密码',
'max_length': '仅允许8-20个字符的密码',
}
}
}
"""
mobile: 符合手机号管则
密码：两次密码需要一致
短信
"""
#单个字段
def validate_mobile(self, value):
if not re.match(r'1[3-9]\d{9}',value):
raise serializers.ValidationError('手机号不符合规则')
return value
def validate_allow(self,value):
if value != 'true':
raise serializers.ValidationError('没有同意协议')
return value
# 多个字段
def validate(self, attrs):
# 两次密码必须一致
password = attrs['password']
password2=attrs['password2']
if password!=password2:
raise serializers.ValidationError('密码不一致')
#短信
#2.1 获取用户提交的验证码
mobiele = attrs.get('mobile')
sms_code = attrs['sms_code']
#2.2 获取redis
redis_conn = get_redis_connection('code')
redis_code = redis_conn.get('sms_'+mobiele)
if redis_code is None:
raise serializers.ValidationError('验证码失效')
# 最好删除短信
redis_conn.delete('sms_' + mobiele)
#2.3 比对
if redis_code.decode()!=sms_code:
raise serializers.ValidationError('验证码不一致')
return attrs
def create(self, validated_data):
# print(validated_data)
del validated_data['sms_code']
del validated_data['password2']
del validated_data['allow']
user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)
# print(user)
user.set_password(validated_data['password'])
user.save()
"""
当用户注册成功之后，自动登录
自动登录的功能是要求用户注册成功之后 返回数据的时候需要额外添加一个token
1.序列话的时候添加token
2.token 怎么生成---->入库之后生产touken
"""
#用户入库之后生产token
from rest_framework_jwt.settings import api_settings
# 需要使用jwt 的两个方法
jwt_payload_handler = api_settings.JWT_PAYLOAD_HANDLER
jwt_encode_handler = api_settings.JWT_ENCODE_HANDLER
# 让payload（载荷）成放一些用户信息
payload = jwt_payload_handler(user)
token = jwt_encode_handler(payload)
user.token = token
return user
|
US-26625639-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Means for shrinking cloth
Mar6h 17, 1942. ws 2,276,605
I MEANS FOR SHRINKING CLQTH Filed April 6, 1959 l nvenTor.
Bernard RAndreWs Try.
Patented Mar. 17, 1942 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE I MEANS FOR SHRINKING CLOTH Bernard R. Andrews, Braintree, Mass.
Application April 6, 1939, Serial No. 266,256
10 Claims.
In shrinking cloth according to the method described in my co-pending application. Serial No. 261,461, filed March 13, 1939, the cloth is first wetted, thereby causing it to shrink, and it is tendency of the cloth to shrink when it is wet,
it is desirable thatthe wetting of the cloth should be performed while the cloth is under little or no tension, because if the cloth is under tension while the moisture is being applied thereto and being absorbed thereby, the tension of the cloth will interfere with and prevent the true or normal wet shrinkage of the cloth.
Sometimes it is desirable to perform the shrinkage of the cloth simultaneously with some finishing operation and in such case, the wetting liquid may contain ingredients which it is desired to incorporate in the cloth to give it a desired finish. Under such circumstances, it is important that the cloth should be held fiat and free from wrinkles during the wetting operation.
One object of my present invention is to provide a novel device by which the cloth is maintained under a light uniform tension and in a fiat unwrinkled condition while it is fed to, acted on by and delivered from the cloth wetting device, which tension is insufiicient to efiect the true or normal shrinkage which the cloth undergoes by reason of being wet.
In order to give an understanding of my invention, I have illustrated in the drawing, somewhat diagrammatically, an apparatus embodying the invention.
In the drawing, the cloth which is to be wet shrunk is indicated at l. Any suitable or known cloth-wetting means may be employed. That herein shown comprises an open tank 2 containing the wetting liquid 3, which may be water if the cloth is simply to be shrunk, but which may be a liquid containing some finishing ingredient such as starch or sizing, etc., if the cloth-is to be subjected to a finishing operation simultane-- ously with the wet shrinkage thereof.
In the illustrated embodiment 01' the invention, the cloth is wet by passing it through the liquid 3 in the tank 2, and 4 and 5 indicate a pair of driven squeeze rolls which serve to deliver the wet cloth from the tank and, at the 5 same time,'to squeeze out surplus liquid therefrom. The cloth is shown as passing under a tension roll 6, which is submerged in the liquid 3.
The application of moisture to the cloth by its passage through the bath 3 and the absorption of the moisture by the cloth after it leaves the bath 3, produces in the cloth a marked tendency for the cloth to shrink so that if the cloth is not subjected to undue tension while it is passing through the bath or .being delivered to the squeeze rolls 4 and 5, a decided wet shrinkage of the cloth will occur. As a result, the amount of cloth which is delivered from the squeeze rolls'l and 5 is less than that which is delivered to the g tank 2 by the amount of shrinkage.
In order to permit the cloth to have its normal or true wet shrinkage when it is passed through the liquid 8, I provide an input feeding device for feeding the cloth to the bath 3 and I also provide means for maintaining on the length of cloth 3 between the input feeding-device and the squeeze rolls, a uniform light tension, which is sufiicient to hold the clothfiat, but
insufficient to interfere with the wet shrinkage of the cloth, due to the application of water delivered to the bath 3.
The cloth is herein shown as being taken from a truck 9, said'cloth passing from the truck 9 over straightening bars l0 and thence passing around a guide roller H to the feeding rolls 1 i0 and 8.
In order to maintain a light, uniform tension on the cloth between the feed rolls I, .8 and the squeeze rolls 4, 5, notwithstanding the fact that the cloth undergoes wet shrinkage in passing from the feed rolls to the squeeze rolls, I have provided means for operating the feed rolls I and 8 at a slightly faster speed than the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 and have also provided means for maintaining automatically such a relation between the surface speed of the feed rolls I and 8 and that of the squeeze rolls 4 and 5, that the length of cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls will be maintained under alight, uniform tension, notwithstanding the wet shrinkage which occurs in the cloth.
The squeeze rolls 4 and 5 may be positively driven from any suitable source of power, and merely for illustrative purposes, I have shown the shaft l2 of the roll 5 as provided with a driving pulley l8, which is actuated by a driving belt l4 shown in dotted lines. In devices of this type,
the two squeeze rolls are usually arranged to rotate in unison.
In accordance with my present invention, the feed rolls 1 and 8 are driven from the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 by some suitable variable speed driving means which is automatically controlled by the tension roll 8, thereby to maintain a surface speed of the feed rolls 1 and 8, such that the cloth will be fed to the cloth wetting device at the proper speed to maintain the desired light substantially constant tension on the cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls, notwithstanding any wet shrinkage which may take place in the cloth between said feed rolls and squeeze rolls.
For this p rpose I may employ any suitable variable speed driving means which is controlled by the tension roll, and merely for illustrative P poses, butwithout intending tobe limited thereto, I have shown somewhat diagrammaticallyat I5 a variable speed driving mechanism on the order of the well-known Reeves variablespeed drive. This type of variable speed drive mechanism comprises two pulleys I5 and I1, which are connected by a belt 18 and have variable efiective diameters. The shaft IQ of the pulley I1 is shown as belted to the shaft l2 of the squeeze roll 5 by suitable driving belt 2|, and. the shaft 22 of the pulley I6 is shown as belted to the shaft 23 of the feed roll 8 by means of a driving belt 24. The power for rotating the feed rolls I and 8 is thus taken from the squeeze rolls through the variable speed driving mechanism I5.
These variable speed driving mechanisms are provided with some suitable control, either mechanical, pneumatic, or electrical, by which the relation between the input speed and the output speed may be varied, and in the drawing, such control device is indicated at 25. Means are provided whereby this control device 25 may be actuated by the rise and fall of the tension roll 6. As illustrating one simple construction, the shaft of the roll 6 has an arm 28 rising therefrom, which is provided at its upper end with rack teeth 21 meshing with gear teeth with which the control device 25 is provided, said control device being in the form of a rotary element. The tension roll 5 is 'a relatively light roll having just sufflcient weight to hold the length of cloth between the feed rolls 1 and 8 and the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 in a smooth condition. Said tension roll is set so that the length of cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls will be in the form of a wide loop 28, a portion of which is submerged in the bath 3.
So long as the feed rolls I and 8 are feeding the cloth to the bath 3 suificiently faster than the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 deliver it from said bath to compensate for the wet shrinkage which occurs in the cloth, the loop 28 of the cloth will be maintained under the light uniform tension which is given it by the weight of the tension roll 5. If the feed rolls 1 and 8 tend to feed the cloth to-the bath at a speed faster than that required to maintain the loop 28 of the length shown in the drawing, then the said loop tends to lengthen and the tension roll 8 will move downwardly. This downward movement will actuate the control device 25 to cause such a readjustment of the variable speed device l5 as to reduce the speed of the feed rolls 1 and 8. On the other hand, if the feed rolls I and 8 are feeding the cloth to the bath at a speed slower than that required to maintain the loop 28 at its normal length, then the shortening of the loop 28 will cause the tension roll 5 to rise, and this upward movement of the roll will actuate the control 25, thereby causing a re-adjustment of the variable speed device l5, which will result in increasing the speed of the feed rolls 1 and 8.
By this invention, therefore, the speed of the feed rolls 1 and 8 is automatically varied so as to cause said feed rolls to feed the cloth to the cloth wetting device at such a speed as to maintain on the cloth forming the loop 28, and which is being wet, the uniform light tension produced thereon by the weight of the tension roll 5.
The tension which the roll 8 applies to the cloth is not suflicient to interfere appreciably with the shrinkagewhich the cloth will undergo due to its becoming wet and absorbing moisture. In
the above described construction, the wetting of process.
the cloth is accomplished by its submergence in the bath 8 as it passes under the tension roll 8, but other known ways of wetting the cloth between the feed rolls 1, 8 and the squeeze rolls 4, 5, may be employed without departing from the inventive idea of providing means for feeding the .cloth to the device and means for automatically controlling the speed at which the cloth is fed to the wetting device by the tension on the cloth between the feeding device and the squeeze rolls.
The wet shrunk cloth which is delivered from the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 passes over a driven cage roll 28 which delivers it to a traveling apron 38. This cage roll 29 serves to keep the cloth in a flat, unwrinkled condition, and to lay it evenly on the traveling apron 30. When the cage roll 28 is a driven roll, it is desirable that it should be so operated with relation to the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 that it will not exert on the stretch 3| of cloth between it and the squeeze rolls, sufficient tension to remove any of the wet shrinkage which the cloth obtained due to the wetting Moreover, during the time that the cloth is traveling from th squeeze rolls to the cage roll 29, the cloth will be absorbing the moisture which has been applied thereto, and during this moisture-absorbing interval, there will be a further tendency for the cloth to shrink.
In order to permit any such additional shrinkage to occur and at the same time to provide that the operation of the cage roll will not apply sufflcient tension to the stretch 3| of cloth to remove the wet shrinkage of the cloth, I propose to operate the cage roll 29 from the squeeze rolls 4 and 5 through the medium of a variable speed driving mechanism, which is controlled by the tension on the length of cloth between the squeeze rolls and the cage roll.
For this purpose, there is shown a variable speed driving mechanism 32, which is connected to the squeeze roll 4 by suitable belt 33, and is connected to the cage roll 29 by another driving belt 34, so that the cage roll 29 will be driven from the squeeze roll 4 through the variable speed driving mechanism, 35 designates a light tension roll resting on the clutch between the squeeze rolls and the cage roll. This tension roll 35 has an arm 35 rising therefrom which is connected to the control device 31 of the variable speed mechanism. The arrangement is such that if the cage roll 29 tends to rotate slower than the squeeze rolls 4 and 5, so that the length of eloth 3| between the squeeze rolls and cage roll tends to increase, the consequent downwardward movement of the tension roll 35 will actuate the variable speed device 32 to cause an increase in the speed of rotation of the cage roll. On the other hand, it the relation between the relation speeds or the cage roll and the squeeze rolls is such that the cage'roll tends to deliver the cloth faster than it is delivered by the squeeze rolls, then the consequent upper movement or the tension roll 35 will. actuate the variable speed device to cause a reduction in the speed of the cage roll. With this construction, therefore, the cloth is maintained under a light uniform tension while it'is being wetted and also while it is absorbing moisture and until it is delivered onto the apron 30. This light tension is insuflicient to interier with the normal or true wet shrinkage which the cloth will undergo due to the application of moisture thereto and the absorption of moistur thereby. With, my invention, therefore, it is possible to secure the normal true wet shrinkage of the cloth, while at the same time holding the cloth in a flat unwrinkled condition.
I claim:
1. Means for shrinking unshrunk cloth, comprising cloth-wetting means, cloth-feeding means to feed unshrunk cloth forward positively and deliver it to the cloth-wetting means, cloth-delivery means to withdraw the cloth from the cloth-wetting means, means for operating said cloth-feeding means and cloth-delivery means,
cloth-tensioning means acting on the cloth between the cloth-feeding means and the clothdelivery means, and means responsive to movement of the cloth-tensioning means due to variations in the length of the cloth between the cloth-feeding means and cloth-delivery means to vary correspondingly the relative cloth-advancing speeds of said cloth-feeding means and clothdelivery means.
2. Means for shrinking "cloth comprising cloth-wetting means, a pair of feed rolls for advancing cloth and feeding it to the cloth-wetting means, a pair of squeeze rolls to deliver the cloth from the cloth-wetting means, means to operate said feed rolls and squeeze rolls, a tensioning device to apply a light tension to the cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls, and means acting through said tensioning device and responsive to any variation in the length of the cloth between the feed rolls and squeeze rolls to vary correspondingly the relative cloth-advancing speeds of said feed rolls and squeeze rolls.
3. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting means, cloth-feeding means for advancing unshrunk cloth and feeding it to the clothwetting means, cloth-delivery means to deliver the cloth from the cloth wetting means,gmeans operatively connecting the cloth-feeding means andthe cloth-delivery means, said latter means including a variable speed driving mechanism, and meansrresponsive to'any-variations in the length or cloth between the cloth-feeding means and cloth-delivery means to adjust the variable speed driving mechanism and thereby vary the relativecloth-advancing speeds of said clothdelivery means and cloth-feeding means.
4. Means for shrinking cloth comprising: a tank containing cloth-wetting liquid, cloth-feeding means to feed unshrunk cloth thereto, cloth delivery means to deliver wet and wet-shrunk cloth therefrom, a light tension roll submerged in the liquid in the tank and resting on the 76 ment or the tension roll to vary the cloth-advancing speed of the feeding means relative to that of the delivery means. 4
5. Means for shrinking cloth comprising: a tank containing cloth-wetting liquid, feed rolls for giving unshrunk cloth an advancing movement and feeding it to said tank, squeeze rolls for delivering wet and wet-shrunk cloth from the tank, a light tension roll submerged in the liquid in the tank and resting on the cloth between the feed rolls and the squeeze rolls, whereby the cloth passes through the cloth-wetting liquid as it travels around the tension roll, and means responsive to a rising or falling movement or the tension roll to vary the cloth-advancing speed 01' the feed rolls relative to that 0! the squeeze rolls.
6. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting means, means to feed unshrunk cloth thereto, cloth-delivery means to deliver the wet and wet-shrunk cloth from the wetting means, a rotary cloth-advancing member acting on the cloth after it has been delivered from the clothdelivery means, a light tension roll engaging the cloth betweenthe cloth-delivery means and the cloth-advancing member, and means responsive to any rising and falling movement of the tension roll to vary the relative cloth-advancing speeds of the cloth-delivery means and the clothadvancing member and thereby maintain 'a cloth-advancing movement of the cloth-advancing'member which is sufliciently slower than that of the cloth-delivery means to compensate for any additional shrinkage which takes place in the cloth between said cloth-delivery means and the cloth-advancing member.
"1. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting means, cloth-feeding means to advance unshrunk cloth and feed it continuously to the cloth-wetting means, cloth-delivery means to withdraw the wet and the wet-shrunk cloth con-' tinuously from the cloth-wetting means, means, including a variable speed driving mechanism, operatively connecting the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery means, a tension device to maintain a light tension on the cloth between the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery means, and means controlled'by the tension device to adjust the variable speed driving mechanism and thereby adjust the relative clothadvancing speeds of the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery means.
8. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting means, cloth-feeding means to advance unshrunk cloth and feed it continuously to the cloth-wetting means, cloth-delivery means to withdraw the wet and the wet-shrunk cloth continuously'irom the cloth-wetting means, means, including a variable speed driving mechanism,-
9. Means for shrinking cloth comprising clothwetting' means, cloth-feeding means to advance unshrunk cloth and feed it continuously to the cloth-wetting means, cloth-delivery means to deliver the wet and wet-shrunk cloth continuously from the cloth-wetting means, a tension member engaging the cloth between the cloth-teeding means and the cloth-delivery means and applying a light tension thereto, and means responsive to movement of the tension member due to variations in shrinkage which take place in the cloth between the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery means to vary correspondingly the relative cloth-advancing speeds or the cloth-feeding means and the cloth-delivery 15 BERNARD R. ANDREWS.
|
github_open_source_100_1_86 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Copyright 2013 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
package org.chromium.chrome.browser.identity;
import android.test.InstrumentationTestCase;
import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
import org.chromium.base.test.util.Feature;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
public class UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactoryTest extends InstrumentationTestCase {
@SmallTest
@Feature({"ChromeToMobile", "Omaha", "Sync"})
public void testSetAndGetGenerator() {
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.clearGeneratorMapForTest();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator gen = new TestGenerator();
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.registerGenerator("generator", gen, false);
assertEquals(gen, UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator"));
}
@SmallTest
@Feature({"ChromeToMobile", "Omaha", "Sync"})
public void testForceCanOverrideGenerator() {
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.clearGeneratorMapForTest();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator gen1 = new TestGenerator();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator gen2 = new TestGenerator();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator gen3 = new TestGenerator();
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.registerGenerator("generator", gen1, false);
assertEquals(gen1, UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator"));
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.registerGenerator("generator", gen2, false);
assertEquals(gen1, UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator"));
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.registerGenerator("generator", gen3, true);
assertEquals(gen3, UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator"));
}
@SmallTest
@Feature({"ChromeToMobile", "Omaha", "Sync"})
public void testGeneratorNotFoundThrows() {
UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.clearGeneratorMapForTest();
UniqueIdentificationGenerator generator = null;
try {
generator = UniqueIdentificationGeneratorFactory.getInstance("generator");
fail("The generator does not exist, so factory should throw an error.");
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
assertEquals(null, generator);
}
}
private static class TestGenerator implements UniqueIdentificationGenerator {
@Override
public String getUniqueId(@Nullable String salt) {
return null;
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_87 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /*
* Copyright 2018 Google LLC.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.components;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.ConsoleListener;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.ProgressListener;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.command.CommandExecutionException;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.command.CommandExitException;
import com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.command.CommandRunner;
import java.nio.file.FileSystems;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnitRunner;
/** Tests for {@link com.google.cloud.tools.managedcloudsdk.components.SdkUpdater} */
@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class SdkUpdaterTest {
@Mock private ConsoleListener mockConsoleListener;
@Mock private ProgressListener mockProgressListener;
@Mock private CommandRunner mockCommandRunner;
@Mock private BundledPythonCopier mockBundledPythonCopier;
@Mock private Map<String, String> mockPythonEnv;
private Path fakeGcloudPath;
@Before
public void setUpFakesAndMocks()
throws InterruptedException, CommandExitException, CommandExecutionException {
Path root = FileSystems.getDefault().getRootDirectories().iterator().next();
fakeGcloudPath = root.resolve("my/path/to/fake-gcloud");
Mockito.when(mockBundledPythonCopier.copyPython()).thenReturn(mockPythonEnv);
}
@Test
public void testUpdate_successRun()
throws InterruptedException, CommandExitException, CommandExecutionException {
SdkUpdater testUpdater = new SdkUpdater(fakeGcloudPath, mockCommandRunner, null);
testUpdater.update(mockProgressListener, mockConsoleListener);
Mockito.verify(mockProgressListener).start(Mockito.anyString(), Mockito.eq(-1L));
Mockito.verify(mockProgressListener).done();
Mockito.verify(mockCommandRunner)
.run(
Mockito.eq(expectedCommand()),
Mockito.nullable(Path.class),
Mockito.<Map<String, String>>any(),
Mockito.eq(mockConsoleListener));
}
@Test
public void testUpdate_withBundledPythonCopier()
throws InterruptedException, CommandExitException, CommandExecutionException {
SdkUpdater testUpdater =
new SdkUpdater(fakeGcloudPath, mockCommandRunner, mockBundledPythonCopier);
testUpdater.update(mockProgressListener, mockConsoleListener);
Mockito.verify(mockProgressListener).start(Mockito.anyString(), Mockito.eq(-1L));
Mockito.verify(mockProgressListener).done();
Mockito.verify(mockCommandRunner)
.run(
Mockito.eq(expectedCommand()),
Mockito.nullable(Path.class),
Mockito.eq(mockPythonEnv),
Mockito.eq(mockConsoleListener));
}
@Test
public void testInstallComponent_workingDirectorySet()
throws InterruptedException, CommandExitException, CommandExecutionException {
SdkUpdater testUpdater = new SdkUpdater(fakeGcloudPath, mockCommandRunner, null);
testUpdater.update(mockProgressListener, mockConsoleListener);
Mockito.verify(mockCommandRunner)
.run(
Mockito.anyList(),
Mockito.eq(fakeGcloudPath.getRoot()),
Mockito.<Map<String, String>>any(),
Mockito.any(ConsoleListener.class));
}
private List<String> expectedCommand() {
return Arrays.asList(fakeGcloudPath.toString(), "components", "update", "--quiet");
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_88 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /**
*
*/
package com.carlos.reservation.modelo;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.JoinColumn;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;
import javax.persistence.Table;
import javax.persistence.Temporal;
import javax.persistence.TemporalType;
import org.hibernate.annotations.GenericGenerator;
import lombok.Data;
/**
* Clase que representa la tabla Reserva
* @author carlos.martinez
*
*/
@Data
@Entity
@Table(name = "reserva")
public class Reserva {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(generator = "system-uuid")
@GenericGenerator(name = "system-uuid", strategy = "uuid2")
private String idReserva;
//@Temporal(TemporalType.TIMESTAMP)
private LocalDateTime fechaIngresoReserva;
//@Temporal(TemporalType.TIMESTAMP)
private LocalDateTime fechaSalidaReserva;
private int cantidadPersonasReserva;
private String descripcionReserva;
@ManyToOne
@JoinColumn(name = "idCliente")
private Cliente cliente; // 1 - M
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_89 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | namespace VAdvantage.Model
{
/** Generated Model - DO NOT CHANGE */
using System;
using System.Text;
using VAdvantage.DataBase;
using VAdvantage.Common;
using VAdvantage.Classes;
using VAdvantage.Process;
using VAdvantage.Model;
using VAdvantage.Utility;
using System.Data;
/** Generated Model for I_ElementValue
* @author Jagmohan Bhatt (generated)
* @version Vienna Framework 1.1.1 - $Id$ */
public class X_I_ElementValue : PO
{
public X_I_ElementValue (Context ctx, int I_ElementValue_ID, Trx trxName) : base (ctx, I_ElementValue_ID, trxName)
{
/** if (I_ElementValue_ID == 0)
{
SetI_ElementValue_ID (0);
SetI_IsImported (null); // N
}
*/
}
public X_I_ElementValue (Ctx ctx, int I_ElementValue_ID, Trx trxName) : base (ctx, I_ElementValue_ID, trxName)
{
/** if (I_ElementValue_ID == 0)
{
SetI_ElementValue_ID (0);
SetI_IsImported (null); // N
}
*/
}
/** Load Constructor
@param ctx context
@param rs result set
@param trxName transaction
*/
public X_I_ElementValue (Context ctx, DataRow rs, Trx trxName) : base(ctx, rs, trxName)
{
}
/** Load Constructor
@param ctx context
@param rs result set
@param trxName transaction
*/
public X_I_ElementValue (Ctx ctx, DataRow rs, Trx trxName) : base(ctx, rs, trxName)
{
}
/** Load Constructor
@param ctx context
@param rs result set
@param trxName transaction
*/
public X_I_ElementValue (Ctx ctx, IDataReader dr, Trx trxName) : base(ctx, dr, trxName)
{
}
/** Static Constructor
Set Table ID By Table Name
added by ->Harwinder */
static X_I_ElementValue()
{
Table_ID = Get_Table_ID(Table_Name);
model = new KeyNamePair(Table_ID,Table_Name);
}
/** Serial Version No */
//static long serialVersionUID 27562514377014L;
/** Last Updated Timestamp 7/29/2010 1:07:40 PM */
public static long updatedMS = 1280389060225L;
/** AD_Table_ID=534 */
public static int Table_ID;
// =534;
/** TableName=I_ElementValue */
public static String Table_Name="I_ElementValue";
protected static KeyNamePair model;
protected Decimal accessLevel = new Decimal(2);
/** AccessLevel
@return 2 - Client
*/
protected override int Get_AccessLevel()
{
return Convert.ToInt32(accessLevel.ToString());
}
/** Load Meta Data
@param ctx context
@return PO Info
*/
protected override POInfo InitPO (Ctx ctx)
{
POInfo poi = POInfo.GetPOInfo (ctx, Table_ID);
return poi;
}
/** Load Meta Data
@param ctx context
@return PO Info
*/
protected override POInfo InitPO(Context ctx)
{
POInfo poi = POInfo.GetPOInfo (ctx, Table_ID);
return poi;
}
/** Info
@return info
*/
public override String ToString()
{
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder ("X_I_ElementValue[").Append(Get_ID()).Append("]");
return sb.ToString();
}
/** AD_Column_ID AD_Reference_ID=272 */
public static int AD_COLUMN_ID_AD_Reference_ID=272;
/** Set Column.
@param AD_Column_ID Column in the table */
public void SetAD_Column_ID (int AD_Column_ID)
{
if (AD_Column_ID <= 0) Set_Value ("AD_Column_ID", null);
else
Set_Value ("AD_Column_ID", AD_Column_ID);
}
/** Get Column.
@return Column in the table */
public int GetAD_Column_ID()
{
Object ii = Get_Value("AD_Column_ID");
if (ii == null) return 0;
return Convert.ToInt32(ii);
}
/** AccountSign AD_Reference_ID=118 */
public static int ACCOUNTSIGN_AD_Reference_ID=118;
/** Credit = C */
public static String ACCOUNTSIGN_Credit = "C";
/** Debit = D */
public static String ACCOUNTSIGN_Debit = "D";
/** Natural = N */
public static String ACCOUNTSIGN_Natural = "N";
/** Is test a valid value.
@param test testvalue
@returns true if valid **/
public bool IsAccountSignValid (String test)
{
return test == null || test.Equals("C") || test.Equals("D") || test.Equals("N");
}
/** Set Account Sign.
@param AccountSign Indicates the Natural Sign of the Account as a Debit or Credit */
public void SetAccountSign (String AccountSign)
{
if (!IsAccountSignValid(AccountSign))
throw new ArgumentException ("AccountSign Invalid value - " + AccountSign + " - Reference_ID=118 - C - D - N");
if (AccountSign != null && AccountSign.Length > 1)
{
log.Warning("Length > 1 - truncated");
AccountSign = AccountSign.Substring(0,1);
}
Set_Value ("AccountSign", AccountSign);
}
/** Get Account Sign.
@return Indicates the Natural Sign of the Account as a Debit or Credit */
public String GetAccountSign()
{
return (String)Get_Value("AccountSign");
}
/** AccountType AD_Reference_ID=117 */
public static int ACCOUNTTYPE_AD_Reference_ID=117;
/** Asset = A */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Asset = "A";
/** Expense = E */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Expense = "E";
/** Liability = L */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Liability = "L";
/** Memo = M */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Memo = "M";
/** Owner's Equity = O */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_OwnerSEquity = "O";
/** Revenue = R */
public static String ACCOUNTTYPE_Revenue = "R";
/** Is test a valid value.
@param test testvalue
@returns true if valid **/
public bool IsAccountTypeValid (String test)
{
return test == null || test.Equals("A") || test.Equals("E") || test.Equals("L") || test.Equals("M") || test.Equals("O") || test.Equals("R");
}
/** Set Account Type.
@param AccountType Indicates the type of account */
public void SetAccountType (String AccountType)
{
if (!IsAccountTypeValid(AccountType))
throw new ArgumentException ("AccountType Invalid value - " + AccountType + " - Reference_ID=117 - A - E - L - M - O - R");
if (AccountType != null && AccountType.Length > 1)
{
log.Warning("Length > 1 - truncated");
AccountType = AccountType.Substring(0,1);
}
Set_Value ("AccountType", AccountType);
}
/** Get Account Type.
@return Indicates the type of account */
public String GetAccountType()
{
return (String)Get_Value("AccountType");
}
/** Set Account Element.
@param C_ElementValue_ID Account Element */
public void SetC_ElementValue_ID (int C_ElementValue_ID)
{
if (C_ElementValue_ID <= 0) Set_Value ("C_ElementValue_ID", null);
else
Set_Value ("C_ElementValue_ID", C_ElementValue_ID);
}
/** Get Account Element.
@return Account Element */
public int GetC_ElementValue_ID()
{
Object ii = Get_Value("C_ElementValue_ID");
if (ii == null) return 0;
return Convert.ToInt32(ii);
}
/** Set Element.
@param C_Element_ID Accounting Element */
public void SetC_Element_ID (int C_Element_ID)
{
if (C_Element_ID <= 0) Set_Value ("C_Element_ID", null);
else
Set_Value ("C_Element_ID", C_Element_ID);
}
/** Get Element.
@return Accounting Element */
public int GetC_Element_ID()
{
Object ii = Get_Value("C_Element_ID");
if (ii == null) return 0;
return Convert.ToInt32(ii);
}
/** Set Default Account.
@param Default_Account Name of the Default Account Column */
public void SetDefault_Account (String Default_Account)
{
if (Default_Account != null && Default_Account.Length > 30)
{
log.Warning("Length > 30 - truncated");
Default_Account = Default_Account.Substring(0,30);
}
Set_Value ("Default_Account", Default_Account);
}
/** Get Default Account.
@return Name of the Default Account Column */
public String GetDefault_Account()
{
return (String)Get_Value("Default_Account");
}
/** Set Description.
@param Description Optional short description of the record */
public void SetDescription (String Description)
{
if (Description != null && Description.Length > 255)
{
log.Warning("Length > 255 - truncated");
Description = Description.Substring(0,255);
}
Set_Value ("Description", Description);
}
/** Get Description.
@return Optional short description of the record */
public String GetDescription()
{
return (String)Get_Value("Description");
}
/** Set Element Name.
@param ElementName Name of the Element */
public void SetElementName (String ElementName)
{
if (ElementName != null && ElementName.Length > 60)
{
log.Warning("Length > 60 - truncated");
ElementName = ElementName.Substring(0,60);
}
Set_Value ("ElementName", ElementName);
}
/** Get Element Name.
@return Name of the Element */
public String GetElementName()
{
return (String)Get_Value("ElementName");
}
/** Set Import Account.
@param I_ElementValue_ID Import Account Value */
public void SetI_ElementValue_ID (int I_ElementValue_ID)
{
if (I_ElementValue_ID < 1) throw new ArgumentException ("I_ElementValue_ID is mandatory.");
Set_ValueNoCheck ("I_ElementValue_ID", I_ElementValue_ID);
}
/** Get Import Account.
@return Import Account Value */
public int GetI_ElementValue_ID()
{
Object ii = Get_Value("I_ElementValue_ID");
if (ii == null) return 0;
return Convert.ToInt32(ii);
}
/** Set Import Error Message.
@param I_ErrorMsg Messages generated from import process */
public void SetI_ErrorMsg (String I_ErrorMsg)
{
if (I_ErrorMsg != null && I_ErrorMsg.Length > 2000)
{
log.Warning("Length > 2000 - truncated");
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github_open_source_100_1_90 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /.vscode/
/.prettierrc
/tsconfig.json
/tslint.json
shrinkwrap.yaml
|
in.ernet.dli.2015.53013_12 | English-PD | Public Domain | of arctic navigation in those days, beyond the belief that some hard knocks might he expected* To guard against this hazard, as much 'wood and iron as could he well added to the original hulls of the Trent and Dorothea were bolted on to them in a certain dock in Shadwell. To he sure, some had pointed to the Hon. Captain Phipps’s voyage in 1793, and shook their heads at an attempt to cross the pole ; but the sanguine smiled at their fears, and spoke of those old days as only a better reason for a fresh attempt. “ Oh ! those were days when British fleets could not relieve Gibraltar from blockade ; when sailors worked for the weather-gage, fought by Shrews- bury clock, and hauled off to repair damages ; when Rodney had to hang captains, and Tory ships engaged an enemy whilst Whig ships held their wind !” Times had changed since then. The Nile, Copenhagen, and Trafalgar had altered our naval tone, and made all things possible. Franklin felt as confident, on that 25th April, of reaching the Pacific as that there was his pendant fluttering from the truck of the Trent ; and it was impossible to look at that bright eye Jit up with enthusiasm, without feeling a kindred certainty of suc- cess. Hone thought of danger, all looked at the goal — the Pacific. The storms, the ice, the iron-bound shores of Greenland and Spitzbergen, were forgotten ; all talked of the blue skies of the ocean with the gentle name, and of the orange groves of fair Otaheite. The Horse kings of old ne’er sailed with stouter hearts for the Horth, or raised braver shouts of Skoal ! to the Hortli-land Skoal ! than, di<l our bold countrymen on that fair April morn. NARROW ESCAPE. 273 Six months afterwards (Oct. 22), two weather-beaten brigs arrive!! from the North £}ea ; they wore the Doro- thea and Trent again — the forme f so shattered as to bo no longer seaworthy, the latter almost as much damaged. Their tale was a wondrons one ; men heard it with bated breath, and women thanked their God that such bold seamen had been spared. Within a month after they left Greenwich, the vessels found themselves in a polar sen, strewn with ice-fields, and darkened with fogs, alternating with sudden storms. Franklin’s vessel was discovered to be so leaky from some shipwright’s carelessness, that half a watch of men were ever at the pumps ! They wind on, however, and seek their way to the North until the grim mountains of Spitzltorgon, clad in everlasting ice, rise, above the hori- zon. Heavy snow-storms come on, with a hitter temper- ature; “ tons weight” of frozen snow-flakes, agglutinated hy the freezing sea-spray, cover the vessels alow and aloft ; tho brigs are mere icebergs under sail^ the very ropes become as thickly clad as pine-branches in a Siberian forest. The astonished but light-hearted crews laugh at the sight, while constantly removing with axes and shovels the masses of ice and snow which encumber their vessels and endanger tho spars. Unable to pro- ceed beyond Spitsbergen, they seek a harbour there, ami thcnco issue twice again to battle with tho polar ice. The vessels return to Magdalena Hay, each tirno more shattered from the unequal conflict. On the last occasion God’s providence and mercy alone saved all from total shipwreck and an awful death. The brigs are caught in a furious storm, and com|)elled 274 THE CAREER OF FRANKLIN. to heave-to under storm stay-sails. Next morning (June 30) the ice is seen along the lee, with a 'terrible sea beating upon it — a hopeless lee-shore indeed! Close- reefed sails are set in the hope of clearing the danger. Vain hope in such a sea, with such dull-sailing craft ! Franklin, in the Trent, sees that Buchan, who was to leeward of him, cannot weather it, and that the Dorothea is about to take the desperate step of “ taking the pack,” a step resorted to only as a dernier ressort, in prefer- ence to ^falling, broadside on, into such a frightful scene of breakers and broken ice. God help them ! was the involuntary cry of those on board the Trent, and the words were the more earnest that all felt the same fate would soon be their own. The Dorothea wore, and dashed before sea and wind towards what looked certain destruction ; those in the Trent held their breath as they watched the daring exploit. The suspense lasted a moment only, for the vessel, like a snow-flake before the storm, was swept into the hideous scene of foam, spray, and tumbling fragments, which formed a wall impene- trable to mortal eyesight. Whether lost or saved, those on board the Trent would never know until they like- wise were forced to take a step which seemed like rush- ing into the portals of certain death. Every hour con- vinced Franklin that such a measure was inevitable; and when he had made all ready, he gave, in decisive tones, the order to “ put up the helm !” “ No language,” says a powerful writer and eye- witness, the late Admiral Beechey, “ can convey an adequate idea of the terrific grandeur of the effects pro- duced by the collision of the ice and the tempestuous CHANGING THE PACK. 275 ocean,” or “ of the great calmness and resolution of all our crew.” * As they near the frightful scene, Franklin glances quickly for one opening* more promising than another. There is none ; it is one long line of frightful breakers, immense blocks of ice heaving, rearing, and crashing against one another with a roar above which the loud voice of the gallant leader can scarcely be heard. On the crest of a huge wave the little Trent dashes her- self into the scene of turmoil ; — ther£ is a frightful shock, the crew are flung upon the deck, and the masts bend like willow wands. “ Hold on, for your lives, and stand to the helm, lads !” shouts the clear bold voice of him who had already faced death in many forms. “ Ay, ay, sir ! ” is the cheery response from many a palo face but firm-set mouth. A roller dashes itself against the* stem of the brig ; she must bo engulfed, or be forced ahead. (Jod be praised ! the gallant Trent forges ahead, but with a weak and staggering gait, every timber crack- ing, and the ship’s bell tolling mournfully as if it were her requiem. How, thrown broadside on, the floe-pieces threaten to beat in her side; then, tossed by the sea over ice-block after ice -block, it seemed indeed as if every minute would be her last. For some hours Ibis trial of strength and fortitude endured — then the storm passed away, as speedily as it had set in : and apart from gratitude at their own providential escape, they joyed to sec in the distance the gallant Dorothea still afloat and her crew in safety. With broken timbers, sprung beams, and the Doro- thea’s larboard side forced in, both vessels exhibiting internally the fearful effects of the external shocks to 276 TKE career oe franklin. ■which, they had been subjected, the shattered expedition returned to Spitzbergen. Franklin ,.still urged that he might be allowed to proceed alone, whilst Buchan re- turned home with the Dorothea for repairs. Buchan, as senior officer, wisely ruled otherwise, and the two ves- sels returned to England, as we bave already told. Within a year we again find Lieutenant John Frank- lin returning to the frigid zone ; but this time for boat exploration of the coasts of arctic America, to be reached overland, by a journey through the Hudson Bay terri- tory. In 1819 he left England, accompanied by Dr, the present Sir John, Richardson ; Mr Back ; Robert Hood, midshipman ; and J ohn Hepburn, an English seaman. They were heard of at long and uncertain intervals ; and eventually, in 1822, all but poor Robert Hood returned to astonish their countrymen with the tale of their hardships, fortitude, and achievements. The narrative of Franklin’s journey fully bears out the glowing eulogium of Sir John Barrow : “ Tt adds,” says Sir John, “another to the many splendid records of enterprise, zeal, and energy of our seamen ; of that cool and intrepid conduct which never forsakes them on occasions the most trying — that unshaken constancy and perseverance in situations the most arduous, the most distressing, and sometimes the most hopeless, that can befall human beings ; and it furnishes a beautiful example of the triumph of mental and moral energy over mere brute strength, in the simple fact that, out of fifteen individuals inured from their birth to cold, fatigue, and hunger, no less than ten (native landsmen) were so subdued by the aggravation of those evils to LAND JOURNEY. 277 which they^ had heen habituated, as to give themselves up to indifference,* insubordination, and despair, and finally to sink down and die ; ’whilst of five British seamen, unaccustomed to the severity of the climate, and the hardships attending it, one only fell, and that one by the hands of an assassin. A light buoyant heart, a confidence in their own powers, supported by a firm reliance on a merciful Providence, never once for- sook them, and brought them through such misery and distress as rarely, if ever, have been surmounted*.” It is indeed a tale (I speak of Franklin’s narrative) which should be in the hands of those sailors of ling- land who desire to emulate the deeds and fame of such men as himself and his followers. Tt is an Iliad in prose,* and replete with pictures of rare devotion to the most ennobling of causes, the advancement of human knowledge. A generous and chivalrous spirit breathes through every page, aud sheds a lustre not only on every act of the leader, hut likewise of those who were his comrades and friends in many a sad hour of need and danger. Those terrible marches ; the laborious ex- ploration of the regions around the mouths of the Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers ; the Jong, bitter starvation of the winter ; the murder of Ilood ; the destruction of the assassin and the cannibal ; the in- trepid effort of llichanlson to swim across the freezing Coppermine to save liis comrades ; Back’s fearful winter journey to bring succour to his chief ; — are all tales which should bo household words by every English fire- side. Franklin’s safe return to England excited the most 278 TfiE CAREER OF FRANKLIN. enthusiastic public interest : liis devotion and gallantry stamped him as no ordinary man isi the estimation of his countrymen; and the Admiralty, having during his absence made him a commander, now promoted him to the rank of captain. Thus, in twenty-two years, Franklin had achieved all that it was possible for energy and ability to win in his profession. He bad acquired fame, and a captain’s com- mission ; henceforward the rules of the Royal Navy compelled him, as it has many other able men, to be content with the dull level of a seniority promotion to the rank of admiral. Yet Franklin was not disheart- ened ; zeal for his country’s fame, more than his own advancement, was the great secret of his professional success, and he longed again to be up and doing. It was in 1823 that he married his first wife, Eleanor Porden. She seems largely to have partaken of the enterprising spirit of her husband; and when, within two short years (1825), Franklin stood by her side, and held in his hand the summons of his country to proceed upon another arctic expedition, and, with his heart over flowing with sorrow and pride, told her how sad the conflict between love for her and duty to his country and profession, noble Eleanor Porden thought not of self, though she knew the hand of death was already pressing her down to the land of long rest and silence, and that no more in this world would she meet her be- loved husband. Forgetting self, she urged him bravely on to the fulfilment of the task his God and country had assigned him ; and, with her weak and faltering hands, worked a flag which he was to spread to the winds, and THE 'SECOND MARRIAGE? 279 think of her at the moment when she proudly hoped he would reach the pslar sea, that great step towards the North-West Passage — the guerdmi for which England’s naval chivalry then longed, and which this noble woman felt assured her beloved husband must one day win. Thus, in this prosaic age, went forth again Captain J ohn Franklin, in true knightly mood, to endure, labour, and accomplish much, but without achieving the darling object of his heart. He and his worthy steadfast friend and companion, Sir John Richardson, in opgn boats, enduring much peril and suffering, explored on this occasion sufficient of the coast of arctic America to assure all geographers, that along that shore would one day be discovered the long-sought passage to the Indies; and in 1&27 they returned to receive again at the hands of their admiring countrymen all the honours that could be bestowed, and that they so well deserved. Three years after tlio death of his first wife Eleanor, Franklin married Jane Griffin; and itSs singular to ob- serve how well Franklin placed his affections upon two ■women who, each in their sphei'e of action, stand forth as charming types of English wives. Eleanor Franklin dying, knowing that she never more may see the man she loves, urges him on to the execution of liis duty, and enables Franklin to lay down, by his discoveries in arctic America, the foundation upon which he is here- after to erect his own title to immortality in this world, — and Jane Franklin, better known as Lady Franklin, seventeen years subsequently, not only supports her heroic husband in the great wish of his gallant* heart, but when, by God’s decree, the secret of his success was £80 THE CAREER OF FRASKLIN. hidden from mortal ken, owing to the self-sacrifice of himself and comrades, she, the wife worthy of such a naval hero, steadfastly, earnestly laboured for eleven years, sacrificing health and patrimony to learn the history of her husband’s fate ; and, in spite of many failures, many disappointments, official rebuffs, and private hostility, though not without much sympathy, at last, God bo thanked ! worked out the great object of her woman’s faith and love — that he indeed, John Pranklin x had first discovered the long-sought North- West Passage, and had not lived, laboured, or died in vain. CHAPTER III. THE EAST VOYAGE OP lOIAXA LIX. 4< And there they Lay till all their hones were bleachg^L And liehenod into eolour with tlio eni#s.” — TKNNvnoNr. a There is yet one tiling left undone whereby a great mind jnay become notable,” wrote worthy Master Pur- elias, some two centuries ago : that one deed was the discovery of a nortli-west passage to the Indies. Long years afterwards the words of the good Dean ot St Paul’s sounded like a trumpet-call to hm countrymen, and many an aspiring spirit essayed to do that deed whereby bright honour and immortality were to be won. The veil which hid from human ken the mysteries ol the arctic zone, was not to bo rent by one bold stroke; it was to be the test of British perseverance, patience, and hardihood. The frozen north would only reveal its wonders slowly and unwillingly to the brave men who devoted themselves to the task. The dread realms of frost and silence were only to he penetrated by the la- bours of two generations of seamen and travellers. The consummation of the discovery of the .North- West Passage was to be obtained bat by the sell-saerifi.ee of a hundred heroes. 282 THE LAST VOYAGE OF FRANKLIN. Prom 1815 to 1833 England sent forth her sons to the north in repeated expeditions by sea and land. The earnestness of many eminent public men, members of the Royal Society — such as Sir John Barrow and Sir Francis Beaufort — kept general interest directed to those regions in which Frobisher, Baffin, Davis, and Fox had so nobly ventured. There were no falterers ; every call for volunteers ivas nobly responded to by officers of the Royal aSTavy ; and John Franklin, Richardson, John and Janies Ro§£, Parry, Back, and King, with much devo- tion, toil, and suffering, forced open the portals beyond which the Elizabethan school of discoverers had not been able to penetrate, and added much to our know- ledge of the geography and physical condition of the arctic .zone between Greenland and Behring Strait. Fif- teen years of labour had failed, however, to solve the PREPARATIONS FOR FRESH ATTEMPT. 283 question as to the actual existence of a water communi- cation between the Pacific and Atlantic. Repeated dis- appointment had damped public? zeal, and our charts were left in the above incomplete condition in the year 1836. Between 1838 and 1843, the success of Captain Sir James Ross, in an expedition to the antarctic pole with H.M.S. Erebus and Terror, as well as the comple- tion of the northern coast-line of America by the Hudson Bay Company’s servants, I)ease and Simpson, caused the attention of the nation to again revert to its olcl»ohannel — the North-West Passage. Anno Domini 1844 found England with a surplus revenue, a vast body of naval officers begging for employment, and eager for any op- portunity of winning honours and distinction ; and JI.M.S. Erebus and Terror, safe and sound from the perils of antarctic seas, riding at anchor off Woolwich. All was most propitious for carrying out the darling ob- ject of the then venerable Secretary of the Admiralty. A mind like that of Sir John Barrow’s, richly stored with the records of his country’s glories in the explora- tion of every quarter of the globe, was keenly alive to the importance of keeping her still in the vanguard of geographical discovery : and it must be remembered that he had lived in a century when men, in spite of a long and terrible war, with all its glories and all its victories, were also yearly excited by the world-wide fame of the discoveries of Anson, Cook, Flinders, and Mungo Park. Was it not natural, therefore, that he, and stieh as he, should desire to add to those triumphs the achievement of the greatest geographical problem men ever undertook to solve ? 284 THE 'LAST VOYAGE OP FRANKLIN. The chart of the arctic regions was in the unsatisfac- toty* condition shown on page 282. How simple an undertaking it appeared, to connect the water in which Parry had sailed to Melville Island in 1819, with Dease and Simpson’s easternmost position off the coast of America in 1838 ! The summer of 1844 saw many an eager face poring over that arctic chart. Whisperings were heard that Sir John Barrow, Beaufort, Parry, Sabine, Boss, and Franklra himself, had expressed strong opinions in fa- vour of another effort. The Boyal Society, through its President the Marquess of Northampton, was known to have urged the resumption of arctic exploration upon the Government and Admiralty. Many an enthusiastic officer strove hard, by zeal and interest, to insure being one of those selected for the glorious work. Then it was that Pitzjames, and such men as Graham Gore, Pairholme, Hodgson, and Des Voeux, succeeded in en- rolling themselves on the list of the chosen few who were next year to sail for the lar north-west. We see them now, as they told us so, and with glistening eye prophesied their own success. Gallant hearts ! they now sleep amidst tho scenes of their sore trial, but tri- umphant discovery. It was at one time intended that Pitzjames (whoso genius and energy marked him as no ordinary officer) should command the expedition; but just at this time Sir John Franklin was heard to say that ho considered the post to bo his birthright as the senior arctic explorer in Ijjngland. He had recently returned from his post as Governor of Van Diemen’s Land : his sensitive and gen- THE “LAST EXPEDITION. 285 erous spirit chafed under the tunmerited reatment he had experienced fropi the then Secretary of State for the Colonies ; and, sick of civil employment, he naturally turned again to his profession, as a better field for the ability and devotion he had wasted on a thankless office. Sanguine of success, forgetful of past suffering, ho claimed his right to command the latest, as he had led the earliest, of modern arctic expeditions. Directly it was known that he woul/l go if asked, the Admiralty were of course only too glad to avail them- selves of the experience of such a man ; but Lord Had- dington, then First Lord, with that kindness which ever distinguished him, suggested that Franklin might well rest at home on his laurels. “ I might find a good ex- cuse for not lotting you go, Sir John,” said the peer, “ in the tell-tale record which informs me that you are sixty years of age.” “ No, no, my lord,” was Franklin’s re- joinder, “lam only fifty-nine ! ” Before such earnest- ness all scruples yielded ; the offer was* officially made and accepted : to Sir John Franklin was confided the arctic expedition, consisting of N.1VLS. .Erebus, in which he hoisted his pendant, and HALS. Terror, commanded by Captain Crozier, who had recently accompanied Sir James Boss in his wonderful voyago to the antarctic seas. The 18th of May 1845 found the Erebus and Terror at Greenhithc, in the Thames. On board of each ship there were sixty-nine officers and men. ‘ Every possible corner was carefully filled with stores and provisions — enough, they said, for three years ; and, for the first time in arctic annals, these discovery- vessels each had auxili- 286 THE ‘LAST VOYAGE OE FRANKLIN. ary screws and engines of twenty-horse power. Hope rode high in every breast, and the cry of Hutfrah for Beh- ring Strait ! succeeded their last hearty cheer as the gallant ships weighed on the morrow for Baffin Bay. A month they sailed across the Atlantic before they reached their first halting-place, Disco, or the Whale Fish Islands, on the west coast of Greenland, in latitude 69° north. Thither a store-ship had accompanied them from England in order that the expedition might be completed with every necessary up to the latest moment before entering the polar ice. That voyage of thirty days had served to make the officers and men thoroughly acquainted with their chief, and with each other. Of him the warm-hearted Fitzjames writes : “ That Sir John was delightful ; that all had become very fond of him ; and that he appeared remarkable for energetic de- cision in an emergency. The officers were remarkable for good feeling, good humour, and great talents; whilst the men were fine hearty sailors, mostly from the north- ern seaports.” Love already, it is apparent, as much as duty, bound together the gallant hearts on board the Erebus and Terror. Away from Disco they sped with all haste ; the Bay of Baffin is fairly entered, and their long and arduous labours commence with an arctic tempest so severe, that their brother seamen of the store-ship, hastening home- ward, thought with anxiety of the deep-laden Erebus and Terror. He who is strong to save guides the gallant barks, however, past the dangers of an iron-bound coast, and amongst the huge ghost-like icebergs which glim- mer 'through the storm. We see them, in better weather, TffiEIR PROGRESS. 287 urging under all sail their strong but clumsy ships before a favourable gale, along that coast of Greenland, every headland of which has its record of human trial and noble endurance. There the lofty headland of Sanderson-his- Hope (of a north-we^t passage) rears its crest of blade granite, rich with crimson lichen, and crowned with snow. Norseman, and Dane, and Englishman, have alike sailed under its stupendous cliffs, or sought shelter in quaint Uppernavik which nestles at its feet. The Erebus and Terror may not delay. Greenland has no charms for men whose leader already talks sanguinely of the yet far dis- tant Mackenzie and Coppermine rivers. The floes and icebergs of the middle-ice now rise upon their sight ; the northern horizon gleams with reflected light from the frozen surface of the sea ; the south wind fails ; the ships sail from the black mists and fog-laden atmosphere common to open water hr the arctic regions, into the bright sides, smooth lanes, and miyror-liko pools generally found amongst the pack during the summer season. The ice is streaming southward ; the eager nov- ices in either ship look forward with delight to the first onset with the foe they have come to do battle with. Wiser heads know that mother-wit will do more than dashing gallantry in the conflict with packed ice; the sails are taken in so as to reduce the speed, and the ex- perienced ice-master from the crow's nest at the mast- head selects the wcakcst-looking point through which to force the ships into a lane of water that winds snake-like along tho landward edge of the pack. “ So-ho ! steady — steer her with a small helm, my lad ! ” bawls out, in strong north-country dialect, the 288 THE VL AST VOYAGE OF .'FRANKLIN. honest old ice-pilot, who has grown grey killing whales in Greenland. “ Stand hy to hrail ,up the nfter-sails, if you please, sir ; and to pack all the canvass upon her directly we break through the pack-edge,” he urges to the officer of the watch. The churning and growling of the ice now strikes upon the ear, and at the same moment the Erebus and Terror take it manfully. There is a shock : for a second the pieces of ice hold their ground, but they yield to the weight of the ships ; one mass tilts up and slips over another, another sinks under the bows, and is heard scraping along the bottom of the ship ; the road is opening. “ Hard up with the helm !” shouts the ice-master, and at the same time the sail is set forward to urge the ship faster through the pack ; the speed accelerates, and in a few minutes they are fairly .in the ice. We need not follow them in their daily labour. Ice is now on every hand : open water scarce. The crews often drag the ships for hours with ropes, along the edge of the land-floe, that is still fast to the face of the glacier which curves round Melville Bay. How we see them perfectly beset, the vessels secured to the lowest icebergs that can be found. They studiously avoid those lofty masses which, with spires and domes and steeples, resemble huge cathedrals of crystal — for they know that such icebeTgs are prone to turn over, or break up sud- denly, and would infallibly crush any ship that might be near them. For a while our discovery-ships met the whaling- vessels of Aberdeen and Hull, striving, like themselves, to get through the ice-stream into the clear waters of Ponds Bay. On July 26 th they part company from the IN LANCASTER SOUND.! 289 last of them, and pursue their solitary course alone. Again they pass from the northern edge of the pack into open water — if such may ^be called an open sea, where icebergs are strewn plentifully. Tlie course is now shaped for Lancaster Sound. August has set in. The sun, which has hitherto wheeled round tho heavens without setting, again commences to dip helow tho hori- zon. Its nightly absence and declining ppwer are marked by the new formation of thin, glass-liko ice, known as bay-ice. The south wind freshens ; the Erebus and Terror press on, staggering in a heavy sea, all the moro remarkable that a hundred miles of ice have just been passed through belaud them. The great entiance’of Lancaster-bis-Sound breaks out of the clouds to tho westward. Capes Warren der and Hay frown grimly over the angry sea, backed by lofty mountain-ranges, whose dark precipices, streaked with snow, look as if they were formed of steel nud inlaid witji silver. “On, on! to the westward !” is tho cry. Wiry need to stop and erect cairns, and deposit records of their pro- gress? Do they not intend to pass into the Pacific next year? Have not they ordered their letters to be directed to 1 ‘otropaulov.sk oi and the Sandwich Isles? Why lose ,me precious hour at the threshold of their labour? The ice is again seen. Tt extends along the southern side of Harrow Strait, and is streaming out into Baffin I5ay. The ships haul in for the coast of North Devon. The scene changes considerably from what our explorers have seen in Greenland. No glaciers stretch from the interior, and launch their long, projecting tongues into the sea ; no icy cliffs reflect there the colours of tho T 290 THE LAST VOYAGE OF FRANKLIN. emerald and turquoise ; arctic vegetation, wretched as it is, does not gladden the eyesight in even the most favoured spots. They- have passed from a region of primary rock into one of magnesian limestone. Green- land is a paradise, in an arctic point of view, to the land they have now reached. It is desolation’s abiding- place; yet not deficient in the picturesque. The tall and escarped cliffs are cut by action of frost and thaws into buttresses and abutments, which, combined with broken castellated summits, give a Gothic-like aspect to the shores of North Devon. Valleys and plains are passed, all of one uniform dun colour ; they consist simply of barren limestone. The storility of the land is, however, somewhat compen- sated for by the plentiful abundance of animal life upon the water. The seal, the whale, and the walrus are there ; whilst wild-fowl in large flocks feed in calm spots under beetling cliffs, or in shallow lakes which can be looked down upon from the mast-head. It is not far to the entrance of Wellington Channel ; they reach Beechey Island, and mark the value of the bay within it as a wintering-place, and its central posi- tion with respect to the channels leading towards Cap>e Walker, Melville Island, or Iiegent Inlet. Ice again impedes their progress. Their first instructions from the Admiralty were to try to the south-west from Cape Walker. They cannot now advance in that direction, for it is a hopeless block of heavy floes; but Wellington Channel is open, and smiles and sparkles in blue and sunlit waves, as if luring them to the north-west. Why not try a north-about passage round the Parry Islands ? urges Fitzjames. Franklin agrees with him that any- DISAPPOINTMENTS. 291 thing is better than delay, and at any rate they deter- mine to explore it, ^and ascertain whither it led. Away they press northward, until wfliat is now known as Grinnoll Land rises ahead, and they have to turn more to the west. From "Wellington Channel they pass be- tween Baillie Hamilton Island and the striking clifTs of Cape Majendie into Penny Strait. Eager eyes are straining from the Aast-head ; is it a mere bay, or is it a channel they are sailing through ? “Water, water! — large water!” replies the ice-master from his eyrie to the anxious queries of the veteran leader. Away, away they press ! — every studding-^ail alow and aloft. The old ships never a vent, so fast before — no, not on that great day in their history when they Vcre the first to sail along lire Victoria continent of the southern pole. From 74V to 77° north latitude they pushed up this uoblo strait, but not, as they hoped, to reach an open or navigable sea, hut *to find, as we found in 1852, a wide expanse of waiter, much choked up with ice, extending from the head of Wellington Channel far to the westward for hundreds of miles. Baflied, but not beaten, the prows of the stout ships are again turned southward, and, aided by a greater share of success than has fallen to the lot of those who have come after Sir John Franklin in those same quarters, the gallant Erebus and Terror sailed down a channel which he discovered to exist between Cornwallis and Bathurst Islands, and entered Barrow Strait at a point nearly duo north of Capo Walker. In that direction Franklin was now constrained to alone look for a route whereby to reach the sea off the coast of Horth America. 292 TIIE LAST VOYAGE OF F&ANKLIN. It was well known tliat this southern course was that of his predilection, founded on his 'judgment and ex- perience. There are many in England who can recollect him pointing on his chart to the western entrance of Simpson Strait and the adjoining coast of North America, and saying, “ If I can hut get down there, my work is done; thence it’s all plain sailing to the westward.” Franklin might well say this, since he and Richard- son had explored nearly all that coast of arctic America towards Retiring Strait. The fortnight, however, which had been spent in "Wellington Channel, was the short period of navigation common to the ice-clioked seas within Lancaster Sound. September and an arctic autumn broke upon them. Who that has navigated those seas can ever forge’fc the excitement and danger of the autumn struggle with ice, snow-storm, and lee-shores'? We sco those lonely barks in the heart of a region which appears only to have been intended to test man’s enterprise, and to show him that, after all, he is but a poor weak creature. Channels surround them in all directions, down and up which, let the wind blow from any quarter, an avalanche of broken floes and ugly packed ice rolls, and threatens to engulf all that impedes its way, checked alone by the isles which strew Barrow Strait, and serve, like the teeth of a harrow, to rip up and destroy the vast ice-fields as they are launched against them. Around each island, as well as along the adjacent coasts, and especially at pro- jecting capes and headlands, mountains of floe-pieces are piled ,mass on top of mass, as if the frozen sea would in- vade the frozen land. The Erebus and Terror, under the FIRST WINTER-QUARTIfRS. 293 skilful hands of their nohle ships’ companies, flit to and fro ; seek'*shelter first under one point and then another. Franklin, Crozier, and Fitzjam«s are battling to get into Peel Channel, between Capes Walker and Bunny. The nights are becoming rapidly longer, the temperature often falls fifteen degrees bolow freezing-point, the pools of water on the great ice-fields, as well as on the land, are again firmly frozen over. The wild-/owl and their oil- spring are seen hastening south ; the plumage of the ptarmigan and willow grouse is already plentifully sprin- kled with white ; the mountain-tops and ravines art', loaded with snow, which will not melt away for twelve long months. Enough has been done to satisfy Franklin that a further advanco this season will be impossible. Winter-quarters must bo sought ; there is none nearer that they know of than Beeohey Island; the Erebus aiul Terror bear away for it. Fortune favours them, and they are not caught in the fatal grip of the winter- pack, and drifted out into the Atlantic, as many subsequent voya- gers have been. Their haven is reached, and with hearty cheers the ships are warped into Erebus and Terror Bay, and arrangements rapidly made to meet the coming winter of 184 5-4 G. CHAPTER IY. “ Oh, though oft depressed and lonely. All my fears are laid aside. If I but remember only Such as these have lived and died ” — liONarriAOW Under the friendly shelter of Beeehey Island, Franklin and his followers reposed from their arduous labours o± 1845, and looked forward confidently to the success which must now attend their efforts in the following year. And they had reason to be confident ! Did they not know that, in their remarkable voyage up Wellington Channel and down the new strait, west of Cornwallis Island, they had explored three hundred miles of pre- viously unknown channels leading to the north-west ? Could they not point to Cape Walker, and say, “As- suredly it will be an easy task next season to push our ships over the two hundred and fifty miles of water which only intervene between Cape Walker and King William Band” ? Of course they thought thus. And that their hopes wore fulfilled, though they lived not to tell us so, we now know, alas ! too well. The polar winter came in upon them like a giant — it ever does so. No alternate frost and thaw, sunshine and gloom, there delays the advent of the winter. ADVENT OF T1IE ARCTIC WINTEB. 295 Within the frigid zone each season steps upon sea and earth to th% appointed day, with all its distinctive char- acteristics strongly marked. In.one night, winter strikes nature with its mailed hand, and silence, coldness, death, reign supreme. The soil and springs are frozen adamant: the streamlet no longer trickles from aneath the snow- choked ravines: the plains, slopes, and terraces of this land of "barrenness are clad in winter livery of dazzling white ; the adjacent seas and fiords can hardly he dis- tinguished from the land, owing to the uniformity of colour. A shroud of snow envelops the stricken region, except where, sharp and* clear against the hard blue sky, stand out the gaunt mountain precipices of N r ortli Devon and the dark and frowning cliffs of lloeehey Island — cl ill's »too steep for even snow-1 lake to hang upon. There they stand, huge ebon giants, brooding over the land of famine and suffering spread beneath their feet ! Day after day, in rapidly diminishing arcs, the sun at noon approaches the southern edge of the horizon. It is the first week of "November, and we sec a goodly array of officers and men issue from the ships, and proceed to scale tli e heights of tlxe neighbouring island: they go to bid the bright sun good-bye until February 1840. At noon the upper edge of the orb gleams like a beacon-lire for a few minutes over the snow-enveloped shores of North Somerset — and it is gone — leaving them to throe months of twilight and darkness. Offering up a silent, fervent prayer for themselves, who were standing there to see that sunset, and for their shipmates in the ico- besot barks at their feet, that they might all he spared to welcome hack the life-imparting planet, we see these 296 THE 1AST VOYAGE OF FRANKLIN. pilgrims from the Erebus and Terror turn back and de- scend into the darkness and gloom, now hanging over their winter quarters. The tale of energetic battle, with cold privation and festering monotony, has been told. Why repeat that the officers and men under Franklin, in their first winter within the frozen zone, as nobly bore the one and cheer- fully combated the other 1 The ruins and traces left behind them all attest it. The observatory, with its double embankment of earth and stones, its neat finish, and the favish expenditure of labour in pavement and pathway; the shooting-gallery under the cliff, the seats forAied of stones, the remains of pleasant picnics in empty bottles a&d meat-tins strewed about; the elaborate cairn upon the north point of Beechey — a pyramid eight feet high, and at least six feet long on each side of the base — constructed of old meat-tins filled with gravel; — all tell the same tale of manful endeavours, by physical employment, to distract the mind from suffering and soli- tude. On board the ships wo picture to ourselves the arctic school and theatre — the scholar and dramatist ex- erting themselves to kill monotony and amuse or instruct their comrades. There are not wanting traces at Cape Eiley to show how earnestly the naturalists Goodsir and Stanley laboured to collect specimens: now was their time to arrange and note upon their labours. There is more than one site still visible of tents in which the magnetieal observations wore obtained : now was the time to record and compare such observations. And, in addition .to the wondrous novelty of a first winter in the frozen 'sea, the officers in so scientific an expedition had RETtTRN OF SPRING. 297 abundance of employment in noting tlic various pheno- mena wliicR. were *daily and hourly occurring around them. Put at length darkness and winter pass away, sunlight and spring return ; pale faces again recover their natural rosy tint. Only three of the original party of one hun- dred and thirty-eight souls have succumbed ; * the rest, though thinner, are now inured and hardened to all the changes of the arctic climate, and exhibit no lack of energy or strength. As soon as the tempenUure will admit of it, parties are despatched from the ships in various directions with sledges and tents: some have scientific objects in view; others are directed to try and procure game for their sickly comrades, or to eke out the store hf provisions, now reduced to a two years’ stock; and, sad it is to record it, nearly all their preserved meats were those of the miscreant ( Sold Tier. Exploratory parties were likewise not wanting; and we who came oil their footsteps in alter years saw the signs of our lost comrades’ zeal and industry on every side. |
5569494_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | Cobb, J.
The case of Reid v. Whitton was tried at a term which lasted longer than thirty days. During the term and within thirty days from the trial a motion for a new trial was filed by the losing party, and an order was passed of which the following is a copy: “ Ordered that the plaintiff show cause before me at such time and place as the court may fix, after notice of ten days to each party or their attorneys, why the foregoing motion should not be granted. Let the brief of evidence be presented for approval on or before the date aforesaid, or in default thereof the motion will be dismissed.” The .motion came on for a hearing on a day more than thirty days from the date of the trial. A brief of evidence was presented for. approval on that day, but, the same not having been filed within thirty days from the date of the verdict, the judge declined to approve it, and upon motion dismissed the motion for a new trial on this ground. To this ruling the movant excepted.
There being nothing in the order passed by the judge in regard to the hearing of the motion for a new trial which allowed *175the movant more than thirty days in which to file the brief of evidence in order to perfect the motion for a new trial, it was essential that the brief should be filed within thirty days. When thus filed it was in a condition to be presented for approval under the terms of the order. Until it was actually filed in the clerk’s office or some action taken by the judge which would be equivalent to a filing, the brief of evidence was not ready to be presented for approval, and when presented in this condition the judge was not required to approve the saíne or to pass any order concerning it. It is true that in the cases of Hightower v. George, 102 Ga. 549, and Malsby v. Young, 104 Ga. 205, it was held that if the judge approved the brief and passed an order directing it to be filed, this was the equivalent of a filing. In the present case the judge did not approve the brief or pass, any order directing it to be filed, but declined to do either. The brief when presented not having been filed, and the judge having taken no action which would, under the rulings above referred to, dispense with the actual filing in the clerk’s office, there was no error in dismissing the motion for a new trial forthe wantof abrief of evidence filed according to law.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concurring.
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US-59836908-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Fiber reinforced resin member and method of manufacturing the same, and apparatus manufacturing fiber fabric
ABSTRACT
An object of the present invention is to provide a high-quality fiber reinforced resin member that enables a longitudinal yarn to be laid out, without slipping, around an outer periphery of a mandrel having at least a bent portion, thus allowing both the longitudinal yarn and a diagonal yarn to be evenly laid out, and a method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member, as well as an apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric for the fiber reinforced resin member. A fiber reinforced resin member 1 includes an elongate fiber fabric formed by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns Q, . . . extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns P, . . . inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the fiber fabric being impregnated with resin that is then hardened. The fiber reinforced resin member 1 has at least a bent portion 1″ . The longitudinal yarns Q, . . . are spirally wound at the bent portion 1″ , in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at an angle of, for example, 10 to 15 degrees to the longitudinal direction.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a fiber reinforced resin member used particularly as roof side rails of a vehicle, and a method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member, and an apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric for the fiber reinforced resin member.
BACKGROUND ART
A-pillars (also called roof side rails; pillars positioned obliquely forward of a driver and at laterally opposite ends of the vehicle to support a front window) need to offer both a static strength characteristic (for example, flexural rigidity) and a crash resistance characteristic exhibited at the time of a collision of the vehicle. For recent hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and the like for which efforts have been made to improve the safety of the vehicle and to reduce the weight thereof, a fiber reinforced resin member, which has an appropriate rigidity and a light weight, is suitable as the A-pillars.
An example of the fiber reinforced resin member is a carbon fiber reinforced plastic member (CFRP). The fiber reinforced resin member is formed by using fiber yarns with a predetermined tensile strength and the like as a longitudinal yarn extending in a longitudinal direction of the member and a diagonal yarn with a predetermined inclination to the longitudinal direction, to braid both the longitudinal yarn and the diagonal yarn to form a multiple winding layer structure, then impregnating the multiple winding layer structure with resin, and hardening the resin. In the fiber reinforced resin member, the longitudinal yarn contributes to the flexural rigidity. The winding layer structure including the winding layers with the different orientations contributes to the crash resistance characteristic.
The above-described roof side rails are shaped along the front side of the vehicle so as to extend to a roof thereof, that is, shaped such that a straight portion and a bent portion are continuous with each other. The longitudinal yarn and the diagonal yarn are wound along this shape.
Patent Document 1 describes a method for manufacturing a fiber fabric forming the above-described fiber reinforced resin member. Specifically, a manufacturing apparatus is used which has two braiders in each of which an axial (longitudinal) yarn supply section and a braider yarn supply section are installed. Both an axial (longitudinal) yarn and a braider yarn are wound around the outer periphery of a linear mandrel by carrying out a control method of reciprocating the linear mandrel through the braiders and stopping driving of one of the braiders while the other braider is being driven.
- Patent Document 1: JP Patent No. 3215308
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The apparatus disclosed in Patent Document 1 can wind both the longitudinal yarn and the braider yarn around the outer periphery of the linear mandrel. However, if the longitudinal yarn is supplied to the outer periphery of the mandrel including a bent portion as is the case with the roof side rails, then at the bent portion, the longitudinal yarn may slip on the mandrel and fail to be evenly laid out around the outer periphery of the mandrel. If the longitudinal yarn slips at the bent portion, braiding density may vary depending on an area of the mandrel; the longitudinal yarn may concentrate in some areas and may be absent in other areas. Thus, naturally, the bent portion offers a low strength.
The present invention has been made in view of these problems. An object of the present invention is to provide a high-quality fiber reinforced resin member that enables the longitudinal yarn to be laid out, without slipping, around the outer periphery of the mandrel having at least the bent portion, thus allowing the longitudinal yarn and the diagonal yarn to be evenly laid out, and a method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member, as well as an apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric for the fiber reinforced resin member.
To accomplish the object, the fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention including an elongate fiber fabric formed by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the fiber fabric being impregnated with resin that is then hardened, the fiber reinforced resin member being characterized in that the fiber reinforced resin member has at least a bent portion, and the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion, in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction.
The fiber reinforced resin member is formed by, for example, alternately forming, around an outer periphery of the mandrel, serving as a core material for the fiber reinforced resin member, a winding layer made up of the longitudinal yarns extending in the longitudinal direction of the mandrel and a winding layer made up of the diagonal yarns (braider yarns) inclined at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction to form a plurality of sets each of a combination of the two types of winding layers, filling a thermosetting resin between the winding layers, and hardening the resin.
The mandrel used is made of any material such as steel or rein. Depending on the shape of the fiber reinforced resin member, the mandrel finally remains in the fiber reinforced resin member as a member component without being pulled out. If the fiber reinforced resin member is applied as the already described A-pillar, since the A-pillar is not a simple elongate cylindrical member but has a complicated shape, for example, an eclipse having one end with a circular cross section, a recessed center, and the other end gradually approaching a bolt fastening plate, the mandrel, serving as a core material, remains as a member component. In this case, to minimize the weight of the fiber reinforced resin member as a whole, the mandrel is preferably molded using an ABS resin (a copolymerized synthetic resin of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene), which has a light weight and a high strength.
The fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention is characterized by having at least a bent portion in which the wound longitudinal yarns are evenly laid out, and to achieve the even layout, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion so as to incline at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member.
Heuristics and experiments of the present inventor and the like indicate that an attempt to lay out the longitudinal yarns so that the longitudinal yarns extend in the longitudinal direction in the bent portion of the fiber reinforced resin member results in slippage of the longitudinal yarns on the outer periphery of the mandrel. This in turn indicates that manufacturing a fiber reinforced resin member with an even layout of the longitudinal yarns (the longitudinal yarns with a uniform density) is extremely difficult.
Thus, in the fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member. The preferable range of the angle is specified to be 10 to 15 degrees.
The experiments of the present inventor and the like indicate that when the angle of the longitudinal yarns at the bent portion is smaller than 10 degrees, the longitudinal yarns slip on the mandrel and that when the angle exceeds 15 degrees, the flexural rigidity of the fiber reinforced resin member decreases significantly. The above-described angle range is thus specified with both the processibility and strength of the fiber reinforced resin member taken into account. Of course, the longitudinal yarns in the straight portion of the fiber reinforced resin member are laid out in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are oriented in the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member. Furthermore, the angle of the diagonal yarns to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member is set to about 45 degrees.
In connection with the strength characteristic of the fiber reinforced resin member, the flexural rigidity (flexural strength) thereof depends significantly on a hardened resin layer made up of the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns. The crash resistance (impact resistance) performance of the fiber reinforced resin member depends significantly on a braiding structure of the diagonal yarns and the longitudinal yarns.
The fiber reinforced resin member is formed by forming a plurality of (for example, four) sets each of the combination of the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns and the winding layer of the diagonal yarns on the outer periphery of the mandrel, then impregnating the fiber winding layers with the thermosetting resin, and hardening the thermosetting resin.
According to the fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention, even if the fiber reinforced resin member has the bent portion, a possible disadvantageous situation is prevented in which the longitudinal yarns may slip on the outer periphery of the mandrel to form an uneven winding layer of the longitudinal yarns. Furthermore, in winding the longitudinal yarns at the bent portion, the rotation speed of a braider having a longitudinal yarn supply section and the movement speed of the mandrel have only to be adjusted so that the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound around the outer periphery of the bent portion of the mandrel at an angle of about 10 to 15 degrees. This prevents the processing efficiency of the fiber reinforced resin member from being reduced by processing of the bent portion.
Furthermore, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a fiber reinforced resin member, the method being characterized by comprising a first step of supplying a mandrel having at least a bent portion, with a longitudinal yarn extending in a longitudinal direction of the mandrel and a diagonal yarn inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, to braid a plurality of the longitudinal yarns and a plurality of the diagonal yarns to manufacture an elongate fiber fabric, and a second step of impregnating the fiber fabric with resin and hardening the resin to manufacture the fiber reinforced resin member, and in that in the first step, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at a bent portion of the mandrel in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction.
The manufacturing method according to the present invention forms, by braiding, a plurality of layers made up of the longitudinal yarns and a plurality of layers made up of the diagonal yarns, around the outer periphery of the mandrel having the bent portion as described above, then impregnates the layers with the thermosetting resin and hardens the thermosetting resin. To be evenly laid out at the bent portion, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member.
The angle of the spiral winding is adjusted within the range of 10 to 15 degrees to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member as already described.
A predetermined number of combinations of a winding layer of the longitudinal yarns and a winding layer of the diagonal yarns are formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel to form an intermediate member. The intermediate member is transferred to a mold with a predetermined cavity space. A thermosetting resin is filled into the mold and then hardened.
As a resin impregnation and hardening method, a well-known RTM method may be applied which places the intermediate member with the winding layers formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel, in the mold, then places the cavity in a vacuum atmosphere, then fills the resin into the cavity, and pressurizes and molds the intermediate member. A measure may be taken which, before vacuum suction of the interior of the cavity, places a balloon or a large number of beads inside the mandrel to exert an internal pressure on the mandrel. Instead of filling the resin into the cavity, another method pre-winds a film of a thermosetting resin around the outer periphery of the mandrel so that a thermal treatment allows the film to be melted to impregnate the fiber fabric with the melted thermosetting resin.
Moreover, an apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric according to the present invention manufactures an elongate fiber fabric by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, and comprises a first braider and a second braider installed at a distance from each other, a first bobbin installed in the first braider to supply the diagonal yarns and a second bobbin installed in the second braider to supply the longitudinal yarns, moving means for moving the mandrel having at least a bent portion, inside the first and second braiders in a direction from the second braider toward the first braider, and control means that rotates both the first and second braiders at the bent portion of the mandrel.
Unlike in the case of the configuration of a conventional braider machine, the manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention is roughly composed of a braider (second braider) having a bobbin from which the longitudinal yarns are fed and a braider (first braider) which is positioned in front of the second braider and having a bobbin from which the diagonal yarns are fed.
For example, a winding layer of the longitudinal yarns and a winding layer of the diagonal yarns are formed as follows. Ends of the longitudinal and diagonal yarns are wound around (or taped to) an end of the mandrel. The mandrel is moved with the first braider rotated and the second braider not rotated. Thus, the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns is formed and the winding layer of the diagonal yarns is simultaneously formed on the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns. The longitudinal yarns are laid out and fixed on the mandrel by the winding layer of the diagonal yarns.
To form the winding layers at the bent portion of the mandrel, the mandrel is moved with the second braider slowly rotated. At this time, the rotation speed of the second braider is determined by the moving speed of the mandrel and the peripheral length of the bent portion so that the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at an inclination of 10 to 15 degrees.
When the formation of the winding layer in the section of the bent portion of the mandrel is finished and the process enters the straight portion again, the rotation of the second braider is stopped, with the mandrel continuing to be moved. Then, the longitudinal yarns are laid out at the straight portion in the longitudinal direction, and the winding layer of the diagonal yarns formed by the fist braider is simultaneously formed on the longitudinal yarns.
Here, in connection with the formation of the winding layer of the diagonal yarns, the rotation of the first and second braiders is based on a large number of gears built in the braiders in associated postures in a ring direction and a bobbin moving groove which is formed in the ring direction so as to bypass rotating shafts of the gears; the rotation of the first and second braiders refers to rotation of the gears moving the bobbin through the moving groove to supply the diagonal yarns, thus winding the diagonal yarns around the outer periphery of the mandrel passing through the braider.
Furthermore, the manufacturing apparatus includes moving means for fixedly positioning the mandrel and moving the mandrel as described above, and control means for controllably rotationally driving one or both of the braiders at a rotation speed corresponding to the moving speed of the mandrel every time the longitudinal yarn or the diagonal yarn is formed on the mandrel.
The above-described manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention allows predetermined numbers of winding layers of the longitudinal yarns and winding layers of the diagonal yarns to be simultaneously formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel. In particular, the use of the manufacturing apparatus configured as described above allows the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns to be efficiently formed without causing the longitudinal yarns to slip at the bent portion of the mandrel.
The intermediate member manufactured by the manufacturing apparatus is transferred to the mold as already described. The process then shifts to the resin impregnation and hardening step.
As appreciated from the above description, with the method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member and the apparatus manufacturing the fiber fabric according to the present invention, the longitudinal yarns can be laid out, without slipping, around the outer periphery of the mandrel having the bent portion, and the winding layer of the longitudinal yarns having an even density can be efficiently formed. Furthermore, with the fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention, even if the fiber reinforced resin member has a bent portion, the longitudinal yarns are evenly laid out at the bent portion. The longitudinal yarns are thus wound at a uniform density, providing a fiber reinforced resin member generally exhibiting an excellent flexural rigidity characteristic.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a position where an A-pillar to which a fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention is applied is mounted in a vehicle.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the manufactured fiber reinforced resin member.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the fiber reinforced resin member taken along line III-III in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a side view of the manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a winding aspect of longitudinal yarns formed all along the length of the mandrel.
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a winding aspect of longitudinal yarns and diagonal yarns at a bent portion of the mandrel.
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the inclination of the longitudinal yarns to a longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member.
NUMERALS IN THE DRAWINGS
1 . . . Fiber reinforced resin member, 1 a . . . Mandrel, 1 b, 1 d . . . Winding layers of longitudinal yarns, 1 c, 1 e . . . Winding layer of diagonal layers, 1′, 1′a . . . Straight portions, 1″ . . . Bent portion, 1′″ . . . Fastening plate portion, 10 . . . First braider, 11 . . . Gear rotating shaft, 12 . . . Bobbin moving groove, 13 . . . First bobbin, 14 . . . Guide ring, 15 . . . Wheel, 20 . . . Second braider, 21 . . . Second bobbin, 22 . . . Wheel, 30 . . . Moving rail, 40 . . . Positioning member, 100 . . . Manufacturing apparatus (braider machine), P . . . Diagonal yarn, Q . . . Longitudinal yarn
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a position where an A-pillar to which a fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention is applied is mounted in a vehicle. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the manufactured fiber reinforced resin member. FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the fiber reinforced resin member taken along line III-III in FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention. FIG. 5 is a side view of the manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a winding aspect of longitudinal yarns formed all along the length of the mandrel. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a winding aspect of longitudinal yarns and diagonal yarns at a bent portion of the mandrel. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the inclination of the longitudinal yarns to a longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member. The shape of the mandrel and the number of winding layers forming the fiber reinforced resin member are not limited to those shown in the embodiments.
The fiber reinforced resin member according to the present invention is suitable for A-pillars of a vehicle, which needs to exhibit an appropriate flexural strength and appropriate impact resistance performance. The A-pillars are support members for a front window which are positioned in front of and on the right and left side of a passenger in a vehicle C shown in FIG. 1. Applying the fiber reinforced resin member 1 to the A-pillars allows the above-described strength characteristics to be sufficiently offered. The fiber reinforced resin member also has a light weight. Thus, the fiber reinforced resin member is particularly suitable for recent hybrid vehicles and the like.
FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the fiber reinforced resin member 1 applied to the A-pillars. The fiber reinforced resin member 1 is not a simple, linear cylindrical member. Since the fiber reinforced resin member 1 is applied to the A-pillars, the fiber reinforced resin member 1 is shaped to have not only straight portions 1′ and 1′a but also a bent portion 1″. The fiber reinforced resin member 1 further has a plate portion 1′″ that allows the fiber reinforced resin member 1 to be fastened to another member making up the vehicle. Furthermore, the sectional shapes of relevant portions are not uniform. The straight portion 1′ has a circular cross section, and the straight portion 1′a has an elliptic cross section. The bent portion 1″ has an elliptic cross section with a partly inwardly recessed portion 1″a. The fastening plate portion 1′″ has a flat cross section as well as a bolt hole.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the fiber reinforced resin member 1 illustrating the configuration thereof. The fiber reinforced resin member 1 is composed of a mandrel 1 a which is a core material made of an ABS resin, a winding layer 1 b wound around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a and made up of longitudinal yarns, a winding layer 1 c wound around the outer periphery of the winding layer 1 b and made up of diagonal yarns, a winding layer 1 d made up of longitudinal yarns located around the outer periphery of the winding layer 1 c, and a winding layer 1 e made up of diagonal yarns located around the outer periphery of the winding layer 1 d. The winding layers are impregnated with a thermosetting resin, which is then hardened to form the fiber reinforced resin member 1. The numbers of the winding layers made up of the longitudinal yarns and the winding layers made up of the diagonal yarns are not limited to those shown in the figures but may be at least three.
Description will be given below of a manufacturing apparatus (braider machine) 100 which, in manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member 1, manufactures an intermediate member (a member in which the winding layers formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel), which has not been impregnated with the resin yet, as well as an operation aspect of the manufacturing apparatus 100.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view generally illustrating the manufacturing apparatus 100. FIG. 5 is a side view illustrating the manufacturing apparatus.
The manufacturing apparatus 100 has two braiders, a first braider 10 and a second braider 20 both of which are annular and have a central opening through which the mandrel 1 a can reciprocate.
The braiders 10 and 20 are arranged at a predetermined distance from each other. Wheels 15, 15 and 22, 22 are attached to legs of the braiders 10 and 20, respectively. An elongate moving rail 30 is installed between the wheels 15, 15 and between the wheels 22, 22. Positioning members 40, 40 extend vertically from opposite ends of the moving rail 30. The mandrel 1 a is fixedly positioned at upper ends of the positioning members 40, 40.
In the illustrated posture, the braiders 10 and 20 are arranged so as to be able to be moved, by a servo motor or a cylinder mechanism (not shown in the drawings), within planes (which are substantially orthogonal to arrows X1 and X2) defined by the annular portions thereof, in a posture in which the predetermined distance is maintained between the braiders 10 and 20. The servo motor or cylinder mechanism moves the braiders 10 and 20 so as to prevent the mandrel 1 a from interfering with the annular portions, that is, so that the mandrel 1 a can pass through the substantial center of the central opening of each of the annular portions. Here, the wheels 15, 15 and wheels 22, 22 may be configured so that the distance between the pair of wheels 15, 15 (22, 22) and the braider 10 (20) can follow the rail 30 even though the braider 10 (20) is moved by the servo motor or cylinder mechanism. Furthermore, the moving rail 30, on which the mandrel 1 a is fixedly positioned, can be moved in the directions of arrows X1 and X2 by rotational driving of at least one of the pair of wheels 15, 15 and the pair of wheels 22, 22 or by moving means (not shown in the drawings). If the mandrel 1 a is shaped so as to not to interfere with the annular portions, the servo motor or cylinder mechanism may be omitted.
A large number of gears are contained in the first braider 10 and arranged in a circumferential direction thereof. Gear rotating shafts 11, . . . of the gears are shown in the figure. Moreover, a bobbin moving groove 12 is formed in the first braider 10 so as to meander in a shape of the number eight in order to bypass the gear rotating shafts. Bobbins 13, . . . for diagonal yarns move along the moving groove 12 to supply diagonal yarns P, . . . to the outer periphery of the mandrel.
Furthermore, a guide ring 14 is located, by support means (not shown in the drawings), on a side of each of the first braiders 10, 20 which corresponds to the direction of arrow X1 (the guide ring 14 located on a side of the braider 20 which corresponds to the direction of arrow X1 is shown only in FIG. 5). The diagonal yarns P, . . . extending from the first bobbins 13, . . . and longitudinal yarns Q, . . . extending from second bobbins 21, . . . are guided to the guide ring 14 and thus supplied to the outer periphery of the mandrel.
Various instruction signals from a computer (not shown in the drawings) are transmitted to the illustrated manufacturing apparatus 100 by wired or wireless communication. The computer contains a control section that controls the moving speed of the bobbins 13, . . . in the braider 10, the rotation speed of the braider 20, and the moving speed of the mandrel 1 a, which relates to the moving speed of the bobbins 13, . . . in the braider 10 and the rotation speed of the braider 20.
First, to simultaneously form winding layers made up of the diagonal yarns P, . . . , and the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a, the mandrel 1 a is moved to a right end in FIGS. 4 and 5, and from this position, moved leftward (the direction X1). Before the movement of the mandrel 1 a, ends of the diagonal yarns P and longitudinal yarns Q are taped to the outer periphery of the mandrel.
To form the winding layers at the straight portion of the mandrel 1 a, only the braider 10 is rotated, with the braider 20 not rotated, and the mandrel 1 a is moved. That is, around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a, the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . are laid out in the longitudinal direction of the mandrel 1 a, and the diagonal yarns P, . . . are laid out on the longitudinal yarns Q, . . ..
Once the mandrel 1 a reaches a predetermined position in front of the braider 10, the braider 20 starts to be rotated slowly. In the meantime, the braider 10 is continuously rotating.
The rotation speed (or rotation number) of the braider 20 is adjusted according to the moving speed of the mandrel 1 a. The rotation speed of the braider 20 is set at least to such a value as allows the longitudinal yarns Q to be spirally wound around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a at an angle of 10 to 15 degrees to the longitudinal direction. The above-described control section adjusts the rotation speed of the braider 20 and the moving speed of the mandrel 1 a.
The winding of the longitudinal yarns progresses. Once the mandrel 1 a reaches the straight portion 1′a, the rotation of the braider 20 is stopped. Then, the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . are laid out in the longitudinal direction of the mandrel 1 a. The diagonal yarns P, . . . are laid out on the longitudinal yarns Q, . . ..
The above-described series of control allows the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . to be evenly wound around the outer periphery of the mandrel 1 a and then allows the diagonal yarns P, . . . to be evenly wound on the longitudinal yarns Q, . . . . FIG. 6 schematically shows the winding aspect of the longitudinal yarns formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel. In the straight portion, the longitudinal yarns are laid out along the longitudinal direction. In the bent portion, the spirally wound longitudinal yarns are laid out.
Here, the rotation of the braider refers to movement of the bobbin 13, . . . in the first braider 10 along the bobbin moving groove 12, . . . as shown in the braider 10 in FIG. 4. Each of the bobbins 13, . . . moves meanderingly and timely so that a clockwise (a direction Y1 in FIG. 4) set of bobbins and a counterclockwise (a direction Y2 in FIG. 4) set of bobbins avoid interfering with each other. The plurality of bobbins 13, . . . move at a predetermined moving speed in synchronism with the movement of the mandrel 1 a to wind the diagonal yarns P, . . . at an angle of 45 degrees to the longitudinal direction of the mandrel 1 a. The braider 20 has the same structure but rotates at the bent portion of the mandrel 1 a.
FIG. 7 shows a winding form of the longitudinal yarns Q in the bent portion of the mandrel and a winding form of the diagonal yarns P formed around the outer periphery of the longitudinal yarns Q. The diagonal yarns P are wound around the outer periphery of the spirally wound longitudinal yarns Q or a plurality of such combinations are provided, to form a winding aspect in which the longitudinal yarns and the diagonal yarns are braided.
The above-described intermediate member is transferred to a mold with a cavity space in a predetermined form. In the mold, the intermediate member is impregnated with the thermosetting resin, which is then hardened. As a resin impregnation and hardening method, a well-known RTM method may be applied which places, in the mold, the intermediate member with the winding layers formed around the outer periphery of the mandrel, then places the cavity in a vacuum atmosphere, then fills the resin into the cavity placed in a vacuum atmosphere, and pressurizes and molds the intermediate member.
[Discussions of the Angle of the Longitudinal Yarns to the Longitudinal Direction of the Fiber Reinforced Resin Member and the Elasticity Modulus of the Fiber Reinforced Resin Member as a Bending Member]
The present inventor and the like examined a relationship between the angle (θ) of the longitudinal yarns to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member and the elasticity modulus of the fiber reinforced resin member as a bending member. The results of the examination are shown in Table 1, shown below. The angle (θ) of the longitudinal yarns to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member is shown in FIG. 8.
TABLE 1 θ (°) 0 10 15 20 30 45 E (GPa) 150 120 100 70 28 22
Table 1 clearly indicates that the flexural rigidity of the fiber reinforced resin member is maximized when the longitudinal yarns are at an angle of 0 degree and the elasticity modulus decreases sharply when the angle is larger than 15 degrees.
On the other hand, processibility was checked with the angle varied at which the longitudinal yarns were spirally wound at the bent portion of the mandrel. The results of the check indicate that an angle θ of smaller than 10 degrees causes the longitudinal yarns to slip on the outer periphery of the mandrel, sharply reducing processibility.
Thus, in connection with the flexural rigidity and processibility of the fiber reinforced resin member, the conclusion can be drawn that the angle at which the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion of the mandrel is preferably set within the range of 10 to 15 degrees to the longitudinal direction of the fiber reinforced resin member.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail with the drawings. However, the specific configuration is not limited to these embodiments. Any change in design which does not depart from the spirit of the present invention is included in the present invention.
1. A fiber reinforced resin member including an elongate fiber fabric formed by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the fiber fabric being impregnated with resin that is then hardened, the fiber reinforced resin member being characterized: in that the fiber reinforced resin member has at least a bent portion, and the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at the bent portion, in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at the predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction.
2. The fiber reinforced resin member according to claim 1, wherein inclination of the longitudinal yarns to the longitudinal direction is within a range of 10 to 15 degrees.
3. A method of manufacturing a fiber reinforced resin member, the method being characterized by comprising a first step of supplying a mandrel having at least a bent portion, with a longitudinal yarn extending in a longitudinal direction of the mandrel and a diagonal yarn inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, to braid a plurality of the longitudinal yarns and a plurality of the diagonal yarns to manufacture an elongate fiber fabric, and a second step of impregnating the fiber fabric with resin and hardening the resin to manufacture the fiber reinforced resin member, and in that in the first step, the longitudinal yarns are spirally wound at a bent portion of the mandrel in a posture in which the longitudinal yarns are inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction.
4. The method of manufacturing the fiber reinforced resin member according to claim 3, wherein inclination of the longitudinal yarns to the longitudinal direction is within a range of 10 to 15 degrees.
5. An apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric, the apparatus manufacturing an elongate fiber fabric by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the apparatus comprising: a first braider and a second braider installed at a distance from each other; a first bobbin installed in the first braider to supply the diagonal yarns, and a second bobbin installed in the second braider to supply the longitudinal yarns; moving means, which includes a positioning member and an elongated moving rail, wherein the mandrel having at least a bent portion fixed at upper ends of the positioning member extending vertically from opposite ends of the moving rail so that the moving rail can be moved by a servo motor or a cylinder mechanism to cause the mandrel to pass through the substantial center of the central opening of each annular portion of the first and second braiders in a direction from the second braider toward the first braider and so as to prevent the mandrel from interfering with both the first and second braiders; and control means that rotates both the first and second braiders at the bent portion of the mandrel.
6. An apparatus manufacturing a fiber fabric, the apparatus manufacturing an elongate fiber fabric by braiding a plurality of longitudinal yarns extending in a longitudinal direction of the fiber fabric and a plurality of diagonal yarns inclined at a predetermined angle to the longitudinal direction, the apparatus comprising: a first braider and a second braider installed at a distance from each other; a first bobbin installed in the first braider to supply the diagonal yarns, and a second bobbin installed in the second braider to supply the longitudinal yarns; moving means, which includes a positioning member and an elongated moving rail, wherein the mandrel having at least a bent portion fixed at upper ends of the positioning member extending vertically from opposite ends of the moving rail so that the moving rail can be moved by a servo motor or a cylinder mechanism to cause the mandrel to pass through the substantial center of the central opening of each annular portion of the first and second braiders in a direction from the second braider toward the first braider and so as to prevent the mandrel from interfering with both the first and second braiders; and control means which rotates only the first braider at a straight portion of the mandrel and which rotates both the first and second braiders at the bent portion of the mandrel..
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US-48138500-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same
ABSTRACT
A sidewall oxide layer and a sidewall insulation layer are formed to cover the edge portion of an SOI layer. A channel stopper region is formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of the SOI layer. A protruded insulation layer is formed on the channel stopper region. A gate electrode extends from a region over the SOI layer to the protruded insulation layer and the sidewall insulation layer. In this way, reduction in threshold voltage Vth of a parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the SOI layer can be suppressed.
This application is a Divisional of application Ser. No. 08/746,527 filed Nov. 12, 1996 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,025,629.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same, and particularly to an element isolation structure of a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Background Art
Conventionally, LOCOS (Local Oxidation of Silicon) is widely known as a method for providing isolation between elements. FIGS. 47 and 48 are cross sectional views showing the process flow in the case in which this LOCOS method is employed in a semiconductor device having an SOI (Semiconductor On Insulator) structure.
Referring first to FIG. 47, a semiconductor layer (hereinafter simply referred to as “SOI layer”) 3 is formed on a main surface of a silicon substrate 1 with a buried oxide layer 2 therebetween, using SIMOX (Separation by Implanted Oxygen) method or the like. On this SOI layer 3, a nitride layer 11 patterned to obtain a prescribed shape is formed. Using this nitride layer 11 as a mask, ions of boron (B) are implanted to SOI layer 3. As a result, an impurity implantation region 4a which is to be a channel stopper region is formed.
Thereafter, LOCOS processing is performed on SOI layer 3 in a state as shown in FIG. 47. This forms an isolation oxide layer 20 selectively at SOI layer 3 as shown in FIG. 48. At this time, owing to the formation of isolation oxide layer 20, most of the impurity (boron) for forming the channel stopper region mentioned above is absorbed. Accordingly, ion implantation of boron (B) has to take place again in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 after isolating oxide film 20 is formed, thereby forming a channel stopper region 4 including an impurity (boron) of high concentration in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3. As a result, it is made possible to effectively suppress the decrease of threshold voltage Vth of a parasitic MOS transistor in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3.
However, when ion implantation of boron for forming channel stopper region 4 is performed after isolation oxide layer 20 is formed, there has been a problem as described in the following.
As shown in FIG. 48, one way to form channel stopper region 4 after the formation of isolation oxide layer 20 is to implant ions of boron selectively into the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 only, with nitride layer 11 still remaining. Since this method enables channel stopper region 4 to be formed in a self-aligned manner, there is no need to form a new mask layer for ion implantation of boron described above. However, as shown in FIG. 48, implantation of boron ions by oblique ion implantation method is required in the vicinity of edge portion of SOI layer 3. Therefore, the above-described boron would be implanted to the region where the channel of MOS transistor is formed. As a result, there has been a problem that the effective channel width W would be small.
One method by which the problem as described above can be solved is a mesa isolation method shown in FIGS. 49 to 51. FIG. 49 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device in which a conventional mesa isolation method is adopted. FIGS. 50 and 51 are cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing process which is characteristic in the semiconductor device of FIG. 49.
Referring first to FIG. 49, a channel stopper region 4 is formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of an SOI layer 3. A recess portion 24 is formed directly under the edge portion of SOI layer 3. A gate insulation layer 7 is formed to cover SOI layer 3, and a gate electrode 8 is formed to cover this gate insulation layer 7.
Referring next to FIGS. 50 and 51, a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49 will now be described. Referring first to FIG. 50, ion implantation of boron (B) for forming channel stopper region 4 is performed to SOI layer 3 by a method similar to the example of the above-described LOCOS. Thereafter, a nitride layer (not shown) is additionally formed to cover nitride layer 11, using CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition). Then, by performing an anisotropical etching to the nitride layer, a nitride spacer 12 is formed as shown in FIG. 51. Thereafter, using nitride layer 11 and nitride spacer 12 as a mask, SOI layer 3 is patterned, followed by thermal oxidation for eliminating etching damages. Thus, a sidewall oxide layer 5 is formed at the sidewall of SOI layer 3, as shown in FIG. 51.
Thereafter, nitride layer 11, nitride spacer 12 and oxide layer 9 are removed by etching. As a result, recess portion 24 is formed directly beneath the edge portion of SOI layer 3.
Thereafter, gate insulation layer 7 is formed on the surface of SOI layer 3, and a gate electrode 8 is formed so as to cover this gate insulation layer 7. Then, in this case, source/drain regions are formed so as to sandwich the gate electrode 8 in SOI layer 3.
By the process as described above, a semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49 is formed. In this semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49, boron (B) for forming channel stopper region 4 is not implanted for the second time as in the case where the LOCOS method is adopted. Accordingly, the problem of small effective channel width W in the case where LOCOS is adopted can be solved.
However, even in the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49, there has been a problem as described in the following. As shown in FIG. 51, sidewall oxide layer 5 is formed after the formation of channel stopper region 4. At this time, the impurity (boron) could be drawn out from channel stopper region 4 due to the formation of this sidewall oxide layer 5, although not as much as in the case of the above-described LOCOS method. Accordingly, concentration of the impurity (boron) within channel stopper region 4 is reduced, thus leading to a problem that threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of SOI layer 3 is lowered. In addition, as shown in FIG. 49, recess portion 24 is formed directly beneath the edge portion of SOI layer 3. With such recess portion 24 formed, concentration of electric field is likely at the sidewall bottom portion 26 of SOI layer 3. This also leads to increase in the possibility of insulation breakdown, thus lowering the yield of the transistor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention was made to solve the problems as described above. It is one object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device in which effective suppression of decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of a parasitic MOS transistor at an edge portion of an SOI layer is possible, and a method of manufacturing the same.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device in which effective suppression of insulation breakdown of a gate insulation layer is possible.
It is assumed that the semiconductor device according to the present invention has an SOI (Semiconductor on Insulator) structure. The semiconductor device according to the present invention includes a semiconductor substrate having a main surface, a mesa type semiconductor layer isolated by mesa isolation method, a channel stopper region, an isolating insulation layer, and a gate electrode. A semiconductor layer is formed on the main surface of the semiconductor substrate with a buried insulation layer therebetween, and has source/drain regions internally. The channel stopper region is formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. The isolation insulation layer is formed on the channel stopper region and on the edge portion of the semiconductor layer, and has an upper surface on the channel stopper region inclined so as to be apart upwards from the upper surface of the semiconductor layer as it approaches the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. The gate electrode is extended from a region over the semiconductor layer to the isolating insulation layer.
As described above, in the semiconductor device according to the present invention, the isolating insulation layer is formed on the channel stopper region and on the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. By this isolating insulation layer, it is made possible to effectively prevent the formation of recess portion 24 shown in FIG. 49 directly under the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. In addition, the isolating insulation layer is also formed on the channel stopper region and has an upper surface inclined to be apart upwards from the upper surface of the semiconductor layer as it approaches the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. Since the gate electrode extends on the isolating insulation layer, it is possible to keep away the gate electrode from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
Preferably, the side end portion of the isolating insulation layer located on the semiconductor layer is placed closer to the edge portion of the semiconductor layer than to the inner side end portion of the channel stopper region located in the semiconductor layer. Thus, it is ensured that the inclined upper surface of the isolating insulation layer can be arranged on the region in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. As a result, it is made possible to keep away the gate electrode from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer with more certainty.
Also, the above-described isolating insulation layer may include a protruded insulation layer formed on the channel stopper region and a sidewall insulation layer formed under this protruded insulation layer covering the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
In addition, it is preferred that the above-described isolating insulation layer extends from a region over the channel stopper region to the buried insulation layer approximate the semiconductor layer, having an even upper surface adjacent to the above-described inclined upper surface. Also, the semiconductor layer preferably has a first conductive layer formed thereon with a gate insulation layer therebetween, and a second conductive layer is formed on this first conductive layer to extend over the isolating insulation layer. These first and second conductive layers form a gate electrode. It is preferred that the above-described even upper surface is positioned higher with respect to the upper surface of the semiconductor layer as compared to the upper surface of the above-described first conductive layer. In this way, the second conductive layer can be kept from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer effectively. As a result, it is made possible to effectively suppress the decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
In the method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present invention, in one aspect, an SOI substrate is prepared by forming a semiconductor layer on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate with a buried insulation layer therebetween. An insulation layer is formed on this semiconductor layer, and a first masking layer is formed selectively on this insulation layer. A second masking layer of a material different from that of the first masking layer is formed selectively on the insulation layer to cover the sidewall and the upper surface of the first masking layer. Using this second masking layer as a mask, the insulation layer and the semiconductor layer are patterned. Then, using the second masking layer as a mask, the sidewall of the patterned semiconductor layer is oxidized. After removing the second masking layer, the first masking layer is used as a mask for implanting impurity to the region in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer which had been covered with the second masking layer, thereby forming a channel stopper region. A gate electrode is formed above the semiconductor layer. Source/drain regions are formed within the semiconductor layer.
As described above, in one aspect of the method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to the present invention, the semiconductor layer is patterned by using the second masking layer formed to cover the sidewall and the upper surface of the first masking layer as a mask, and then this second masking layer is used as a mask to oxidize the sidewall of the semiconductor layer. After removing this second masking layer, the first masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity for forming the channel stopper region into the region in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer which had been covered with the second masking layer in a self-aligned manner. Thus, absorption of the impurity for forming the channel stopper region into the oxide film formed by thermal treatment performed to the above-described sidewall of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively. As a result, reduction in concentration of impurity contained in the channel stopper region can be suppressed effectively. Thus, reduction in threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively.
In addition, the step of forming the above-described channel stopper region preferably includes the step of performing a channel doping by implanting impurity into the semiconductor layer by the energy penetrating the first masking layer to reach the semiconductor layer. Thus, it is made also possible to perform a channel doping using the mask for forming the channel stopper region. As a result, it becomes unnecessary to form a new masking layer for channel doping such that the process can be simplified.
Also, it is preferred that the above-described first masking layer is formed of polycrystalline silicon and the second masking layer of nitride. In addition, the step of forming the gate electrode includes steps of forming a sidewall insulation layer on the sidewall of the first masking layer and the sidewall of the semiconductor layer, selectively exposing the surface of the semiconductor layer by etching away the first masking layer and the insulation layer successively, and forming the gate electrode on the surface of the exposed semiconductor layer with a gate insulation layer therebetween. By forming a sidewall insulation layer at the sidewall of the first masking layer and on the sidewall of the semiconductor layer as described above, it is made possible to keep away the gate electrode from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer upon formation of the gate electrode above the semiconductor layer, and in addition, it is also made possible to protect the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
In addition, the above-described step of forming the gate electrode preferably includes steps of forming an isolating insulation layer on the buried insulation layer to cover the first masking layer and the channel stopper region, and removing a portion of the isolating insulation layer to expose the upper surface of the first masking layer. At this time, the first masking layer is provided so that it can function as a stopper. In this way, when a portion of the isolating insulation layer is removed by a CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) process, for example, the accuracy of the polishing by the CMP process can be improved. In addition, by forming the isolating insulation layer in this way, it is also possible to protect the edge portion of the semiconductor layer by this isolating insulation layer.
The above-described step of forming the gate electrode preferably further includes the steps of exposing selectively the surface of the semiconductor layer by removing the above-described exposed first masking layer and the insulation layer, and forming a gate electrode on the exposed surface of the semiconductor layer with the gate insulation layer therebetween. By removing the first masking layer and the insulation layer in this way, it is possible to form an isolating insulation layer having a sloped surface inclining upwards as it extend toward the edge portion of the semiconductor layer on the channel stopper region. Thus, it is possible to effectively keep away the gate electrode from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer.
In addition, the above-described first masking layer is preferably formed of polycrystalline silicon, and the step of forming the gate electrode preferably further includes the steps of forming a polycrystalline silicon layer on the first masking layer to extend over the isolating insulation layer and forming a gate electrode by patterning this polycrystalline layer and the first masking layer. By thus forming the first masking layer from polycrystalline silicon, this first masking layer can be used as a portion of the gate electrode. In this case, the only step needed is to form a new polycrystalline silicon layer on the first masking layer, and thus the manufacturing process can be simplified as compared to the case in which the first masking layer has to be removed.
In addition, the above-described first masking layer may include first and second polycrystalline silicon layers, and the above-described insulation layer may include first and second insulation layers. In this case, the step of forming the first masking layer includes the steps of forming the first polycrystalline silicon layer on the semiconductor layer with a first insulation layer therebetween, and forming the second polycrystalline silicon layer on this first polycrystalline silicon layer with a second insulation layer therebetween. The second masking layer is formed to cover the first and second polycrystalline silicon layers. The step of forming the gate electrode preferably includes the steps of exposing the surface of the above-described second polycrystalline silicon layer by a process of removing a portion of the isolating insulation layer, removing this second polycrystalline silicon layer and the second insulation layer, forming a third polycrystalline silicon layer on the first polycrystalline silicon layer to be extended on the isolating insulation layer, and forming a gate electrode by patterning the third polycrystalline silicon layer and the first polycrystalline silicon layer. By thus forming the first and second polycrystalline silicon layers, the level of the upper surface of the isolating insulation layer after the process of removing a portion of the isolating insulation layer can be made higher than the level of the upper surface of the first polycrystalline silicon layer. Accordingly, the gate electrode can be kept away from the edge portion of the semiconductor layer more effectively.
The above-described step of forming the first masking layer preferably includes the step of forming a nitride layer on the above-described second polycrystalline silicon layer, and forming first and second sidewall oxide layers by using this nitride layer as a mask for oxidizing the sidewall of first and second polycrystalline silicon layers. The step of forming the second masking layer includes the step of forming the second masking layer to cover the first and second sidewall oxide layers. By thus oxidizing the edge portion of the first and second polycrystalline silicon layers, it is possible to eliminate the etching damage upon the patterning of the first and second polycrystalline silicon layers.
In accordance with the method of manufacturing the semiconductor device according to the present invention, in another aspect, an insulation layer is first formed on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate, and a first masking layer is formed selectively on this insulation layer. Covering the upper surface and the sidewall of this first masking layer, a second masking layer of a material different from that of the first masking layer is formed selectively on the insulation layer. Using this second masking layer as mask, the insulation layer and the main surface of the semiconductor substrate are subjected to etching so as to form a trench for element isolation. Using the second masking layer as a mask, inner surface of the trench is oxidized. After removing the second masking layer, the first masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity to the inner surface of the trench and the main surface of the semiconductor substrate which was covered by the second masking layer so as to form a channel stopper region. An isolating insulation layer is formed on the main surface of the semiconductor substrate to cover the first masking layer and the trench. A portion of the isolating insulation layer is removed to expose the upper surface of the first masking layer. Then, a gate electrode is formed above the main surface of the semiconductor substrate. Source/drain regions are formed in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate to sandwich the above-described gate electrode.
As described above, after the trench is formed using the second masking layer as a mask, the second masking layer is removed, and the first masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity to the inner surface of the trench and to the main surface of the semiconductor substrate which was covered by the second masking layer so as to form the channel stopper region. In this way, it is possible to form the channel stopper region also in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate between the side end portion of the first masking layer and the upper end corner portion of the trench. Since implantation of impurity for forming the channel stopper region is performed after the oxidation of the inner surface of the trench in this aspect also, decrease in the impurity concentration at the channel stopper region can be suppressed as in the case of the one aspect described above. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent effectively the decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor.
In accordance with a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present invention, in still another aspect, an SOI (Semiconductor On Insulator) substrate is first prepared by forming a semiconductor layer on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate with a buried insulation layer therebetween. An insulation layer is formed on this semiconductor layer, and a first masking layer is formed selectively on this insulation layer. A second masking layer of a material different from that of the first masking layer is formed selectively on the insulation layer so as to cover the upper surface and the sidewall of this first masking layer. Using this second masking layer as a mask, the semiconductor layer is subjected to a selective oxidation to form an isolating oxide film. After removing the second masking layer, the first masking layer is used as a mask for implanting impurity in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer which was covered by the second masking layer, thereby forming a channel stopper region. A gate electrode is formed above the semiconductor layer. Source/drain regions are formed in the semiconductor layer, sandwiching this gate electrode.
As described above, in this aspect, the second masking layer is used as a mask for forming the isolating oxide film, the second masking layer is then removed, and thereafter, the first masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer which was covered by the second masking layer so as to form the channel stopper region. In this way, the channel stopper region can be formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer in the self-aligned manner with certainty, and in addition, it is made possible to prevent effectively the absorption of the impurity from the channel stopper region owing to the formation of isolating oxide film. Thus, it is ensured that channel stopper region including impurity of high concentration can be formed at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer. As a result, decrease in the threshold voltage Vth of parasitic MOS transistor at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively.
The above-described step of forming the isolating oxide film may include the steps of forming an oxide layer having a bottom surface in the semiconductor layer by selectively oxidizing the semiconductor layer using the second masking layer as mask, forming a nitride layer after removing this oxide layer to cover the semiconductor layer and a second masking layer, performing anisotropical etching to this nitride layer such that the nitride layer is left under the second masking layer, and forming the isolating oxide film by selectively oxidizing the semiconductor layer using the second masking layer and the nitride layer as a mask. By forming the isolating oxide film through a process as described above, the slope of the side surface of the semiconductor layer can be made steep. Accordingly, partial reduction in the film thickness at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively. Thus, formation of a parasitic MOS transistor with a low threshold voltage Vth at the edge portion of the semiconductor layer can be suppressed effectively.
The above-described first masking layer is preferably formed of polycrystalline silicon. The step of forming the gate electrode preferably includes the steps of forming a polycrystalline silicon layer on the first masking layer and on the isolating oxide film, and forming the gate electrode by patterning this polycrystalline silicon layer and the first masking layer. As a result, manufacturing process can be simplified as compared to the case in which the first masking layer is removed.
In accordance with a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device according to the present invention, in still another aspect, an SOI (Semiconductor On Insulator) substrate is prepared by forming a semiconductor layer on a main surface of a semiconductor substrate with a buried insulation layer therebetween. A first masking layer is formed on this semiconductor layer with an insulation layer therebetween. On this first masking layer, a second masking layer of a material different from that of the first masking layer is formed. After patterning the second masking layer, this second masking layer is used as a mask to implant impurity for forming a channel stopper region in the semiconductor layer. A third masking layer of a material which is the same as that of the second masking layer is formed on the sidewall of the second masking layer. Thereafter, using these second and third masking layers as a mask, the first masking layer, the insulation layer and the semiconductor layer are patterned successively. After removing the second and third masking layers, a sidewall insulation layer is formed on the sidewall of the semiconductor layer. By etching away the first masking layer and the insulation layer, the surface of the semiconductor layer is exposed. A gate electrode is formed on the surface of the semiconductor layer with a gate insulation layer therebetween. Source/drain regions are formed in the semiconductor layer, sandwiching the gate electrode.
As described above, in this aspect, after implanting the impurity into the semiconductor layer for forming the channel stopper region using the second masking layer as a mask, the third masking layer formed on the sidewall of the second masking layer as well as the second masking layer are used to pattern the semiconductor layer. Accordingly, it is possible to form a channel stopper region in the vicinity of the edge portion of the semiconductor layer in a self-aligned manner. After removing the second and third masking layers, a sidewall insulation layer is formed on the sidewall of the semiconductor layer. After the formation of this sidewall insulation layer, the first masking layer and insulation layer are etched away. At this time, formation of the sidewall insulation layer effectively prevents formation of a recess portion immediately under the edge portion of the semiconductor layer upon etching of the first masking layer and the insulation layer. Thus, it is possible to suppress the insulation breakdown of the gate insulation layer at the bottom portion of sidewall of the semiconductor layer effectively.
The above-described insulation layer is preferably a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) oxide layer, the buried insulation layer is preferably an oxide layer formed by thermal oxidation, and the sidewall insulation layer is preferably a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) oxide layer using TEOS (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silicate). As described above, by providing a CVD oxide layer as the insulating layer, it is possible to reduce the time for wet etching as compared to the case in which an oxide layer formed by thermal oxidation is used. Accordingly, the amount of etching of the buried insulation layer caused by the etching of the insulation layer can be reduced. In addition, by providing CVD oxide layer using TEOS as the sidewall insulation layer, the etching rate of the sidewall insulation layer can be larger than the etching rate of the buried insulation layer. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent effectively the recess portion from being formed to extend under the sidewall insulation layer. As a result, patterning of the gate electrode would be easier as compared to the case in which the recess portion is formed to extend under the sidewall insulation layer.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1.
FIGS. 3 to 7 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fifth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 1.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
FIGS. 9 to 11 are cross-sectional views showing the first to third steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 2.
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing how channel doping is performed in Embodiments 1 and 2.
FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to a modification of Embodiment 2.
FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
FIGS. 15 to 19 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fifth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 3.
FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
FIGS. 21 to 24 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fourth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 4.
FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to a modification of Embodiment 4.
FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view showing a characteristic manufacturing process in the semiconductor device of FIG. 25.
FIG. 27 is a cross sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
FIGS. 28 to 31 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fourth steps in the manufacturing process of semiconductor device according to Embodiment 5.
FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 6 of the present invention.
FIGS. 33 to 38 are cross-sectional views showing the first to sixth step in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 6.
FIG. 39 is a cross-sectional view showing how channel doping is performed in Embodiment 6.
FIG. 40 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to a modification of Embodiment 6.
FIG. 41 is cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 7.
FIGS. 42 to 45 are cross-sectional views showing the first to fourth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device according to Embodiment 7.
FIG. 46 is a cross-sectional view showing a modification of the manufacturing process of FIG. 45.
FIGS. 47 and 48 are cross-sectional views showing the first and second steps in the manufacturing process of a conventional semiconductor device using LOCOS method.
FIG. 49 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device using a conventional mesa isolation method.
FIGS. 50 and 51 are cross-sectional views showing the first and second steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 49.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in the following with reference to FIGS. 1 to 46.
[Embodiment 1]
Referring first to FIGS. 1 to 7, description is made for Embodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a semiconductor device according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view of a semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1, in which the cross section taken along line I—I corresponds to the cross-sectional view of FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 1, an SOI layer 3 is formed on a main surface of a silicon substrate 1 with a buried oxide layer 2 therebetween. In the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3, a channel stopper region 4 is formed. A sidewall oxide layer 5 is formed on the sidewall of SOI layer 3, covering this channel stopper region 4. In addition, a protruded insulation layer 6 a of silicon nitride, silicon oxide or the like is formed on channel stopper region 4. A sidewall insulation layer 6 b of an insulator such as silicon nitride or silicon oxide is formed to cover the sidewall of sidewall oxide layer 5. A gate insulation layer 7 is formed on the surface of SOI layer 3. A gate electrode 8 is formed to cover this gate insulation layer 7, protruded insulation layer 6a, and sidewall insulation layer 6 b.
Referring next to FIG. 2, a sidewall insulation layer 6 b is formed to surround channel stopper region 4. In addition, frame-shaped protruded insulation layer 6 a is formed on channel stopper region 4. When, for example, a sidewall insulation layer 27 is formed on the sidewall of gate electrode 8, the plane width of this protruded insulation layer 6 a would be different between the portion located under sidewall insulation layer 27 or gate electrode 8 and the other portions if seen two dimensionally. However, at either portions, the side end portion of protruded insulation layer 6 a on SOI layer 3 is preferably located immediately on the inner side end portion of channel stopper region 4 or located closer to the edge portion of SOI layer 3 than this inner side end portion. Thus, it is possible to keep away the gate electrode 8 upwards from the edge portion of SOI layer 3 effectively. Accordingly, reduction in threshold voltage Vth of parasitic MOS transistor in the vicinity.of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 can be suppressed effectively.
In addition, as described above, formation of sidewall oxide layer 5 and sidewall insulation layer 6 b covering the sidewall of SOI layer 3 enables protection of the edge portion of SOI layer 3. In particular, by covering the bottom portion of sidewall of SOI layer 3 with the above-described sidewall oxide layer 5 and sidewall insulation layer 6 b, recess portion 24 is effectively prevented from being formed immediately under the edge portion of SOI layer 3 as in the conventional example. Thus, it is also possible to suppress effectively the insulation breakdown of the gate insulating layer in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3.
Referring next to FIGS. 3 to 7, description will be made for the method of manufacturing the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIGS. 3 to 7 are cross-sectional views showing first to fifth steps in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1. Although formation of nMOS transistor is referred to in the description of each of the embodiments described in the following, the concept of the present invention is also applicable to pMOS transistors.
Referring first to FIG. 3, SOI layer 3 is formed on the main surface of silicon substrate 1 with buried oxide film 2 therebetween by the same method as in the conventional example. On this SOI layer 3, oxide layer 9 having a thickness of about 10 to about 30 nm is formed. Polycrystalline silicon layer 10 with a thickness of about 100 to about 250 nm and nitride layer 11 with a thickness of about 100 to about 250 nm are successively deposited on this oxide layer 9. Then, a photoresist pattern (not shown) having a prescribed shape is formed on nitride layer 11. Using this photoresist pattern as a mask, nitride layer 11 and polycrystalline silicon layer 9 are subjected to patterning successively. Thereafter, the photoresist pattern is removed. This photoresist pattern may be removed after being used as a mask to pattern nitride layer 11, using nitride layer 11 as a mask to pattern polycrystalline silicon layer 10. Then, a nitride layer having a thickness of about 50 to about 100 nm is formed on oxide layer 9 so as to cover nitride layer 11 and polycrystalline silicon layer 10. Anisotropical etching is performed on this nitride layer. Thus, nitride spacer 12 is formed.
Referring next to FIG. 4, using nitride layer 11 and nitride spacer 12 as a mask, oxide layer 9 and SOI layer 3 are patterned successively. Thereafter, the sidewall of SOI layer 3 is subjected to thermal oxidation in order to eliminate the etching damage caused upon this patterning. Thus, sidewall oxide layer 5 is formed at the edge portion of SOI layer 3.
Thereafter, by etching with hot phosphoric acid or the like, nitride layer 11 and nitride spacer 12 are removed. Accordingly, oxide layer 9 placed on the region in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 is selectively exposed. At this state, as shown in FIG. 5, impurity for forming channel stopper region 4 is implanted to the portion in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3, using polycrystalline silicon layer 10 as a mask. Here, implantation of boron (B) is performed to the portion in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3. When CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) is formed, it is required to cover the region where pMOS transistor is formed by, for example, photoresist upon performing implantation of boron to the above-described nMOS transistor.
As described above, since impurity (boron) for forming channel stopper region 4 is implanted into SOI layer 3 after formation of sidewall oxide layer 5, drawing out of the impurity introduced into channel stopper region 4 by formation of sidewall oxide layer 5 can be suppressed effectively. Thus, it is possible to suppress reduction in the impurity concentration in channel stopper region 4 effectively. In addition, since impurity (boron) can be implanted in a self-aligned manner in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 which was covered by nitride spacer 12 as shown in FIG. 5, formation of channel stopper region 4 can be ensured. In other words, it can be made almost certain that channel stopper region 4 containing impurity with a high concentration is formed in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3. Thus, reduction in the threshold voltage Vth of the parasitic MOS transistor in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 can be suppressed effectively.
Referring next to FIG. 6, an insulation layer (not shown) of oxide, nitride or the like is formed by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) on buried oxide layer 2 so as to cover polycrystalline silicon layer 10 and SOI layer 3. Then, this insulation layer is subjected to anisotropical etching. Thus, protruded insulation layer 6 a and sidewall insulation layer 6 b are formed simultaneously. At this time, since polycrystalline silicon layer 10 is formed on SOI layer 3, damage is scarcely left at the surface of SOI layer 3 by this anisotropical etching.
Thereafter, referring to FIG. 7, polycrystalline silicon layer 10 and oxide layer 9 are removed by, for example, isotropic etching. At this time, since the edge portion of SOI layer 3 is protected by sidewall oxide layer 5 and sidewall insulation layer 6 b, formation of recess portion immediately under the edge portion of SOI layer 3 can be prevented effectively. Thus, it is possible to prevent insulation breakdown of the gate insulation layer in the vicinity of the edge portion of SOI layer 3 effectively.
As described above, after exposure of the surface of SOI layer 3, gate insulation layer 7 with a thickness of about 6 to about 12 nm is formed on the surface of SOI layers 3 using, for example, thermal oxidation, CVD or the like, and gate electrode 8 is formed on this gate insulation layer 7. By carrying out the above process, the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1 is formed.
|
github_open_source_100_1_91 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // Automatically generated by xmlvm2csharp (do not edit).
using org.xmlvm;
namespace java.util {
public abstract class _iEnumeration {
} // end of abstract class: _iEnumeration
public interface Enumeration {
bool hasMoreElements();
global::System.Object nextElement();
//XMLVM_BEGIN_WRAPPER[java.util.Enumeration]
//XMLVM_END_WRAPPER[java.util.Enumeration]
} // end of interface: Enumeration
} // end of namespace: java.util
|
github_open_source_100_1_92 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | package org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.transform.fhir.impl;
/*
* Copyright (c) 2004-2019, University of Oslo
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
* list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name of the HISP project nor the names of its contributors may
* be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
* ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
* (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
* ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.dhis.model.DhisResourceType;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.AbstractRule;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.FhirClientResource;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.FhirResourceType;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.RuleInfo;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.model.TrackedEntityRule;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.metadata.repository.RuleRepository;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.repository.DhisFhirResourceId;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.repository.FhirResourceRepository;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.fhir.script.ScriptExecutor;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.lock.LockManager;
import org.dhis2.fhir.adapter.spring.StaticObjectProvider;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Rule;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.Mockito;
import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnit;
import org.mockito.junit.MockitoRule;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.UUID;
/**
* Unit tests for {@link FhirToDhisTransformerServiceImpl}.
*
* @author volsch
*/
public class FhirToDhisTransformerServiceImplTest
{
@Mock
private LockManager lockManager;
@Mock
private FhirResourceRepository fhirResourceRepository;
@Mock
private RuleRepository ruleRepository;
@Mock
private ScriptExecutor scriptExecutor;
@Mock
private FhirClientResource fhirClientResource;
private FhirToDhisTransformerServiceImpl service;
@Rule
public MockitoRule mockitoRule = MockitoJUnit.rule();
@Before
public void setUp()
{
service = new FhirToDhisTransformerServiceImpl( lockManager, fhirResourceRepository, ruleRepository,
new StaticObjectProvider<>( new ArrayList<>() ), new StaticObjectProvider<>( new ArrayList<>() ),
scriptExecutor );
service = Mockito.spy( service );
}
@Test
public void getDeleteRuleInfo()
{
final UUID ruleId = UUID.randomUUID();
final RuleInfo<AbstractRule> ruleInfo = new RuleInfo<>( new TrackedEntityRule(), Collections.emptyList() );
Mockito.doReturn( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ).when( fhirClientResource ).getFhirResourceType();
Mockito.doReturn( Optional.of( ruleInfo ) ).when( ruleRepository ).findOneImpByDhisFhirInputData( Mockito.eq( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ),
Mockito.eq( DhisResourceType.TRACKED_ENTITY ), Mockito.eq( ruleId ) );
final RuleInfo<? extends AbstractRule> result = service.getDeleteRuleInfo( fhirClientResource, new DhisFhirResourceId( DhisResourceType.TRACKED_ENTITY, "a0123456789", ruleId ) );
Assert.assertSame( ruleInfo, result );
}
@Test
public void getDeleteRuleInfoSimpleId()
{
final UUID ruleId = UUID.randomUUID();
final RuleInfo<AbstractRule> ruleInfo = new RuleInfo<>( new TrackedEntityRule(), Collections.emptyList() );
ruleInfo.getRule().setSimpleFhirId( true );
Mockito.doReturn( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ).when( fhirClientResource ).getFhirResourceType();
Mockito.doReturn( Optional.of( ruleInfo ) ).when( ruleRepository ).findOneExpByDhisFhirInputData( Mockito.eq( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ) );
final RuleInfo<? extends AbstractRule> result = service.getDeleteRuleInfo( fhirClientResource, new DhisFhirResourceId( "a0123456789" ) );
Assert.assertSame( ruleInfo, result );
}
@Test
public void getDeleteRuleInfoNonSimpleId()
{
final UUID ruleId = UUID.randomUUID();
final RuleInfo<AbstractRule> ruleInfo = new RuleInfo<>( new TrackedEntityRule(), Collections.emptyList() );
ruleInfo.getRule().setSimpleFhirId( false );
Mockito.doReturn( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ).when( fhirClientResource ).getFhirResourceType();
Mockito.doReturn( Optional.of( ruleInfo ) ).when( ruleRepository ).findOneExpByDhisFhirInputData( Mockito.eq( FhirResourceType.PATIENT ) );
final RuleInfo<? extends AbstractRule> result = service.getDeleteRuleInfo( fhirClientResource, new DhisFhirResourceId( "a0123456789" ) );
Assert.assertNull( result );
}
} |
github_open_source_100_1_93 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers\User;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
class UserRegisterController extends Controller
{
public function login()
{
return view('auth.userLogin');
}
public function showRegistrationForm()
{
return view('auth.userRegister');
}
public function showRegistrationFormId($id)
{
return view('cad_sala')->withData($id);
}
}
|
8621118_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | MEMORANDUM **
Defendant Stanley Gene Ellis pleaded guilty to one count of a felon in possession of a firearm. The district court sentenced him to 188 months’ imprisonment pursuant to the Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Defendant’s only argument on appeal is that his prior convictions should have been alleged in the charging document and either admitted or proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. We affirm.
Defendant’s argument is foreclosed by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 243-47, 118 S.Ct. 1219, 140 L.Ed.2d 350 (1998). See also United States v. Grisel, 488 F.3d 844, 846 (9th Cir.2007) (en banc) (noting that Almenda-rez-Torres remains good law). Defendant’s argument that we should invoke the doctrine of constitutional doubt is foreclosed by Grisel, 488 F.3d at 846-47.
AFFIRMED.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9 th Cir. R. 36-3.
|
github_open_source_100_1_94 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | class ContactsController < ApplicationController
skip_before_action :authenticate_user!
def new
@contact = Contact.new
render 'store/contact'
end
def create
@contact = Contact.new(params[:contact])
respond_to do |format|
if @contact.valid?
format.js { render partial: 'store/contact/success', format: [:js], status: 200 }
StoreMailer.contact(params[:contact]).deliver
else
format.json { render json: { errors: @contact.errors.to_json(root: true) }, status: 422 }
end
end
end
end |
github_open_source_100_1_95 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | #include <cassert>
#include <cctype>
#include <climits>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <regex>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <variant>
using Distance = unsigned long;
Distance distance(std::string const &s, unsigned t) {
static const std::regex re("(\\w+) can fly (\\d+) km/s for (\\d+) seconds?, "
"but then must rest for (\\d+) seconds?.");
std::smatch m;
if (std::regex_search(s, m, re)) {
unsigned fly_speed = std::stoul(m.str(2));
unsigned fly_time = std::stoul(m.str(3));
unsigned rest_time = std::stoul(m.str(4));
// Period and number of them
unsigned period = fly_time + rest_time;
unsigned periods = t / period;
// How far did we fly in the complete periods.
Distance result = (fly_speed * fly_time * periods);
// And the remainder distance
t -= periods * period;
t = std::min(t, fly_time);
result += t * fly_speed;
std::cout << m.str(1) << "(" << fly_speed << ", " << fly_time << ", "
<< rest_time << ") = " << result << "\n";
return result;
} else {
assert(false);
}
}
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
Distance max_d = 0;
for (std::string line; std::getline(std::cin, line);) {
max_d = std::max(max_d, distance(line, 2503));
}
std::cout << "Max distance: " << max_d << "\n";
return 0;
} |
github_open_source_100_1_96 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | import { locale as LocalizationLocale } from 'expo-localization';
import type { LocaleSymbol } from '@onekeyhq/components/src/locale';
import { LOCALES_OPTION } from '@onekeyhq/components/src/locale';
import { memoizee } from '@onekeyhq/shared/src/utils/cacheUtils';
const locales = LOCALES_OPTION.map((locale) => locale.value);
const getDefaultLocaleFunc = () => {
const current = LocalizationLocale;
for (let i = 0; i < locales.length; i += 1) {
const locale = locales[i];
if (locale === current) {
return locale as LocaleSymbol;
}
}
for (let i = 0; i < locales.length; i += 1) {
const locale = locales[i];
const code = current.split('-')[0];
if (code === current) {
return locale as LocaleSymbol;
}
}
for (let i = 0; i < locales.length; i += 1) {
const locale = locales[i];
const code = current.split('-')[0];
if (locale.startsWith(code)) {
return locale as LocaleSymbol;
}
}
return locales[0] as LocaleSymbol;
};
export const getDefaultLocale = memoizee(getDefaultLocaleFunc);
|
294058_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Arnold je lahko:
Arnold (krater), krater na Luni
Arnold (osebno ime)
Arnold (priimek).
|
github_open_source_100_1_97 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | // *** WARNING: this file was generated by pulumi-java-gen. ***
// *** Do not edit by hand unless you're certain you know what you are doing! ***
package com.pulumi.aiven;
import com.pulumi.aiven.KafkaTopicArgs;
import com.pulumi.aiven.Utilities;
import com.pulumi.aiven.inputs.KafkaTopicState;
import com.pulumi.aiven.outputs.KafkaTopicConfig;
import com.pulumi.aiven.outputs.KafkaTopicTag;
import com.pulumi.core.Output;
import com.pulumi.core.annotations.Export;
import com.pulumi.core.annotations.ResourceType;
import com.pulumi.core.internal.Codegen;
import java.lang.Boolean;
import java.lang.Integer;
import java.lang.String;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
/**
* The Kafka Topic resource allows the creation and management of Aiven Kafka Topics.
*
* ## Example Usage
*
* ```java
* package generated_program;
*
* import com.pulumi.Context;
* import com.pulumi.Pulumi;
* import com.pulumi.core.Output;
* import com.pulumi.aiven.KafkaTopic;
* import com.pulumi.aiven.KafkaTopicArgs;
* import com.pulumi.aiven.inputs.KafkaTopicConfigArgs;
* import java.util.List;
* import java.util.ArrayList;
* import java.util.Map;
* import java.io.File;
* import java.nio.file.Files;
* import java.nio.file.Paths;
*
* public class App {
* public static void main(String[] args) {
* Pulumi.run(App::stack);
* }
*
* public static void stack(Context ctx) {
* var mytesttopic = new KafkaTopic("mytesttopic", KafkaTopicArgs.builder()
* .project(aiven_project.myproject().project())
* .serviceName(aiven_kafka.myservice().service_name())
* .topicName("<TOPIC_NAME>")
* .partitions(5)
* .replication(3)
* .terminationProtection(true)
* .config(KafkaTopicConfigArgs.builder()
* .flushMs(10)
* .cleanupPolicy("compact,delete")
* .build())
* .timeouts(%!v(PANIC=Format method: runtime error: invalid memory address or nil pointer dereference))
* .build());
*
* }
* }
* ```
*
* ## Import
*
* ```sh
* $ pulumi import aiven:index/kafkaTopic:KafkaTopic mytesttopic project/service_name/topic_name
* ```
*
*/
@ResourceType(type="aiven:index/kafkaTopic:KafkaTopic")
public class KafkaTopic extends com.pulumi.resources.CustomResource {
/**
* Kafka topic configuration
*
*/
@Export(name="config", refs={KafkaTopicConfig.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output</* @Nullable */ KafkaTopicConfig> config;
/**
* @return Kafka topic configuration
*
*/
public Output<Optional<KafkaTopicConfig>> config() {
return Codegen.optional(this.config);
}
/**
* The number of partitions to create in the topic.
*
*/
@Export(name="partitions", refs={Integer.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<Integer> partitions;
/**
* @return The number of partitions to create in the topic.
*
*/
public Output<Integer> partitions() {
return this.partitions;
}
/**
* Identifies the project this resource belongs to. To set up proper dependencies please refer to this variable as a reference. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
@Export(name="project", refs={String.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<String> project;
/**
* @return Identifies the project this resource belongs to. To set up proper dependencies please refer to this variable as a reference. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
public Output<String> project() {
return this.project;
}
/**
* The replication factor for the topic.
*
*/
@Export(name="replication", refs={Integer.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<Integer> replication;
/**
* @return The replication factor for the topic.
*
*/
public Output<Integer> replication() {
return this.replication;
}
/**
* Specifies the name of the service that this resource belongs to. To set up proper dependencies please refer to this variable as a reference. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
@Export(name="serviceName", refs={String.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<String> serviceName;
/**
* @return Specifies the name of the service that this resource belongs to. To set up proper dependencies please refer to this variable as a reference. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
public Output<String> serviceName() {
return this.serviceName;
}
/**
* Kafka Topic tag.
*
*/
@Export(name="tags", refs={List.class,KafkaTopicTag.class}, tree="[0,1]")
private Output</* @Nullable */ List<KafkaTopicTag>> tags;
/**
* @return Kafka Topic tag.
*
*/
public Output<Optional<List<KafkaTopicTag>>> tags() {
return Codegen.optional(this.tags);
}
/**
* It is a Terraform client-side deletion protection, which prevents a Kafka topic from being deleted. It is recommended to
* enable this for any production Kafka topic containing critical data.
*
*/
@Export(name="terminationProtection", refs={Boolean.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output</* @Nullable */ Boolean> terminationProtection;
/**
* @return It is a Terraform client-side deletion protection, which prevents a Kafka topic from being deleted. It is recommended to
* enable this for any production Kafka topic containing critical data.
*
*/
public Output<Optional<Boolean>> terminationProtection() {
return Codegen.optional(this.terminationProtection);
}
/**
* The name of the topic. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
@Export(name="topicName", refs={String.class}, tree="[0]")
private Output<String> topicName;
/**
* @return The name of the topic. This property cannot be changed, doing so forces recreation of the resource.
*
*/
public Output<String> topicName() {
return this.topicName;
}
/**
*
* @param name The _unique_ name of the resulting resource.
*/
public KafkaTopic(String name) {
this(name, KafkaTopicArgs.Empty);
}
/**
*
* @param name The _unique_ name of the resulting resource.
* @param args The arguments to use to populate this resource's properties.
*/
public KafkaTopic(String name, KafkaTopicArgs args) {
this(name, args, null);
}
/**
*
* @param name The _unique_ name of the resulting resource.
* @param args The arguments to use to populate this resource's properties.
* @param options A bag of options that control this resource's behavior.
*/
public KafkaTopic(String name, KafkaTopicArgs args, @Nullable com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions options) {
super("aiven:index/kafkaTopic:KafkaTopic", name, args == null ? KafkaTopicArgs.Empty : args, makeResourceOptions(options, Codegen.empty()));
}
private KafkaTopic(String name, Output<String> id, @Nullable KafkaTopicState state, @Nullable com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions options) {
super("aiven:index/kafkaTopic:KafkaTopic", name, state, makeResourceOptions(options, id));
}
private static com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions makeResourceOptions(@Nullable com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions options, @Nullable Output<String> id) {
var defaultOptions = com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions.builder()
.version(Utilities.getVersion())
.build();
return com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions.merge(defaultOptions, options, id);
}
/**
* Get an existing Host resource's state with the given name, ID, and optional extra
* properties used to qualify the lookup.
*
* @param name The _unique_ name of the resulting resource.
* @param id The _unique_ provider ID of the resource to lookup.
* @param state
* @param options Optional settings to control the behavior of the CustomResource.
*/
public static KafkaTopic get(String name, Output<String> id, @Nullable KafkaTopicState state, @Nullable com.pulumi.resources.CustomResourceOptions options) {
return new KafkaTopic(name, id, state, options);
}
}
|
3493057_1 | courtlistener | Public Domain | The defendant is a broker and a member of the Detroit Stock Exchange. His business is buying and selling stocks and bonds. The record discloses that in 1922 the Dort Motor Company was authorized to issue 200,000 shares of no par stock, of which amount 125,000 shares were held in escrow by the Michigan securities commission. Twenty-five thousand of the shares released were underwritten by McClure, Jones Reid, of New York, and Perry, Seymour Bonbright, of Flint. These underwriters offered to sell portions of this stock to a selling group, and the defendant subscribed for about 3,000 shares. George Slotter, a stock salesman for defendant, talked With B.D. Hammond, over the telephone and also in his office, about purchasing some of this stock. Holmes' name was not mentioned in these *Page 86
conversations. Hammond, however, discussed the matter with Holmes, and some little time later gave Slotter an order for the purchase of 1,000 shares, 800 to be issued to him and 200 to Holmes. A letter of confirmation signed by the defendant was sent to Holmes on May 27, 1922. It reads as follows:
"We have this day bought for your account and risk: Shares: 200. Security: Dort Motors. Partial payment basis. Price, $20. Amount, $4,000.010. Commission (nothing provided under the commission list.) Total, $4,000. We have charged your account with the total amount, $ .......................... (blank)."
Holmes paid $2,400 on the account. It was the understanding that the stock should be held as security for the balance. In August, 1922, when the price of the stock had declined (it was then offered at $17 a share without a bid therefor), plaintiff demanded a return of the money paid. His demand was at that time based on claimed misrepresentations made to Hammond as to the value of the stock, etc. (not material here to consider). The defendant refused payment, and, after giving notice of intention so to do, offered the stock for sale. Pending the sale, plaintiff filed the bill of complaint herein, alleging that Holmes was induced to make the purchase by the misrepresentations made to Hammond, and that defendant had made a secret profit on the sale by having purchased the stock sold him at $17 per share, and prayed that the sale be held void and canceled and defendant ordered to repay him the $2,400. "If employed to sell, the agent may not become the purchaser; and if employed to buy, he may not be the seller." 21 R. C. L. p. 829.
There are many authorities to support the first part of the rule. Our latest expression indorsing it will be found inCohane v. Eston, 240 Mich. 234. The latter part of the statement is, we think, equally sound. In Taussig v. Hart,58 N.Y. 425, 428, the court said:
"But the plaintiffs allege that they transferred to he defendant's credit one hundred shares of their own stock at 111 3/8, on the day when the stock would have been deliverable had it been bought 'regular.' That transaction did not help the matter. It amounted to a sale by the plaintiffs of one hundred shares of their own stock to the defendant, which was not binding upon the defendant, for the reason that the law does not permit an agent employed to purchase to buy of himself. It is no answer that the intention was honest and that the brokers did better for their principal by selling him their own stock than they could have done by going into the open market. The rule *Page 88
is inflexible, and although its violation in the particular case caused no damage to the principal, he cannot be compelled to adopt the purchase."
The holding in this case is cited as authority in 2 Mechem on Agency (2d Ed.), pp. 1975-1976, and in 2 Clark Skyles on the Law of Agency, § 764. See, also, Mayo v. Knowlton, 134 N.Y. 250,252 (31 N.E. 985); and Commonwealth v. Cooper,130 Mass. 285, 288. It seems to be clearly established that when an intending purchaser orders a broker to purchase a particular stock for him, the relationship is that of principal and agent, and the broker may not in fulfillment of the order transfer to him stock which he already owns. The commission to be paid is indicative of the service to be rendered, and tends to establish the relationship. The distinction between the two kinds of relationship is thus pointed out by Prof. Mechem (p. 1952):
"It not infrequently happens that the so-called stockbroker is approached merely as one of whom shares may be obtained, and under circumstances showing that it is a matter of indifference to the principal whether the broker supplies shares which he already owns or shares which he buys for the principal in the market, so long as the principal obtains them at the price indicated by him. The salesman here approached Hammond in an effort to sell him some of the Dort stock. In answer to a question put by the court, "You knew from what he said that it was a new stock that they were just floating?" Hammond answered, "I knew that it was a new issue of stock." He further testified, "I believe he said it was some additional stock that they were coming out with. * * * He did tell me it was *Page 89
a new issue, and he told me that the standard price was 20 a share," and further, "He said Mr. Durant would look after the New York end of it. * * * That is what I banked on more than anything else."
While the letter of confirmation, written on a blank form, states that defendant had bought the stock for Holmes, it is important to note that the purchase was to be made without any commission to be paid by him. While it is true that a purchaser may give a broker an order to purchase a stock at a certain price net to him, and the relationship of principal and agent still exist, the proofs here submitted do not disclose any such understanding. Hammond knew that the standard price was $20 per share, and, as that was the amount he and Holmes were to pay, it must have been apparent to him that defendant was either receiving a commission from some other person or was selling him some of the issue which he had secured on terms to justify a sale without commission. The trial court said:
"I think that no impression can be properly drawn from the testimony except this one that the purchaser knew that this was a syndicated stock. That the purchaser knew just as much as the broker knew himself, of the relationship between the broker and the stock."
On the record before us we feel constrained to hold that the relationship existing between the parties was that of vendor and purchaser and not that of principal and agent. The following cases lend support to this conclusion: Sutro v.Jacobson, 96 N.J. Law, 555 (115 A. 79); Taylor v. Guest,58 N.Y. 262; Porter v. Wormser, 94 N.Y. 431; In re B.Solomon Co., 268 Fed. 108.
The decree is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
FEAD, C.J., and NORTH, FELLOWS, WIEST, CLARK, McDONALD, and POTTER, JJ., concurred. *Page 90.
|
github_open_source_100_1_98 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | <!-- project Name: Automated Traffic surveillance system -->
<!-- Author Name: Deval Srivastava -->
<!-- Filename: home.ejs -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/semantic/dist/semantic.min.css">
<script
src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.1.1.min.js"
integrity="sha256-hVVnYaiADRTO2PzUGmuLJr8BLUSjGIZsDYGmIJLv2b8="
crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/2.0.4/socket.io.js"></script>
<script src="/semantic/dist/semantic.min.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.3.1/dist/leaflet.css"
integrity="sha512-Rksm5RenBEKSKFjgI3a41vrjkw4EVPlJ3+OiI65vTjIdo9brlAacEuKOiQ5OFh7cOI1bkDwLqdLw3Zg0cRJAAQ=="
crossorigin=""/>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/leaflet@1.3.1/dist/leaflet.js"
integrity="sha512-/Nsx9X4HebavoBvEBuyp3I7od5tA0UzAxs+j83KgC8PU0kgB4XiK4Lfe4y4cgBtaRJQEIFCW+oC506aPT2L1zw=="
crossorigin=""></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/leaflet.markercluster@1.3.0/dist/leaflet.markercluster.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://unpkg.com/leaflet.markercluster@1.3.0/dist/MarkerCluster.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://unpkg.com/leaflet.markercluster@1.3.0/dist/MarkerCluster.Default.css">
<script src="http://maximeh.github.io/leaflet.bouncemarker/bouncemarker.js"></script>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/home.css">
<title>Eyantra</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="ui sidebar inverted left vertical menu ">
<a class="item">
home
</a>
<a href="/form" class="item">
form
</a>
<a href="#" class="item">
item 3
</a>
</div>
<div class="pusher">
<div class="ui top menu">
<div class="item">
<i class="sidebar icon large"></i>
</div>
<div class=" ui centered header item">
Traffic surveillance system
</div>
<div class="right item">
<div class="item">
<div class="ui transparent icon input">
<form action="/search" method="get">
<input type="text" placeholder="Search" id="sinput" type="text" name="q">
<i class="search link icon"></i>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ui grid container centered">
<%# <div class="center aligned four wide column">
<div class="ui centered calender">
<div class="ui input left icon">
<i class=" icon calender large"></i>
<input type="text" name="calender" placeholder="date">
</div>
</div>
</div> %>
<div class="center aligned eight wide column">
<h2 class="ui icon header">
<i class="map outline icon"></i>
<div class="content">
Traffic Analytics
<div class="sub header">
Each map marker denotes an offense
</div>
</div>
</h2>
</div>
<%# <div class="center aligned four wide column">
<button type="button" name="back" class="circular basic ui icon button">
<i class="icon arrow left"></i>
</button>
<button type="button" name="front" class="circular basic ui icon button">
<i class="icon arrow right"></i>
</button>
</div> %>
</div>
<br>
<br>
<div class="ui one column centered grid">
<div class=" column">
<div id="mapid">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ui inverted stacked vertical footer segement ">
<div class="ui container">
<h2 class="ui center aligned header">
<img src="/img/EyantraLogoLarge.png" alt="eyantra_logo">
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
<script src="/home.js"></script>
</html>
|
US-98632701-A_1 | USPTO | Public Domain | Compounds having reversible inhibiting activity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase
ABSTRACT
Compounds of formula (I)
wherein the groups are as defined in the description are disclosed.
The compounds of formula (I) are endowed with reversible inhibiting activity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase and are useful in the preparation of medicaments useful in the pathologies related to a hyperactivity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase, such as hyperglycemia, diabetes and pathologies related thereto, heart failure, ischemia.
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 09/677,328 filed Oct. 2, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,073, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in this application.
The present invention relates to compounds having inhibiting activity against carnitine palmitoyl transferase. The present invention relates also to pharmaceutical compositions containing at least one of these compounds active ingredients and to the use of said compounds in the preparation of medicaments useful in the treatment of pathologies related to a hyperactivity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase, in particular hyperglycaemic states, such as diabetes and related pathologies and of congestive heart failure.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
To date, hypoglycaemic therapy is based on the use of drugs having different mechanism of action (Arch. Intern. Med., 1997, 157, 1802-1817).
Insulin and its analogues represent the most used therapy, recurring to the direct hypoglycaemic action of this hormone.
Other compounds act indirectly by stimulating insulin release (sulphonylureas). A different target of hypoglycaemic drugs is represented by the reduction of glucose intestinal absorption through the inhibition of intestinal glucosidases, or by reducing insulin resistance.
Hyperglycaemia is also treated with gluconeogenesis inhibitors, such as biguanides.
Some works have also stressed out the relationship between gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation.
The membrane bound long-chain acylcarnitine transferases, also known as carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), are widely represented in organs and subcellular organelles (Bieber, L. L. 1988 Ann. Rev. Biochem. 57: 261-83). The well-established role of this category of enzymes is the transport of activated long-chain fatty acids through mitochondrial membranes. In this context, the outer mitochondrial membrane CPT I catalyzes the formation of long.-chain acylcarnitines that are transported across the mitochondrial membrane by a specific carrier, and reconverted into long-chain acyl-coenzyme A esters by CPT II, which resides in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Long-chain acyl-CoAs are then oxidised to acetyl-coenzyme A, which activates a key gluconeogenetic enzyme: pyruvate carboxylase.
Other works report that diabetic patients have high blood levels of fatty acids, whose liver oxidative fate gives rise to an increase of acetyl-coenzyme A, ATP and NADH. High availability of these compounds maximally stimulates gluconeogenesis, which is in part responsible of the elevated glucose blood levels in diabetic patients. CPT inhibition indirectly reduces the extent of liver gluconeogenesis, and hence blood glucose levels.
CPT inhibitors have been disclosed in J. Med. Chem., 1995, 38(18), 3448-50 and in the corresponding European patent application EP 0 574 355 as potential derivatives with hypoglycaemic activity.
Aminocarnitines N-acylated with —COR residue, wherein R is an aliphatic residue with 1 to 19 carbon atoms are disclosed in WO85/04396 useful for investigating the role of transferases in the body, in particular the specificity of carnitine acyltransferase.
Emeriamine and its analogues are disclosed in EP 0 127 098 and J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 1458-1463.
Notwithstanding the mechanism of activity above outlined, to date, drugs inhibiting CPT capable to effectively counteract hyperglycaemia do not exist. For some products, such as tetradecyl glycidic acid, or etomoxir, myocardial hypertrophy have been evidenced as side effects (Life Sci., 1989, 44, 1897-1906).
None of the therapies presently used in clinic is fully satisfying, in particular due to the onset of unwanted side effects, such as severe hypoglycaemia, allergic phenomena, oedema, diarrhoea, intestinal disturbances, kidney toxicity, etc.
The necessity to obtain alternative effective therapies for hyperglycaemia still remains.
ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION
It has now surprisingly been found that compounds of general formula (I):
wherein: X⁺ is selected from the group consisting of N⁺(R₁,R₂,R₃) and P⁺ (R₁,R₂,R₃), wherein
(R₁,R₂,R₃), being the same or different, are selected in the group consisting of hydrogen and C₁-C₉ straight or branched alkyl groups, —CH═NH(NH₂), —NH₂, —OH; or two or more R₁, R₂ and R₃ together with the nitrogen atom, which they are linked to, form a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic system; with the proviso that at least one of the R₁, R₂ and R₃ is different from hydrogen;
Z is selected from
—OR₄,
—OCOOR₄,
—OCONHR₄,
—OCSNHR₄,
—OCSOR₄,
—NHR₄,
—NHCOR₄,
—NHCSR₄,
—NHCOOR₄,
—NHCSOR₄,
—NHCONHR₄,
—NHCSNHR₄,
—NHSOR₄, p1 —NHSONHR₄,
—NHSO₂R₄,
—NHSO₂NHR₄,
—SR₄,
wherein —R₄ is a C₁-C₂₀ saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl group, optionally substituted with a A₁ group, wherein A₁ is selected from the group consisting of halogen atom, C₆-C₁₄ aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy or heteroaryloxy group, said aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy or heteroaryloxy groups being optionally substituted with one or more C₁-C₂₀ saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl or alkoxy group and/or halogen atom;
Y⁻ is selected from the group consisting of —COO⁻, PO₃H⁻, —OPO₃H⁻, tetrazolate-5-yl;
with the proviso that when Z is —NHCOR₄, X⁺ is trimethylammonium, Y is —COO⁻, then R₄ is C₂₀ alkyl;
with the proviso that when Z is —NHSO₂R₄, X⁺ is trimethylammonium and Y⁻ is —COO⁻, then R₄ is not tolyl;
with the proviso that when Z is —NHR₄, X⁺ is trimethylammonium and Y⁻ is —COO⁻, then R₄ is not C₁-C₆ alky.
The present invention further comprises the use of the compounds of the above-mentioned formula (I) as active ingredients for medicaments, in particular for medicaments useful for the treatment of pathologies related to a hyperactivity of carnitine palmitoyl carnitine, such as and in particular hyperglycemic states, diabetes and related pathologies, congestive heart failure and dilatative cardiopathy.
The present invention comprises pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of formula (I) as active ingredients, in admixture with pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles and excipients.
The present invention comprises also processes for the preparation of compounds of formula (I).
DETAILED DESSCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Within the scope of the present invention, as examples of C₁-C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl group, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl and eicosyl and their possible isomers are meant, such as for example isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl.
Examples of C₁-C₂₀ linear or branched alkenyl group are methylene, ethylidene, vinyl, allyl, propargyl, butylene, pentylene, wherein the carbon—carbon double bond, optionally in the presence of other carbon—carbon unsaturations, can be situated in the different possible positions of the alkyl chain, which can also be branched within the allowed isomery.
Examples of (C₆-C₁₄) aryl group are phenyl, 1- or 2-naphthyl, anthryl, optionally substituted as shown in the general definitions above-mentioned.
Examples of heterocyclic groups thienyl, quinolyl, pyridyl, N-methylpiperidinyl, 5-tetrazolyl, optionally substituted as shown in the general definitions above-mentioned.
As halogen atom it is intended fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine.
The compounds of formula (I) can be also in the form of inner salts.
A first group of preferred compounds comprises the compounds of formula (I) wherein N⁺(R₁,R₂,R₃) is trimethyl ammonium.
A second group of preferred compounds comprises the compounds of formula (I) wherein two or more R₁, R₂ and R₃, together with the nitrogen atom, which they are linked to, form a saturated or unsaturated, monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic system; for example morpholinium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, quinolinium, quinuclidinium.
A third group of preferred compounds comprises the compounds of formula (I) wherein R₁ and R₂ are hydrogen and R₃ is selected from the group consisting of —CH═NH(NH₂), —NH₂ and —OH.
Within the different embodiments of the present invention, the R₄ group is preferably a C₇-C₂₀ saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl group. In fact, it has been observed the length of the alkyl chain R₄ significantly increases the selectivity against CPT. Preferred R₄ groups are selected from the group consisting of heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl and eicosyl.
Preferred examples of Z group are ureido (—NHCONHR₄), and carbamate (—NHCOOR₄, —OCONHR₄) ones.
In particular, compounds of formula (I) wherein X⁺, R₁, R₂, R₃, have the above disclosed meanings, Z is ureido (—NHCONHR₄) or carbamate (—NHCOOR₄, —OCONHR₄), R₄ is a C₇-C₂₀, preferably a C₉-C₁₈ saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched alkyl group, are preferred.
The compounds of formula (I) have an asymmetry center on carbon atom bound to a Z group. For the purposes of the present invention, each compound of formula (I) can exist both as R,S racemic mixture and as separated R/S isomeric form.
The compounds of formula (I) are quaternary ammonium or phosphonium derivatives always containing a Y⁻ anionic group. Dependently on pH, each compounds of formula (I) can exist indifferently as amphoion (inner salt) or as a compound wherein Y⁻ is present in the YH form. In such a case, X⁺ is salified with a pharmacologically acceptable acid. Formula (I) covers all these different possibilities. In case of nitrogen atoms having basic character, the salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, both inorganic and organic, such as for example, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, or, in the case of acid group, such as carboxyl, the salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases, both inorganic and organic, such as for example, alkaline and alkaline-earth hydroxides, ammonium hydroxide, amine, also heterocyclic ones. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are chloride; bromide; iodide; aspartate; acid aspartate; citrate; acid citrate; tartrate; acid tartrate; phosphate, acid phosphate; fumarate; acid fumarate; glycerophosphate; glucosephosphate; lactate; maleate; acid maleate; mucate; orotate; oxalate; acid oxalate; sulfate; acid sulfate; trichloroacetate; trifluoroacetate; methanesulfonate; pamoate and acid pamoate.
A first group of particularly preferred compounds comprises:
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-quinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyric acid chloride;
R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(octyloxycarbonyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-octyloxybutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-tetradecyloxybutyrate;
R,S-1-guanidinium-2-tetradecyloxy-3-(tetrazolate-5-yl)-propane;
R,S-1-trimethylammonium-2-tetradecyloxy-3-(tetrazolate-5-yl)-propane;
R,S-3-quinuclidinium-2-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxy-1-propanephosphonate monobasic;
R,S-3-trimethylammonium-2-(nonylaminocarbonyl)-oxy-1-propanephosphonate monobasic;
R,S-3-pyridinium-2-(nonylaminocarbonyl)-oxy-1-propanephosphonic acid chloride;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(tetradecylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(undecylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(heptylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylthiocarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(tetradecylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-tetradecylaminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-octylaminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(decansulfonyl)aminobutyrate;
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylsulfamoyl)aminobutyrate;
S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(dodecansulfonyl)aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(dodecansulfonyl)aminobutyrate;
S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(undecylsulfamoyl)aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(undecylsulfamoyl)aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(dodecylcarbamoyl)aminobutyrate;
R-4-trimethylammonium-3-( 10-phenoxydecylcarbamoyl)aminobutyrate; R-4-trimethylammonium-3-(trans-β-styrenesulfonyl) aminobutyrate.
The compounds of formula (I) can be prepared with reactions that are well known in the state of the art.
A process for the preparation of the compounds of claim 1, wherein Z is —NHR₄ comprising the reaction of X⁺—CH₂—CH(NH₂)—CH₂—Y⁻, wherein X⁺ and Y⁻ have the same meanings as in claim 1, of the desired structure, optionally protected on the acid Y⁻ group, with alkane carbaldheydes, wherein the alkyl moiety is a one-term lower homologue of the desired R₄ and subsequent reduction.
Generally, the compounds of formula (I), wherein Z is carbonate (—OCOOR₄), carbamate (—OCONHR₄, —NHCOOR₄), thiocarbamate (—OCSNHR₄, —NHCSOR₄,) or thiocarbonate (—OCSOR₄), are obtained by reacting a compound of formula X⁺—CH₂—CH(OH)—CH₂—Y⁻, wherein X⁺ and Y⁻ are as above defined, of the desired structure, optionally protected on the acid Y⁻ group, respectively with alkyl chloroformates, alkyl isocyanates, alkyl isothiocyanates, alkyl thiochloroformates, containing the desired R₄ alkyl group.
Compounds of formula (I), wherein Z is amide (—NHCOR₄), thioamide (—NHCSR₄), carbamate (—NHCOOR₄, —OCONHR₄), thiocarbamate (—NHCSOR₄—OCSNHR₄,), ureido (—NHCONHR₄), thioureido (—NHCSNHR₄), sulfinamide (—NHSOR₄), sulfonamide (—NHSO₂R₄), sulfinamoylamino (—NHSONHR₄), and sulfamide (—NHSO₂NHR₄), are obtained by reacting X⁺—CH₂—CH(NH₂)—CH₂—Y⁻, wherein X⁺ and Y⁻ are as above defined, of the desired structure, optionally protected on the acid Y⁻ group, respectively with acyl chlorides, thioacyl chlorides, alkyl chloroformates, alkyl thiochloroformates, alkyl isocyanates, alkyl thioisocyanates, alkyl sulfinyl chlorides, alkyl sulfonyl chlorides, SOCl₂ and alkyl amines, alkyl sulfamoyl chlorides (or SO₂Cl₂ and alkyl amines), containing the desired R₄ alkyl group.
Compounds of formula (I), wherein Z is —OR₄ or —SR₄ are obtained by the reaction of carbonyl compounds of formula Hal—CH2—CO—CH2—COOR′, wherein Hal is a halogen atom, preferably chlorine, and R′ is the residue of a suitable ester, such as for example a lower alkyl ester (an ethyl or a tert-butyl ester) with respectively alcohols and thiols R40H or R4SH, wherein R4 is as above defined, to give the respective ketal or thioketal, followed by the transformation of the respective ketal or thioketal into the respective ether or thioether, subsequent substitution of the Hal atom with a nucleophilic group, such as azido, phthalimido, nitro, amino, alkyl amino group, and transformation of the nucleophilic group into the X+ group, wherein X+ is N⁺(R₁,R₂,R₃) or, alternatively the Hal atom is substituted with a (R₁,R₂, R₃)-substituted phosphine to obtain the compounds of formula (I) wherein X⁺ is P⁺(R₁,R₂, R₃).
Compounds of formula (I), wherein Z is —NHR₄ are obtained by reacting X⁺—CH₂—CH(NH₂)—CH₂—Y⁻, wherein X⁺ and Y⁻ have the same meanings as in claim 1, of the desired structure, optionally protected on the acid Y⁻ group, with alkane carbaldheydes, wherein the alkyl moiety is a one-term lower homologue of R₄, and subsequent reduction.
Regarding the various meanings of R₄, present in the different reactives, these reactives are available in the market, or can be prepared according to well-known methods in literature, which the experts in the field can resort to, completing with their own knowledge of the argument.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are obtained with conventional methods found in the literature, and do not necessitate of further disclosure.
The compounds disclosed in the present invention have reversible inhibiting activity of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase (CPT). This activity allows their use as active ingredients in the preparation of medicaments useful for the treatment and prevention of hyperglycaemia, diabetes and disorders related thereto, such as, for example diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy. The compounds of the present invention are also useful as active ingredient for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disorders, such as congestive heart failure. The compounds of formula (I) are also applicable for medicaments for the prevention and treatment of ketonic states, wherein it is intended the pathological conditions characterized by high levels of ketone bodies in blood.
Inhibiting activity mainly occurs on the isoform I of palmitoyl carnitine transferase (CPT-I).
A further object of the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising at least a compound of formula (I), in an amount such as to produce a significant therapeutical effect. The compositions according to the present invention are conventional and are obtained with commonly used methods in the pharmaceutical industry. According to the desired administration route, the compositions shall be in solid or liquid form, suitable to the oral, parenteral, intravenous or transdermal route. The compositions according to the present invention comprise together with the active ingredients at least a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle or excipient. Formulation co-adjuvants, for example solubilizing, dispersing, suspending, emulsionating agents can be particularly useful. Examples of suitable oral pharmaceutical compositions are capsules, tablets, granulates, powders, syrups, elixirs. Examples of suitable parenteral pharmaceutical compositions are solutions, emulsions, suspensions. Examples of suitable transdermal pharmaceutical compositions are patches, subcutaneous implants.
The compounds of formula (I) can also be used in combination with other well-known active ingredients.
The dose of the active ingredients will vary depending on the kind of active ingredient used, the administration route, the grade of pathology to be treated and the general conditions of the subject. The dosage and posology shall be determined by the clinic expert or the physician. Generally, a therapeutic effect can be obtained at dosages comprised between 1 and. 100 mg/kg body weight.
The compounds according to the present invention are useful as medicaments with hypoglycaemic activity. A further object of the present invention is the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least a compound of formula (I) with suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and/or vehicles.
The following examples further illustrate the invention.
EXAMPLE 1 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate (ST 1251) Nonyl Isocyanate
A solution of decanoyl chloride (20 g, 104.8 mmoles) in acetone (30 ml) was dropped into a solution of sodium azide (9.53 g, 146.6 mmoles) in water (30 ml), cooled in an ice bath. The temperature of the azide solution was kept between 10 and 15° C. after one hour, the solution was transferred in a separatory funnel and the lower phase (the aqueous one) was eliminated. The higher phase was transferred into a flask containing 100 ml of toluene, previously warmed at 65° C. After 1.5 hours, the solution was evaporated to dryness, giving 13.37 g crude product, which after vacuum distillation gave 8.3 g pure product in the form of colorless liquid.
Yield 47%.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 3.3 (t, 2H), 1.6 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.2 (m, 12H), 0.9(brt, 3H).
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-aminobutyrate
Nonyl isocyanate (15.42 g, 91.12 mmoles) was added to a solution of aminocarnitine, inner salt (7.3 g, 45.56 mmoles) in anhydrous DMSO (350 ml) and the solution was left to stand for 60 hours at 40° C. The resulting mixture was transferred in a 3 l Erlenmeyer flask, containing ethyl ether (2.5 l) and the solvent was separated by decanting the formed precipitate, which was then transferred into a flask and precipitated again with ethyl ether. The so obtained crude product was washed several times with ethyl ether and purified on a silica gel chromatographic column, using a CHCl₃: MeOH 9:1 to CHCl₃: MeOH 3:7 gradient until elution of impurities with higher Rf, then eluting the product of interest with MeOH only. 9.7 g of pure product were obtained.
Yield 68%.
M.p.: 145-147° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 4.4 (m, 1H), 3.45 (dd, 1H), 3.30 (d, 1H), 3.05 (s, 9H), 2.9 (t, 2H), 2.3 (d, 2H), 1.3 (m, 2H), 1.15 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=330, [(M+H)⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₇H₃₅N₃O₃.
K.F.=2.5% water.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:iPrOH:MeOH:H₂O:CH₃COOH 42:7:28: 10.5: 10.5;
Rf=0.55.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), T=30° C., mobile phase 0.2 M KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 85:15, pH as such, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=12.63 min.
EXAMPLE 2 R,S-4-quinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate (ST 1265) ter-Butyl R,S-4-guinuclidinium-3-hydroxybutyrate iodide
Quinuclidine (2.40 g, 21.60 mmoles) was added to ter-Butyl R,S-4-iodo-3-hydroxybutyrate (6.18 g, 21.60mmoles) in acetonitrile (60 ml) and the solution was warmed to 60° C. for 20 hours under stirring. After evaporation of the solvent, the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile and precipitated with ethyl ether several times to give 7.2 g of product, contaminated with about 13% by weight of quinuclidine iodide (as from NMR). After repeated crystallization from CH₃CN/Et₂O, 4.3 g of pure product were obtained.
Yield 50%.
M.p.: 124-127° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 4.50 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 2.42 (m, 2H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 6H), 1.34 (m, 9H).
FAB Mass=270, [M⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₁₅H₂₈ INO₃.
K.F.=0.5% water.
The preparation of ter-butyl 4-iodo-3-hydroxybutyrate was carried out as described in J. Pharm. Science 64/7, 1262-1264, 1975.
Tetradecyl Chloroformate
29 ml of a 20% toluene solution of phosgene (55.98 mmoles) was added to tetradecyl alcohol (4 g, 18.66 mmoles) and the reaction mixture was left to stand for 20 hours under stirring at room temperature. After solvent evaporation, the residue was taken up with hexane and evaporated to dryness (several times) to give 5.1 g product as colorless liquid.
Yield 98%.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.30 (t, 2H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.30 (m, 22H), 0.85 (brt, 3H).
ter-butyl R,S-4-guinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxy butyrate chloride
Dimethylaminopyridine (922 mg, 755 mmoles) and tetradecyl chloroformate (2.09 g, 7.55 mmoles) were added to ter-butyl R,S-4-quinuclidinium-3-hydroxybutyrate (2 g, 5.03 mmoles) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml). The solution was left to stand at room temperature for 20 hours under stirring. After this time, the solution was diluted with CHCl₃ saturated with NaCl, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dry residue obtained after evaporation was taken up with ethyl ether and the undissolved residue was filtered off. After solvent evaporation a crude product was obtained. Flash-chromatography (CHCl₃: MeOH 9:1) and elution with MeOH on Amberlyst A-21 resin (activated in HCl from), gave 1.6 g product as chloride.
Yield 58%.
M.p.: 59-60° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 5.50 (m, 1H), 4.55 (d, 2H), 3.80 (m, 7H), 2.90 (dd, 1H), 2.75 (dd, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 2.05 (d, 6H), 1.65 (m, 2H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.25 (m, 22H), 0.85 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=510, [M⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₃₀H₅₆ ClNO₅.
K.F.=1.5% water.
R,S-4-guinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate
Trifluoroacetic acid (6 ml) was added to ter-butyl R,S-4-quinuclidinium-3-(tetradecyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate chloride (1.05 g, 1.92 mmoles) and the solution was left to stand for 1 hour at room temperature under stirring. After vacuum-evaporation of trifluoroacetic acid, the residue was taken up with cyclohexane and evaporated to dryness several times, then transferred on an Amberlyst IRA 402 resin (Cl⁻form) and eluted with water. The crude product, obtained by freeze-drying was purified through silica gel flash-chromatography (CHCl₃: MeOH 8:2) giving 480 mg product as inner salt.
Yield 55%.
M.p.: 132-134° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 5.35 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.40 (m, 8H), 2.55 (dd, 1H), 2.35 (dd, 1H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 6H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.20 (m, 22H), 0.75 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=454, [(M+H)⁺.
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₆H₄₇NO₅
K.F.=1.5% water.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:MeOH 7:3.
Rf=0.34.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), T=30° C., mobile phase 0.05 M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, pH 4.0, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=6.72 min.
EXAMPLE 3 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate (ST 1298) Benzyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid Perchlorate
Nonyl isocyanate (7.39 g, 43.36 mmoles) was added to a solution of R,S-carnitine perchlorate, benzyl ester (7.69 g, 21.86 mmoles) in toluene (100 ml) and the solution was refluxed for 5 days under stirring. Nonyl isocyanate (1.84 g, 10.86 mmoles) was further added and the reaction mixture was left under reflux for other 5 days. The solvent was vacuum-evaporated and the residue was washed with ethyl ether and subsequently taken up with chloroform, washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The oil resulting from the evaporation of the organic phase was purified through flash-chromatography column, using a gradient CHCl₃ to CHCl₃: MeOH 95:5. 4.4 g product were obtained in the form of a thick oil.
Yield 38.6%.
¹H-NMR (200 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 7.3 (s, 5H), 5.4 (m, 2H), 5.05 (m, 2H), 3.8 (dd, 1H), 3.55 (d, 1H), 3.15 (s, 9H), 3.05 (m, 2H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.2 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
TLC silica gel CHCl₃: MeOH 9:1;
Rf=0.29.
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate
10% Pd/C (0.44 g) was added to benzyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid perchlorate (4.4 g, 8.44 mmoles) in MeOH (115 ml) and the mixture was hydrogenated at 47 psi for 4 hours. After filtration on celite, the solution was vacuum-concentrated and passed through an Amberlyst A-21 resin, eluting with MeOH. After solvent evaporation, 2.47 g product were obtained.
Yield 88.7%.
M.p.: 151-153° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 5.4 (m, 1H), 3.75 (dd, 1H), 3.5 (d, 1H), 3.15 (s, 9H), 3.05 (t, 2H), 2.55 (dd, 1H), 2.40 (dd, 1H), 1.45 (m, 2H), 1.20 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=331, [(M+H)⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₇H₃₄ N₂O₄.
K. F.=1.5% water.
TLC silica gel MeOH.
Rf=0.22.
HPLC: SPHERISORB-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), T=35° C., mobile phase 50 mM KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 40:60, pH 4.0 with H₃PO₄, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=5.33 min.
EXAMPLE 4 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyrate chloride (ST 1297) Benzyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid chloride
Dimethylaminopyridine (3.8 g, 31.2 mmoles) and nonyl chloroformate (6.45 g, 31.2 mmoles) were added to R,S-carnitine perchlorate, benzyl ester (7.33 g, 20.8 mmoles) in anhydrous DMF (50 ml) at 0° C. The temperature was left to raise to room temperature and the reaction mixture was left to stand for 3 days under stirring. CHCl₃ was added and the solution was washed with 1N perchloric acid. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness, to give 6.02 g crude product, which was purified through flash-chromatography (CHCl₃: MeOH 85:15). 3.52 g a thick oil were obtained, which were subsequently dissolved in MeOH and passed through an Amberlyst A-21 resin (activated in HCl from), eluting with MeOH. After vacuum-evaporation of the solvent, 3.1 g oily product were obtained.
Yield 32.4%.
¹H-NMR (200 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 7.3 (s, 5H), 5.45 (m, 1H), 5.05 (s, 2H), 4.4 (d, 1H), 4.1 (t, 2H), 3.8 (dd, 1H), 3.4 (s, 9H), 2.9 (m, 2H), 1.55 (m, 2H), 1.2 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
Mutatis mutandis, the preparation of nonyl chloroformate was carried out as disclosed in Example 2 for tetradecyl chloroformate.
R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyric acid chloride
10% Pd/C (110 mg) was added to benzyl R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-oxybutyric acid chloride (1.1 g, 2.4 mmoles) in MeOH (10 ml) and the mixture was hydrogenated at 47 psi for 2 hours. After filtration on celite, the solution was vacuum-dried giving 883 mg product (yield 100%), which was further purified by precipitation from CH₃CN/Et₂O. 600 g of product were obtained.
Yield: 68%.
M.p.: 150° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 5.4 (m, 1H), 4.1 (m, 2H), 3.75 (dd, 1H), 3.55 (d, 1H), 3.1 (s, 9H), 2.7 (m, 2H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.20 (brs, 12H), 0.7 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=332, [M⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₁₇H₃₄ ClNO₅.
K.F.=1.7% water.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:MeOH 1:1;
Rf=0.10.
HPLC: SPHERISORB-C₁ column (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm), T=30° C., mobile phase 50 mM (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, pH 3.0 with H₃PO₄, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=5.67 min.
EXAMPLE 5 R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate (ST 1300) Ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-hydroxybutyric acid iodide
A 1M solution of trimethylphosphine in THF (93 ml) was added to ethyl R,S-4-iodo-3-hydroxybutyrate (20 g, 77.5 mmoles) and the reaction mixture was left to stand at room temperature for 5 days under stirring. Ethyl ether was added, and the precipitate formed was separated by decantation. The precipitate was triturated with Et₂O and dried under vacuum, giving 18.5 g product.
Yield 71.3%.
M.p.: 105-107° C.
¹H-NMR (200 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.6 (m, 1H), 4.15 (q, 2H), 3.1 (m, 1H), 2.75 (m, 3H), 2.2 (d, 9H), 1.3 (t, 3H).
The ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-hydroxybutyric acid was prepared as described in Tetrahedron 1990, 4277-4282, starting from R,S-3-hydroxy-4-butyrolactone.
Ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid iodide
Nonyl isocyanate (4.04 g, 23.86 mmoles) was added to the ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-hydroxybutyric acid iodide (4 g, 11.97 mmoles) in anhydrous DMF (80 ml) and the solution was left to stand for 7 days at 110° C. under stirring. CHCl₃ was added (300 ml) and the solution was washed with water and dried over Na₂SO₄. The residue obtained after evaporation of the solvent was taken up with acetonitrile, the formed solid was filtered off and the filtrate was purified by silica gel flash-chromatography, using CHCl₃: MeOH 8:2. 2.07 g of product in the form of a thick oil were obtained.
Yield 34.3%.
¹H-NMR (200 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 5.4 (m, 2H), 4.15 (q, 2H), 3.15 (m, 4H), 2.8 (d, 2H), 2.2 (d, 9H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.2 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyrate
Ethyl ester of R,S-4-trimethylphosphonium-3-(nonylcarbamoyl)-oxybutyric acid iodide (2.07 g, 4.11 mmoles) was dissolved into 1 N HCl (200 ml) and the solution was warmed to 70° C. for 3 hours. The residue obtained after solvent vacuum-evaporation was taken up with MeOH and passed through Amberlyst A-21 resin, eluting with MeOH. A crude product was obtained, which was purified by flash-chromatography, eluting with MeOH and giving 700 mg product.
Yield: 49%.
M.p.: 123-127° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; D₂O):
δ: 5.3 (m, 1H), 3.1 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.45 (m, 4H), 1.85 (d, 9H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.2 (brs, 12H), 0.8 (brt, 3H).
FAB Mass=348, [(M+H)⁺].
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₇H₃₄ NO₄P.
K.F.=3.4% water.
TLC silica gel MeOH;
Rf=0.18.
HPLC: SPHERISORB-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), T=25° C., mobile phase 50 mM KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 40:60, pH 4.0 with H₃PO₄, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=5.18 min.
The following Examples 6 and 7 are further illustrated by FIG. 1.
EXAMPLE 6 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(octyloxycarbonyl)-aminobutyrate chloride (ST 1253) (2 a, FIG. 1) Step A
3 g (0.012 mmoles) aminocarnitine isobutyl ester were dissolved into 20 ml anhydrous CH₂Cl₂. 2.48 ml (0.1078 moles) triethylamine and 3.6 g (0.0178 moles) octyl chloroformate (previously prepared by reacting the alcohol with a toluene solution of phosgene) were added to the solution. The reaction mixture was left to stand for 4.5 hours at room temperature. Then the solvent was evaporated off and the resulting solid was dissolved into ethyl acetate and filtered. The solvent was vacuum-evaporated to dryness and the resulting solid was purified on silica gel, eluting with 100% CHCl₃, then with CHCl₃:MeOH 95:5 and 90:10. The product was obtained with a 50% yield.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5)/acetone 7:3;
Rf=0.8.
HPLC: SPHERISORB-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 50 mM (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, pH 4.0, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=8.6 min.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 4.56-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.12-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.94-3.88 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.5 (s, 9H), 3.4 (s, 9H), 2.74-2.66 (m, 2H), 2-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.68-1.56 (t, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 12H), 0.97-0.7 (d, 6H), 0.6-0.3 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₂₀H₄₁ N₂O₄Cl.
Step B
The ester obtained in step A was hydrolysed on Amberlyst IRA 402 resin (OH- activated form) eluting with water. Water was evaporated to dryness; the resulting solid was triturated with acetone and subsequently filtered. A white solid was obtained.
Yield 94%.
M.p.=170° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 4.4 (m, 1H), 4.05 (t, 2H), 3.5 (d, 2H), 3.2 (s, 9H), 2.4 (d, 2H), 1.6 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 12H), 0.95-0.85 (t, 3H).
FAB Mass=454, [(M+H)⁺.
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₆H₃₂N₂O₄
K.F.=1.74% water.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5)
Rf=0.65.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 0.05M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=9.0 min.
EXAMPLE 7 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-(nonyloxycarbonyl)-aminobutyrate (ST 1285) (2 b, FIG. 1) Step A
The product was prepared as disclosed in Example 6, step A, using nonyl chloroformate
Yield: 50%.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5)/acetone 7:3
Rf=0.71.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 50 mM (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, pH 4.0, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=10.417 min.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 4.54-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.1-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.96-3.86 (m, 2H), 3.6-3.5 (m, 2H), 3.2 (s, 9H), 2.72-2.66 (m, 2H), 2-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.26 (m, 14H), 0.96-0.94 (d, 6H), 0.92-0.86 (t, 3H).
Step B
The product was prepared as disclosed in Example 6, step B.
Yield 80%.
M.p.=160° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 4.5-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.1-4.0 (t, 2H), 3.55-3.45 (d, 2H), 3.2 (s, 9H), 2.45-2.35 (d, 2H), 1.7-1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 14H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₇H₃₄N₂O₄
K.F.=1.3% water.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10. 5);
Rf=0.62.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 0.05M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 60:40, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, RT=7.56 min.
The following Examples 8-9 are further illustrated by FIG. 2.
EXAMPLE 8 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-octyloxybutyrate (ST 1207) (6 a, FIG. 2) Step A
39 g (0.3 moles) octyl alcohol were dissolved in 25 ml toluene and 14.5 ml (0.107 moles) ethyl chloroacetate and 8 ml Thionyl chloride were added thereto at −15° C. At the end of the addition, the reaction mixture was left to stand for 4 hours at room temperature Ethyl acetate was then added and the solution was washed three times with 1N NaOH and subsequently with water. The organic phase was treated with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum-evaporated to dryness. The product was purified on silica gel chromatographic column, eluting with gradient from hexane alone to hexane/ethyl ether 95:5. The product was obtained with 80% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ ethyl ether 85:15;
Rf=0.75.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (q, 2H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (dd, 2H), 2.85 (s, 2H), 1.60-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 10H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₂₂H₃₃ ClO₄.
Step B
9 ml BF₃.Et2O were dropped to a mixture of 26.8 g (0.066 moles) of the product obtained in the preceding step A and 13.5 ml triethylsilane at 0° C. At the end of the addition, the reaction mixture was refluxed for 4 hours. After cooling, ether was added and the solution was washed twice with NaOH 1N, then water; the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum-evaporated to dryness. An oil was obtained, which was purified on silica gel chromatographic column, eluting with gradient from hexane alone to hexane/ethyl ether 95:5. The product was obtained with a 70% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 90:10;
Rf=0.47. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 4.0-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.40 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.50 (dd, 2H), 1.55-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 1OH), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₄H₂₇ClO₃
Step C
5.2 g (0.08 moles) NaN₃ and a catalytic amount of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide were added to a solution of 11.4 g (0.041 moles) product obtained in the preceding step B. The reaction mixture was left for three nights at 60° C. The solution was vacuum-evaporated to dryness. A thick dark solution was obtained, which was purified on silica gel chromatographic column, eluting with gradient from hexane alone to hexane/ethyl ether 95:5. The product was obtained with a 83% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 95:5;
Rf=0.23.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 4.0-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.40 (dd, 2H), 3.40-3.20 (dd, 2H), 2.70-2.40 (dd, 2H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.1 (m, 10H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₄H₂₇N₃O₃
Step D
The product obtained in the preceding step C (15.39 g, 0.054 moles) was dissolved in 31 ml of acetic acid and the resulting solution was subjected to catalytic hydrogenation with 10% Pd/C at 60 psi for 7 hours. The reaction progress was checked by TLC, until disappearance of the starting product (hexane/ethyl ether 95:5). Thereafter, formaldehyde was added (4.6 ml, 0.167 moles) followed by 10% Pd/C and the mixture was hydrogenated at 30 psi for 2 days. The catalyst was filtered off and the mixture was vacuum-dried. A pale yellow liquid was obtained, which was taken up with methylene chloride, washed with 1N NaOH, then water, then NaCl saturated solution; the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum-evaporated to dryness. A thick oil was obtained. The product was obtained with a 98% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 90:10:3;
Rf=0.42.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 3.85-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.40 (dd, 2H), 2.65-2.40 (dd, 2H), 2.40-2.20 (dd, 2H), 2.20 (s, 6H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.1 (m, 10H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₆H₃₆NO₃
Step B
The product obtained in the preceding step D (15.21 g, 0.053 moles) was dissolved in 98 ml THF and 8 ml methyl iodide were added thereto. The reaction progress was left overnight at room temperature. The mixture was vacuum-evaporated to dryness. A thick oil was obtained. The product was obtained with a 98% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 90:10:3;
Rf=0.10.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.45-4.3 (m, 1H), 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 3.75-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.5 (s, 9H), 2.75-2.60 (dd, 2H), 1.60-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 10H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₆H₃₉INO₃
Step F
The product obtained in the preceding step E, was hydrolysed on Amberlyst IRA 402 resin (OH⁻ activated form) eluting with water. Water was evaporated to dryness; the resulting solid was treated with isopropyl alcohol three times. A white solid was obtained.
Yield=93%
M.p.=106° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; MeOD):
δ: 4.30-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.70-3.60 (dd, 1H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.20 (s, 9H), 2.75-2.65 (dd, 1H), 2.20-2.10 (dd, 1H), 1.60-1.50(m, 2H), 1.40-1.20 (m, 10H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₅H₃₁NO₃.
K.F.=5.7% water.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5);
Rf=0.7.
HPLC: SGE-SAX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 0.025M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 30:70, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, flow=0.75 ml/min, RT=5.85 min.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=274.
EXAMPLE 9 R,S-4-trimethylammonium-3-tetradecyloxybutyrate (ST 1228) (6 b, FIG. 2) Step A
The product was prepared as in example 8, step A using tetradecyl alcohol. The product was obtained with 73% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 95:5;
Rf=0.63.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (q, 2H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 3.4-3.5 (dd, 2H), 2.85 (s, 2H), 1.60-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₃₄H₆₇ClO₄.
Step B
The product was prepared as in example 8, step B. The product 2b, shown in FIG. 2, was obtained with a 72% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 95:5;
Rf=0.4.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 4.0-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.40 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.50 (dd, 2H), 1.55-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₀H₃₉O₃
Step C
The product was prepared as in example 8, step C. The product was obtained with 79% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/ethyl ether 90:10;
Rf=0.36.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 4.0-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.40 (dd, 2H), 3.40-3.20 (dd, 2H), 2.70-2.40 (dd, 2H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.1 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₀H₃₉N₃O₃
Step D
The product was prepared as in example 8, step D. The product was obtained with a 98% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 90:10:3;
Rf=0.72.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 3.85-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.40 (dd, 2H), 2.65-2.42 (dd, 2H), 2.38-2.20 (dd, 2H), 2.18 (s, 6H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.1 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₂H₄₅NO₃.
Step E
The product was prepared as in example 8, step E. The product was obtained with a 99% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 90:10:3;
Rf=0.15.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.45-4.3 (m, 1H), 4.2-4.09 (dd, 2H), 3.75-3.30 (m, 2H), 3.5 (s, 9H), 2.75-2.60 (dd, 2H), 1.60-1.45 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₃H₄₈INO₃.
Step F
The product was prepared as in example 8, step F. The product was obtained with a 99% yield.
M.p.=106° C. dec.
¹-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-D6):
δ: 4.10-4.0 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.20 (m, 4H), 3.05 (s, 9H), 2.40-2.30 (dd, 1H), 1.80-1.70 (dd, 1H), 1.50-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 22H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₄₃NO₃.
K.F.=6.4% water.
TLC silica gel (CHCl₃ 42/MeOH 28/isopropyl alcohol 7/water 10.5/acetic acid 10.5);
Rf=0.6.
HPLC: SGE-SCX column (5 μm, 250×4 mm), mobile phase 0.05M (NH₄)H₂PO₄:CH₃CN 40:60, detector: RI, UV 205 nm, flow=0.75 ml/min, RT=4.38 min.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=358.3
The following Examples 10-11 are further illustrated by FIG. 3a-b.
EXAMPLE 10 R,S-1-guanidinium-2-tetradecyloxy-3-(tetrazolate-5-yl)propane (ST 1263) (10, FIG. 3 b) Step A
6.65 g (0.0179 moles) of the intermediate prepared in Example 9, step C were dissolved in 10 ml of methanol and 10 ml of 4N NaOH were added to the solution. The reaction was left to stand for 16 hours at room temperature. 20 ml 6N HCl were added to the solution, which was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum concentrated. The product was obtained as a white solid with a 95.6% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane /ethyl ether 1:1;
Rf=0.5.
M.p.=42-45° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 3.9-3.8 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.42-3.26 (dd, 2H), 2.68-2.5 (m, 2H), 1.6-1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (s, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₈H₃₅N₃O₃.
Step B
At 0° C., 4.96 ml TEA were dropped into a solution containing 2.79 g (8.19 mmoles) of the compound obtained in step A, aminopropionitrile (0.58 g, 8.2 mmoles) and DEPC (diethylphosphocyanydate ) (1.71ml) in 4.2 ml of anhydrous DMF. The reaction was left to stand for 1 hour at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed twice with water, then with a NaCl saturated solution. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum concentrated. The product was obtained and purified through a silica gel column with hexane: ethyl ether (7:3/1:1/3:7).
Yield: 71%.
TLC silica gel ethyl ether 100%;
Rf=0.42.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 6.6-6.4 (m, 1H), 3.9-3.8 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.4 (m, 5H), 3.3-3.2 (dt, 1H), 2.7-2.6 (t, 2H), 2.6-2.4 (dd, 2H), 1.6-1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₃₉N₅O₂
Step C
2.99 g (0.0114 moles) triphenylphosphine and 0.2 ml water were added to a solution containing 2.99 g (7.62 mmoles) of the compound obtained in step B. The reaction was left to stand overnight at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated off and the product was obtained and purified through a silica gel column with ethyl acetate 100%, then ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonia 7:3:0.3.
Yield: 65%.
TLC silica gel ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonia 7:3:0.3;
Rf=0.26.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 3.78-3.7 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.48 (m, 4H), 2.8-2.7 (dd, 2H), 2.7-2.6 (m, 2H), 2.5-2.3 (dd, 2H), 1.6-1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4-1.3 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₄₁N₃O₂
Step D
1.69 g (4.6 mmoles) of the compound obtained in step C were treated with 1.2 g (5.2 mmoles) (BOC)₂O and 9.2 ml 1N NaOH for 30 minutes at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate and washed four times with IN HCl, then water and a saturated NaCl solution. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum concentrated to dryness. The product was obtained as a white solid.
Yield: 100%.
TLC silica gel ethyl ether 100%;
Rf=0.26.
M.p.=83-84° C.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 7.2-7.0 (m, 1H), 4.9-4.8 (m, 1H), 3.8-3.6 (m, 1H), 3.5-3.4 (dt, 4H), 3.2-3.0 (m, 2H), 2.6 (t, 2H), 2.4 (d, 2H), 1.5 (m, 2H), 1.4 (s, 9H 1.4-1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₆H₄₉N₃O₄.
Step E
The product obtained in step D (1.19 g, 2.56 mmoles) was dissolved into 12 ml of anhydrous THF, under argon atmosphere, then 3.062 g of triphenylphosphine, 1.54 ml of triethylsilylazido and 4.9 ml of DEAD (diethylazodicarboxylate) were dropped at 0° C. within three days, until disappearance of the starting product. The mixture was then treated with an aqueous solution of cerium ammonium nitrate and diluted with CH₂Cl₂. The reaction was left to stand for 2 hours, the organic phase was washed with a saturated NaCl solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and vacuum-dried. The residue was purified through a silica gel column with hexane/ethyl acetate (9:1/8:2/7:3). The product was obtained with a 66% yield.
TLC silica gel hexane/AcOEt 1:1;
Rf=0.34.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.95-4.8 (m, 1H), 4.7-4.5 (m, 2H), 3.9-3.8 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.40 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.3-3.2 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.0 (dd, 2H), 3.10-3.0 (m, 3H), 1.45-1.35 (m, 1H), 1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₅H₄₈N₆O₃
Step F
The product obtained in step E (0.969 g, 1.97 mmoles) was dissolved into 13.09 ml anhydrous THF, then 13.1 ml of 3N HCl were added. The reaction mixture was left to stand for 2 hours, at 50° C. under stirring. The reaction mixture was vacuum-dried, the residue was taken up with CH₂Cl₂ and treated with a 1 N NaOH solution. The organic phase was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and vacuum-dried. The product was obtained with a 92% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 9:1:0.3
Rf=0.31.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.78-4.58 (m, 2H), 3.8-3.7 (m, 1H), 3.5-3.4 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.18 (m, 4H), 3.05-3.0 (dd, 2H), 3.0-2.6 (dd, 2H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.2 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₄₀N6O
Step G
The product obtained in step F (2.78 g, 7.1 mmoles) was dissolved into 20 ml anhydrous MeOH, then 2.34 g iminomethanesulfonic acid (prepared with well-known methods) were added within 3 days. The obtained suspension was vacuum-concentrated, then treated with IN NaOH and left under stirring for 30 minutes. The solid was filtered, washed with water, then acetone. The title product was obtained with a 45% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 7:3:0.3;
Rf=0.22.
M.p.=240° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CD₃OD):
δ: 3.90-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.6-3.4 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.10 (dd, 1H), 2.95-2.85 (dd, 1H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.2 (s, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₁₉H₃₉N₇O.
HPLC: Spherisorb-C1 (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm), mobile phase 0.05 M KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 35:65, pH=3, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: UV 205 nm, RT=5.51 min.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=382.
EXAMPLE 11 R,S-1-trimethylammonium-2-tetradecyloxy-3-(tetrazolato-5-yl)propane (ST 1287) (9, FIG. 3 b) Steps A-F
The compounds were prepared as in steps A-F of Example 10.
Step H
2.79 g (7.14 mmoles) of the compound prepared in Example 10, step F were suspended in 18 ml water and 1.47 ml HCOOH and 1.57 ml H₂CO were added thereto. The reaction mixture was refluxed overnight, then was allowed to cool down and methylene chloride was added; pH was adjusted to 9 with 0.5 N NaOH. The mixture was extracted three times with methylene chloride. The organic phase was washed with 0.5 N NaOH, water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and vacuum concentrated. The product was obtained as a solid with a 100% yield.
TLC silica gel AcOEt/MeOH/NH₃ 9:1:0.3;
Rf=0.58.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.7-4.5 (m, 1H), 3.8-3.7 (m, 1H), 3.5-3.4 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.10 (m, 3H), 2.45-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 6H), 1.4-1.3 (m, 2H), 1.2-1.0 (m, 22H), 0.90-0.80 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula
C₂₃H₄₄N₆O.
Step I
2.99 g (7.14 mmoles) of the compound obtained in step H were dissolved in THF and 2.5 ml of CH₃I were added thereto. The reaction was left to stand for 3 hours at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated off and the solid residue was washed with hot ether, left overnight under stirring, then filtered. The product was obtained.
Yield: 100%.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:iPrOH:MeOH:H₂O:CH₃COOH 42:7:28:10.5:10.5;
Rf=0.73.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.90-4.80 (m, 2H), 4.70-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.40-4.25 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.60-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.30 (s, 9H), 3.30-3.10 (m, 2H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.3-1.1 (m, 22H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₄H₄₇IN₆O.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=436.
Step L
The product obtained in step I (2.99 g, 5.33 mmoles) was dissolved in MeOH, then passed through IRA 402 resin in OH⁻ form, conditioned in MEOH. The title product was obtained as a solid, which was subsequently triturated with AcOEt.
Yield=88%.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:iPrOH:MeOH:H₂O:CH₃COOH (42:7:28: 10.5: 10.5)/acetone 8:2;
Rf=0.73.
TLC silica gel CHCl₃:iPrOH:MeOH:H₂O:CH₃COOH 42:7:28:10.5: 10.5;
Rf=0.73.
M.p.=180° C. dec.
¹H-NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃):
δ: 4.30-4.20 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.60-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.30 (m, 4H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 3.0-2.9 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.3-1.1 (m, 22H), 0.9-0.8 (t, 3H).
Elemental analysis: responding to the expected formula C₂₁H₄₃N₅O.
MS-FAB+glycerol matrix=382.
K.F.=1% water
HPLC: Spherisorb-C1 (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm), mobile phase 0.05 M KH₂PO₄:CH₃CN 35:65, pH=3, flow 0.75 ml/min, detector: UV 205 nm, RT-5.18 min.
The following Examples 12-14 are further illustrated by FIG. 4.
|
github_open_source_100_1_99 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Reflection;
using UnityEngine;
namespace MessageSystem
{
public static class MessageSetting
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
public static bool DebugMode = true;
#else
public static bool DebugMode = false;
#endif
public static bool OpenLog = false;
public enum WorkMode
{
Synchronized, //同步模式
Asynchronized, //异步模式
}
public static WorkMode SysWorkMode = WorkMode.Asynchronized;
public static void InitSetting()
{
var setting = Resources.Load<MessageSettingObject>("MessageSetting");
if (setting != null)
{
//Debug.Log("Load Setting");
DebugMode = setting.DebugMode;
OpenLog = setting.OpenLog;
SysWorkMode = setting.SysWorkMode;
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息处理委托
/// </summary>
/// <param name="message_params"></param>
public delegate void MessageHandleMethod(params object[] message_params);
/// <summary>
/// 消息过滤委托
/// </summary>
/// <param name="mark">过滤参数</param>
/// <returns>是否触发</returns>
public delegate bool MessageFilterMethod(string msg_uid, object mark);
public interface IBaseMessageHandler { }
/// <summary>
/// 消息处理接口
/// </summary>
public interface IMessageHandler : IBaseMessageHandler
{
string getMessageUid { get; }
void initHandleMethodMap(Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> HandleMethodMap);
}
/// <summary>
/// 多重消息处理接口
/// </summary>
public interface IMultiMessageHandler : IBaseMessageHandler
{
void initMessageUids(List<string> MessageUids);
void initHandleMethodMap(Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>> HandleMethodMap);
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息调用信息
/// </summary>
public struct MessageCallInfo
{
public long Send_timeStamp;
public string Sender_Type;
public string Sender_Mothod;
public string[] Sender_Params;
public string Sender_StackTrace;
public long Handle_timeStamp;
public string Handler_Method;
public DateTime GetSendTime { get { return DateTime.FromBinary(Send_timeStamp); } }
public DateTime GetHandleTime { get { return DateTime.FromBinary(Handle_timeStamp); } }
string _senderString;
public string getSenderString()
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(_senderString))
{
_senderString = string.Format("{0}:{1}[", Sender_Type, Sender_Mothod);
if (Sender_Params == null
|| Sender_Params.Length == 0)
_senderString += "null";
else
{
foreach (var p in Sender_Params)
_senderString += (p + ",");
}
var rm_index = _senderString.LastIndexOf(',');
_senderString = (rm_index > -1 ? _senderString.Remove(rm_index) : _senderString) + "]";
}
return _senderString;
}
}
public abstract class BaseMessageHandler
{
public Stack<MessageCallInfo> callStack = new Stack<MessageCallInfo>();
public void RecordCallInfo(long send_timeStamp, string sender_info, object[] params_info, long handle_timeStamp, string handle_method)
{
if (!MessageSetting.DebugMode)
return;
MessageCallInfo messageCall = new MessageCallInfo();
var sps = sender_info.Split(' ');
var mps = sps[0].Split(':');
messageCall.Send_timeStamp = send_timeStamp;
messageCall.Sender_Type = mps[0];
messageCall.Sender_Mothod = mps[1].Substring(0, mps[1].IndexOf('('));
messageCall.Sender_Params = new string[params_info.Length];
messageCall.Sender_StackTrace = sender_info.Substring(sps[0].Length);
messageCall.Handle_timeStamp = handle_timeStamp;
messageCall.Handler_Method = handle_method;
for (int i = 0; i < params_info.Length; i++)
{
messageCall.Sender_Params[i] = params_info[i].ToString();
}
callStack.Push(messageCall);
//Debug.Log(sender_info + "\n" + handler_info);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息处理器
/// </summary>
public class MessageHandler: BaseMessageHandler
{
public IBaseMessageHandler IHdnaler;
public Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> HandleMethodMap;
public int registerObjectHash { get { return IHdnaler.GetHashCode(); } }
public string messageUid { get; private set; }
public bool hasFilter { get { return filterMethod != null; } }
public MessageFilterMethod filterMethod;
public MessageHandler(IBaseMessageHandler IHdnaler, string messageUid,
Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> HandleMethodMap, MessageFilterMethod filterMethod = null)
{
this.IHdnaler = IHdnaler;
this.messageUid = messageUid;
this.HandleMethodMap = HandleMethodMap;
this.filterMethod = filterMethod;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息发送器
/// </summary>
public struct MessageSender
{
public string message_uid;
public string method_id;
public object[] filter_mark;
public object[] message_params;
public long send_timeStamp;
public string sender_info;
//过滤模式
public enum FilterMode
{
DontFilter,
Include,
Except,
}
public FilterMode filterMode;
public MessageSender(string message_uid, string method_id, FilterMode filterMode, object[] filter_mark, object[] message_params)
{
this.message_uid = message_uid;
this.method_id = method_id;
this.filterMode = filterMode;
this.filter_mark = filter_mark;
this.message_params = message_params;
send_timeStamp = DateTime.Now.ToBinary();
sender_info = "Unknow Sender";
}
public void RecordSender(string sender_info)
{
this.sender_info = sender_info;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 消息内核
/// </summary>
public class MessageCore : MonoBehaviour
{
private static MessageCore _singleton = null;
public virtual void Awake()
{
if (_singleton == null)
{
_singleton = this as MessageCore;
GameObject.DontDestroyOnLoad(_singleton);
}
MessageSetting.InitSetting();
}
public static MessageCore Instance
{
get
{
if (_singleton != null) return _singleton;
var go = new GameObject(typeof(MessageCore).ToString());
GameObject.DontDestroyOnLoad(go);
_singleton = go.AddComponent<MessageCore>();
return _singleton;
}
}
//Message Handler Map
Dictionary<string, Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>> messageHandlersMap = new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>>();
public Dictionary<string, Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>> getMessageHandlersMap() { return messageHandlersMap; }
Stack<string> removeHandlers = new Stack<string>();
//消息队列，异步模式下使用
Queue<MessageSender> messagesQueue = new Queue<MessageSender>();
void addMessage(string msg_uid)
{
if (!messageHandlersMap.ContainsKey(msg_uid))
{
messageHandlersMap.Add(msg_uid, new Dictionary<int, MessageHandler>());
}
}
void addDebug(IBaseMessageHandler interface_handler, MessageHandler handler)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//开启调试
var gameObject = MessageSystemEditorHelper.FindHandlerGameObject(interface_handler);
if (gameObject != null)
{
var debugger = gameObject.GetComponent<MessageSystemHandlerDebugger>();
if (debugger == null)
debugger = gameObject.AddComponent<MessageSystemHandlerDebugger>();
debugger.AddHandler(handler);
debugger.hideFlags = HideFlags.DontSave;
//debugger.hideFlags = HideFlags.HideInInspector;
}
}
#endif
}
void addHandler(IMessageHandler interface_handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
string msg_uid = interface_handler.getMessageUid;
addMessage(msg_uid);
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg_uid];
var handler_hash = interface_handler.GetHashCode();
if (!handlerDic.ContainsKey(handler_hash))
{
Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod> methodsMap = new Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>();
interface_handler.initHandleMethodMap(methodsMap);
MessageHandler handler = new MessageHandler(interface_handler, interface_handler.getMessageUid, methodsMap, messageFilter);
handlerDic.Add(handler_hash, handler);
}
addDebug(interface_handler, handlerDic[handler_hash]);
}
void addHandler(IMultiMessageHandler interface_handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
List<string> msg_uids = new List<string>();
interface_handler.initMessageUids(msg_uids);
Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>> msg_methods_map = new Dictionary<string, Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>>();
foreach (var msg_id in msg_uids)
msg_methods_map.Add(msg_id, new Dictionary<string, MessageHandleMethod>());
interface_handler.initHandleMethodMap(msg_methods_map);
foreach (var msg_uid in msg_uids)
{
addMessage(msg_uid);
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg_uid];
var handler_hash = interface_handler.GetHashCode();
if (!handlerDic.ContainsKey(handler_hash))
{
MessageHandler handler = new MessageHandler(interface_handler, msg_uid, msg_methods_map[msg_uid], messageFilter);
handlerDic.Add(handler_hash, handler);
}
addDebug(interface_handler, handlerDic[handler_hash]);
}
}
void MarkHandlerDispose(IMessageHandler interface_handler)
{
lock (removeHandlers)
{
removeHandlers.Push(Handler2Identiry(interface_handler));
}
}
void MarkHandlerDispose(IMultiMessageHandler interface_handler)
{
lock (removeHandlers)
{
List<string> rm_msg_uids = new List<string>();
interface_handler.initMessageUids(rm_msg_uids);
foreach(var msg_uid in rm_msg_uids)
{
removeHandlers.Push(Handler2Identiry(msg_uid, interface_handler.GetHashCode()));
}
}
}
void MarkHandlerDispose(MessageHandler handler)
{
lock (removeHandlers)
{
removeHandlers.Push(Handler2Identiry(handler.messageUid, handler.registerObjectHash));
}
}
void removeHandler(string msg_uid, int handler_hash)
{
if (messageHandlersMap.ContainsKey(msg_uid))
{
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg_uid];
if (handlerDic.ContainsKey(handler_hash))
{
handlerDic.Remove(handler_hash);
Log("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Remove Handler <color=#efef00>" + msg_uid + "</color>+<color=#ef0000>[" + handler_hash + "]</color>");
}
if (handlerDic.Count <= 0)
{
messageHandlersMap.Remove(msg_uid);
Log("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Remove All Handler, Message Uid is <color=#efef00>" + msg_uid + "</color>");
}
}
}
private void Update()
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Asynchronized)
{
handMessageAsync();
}
}
private void LateUpdate()
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
while (removeHandlers.Count > 0)
{
var rm_handler = removeHandlers.Pop();
var rm_params = rm_handler.Split('+');
var rm_msg_uid = rm_params[0];
var rm_hash = int.Parse(rm_params[1]);
removeHandler(rm_msg_uid, rm_hash);
}
}
void handleMessage(MessageSender msg)
{
string current_handler = "";
try
{
if (messageHandlersMap.ContainsKey(msg.message_uid))
{
var handlerDic = messageHandlersMap[msg.message_uid];
foreach (var handler in handlerDic)
{
if (handler.Value.IHdnaler.ToString() == "null")
{
MarkHandlerDispose(handler.Value);
continue;
}
bool breakMark = false;
if (msg.filterMode != MessageSender.FilterMode.DontFilter
&& msg.filter_mark != null)
{//handler filter
if (!handler.Value.hasFilter)
continue;
breakMark = MessageSender.FilterMode.Include == msg.filterMode;
for (int i = 0; i < msg.filter_mark.Length; i++)
{
var mark = msg.filter_mark[i];
if (handler.Value.filterMethod(msg.message_uid, mark))
{
breakMark = !(msg.filterMode == MessageSender.FilterMode.Include);
break;
}
}
if (breakMark)
continue;
}
current_handler = string.Format("{0}+[{1}]", handler.Value.IHdnaler.ToString(), handler.Key);
var methods = handler.Value.HandleMethodMap;
if (methods.ContainsKey(msg.method_id))
{
var handle_mehtod = methods[msg.method_id];
//Debug.Log(handle_mehtod);
if (handle_mehtod != null)
{
long handle_timeStamp = DateTime.Now.ToBinary();
handle_mehtod(msg.message_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
{//同步模式记录
handler.Value.RecordCallInfo(msg.send_timeStamp, msg.sender_info, msg.message_params, msg.send_timeStamp, handle_mehtod.Method.ToString());
}
else
{//异步模式记录
handler.Value.RecordCallInfo(msg.send_timeStamp, msg.sender_info, msg.message_params, handle_timeStamp, handle_mehtod.Method.ToString());
}
}
Log(string.Format("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Handle Message :current handler = <color=#ef0000>{0}</color> ," +
"msg uid = <color=#efef00>{1}</color>, method id = <color=#efef00>{2}</color>",
current_handler, msg.message_uid, msg.method_id));
}
}
}
}
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
LogError(string.Format("<color=#00efef>MessageSystem =></color> Handle Message Exception : current handler = {0} ,msg uid = {1}, method id = {2},\n{3}\n{4}",
current_handler, msg.message_uid, msg.method_id, ex.Message, ex.StackTrace));
}
}
public void EnqueueMessage(MessageSender msgData)
{//将消息加入队列
lock (messagesQueue)
{
messagesQueue.Enqueue(msgData);
}
}
//异步处理消息
void handMessageAsync()
{
while (messagesQueue.Count > 0)
{
var msg = messagesQueue.Dequeue();
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
static string Handler2Identiry(IMessageHandler handler)
{
return Handler2Identiry(handler.getMessageUid, handler.GetHashCode());
}
static string Handler2Identiry(string msg_uid,int hashCode)
{
return msg_uid + "+" + hashCode;
}
#region Static Methods
public static void RegisterHandler(IMessageHandler handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
Instance.addHandler(handler, messageFilter);
}
public static void RegisterHandler(IMultiMessageHandler handler, MessageFilterMethod messageFilter = null)
{
Instance.addHandler(handler, messageFilter);
}
public static void SendMessage(string msg_uid, string method_id,params object[] msg_params)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
MessageSender msgData = new MessageSender(msg_uid, method_id, MessageSender.FilterMode.DontFilter, null, msg_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//Debug模式下记录发送者信息
string sender_info = "";
var frames = StackTraceUtility.ExtractStackTrace().Split('\n');
if (frames.Length > 1)
sender_info = (frames[1]);
else
sender_info = (frames[0]);
msgData.RecordSender(sender_info); //记录发送者
}
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
Instance.handleMessage(msgData);
else
Instance.EnqueueMessage(msgData);
}
/// <summary>
/// 发送消息，满足过滤条件的消息监听者将被触发。
/// </summary>
/// <param name="msg_uid">消息UID</param>
/// <param name="method_id">子ID</param>
/// <param name="filter_mark">过滤参数</param>
/// <param name="msg_params">消息参数</param>
public static void SendMessageInclude(string msg_uid, string method_id, object[] filter_mark, params object[] msg_params)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
MessageSender msgData = new MessageSender(msg_uid, method_id, MessageSender.FilterMode.Include, filter_mark, msg_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//Debug模式下记录发送者信息
string sender_info = "";
var frames = StackTraceUtility.ExtractStackTrace().Split('\n');
if (frames.Length > 1)
sender_info = (frames[1]);
else
sender_info = (frames[0]);
msgData.RecordSender(sender_info); //记录发送者
}
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
Instance.handleMessage(msgData);
else
Instance.EnqueueMessage(msgData);
}
/// <summary>
/// 发送消息，满足过滤条件的消息监听者会被过滤。
/// </summary>
/// <param name="msg_uid">消息UID</param>
/// <param name="method_id">子ID</param>
/// <param name="filter_mark">过滤参数</param>
/// <param name="msg_params">消息参数</param>
public static void SendMessageExcept(string msg_uid, string method_id, object[] filter_mark, params object[] msg_params)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
MessageSender msgData = new MessageSender(msg_uid, method_id, MessageSender.FilterMode.Except, filter_mark, msg_params);
if (MessageSetting.DebugMode)
{//Debug模式下记录发送者信息
string sender_info = "";
var frames = StackTraceUtility.ExtractStackTrace().Split('\n');
if (frames.Length > 1)
sender_info = (frames[1]);
else
sender_info = (frames[0]);
msgData.RecordSender(sender_info); //记录发送者
}
if (MessageSetting.SysWorkMode == MessageSetting.WorkMode.Synchronized)
Instance.handleMessage(msgData);
else
Instance.EnqueueMessage(msgData);
}
public static void UnregisterHandler(IMessageHandler handler)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
Instance.MarkHandlerDispose(handler);
}
public static void UnregisterHandler(IMultiMessageHandler handler)
{
#if UNITY_EDITOR
if (!UnityEditor.EditorApplication.isPlayingOrWillChangePlaymode)
return;
#endif
Instance.MarkHandlerDispose(handler);
}
static void Log(object log)
{
if (MessageSetting.OpenLog)
Debug.Log(log);
}
static void LogError(object log)
{
//if (MessageSetting.OpenLog)
Debug.LogError(log);
}
#endregion
}
}
#if UNITY_EDITOR
public static class MessageSystemEditorHelper
{
public static GameObject FindHandlerGameObject(MessageSystem.IBaseMessageHandler handler)
{
var objs = UnityEngine.Object.FindObjectsOfType<MonoBehaviour>();
foreach (var obj in objs)
{
if (obj.GetHashCode() == handler.GetHashCode())
{
return obj.gameObject;
}
}
return null;
}
}
#endif
|
US-201615345460-A_2 | USPTO | Public Domain | FIGS. 16a and 16b show a schematic representation of the introduction ofa force or moment as described above. In this case, the force isintroduced by an actuating unit into the edge region of an opticalelement 9.15 by way of an articulated joint 35 respectively at twocontact regions 36. The parameter b that is shown in the figure in thiscase denotes the distance from the inner contact region to the opticallyactive region 9.15′ of the optical element 9.15, whereas the parameter adenotes the distance from the outer contact region 36 to the opticallyactive region 9.15′ of the optical element 9.15. In this case, the siteof action for the force or the moment coincides with the edge of theoptically active region 9.15′. FIG. 16b shows the actuated case, inwhich different forces are applied by way of the actuating units 8.1 and8.2, so that both a force and a torque act at the site of action. Theeffect of the decoupling joints 35 between the actuating units 8.1 and8.2 and the optical element 9.15, which avoid high stresses in thecontact region 36 or in the area surrounding it, can be seen well in thefigure. In particular, the decoupling joints 35 bring about the effectthat tensile and compressive forces are primarily transferred to thecontact region 36. If the contact region 36 is chosen to be sufficientlylarge, altogether lower tensile and compressive forces are obtained. Inthe most general case, the decoupling effect of the decoupling joint 35may be realized in all directions of the x/y plane. This can be achievedfor example with a thin round wire or a Cardan joint. In the case of thebending of the optical element 9.15 only about one axis, a decouplingeffect of the decoupling joint 35 about this axis is sufficient; in thiscase, a leaf spring may be used. The following advantageously appliesfor the stiffness ratio of the joint in the z and x/y directions:2<k_(z)/k_(xy)<100 with k as the spring constant.
FIG. 17 shows an exemplary distribution of contact regions 36 outsidethe optically active region 9.16′ of the optical element 9.16. Thecontact regions 36 are in this case arranged in a regular grid, where ais the distance of the inner contact regions from the optically activeregion 9.16′ and b is the distance of the outer contact regions 36 fromthe inner contact regions 36. The distance of the contact regions 36from one another in the longitudinal direction of the optical element9.16 is denoted by c. An irregular arrangement of the contact regions isalso conceivable in principle.
It should be the in this case about the distance a that it is endeavoredto arrange the contact regions 36 as close as possible to the opticallyactive region 9.16′, that is to say that a should be chosen to be assmall as possible. The distance b has a direct effect on which torquecan be introduced into the optical element 9.16 in the tangentialdirection with a prescribed actuator force. Distance c should be chosensuch that the desired resolution of the deformation can be achieved. Insimplified terms, the waviness that can be represented by the opticalelement 9.16 increases with decreasing distance c. It goes withoutsaying here that distance c does not necessarily have to be the distancefrom a wave peak to a wave trough. A wave may also run over amultiplicity of contact regions 36. In addition, the surface profile ofthe actuated optical element 9.16 does not necessarily have to beconstant in the y direction. Instead of at a wave peak for small y, theoptical element 9.16 may no longer have any deformation toward itsmiddle and subsequently form a wave trough. The neutral region also doesnot necessarily have to lie in the middle; it goes without saying that amultiplicity even of extremely irregular profiles can be set through theshown optical element 9.16 with the corresponding actuator system. Thedistance a of the centers of the first row of contact regions 36 fromthe optically active region 9.16′ of the optical element 9.16 does nothave to be constant here. In order to keep down the forces, andconsequently the stresses, in the optical element 9.16, and therebyprevent component failure, it is advantageous to choose the value in therange of 1 mm to 12 mm, in particular in the range of 3-10 mm.
The distance b of the centers of the contact regions 36 of the secondrow from that of the first row is advantageously chosen in the range of2 to 10 mm. If the distance is chosen to be too small, excessive forcesare involved to introduce an adequate tangential moment.
If the distance is too great, on the other hand, excessive forces areinvolved to be able to introduce the desired deformations into theoptically active region 9.16′.
It is advantageous to choose for the distance c a value in the range of8 to 40 mm, in particular of 8 to 30 mm.
FIG. 18 shows a variant of the arrangement shown in FIG. 17 of thecontact regions 36 outside the optically active region 9.17′. In thiscase, the contact regions 36 are arranged offset with respect to oneanother in two rows, the lateral offset of the respective contactregions 36 of the two rows in relation to one another being denoted hereby the parameter d. Here, too, the introduction of a tangential momentinto the optical element 9.17 is possible.
It is altogether of advantage to choose the number of contact regions ina range between 14 and 64. In this range, a sufficient deformationresolution of the optical element is achieved with still reasonablestructural expenditure.
Exemplary possible variants of the arrangement of measuring points onthe optical element are explained below on the basis of FIGS. 19 to 21.
Both FIG. 19 and FIG. 20 show a variant in which the measuring points 37or measuring regions that are represented by dashed lines are arrangedoutside the optically active region 9.19′ and 9.20′, respectively, andare offset from the contact regions 36. This opens up the possibility ofboth actuating and measuring from the same side of the optical element9.19 and 9.20, so that the optical element 9.19 and 9.20 can be broughtup on the opposite side comparatively close to adjacent components of aprojection exposure apparatus (for example the reticle). In principle,the measurement may take place directly on the surface of the opticalelement 9.19 and 9.20. Alternatively, it is also conceivable, as alreadydescribed, to measure indirectly by an actuating unit.
In an alternative variant of the disclosure that is not represented, themeasuring points are located in the contact regions or in the regions onthe other face of the optical element that lies opposite from thecontact regions (on the face of the optical element on which the contactpoints do not lie).
In this case, measuring may possibly be carried out close to theoptically active region of the optical element, so that the measuringaccuracy, and consequently the performance, of the system overallincreases. It goes without saying that, as represented by way of examplein FIG. 21, both the contact regions 36 and the measuring points 37 maybe arranged outside the optically active region 9.21′ on the short sideof a rectangular optical element 9.21.
It is of advantage to arrange the measuring points 37 in at least tworows in order to be able to control the drift behavior of the sensorsbetter. In the case where only one row of sensors is used, the drift ofa sensor produces much greater parasitic deformations in the opticallyactive region and reduces the performance of the system, whereby theoptical element is more poorly conditioned from the technical controlaspect. When there is drift of a sensor, in this case all of theactuating units are moved in order to correct this—erroneouslymeasured—deformation. If all of the measuring points lie in one line,there is no control or little control in the y direction, as a result ofwhich the deformation in the optically active region of the opticalelement, and consequently the optical error, increases.
The introduction of a tangential moment is important in particularbecause a waviness produced at the edges of the optical element 9.21 canalso continue into the interior, that is to say the optically activeregion 9.21′ of the optical element 9.21. Without the application of anadditional tangential moment, the desired waviness would possibly onlyoccur at the edges, that is to say in particular also in the opticallynon-active region of the optical element 9.21, and the manipulator wouldnot have its effect.
When choosing the thickness of the optical element in the z direction,various factors have to be taken into consideration. Especially, thestresses introduced into the material of the optical element, inparticular in the area surrounding the contact regions, depend stronglyon the thickness of the optical element. In an extreme case, suchstresses may lead to failure of the component. Consequently, the opticalcorrection potential is reduced in the case of thick optical elements bythe stress-dependent limitation of the maximum deflections of thecorresponding actuating units by the plate thickness. In addition, theparasitic effect of the stress birefringence increases in the case ofthicker optical elements, as a result of which the performance of thesystem as a whole is reduced.
The aforementioned aspects consequently suggest the choice of an opticalelement that is as thin as possible. However, essentially for thereasons described below, there is a lower limit to the thickness of theoptical element. Firstly, a plane-parallel optical element can only beproduced cost-effectively with a certain minimum thickness; secondly, itis desirable to maintain a certain intrinsic stiffness of the opticalelement in order to keep down as much as possible its susceptibility toharmful ambient conditions, such as for example pressure surges from thesurrounding gas.
It has been found that an advantageous choice for the thickness of theoptical element lies in the range of 1.2 mm to 7 mm, in particular inthe range of 1.2 mm to 4 mm. In an advantageous variant of thedisclosure, the choice of an optical element that is as thin as possiblecan be made possible by the measure that is represented on the basis ofFIG. 22 below.
FIG. 22 shows a variant of the disclosure in which the optical element9.22 that is mounted on the plungers 10 by way of the connecting layer11 is shielded from harmful environmental influences, in particular frompressure surges caused by the movement of the reticle stage, via aprotective plate 38 arranged between it and the reticle. The protectiveplate 38 may in this case be chosen to be comparatively thick, inparticular with a thickness in the range of 4 mm-10 mm. The maximumpossible thickness of the protective plate 38 is limited essentially bythe installation space available and by a limitation of the maximumlight path by glass in the system. The protective plate 38 may in thiscase be arranged in particular on the base frame. Sealing from thesurroundings can then be achieved by the non-actuated protective plate38 being sealed with respect to an upper termination of the base frame,which as a result of the rigid connection of the protective plate 38 tothe base frame is much easier than sealing of the actuated opticalelement 9.22 with respect to the base frame. A gas chamber 39, which isonly connected to the outside by an inflow and an outflow and can bepurged in a defined manner, is thereby created essentially between theprotective plate 38 and the optical element 9.22.
The pressure loads that act on the protective plate 38 from thesurroundings are indicated by the arrows.
It is advantageous in principle to mount the protective plate 38 on thebase frame by way of three bearing points. In this case, errors thatcould be caused by a thermal deformation of the protective plate 38 orthe base frame are minimized.
FIG. 23 shows a variant of the design of an optical element 9.23 inconnection with the manipulator described above. In this case, anoptical element 9.23 that is produced for example from quartz glass orcalcium fluoride is provided with a breakout 40 in the region that isnot passed through by the used optical radiation during the customaryoperation of the higher-order projection exposure apparatus 100. Theenvelope 41 of the beam path through the optical element 9.23 islikewise indicated in FIG. 23 and in the following FIGS. 24 and 25. Theoptical element 9.23 is in this case arranged in the customary way in amount 42, which may in particular be arranged between the manipulatorand a further element of a lens. The fact that the optical element 9.23that is shown in the figure is provided with the breakout 40 means thatinstallation space can be created for components of the structurallyhigher-level unit, for example the manipulator 200, so that altogetheran increased packing density of optical elements in a projectionexposure apparatus is achieved. In addition, weight is saved, and thebreakout 40 also creates the possibility of optimizing or controllingthe flow of a purge gas in the system.
FIGS. 24a and 24b show a variant of the solution shown above; theoptical element 9.24 is not provided there with a complete breakout, butrather is milled away in the optically unused regions 40.1. FIG. 24apresents a perspective view of the optical element 9.24, whereas FIG.24b is depicted as a lateral view. The material weakenings 40.1 andbreakouts 40 that are shown in FIGS. 23 and 24 a-24 b may be producedfor example in a final machining step in the production of the opticalelement by milling or similar production processes, such as for examplegrinding.
A further variant of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 23 and 24 a-24 b isFIGS. 25a and 25b . FIG. 25a shows a perspective view of thecorresponding variant, whereas FIG. 25b presents a lateral view.
In the example shown in FIGS. 25a-25b , the outer contour of the opticalelement 9.25 is not of an annular configuration, but rather 3 eyelets43, through which the optical element 9.25 can be screwed for example tothe mount of a further optical element of a projection lens or bemounted on hemispherical bosses, are formed in the example shown.Dispensing with the annular contour allows additional installation spaceto be gained here; furthermore, the overall mass of the optical element9.25 is reduced further, which has considerable advantages with respectto use of the optical element 9.25 in a manipulator.
FIG. 26 shows by way of example a use of the optical element with amanipulator 200, it being evident how the remaining part of the opticalelement protrudes into the free installation space in the manipulator200.
The technical features that are explained on the basis of FIGS. 23 to 26are reproduced once again below, structured in the form of items thatare numbered and refer back to one another.
1. A projection exposure apparatus for semiconductor lithography, havinga manipulator for the correction of wavefront aberrations of the usedoptical radiation that passes through an optical element of themanipulator during the operation of the projection lens, an opticalelement which is provided with a material weakening in the region thatis not passed through by the used optical radiation during the customaryoperation of the projection exposure apparatus being arranged adjacentto the manipulator in the light path, characterized in that the part ofthe optical element that is not provided with the material weakeningprotrudes into a clearance produced by the geometry of the manipulatorand/or in that at least part of the manipulator protrudes into theregion of the material weakening.
2. The projection exposure apparatus as provided by item 1,characterized in that the material weakening is a breakout.
3. The projection exposure apparatus as provided by item 1,characterized in that the material weakening is a milled-away portion orground-away portion.
4. The projection exposure apparatus as provided by one of the precedingitems, characterized in that the outer contour of the optical elementdeviates from the form of a ring, eyelets for the fastening or mountingof the optical element being present on the optical element.
5. The projection exposure apparatus as provided by one of the precedingitems, characterized in that the manipulator is arranged directly aftera reticle of the projection exposure apparatus in the direction of theused optical radiation.
For the purpose of the aforementioned items, a material weakening isintended to be understood as meaning in particular the absence ofmaterial, whereby an originally existing or merely imaginary completeform of the optical element has been reduced or become incomplete. It isfor example conceivable that the optical element is a body ofrevolution, in particular a spherical, rotationally symmetrical lenselement with a clearance, the rotational symmetry being broken as aresult of the presence of the clearance. It is in this case immaterialwhether a complete optical element has first been produced and thenreworked or whether the material weakening was already provided in thedesign of the optical element, so that no reworking was involved toproduce the material weakening. In other words, an optical elementprovided with a material weakening may be understood as meaning inparticular an optical element which, when viewed by a person skilled inthe art, would be imagined as completed in a form of an optical elementthat is familiar to such a person.
The material weakening is consequently a deviation from the customaryform of concave or convex lens elements that goes beyond the materialweakenings associated with the creation of free-form surfaces oraspheres, in particular even by orders of magnitude. In particular, anoptically non-effective region is produced. The material weakening mayfor example also be bordered by a discontinuous profile of the surfaceof the optical element, such as for example an edge.
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus, comprising: a projection lenscomprising a manipulator, the manipulator comprising: an opticalelement; a base frame; a sensor frame arranged on the base frame; asensor arranged on the sensor frame; and a supporting frame arranged onthe base frame, wherein: the manipulator is configured to correctwavefront aberrations of used optical radiation that pass through theoptical element during the operation of the projection lens; themanipulator is arranged directly after an object plane of the apparatusalong a path of the used optical radiation; the sensor is configured tomeasure a deformation or a deflection of the optical element; acoefficient of thermal expansion of the sensor frame is within 16 ppm/Kof a coefficient of thermal expansion of the base frame; and thesupporting frame comprises a non-magnetic metallic material, wherein theapparatus is a semiconductor lithography projection exposure apparatus.2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the optical element comprises aplane-parallel element.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein: themanipulator further comprises: actuating units configured to deform ormove the optical element; a mount configured to mount an optical elementof the projection lens which is different from the optical element ofthe manipulator; the actuating units are arranged along a periphery ofthe optical element of the manipulator; the actuating units aremechanically connected to contact regions of the optical element of themanipulator; the actuating units are mechanically connected to the baseframe; the base frame is connected to the mount.
4. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein the optical element of the manipulator is arranged onthe supporting frame via the actuating units.
5. The apparatus of claim1, wherein: a coefficient of thermal expansion of the supporting frameis within 16 ppm/K of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the baseframe; and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the supporting frameis within 16 ppm/K of a coefficient of thermal expansion of the sensorframe.
6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the actuating unitscomprises actuators which comprise piezo stacks.
7. The apparatus ofclaim 3, wherein at least one of the actuating units is a shaped as aparallelogram with interior angles configured to be changed by anactuator of the at least one actuating unit.
8. The apparatus of claim7, wherein the effective direction of the actuator extends in adirection of a diagonal of the parallelogram.
9. The apparatus of claim3, wherein the sensor is configured to measure a deflection of acomponent of an actuating unit.
10. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe sensor is configured to directly measure a deflection of the opticalelement.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises anoptical sensor or encoder.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thesensor comprises a capacitive sensor.
13. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the sensor comprises a force sensor.
14. The apparatus of claim1, wherein a plurality of sensors are arranged along a periphery of theoptical element.
15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sensor framecomprises titanium, a titanium alloy, aluminum, an aluminum alloy,Zerodur, ULE or (Si)Sic.
16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thesensor frame comprises a material having a coefficient of thermalexpansion of from 0 ppm/K to 12 ppm/K.
17. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the sensor frame comprises a material having a modulus ofelasticity value of from 60 GPa to 400 GPa.
18. The apparatus of claim1, further comprising an illumination device configured to illuminatethe object plane during use of the apparatus.
19. A method of operatinga semiconductor lithography projection exposure apparatus comprising aillumination device and a projection lens, the method comprising: usingthe illumination device to illuminate a reticle; and using theprojection lens to transfer an image of the illuminated reticle onto awafer, wherein the projection lens is a projection lens according toclaim
1. 20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-magnetic metallicmaterial comprises a non-magnetic steel.
21. The apparatus of claim 4,wherein the non-magnetic metallic material comprises a non-magneticsteel.
22. An apparatus, comprising: a projection lens comprising amanipulator, the manipulator comprising: an optical element; a baseframe; a sensor frame arranged on the base frame; and a sensor arrangedon the sensor frame; a supporting frame arranged on the base frame;actuating units configured to deform or move the optical element,wherein: the manipulator is configured to correct wavefront aberrationsof used optical radiation that pass through the optical element duringthe operation of the projection lens; the manipulator is arrangeddirectly after an object plane of the apparatus along a path of the usedoptical radiation; the sensor is configured to measure a deformation ora deflection of the optical element; the optical element is arranged onthe supporting frame via the actuating units; the actuating units areconfigured to deform or move the optical element; the base framecomprises a first material; the supporting frame comprises a secondmaterial; the sensor frame comprises a third material different fromboth the first material and the second material; a coefficient ofthermal expansion of the the third material is within 16 ppm/K of acoefficient of thermal expansion of the first material; the coefficientof thermal expansion of the third material is within 16 ppm/K of acoefficient of thermal expansion of the second material; and thecoefficient of thermal expansion of the second material is within 16ppm/K of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the first material; andthe apparatus is a semiconductor lithography projection exposureapparatus..
|
github_open_source_100_1_100 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | using System;
using ICSharpCore.Primitives;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
namespace ICSharpCore.Script
{
public static class Extensions
{
public static DisplayData HTML(string html)
{
return new DisplayData
{
Data = new JObject
{
{ "text/html", html }
}
};
}
}
}
|
github_open_source_100_1_101 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | dt = input('coloque uma data no formato dd/mm/aaaa : ')
try:
if dt[2] == '/' and dt[5] == '/':
dia = int(dt[0]+dt[1])
mes = int(dt[3]+dt[4])
if dia > 31 or mes > 12:
print('invalido, dia ou mes errados')
else:
print(' a data {} é valida !'.format(dt))
except:
print(' a data é invalida !') |
github_open_source_100_1_102 | Github OpenSource | Various open source | /* These are defined in MSL errno.h, but unfortunately not documented */
#define EFPOS 35 /* File positioning error */
#define ESIGPARM 36 /* Signal argument error */
#define ENOMEM 37 /* Cannot allocate memory */
#define EACCES 38 /* Permission denied */
#define ENOENT 39 /* No such file or directory */
#define ENOSYS 40 /* Function not implemented */
|
6022322_1 | Wikipedia | CC-By-SA | Mohamed Morsi (), de son nom complet Mohamed Mohamed Morsi Issa al-Ayyat (, transcrit traditionnellement Muḥammad Muḥammad Mursī ‘Īsá al-‘Ayyāṭ par les arabisants), né le à Ach-Charqiya et mort le au Caire, est un homme d'État égyptien, président de la République du au.
Président du Parti de la liberté et de la justice, formation issue des Frères musulmans, il représente le parti islamiste à l'élection présidentielle qui suit la révolution de 2011. Il l'emporte au second tour face à l'ancien Premier ministre Ahmed Chafik, avec 51,7 % des voix, et devient ainsi le premier président élu démocratiquement en Égypte et le premier civil à occuper ce poste.
Il est renversé par un coup d'État en 2013, à la suite d'un vaste mouvement de protestations populaires. Après plusieurs condamnations à des peines d’emprisonnement et une dégradation de son état de santé, il meurt après avoir perdu connaissance lors d'une audition.
Études et famille
Fils aîné d'un paysan (ou fellah), Morsi grandit dans le gouvernorat d'Ach-Charqiya, dans le delta du Nil.
Durant ses études en génie civil à l'université du Caire, il adhère aux Frères musulmans. De 1978 à 1985, il part finir ses études aux États-Unis, où il obtient un doctorat en ingénierie spatiale à l'université de Californie du Sud. Jusqu'en 1985, il enseigne à la California State University, et travaille pour la NASA au développement des moteurs de la navette spatiale.
En 1979, il épouse sa cousine Naglaa Ali Mahmoud, qui le rejoint sur le continent américain et travaille au Centre islamique de Californie où elle se consacre à l'éducation et au mariage des jeunes filles. Leurs deux premiers fils sont nés à Los Angeles et ont, de ce fait, la nationalité américaine. C'est durant sa période américaine que Morsi gravit la hiérarchie des Frères musulmans. Son fils cadet, Abdallah Morsi, meurt à 25 ans à la suite d'une crise cardiaque, deux mois après la mort de son père.
Ascension politique
Figure des Frères musulmans
Morsi occupe, parallèlement à ses activités professionnelles au département de génie de l'université de Zagazig, un rôle de plus en plus important dans la confrérie, devenant une personnalité influente du mouvement : responsable des relations avec le Soudan, directeur de la section des Affaires étrangères, enfin membre du Conseil de guidance, la plus haute autorité du mouvement. Il est emprisonné pendant sept mois en 2006 pour avoir participé à une manifestation.
Après les bons résultats des élections législatives égyptiennes de 2005 sur lesquelles il espère capitaliser, Morsi devient le directeur de campagne lors des élections législatives égyptiennes de 2010. Mais ces élections sont confisquées par le pouvoir de Moubarak qui espère faire élire son fils Gamal à sa succession. Morsi dénonce la fraude électorale et les arrestations de Frères musulmans ( selon lui). À cette époque, il associe à son discours des références religieuses.
Élection présidentielle de 2012
Au début de la révolution de 2011, il est arrêté ainsi que 24 autres dirigeants des Frères musulmans, et incarcéré brièvement (28-). Rapidement après, Morsi devient un des interlocuteurs d'Omar Souleiman qui considère désormais les Frères musulmans comme une force politique prépondérante.
À la suite du renversement du président Moubarak et de sa démission, les Frères musulmans avaient annoncé qu'ils n'avaient pas l'intention de gouverner le pays, ce qui était de nature à rassurer les Égyptiens séculiers. L'armée de même avait promis publiquement ne pas rechercher la présidence ou une majorité parlementaire. Toutefois semblait grandir, malgré la méfiance et l'hostilité d'une grande partie de la population. Les plus jeunes du mouvement obtinrent un vote de la confrérie sur l'envoi d'un candidat à la présidence. La décision fut arrachée après 3 tours de scrutin. Sur les 108 membres votants, 56 votèrent pour une candidature à la présidence, 52, contre. Plusieurs éventuels futurs candidats refusèrent, d'autres furent écartés.
Le est créé le Parti de la liberté et de la justice (PLJ) et Mohamed Morsi en prend la tête. Il adresse quelques signes rassurants aux adversaires traditionnels des Frères musulmans, que ce soient les libéraux auxquels il promet de collaborer pour la rédaction de la constitution, les communistes et les forces de gauche égyptiennes bien que sceptiques, ou les coptes dont il prend un représentant comme vice-président du parti, bien qu'il soutienne la charia comme base de la future Constitution. Sûr de la confiance du peuple envers son parti, il soutient le scénario de l'élection rapide d'une assemblée constituante.
Les élections législatives égyptiennes de 2011-2012 sont un succès pour le PLJ, qui obtient 38 % des votes et 49 % des sièges.
En , le PLJ choisit de présenter la candidature du charismatique Khairat al-Chater à l'élection présidentielle égyptienne de 2012. Cependant, ce dernier a été condamné à plusieurs peines de prison sous Moubarak et sa candidature est invalidée le . Pour ne pas se retrouver sans candidat, le PLJ présente la candidature de Morsi, qui se décrit comme candidat d'un parti plus que dirigeant par vocation. Il est considéré comme un candidat sérieux face à Amr Moussa et Ahmed Chafik mais doit unifier le vote islamiste face à deux autres candidats : Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh (soutenu par l'autre force islamiste, les salafistes du parti Nour) et Mohamed Selim el-Aoua (de tendance majoritaire de l'islamisme ; a soutenu les Frères musulmans sous Moubarak).
Le président de la commission électorale proclame Morsi élu à la fonction de président de la République le . Il l’a emporté au second tour avec 51,73 % des votes, face à Ahmed Chafik, ancien général de l'aviation militaire qui avait été le dernier Premier ministre de Moubarak. Morsi s'était engagé à désigner un gouvernement ouvert et à impliquer la société civile dans l'élaboration d'une nouvelle Constitution. Le , il se rend sur la place Tahrir.
Président de la République
Débuts au pouvoir
Sa présidence commence le . Il est le cinquième président d'Égypte. Le cabinet de son Premier ministre Hecham Qandil est présenté le . Dans les six semaines qui suivirent son installation, il limoge le chef des renseignements Mourad Mouafi, le maréchal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi qui avait servi Moubarak pendant 20 ans, et qui était chef du Conseil suprême des forces armées (de facto chef de l'État par intérim), et le lieutenant général Sami Hafez Anan (ou Enan), vice-président du Conseil suprême des forces armées. Il nomme à sa place le général Abdel Fattah al-Sissi commandant des Forces armées. Il s'attribue par ailleurs certains pouvoirs législatifs, le Parlement ayant été dissous par une décision confirmée par la Haute Cour constitutionnelle.
Le , il gracie des opposants.
Après ce coup d'éclat, le , le président promulgue une déclaration constitutionnelle qui lui confère la possibilité de légiférer par décret et d'annuler des décisions de justice déjà en cours. Outre le pouvoir exécutif et le pouvoir législatif, des commentateurs estiment qu'il détient ainsi le pouvoir judiciaire. Morsi est alors comparé par certains à Hosni Moubarak et des manifestations de plusieurs milliers de personnes ont lieu dans le pays, rassemblant en particulier des militants se définissant comme des.
Réformes constitutionnelles
Soutenu par l'appareil de la confrérie, il met en place tant bien que mal sa feuille de route. Le , il annonce qu'il soumet le projet de Constitution à référendum. Après des semaines de manifestations rivales ayant parfois dégénéré en violences meurtrières, les électeurs égyptiens votent, le , dans dix gouvernorats, dont Le Caire et Alexandrie, sur le projet de Constitution défendu par le président Mohamed Morsi et ses partisans, avec en résultat une victoire du « oui ». Selon l'opposition laïque, de gauche et libérale, ce texte ouvre la voie à des interprétations rigoristes de l'islam et offre peu de garanties pour certaines libertés. Des violences entre partisans et adversaires du texte ont eu lieu au Caire et dans la grande ville d'Alexandrie.
Le durcissement religieux se manifeste par exemple avec le limogeage de nombreux responsables culturels ou encore par le rejet d'un texte adopté par l'ONU visant à lutter contre les violences faites aux femmes.
Appliquant ainsi le programme des Frères musulmans alors que les révolutionnaires laïcs et les autres partis laïques ou islamistes demandent à prendre part à l'exercice du pouvoir, Morsi se révèle peu capable de fédérer le pays et doit faire face à des poussées de contestations régulières.
Le , une enquête est ouverte à l’encontre des trois opposants, dirigeants du Front de salut national (FSN), créé en , accusés d'incitation au renversement du président Mohamed Morsi. Le , une manifestation est organisée pour le deuxième anniversaire de la révolution. Cette décision est contraire aux restrictions prévues dans un nouveau projet de loi sur le droit de manifester, ainsi que les appels du président Morsi à en finir avec les protestations et.
Premières contestations
Le , un groupe de jeunes activistes crée le mouvement Tamarod (Rébellion) et lance une pétition demandant la démission du président Morsi et une nouvelle élection présidentielle. Au , le mouvement affirme avoir obtenu 22 millions de signatures avec adresses et les numéros de cartes d'identité. Le mouvement semble avoir été spontané, au départ du moins. L'homme d'affaires multimilliardaire Naguib Sawiris (chrétien copte), qui avait quitté l'Égypte peu après l'élection de Morsi, a déclaré à Reuters qu'il a complètement soutenu le mouvement logistiquement grâce à sa station de télévision, son journal, Al-Masri Al-Youm, et les trois partis libres égyptiens qu'il avait fondés.
Morsi est reconnu comme nouvel interlocuteur par les Occidentaux ; il est fortement soutenu par la diplomatie turque et reçoit un important soutien économique du Qatar.
Le , le président Morsi rencontre au Soudan Omar el-Béchir (qui était lui-même venu au Caire en début d'année) afin de tenter d'améliorer les relations entre les deux pays. Les mésententes se concentrent sur le partage du Nil, les problèmes frontaliers et le triangle de Hala'ib, revendiquée par les deux pays. Cette tentative de rapprochement a été critiquée compte tenu de la situation du président soudanais condamné par la Cour pénale internationale (CPI) pour crimes de guerre, contre l’humanité et génocide au Darfour, ainsi que pour le détournement de neuf milliards de dollars. Le Soudan subit depuis 1997 des sanctions de la part des États-Unis qui accusent son gouvernement de terrorisme.
Coup d'État et renversement
Un important mouvement protestataire éclate en . Le , en prévision des manifestations organisées pour le par le groupe Tamarrod, Morsi déclare lors d'une allocution que . Un an après son arrivée à la présidence de la République, le , des millions d’Égyptiens manifestent pour sa démission (14 millions selon une source militaire citée par l'agence Reuters ; 17 millions selon les sources policières relayées par l'Agence France-Presse). Les manifestations continuent les jours qui suivent, des heurts entre manifestants font plusieurs morts, tandis que cinq ministres, ainsi que le porte-parole du gouvernement et un porte-parole de Mohamed Morsi, démissionnent. L'armée adresse un ultimatum au président lui demandant de . Ce dernier rejette l'ultimatum le lendemain et dans la nuit du 2 au , Morsi déclare lors de sa dernière allocution que , rappelant qu'il était le premier président élu démocratiquement de l'histoire de l'Égypte. Quelques heures plus tard, Morsi appelle à former un gouvernement de.
Le , le général Abdel Fattah al-Sissi, chef d'état-major de l'armée égyptienne, annonce la destitution de Mohamed Morsi et le remplacement de celui-ci par le président de la Haute Cour constitutionnelle, Adli Mansour, ainsi que la suspension de la Constitution, ajoutant vouloir donner plus de pouvoirs aux jeunes. Mohamed Morsi dénonce un « coup d'État complet » sur sa page Twitter. L'armée annonce qu'elle organisera des élections législatives et présidentielle anticipées. Al-Sissi déclarera plus tard que.
Pourtant, le jour même, Morsi avait appelé à former un pour régler la crise en prévision des élections législatives.
Le , on apprend que Mohamed Morsi est détenu par l'armée et que des mandats d'arrêt sont émis à l'endroit des dirigeants des Frères musulmans, tandis qu'Adli Mansour prête serment comme président par intérim.
Pour Tewfik Aklimandos, chercheur au Collège de France, les Frères musulmans étaient, à l'époque, minoritaires en Égypte : ils n'avaient obtenu que 25 % au premier tour de l'élection présidentielle. Selon lui 80 % des Égyptiens étaient, en 2013, opposés à un retour de Morsi :.
Après la chute
Détention et état de santé
À la veille du putsch du 3 juillet 2013, il est détenu dans un bâtiment appartenant à l'armée égyptienne.
Plusieurs plaintes sont ensuite instruites à son encontre :
le , le parquet annonce qu'une enquête pénale le concernant est ouverte pour espionnage, incitation à la violence et destruction de l'économie. Début septembre, le parquet annonce officiellement qu'il est inculpé pour , de même que 14 autres responsables et membres des Frères musulmans.
Évasion de la prison de Wadi el-Natroun : le , un tribunal égyptien a déclaré que les membres des Frères musulmans ont conspiré avec le Hamas, le Hezbollah et des militants islamistes locaux dans le but de prendre d'assaut la prison de Wadi el-Natroun au nord-ouest du Caire profitant du chaos durant la révolution de afin de faire évader 34 dirigeants des Frères musulmans dont le futur président Mohamed Morsi. Deux autres prisons, dans lesquelles des membres du Hamas et du Hezbollah étaient emprisonnés, ont également été attaquées. Le juge Khaled Mahgouba a affirmé que les assaillants s’étaient emparés de grandes quantités d'armes se trouvant dans les prisons, il a ajouté que les alliés du Hamas dans le Sinaï avaient préparé l'entrée de ses militants dans la péninsule égyptienne en perpétrant des attaques contre les forces de sécurité égyptiennes surveillant les tunnels de contrebande entre l’Égypte et la bande de Gaza. Selon ce juge, des combattants du Hamas et du Hezbollah avaient pénétré en Égypte en utilisant ces tunnels le . Le , le procureur en chef égyptien, Hicham Barakat, a reçu des témoignages d'un tribunal de la ville d'Ismaïlia servant de base pour une autre enquête conduite par les procureurs de la sécurité de l’État concernant l’évasion de la prison, de Morsi et plus de 30 autres dirigeants des Frères musulmans. Le , les autorités égyptiennes ordonnent la détention pendant quinze jours de Morsi, sous l'accusation d'assassinats de soldats et de conspiration avec le Hamas lors de son évasion de prison en 2011, d'incendie criminel, de destruction de documents, de collaboration avec le Hamas pour se livrer à des actions violentes dans le pays contre la police et l'armée égyptienne, d'avoir tué des détenus, des officiers et des soldats.
Il reçoit pendant sa détention la visite de soutien symbolique de Catherine Ashton, haute représentante de l'Union européenne pour les affaires étrangères et la politique de sécurité. Morsi devient pour ses partisans le symbole de la légitimité du pouvoir renversé. C'est ce qui est exprimé par les fréquentes manifestations de soutien organisées par les Frères musulmans fin 2013, malgré les nombreuses arrestations qui suivent la dispersion violente de l'occupation pacifique de Rabaa ( ; plus de 600 tués).
Le , il est condamné à 20 ans de prison incompressibles.
Il est condamné à mort le . Quelques jours après, l'ex-président tunisien Moncef Marzouki appelle les dirigeants politiques et les militants des droits de l'homme à se mobiliser afin de préserver la vie de Mohamed Morsi et de lui garantir le droit de défense. Le , il est condamné à la prison à vie. Le , ses biens sont saisis.
En , la Cour de cassation casse la condamnation à mort de Morsi et de 21 autres membres des Frères musulmans dans l'affaire de l'évasion de la prison de Wadi el-Natroun en et ordonne qu'un nouveau procès ait lieu. Quelques jours plus tard, la même cour casse une autre condamnation à mort de Morsi dans une affaire d'espionnage au profit de l'Iran et du Hamas et ordonne un nouveau procès. Le , il est condamné à trois ans de prison pour.
Durant sa détention, il est placé à l'isolement 23 heures par jour, n'a pas accès aux journaux et à la télévision, n'a eu droit qu'à trois visites de sa famille, et dort à même le sol.
En , une commission parlementaire britannique alerte sur son état de santé, dénonçant des conditions de détention inhumaines et le risque d'une mort prématurée. Il est alors atteint d'une tumeur bénigne, victime d'une tension artérielle défaillante et d'une maladie hépatique, de problèmes rénaux, de diabète, de foie, et son avocat affirme que son client est devenu aveugle.
Mort, obsèques et enquête
Selon les autorités égyptiennes, il meurt à l'hôpital le , sept ans jour pour jour après son élection, à 67 ans, après avoir perdu connaissance alors qu'il s'exprimait lors d'une audience de son procès à la prison de Tora. Ce jour-là avaient lieu deux de ses procès en appel, alors qu'il cumulait 45 ans de prison dans deux autres affaires. Selon ses codétenus et ses avocats, entre vingt et quarante minutes se sont écoulées entre son malaise et son évacuation, et la police a refusé que ses codétenus médecins lui procurent les premiers secours. Peu avant sa mort, il avait menacé de , avait demandé à être jugé par un tribunal spécial, puis a fini par un poème patriotique :
La presse égyptienne ne couvre que brièvement la mort de l'ancien président, qui est insulté sur la télévision publique, alors que des images d'attaques contre des policiers et militaires tournent en boucle et qu'il est accusé d'en être responsable. Les Frères musulmans sont également pour l'occasion accusés de mensonges. Outre les islamistes, les libéraux égyptiens lui rendent également hommage. The Middle East Monitor compare sa mort à celle de Moshood Abiola, président élu du Nigeria à qui la junte a refusé de remettre le pouvoir et qui est mort en prison.
Le président turc Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , l'émir du Qatar Tamim ben Hamad Al Thani, l'ancienne reine Noor de Jordanie, l'ex-président tunisien Moncef Marzouki, l'ancien porte-parole du secrétaire général des Nations unies Stéphane Dujarric, le ministre des Affaires étrangères malaisien et la vice-Première ministre de Malaisie Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, le président du Haut Conseil d'État libyen Khaled al-Michri et son opposant Mohamed el-Baradei lui rendent hommage, de même que les Frères musulmans égyptiens, le parti tunisien Ennahdha, le Hamas palestinien, le MSP algérien, le Hadas koweïtien et le Tewassoul mauritanien, ont tous publié des déclarations condamnant l'incident. De nombreuses prières funéraires, notamment en Turquie, ont lieu, tandis que des manifestations hostiles à Sissi ont lieu notamment en Algérie et au Maroc, à l'initiative d'organisations islamistes et de gauche. Jeune Afrique estime que certains pays arabes n'ont pas réagi à la nouvelle pour ne pas l'Arabie saoudite.
Au lendemain de sa mort, le bureau des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations unies demande au gouvernement égyptien une enquête afin de déterminer les causes de sa mort. Les ONG Human Rights Watch et Amnesty International exigent une enquête internationale sur les causes réelles de la mort. Le député britannique Crispin Blunt considère également la mort de Mohamed Morsi comme représentative de l’incapacité du régime égyptien en place à traiter les prisonniers conformément au droit égyptien et international. En réaction, le porte-parole du ministère des Affaires étrangères égyptien dénonce une « tentative délibérée de politiser un cas de décès naturel ».
Selon Jonathan Schanzer (, FDD), . Pour Sarah-Leah Whitson, directrice MENA d'Human Rights Watch, sa mort était prévisible au vu de l'absence de soins et de visites.
Le , à l'aube (pour parer à toute révolte), après une prière mortuaire à la mosquée de la prison où il était détenu, il est enterré en toute discrétion et sous haute surveillance dans le quartier cairote de . Les autorités ont refusé la demande de sa famille de l'inhumer au cimetière familial à Ach-Charqiya. Seule une dizaine de proches étaient présents, aucun journaliste n'ayant été autorisé à assister à la cérémonie.
Le , des experts onusiens estiment que la mort de Morsi est un , l'homme étant , malgré son diabète et son hypertension.
Décorations
Décorations égyptiennes (en sa qualité de président de la République) :
Collier de l'ordre du Nil ;
Collier de l'ordre de l'Indépendance ;
Collier de l'ordre de la République ;
Grand-croix de l'ordre égyptien du Mérite.
Décorations étrangères :
: grand-cordon de l'ordre de l'Indépendance ;
: grand-cordon de l’ordre El-Nilein.
Notes et références
Notes
Références
Liens externes
Naissance à Ach-Charqiya
Naissance en août 1951
Décès au Caire
Décès en juin 2019
Décès à 67 ans
Mort d'une crise cardiaque
Personnalité morte en prison
Étudiant de l'université du Caire
Étudiant de l'université de Californie du Sud
Ingénieur égyptien du XXe siècle
Ingénieur égyptien du XXIe siècle
Professeur à l'université de Zagazig
Professeur à l'université d'État de Californie à Northridge
Universitaire égyptien
Membre des Frères musulmans
Personnalité du printemps arabe
Parti de la liberté et de la justice
Personnalité politique renversée par un coup d'État
Personnalité égyptienne condamnée pour crime
Président d'Égypte
Prisonnier politique égyptien
Prisonnier politique du XXIe siècle.
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