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15827381

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Steele%20%28politician%29

Jason Steele (politician)

Jason Steele (born July 26, 1948) is an American politician who was a Republican member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1980 to 1982. His district included portions of Brevard County. He was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He lost his bid for Florida House District 31 to replace term-limited Representative Mitch Needelman. He ran against Ken Babington, Ron Stump, and John Tobia. Tobia won. In March 2009, Steele filed to run against John Tobia in the 2010 election cycle, but rescinded his name in the summer of 2009. Career Steele's earliest experience was as a personal aide to Governor Claude Kirk. In 1981 Steele served on the committee for Tourism, Economic Development and Transportation, Private Property Rights. He served as the Chairman of the Brevard County Legislative committee. In 1993 Steele was seated as the Liaison to the Florida Real Estate Education Foundation. In 1994 he became an Agency Task Force committee member. In 1992 he became the Chairman of the Florida Real Estate Commission. Before this he was the Vice-Chairman. In 1981 Steele ran an unsuccessful campaign for the Florida Senate. He also ran an unsuccessful campaign in 1984 for the Florida House of Representatives. From 1980–1982 Steele served in the Florida House of Representatives for District 44. 2004 to 2008 Prevent Board of Directors 2002 to 2008 Member Hubbs-Seaworld Research Institute Florida 1985 to 2008 Founder, and Member of Space Coast Tiger Bay Club 1992 Chairman Florida Real Estate Commission Professional experience Steele is currently a Managing Broker for Coldwell Banker Ed Schlitt in Melbourne, Florida. From 2002-2004 he was the Director of the Division of Real Estate for the State of Florida. Circuit Court Judge George Maxwell appointed Steele the receiver for the Brevard Builder Group in 2002. In his early life, 1976–2003, he was Vice President of the Steele Company out of Indialantic, Florida. Steele has been an expert witness and has been retained for legal opinion on real estate cases in the state of Florida. He was also appointed by Governor Bob Martinez to be a Florida Real Estate Commissioner for 8 years. He has been a Real Estate Instructor since 1980. Education Steele is an I.T.I. Trained Real Estate Instructor for GRI, Fair Housing, Sales and Marketing, Environmental Permitting, Agency, and Law. He attended Florida State University. He was awarded an associate degree from Broward Community College. Attended St. Thomas Aquinas High School (Fort Lauderdale, Florida). He graduated from Stranahan High School Ft. Lauderdale. References External links Jason Steele's Realtor Site Living people Republican Party members of the Florida House of Representatives Florida State University alumni Politicians from Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1948 births Broward College alumni

15827397

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuzenji%20Romney%20Railway

Shuzenji Romney Railway

The Shuzenji Romney Railway (ロムニー鉄道, Romney Railway) is a 1.2 km, gauge ridable miniature railway located in Niji-no-Sato (Rainbow Park) in Izu, Shizuoka, on the Izu Peninsula in Japan. It is based on the English Romney, Hythe & Dymchurch Railway on the English Channel coast in Kent, which opened in 1927. The railway operates using a mixture of steam and diesel locomotives and enclosed saloon carriages. Its primary two steam engines were built by the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway in Cumbria, England, and are based on that line's 1976 Northern Rock 2-6-2 steam locomotive. Its No. 2 locomotive Ernest W. Twining was acquired from the Fairbourne Railway in Wales when that line converted to gauge. There is also a small 15-inch gauge railway museum. Locomotives References Hiroshi Naito, "Shuzenji Romney Railway in Niji-no-Sato, Rainbow Country" - Japanese Railway Society External links Niji-no-Sato Niji-no-Sato Romney Railway 15 in gauge railways in Japan Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway Tourist attractions in Shizuoka Prefecture Rail transport in Shizuoka Prefecture Heritage railways in Japan Izu, Shizuoka

15827405

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumovirus

Cucumovirus

Cucumovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Bromoviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Taxonomy The following species are assigned to the genus: Cucumber mosaic virus Gayfeather mild mottle virus Peanut stunt virus Tomato aspermy virus Structure Viruses in the genus Cucumovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and Spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 29 nm. Genomes are linear and segmented, tripartite. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded rna virus transcription, using the internal initiation model of subgenomic rna transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are mechanical and contact. Epidemiology It is thought that cucumoviruses are present worldwide, being known to occur in Eurasia, Australia, Canada, France, India, Japan, North and South Korea, Morocco, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, the US, and the former USSR. Its natural hosts belong to the domain Eukaryota. The virus is transmitted by vector, mechanical inoculation, grafting, or seeds, and it is transmitted in a non-persistent manner. The vectors may be arthropods, specifically insects of the order Hemiptera, family Aphididae (colloquially one would say cucumovirus is transmitted by aphids). References External links ICTV Report: Bromoviridae ICTVdb Virus Description Viralzone: Cucumovirus Bromoviridae Viral plant pathogens and diseases Virus genera

15827425

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Aarvold

Carl Aarvold

Sir Carl Douglas Aarvold (7 June 1907 – 17 March 1991) was an English barrister who became Recorder of London. Among other cases, he presided at the 1965 trial of the Kray twins. In his earlier days, he was also an England rugby union international player Born in Hartlepool, he was educated at Durham School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge and from 1928 until 1933 played rugby 16 times for his country, captaining the side six times. He was called to the bar in 1932. Two years later he married Noeline Hill at St George's, Hanover Square, and the marriage yielded three sons. His professional career was interrupted by World War II during which he served in the Royal Artillery and reached the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1945 for his war service and also received the Territorial Decoration Embarking on a legal career, he was by 1951 the Recorder of Pontefract and then Judge of the Lord Mayor's and City of London Court (later Common Serjeant). By now Master of the Inner Temple he succeeded Edward Anthony Hawke to be Recorder of London, the Senior Judge at The Old Bailey in 1964, and was knighted in 1968. A long-serving president of the Lawn Tennis Association, he died on 17 March 1991; his wife died in 2005. In 1966, he received the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria. Notes 1907 births 1991 deaths Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England British Army personnel of World War II Cambridge University R.U.F.C. players Common Serjeants of London England international rugby union players English barristers 20th-century English judges English rugby union players Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge Knights Bachelor Military personnel from County Durham Members of the Inner Temple Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Durham School Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria Recorders of London Royal Artillery officers Rugby football people awarded knighthoods Rugby union players from Hartlepool West Hartlepool R.F.C. players Rugby union centres

15827486

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Fawal

Ibrahim Fawal

Ibrahim Fawal (1933 - 2020) was a Palestinian-American academic, former professor, and author of the historical novel On the Hills of God, about the experiences of a young Palestinian man during the Nakba, or "catastrophe" of 1948. He lived in Birmingham, Alabama. Fawal was born in Ramallah, Palestine in 1933. He later moved to the United States, where he earned a bachelor's degree from Birmingham-Southern College and a M.A. in film from UCLA. He worked as an assistant to director David Lean during the filming of Lawrence of Arabia in 1961, before returning to Birmingham, where he became a professor of film and literature at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. In 1996, at the age of 63, Fawal began working on his Ph.D. at Oxford University in England. His thesis, on renowned Egyptian filmmaker Youssef Chahine, was published by the British Film Institute and University of California Press in 2001. Fawal's first novel, On the Hills of God, was published in 1998 and tells the story of the Palestinian Nakba, or "catastrophe", through the eyes of a young Palestinian man named Yousif Safi. It was the recipient of the PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award, and has been translated into Arabic and German. According to an editorial review by Patricia Keegan Holz of Washington International, Fawal was a Christian. References External links Profile of Ibrahim Fawal at the Institute for Middle East Understanding Ibrahim Fawal: About the Author at NewSouth Books Youssef Chahine by Ibrahim Fawal at the University of California Press 1933 births 2020 deaths American people of Palestinian descent University of Alabama at Birmingham faculty Writers from Birmingham, Alabama PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award winners American Christians Christians from Alabama

15827503

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Bowden%20%28baseball%29

Michael Bowden (baseball)

Michael Matthew Bowden (born September 9, 1986) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Boston Red Sox and Chicago Cubs, in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) with the Saitama Seibu Lions, and in the KBO League (KBO) with the Doosan Bears. He attended high school at Waubonsie Valley High School in Aurora, Illinois. He was selected by the Boston Red Sox in the 1st round of the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft. Career Boston Red Sox Bowden began his professional career with the Gulf Coast League Red Sox in , and advanced to the Greenville Drive the following season, also playing one game with the Wilmington Blue Rocks. Bowden began the season with the Sea Dogs and was promoted to the Pawtucket Red Sox, the Triple-A affiliate of the Boston Red Sox, on July 18, 2008. On August 30, Bowden made his first major league start against the Chicago White Sox. He received the decision in a five-inning start, giving up seven hits and two runs in an 8–2 win. On April 26, , Bowden was called up to bolster the bullpen after a night where the Red Sox bullpen got overworked. He later worked two perfect innings against the New York Yankees. Bowden was recalled July 18, 2010 after spending the beginning of the season in Pawtucket. After three relief appearances, he was optioned back five days later to make room for Josh Beckett, who was coming off the disabled list. On August 14, 2010, Bowden was once again recalled, and then optioned back on August 28 to make room for Hideki Okajima. In , Bowden began the season with Pawtucket, for whom he pitched in 14 games with a 1.59 ERA. He was recalled to the Red Sox on May 17 when Daisuke Matsuzaka was placed on the 15-day disabled list with an elbow injury. Bowden was recalled on August 27, to replace Scott Atchison. On April 15, 2012, Bowden was designated for assignment. Chicago Cubs On April 21, 2012, Bowden was traded to the Chicago Cubs along with a player to be named later for Marlon Byrd. On April 14, 2013, Bowden, along with Edwin Jackson, broke the record for most wild pitches in an inning, with 5. He was designated for assignment on May 21, 2013. He returned to the Cubs when his contract was selected on July 11, 2013. He was designated for assignment again on September 4, 2013, and became a free agent on October 1. Saitama Seibu Lions Bowden signed a contract with the Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball for the 2014 season. He developed a split-finger fastball while playing for the Seibu Lions. Cincinnati Reds On December 24, 2014, Bowden signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds. On December 29, 2014, he was assigned to AAA Louisville Bats. Baltimore Orioles On April 4, 2015, Bowden was traded to the Baltimore Orioles in exchange for cash considerations. He was immediately assigned to the Triple-A Norfolk Tides. Minnesota Twins Bowden signed a minor league deal with the Minnesota Twins on July 25, 2015. He elected free agency on November 6. Doosan Bears Bowden signed a one-year contract worth $650,000 with the Doosan Bears in the Korea Baseball Organization in November 2015. On June 30, 2016, Bowden pitched a complete game no-hitter against the NC Dinos. On December 12, 2016, Bowden re-signed his contract worth $1.1 mil with the Bears for the 2017 season. On November 25, 2017, Bowden announced that he would not be returning to the Bears for the 2018 season. Los Angeles Dodgers On March 4, 2019, Bowden signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He made one start for the AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers and four starts for the AA Tulsa Drillers, with a 6.97 ERA before he was released on June 3. Pericos de Puebla On June 29, 2019, Bowden signed with the Pericos de Puebla of the Mexican League. He was released on July 3, 2019. High Point Rockers On July 13, 2019, Bowden signed with the High Point Rockers of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He was released on September 11, 2019. Chicago Dogs On March 4, 2021, Bowden signed with the Chicago Dogs of the American Association of Professional Baseball. In 2021, Bowden recorded a 7–1 record and 2.92 ERA in 12 appearances with the Dogs. On June 16, 2022, Bowden was released by the Dogs. References External links 1986 births Living people Águilas Cibaeñas players American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic American expatriate baseball players in Japan American expatriate baseball players in Mexico American expatriate baseball players in South Korea American people of English descent Boston Red Sox players Chicago Cubs players Chicago Dogs players Doosan Bears players Greenville Drive players Gulf Coast Red Sox players High Point Rockers players Iowa Cubs players KBO League pitchers Lancaster JetHawks players Major League Baseball pitchers Mexican League baseball pitchers Navegantes del Magallanes players American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers Norfolk Tides players Pawtucket Red Sox players Pericos de Puebla players Oklahoma City Dodgers players People from Winfield, Illinois Baseball players from DuPage County, Illinois Portland Sea Dogs players Saitama Seibu Lions players Baseball players from Aurora, Illinois Tulsa Drillers players Wilmington Blue Rocks players

15827508

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram%20Straight

Hiram Straight

Hiram Aldrich Straight (March 7, 1814 – January 8, 1897) was an American farmer and legislator in what became the state of Oregon. A native of New York state, he would live in Iowa before traveling the Oregon Trail to what was then the Oregon Country. In Oregon, he would serve in the Provisional Legislature of Oregon and the Oregon Territorial Legislature. Early life Hiram Straight was born on March 7, 1814, in Washington County, New York, to Lydia Fanning Straight and Elisha Straight. By 1838 he moved to the state of Iowa where he married Susan Lasswell (born in 1817) near the town of Burlington. The couple would have seven children together, including George, Julia, Cyrus Branson, Mary Etta, Jane, Hiram Jr., and John. In 1843, Straight and the family would take the Oregon Trail to what was then the Oregon Country, arriving at Oregon City, Oregon. Oregon The Straight family settled on at the mouth of Abernethy Creek on the Clackamas River. There he farmed this land that would later become his donation land claim, and was a member of the Oregon Lyceum in Oregon City. In 1845 and 1846, Straight was elected to and served in the Provisional Legislature of Oregon representing the Clackamas District, now Clackamas County, Oregon. In 1846, the Oregon boundary dispute was settled and in 1848 the region south of the 49th degree became the Oregon Territory. In 1850, Straight served on the jury that convicted five members of the Cayuse tribe of murder and sentenced them to death for their role in the Whitman Massacre. He was the foreman of the jury in this trial that had followed the Cayuse War; see Cayuse Five Straight was elected to the Oregon Territorial Legislature 1855 for the 1855 to 1856 session. He served for that single session as a member of the Democratic Party representing Clackamas County. Hiram Straight continued to farm until his death on January 8, 1897, at the age of 82 at Canemah, which is now within Oregon City. He was buried at the family’s private cemetery in Clackamas County along with his wife. The 19-plot cemetery is one of 800 historic cemeteries in Oregon. The family home, built in 1856, is still standing. References External links The Whitman Massacre Trial: A Verdict is Reached archived website Oregon Records Management System: Verdict in Whitman Massacre Trial Clackamas County Members of the Provisional Government of Oregon Members of the Oregon Territorial Legislature People from Washington County, New York Politicians from Oregon City, Oregon 1814 births 1897 deaths Oregon pioneers 19th-century American legislators

15827514

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda%2C%20Arizona

Brenda, Arizona

Brenda is a census-designated place (CDP) in La Paz County, Arizona, United States. Description The community is located approximately east of Quartzsite and northeast of Interstate 10 on U.S. Route 60 (US 60). Its population was 466 as of the 2020 census. The community lies east of the Plomosa Mountains, and it is the closest community to the New Water Mountains Wilderness, five air miles to the south. Brenda is four miles northeast of the western terminus of US 60 (the last community on the highway westbound). Demographics Brenda first appeared on the 2010 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP). See also List of census-designated places in Arizona References External links Census-designated places in La Paz County, Arizona Census-designated places in Arizona

15827525

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlands%2C%20North%20Vancouver

Woodlands, North Vancouver

Woodlands is a part of the District of North Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada. It was first settled after the Second Boer War. The community is located at the foot of Mount Seymour on Indian Arm, itself a branch of Burrard Inlet, which forms Vancouver's harbour. It is about from Downtown Vancouver. Education Woodlands is served by four community schools in nearby Deep Cove, Cove Cliff Elementary, Dorothy Lynas Elementary, Sherwood Park Elementary, and Seycove Secondary School. Students participating in French immersion programs attend Dorothy Lynas Elementary School and Windsor Secondary School. See also List of communities in British Columbia References North Vancouver (district municipality)

15827530

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%20BRUSA%20Agreement

1943 BRUSA Agreement

The 1943 BRUSA Agreement (Britain–United States of America agreement) was an agreement between the British and US governments to facilitate co-operation between the US War Department and the British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS). It followed the 1942 Holden Agreement. History Sinkov mission The Sinkov mission of January 1941 from America visited the British Government Code and Cypher School headquarters at Bletchley Park, England. They met British "codebreakers", including Alan Turing, and negotiated an agreement to collaborate on cryptological work (see Ultra). Some information was shared by the British about their work on cryptanalysis of the Enigma machine. Holden Agreement The Holden Agreement of October 1942 gave the United States overall responsibility for Japanese naval codes, although with continued British participation. The agreement specifically stated that Eric Nave was not to work at FRUMEL the Australian naval codebreaking establishment run by USN Lieutenant Rudolph (Rudy) Fabian. Fabian thought Nave had breached security with his desire to share information with the Army Central Bureau, where Nave transferred to (and was welcomed). BRUSA Agreement Colonel Alfred McCormack of the Special Branch of Military Intelligence Service, Colonel Telford Taylor of Military Intelligence, and Lieutenant Colonel William Friedman visited Bletchley Park in April 1943. The American trio worked with Commander Edward Travis (RN), the head of the British communications intelligence (COMINT) facility; and shared their solution to the Japanese Purple machine. This led to the signing of the 1943 BRUSA Agreement on 17 May, which was a formal agreement to share intelligence information. It covered: the exchange of personnel; joint regulations for the handling and distribution of the highly sensitive material. The security regulations, procedures and protocols for co-operation formed the basis for all signals intelligence (SIGINT) activities of both the US National Security Agency and the British GCHQ. UKUSA Agreement The agreement was formalized by the UKUSA Agreement in 1946. This document was signed on 5 March 1946 by Colonel Patrick Marr-Johnson (who had headed the Wireless Experimental Centre in Delhi during the war) for the U.K.'s London Signals Intelligence Board and Lieutenant General Hoyt Vandenberg for the U.S. State–Army–Navy Communication Intelligence Board. See also Allied technological cooperation during World War II Atlantic Charter (1941) British intelligence agencies Quadripartite Agreement (1947) Tizard Mission United States Intelligence Community References Bibliography Military intelligence Intelligence of World War II United Kingdom–United States treaties BRUSA Agreement BRUSA Agreement Brusa Agreement, 1943 World War II treaties

15827534

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20African%20Federated%20Chamber%20of%20Commerce

National African Federated Chamber of Commerce

The National African Federated Chamber of Commerce is a South African member body formed in 1964, which focused on the upliftment of black business people during Apartheid. It claims a membership of several hundred thousand and controls substantial investment funds. Background It was formed in Johannesburg in 1964 to promote black entrepreneurship and businesses. Its origins are from a 1955 organisation, the African Chamber of Commerce. It was restructured a national organisation in 1969 with regional branches. Its founding president was the highly venerated late businessman, Richard Maponya. Prominent businessman, Patrice Motsepe is a former president, with the presidency currently (2020) occupied by prominent businessman Sabelo Macingwane who is also a former CEO of the organisation. Aims The organisation had the following aims: scrapping of discriminate measures against black business people; development of black capital; help establish a black middle-class. References Business organisations based in South Africa

15827556

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Water%20Mountains

New Water Mountains

The New Water Mountains is a mountain range in southwestern Arizona. The range is on the northern border of the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge as well as the northern Kofa Mountains. It is a northwest–southeast trending range, about long. The southeast third of the range is in the Kofa Refuge, and the mountain range merges northwesterly into the Plomosa Mountains of southern La Paz County. The central part of the range is the New Water Mountains Wilderness with a lengthy east–west border on the northern Kofa National Wildlife Refuge of about 12 miles. The highest point is Black Mesa at . Three northerly routes access the mountain range; the central route accesses the Ramsey Mine and eventually the central dry wash on the north; other mines, such as the Republic Mine, are in these mountains, as well as some springs (Dripping Springs); also Brintley Well on a fourth westerly access route. The closest community to the north side of the mountain range is Brenda, Arizona east of Quartzsite. Brenda is on US 60, northeast of Interstate 10. See also List of mountain ranges of La Paz County, Arizona List of mountain ranges of Arizona List of LCRV Wilderness Areas (Colorado River) External links New Water Mountains Wilderness Mountain ranges of the Sonoran Desert Mountain ranges of the Lower Colorado River Valley Mountain ranges of La Paz County, Arizona Mountain ranges of Arizona

15827567

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finally

Finally

Finally may refer to: Albums Finally (Namie Amuro album) (2017) Finally (Blackstreet album) or its title song Finally (Sean Ensign album) or its title song "It's My Life (Finally)" Finally (Layzie Bone & A.K. album) (2008) Finally... (EP), a 1996 EP by Low Finally... (album), a 2002 album by One True Thing Finally (CeCe Peniston album) or its title song Finally! (T. G. Sheppard album) (1982) Finally (Velvet album) (2006) Finally!, a 2008 album by Iya Villania ...finally, a 1996 album by Too Much Joy Songs "Finally" (CeCe Peniston song) (1991) "Finally" (D'banj song) (2013) "Finally" (Fergie song) (2008) "Finally" (Kings of Tomorrow song) (2001) "Finally" (T.G. Sheppard song) (1982) "Finally", a song by the Frames from Burn the Maps "Finally", a song by Joyner Lucas from ADHD "Finally", a song by M.I.A. from AIM "Finally", a song by Yes from The Ladder "Finally", a 2019 single by Thabsie "Finally" a 2023 single by Jonas Blue and Rani Other uses Finally (company), an American light bulb company Finally (film), a 1991 documentary about Eric Burdon Finally, a keyword in exception handling syntax See also Final (disambiguation) Finale (disambiguation) Finally, Betty Carter, a 1976 album by Betty Carter Finally Karen, a 1997 album by Karen Clark Sheard

15827589

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boussy%2C%20Haute-Savoie

Boussy, Haute-Savoie

Boussy (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. Geography The Chéran forms the commune's south-western border. See also Communes of the Haute-Savoie department References Communes of Haute-Savoie

15827599

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Henderson%20%28rugby%20league%29

Andrew Henderson (rugby league)

Andrew Henderson (born 17 June 1979) is a professional rugby league coach who is the head coach of the York Knights in the Betfred Championship and a former professional rugby league footballer who played for Scotland at international level. He is the former assistant coach of the Warrington Wolves in the Super League, the former head of rugby at the Keighley Cougars and former head coach of the London Broncos. He played professionally as a , representing Gateshead Thunder, Castleford Tigers (Heritage No. 824), Balmain Tigers, Salford City Reds, Barrow Raiders and the Sheffield Eagles over a 14 year playing career. He was also a former Scotland international rugby league footballer. Background He was born in Torquay, Devon, England. Playing career Henderson began his professional career in England in 2001 with Super League side Salford City Reds. With limited opportunities there, Henderson moved to Northern Ford Premiership club Barrow Raiders for the 2002 and 2003 seasons. He captained the Raiders for the 2003 season. Soon after, Super League side Widnes Vikings snapped up Henderson for a trial period, in which he featured for them in the 2004 Sydney World Sevens tournament, and a friendly match against the Wests Tigers. He failed to agree a deal with Widnes and subsequently joined the Wests Tigers, captaining their premier league side Balmain Tigers in 2004. Henderson joined Castleford Tigers for the 2005 season after their relegation from the Super League. He spent 4 seasons at the club. Henderson captained the side twice to promotion to the Super League in 2005 and 2007. The 2008 Super League season was to be his final year at the Tigers. Henderson signed for Championship side Gateshead Thunder for the 2009 season. He spent only one season with Gateshead as the club were faced with financial problems and a shareholders dispute leading them into administration. This forced him to look elsewhere and he joined Championship winners Barrow Raiders in the 2009 close season on a two-year deal. Henderson left Barrow not long after and joined Sheffield Eagles towards the end of the 2010 season, due to the Barrow club failing to honour his contract. Henderson went on to play for just over four seasons with Sheffield, with 2014 being his final year. His time here was successful, helping his side make a grand final appearance in 2011 and achieve back to back grand final victories in 2012, and 2013. The Hendersons are a Scottish family and all three brothers played for Scotland at international level. Henderson began his international career in 2003 featuring in the European Nations Cup. He went on to make 17 test appearances in European competitions and 5 World Cup appearances in 2008 and 2013 finishing his international career in Scotland's World Cup quarter final match against New Zealand in Leeds. All three brothers featured in the Scotland squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup. Coaching career Sheffield Hallam Eagles On 24 February 2013, Henderson was appointed the head coach of a new community club, Sheffield Hallam Eagles, run by Sheffield Eagles, and Sheffield Hallam University. In their first season, Henderson's team lost just once all season, winning the Conference League South beating Nottingham Outlaws in the grand final. London Broncos On 11 July 2014, London Broncos head coach Joe Grima appointed Henderson as his assistant beginning in November. On 2 March 2015, Joey Grima resigned after ten months in charge and just three games into the Championship season. Henderson took charge of the Championship side on an interim basis. After 2 games in charge with 1 win and 1 loss, he was appointed as the Broncos new permanent head coach. In 2015, Henderson led the Broncos to 3rd place in the Championship Shield, eventually losing the Shield Final to Featherstone Rovers 34–6 at the Select Security Stadium in Widnes. In 2016, he guided the London Broncos to a 2nd-place finish in the Championship taking them into the Super 8's Qualifiers for the chance to gain promotion. The club finished a reasonable 6th place on points difference with wins over Batley, Salford and Featherstone. They just missed out on the million pound game to Salford. In 2017, they again finished 2nd in the Championship and 6th place in the Super 8's Qualifiers. Henderson was awarded the Kingstone Press Championship Coach of the Year award after another successful season with London. The London Broncos won on all three occasions under the guidance of Henderson at the Summer Bash event. They recorded a 42–6 win and 32–14 win over the Sheffield Eagles in 2015 and 2016. In 2017 they defeated Featherstone Rovers 42–16. Warrington Wolves Henderson joined Warrington ahead of the 2018 season as assistant coach to Steve Price. He spent 4 seasons at the club before moving into a Head of Rugby role with the Keighley Cougars. During his time the team finished as Challenge Cup and grand finalists in 2018, followed by a Challenge Cup final win in 2019. His final two seasons saw the wolves finish as semi finalists in both competitions. York Knights On 18 October 2022, Henderson signed a five-year deal to become the new head coach of York Knights. Coaching Statistics References External links Warrington Wolves profile London Broncos profile (archived by web.archive.org) Barrow Raiders profile (archived by web.archive.org) Profile at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk Thunder snap up hooker Henderson (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk 1979 births Living people Balmain Ryde-Eastwood Tigers captains Balmain Ryde-Eastwood Tigers players Barrow Raiders captains Barrow Raiders players Castleford Tigers captains Castleford Tigers players English people of Scottish descent English rugby league coaches English rugby league players Andrew London Broncos coaches London Broncos players Newcastle Thunder players Rugby league hookers Rugby league players from Devon Salford Red Devils players Scotland national rugby league team captains Scotland national rugby league team players Sheffield Eagles coaches Sheffield Eagles players Sportspeople from Torquay York City Knights coaches

15827602

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Ferreira%20%28locomotive%29

Douglas Ferreira (locomotive)

The Douglas Ferreira is a 15-inch gauge diesel-hydraulic locomotive that was built in 2005 by TMA Engineering for on the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway in Cumbria, England. Its wheel configuration is B-B and was named after the Douglas Ferreira, the former General Manager of the railway from 1961 until 1994. It is owned and was designed by a working group from the Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway Preservation Society and now works passenger trains almost every time they are scheduled, specifically the off-peak trains during the summer months and the vast majority of service trains during winter. It worked on the railway in 2006, and in 2007 it travelled between Ravenglass and Dalegarth. The locomotive carries the Indian red livery of the Furness Railway, which worked on the Cumbrian Coast Line until 1922, with the White and Red lining of the T & J Harrison Shipping Line (Ferreira's first employer), colloquially known as "Two of Fat and One of Lean", at the top of the body on the engine house and cab sides. The Indian Red is identical to that used on River Mite, the steam locomotive owned by the R&ER Preservation Society. It uses a Westinghouse air brake system which is combined to provide a singular train brake and locomotive brake operation, however the locomotive also has a separate parking brake. It is noted for also using very bright aircraft landing lights as headlights at either end. A development of the similar Lady Wakefield locomotive, built by the railway in 1980 and the John Southland and Captain Howey locomotives built by TMA Engineering for the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway, the locomotive upholds a high miles-per-casualty ratio, making it an invaluable asset to the railway. In September 2008, it made its first visit to another 15-inch gauge line, the Bure Valley Railway's Super Power event. It suffered a catastrophic power unit failure in April 2013, and was dispatched to TMA Engineering for a replacement to be fitted. At the time, the railway was already struggling for operational motive power, due to the major fire in the engineering workshops and unavailability of steam locomotives. 1929-vintage Perkins was instated as the only available diesel locomotive available for passenger service, as Lady Wakefield was also receiving a new power unit in Birmingham, while Shelagh of Eskdale has been out of service for several years. As of May 2013, the locomotive was at TMA's workshops in Birmingham. See also Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway locomotives Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway locomotives

15827617

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway%20Hooker%20%28brewery%29

Galway Hooker (brewery)

The Galway Hooker Brewery is based in Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland. The brewery was founded in 2006 by two cousins, Aidan Murphy and Ronan Brennan, and the name of the brewery and its first beer were decided by an online competition to choose a name. Galway Hooker Brewery coined the beer name "Irish Pale Ale" in 2006 and Galway Hooker Irish Pale Ale is the brewery's flagship product. It is brewed in 650 litre batches. The beer is similar to traditional Pale Ales such as that brewed by the Sierra Nevada Brewing Company in the US, but it has an added taste of caramel similar to an Irish red beer. It is made from mainly pearl and crystal malt and Saaz and Cascade hops. It has a bitterness of 35 IBUs and is 4.3% alcohol by volume. The beer is available kegged on draught and is available in pubs throughout Galway, Dublin, Cork and Roscommon and other towns across Ireland. The brewery's bottle range was expanded in 2014 and includes Galway Hooker Irish Stout, Galway Hooker Amber Lager and Galway Hooker Sixty Knots IPA (6.5%) which are available throughout the country in independent off-licences, local supermarkets, restaurants and hotels. Galway Hooker Irish Stout, Amber Lager and Sixty Knots IPA are also available in a limited supply on draught. It also produces a number of specials from time-to time which have been available in Galway City including a dark wheat beer and a pilsner. The brewery has also brewed some festival beer specials including an Irish Coffee Porter, a Weissbier and a dry hopped IPA. Brewery Galway Hooker was previously brewed on the site of the defunct Emerald Brewery just outside Roscommon town. Galway Hooker bought the building and equipment previously used by Emerald. In May 2014, the company moved location and installed a new state-of-the art brewery in Oranmore, County Galway. The brewery regularly attends beer festivals in Ireland such as the annual Irish Craft Beer and Cider Festival in the RDS, Dublin. The company is a member of the Independent Craft Brewers of Ireland association and the Irish beer consumer group Beoir. Awards 2007 - Named "Best in Ireland" by the Bridgestone Irish Food Guide 2007 - Winner in the Irish Craft Brewers Award for Best Beer 2009 - Winner in the Irish Craft Brewers Award for Beer of the Year 2010 - Runner-Up in the Irish Craft Brewers Award for Beer of the Year 2014 - Winner of Gold (beer category) in the Blas na hÉireann / The Irish Food Awards for Galway Hooker Irish Pale Ale (bottle) 2015 - Winner of Gold - Galway Hooker Irish Stout (stout category) in the Blas na hÉireann / The Irish Food Awards (bottle) 2015 - Winner of Silver - Galway Hooker Irish Dark Lager (lager category) in the Blas na hÉireann / The Irish Food Awards 2015 - Winner of "Best in County" awarded by Galway Enterprise Board as part of the Blas na hÉireann / The Irish Food Awards 2016 - Winner of Gold - Galway Hooker Amber Lager (lager category) in the Blas na hÉireann / The Irish Food Awards 2016 - Winner of Silver - Galway Hooker Irish Stout (stout category) in the Blas na hÉireann / The Irish Food Awards References External links Breweries in Ireland Beer in Ireland County Galway

15827646

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape%20in%20the%20Philippines

Rape in the Philippines

Rape in the Philippines is considered a criminal offense. In Philippine jurisprudence, it is a heinous crime punishable by reclusión perpetua when committed against women. Rape of males is also legally recognized as rape by sexual assault, which is penalized by imprisonment of six to twelve years. Law The Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (which amended the previous definition of rape as defined in the Revised Penal Code of 1930) defines the crime of rape as follows: Changes in 1997 expanded the definition of rape and reclassified that crime as a Crime against persons instead of, as previously, grouping it with Crimes against Chastity. The amendment also recognized the rape of males, both by other males and by females, as well as that both the victim and rapist may either be male or female. Prior to the 1997 amendment of Revised Penal Code of 1930, male victims of rape were not acknowledged under Philippine law. Article 266-A of the law defines rape by "an act of sexual assault" by any person either by "inserting his penis into another person's mouth or anal orifice" or inserting "any instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person".The 1997 amendment allowed the legal recognition of rape of males, both by other males and by females. However rape against males are only considered by law as rape by sexual assault, which carries a lesser penalty of 6 to 12 years as opposed to the same act against females which are penalized by life imprisonment. The María Clara doctrine is a relevant legal doctrine that observed by Philippine courts on abuse on women, including rape. It states that women, especially Filipino women, "would not admit that they have been abused unless that abuse had actually happened." and that a women's natural instinct is to protect their honor. Though in 2018, a ruling which convicted two men for rape of a woman in Davao City was reversed by the Supreme Court's Third Division due to inconsistencies with the woman's statement in regards to her alleged rape and other evidences presented to the court. However this did not mean the abandonment of the doctrine contrary to speculations by critics of the ruling. Since rape is punishable by reclusión perpetua, Article 90 of the Revised Penal Code provides a statute of limitations of 20 years from the date of its commission. Statistics Statistics on the incidence of rape are usually based on available police records. Cases of rape in the Philippines dropped from 5,192 in July 2021 to 3,762 in January 7, 2022. Occurrences Women in custody Women in the custody of law enforcement officials in the Philippines are vulnerable to torture, including rape and sexual abuse. Between 1995 and 2000 Amnesty International received reports of more than 30 incidents of rape or other sexual abuse of women or girls in custody. The organization fears that this figure represents only a fraction of the real number of cases. Rape of women detainees by police officers, jail guards or military officials always constitutes torture. It is both a physical violation and injury as well as a humiliating assault on a woman's mental and emotional integrity. Other forms of sexual abuse by law enforcement officials, including the threat of rape, verbal sexual abuse, and mocking, designed to degrade and humiliate, may also constitute torture or other forms of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. According to Amnesty International's information, there has been only a small number of convictions of police officers for the rape of female detainees. In prostitution Prostitution in the cities of Olongapo and Angeles was highly prominent during the time of the U.S. military bases called Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Base, respectively. Although the sex trade in the Philippines mostly caters to the indigenous population, NGOs and religious groups regularly sensationalize the problems of prostitution by drawing attention to the foreigner-oriented segment of this business. In Angeles, the control is split between Filipino, Korean, Australian and American bar operators, though in 1987, Australians had a financial interest in more than 60% of the 500 bars and 7,000 prostitutes in the city Philippines Senator Ramon Bong Revilla, Jr., on July 26, 2006, called for coordination with the Philippine National Police vis-a-vis the public, the whistle blower and anti-prostitution Internet online petitioner initiator, to shed light and solve the alleged human trafficking in the Philippines, prostitution in the Philippines, sexual slavery or trafficking dens in Angeles, Pampanga. Revilla re-filed Senate Bill No. 12, the "Anti Pornography Bill." In 2007, Angeles City police Chief Sonny Cunanan denied the allegations, alleging "the Women's and Children's Concerned Section (WCCS) and other agencies of the Angeles City Government that is responsible for the regular inspection of different bars and nightclubs have no records about the existence of a sex slave camp in the city." But he confirmed that "Angeles intelligence policemen, in coordination with other counterparts, were directed to look into the veracity of the report and file necessary charges against the operators of the illegal activities if these really exist." Rape of children The age of consent in the Philippines is 16 years old meaning that non-forcible sexual intercourse with a child 15 years and below is considered as statutory rape. Sex trafficking Sex trafficking in the Philippines is a significant problem. Filipina women and girls have been forced into prostitution, raped, and been physically and psychologically abused in a number of ways. Marital rape The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor of the United States Department of State in a 2006 report described the status of marital rape in the Philippines as illegal but added that enforcement is ineffective. Rape between two persons who are parties to a marriage is acknowledged by law. The Supreme Court of the Philippines first ruled on a marital rape case in 2014 when it affirmed the 2002 decision of the Court of Appeals upholding the conviction of the Cagayan de Oro City Regional Trial Court's conviction of a man who raped his wife in two occasions in 1998. The case was filed in 1999. The high court's ruling on the case stated that sexual intercourse between spouses are rape if there was a lack of consent and that "A marriage license should not be viewed as a license for a husband to forcibly rape his wife with impunity". Victim silence Most female victims of gang rape remain silent for months before reporting the crime. Obet Montes, coordinator for services of the women's group GABRIELA, says this is due to the victim's fear of society's judgment, of not wanting to be branded as a maruming babae (). They further state that oftentimes a rape victim becomes so afraid that she is going to be blamed for the crime that she denies that she was violated. Claire Padilla, a lawyer and advocate of women's rights who prosecuted the case of a 19-year-old who had the mental capacity of a six-year-old, says that a rape victim who keeps silent becomes easy prey for continued abuse. Prevention Government The Philippine National Police (PNP) and Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) both maintain help desks to assist victims of violence against women and to encourage the reporting of crimes. With the assistance of NGOs, officers received gender sensitivity training to deal with victims of sexual crimes and domestic violence. Approximately seven to eight percent of PNP officers were women. The PNP has a Women and Children's Unit to deal with these issues. Non-governmental organizations The women's group GABRIELA provides counseling for battered women, rape victims and other victims of violence against women. The Bathaluman Crisis Centre Foundation helps victims of rape and incest. The Support Group Volunteers provide assistance, and psychological interventions may also be initiated at the centre. Where appropriate, cases are referred to other agencies for more specialist assistance. The Women's Crisis Centre (WCC) provides temporary shelter, medical assistance and advocacy, legal assistance and advocacy, and stress management, it has two particularly innovative components – Feminist Counselling, and a Survivors Support Group to rape victims. See also Subic rape case Maggie de la Riva rape case Violence against women in the Philippines References External links Lawphil.net, G.R. No. L-28232 February 6, 1971, People vs. Jose et al. Law of the Philippines Violence against women in the Philippines Philippines

15827657

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20frigate%20Embuscade%20%281789%29

French frigate Embuscade (1789)

Embuscade ("Ambush") was a 32-gun frigate. She served in the French Navy during the War of the First Coalition before being captured by the British. Renamed HMS Ambuscade and later HMS Seine, she participated in the Napoleonic Wars in the Royal Navy. She was broken up in 1813. French service Embuscade, launched in 1789, was constructed in Rochefort. Her captain was Jean-Baptiste-François Bompart, a former privateer who fought in the American War of Independence. In 1792, she escorted convoys to and from Martinique, and ferried Edmond-Charles Genêt to the United States. During the early years of the war, she raided British shipping along the American east coast. Embuscade arrived in Charleston, South Carolina, on 8 April 1793. She brought Edmond-Charles Genêt to take up his post as the French ambassador to the United States. Then on 31 July, she fought and severely damaged at the action of 31 July 1793. Embuscade returned to France a year later and took part in the Croisière du Grand Hiver in 1795 as part of Pierre Jean Van Stabel's squadron. On 7 March 1795 Embuscade captured Queen, which was sailing from Tenerife, Canary Islands to London. Capture and French Revolutionary Wars In 1798 Captain Bambot was given command of a squadron of ships, including Embuscade, with orders to transport troops to Ireland to fight in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Along the way, a British fleet learned of the French squadron's position and gave chase. The two forces fought at the Battle of Tory Island, which ended in a decisive French defeat. Embuscade was captured and added to the Royal Navy as Ambuscade. She was commissioned in August 1800 under the command of Captain the Honourable J. Colvill. On 26 March 1801 she sailed for Jamaica but by 1802 she was back in the English Channel. In September 1802, while under the command of Captain David Colby she became the flagship for Rear-Admiral Edward Thornbrough in the North Sea. Napoleonic Wars On 27 August 1803, while under the command of Captain David Atkins, she captured Hendrick and Jan. She was renamed HMS Seine in 1804, as the previous had been retaken and was recommissioned under her old name, and the previous had just been lost. In early 1805, Seine captured several vessels on the Jamaica station. The first capture, on 29 January, was the Spanish schooner San Ignacio, which was carrying sundries and which was declared a Droit of Admiralty. Then on 30 April Seine captured the French privateer schooner Perseverante. Perseverante was armed with one 12-pounder gun and four 4-pounders, and had a complement of 90 men, of whom 84 were on board at the time of her capture. She was from Guadeloupe and had been out 12 days, during which she had captured the English sloop Apollo, of Bermuda. Capturing Perseverante required a chase of three hours as she was remarkable fast sailing. She was three years old, newly coppered and fastened with "composition bolts"; the description was perhaps notice to the admiral of the station that the Royal Navy might consider buying her. On 27 May Seines barge, under the command of Lieutenant Bland of the Marines, captured the recently constructed Spanish schooner Conception off Puerto Rico. Conception was armed with two 6-pounder guns and had a crew of 10 men. She had some nine passengers on board who resisted, but then escaped on shore. She was from Santa Maxta Martha and was carrying a cargo of log wood. Atkins captured nine prisoners whom he quickly landed as they appeared ill and he wished to avoid introducing sickness into Seine. By coincidence, on 18 June, Bland, in Seines barge, captured a second Conception, this one a felucca of two long 4-pounder guns and carrying a crew of 14 men. The Spanish resisted for three-quarters of an hour before surrendering. In the action they suffered five men wounded; the British had no casualties. The felucca was carrying cocoa and cochineal from Puerto Rico to Cadiz. On his short with the barge, Bland also destroyed a Spanish sloop. On 29 June Seine aided , , and in capturing the French brig Pierre Caesar off the coast of France. The Admiralty took Pierre Caesar into service as . On 26 December 1807, Seine captured the French privateer lugger Sybille at . Sybille had a crew of 43 men and was pierced for 14 guns but had only one long gun on board, as well as some swivel guns and small arms. She was five days out of Morlaix but had taken no prizes. On 26 October 1809, Seine, Captain Atkins, captured the French privateer brig Rodeur of sixteen 6-pounder guns (pierced for 20), and 121 men off Bordeaux. Rodeur was three days out of Bayonne, had not captured anything, but was on her way to cruise off the west coast of Ireland. She arrived at Plymouth on 29 October. On the night of 12 February 1810, Seine was in the Basque Roads, when a convoy of ten vessels sailed from the river Charente and three chasse-marées went aground on the reef off the Point de Chatelaillon between La Rochelle and Île d'Aix. Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, of HMS Christian VII, then sent in three boats each from Christian VII and HMS Armide, plus two from Seine, to attack them. Nine French gunboats, each carrying a 12-pounder carronade and six swivel guns, and manned with sufficient men for 20 to 30 oars, fled from the British boats. The British, led by Lt. Gardiner Henry Guion, captured one gunboat, killing two of her crew and wounding three, including her commander; two gunboats grounded and could not be retrieved. The British then burnt the three chasse-marees that they had captured. On 25 July 1810 the West Indiaman , Coulson, master, was returning to London from Martinique and St Lucia when she encountered the French privateer Dame Ernouf, of 18 guns and 130 men, nine days into a cruise from Brest. Dame Ernouf captured Starling, but three days later, on 28 July, Seine recaptured Starling off Brest. Seine was broken up in 1813. Notes Citations References Bowling, K. R., & Kennon, D. R. (2000). Neither separate nor equal: Congress in the 1790s. (Athens: Ohio University Press). Clowes, W. L. (1997). The Royal Navy: a history from the earliest times to the present. Vol. 4. (London: Chatham). External links Age of Nelson Website – HMS Ambuscade Age of Nelson Website – HMS Seine Naval Database 1789 ships Frigates of the French Navy Frigates of the Royal Navy Captured ships

15827660

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Formanek

Michael Formanek

Michael Formanek (born May 7, 1958) is an American jazz bassist born in San Francisco, California, United States, and associated with the jazz scene in New York. Career In the 1980s, Formanek worked as a sideman with Freddie Hubbard, Joe Henderson, Dave Liebman, Fred Hersch, and Attila Zoller. His debut album as a leader was 1990's Wide Open Spaces, featuring saxophonist Greg Osby, violinist Mark Feldman, guitarist Wayne Krantz, and drummer Jeff Hirshfield. In 1992 he released Extended Animation with the same ensemble, except with Tim Berne replacing Osby on saxophone. In 1993, Formanek, Berne and Hirshfield recorded as a trio on the album Loose Cannon. Following this, Formanek led the septet of himself, Berne, trumpeter Dave Douglas, reed player Marty Ehrlich, trombonist Kuumba Frank Lacy, drummer Marvin Smith and pianist Salvatore Bonafede. That same year, Formanek began playing with Berne's ensemble, Bloodcount, through the end of the decade, on the albums Lowlife, Poisoned Minds, Memory Select, Discretion, and Saturation Point. His fourth album for Enja Records followed in 1996, with Douglas, trombonist Steve Swell, and drummer Jim Black. In 1998, Berne and Formanek released Ornery People as a duo, and Formanek issued a solo album, Am I Bothering You?. He toured with Gerry Hemingway that same year. In 1999, Formanek worked in a trio with Ehrlich and Peter Erskine on drums. In 2000, he played in the quartet, Northern Exposure, with Black, Dave Ballou on trumpet, and Henrik Frisk on sax. Formanek has done extensive work as a session musician, appearing on albums by Jane Ira Bloom, Uri Caine, James Emery, Lee Konitz, Kevin Mahogany, the Mingus Big Band, Scott Fields, the New York Jazz Collective, Daniel Schnyder, and Jack Walrath. Formanek is also a member of Lafayette Gilchrist's trio Inside Out. Formanek was the director of the Peabody Jazz Orchestra and the jazz bass instructor at the Peabody Conservatory of Music in Baltimore, Maryland, before his amicable departure in 2018. Discography As leader Wide Open Spaces (Enja, 1990) Extended Animation (Enja, 1992) Loose Cannon (Soul Note, 1993) Low Profile (Enja, 1994) Nature of the Beast (Enja, 1996) Ornery People with Tim Berne (Little Brother, 1998) Am I Bothering You? (Screwgun, 1999) Relativity (Enja, 1999) The Rub and Spare Change (ECM, 2010) with Craig Taborn, Tim Berne and Gerald Cleaver Small Places (ECM, 2012) with Craig Taborn, Tim Berne and Gerald Cleaver The Distance (ECM, 2016) with Ensemble Kolossus Time Like This (Intakt, 2018) with Elusion Quartet Even Better (Intakt, 2019) with Very Practical Trio Pre-Apocalyptic (Out Of Your Head, 2020) Dyads (Out Of Your Head, 2021) with Peter Formanek Imperfect Measures (Intakt, 2021) Were We Where We Were (Circular File Records, 2022) with Drome Trio As Things Do (Intakt, 2023) with Elusion Quartet With and Mary Halvorson as Thumbscrew Thumbscrew (Cuneiform, 2014) Convallaria (Cuneiform, 2016) Theirs (Cuneiform, 2018) Ours (Cuneiform, 2018) The Anthony Braxton Project (Cuneiform, 2020) Never is Enough (Cuneiform, 2021) Multicolored Midnight (Cuneiform, 2022) With Franco Ambrosetti Movies (Enja, 1987) Movies Too (Enja, 1988) With Chet Baker Burnin' at Backstreet (Fresh Sound) With Tim Berne Lowlife: The Paris Concert (JMT, 1995) Poisoned Minds: The Paris Concert (JMT, 1995) Memory Select: The Paris Concert (JMT, 1995) Unwound (Screwgun, 1996) Saturation Point (Screwgun, 1997) Discretion (Screwgun, 1997) Seconds (Screwgun, 2007) Insomnia (Clean Feed, 2011) Adobe Probe (Screwgun, 2020) Attention Spam (Screwgun, 2021) 5 (Screwgun, 2021) Decay (Screwgun, 2022) With Jane Ira Bloom Art and Aviation (Arabesque, 1992) With Uri Caine Urlicht / Primal Light (Winter & Winter, 1997) Gustav Mahler in Toblach (Winter & Winter, 1999) Gustav Mahler: Dark Flame (Winter & Winter, 2003) With Baikida Carroll Marionettes on a High Wire (OmniTone, 2001) With Tony Malaby Sabino (Arabesque, 2000) With Art Pepper San Francisco Samba (Contemporary, 1977) With Gary Thomas Pariah's Pariah (Winter & Winter, 1998) With Jack Walrath Serious Hang (Muse, 1992 [1994]) References External links Michael Formanek at Peabody Institute 1958 births Male double-bassists American jazz double-bassists Living people The Tony Williams Lifetime members Jazz musicians from San Francisco 21st-century double-bassists 21st-century American male musicians American male jazz musicians Intakt Records artists

15827672

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Categor%C3%ADa%20Primera%20B%20season

2007 Categoría Primera B season

Following are the results of the 2007 Categoría Primera B season, for the second division football league in Colombia. This was the 18th season since its founding, and was officially called the 2007 Copa Premier for sponsorship reasons. Copa Premier I 1st Round Copa Premier I Semifinals Match summaries Copa Premier I Finals Aggregated Score Awards Promotion/relegation playoff As the second worst team in the relegation table, Deportivo Pereira had to play a two-legged tie against Academia F.C., the 2007 Categoría Primera B runner-up. As the Primera A team, América will play the second leg at home. The winner will be determined by points, followed by goal difference, then a penalty shootout. The winner will be promoted/remain in the Primera A for the 2008 season, while the loser will be relegated/remain in the Primera B. External links Copa Mustang Official Page Dimayor Official Page Categoría Primera B seasons 2007 in Colombian football Colombia

15827675

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ%20trade

Organ trade

Organ trade (also known as the blood market) is the trading of human organs, tissues, or other body products, usually for transplantation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), organ trade is a commercial transplantation where there is a profit, or transplantations that occur outside of national medical systems. There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation, which exceeds the numbers available. , there are more than 100,000 candidates waiting for organ transplant in the United States. The median wait time for heart and liver transplants in the U.S. between 2003 and 2014, was approximately 148 days. Average time waiting for donor organs varies significantly depending on the patients UNOS status. Patients listed as Heart Status A1 wait an average of 73 days. There is a worldwide shortage of organs available for transplantation, yet the commercial trade of human organs is illegal in all countries except Iran. Despite these prohibitions, organ trafficking and transplant tourism remain widespread (however, the data on the extent of the black market trade in organs is difficult to obtain). The question of whether to legalize and regulate the organ trade to combat illegal trafficking and organ shortage is greatly debated. This discussion typically centers on the sale of kidneys by living donors, since human beings are born with two kidneys but need only one to survive. History The first scientific report of the phenomenon dates back to a publication in The Lancet in 1990. The study tracked 131 patients from the United Arab Emirates and Oman who underwent kidney transplants in Bombay and who reportedly experienced numerous post-operative problems In its report on organ trafficking in Europe, the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee of the Council of Europe wrote: « On a global scale, organ trafficking is not a new problem. In the 1980s, experts began to notice a practice that was later dubbed « transplant tourism » : wealthy Asians traveled to India and other parts of Southeast Asia to obtain organs from poor donors. Since then, other destinations have emerged, such as Brazil and the Philippines. According to some allegations, China is involved in the trade of organs taken from executed prisoners. Organ sales continue in India despite new laws in the country that make this practice illegal in most regions. While current estimates suggest that the illicit organ trade remains relatively modest in Europe, this problem does not lose any of its seriousness, as it is very likely that with new medical advances, the gap between supply and demand for organs will continue to widen ». Legal organ trade Iran Iran is the only nation that allows organs to be bought and sold for money. Due to lack of infrastructure to maintain an efficient organ transplant system in the early 1980s, Iran legalized living non-related donation (LNRD) of kidneys in 1988. The Charity Association for the Support of Kidney Patients (CASKP) and the Charity Foundation for Special Diseases (CFSD) control the trade of organs, with the support of the government. These nonprofit organizations match donors to recipients, setting up tests to ensure compatibility. Donors receive tax credit compensation from the government, free health care insurance, and often direct payment from the recipient with the average donor being paid $1,200. Some donors are also offered employment opportunities. Charity organizations support recipients that cannot afford the cost of the organ. Iran does place restrictions on the commercial organ trade in an attempt to limit transplant tourism. The market is contained within the country; that is, foreigners are not allowed to buy the organs of Iranian citizens. Additionally, organs can only be transplanted between people of the same nationality – so, for example, an Iranian cannot purchase a kidney from a refugee from another country. Proponents of legalized organ trade have hailed the Iranian system as an example of an effective and safe organ trading model. In addition, the LNRD model is compatible with the social climate in the country. Religious practices in Iran stymies donation culture in the country as organ donations is often viewed as taboo. In 2017, from a possible 8,000 cases of brain death, 4,000 organs were viable, but only 808 were transplanted due to lack of consent. Some critics argue that the Iranian system is in some ways coercive, as over 70% of donors are poor. There is no short-term or long-term follow-up on the health of organ donors. In fact, there is evidence that Iranian donors experience highly negative outcomes, both in terms of health and emotional well-being. Organ prices In Iran's legal markets, the price of a kidney ranges from $28000 to $45000. On the black market, the same kidney can be worth over $100000, with most of proceeds taken up by middlemen. The typical price paid to donors on the black market is thought to be about US$5,000, but some donors receive as little as $1,000. In addition, these black market transplants are often dangerous to both the donor and recipient, with some contracting hepatitis or HIV. Government compensation for donors Australia and Singapore recently legalized monetary compensation for living organ donors. Proponents of such initiatives say that these measures do not pay people for their organs; rather, these measures merely compensate donors for the costs associated with donating an organ. For example, Australian donors receive 9 weeks' paid leave at a rate corresponding to the national minimum wage. Kidney disease advocacy organizations in both countries have expressed their support for this new initiative. Although American federal law prohibits the sale of organs, it does permit state governments to compensate donors for travel, medical, and other incidental expenses associated with their donation. In 2004, the state of Wisconsin took advantage of this law to provide tax deductions to living donors to defray the costs of donation. Kidney paired donations Although all nations apart from Iran prohibit financial transactions for organs, most permit "paired donations" or kidney swaps across multiple parties. Paired donations address the problem of tissue compatibility in organ transplants. For example, you may wish to donate a kidney to your spouse but cannot to due to antibody incompatibilities. However, your kidney is a good match for a stranger who happens to be married to someone whose kidney would be compatible with your spouse. In a paired donation, you would agree to donate your kidney to the stranger, in exchange for the stranger's spouse promising to donate a kidney to your spouse. Such paired donations are arguably a form of organ sale – instead of purchasing a kidney for a loved one with cash, a person pays for it with her own kidney. In fact, in the United States, the spread of kidney paired donations was initially stymied due to language in the National Organ Transplantation Act barring the transfer of human organs for "valuable consideration". It was only after the law was amended to specifically allow for kidney paired donations that the practice became popular. Illegal organ trade According to the World Health Organization (WHO), illegal organ trade occurs when organs are removed from the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. Despite ordinances against organ sales, this practice persists, with studies estimating that anywhere from 5% to 42% of transplanted organs are illicitly purchased. Research indicates that illegal organ trade is on the rise, with a recent report by Global Financial Integrity estimating that the illegal organ trade generates profits between $600 million and $1.2 billion per year, with a span over many countries. These countries include, but are not limited to: Angola Brazil Canada China Colombia Costa Rica Egypt Georgia Haiti India They have the highest per capita organ trafficking cases in the world. Israel Libya Mexico Peru Philippines Russia South Africa United Kingdom United States Criminal networks increasingly engage in kidnappings, especially of children and teenagers, who are then taken to locations with medical equipment. There they are murdered and their organs harvested for the illegal organ trade. Poverty and loopholes in legislation also contribute to the illegal trade of organs. Though claims of organ trafficking are difficult to substantiate due to lack of evidence and reliable data, cases of illegal organ trade have been tried and prosecuted. The persons and entities prosecuted have included criminal gangs, hospitals, third-party organ brokers, nephrologists, and individuals attempting to sell their own organs. Transplant tourism The United Network for Organ Sharing defines transplant tourism as "the purchase of a transplant organ abroad that includes access to an organ while bypassing laws, rules, or processes of any or all countries involved". The term "transplant tourism" describes the commercialism that drives illegal organ trade, but not all medical tourism for organs is illegal. For example, in some cases, both the donor and the recipient of the organ travel to a country with adequate facilities to perform a legal surgery. In other cases, a recipient travels to receive the organ of a relative living abroad. Transplant tourism raises concerns because it involves the transfer of healthy organs in one direction, depleting the regions where organs are bought. This transfer typically occurs in trends: from South to North, from developing to developed nations, from females to males, and from people of color to whites. In 2007, for example, 2,500 kidneys were purchased in Pakistan, with foreign recipients making up two-thirds of the buyers. In the same year, in Canada and the United Kingdom, experts estimated that about 30 to 50 of their transplant patients illegally purchased organs abroad. The kidney is the most commonly sought-after organ in transplant tourism, with prices for the organ ranging from as little as $1,300 to as much as $150,000. Reports estimate that 75% of all illegal organ trading involves kidneys. The liver trade is also prominent in transplant tourism, with prices ranging from $4,000 to $157,000. Though livers are regenerative, making liver donations non-fatal, they are much less common due to an excruciating post-operative recovery period that deters donors. Other high-priced body parts commonly sold include corneas ($24,400) and unfertilized eggs ($12,400), while lower-priced bodily commodities include blood ($25–337), skin ($10 per square inch), and bones/ligaments ($5,465). While there is a high demand, and correspondingly a very high price, for vital organs such as hearts and lungs, transplant tourism and organ trafficking of these parts is very rare due to the sophisticated nature of the transplant surgery and the state-of-the-art facilities required for such transplants. Global reaction The international community has issued many ordinances and declarations against the organ trade. Examples include the World Medical Authority's 1985 denouncement of organs for commercial use; the Council of Europe's Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine of 1997 and its 2002 Optional Protocol Concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin; and the Declaration of Istanbul on organ trafficking and transplant tourism. The Declaration of Istanbul defines transplant commercialism, organ trafficking, and transplant tourism. It condemns these practices based on violations to equity, justice, and human dignity. The declaration aims to promote ethical practices in organ transplantation and donation on an international level. It is nonbinding, but over 100 transplant organizations support its principles, including countries such as China, Israel, the Philippines, and Pakistan, which strengthened their laws against illegal organ trading after the declaration's release. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also played a prominent role in condemning the illegal organ trade. The WHO first declared organ trade illegal in 1987, stating that such a trade violates the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It also condemns the practice on the grounds that it "is likely to take unfair advantage of the poorest and most vulnerable groups, undermines altruistic donation and leads to profiteering and human trafficking." In 1991, at the 44th World Health Assembly, it approved nine guiding principles for human organ transplant. The principles clearly stated that organs cannot be the subject of financial transactions. On May 22, 2004, these guidelines were slightly amended at the 57th World Health Assembly. They are intended for the use of governments worldwide. These global initiatives have served as a helpful resource for establishing medical professional codes and a legal framework for the issue, but have not provided the sanctions required for enforcement. Illicit organ trade in specific countries China Since the late 1980s, China relied on executed prisoners to provide the bulk of its transplanted organs. This ready source of organs made it second only to the United States for numbers of transplantations performed. There is evidence that the government attempted to downplay the scope of organ harvesting through confidentiality agreements and laws, such as the Temporary Rules Concerning the Utilization of Corpses or Organs from the Corpses of Executed Prisoners. Critics further allege that organs were not distributed on the basis of need, but rather allocated through a corrupt system or simply sold to wealthy Chinese and foreign individuals. One source estimates that China executed at least 4,000 prisoners in 2006 to supply approximately 8,000 kidneys and 3,000 livers for foreign buyers. China was also accused of fueling its transplant industry with organs harvested from living Falun Gong practitioners. The Kilgour–Matas report concluded that China was guilty of this practice; however, the report has come under criticism for its methodology, by both Chinese and Western sources. In the 2000s, the country came under increasing international and domestic pressure to end the practice of using organs from prisoners. Since then, it has implemented a number of reforms addressing these allegations. It has developed a registry of voluntary, non-incarcerated donors; it is believed that these living and deceased donors supply most of the organs transplanted in the country today. China also standardized its organ collection process, specifying which hospitals can perform operations and establishing the legal definition of brain death. In 2007, China banned foreign transplant patients and formally outlawed the sale of organs and collecting a person's organs without their consent. In China, minorities including Uighurs, Tibetans, Muslims and Christians are targeted for 'organ harvesting', with Falun Gong practitioners being the primary victims of this brutal practice. Many non-profit organizations and international jurists are skeptical that China has truly reformed its organ transplant industry. In particular, although the number of organs taken from prisoners has dropped dramatically, there is no prohibition on collecting organs from deceased inmates who sign agreements purporting to donate their organs. There continue to be reports of prison officials offering death row inmates the opportunity to "voluntarily" donate their organs upon death, with the implication that those who decline may get worse treatment from their jailers. India Before 1994, India had no legislation banning the sale of organs. Low costs and high availability brought in business from around the globe, and transformed India into one of the largest kidney transplant centers in the world. However, several problems began to surface. Patients were often promised payments that were much higher than what they actually received. Other patients reported that their kidneys were removed without their consent after they underwent procedures for other reasons. In 1994, the country passed the Transplantation of Human Organs Act (THOA), banning commerce in organs and promoting posthumous donation of organs. The law's primary mechanism for preventing the sale of organs was to restrict who could donate a kidney to another person. In particular, the THOA bars strangers from donating to one another; a person can only donate to a relative, spouse, or someone bound by "affection". In practice, though, people evade the law's restrictions to continue the trade in organs. Often, claims of "affection" are unfounded and the organ donor has no connection to the recipient. In many cases, the donor may not be Indian or even speak the same language as the recipient. There have also been reports of the donor marrying the recipient to circumvent THOA's prohibition. Philippines Although the sale of organs was not legal in the Philippines, prior to 2008 the practice was tolerated and even endorsed by the government. The Philippine Information Agency, a branch of the government, even promoted "all-inclusive" kidney transplant packages that retailed for roughly $25,000. The donors themselves often received as little as $2,000 for their kidneys. The country was a popular destination for transplant tourism. One high-ranking government official estimated that 800 kidneys were sold annually in the country prior to 2008, and the WHO listed it as one of the top five sites for transplant tourists in 2005. In March 2008, the government passed new legislation enforcing the ban on organ sales. After the crackdown on the practice, the number of transplants has decreased from 1,046 in 2007 to 511 in 2010. Since then, the government has taken a much more active stance against transplant tourism. United States On September 21, 2021, 92 Republican members of the U.S. Senate and House asked the heads of multiple federal agencies to investigate organ harvesting for research purposes. The letter stated, "We are alarmed by public records obtained from the National Institutes of Heath (NIH) which show that the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) may have violated federal law by altering abortion procedures to harvest organs from babies who were old enough to live outside the womb." However, PolitiFact reported several months earlier that "There is no indication that the fetal tissues used in the [University of Pittsburgh] experiments were 'purchased'," suggesting that the congress members' later description of this research as involving organ harvesting was inaccurate. Impact on the poor Data from the World Health Organization indicates that donors in the illegal organ trade are predominantly impoverished people in developing nations. In one study of organ donors in India, for example, 71% of all donors fell below the poverty line. Poor people (including poor migrants) are more likely to fall victim of organ theft. Accounts of this practice usually characterize the victims as unemployed individuals (often but not always men) between the ages of 20 and 40 who were seeking work and were taken out of the country for operations. Poor people are also more likely to volunteer to sell their organs. One of the primary reasons donors articulate for why they sell their organs is to pay off debt. Migrants for instance may use the money to pay off human traffickers. The most impoverished are frequently viewed as more reliable targets for transplant tourists because they are the most in need of money. While some supporters of the organ trade argue that it helps lift some people out of poverty by providing compensation to donors, evidence of this claim is hotly debated. In many cases, people who sell their organs in order to pay off debt do not manage to escape this debt and remain trapped in debt cycles. Often, people feel like they have no choice but to donate their kidneys due to extreme poverty. In some cases, organs are sold to family members, either from parents to offspring, or from adult children to parents. This is more frequent in nations where waitlists are less formal, and among families which cannot afford to leave the country for transplants. Reports by the World Health Organization show decreased health and economic well-being for those who donate organs through transplant tourism. In Iran (where organ sales are legal), 58% of donors reported negative health consequences. In Egypt, as many as 78% of donors experienced negative health outcomes, and 96% of donors stated that they regretted donating. These findings are relatively consistent across all countries: those who sell their organs on the market tend to have poorer overall health. Substandard conditions during transplant surgeries can also lead to transmission of diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. Donors' poor health is further exacerbated by depression and other mental illnesses brought on by the stress of donating and insufficient care after surgery. Impoverished donors' economic outcomes are no better than their health outcomes. A study of Indian donors found that while 96% of donors sold a kidney to pay off debts, 75% still required operative care that is not provided by the buyer. Donors in all countries often report weakness after surgery that leads to decreased employment opportunities, especially for those who make a living through physical labor. Issues with enforcement Though many statutes regarding organ trade exist, law officials have failed to enforce these mandates successfully. One barrier to enforcement is a lack of communication between medical authorities and law enforcement agencies. Often, enforcement officials' access to information regarding individuals involved in illegal organ transplants is hindered by medical confidentiality regulations. Without the ability to review medical records and histories to build an effective case against perpetrators, officials cannot fully enforce organ trade laws. Many critics state that in order to prohibit illegal organ trading effectively, criminal justice agencies must collaborate with medical authorities to strengthen knowledge and enforcement of organ trade laws. Critics also support other criminal justice actions to meet this goal, such as prioritizing organ trafficking issues among local legislative bodies; multidisciplinary collaboration in cross-border offenses; and further police training in dealing with organ trafficking crimes. Media portrayal There have been various portrayals of illegal organ trade and organ trafficking in the mass media over the past few decades. Many, such as the 1993 book The Baby Train by Jan Brunvand, are variations of the urban legend of an individual who wakes up in a hotel bathtub to discover that one of his or her kidneys has been removed. The 1977 novel Coma by Robin Cook, made into a movie by Michael Crichton, tells of unsuspecting medical patients who are put into a coma in order for their organs to be removed. In addition to books and films, stories of organ trafficking are often depicted through television, tabloid magazines, emails, and the Internet. Many of the organ trafficking tales depicted in the media contain unsubstantiated claims. For example, the 1993 British/Canadian TV program The Body Parts Business made a number of claims about organ trafficking that later proved to be false. The program investigated alleged organ and tissue trafficking in Guatemala, Honduras, Argentina, and Russia. One episode discussed a man named Pedro Reggi, reporting that his corneas had been removed without his consent while he was hospitalized in a mental facility. Reggi later disputed this claim, saying that his corneas were still intact, and he had just been suffering from an acute eye infection. Critics, such as Silke Meyer, argue that this sensationalized view of organ trafficking, often based in urban myth, distracts attention from the illegal organ trade. They call for increased scientific research on illegal organ trade, so that organ trafficking legends can be replaced by scientific fact. Meyer argues: "Only then will [organ trafficking] be taken seriously by all governments affected and will the results constitute a solid ground for the field of policy-making." Proposed solutions Various solutions have been proposed to staunch the flow of illegal organs around the globe. The primary strategy is to increase the supply of legally donated organs, thereby decreasing the demand that drives the illicit organ trade. One way to accomplish this goal is for states to implement policies of presumed consent. With presumed consent laws (also known as "opt out" laws), consent for organ donation is assumed upon death unless the individual previously "opted out" by submitting documentation. This is in contrast to "opt-in" organ donation policies, which assume that a deceased person would not have wished to donate unless they had previously notified the government of their intention to donate. Presumed consent policies have already been adopted in various countries, including Brazil, certain jurisdictions of the United States, and several European nations. Research shows a 25–30% increase in the amount of available organs in "opt-out" countries. Another proposed method is to enact laws that would hold doctors accountable for not reporting suspected organ trafficking. Scheper-Hughes has written extensively on the issue of doctors knowingly performing illegal operations with illicit organs. She argues that though doctors might be violating doctor-patient privilege by reporting suspected organ trafficking, their legal obligation to the patient is superseded by public interest in ending medical violations of human rights. If accountability measures were imposed, doctors would be liable as accomplices if they knowingly performed operations with black market organs. Personal health records for migrants can help to document information on detected missing organs, and even previously done surgeries. Some projects have been started to keep personal health records of immigrants. Detection of missing organs and associated surgeries is an important first step to detect illicit organ harvesting. Many people in the United States believe that adopting a system for regulating organ trading similar to Iran's will help to decrease the national shortage of kidneys. They argue that the U.S. could adopt similar policies to promote accountability, ensure safety in surgical practices, employ vendor registries, and provide donors with lifetime care. They further argue that private insurance companies and the federal government would be invested in providing such care for donors, and that laws could be enacted to make long-term care an inviolable condition of any donation agreement. Ethical debate for organ trade The ethical debate of organ trade rests on whether or not people have an inherent right to sell their own organs and, if so, whether or not the potential harms of organ sales override that right. While in most democratic countries, there is an implied ethical right to what happens to one’s body, in the US this right was dictated by the Scheloendorff decision through the court's opinion by Justice Benjamin Cardozo,"Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with her own body"However, this autonomy is limited in organ trade as governments and some ethicist argue the potential harm of organ trade outweighs the rights of an individual. The closest legalized comparison of a right to bodily autonomy for financial gain would be prostitution. Currently 32 countries allow prostitution; none of them allow for the sale of an organ. Views on legalization of prostitution have often viewed it as a "necessary evil" and of prostitution can be legalized as long as the sex worker's human rights such as freedom of speech, travel, work, immigration, health insurance, and housing, are not deprived. Similarly, many argue that as long as the donors rights are respected and the trade is regulated, it would be ethically responsible for organ trade to exist. Organ trade also raises ethical and legal concerns for healthcare providers towards the treatment of patient. Specifically, currently there is little to no guidance on how does the doctor–patient relationship change if the patient received an organ through illegal means. Further more, if organ trade is legalized, an obligation for a physician to respect the patients wish to sell an organ. In the US, there is controversy on whether organ donation wishes are legally enforceable. The primary law governing organ donation is the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA). However, it is widely considered inadequate as it is up to each state to regulate and uphold this law, with enforcement varying between states for cadaver body donation. Further more, donor shortages still persists in the United States. To avoid lawsuits, providers would violate UAGA and side with the next of kin and ignore any preexisting organ donation requests. As such, if organ trade is legalized, there will need to be ethical consideration on if a physician has a duty to perform financially motivated organ transplants. Arguments for legalization Increased organ supply The main argument made in favor of legalized organ sales is that it would increase the number of organs available for transplantation. Although governments have implemented other initiatives to increase organ donation – such as public awareness campaigns, presumed consent laws, and the legal definition of brain death – the waitlist for vital organs continues to grow. Further more, cadaver organ transplantations have poorer clinical outcomes as compared with live organ donations. Legalizing payments for organs would encourage more people to donate their organs. Each organ sold on a market could potentially save the life (and improve the quality of life) of its recipient. For example, patients with kidney disease who receive a kidney transplant from a living donor typically live 7 to 15 years longer than those who depend on dialysis. Economists generally lean in favor of legalizing organ markets. The consensus of American Economic Association members is that organ trade should be allowed, with 70% in favor and 16% opposed. Another literature review, looking at the publications of 72 economic researchers who have studied organ trade, reached a similar conclusion: 68% supported legalization of the organ trade, while only 21% opposed it. Minimal negative consequences for donors Proponents also assert that organ sales ought to be legal because the procedure is relatively safe for donors. The short-term risk of donation is low – patients have a mortality rate of 0.03%, similar to that of certain elective cosmetic procedures such as liposuction. Moreover, they argue, the long-term risks are also relatively minimal. A 2018 systematic review found that kidney donors did not die earlier than non-donors. Donors did have a slightly increased risk of chronic kidney disease and pre-eclampsia (a condition sometimes seen in pregnancy). The review found no difference in the rates of diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or mental illness. Multiple studies of American and Japanese donors found that they reported a higher quality of life than the average non-donor. Proponents of organ markets argue that, given the comparative safety of donating a kidney, individuals should be permitted to undergo this operation in exchange for payment. Critics challenge this view of transplantation as being overly optimistic. Specifically, they cite research suggesting that individuals who sell their organs fare worse after the procedure than those who freely donate their organs. Kidney sellers are more likely to have renal problems after the operation (such as hypertension and chronic kidney disease), to report reduced overall health, and to suffer from psychological side effects such as depression. Opponents of markets usually ascribe these worse outcomes to the fact that kidney sellers are drawn from the ranks of the poor; if organ sales are permitted, most sellers will be poor and can expect the same dangerous consequences. Proponents of organ markets respond by blaming these bad outcomes on the fact that kidney sellers have been forced into the black market, with minimal oversight, follow-up care, or legal protections from abuse; thus in a regulated market in the developed world, kidney sellers could expect to see outcomes more akin to those of kidney donors Respect for autonomy Many proponents argue for legalized organ sales on the grounds of autonomy. Individuals are generally free to buy or sell their possessions and their labor. Advocates of organ markets say that, likewise, people ought to be free to buy or sell organs as well. According to this perspective, prohibitions against selling organs are a paternalistic or moralistic intrusion upon individuals' freedom. Proponents acknowledge that, unlike selling a material possession such as a car, selling a kidney does carry some risk of harm. However, they note that people are able to undertake dangerous occupations (such as logging, soldiering, or surrogacy) which carry significant chance of bodily harm. If individuals are allowed to take on that risk in exchange for money, then they ought to be able to take on the risks of selling a kidney as well. Harm reduction Other physicians and philosophers argue that legalization will remedy the abuses of the illicit trade in organs. The current ban on the sale of organs has driven both sellers and buyers into the black market, out of sight of the law. Criminal middlemen often take a large cut of the payment for the organ, leaving comparatively little money left for the donor. Because the mainstream medical establishment is barred from participating in the transplantation, the procedure typically occurs in substandard facilities and not according to best practices. Afterwards, the donors often do not receive important medical follow-up because they are afraid that their role in the crime will be discovered. There have also been reports of criminal gangs kidnapping people and illegally harvesting their organs for sale on the black market. Proponents of legalization argue that it will result in better medical care for donors and recipients alike, as well as larger payments to the donors. Some critics challenge the proponents' assumptions that legalization will eliminate the black market for organs or its problems. For example, one scholar argues that once the organ trade became legalized in Iran, it did not end the under-the-table sales in organs. Instead, people made deals outside the government-sanctioned system to acquire organs from more desirable (i.e., healthier) donors. Arguments against legalization Susceptibility to coercion Critics often argue that organ sales should remain prohibited because any market solution will take advantage of the poor. Specifically, they fear that a large financial incentive for donating organs will prove irresistible to individuals in extreme poverty: such individuals may feel like they have no choice but to agree to sell a kidney. Under these circumstances, the decision to sell cannot be regarded as truly voluntary. Consequently, it is appropriate for the government to protect poor people by prohibiting the sale of organs. Critics of legalization argue that proponents exaggerate the impact that a market would have on the supply of organs. In particular, they note that legalized organ sales may “crowd out” altruistic donations. In other words, people who would otherwise give their organs to relatives may decline to do so, opting instead to purchase the organ (or rely on the government to buy one) for their relatives. Proponents of markets counter that while altruistic donations might decrease slightly if organ sales were legalized, this decrease would be more than offset by the influx of organs. Legalization of human organ trading has been opposed by a variety of human rights groups. One such group is Organs Watch, which was established by Nancy Scheper-Hughes – a medical anthropologist who was instrumental in exposing illegal international organ-selling rings. Scheper-Hughes is famous for her investigations, which have led to several arrests due to people from developing countries being forced or fooled into organ donations. Like the World Health Organization, Organs Watch seeks to protect and benefit the poverty-stricken individuals who participate in the illegal organ trade out of necessity. Direct harms of organ selling Some opponents of markets adopt a paternalistic stance that prohibits organ sales on the grounds that the government has a duty to prevent harm to its citizens. Unlike the "coercion by poverty" line of argumentation discussed above, these critics do not necessarily question the validity of the donors' consent. Rather, they say that the dangers posed by donating an organ are too great to allow a person to voluntarily undertake them in exchange for money. As noted previously, critics of organ sales cite research suggesting that kidney sellers suffer serious consequences of the operation, faring far worse than altruistic kidney donors. Even if one assumes that kidney sellers will have similar outcomes to donors in a regulated market, one cannot ignore the fact that a nephrectomy is an invasive procedure that – by definition – inflicts some injury upon the patient. These critics argue that the government has a duty to prevent these harms, even if the would-be seller is willing to undertake them. A similar argument focuses on the fact that selling a kidney involves the loss of something unique and essentially irreplaceable on the part of the donor. Given the special value placed on bodily integrity in society, it is appropriate to outlaw the sale of body parts to protect that value. Objectification Another criticism of legalized organ sales is that it objectifies human beings. This argument typically starts with the Kantian assumption that every human being is a creature of innate dignity, who must always be regarded as an end to itself and never just a means to an end. A market for organs would reduce body parts to commodities to be bought and sold. Critics argue that, by permitting such transactions, society would reduce the seller of the organ to an object of commerce – a mere means to an ends. Assigning a monetary value to a key organ is essentially assigning a value to its bearer, and putting a price on a human being violates his or her intrinsic dignity. Proponents of organ sales claim that this line of argument confuses the kidney with the whole person; so long as the transaction is conducted in a way that minimizes risks to the donor and fairly compensates him or her, that person is not reduced to a means to an end. Unwanted pressure to sell an organ Another argument against organ markets is that they will give rise to a pressure to sell organs which would harm all people (even those who did not participate directly in the market). Under the current ban on the organ trade, debtors and heads of families in the developed world face little pressure to sell their organs. If a person's creditors or dependents suggest that said person sell their kidney to raise money, they could refuse on the grounds that it is illegal. In contrast, if organ sales were legalized, a destitute individual could face pressure from family and creditors to sell a kidney – and possibly endure social consequences such as scorn or guilt if they declined. Legalizing organ sales would create this unwanted pressure (and attendant disapproval) for all poor individuals, regardless of whether or not they wished to sell their kidneys. Thus a legal prohibition on selling organs is warranted to protect poor people from this undesirable pressure. Models for legalization Erin Harris model Ethicists Charles A. Erin and John Harris have proposed a much more heavily regulated model for organ transactions. Under this scheme, would-be sellers of organs do not contract with would-be recipients. Instead, a government agency would be the sole buyer of organs, paying a standard price set by law and then distributing the organs to its citizens. This safeguard is designed to prevent unscrupulous buyers from taking advantage of potential donors and to ensure that the benefits of the increased organ supply are not limited to the rich. Moreover, participation in the market would be confined to citizens of the state where the market is located, to prevent the unilateral movement of organs from developing nations to the developed world. Erin and Harris's model has been endorsed by a number of prominent advocates of organ markets. Free market model Many scholars advocate the implementation of a free market system to combat the organ shortage that helps drive illegal organ trade. The organ trade's illegal status creates a price ceiling for organs at zero dollars. This price ceiling affects supply and demand, creating a shortage of organs in the face of a growing demand. According to a report published by the Cato Institute, a US-based libertarian think tank, eliminating the price ceiling would eliminate the organ shortage. In the Journal of Economic Perspectives, Nobel laureate Gary Becker and Julio Elias estimated that a $31,700 compensation would provide enough kidneys for everyone on the wait list. The government could pay the compensation to guarantee equality. This would save public money, as dialysis for kidney failure patients is far more expensive. However, other critics argue that such a free market system for organ trade would encourage organ theft through murder and neglect of sick individuals for financial gain. Advocates for the free market of organs counter these claims by saying that murder for financial gain already happens; sanctions against such acts exist to minimize their occurrence; and with proper regulation and law enforcement, such incidents in a legal organ trade could be minimized as well. Other models The incentivized Kidney Donation Model (IKDM) exists as an intermediate between complete Free Market Model and Erin Harris Model, with strong government regulation and rewards with free market approach to donations. Currently in place in Turkey, Iran, in which a free organ market exists which "donations" between donor and recipients are allowed. However, the government also supplements this donation with incentives such as free/discounted medical health insurance, exemptions from co payments/contribution shares, priority when receiving an organ in the future, priority when finding a job, income tax exemptions for salaried employees, and free or discounted public utilities. In popular culture The American death metal band Cannibal Corpse released a song in 2021 titled "Inhumane Harvest", which has lyrical content about organ harvesting. The song was also released with a music video. The 1994 video game Policenauts revolves around an illegal drug and organ trafficking ring in outer space, which is run cooperatively by a multinational pharmaceutical corporation and corrupt police officers. The 2006 horror film Turistas focuses on a group of American tourists in Brazil who find themselves in the clutches of an underground organ harvesting ring. Proposed solutions There are several proposed solutions to increase the number of legally available human organs and reduce the growing illicit trade in these organs around the world. Policies of presumed consent have been successful in different countries, including Brazil, the United States, and many European countries. These policies can be either presumed consent (during life) or withdrawal (after death). In the category of withdrawal policies, organ donation is presumed after death, although it is possible to choose not to donate by submitting documents. Research has shown an increase of around 25 to 30% in the amount of organs available in countries with presumed consent policies. In the category of presumed consent policies, like the United States or France, a person may choose to donate their organs during their lifetime. In a presumed consent policy, families sometimes succeed in making the decision to donate the heart. A program to reduce organ trafficking is supposed to have several ways to work. These laws help to increase the amount of organs available, which reduces the number of patients who turn to the black market. At the same time, the increase in the supply of organs reduces the financial cost of a transplant and, therefore, the need for medical tourism. Another proposed method is to adopt laws that would impose on doctors the responsibility to report suspected organ traffickers. Chiper Hughes has written extensively on the issue of doctors who perform illegal operations while knowing that they are illegal. Many people in the United States believe that adopting a regulated organ trading system similar to Iran's would help to reduce the shortage of kidneys for transplantation. They believe that the United States should adopt similar policies to ensure the safety of surgery, provide lifelong care for donors. They also consider that private insurance companies will invest in providing this care to donors, which would make long-term care laws more favorable by protecting the terms of any donation agreement. See also Black market China: Organ transplantation in China Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China Fetus Farming Prohibition Act Gurgaon kidney scandal Organ donation Organ donation in Israel Organ harvesting References External links Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting Trade by commodity Organized crime

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carli%20Herm%C3%A8s

Carli Hermès

Carli Hermès (born 23 April 1963 in Schijndel) is a Dutch photographer and director. Carli Hermès studied photography at the Royal Academy of Art (The Hague) and The Arts Institute at Bournemouth in England. He became international known with his commercial photographs for brands like Martini, Swatch, Levi's, Mexx, Nike, WE, Philips, Sony, BMW, Suitsupply and Mercedes-Benz. In addition, he also made several fashion reports for known magazines like; Dutch, ELLE, Zoom, Max, Black & White, Madame Figaro en Avenue. He also photographed internationally famous people such as Edgar Davids, Inge de Bruijn, Leon de Winter, Natalie Imbruglia and Rutger Hauer. Besides his work as a photographer he is also active as a director for commercials and videos for brands like; G-star, Royal Club, Marco Borsato (Dutch singer) and the Dutch Railroad company. In 2006 and 2007 Carli was a member of the jury of Holland's Next Top Model. His latest work, "Elements", was presented from April until July 2008 in art gallery "Rademakers" in Amsterdam. Publishings Focus Cahier - Carli Hermès in Backstage (1990) Carli Hermès - Both Sides (1995) Smelik Stokking - Carli Hermès Carli Hermès - Glitz (2003) Carli Hermès - The Elements (2008) References External links Official website Carli Hermès Gallery Rademakers - Work and biography of Carli Hermès 1963 births Living people Dutch photographers People from Schijndel Royal Academy of Art, The Hague alumni Alumni of Arts University Bournemouth

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armegis%20Spearman

Armegis Spearman

Armegis Olemia Spearman (born April 5, 1978) is a former American football linebacker of the National Football League. Early life and college career Born in Oxford, Mississippi, Spearman grew up in Bruce, Mississippi and was an honorable mention USA Today All-American linebacker as a senior in 1995. He played college football at the University of Mississippi where he was selected named to the Freshman All-SEC team in 1996. In both his junior and senior seasons in 1998 and 1999, he earned second-team All-SEC honors. After graduating with a B.A. in Business Administration, Spearman was invited to play in the Hula Bowl. However, he fell one vote short of being invited to the NFL Scouting Combine. Professional career Spearman said that his agent was contacted by several teams during the draft and was told continually that teams were considering drafting him, including the Green Bay Packers and New England Patriots in the third round. In the end, though, Spearman went undrafted. He received interest from 21 different teams. Spearman had been so impressed by his meetings with Cincinnati Bengals linebacker coach Mark Duffner that he chose to sign with the Bengals on a two-year contract with a $10,000 signing bonus. As soon as camp opened, Spearman impressed the Bengals coaching staff with his size, strength, and instincts. He began his rookie season playing primarily on special teams, but after an injury to starting middle linebacker Brian Simmons, Spearman was inserted into the starting lineup and had an outstanding season, logging 70 tackles. He was selected to the 2000 NFL All-Rookie Team. Coming off such a promising rookie campaign, Spearman was poised to become a centerpiece in the Bengals defense. However, he suffered a torn pectoral muscle and missed the entire 2001 season. Again, in 2002, he was bitten by the injury bug. After overcoming a hamstring injury suffered in the preseason finale, Spearman appeared in only seven games when an ankle injury landed him back on Injured Reserve on November 1, 2002. As a restricted free agent after the 2002 season, Spearman received an offer of $550,000 from the Packers. The Bengals elected to match the offer and retain him. However, Spearman struggled with injuries throughout training camp and was released by first year head coach Marvin Lewis. Two days later, Spearman was signed by the Houston Texans. However, he was released by the Texans on September 10, 2003. On April 14, 2004, the Packers signed Spearman. He was released the day before training camp started, and his professional career was essentially over. Post-football career In 2012, Spearman enrolled in Master of Education studies at Central Methodist University, an NAIA school in Fayette, Missouri, and served as a graduate assistant linebackers coach for Central Methodist Eagles football. The team promoted Spearman to full-time linebackers coach the following year. Spearman transferred to the University of Mississippi in 2014 to pursue an M.A. in higher education with a concentration in student personnel and work as a mentor in the Student-Athlete Success Center. Spearman became a learning specialist in 2016 and completed his M.A. in 2018. References American football linebackers Players of American football from Mississippi Cincinnati Bengals players Houston Texans players Ole Miss Rebels football players People from Bruce, Mississippi 1978 births Living people People from Oxford, Mississippi

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ounes-l%C3%A8s-Montrieux

Méounes-lès-Montrieux

Méounes-lès-Montrieux (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population Places of interest Charterhouse of Montrieux (from “mont rivis”, the mount of the stream), founded in 1137. See also Communes of the Var department References External links Méounes-lès-Montrieux official website Montrieux Charterhouse's website Communes of Var (department)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurij%20Alschitz

Jurij Alschitz

Jurij Leonowitsch Alschitz or Jurij Al'šic (Юрий Леонович Альшиц; born 9 August 1947 in Odessa, Soviet Union) is a Russian - German theatre director, acting pedagogue and researcher specialising in applied theatre practice. He is known for developing a comprehensive artistic methodological approach for 21st century dramatic arts, ‘Training as Method’. He is the artistic director of the European Association for Theatre Culture and the World Theatre Training Institute AKT-ZENT/ITI, appointed by the International Theatre Institute as research centre for theatre training methods. His life Alschitz comes from a theatre artistic family - his mother was the actress Raisa Stavitskaja and his father was the stage designer Leon Alschitz. Training and teaching in Russia Alschitz first studied directing at the Moscow State University for Culture & Arts from 1969 to 1973 and was taught by J. N. Malkovsky, a direct student of K.S. Stanislavsky. After a number of productions at state theatres in Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, Riga and other cities, Alschitz embarked upon a second course of studies at GITIS, the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts, where he was taught by Prof.Mikhail Butkevich, Oleg Koudriachov, and Prof. Anatoly Vasiliev. From 1989 to 1992 he held a teaching position at GITIS and in 1987 he was a founding member of the theatre School of Dramatic Art - Antatolij Vasiljev. Alschitz was an actor and trainer in Vasiljev’s legendary production of Luigi Pirandello’s Six Characters in Search of an Author. The production toured to festivals worldwide. His reflections on the training methods he used with this ensemble would form the basis of his 2003 doctoral dissertation ‘Ensemble and Personality: their artistic and ethical relationship’, awarded by GITIS - the Russian Academy for Theatre Arts. Teacher in Europe After moving to Berlin in 1992, Alschitz definitively shifted the focus of his work to acting pedagogy. In particular, he began to focus on continuous education for professional actors and directors and on the development of a communicable pedagogy and methodology for acting teachers. He thus embarked upon a phase of intensive practical research and teaching at a number of theatre schools and academies, including the State University of Music and Performing Arts Stuttgart, Folkwang Hochschule (Essen), Berlin University of the Arts, the Dramatiska Institutet (Stockholm), Malmö Theatre Academy, Civica Accademia D’Arte Dramatica Nico Pepe (Udine), Film Institute (Rome), Pontedera Teatro, Scuola D’Arte Drammatica Paolo Grassi (Milan). Founder of the European Association for Theatre Culture With the aim of undertaking long-term concentrated research into acting pedagogy, Alschitz founded three European theatre research centres: in 1994, Skandinaviskt Centrum for Utforskning av Teater (SCUT) in Stockholm; in 1995, AKT-ZENT Internationales Theaterzentrum in Berlin and PROTEI – Progetti Teatrali Internazionali in Rome. In 2000, these three independently operating centres, along with the newly founded KOINE- Langages Transatlantiques centre in Paris, became affiliated as the European Association for Theatre Culture, with Alschitz as the artistic director. Since 1996, Alschitz has mounted wide-ranging projects on various specific themes, which have been undertaken in cooperation with the centres of the European Association for Theatre Culture, leading academies worldwide and the national centres of the International Theatre Institute. In the process, he produced a number of books on acting such as The Vertical of the Role: A Method for the actor’s self-preparation, 40 Questions of one Role, in which he introduces maieutics as a method for the analysis of a role, and The Art of Dialogue which presents for the first time his concept of ‘Spherical Dialogue’. With ‘School after Theatre’, a cooperation with GITIS, Alschitz introduced to Western Europe the principle of continuous professional education for actors and directors. Between 1995 and 2009 this three-year programme was delivered to 9 different classes with modules held in Estonia, Greece, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden and Russia. With the International Directors’ and Trainers’ Colloquium, he introduced courses for acting teachers, which he presented in 2001 at the Theatre Olympics in Moscow as an innovative form of professional education in the field of acting pedagogy. He had already received international attention for his presentation of this theme at the first World Conference of Rectors of Higher Education Institutions in 1999, completely reappraising the role of acting pedagogues and making the training of trainers the highest priority for the development of the theatre. Following on from this, in 1999 Alschitz organised METHODIKA, the first international festival for theatre training methods. The festival subsequently took place biannually in Italy, Sweden, Russia and Cyprus, each time with a different theme, becoming a think tank for new, unresearched approaches to theatre education. Between 2012 and 2014, Alschitz continued work on his theme of ‘Training the Trainers’, putting it into practice with the first international Master’s programme for acting teachers, ‘Teaching Professional Theatre Practice’, at Centro Universitario de Teatro of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM). His manifesto, ‘The New Face of the Acting Teacher’ suggests alternative forms for and fundamental changes in teaching theatre. Since the foundation of the European Association for Theatre Culture, Alschitz has through seminars and laboratories educated and trained numerous actors and directors and thus built up his so-called ‘Team of Teachers’, who teach and disseminate his methodology worldwide. Research Centre of the International Theatre Institute Based on its research activity, AKT-ZENT International Theatre Centre was in 2006 named Research Centre of the ITI Theatre Education & Training Committee. In 2011, the General Assembly of the International Theatre Institute appointed AKT-ZENT as the ITI Research Centre for Theatre Training Methods under the artistic direction of Dr Jurij Alschitz. Since 2017, Alschitz has been the artistic-academic director of the World Theatre Training Institute AKT-ZENT/ITI. The Institute’s focus is on the World Theatre Training Library, a long-term study in artistic and methodological approaches to theatre training worldwide. Since 2010, Alschitz has travelled to nearly all continents of the world for this project, conducting interviews, attending rehearsals and giving lectures and seminars. International laboratories allowed Alschitz to develop new training exercises from the ideas and impressions he acquired worldwide, along with the latest findings from science and technology, such as those in fractal geometry, quantum physics, wave theory and resonance phenomena. From this he developed new teaching formats and the concept of Quantum Pedagogy. Alschitz pursues the idea of a holistic theater in which the artist sees himself as part of the theater cosmos and thus achieves individual freedom and autonomy. Part of the new teaching concept was the Hybrid Education on the institute's own online learning platform. In 2020 he created the Online Theatre Academy together with his Team of Teachers, leading his own department School of Jurij Alschitz. Alschitz is a sought-after expert for international festivals and conferences. His books have been published in numerous languages worldwide. Books References External links http://www.theatreculture.org http://www.alschitz.de https://online-theatre-academy.com International Theatre Institute 1947 births Living people Russian theatre directors German theatre directors Russian acting theorists Acting theorists Theatre people from Odesa Theatre people from Berlin

15827708

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Yasutoshi%20%281569%E2%80%931621%29

Honda Yasutoshi (1569–1621)

(1570 – March 29, 1622) was a Japanese samurai of the Azuchi–Momoyama Period through early Edo period, who served the Tokugawa clan; he later became a daimyō. Yasutoshi was the second son of Sakai Tadatsugu; after a time as a hostage to the Oda clan; he was adopted by Honda Tadatsugu in 1580. Upon Tokugawa Ieyasu's move to the Kantō region in 1590, Yasutoshi was granted 5,000 koku of land in Shimōsa Province. Yasutoshi served at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, for his service there, he was awarded with lordship of the Nishio Domain of Mikawa (20,000 koku). During the Siege of Osaka in 1614, he defended Zeze Castle, and during the battles in the following year, took part in the actual fighting, reportedly taking over 105 heads. As a reward for his service at Osaka, he was moved to the Zeze Domain, and his stipend was increased to 30,000 koku. Yasutoshi died in early 1621 at the age of 53. References "Zeze-han" on Edo 300 HTML (22 February 2008) "Honda" Jinmei Jiten (22 February 2008) This article was compiled in part from material from the corresponding article on the Japanese Wikipedia. |- Samurai 16th-century births 1622 deaths Honda clan Fudai daimyo

15827716

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula%20of%20Love

Formula of Love

Formula of Love () is a 1984 Soviet romantic fantasy comedy film directed by Mark Zakharov, from a screenplay by Grigori Gorin. It is loosely based on the story "Count Cagliostro" by Aleksey Tolstoy about a magician who sets out to prove humans' power against the gods by fabricating love without the influence of the gods. It also follows the story lines of the woman he is trying to force to fall in love, the family with which they are staying and the stories of his servants. Cast Nodar Mgaloblishvili as Count Giuseppe Cagliostro (voiced by Armen Dzhigarkhanyan) Yelena Valyushkina as Maria Ivanovna Aleksandr Mikhailov as Aleksei Alekseyevich Fedyashev Yelena Aminova as Lorenza Aleksandr Abdulov as Jacob Semyon Farada as Margadon (singing voice by Gennady Gladkov) Tatyana Pelttser as Fedosya Ivanovna Aleksandra Zakharova as Fimka Leonid Bronevoy as Doctor Nikolay Skorobogatov as Stepan Stepanovich References External links 1984 romantic comedy films 1984 films 1984 fantasy films Soviet fantasy comedy films Russian fantasy comedy films Russian romantic comedy films Soviet romantic comedy films 1980s Russian-language films Films directed by Mark Zakharov Films scored by Gennady Gladkov Films based on short fiction Mosfilm films Films about Alessandro Cagliostro Films set in the 1780s Films set in country houses Films set in the Russian Empire Films set in Saint Petersburg Films shot in Moscow Oblast Films shot in Saint Petersburg

15827718

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timorese%20Popular%20Democratic%20Association

Timorese Popular Democratic Association

The Timorese Popular Democratic Association (, APODETI; ) was a political party in East Timor established in 1974, which advocated for integration into Indonesia. Along with another East Timor party, the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT), it signed the Balibo Declaration in 1975 calling for Indonesia to annex the region. The party led the Provisional Government of East Timor that was formed following the Indonesian invasion of East Timor 1975. Since 2000, the party used the suffix Pro-Referendo (Pro-referendum). A renaming to Partido Democrata Liberal was considered. The party no longer exists. History East Timor was a Portuguese colony for several hundred years. When the Carnation Revolution toppled the Lisbon regime in 1974, East Timor entered a period of instability. One of the first changes was the legalization of political parties. Along with the Timorese Democratic Union and Fretilin, APODETI was founded quickly after the announcement. Party leaders believed East Timor would not have been a viable independent state. On 27 May 1974, a group of thirty individuals met to create a party to advocate for integration into Indonesia. The party's first name was the Associação para a Integração de Timor na Indonésia (, AITI), but organizers decided the pro-integration position was unpopular and decided to remove the word from their name. Among them were several former participants in the Viqueque Rebellion (1959). In its original manifesto, the party called for "autonomous integration" into Indonesia while also declaring support for human rights and freedom of expression. The party also advocated the teaching of Indonesian in East Timor's schools. The party supported religious freedom and opposed racism, but initially opposed the Catholic Church and took anti-white positions. APODETI only found support from a few Liurai in the border region. Some of them had collaborated with the Japanese against the Portuguese colonial rulers during World War II. A large part of the small Muslim minority in East Timor also supported the APODETI. APODETI used to be seen as a front organization funded by Jakarta. Its prominent leaders have had close contact with Indonesian secret agents since the 1960s. For support and funding from Indonesia, they used their position in society as traders, customs officials, and influential traditional leaders. APODETI's first president was Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo, a 60-year-old cattle farmer who had collaborated with the Japanese invasion forces during World War II. Araujo spent several months in Jakarta during 1974, where he met government officials who quickly found ways to support his organization. Later, he became the first governor of East Timor under Indonesian rule. The first vice-president of the party was Hermenegildo Martins, owner of a coffee plantation. Another key APODETI leader was a former schoolteacher named José Abílio Osório Soares. Echoing the sentiment that East Timor could not survive as an independent state, he professed a strong faith in Indonesia's willingness to help. In 1975 he said: "We do not need neocolonialism, just some control from Indonesia; and if we need some things maybe we can get them from Indonesia." The popularity of APODETI was low compared to the pro-independence Fretilin and even the more moderate UDT. Still, it received considerable support from the Indonesian government, in the form of financial donations and declarations of solidarity. When APODETI leaders announced that 70 percent of the population endorsed integration, Indonesian officials repeated the claim and it became a staple of media reports in Jakarta. Their strongest supporter was Dom Guilherme Gonçalves, the Liurai of the former Atsabe Kingdom from Atsabe/Municipality of Ermera and head of the Atsabe Kemak. He had strong family ties within the former kingdom and its old allies. This included ties to Kemak in what are now the municipalities of Ainaro and Bobonaro and northern and southern Tetum and Bunak on both sides of the borders. He was extremely anti-Portuguese and had a large traditional army. Gonçalves came from a long line of kings who regularly rebelled against the Portuguese. He hated the artificial colonial border that divided his family and separated the east from the Laran spiritual center in Wehale. That is why he wanted a reunification of Timor. At the same time, party leaders were ridiculed in East Timor, and some traveled accompanied by bodyguards. This, in turn, led to more belligerent statements by APODETI leaders. APODETI was the first East Timorese party to establish paramilitary forces. In August 1974, it began training camps in Indonesian West Timor. Instructors and weapons came from the Indonesian military. Tomás Gonçalves, son of the Liurais of Atsabe, Guilherme Gonçalves and APODETI representative in West Timor, met the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, General Maraden Panggabean, in Jakarta in September. APODETI presented itself as a suitable vehicle for the integration of East Timor into Indonesia. When FRETILIN proclaimed East Timor's independence from Portugal on November 28, 1975, Indonesia reacted by reporting that Dom Guilherme Gonçalves and Alexandrino Borromeo of APODETI and other opposition politicians had signed the so-called Balibo Declaration, which called for East Timor's annexation to Indonesia. The declaration was drafted by Indonesian intelligence and signed in Bali, not Balibo. After Indonesia's invasion, a puppet government was established in mid-December 1976, consisting of APODETI and UDT leaders. Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo became the first governor of Timor Timur, as East Timor was called under Indonesian rule. He was followed by Dom Guilherme Gonçalves and, after an interlude by UDT member Mário Viegas Carrascalão, finally the last was José Abílio Osório Soares, brother of José Fernando Osório Soares and former mayor of Dili. After East Timor's independence, the party stressed that its goal had been to ensure East Timor's viability as an autonomous province of Indonesia and that APODETI was opposed to annexation by force. In a public statement at the CNRT Congress in August 2000, APODETI accepted the result of the 1999 East Timorese independence referendum, which had been in favor of independence, and added the appendix Pro-Referendum to its name. APODETI became a member of the CNRT and participated in the National Council. During the transition to independence, the party participated in the 2001 East Timorese parliamentary election where it received 0.6% of the popular vote and failed to gain a seat in the Constituent Assembly. The party did not contest the 2007 East Timorese parliamentary election. According to internet sources, the party no longer exists. Though on 27 May 2023, former APODETI party organisers, administrators, and members, who organised a reunion to celebrate the 49-year anniversary of APODETI in Jakarta, still insist that the party still exist even if it's a 'very small amount' of members. Politics in independent East Timor APODETI supported national unity, the independence and sovereignty of East Timor, non-violence, and the defense of democracy, tolerance, and the socio-cultural values of the East Timorese people. The party stood behind the multiparty system, democracy, and human rights for men and women. APODETI advocated a free market economy, foreign and domestic investment, and a free education system. It supported the introduction of Portuguese as a provisional official language and the further development of Tetum. English was to be taught at all school levels, as were civics and morals for the young. As far as possible, the health care system was to be free. In foreign policy, close relations with neighboring Australia and Indonesia, as well as with Portuguese-speaking countries, were supported. Other goals were the creation of jobs, the advancement of the people and the support of war victims, such as widows, orphans, the elderly and those who were disadvantaged by their political work during the Indonesian occupation. Leaders The last party president was Frederico Almeida Santos da Costa, born in Lospalos and one of the founders of the party. He used to work in the Portuguese colonial administration and in customs during the Indonesian occupation. Today he is retired. Laurentino Domingos Luis de Gusmão was the vice president of APODETI and a member of the National Council (NC). During the colonial period, he was in charge of financial administration in Baucau Municipality. Under the Indonesian occupation, Gusmão held senior positions in the civil service, including Chief of Cabinet. During the UN administration, he was appointed to the National Consultative Council (NCC). Today, he is retired. Party Secretary João Baptista dos Santos was born in Lospalos in 1951. After serving as a Portuguese civil servant, dos Santos worked in various government offices during Indonesia's rule and was deputy regent (wakil bupati) in Lospalos. In 2001, Santos taught history and Portuguese in Dili. Other founding members were Abel da Costa Belo, Pinto Soares, and Casimero dos Reis Araújo, son of Arnaldo. José Martins switched to the Klibur Oan Timor Asuwain (KOTA) party. Election results Party symbols References Bibliography Budiardjo, Carmel and Liem Soei Liong. The War against East Timor. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1984. . Dunn, James. Timor: A People Betrayed. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1996. . Taylor, John G. Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1991. . External links 1974 Manifesto Apodeti supporters group 1974 establishments in Southeast Asia Defunct political parties in East Timor

15827722

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting%20President%20of%20Russia

Acting President of Russia

The acting president of the Russian Federation () is a temporary post provided by the Constitution of Russia. The acting president is a person who fulfils the duties of the president of the Russian Federation when cases of incapacity and vacancy occur. However, the person who takes office is more limited in power as the acting president can not dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum, or propose constitutional amendments. This post is held by the prime minister of Russia. Incapacity 1996 Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin assumed the role of acting president when President Boris Yeltsin underwent heart surgery in 1996. Chernomyrdin served for one day, from 5 to 6 November 1996. No major event occurred during that time. Vacancy 1993 During the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, Vice President Alexander Rutskoy was named by parliament as the acting president when the legislature announced Yeltsin's removal from office. On 21 September 1993 at 12:22 a.m., Rutskoy assumed the powers of the acting president of Russia. He took the presidential oath, stating, "I am taking the authority of President. The anti-constitutional decree of President Yeltsin is annulled." Rutskoy's interim presidency, although constitutional, was never acknowledged outside of Russia. After the two-week standoff and the violence on the streets of Moscow, on 4 October 1993 the parliament building was taken by Yeltsin's military forces. Rutskoy and his supporters were arrested and charged with organization of mass disturbances. On the same day, Yeltsin officially dismissed Rutskoy as vice president and fired him from the military forces. The vice presidency was abolished. 1999–2000 After Yeltsin resigned on 31 December 1999, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin became the acting president until the election. A snap election was held in March 2000 and was won by Putin. He officially took office of President on 7 May 2000. Legislative gap The Russian Constitution does not explicitly specify who should become acting president if the prime minister is not appointed or cannot perform his or her duties. This gap is to some extent filled by the Federal Constitutional Law "About the Government of the Russian Federation", article 8 of which states: Accordingly, if it is assumed that the performance of the duties of the president in urgent cases is one of the direct duties of the prime minister, and his deputies are authorized to perform all his duties in case of his absence, the duties of the president should be temporarily assigned to one of the deputy prime ministers in the order of substitution, established by order of the prime minister. However, the legality of the temporary performance of the duties of the president by the deputy prime ministers is groundless, both from practical and theoretical positions. So far, these gaps in the legislation have not yet manifested themselves. On the other hand, some believe that if the prime minister cannot serve as acting president, the acting president should be the chairman of the Federation Council. However, nowhere in the legislation is this fixed. List References Constitution of the Russian Federation Government of Russia Politics of Russia

15827736

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20and%20religion

Women and religion

The study of women and religion examines women in the context of different religious faiths. This includes considering female gender roles in religious history as well as how women participate in religion. Particular consideration is given to how religion has been used as a patriarchal tool to elevate the status and power of men over women. In addition, religion portrays gender within religious doctrines. Abrahamic religions Christianity Christians have vastly diverse views on women's rights, responsibilities, and roles in different times and places. Many Christians believe that women and men are spiritually equal, and that their equality should be expressed in the Church's life. While some perspectives within the religion uphold equality between the sexes, others more rooted in the patriarchy of the ancient world equate cultural principles with religious ones to oppress women. A more patriarchal Christianity sets a mold for women to adhere to and limits their freedom in the church. According to such interpretations of the Christian Bible, wives are expected to be submissive in many ways. They are asked to be submissive to their husbands, the church, their community, and God. "At the head of every household is a man; at the head of a man is Christ, and the head of every woman is a man, and the head of Christ is God." Wives are seen as second in the family household, only to their husbands. This suggests that men are at the forefront of Christianity and adds to the issue of equal rights for women in the religion. In 2020, it has been estimated that the female share of the World's Christian Population is around 51.6%. According to the scripture in Genesis, “the Lord God said, it is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a help meet (fit or suitable) for him. The passage suggests that women are to play a supportive role to men and is supported in further passages from Christian Scripture. For example, in Colossians and Peter, women are called to submit to their husbands and stay silent in their shadow. Lastly, in terms of how women are suppressed by scripture, the specific passage in Titus calls for a woman to not teach or preach in public assembly. This would constitute the authority of a man. While it has been estimated that the female share (aged 20 years and over) of the World's Christian Population is between 52 and 53 percent, leadership roles in modern organized churches and sects of Christianity are often restricted to males. In the Roman Catholic Church, as well as in Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches, only men may serve as priests or deacons. In addition, only males serve in senior leadership positions such as pope, patriarch, and bishop. However, in Christian history, women have been ordained to the diaconate and performed equal duties with male deacons. Although ordaining women as deacons fell out of mainstream practice many centuries ago, many Orthodox Churches have re-instated them to varying degrees. In 2017, Ani-Kristi Manvelian was ordained and consecrated with her male counterparts in the diaconate at Saint Sarkis Cathedral in Tehran. In addition to serving in the clergy, women may serve as nuns and abbesses. Although many voices within Christianity profess equality for all and say women and men were created equally, as shown throughout history, women have been subject to the patriarchy embedded in the religion in some places and expressions. “In the midst of the Greek, Roman, and Jewish cultures, which viewed women almost on the level of possessions, Jesus showed love and respect for women.” As expressed in the preceding quote, Jesus Christ professed equality and Christianity expresses and celebrates equality. It is the patriarchy of society that influences Christianity and puts men in positions of power. Though women have played a vital role in the church, as expressed by the Acts and many others, none have ever been allowed leadership. Historically, women such as Mary Magdalene, who played a major role in supporting Jesus and the ministry, show just how influential women have been to Christianity. The Apostle Paul is a great example in showing this as he worked, “side by side with them for the furtherance of the gospel,” but never himself appointed any women in roles of power. Women in the patriarchal forms of Christianity can be roughly summarised in the following quote: “Although, women are spiritual equals with men and the ministry of women is essential to the body of Christ, women are excluded from leadership over men in the church.” However, there are many exceptions to that in other expressions, times, and forms of the Christian faith. Especially during the middle ages, abbesses were women of significant authority and influence. They exercised spiritual authority not only over their nuns, but also over the monks at a double monastery. Whether the house was intended for women, men, or both, the abbess was always to be obeyed as the head of the house. From what history tells us, it is safe to conclude that the mainstream Christianity's hierarchy has benefitted women by putting them in places of authority over men. This is despite whatever cultural oppression some male leaders may have encouraged. Many Christians in mainstream denominations not excluding Methodists, Episcopalians, Presbyterians and others disagree with the idea that women should not have leadership positions. There are New Testament texts which exhort Christians not to discriminate between men and women; for one example, Galatians 3:28 "There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." A small minority of women are also mentioned in the New Testament as probably holding leadership positions, such as Phoebe, Junia, Priscilla and a few others. Note that many translators dispute the meaning or degree of leadership in these references. Modern popular female preachers like Joyce Meyer, Paula White and Kathryn Kuhlman have had or have leadership roles in Church. It is also mentioned in the Old Testament that women such as Deborah and Huldah were Prophets. In the New Testament Philip was said to have four daughters who prophesied. Notably, Christians who believe in the veneration of saints hold the Virgin Mary in high regard. Catholic, Orthodox, and some other Christians believe that she is to be honoured and esteemed as the holiest and greatest of all created people. After the Holy Trinity, they honour her as the secondary paragon of holiness and goodness. As a result, they revere her with various and sundry titles, including "Queen of Heaven". There is much to be said for a sect of faith that venerates a woman as the greatest human being of all time. This is despite what other sects of that religion may declare or do. The Gospel of Mary, a work tied to Christian Gnosticism, is the only known surviving apocryphal text that is named after a woman. According to its narrative, Mary Magdalene was the only follower of Jesus who truly understood his teachings. Judaism Women's role in Judaism is determined by the Hebrew Bible, the Oral Law (the corpus of rabbinic literature, including the Talmud), by custom, and by non-religious cultural factors. The Hebrew Bible and rabbinic literature mention various female role models. Religious law treats women differently in various circumstances. In historical Jewish texts, all people were seen as equal at the highest level: God. The Hebrew Bible states that “man” was made of both “male and female”, and originally had a dual gender for God, but this disappeared and God became referred to as "He and Him." In Judaism, God has never been exclusively viewed as male or masculine, but rather, God has both masculine and feminine qualities. Judaism emphasizes family. Gender affects familial lines: in traditional Judaism, Jewishness is passed down through the mother, though the status of belonging to one of the three groups within Judaism (kohen, levite, or Israel) is inherited through the father. The Hebrew Scripture uses the father's name to identify sons and daughters, such as, "Dinah, daughter of Jacob". Responsibilities were not taken lightly for the family. Traditionally and in Orthodox Judaism, the "akeret habayit," or woman of the house, is referred to as the mainstay of the house, or "akeret habayit." According to a 2017 study by the Pew Research Center, women (aged 20 years and over) are slightly more numerous among the worldwide Jewish population (52%). Women have been highly regarded within the Jewish community because they are capable of a great degree of "binah" (institution, understanding, intelligence). The term, “women of valor,” describes Jewish women's ideal characteristics. Traditionally, she devoted all her energies towards the “physical and spiritual well-being of her family.” Her continuous care enabled her husband and children to flourish, her personal reward being their successes. However, that role has been reshaped over time. The impact of "women of valor" extended beyond the household and into the community. Volunteer work has allowed women to sharpen their leadership and organizational skills. While it may seem that women have only had influence in smaller communities, Jewish women have eventually established enough authority to emerge as public figures. In 1972, Sally Priesand became the first woman ordained as a rabbi, in the Reform denomination. Women in the Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Renewal denominations are now able to lead worship services, read the Torah, and give drashes (sermons) just as men do, often contributing a different perspective. Islam Islam is a monotheistic religion founded in the early seventh century by the prophet, Muhammad. The notion of a good life for a Muslim person is defined in Islam’s sacred text, the Quran. In addition, it is defined in the Hadith which are Muhammad's direct teachings. Although these sources covered a lot, there were still some situations that to interpretation. Thus, Islamic scholars formed consensus around a set of secondary sources, the most notable being the ijma, qiyas, ijtihad and fatwas. It is imperative to recognize that the Quran is not a static source with a fixed meaning but a dynamic, versatile one. After the introduction of Islamic principles, men kept the dominant position. Women were required to be obedient to their husbands, fathers, and sons. This was less due to the religion's teachings than to the cultural norms of the era in which it arose. Islam recognized men and women as equals in their ability to carry out Allah's wishes and Muhammad's teaching. The three main things sharia law introduced were women’s rights to marriage, inheritance, and divorce. It also restricted polygamy, by limiting men to marrying a maximum of four women at a time, requiring the husband to take care of each wife equally and properly. Muhammad himself had several wives, marrying some widows to give them a home and protection. Muslims must observe the five pillars of Islam: praying five times a day, fasting during the month of Ramadan, making a pilgrimage to Mecca, donating to charity, and accepting Allah as the only God and Muhammad as Allah's prophet. Women have restrictions on praying in public, given instead separate private spaces. Also, women are not permitted to pray during menstruation as they are not considered clean. If women are pregnant or nursing during the month of Ramadan, they do not need to keep the sunup to sundown daily fasts. Segregation of men and women in Islamic centers gives Muslim women the right to work independently and not under men. Due to their isolation, it became the responsibility of the ummah, or Muslim community, to pass down the customs and traditions that mold a Muslim women's life. This guidance, sharia, and Islamic scripture outlined the structure for her education, employment opportunities, rights to inheritance, dress, public appearance, domestic 'duties', age of marriage, freedom to consent to marriage, marriage contract, mahr, permissibility of birth control, divorce, sex outside or before marriage, ability to receive justice in case of sex crimes, property rights independent of her husband, and when salat (prayers) are mandatory for her. East and Southeast Asian religions Taoism The roles of women in Taoism, have differed from the traditional patriarchy over women in ancient and imperial China. Chinese women had special importance in some Taoist schools that recognized their transcendental abilities to communicate with deities, who frequently granted women with revealed texts and scriptures. Women first came to prominence in the Highest Clarity School, which was founded in the 4th century by a woman, Wei Huacun. Indian religions Buddhism Buddhism can be considered to be revolutionary within the social and political realms of ancient India in regards to the role of women. Buddhism can be attributed as revolutionary due to the fact that Gautama Buddha admitted women into the monastic order, during a time when monastic communities were dominated by males in India. Additionally, one of the main schools of tradition that originated from the early development of Buddhism, called Theravāda Buddhism, expresses the assumption that “all men and women, regardless of their caste, origins, or status, have equal spiritual worth.” Because Buddhism can be described as a religious and philosophical ideology that does not have an explicit “Creator” there is no implied “sacredness” in relation to one’s human form, which means that the practice itself is not bound to the ideas of gender, reproduction, and sexuality. However, it is argued that Buddhist traditions still have underlying issues pertaining to gender roles. While Buddhist ideologies may be considered a revolutionary step forward in the status of women, many still consider the tradition to be subject to the social and political context of undermining gender issues during its upbringing, and even up to this day. The progression of gender issues, especially between gender and authority, can be seen during the time period of Hinayana Buddhism, when the Buddhist order underwent major reforms of splitting into about 20 different schools. During this time Buddhist narratives and beliefs arose limiting the status of women’s roles within the Buddhist communities, asserting that women could not reach enlightenment, or Buddhahood. This also meant that women would not attain positions of leadership because that they could not reach enlightenment, unless they “gain good karma and are reborn as men beforehand.” Alternatively, Khandro Rinpoche, a female lama in Tibetan Buddhism, shows a more optimistic view in regards to women in Buddhism:When there is a talk about women and Buddhism, I have noticed that people often regard the topic as something new and different. They believe that women in Buddhism has become an important topic because we live in modern times and so many women are practicing the Dharma now. However, this is not the case. The female sangha has been here for centuries. We are not bringing something new into a 2,500-year-old tradition. The roots are there, and we are simply re-energizing them.In a YouTube interview on why there are so few female teachers in the Buddhist communities, Rinpoche goes on to say that: It is because of a lack of education. It was a very patriarchal society back in the East. Wherever Buddhism grew, these societies were very patriarchal. It limits the opportunity women have to study and be independent – and you have to study and be independent to manifest any kind of realization or understanding…fortunately, that seems to be changing. I really think that opportunities for education have now really increased for women – they are becoming very competitive and learned, and things are going to change. Rinpoche states that while the underlying nature of the patriarchal system that still exists today creates more obstacles and limitations for women in Buddhism, she believes that there is a changing dynamic and optimistic future for women within the Buddhist community. According to a 2017 study by the Pew Research Center, women (aged 20 years and over) are slightly more numerous among worldwide Buddhist population (54%). Hinduism Hinduism, states Professor of Indian Religion Edwin Bryant, has the strongest presence of the divine feminine among major world religions, from ancient times to the present. The goddess is viewed as central in Shakti and Saiva Hindu traditions. In Hinduism, women are portrayed as equal in value to men. For instance, Kali Ma (Dark Mother) "is the Hindu goddess of creation, preservation, and goddess of destruction." Her power included the origin of all creation's life, as well as the end of life. Due to her control over life and death, Kali was seen as a goddess who should be loved as well as feared. This leads to a higher status for the woman than the man, because everyone has to respect her in order to have a smooth life and live longer. Another important female figure is Shakti or Adishakti or Adiparashakti, the divine feminine - a goddess that embodies the energy of the universe, "often appearing to destroy demonic forces and restore balance". Because Shakti is a universal force, she embodies all the gods in Hinduism and is worshiped as the "mother goddess". In Hindu lore, the Goddess is referred as Devi or Devi Ma, meaning Mother Goddess. The Goddess is considered as the progenitor, sustainer and ultimately, the destroyer of the universe. She is worshipped as Durga - the warrior Goddess, Kali - the Goddess of time and death and regeneration, Lalita Tripurasundari - the divine lady of All Worlds and as Bhuvaneshwari, the Goddess of the Universe. The Goddess is worshipped in many forms as Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth, fortune and prosperity and as Saraswati, the Goddess of knowledge, arts, education and learning. Throughout history, Hindu women have held public religious positions as practitioners and conductors of Vedic Rituals. Hindu society has seen many female rulers, such as Rudramadevi, Rani Abbakka, Rani Durgavati, Rani Ahilyabai Holkar, Rani Chennamma of Keladi, women saints, such as Andal, philosophers, such as Maitreyi, and religious reformers. While Hinduism portrays women as figures who play an important role in understanding how the world works, women in Hindu society have often been marginalized and their importance has been diminished, as a result of "girls being made to feel lesser and not as important as boys". According to a 2017 study by the Pew Research Center, women (aged 20 years and over) are slightly less prevalent among worldwide Hindu population (49%). Devdutt Pattnaik asserts that "Hindu mythology reveals that patriarchy, the idea that men are superior to women, was invented", a societal shift in power occurred between men and women, sometimes to the point where a woman was in a subordinated position to a male. On the other side, matriarchal theology is quite prevalent in Sanskritic traditions and village Hinduism relating to the worship of Shakti, and there are numerous Hindu communities that are matriarchal. Where there has been societal inequality, reformers and feminists have utilized Hinduism's texts to reorient the social status of women to provide them with equal opportunities, and modern Hindu society has witnessed an upsurge in women taking up leadership roles in many contemporary institutions. Jainism Jainism is an ancient Indian religion founded around the sixth century BCE. Janism is a nontheistic religion currently practiced in multiple countries, due to Jain settlers who immigrated there (mainly United Kingdom, United States, Canada and some African countries). Jainism is inclusive of women. One of the cornerstones of the religion is the “fourfold" sangha which describes the Jainism community, which is made up of monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen. The religious status of women is a very important aspect of the history of the religion and one of the most critical issues between the oldest religious divisions of the religion, Svetambar and Digambar. The major distinction between these two divisions is the position of women in their societies. Digambar Jains believe that women are not capable of being enlightened due to the belief that the male can let go of all his material possessions in order to attain enlightenment including clothes whereas a woman cannot because of social norms. While Svetambar Jains have opposite beliefs, believing that women are able to become renouncers, are capable of enlightenment and can become religious role models. Women, especially among Svetambar Jains, are believed to be deceitful, and that this characteristic is the main foundation of their character, to the extent that rebirth as a woman is a consequence of being deceitful in a former life. One of their sacred texts states: “As the result of manifesting deception, a man in this world becomes a woman. As a woman, if her heart is pure, she becomes a man in this world.” Women are important in Jainism, playing a major role in its structure (nuns and laywomen), making up two of the four categories within the community and participating in the continuation and spread of the religion. The Jain social structure is patriarchal, with men holding primary leadership roles in the society. Except for modern times, Jain women have been unable to speak for themselves or to tell their stories. Almost all the texts regarding Jain women's roles and experiences have been written by monks, who are males. The pan-Indian belief that women are “weak-minded”, “deceptive”, “fickle”, “treacherous” and “impure” are beliefs common to Jainism and mentioned various times in their sacred and later texts. Jain women do have significant roles, however, especially in the performance of certain rituals. But there are various rituals women still aren't allowed to perform; for example, bathing or touching the statue of Gods. Though some temples have altered the rules, there are many temples who still don't allow it. Jain women are nuns and laywomen in this society. In the fourfold community, the mendicants (monks and nuns) center their lives around asceticism. There are stricter rules/restrictions on nuns in their daily routine and rituals compared to those for monks. And nuns are dependent and subordinate to monks. More years are needed by nuns to gain higher positions in comparison to monks. Although nuns may have seniority in tenure they may be subservient to monks with fewer years in their religious life. The laity, which consists of laymen and laywomen, are very important to Jainism for its survival and economic foundation. The laity support the mendicant orders, following rules which create the groundwork of the religion. For example, the doctrine of Jainism places great emphasis on dietary practices. Laywomen play a very important role in ensuring that the rules surrounding dietary practices are followed, as their first and major responsibility is the preparation of meals. Sikhism According to Sikhism, men and women are two sides of the same coin. There is a system of inter-relation and inter-dependence where man is born of woman, and woman is born of man's seed. According to Sikhism a man can not feel secure and complete during his life without a woman, and a man's success is related to the love and support of the woman who shares her life with him, and vice versa. The founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, reportedly said in 1499 that "It is a woman who keeps the race going" and that we should not "consider woman cursed and condemned when from woman are born leaders and rulers". Sikhs have had an obligation to treat women as equals, and gender discrimination in Sikh society has not been allowed. However, gender equality has been difficult to achieve At the time of the Gurus, women were considered very low in society. Women were treated as mere property whose only value was as a servant or for entertainment. They were considered seducers and distractions from man's spiritual path. Men were allowed polygamy but widows were not allowed to remarry; instead, they were encouraged to burn themselves on their husbands funeral pyre (sati). Child marriage and female infanticide were prevalent and purdah (veils) were popular for women. Women were also not allowed to inherit any property. Many Hindu women were captured and sold as slaves in foreign countries. The Sikh faith is 500 years old. Guru Nanak spread the message of equality and love. Guru Nanak preached about a universal God which is not limited to different religions, race, colour, gender, and nation. The Sikh belief is made up of justice and human rights with historical examples of the Sikh Gurus as well as their followers that make sacrifices for their faith and religion. See also Women as theological figures References Further reading Position of Women in Buddhism: Spiritual and Cultural Activities Women V. Religion: The Case Against Faith—and for Freedom. United States, Pitchstone Publishing, 2018. External links Spots of Light: Women in the Holocaust | Faith from an exhibition by Yad Vashem Women in Religion section of American Academy of Religion Sociologyofreligion.net has a useful bibliography on this topic from the point of view of the social sciences . Religious studies

15827742

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Carey%20Douglas

John Carey Douglas

John Carey Douglas (July 14, 1874 – December 10, 1926) was a Canadian politician. Born in Stellarton, Nova Scotia, the son of John and Ann (Carey) Douglas, Douglas was educated in public schools, in Stellarton, at Pictou Academy and Mount Allison University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1897 and a Master of Arts in 1909. He received a Bachelor of Law degree from Dalhousie University in 1899 and was called to the Bar in 1900. In 1901, he started a legal practice in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. From 1908 to 1911 he was mayor of Glace Bay. From 1911 to 1916, he was a Liberal-Conservative member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly for Cape Breton County. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Unionist candidate for the electoral district of Cape Breton South and Richmond in the 1917 election. He was defeated in the 1921 election. From 1925 to 1926, he was a member again of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. He was also Minister of Lands and Forests and Attorney General in the cabinet of Edgar Nelson Rhodes. He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons as the Conservative candidate for the electoral district of Antigonish—Guysborough in the 1926 election. He died a short while later in December 1926. References 1874 births 1926 deaths Dalhousie University alumni Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia Mount Allison University alumni Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs People from Pictou County Unionist Party (Canada) MPs

15827748

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenn%20Hill

Brenn Hill

Brenn Hill (born May 26, 1976, in Ogden, Utah) is an American Western music singer-songwriter specializing in country and cowboy music. He won the Western Music Association Crescendo Award in 2001 and was named the 2004 Academy of Western Artists Male Vocalist of the Year. Early career Brenn Hill self-released two albums, Rangefire in 1997 and Deeper Than Mud in 1999. In 2000 his third album, Trail Through Yesterday, was released by the Real West Productions record label. The album was produced by cowboy and Western musician Ian Tyson. 2001 saw the release of Hill's Call You Cowboy, an "authentic country" that was praised by Allmusic as "clearly can't be mistaken for another cookie-cutter, neo-traditional Nashville pretty boy." The album won the Western Music Association's Crescendo Award, awarded to the year's biggest rising star in the genre. Red Cliffs Press Endangered (2004) In 2004 Hill released Endangered on his record label, Red Cliffs Press. The album featured the top 20 Texas music chart hits "Buckaroo Tattoo" and "Pickup Truck Cafe", and was praised in American Cowboy magazine as "A collection of 14 songs with a fuller sound, more intricate arrangements, higher production values, and just a more individualistic stamp on it than Hill's previous work." Produced by Eddie Schwartz and recorded at Ocean Way studios in Nashville, Endangered won the Academy of Western Artists Male Vocalist of the Year Award, and was nominated for Album of the Year and Song of the Year for "Buckaroo Tattoo". What A Man's Got To Do (2007) In 2007 Hill returned to Nashville to record his sixth album, the first he produced himself, What A Man's Got To Do, at Beaird Music Group studios. American Cowboy magazine commented that "this latest effort looks to be his best... What you have to like about Brenn Hill is his honesty and his devotion to the West. He is skilled as a lyricist as well as a composer." Western Horseman magazine said that "Hill isn't content pigeon-holing his music as cowboy or country. It's simply his music – a blend of classic and contemporary." Discography Albums 2018 Rocky Mountain Drifter 2016 How You Heal 2015 Spirit Rider 2013 Ode to Selway 2011 North Pole Rodeo 2011 Rodeo Heaven 2010 Equine 2007 What A Man's Got To Do 2004 Endangered 2001 Call You Cowboy 2000 Trail Through Yesterday 1999 Deeper Than Mud 1997 Rangefire References External links Brenn Hill's official MySpace profile Allmusic 1976 births American country guitarists American country singer-songwriters American folk guitarists American male guitarists American folk singers Living people Musicians from Ogden, Utah Country musicians from Utah Guitarists from Utah 21st-century American male singers 21st-century American singer-songwriters 21st-century American guitarists American male singer-songwriters Singer-songwriters from Utah

15827749

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massingy

Massingy

Massingy is the name or part of the name of the following communes in France: Massingy, Côte-d'Or, in the Côte-d'Or department Massingy, Haute-Savoie, in the Haute-Savoie department Massingy-lès-Semur, in the Côte-d'Or department Massingy-lès-Vitteaux, in the Côte-d'Or department

15827756

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginasservis

Ginasservis

Ginasservis (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827758

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort-sur-Argens

Montfort-sur-Argens

Montfort-sur-Argens (, literally Montfort on Argens; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Geography Climate Montfort-sur-Argens has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Montfort-sur-Argens is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Montfort-sur-Argens was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 8 January 1985. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827760

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moissac-Bellevue

Moissac-Bellevue

Moissac-Bellevue (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827761

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline%20Ester

Pauline Ester

Pauline Ester (born Sabrina Ocon; 18 December 1963, Toulouse, France) is a French singer. Biography Ester's album, "Le Monde est fou", certified Gold disc, met success by the general public between 1989 and 1991 thanks to the songs "Le Monde est fou", "Il fait chaud", "Une Fenêtre ouverte", and particularly "Oui, j'l'adore", which was a hit in 1990. After a second album, De l'autre côté, Pauline Ester faded into the background before making a comeback in 2006 with a best-of containing three new songs. In 2008, her hit "Oui, j'l'adore" was used in a French TV advert for Groupama. Discography Albums 1990: Le Monde est fou 1992: De l'autre côté 2006: Best Of Singles 1990: "Le Monde est fou" 1990: "Il fait chaud" 1990: "Oui, j'l'adore" – #11 in France, Gold disc 1991: "Une Fenêtre ouverte" – #33 in France 1992: "Peace & Love" References 1963 births Living people French women singers Musicians from Toulouse

15827762

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artignosc-sur-Verdon

Artignosc-sur-Verdon

Artignosc-sur-Verdon (, "Artignosc-on-Verdon"; ), often simply referred to as Artignosc, is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. As of 2019, it had a population of 288. Artignosc-sur-Verdon is located on the departmental border with Alpes-de-Haute-Provence to the north, on left bank of the river Verdon that marks part of it. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827764

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagnols-en-For%C3%AAt

Bagnols-en-Forêt

Bagnols-en-Forêt (; ) is a commune in Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. Population Twin towns — sister cities Bagnols-en-Forêt is twinned with: Pieve di Teco, Italy (1990) Notable people Pierre-Jean Porro (1750–1831), classical guitarist, composer and music publisher See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827765

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudinard-sur-Verdon

Baudinard-sur-Verdon

Baudinard-sur-Verdon (, "Baudinard-on-Verdon"; ), often simply referred to as Baudinard, is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. As of 2019, it had a population of 235. Baudinard-sur-Verdon is located on the departmental border with Alpes-de-Haute-Provence to the northwest, on the left bank of the river Verdon that marks part of it. It is on the Lake of Sainte-Croix, south of the Sainte-Croix Dam. The commune is known for its Gorges de Baudinard on the Verdon, as well as the Prieuré de Valmogne outside the village. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827766

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierrefeu-du-Var

Pierrefeu-du-Var

Pierrefeu-du-Var (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It has an aerodrome, Cuers-Pierrefeu Aerodrome, shared with nearby Cuers. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827767

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan-d%27Aups-Sainte-Baume

Plan-d'Aups-Sainte-Baume

Plan-d'Aups-Sainte-Baume (; Provençal: Lo Plan d’Aups de la Santa Bauma) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It lies to the north of the Sainte-Baume mountain range. History Second World War In June 1944, at the aftermath of D-Day when the French Resistance went on an offensive against the German occupiers, the hills near Plan-d'Aups were the site of a bloody battle. Some 200 Maquis had set up a camp there, commanded by SOE agent Robert Burdett. They were attacked by large German forces. Though taken by surprise due to a faulty placing of guards, the Maquis did inflict considerable casualties on the Germans and many of them managed to escape into the surrounding mountains. Geography Climate Plan-d'Aups-Sainte-Baume has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Plan-d'Aups-Sainte-Baume is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Plan-d'Aups-Sainte-Baume was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 4 February 2012. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827768

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nans-les-Pins

Nans-les-Pins

Nans-les-Pins (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It lies in the western part of the department, north of the Sainte-Baume ridge. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827769

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Plan-de-la-Tour

Le Plan-de-la-Tour

Le Plan-de-la-Tour (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. The small, quiet community is today best known because Johnny Depp and Vanessa Paradis became part-time residents in 2001, when Depp bought a 37-acre estate, including an entire hameau (hamlet) of stone buildings built in 1812. Depp listed the estate for sale in 2015. History Isolated by its remoteness, the current Préconil valley (vallée du Préconil), formerly known as the Val d'Avignon, was almost completely uninhabited for a long time. In the 16th century, in this wide open area, a few agricultural, forestry and residential buildings began to appear close to sources of water which did not dry up during the long summer droughts. These houses gradually became hamlets, initially, the descendants of the same family. One of these hamlets, Saint-Martin, the center of the current village, became the chief town of fact and law, the Commonwealth, which since the 16th century, has set itself on common locations. In Provence, in general, the limits of communes are those of former lordships. That is not the case of Plan de la Tour, which consists of three former districts under the Ancien Régime, different feudal units which appeared at the end of the 15th century, and where a population which, by geography places and its way of life, a sense of solidarity in the right to administer itself. Most of this population has set in the upper valley or are the hamlets of Saint-Martin, Préconil, Vernet, Pennes, Pierrons. Prat-L'Estagnol, Valauri and Emponse. On the eve of the French Revolution, the inhabitants of these places, administratively attached to La Garde-Freinet, were remarkably structured and were "three masters in surgery and artisans of almost all species." The most authoritative chroniclers, at the time, write that the peasants of this district are laborious and bold, active for trade and religious. The second part of the commune is made by the High Quartier de Saint-Pierre de Miramas and covers the hamlets of Prat-Bourdin, the Plan, Bagarri and Gassine. It is pegged at Sainte-Maxime and the hamlet of Revest that perpetuates the name of this stronghold deleted during the Revolution. During the 18th century, these people formed a self-governing community itself. The crisis of emancipation behind it crystallized, under the officially Catholic state, around the thorny issue of the erection of a parish in St. Martin. This attempt failed. It was taken during the Revolution, and 11 July 1790 the active citizens of Saint-Martin Plan de la Tour meet in the Church and proclaimed independent of La Garde-Freinet. Historically, La Garde showed a fierce opposition to secession. An incident is significant climate in which the events took place. The decision taken by the executive board of Fréjus, to take an oath, in 1792 the vicar Pelloquin, serving the branch of Saint-Martin, the directors of the Guard argued that they had yet to receive the oath. What denied the people of Plan de la Tour. A bailiff was committed to signify the act. On his return, it was made known to him that "people rioted against the municipality of La Garde-Freinet and that representatives of the latter could not travel safely in Saint-Martin, to receive the oath of Abbot." After many difficulties, the commune was officially established on 26 May 1792 by a decision of the executive board of Var serving in Brignoles. Paradoxically, it left outside its boundaries of the district Plan, which gave it its name and an integral part of Sainte-Maxime, and would not be attached later. Finally, the minutes of division and limitation of territory between the town of Plan de la Tour and La Garde-Freinet were established in 1796. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827771

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget-sur-Argens

Puget-sur-Argens

Puget-sur-Argens (, literally Puget on Argens; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is located at 687 kilometres south-east of Paris. It is called Lo Pugeton or Lo Puget d'Argènç in Occitan and Le Petit Puget in the province to distinguish it from the city formerly more important from Puget-Ville. and is located at the crossing of the Route nationale 7 and the A8 autoroute. The population of Puget-on-Argens has multiplied by four since 1950 and many companies have come to the town. In fact, the strong demographic and economic expansion in direct periphery tends to transform the commune into a suburban residential and working area. Its inhabitants are called Pugétois. Demographics Climate See also Communes of the Var department References External links Puget sur Argens Tourist Office website Communes of Var (department)

15827772

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget-Ville

Puget-Ville

Puget-Ville (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population Administration Max Bastide was elected mayor in 2001 and re-elected in 2008. In 2014, Catherine Altare was elected mayor. She was re-elected in 2020. Twins towns Roccaforte Mondovi in Italy Aleksandrów Łódzki in Poland See also Communes of the Var department References External links official web site of Puget Ville Communes of Var (department)

15827773

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayol-Canadel-sur-Mer

Rayol-Canadel-sur-Mer

Rayol-Canadel-sur-Mer (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It comprises two small villages: Le Rayol and Canadel. They are situated along the D559 which goes along the coast at an average distance of approximately 200 metres from the sea. Rayol-Canadel-Sur-Mer is in between Cavaliere and Cavalaire-sur-mer. There are villas above and below the road on the hillside facing the sea and there is a view of L'Ile du Levant and L'Ile de Port-Cros. Beaches It has one beach at Canadel and another at Le Rayol. Carla Bruni, model, singer and wife of former French President Nicolas Sarkozy, visited the beach at Canadel before she became famous. For many years until 2007, there was a swimming race around the headland from one beach to the other but it was stopped after health and safety concerns. Every year there is a fireworks display on 15 August to celebrate when Allied troops landed on the beaches during World War II to liberate France in Operation Dragoon. Domaine du Rayol The Domaine du Rayol is the most popular attraction in the village and contains gardens of plants from around the world. In this place David Coverdale and John Sykes began to conceive, to cook, to create, what would later be the band's most successful album, the 1987 album, here came Is This Love and also Still Of The Night among other songs. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department) Populated coastal places in France

15827775

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Anastasie-sur-Issole

Sainte-Anastasie-sur-Issole

Sainte-Anastasie-sur-Issole (; Provençal: Santa Anastasia d'Içòla) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827777

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seillons-Source-d%27Argens

Seillons-Source-d'Argens

Seillons-Source-d'Argens (, literally Seillons-Source of Argens; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827778

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaper%20%28band%29

Reaper (band)

Reaper is the electro-industrial project of Vasi Vallis. History Reaper was formed by Vasi Vallis shortly before the dissolution of his NamNamBulu project and took on greater prominence following the split. The 'Angst EP' was released in July 2005. The project played a number of live shows prior to the release of the full-length album 'Hell Starts With An H' in early 2007. The project toured Europe supporting Combichrist around this time. At the end of 2007, the EP 'The Devil Is Female' was released, reaching No.1 in the DAC. Discography Angst EP (Infacted, 2005) Jagd Angst Daemon Totengraeber (Club Edit) Angst (Soman Remix) Totengraeber (Original edit) Daemon (Gudfried Remix by Heimataerde) Weltfremd Verloren. Hell Starts With An H CD (Infacted, 2007) Intro Urnensand Das Grauen Twisted Trophy Hunter - (with Mark Jackson of VNV Nation) Altum Silentium Execution of Your Mind Weltfremd - (with Suicide Commando/Johan Van Roy) Robuste Maschine Memento Mori Totengraber 07 Ancient Tragedy Tth 2.0 - (with NVMPH) Urnensand - (S.A.M. remix) Execution of Your Mind - (Modulate remix) Urnensand - (Damonie/Painbastard remix) Twisted Trophy Hunter - (remix) Urnensand - (Schallfaktor remix) The Devil Is Female EP (Infacted, 2007) The Devil Is Female X-Junkie She Is a Devil and a Whore X-Junkie (Club Mix) 0190 X-Junkie (Shnarph Remix) X-Junkie (Grendel Remix) X-Junkie (Distatix Remix) X-Junkie (Syncrotek Remix) Execution of Your Mind (live) X-Junkie (Revolution by Night Remix) Dirty Cash CDM (Infacted Recordings, 2010) Dirty Cash (Feat. Pete Crane) Purple Rain (Instrumental) Dinero Sucio (Feat. Javi Ssagittar) Dirty Cash (Noisuf-X Rmx) Purple Rain (Dub Instrumental) Robuste Maschine (Mono Tonic) Dirty Cash (Rock Me Amadeus) Dirty Cash (Syncrotek Rmx) Dirty Cash (Eisenfunk Rmx) Dirty Cash (Adinferna Rmx) Dirty Cash (Skyla Vertex Rmx) Der Schnitter EP (Infacted Recordings, 2015) Der Schnitter (im Club) Der Schnitter (mit der Sense) Der Schnitter (beim Trinken mit Henrik Iversen) Der Schnitter (by Skyla Vertex) Der Schnitter (Vasi breaks the rules) Der Schnitter (im Club mit der Sense) Babylon Killed The Music CD (Infacted Recordings, 2016) Cracking Skulls The Sound Of Ids Sledge Hammer Farewell We Are Reaper Sechzehn Punkte Plan Neophyte Footprint Aladin Killed Jfk Divide The Sea Silver Love Remixes Painbastard - Nervenkrieg (Reaper Mix) Extize - Hellektrostar (Reaper Remix) Suicide Commando - Menschenfresser (Reaper Remix) [SITD] - Rot (Remix by Reaper) Nachtmahr - Feuer Frei! (Reaper Remix) Suicide Commando - Unterwelt (Reaper Remix) Shiv-R - Taste (Reaper Remix) SAM - Training (Reaper Remix) VNV Nation - Tomorrow never comes (Reaper Remix) Compilations Endzeit Bunkertracks Act 2 (Alfa Matrix, 2006) | Reaper - Angst Nacht der Maschinene Vol. 1 (Infacted Recordings, 2007) | Reaper - She Is A Devil And A Whore (DJ Edit) Extreme Lustlieder Vol. 1 (UpScene, 2008) | Reaper - She Is A Devil And A Whore Empire of Darkness Vol. 2 (Kom4 Medien, 2008) | Reaper - X-Junkie (FSK-18 Mix) Tanzlabor 2010 | Reaper - Robuste Maschine Nacht der Maschinen Vol. 3 (Infacted Recordings, 2011) | Reaper - Dirty Dancing (Studio-X Hard Dance Remix) Resistanz Festival Soundtrack 2015 (Digital World Audio, 2015) | Reaper - Drive Thru References Electro-industrial music groups

15827780

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillans-la-Cascade

Sillans-la-Cascade

Sillans-la-Cascade (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. In 2017, it had a population of 752. Tourism As the commune's name suggests, it has a spectacular waterfall: the Cascade de Sillans, 44 metres (48 yards) high. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827781

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solli%C3%A8s-Pont

Solliès-Pont

Solliès-Pont (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It was the first location of the 1995 Éric Borel spree killings. Population In popular culture Solliès-Pont is the setting of Vladimir Nabokov's 1923 Russian-language poem “Прованс” ("Provence"). The original poem and its English translation by the author were set to music by composers Ivan Barbotin and James DeMars as part of the song cycle "Sing, Poetry" on the 2011 contemporary classical album Troika. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827782

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solli%C3%A8s-Toucas

Solliès-Toucas

Solliès-Toucas (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827783

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solli%C3%A8s-Ville

Solliès-Ville

Solliès-Ville (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827785

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanneron

Tanneron

Tanneron (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827787

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vins-sur-Caramy

Vins-sur-Caramy

Vins-sur-Caramy is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827790

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villecroze

Villecroze

Villecroze (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Communes of the Var department References External links Académie musicale de Villecroze Commanderie du Ruou, commandry of the Knights Templar Communes of Var (department)

15827792

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varages

Varages

Varages (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is known for its vineyards and ceramic dinnerware. Geography Climate Varages has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Varages is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Varages was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 2 March 2005. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827794

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaugues

Mazaugues

Mazaugues (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827798

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox-Amphoux

Fox-Amphoux

Fox-Amphoux (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in south-eastern France. As with many smaller villages off the beaten track and closer to the coast, the village perché of Fox-Amphoux lives a quiet life. The old church tower behind the town square offers a 360° panorama of the surrounding countryside including a view of Mont Sainte Victoire to the west. The former hotel in the centre of the village offers bed and breakfast ('chambres d'hôtes'). Notable residents Paul Barras, president of the Directory and a major figure of the French Revolution, was born in Fox-Amphoux in 1755. Christer Strömholm (1918–2002) a Swedish photographer, recipient of the 1997 Hasselblad Award, had a house here. The artist René Lacroix (1948–2011) originally from Nice, moved to Fox-Amphoux in 2004 and had his atelier/gallery in the far end of the village; his works have been exhibited in France and also abroad. Trees A huge nettle tree, or 'micocoulier', Celtis australis, planted in 1550, stands immediately in front of the church. In front of the nettle tree is an old field elm, Ulmus minor (73  cm d.b.h.), which has (<2017) escaped Dutch elm disease. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827799

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcalqueiret

Forcalqueiret

Forcalqueiret (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827800

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%A9oult

Garéoult

Garéoult (; Provençal: Gareut) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827820

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro%20Souza%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201986%29

Leandro Souza (footballer, born 1986)

Leandro Rosa Souza (born February 24, 1986 in Rio de Janeiro), is a Brazilian central defender. He currently plays for Santo André. Honours Avaí Campeonato Catarinense: 2009 Santa Cruz Campeonato Pernambucano: 2011, 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 2013 CSA Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 2017 External links sambafoot CBF websoccerclub References 1986 births Living people Brazilian men's footballers Men's association football defenders Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players Campeonato Brasileiro Série D players Joinville Esporte Clube players Club Athletico Paranaense players Avaí FC players Bangu Atlético Clube players Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players Guarani FC players Associação Desportiva Cabofriense players Agremiação Sportiva Arapiraquense players Centro Sportivo Alagoano players Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (city)

15827825

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%20Tracey

Newton Tracey

Newton Tracey is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Horwood, Lovacott and Newton Tracey, in the North Devon district of Devon, England, on the B3232 road about south of Barnstaple. The Grade II* listed church of St Thomas à Becket dates from the 13th century. Its nave was remodelled in the 15th century when the tower was added, and the whole was restored in 1867–8. Nearby at is the site of a Roman fort, marching camp or signal station. Civil parish On 1 April 1986 the parish of Horwood was merged with Newton Tracey. On 9 January 1991, the new parish was renamed to "Horwood, Lovacott and Newton Tracey". In 1961 the civil parish of Newton Tracey (prior to the merge) had a population of 92. References Villages in Devon Former civil parishes in Devon North Devon

15827829

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin%20National%20Government

Tsilhqotʼin National Government

The Tsilhqotʼin National Government (TNG), is the official First Nations government (tribal council) serving the Tsilhqotʼin Nation. Their office is located in Williams Lake, British Columbia, Canada. The member communities represented by TNG are ʔEsdilagh, Tsi Del Del, Yunesitʼin, Tlʼetinqox, Xeni Gwetʼin, and Tlʼesqox. Tlʼesqox also belongs to the Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council, as does Ulkatcho - a community with both Dakelh (Carrier) & Tsilhqotʼin heritage. TNG was established in 1989. Departments Stewardship Employment Health Fisheries Language & Education Administration Member communities ʔEsdilagh (Alexandria, BC) Tsi Del Del (Redstone, BC – AKA Alexis Creek First Nation) Yunesitʼin (Stone – Hanceville, BC) Tl'etinqox (Anaham – Alexis Creek, BC) Xeni Gwetʼin (Nemiah Valley, BC) Tlʼesqox (Toosey – Riske Creek, BC) Old logo See also Tsilhqotʼin Tsilhqotʼin Nation v British Columbia Chilcotin language Chilcotin War Klattasine Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council List of tribal councils in British Columbia External links Tsilhqotʼin National Government homepage Tsilhqotʼin National Government BC Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation infopage First Nations tribal councils in British Columbia Tsilhqot'in governments 1989 establishments in British Columbia

15827839

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Croix-Valmer

La Croix-Valmer

La Croix-Valmer (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Geography La Croix-Valmer is at the foot of the Massif des Maures hills in the Bay of Cavalaire-sur-Mer, halfway between Le Lavandou and Saint-Tropez. History The Emperor Constantine the Great, on the way to wage war against his brother-in-law Maxentius in 312 AD, is said to have had a vision of a cross in the sky stating "in hoc signo vinces" (by this sign you will conquer) at the location where La Croix-Valmer is now situated. On April 16, 1893, a stone cross was erected on the site where tradition holds this vision occurred. La Croix-Valmer became a commune on 6 April 1934, separating from the commune of Gassin. The area has been inhabited since ancient times, as demonstrated by the discovery of remains such as prehistoric tools, cists, and the Roman farm of Pardigon (dating from the third century BC). During the Second World War, the beaches of La Croix-Valmer were part of the Allied invasion of Provence during Operation Dragoon. The name of one of the local beaches, Plage du Débarquement ("Landing Beach"), bears witness to this. Abel Faivre (1853-1945), a French painter, lived in La Croix Valmer, near the Gigaro beach. Population See also Communes of the Var department Baie de Briande References Communes of Var (department) Populated coastal places in France

15827840

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguines

Aiguines

Aiguines (; ) is a rural commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is located within the arrondissement of Brignoles, 18 km (11.1 mi) southwest of Castellane in neighbouring Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, the departmental border with which Aiguines is located on, following the flow of the Verdon River. In 2019, Aiguines had a population of 270. Geography Climate Aiguines has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) closely bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The average annual temperature in Aiguines is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Aiguines was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 7 February 2012. Demographics See also Communes of the Var department References External links Pictures of Aiguines Official website Communes of Var (department)

15827843

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9oules

Néoules

Néoules (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827844

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontev%C3%A8s

Pontevès

Pontevès () is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Château de Pontevès Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827846

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pourri%C3%A8res

Pourrières

Pourrières (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population Personalities It is the home town of the French poet Germain Nouveau. Jacqueline Eymar, classical pianist born in 1922, died in Pourrières in 2008. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827848

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gusse

Régusse

Régusse (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Geography Climate Régusse has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Régusse is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Régusse was on 28 June 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 13 February 2012. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827850

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboux

Riboux

Riboux (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827851

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocbaron

Rocbaron

Rocbaron (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827852

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTAR%20%28company%29

ASTAR (company)

Agrupación Social Trabajadores Armeros, S.A.L. (ASTAR), was a Spanish firearms company. STAR Firearms' remaining company assets were merged with Astra Firearms. The new company began making weapons under the name ASTAR. Another semi-merger, an employee driven one, occurred with IPAR Guns in Eibar, a company which produces spare parts for some STAR and ASTRA guns and also services them. ASTAR's products have not been offered for sale in the United States. See also Astra-Unceta y Cia SA, another former Spanish handgun manufacturer CETME Llama References External links Star-Firearms.com, an information website 9 mm Largo website Modern Firearms - Handguns Defunct manufacturing companies of Spain Defunct firearms manufacturers Firearm manufacturers of Spain Spanish companies established in 1997 Industrial history of Spain

15827854

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli%C3%A8res

Ollières

Ollières (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827855

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brue-Auriac

Brue-Auriac

Brue-Auriac (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is an unusual village, having been created in the 18th century by the union of two decayed villages by the seigneur Georges Roux de Corse. History George Roux was born in Corsica in 1703, went to Martinique as a young man, and established himself in Marseille as a trader with the West Indies in 1727. He carried on this trade successfully for forty years, including the trade in African slaves. In 1730 he helped to introduce coffee to France and to make Marseille the place where coffee was traded throughout the Mediterranean. As a Marseille city official (échevin) he tried to make the city's finances more healthy. He was ennobled in 1750 as the marquis de Brue and became a conseiller d'État in 1765. The loss of three fleets of ships he owned in the Seven Years' War began his fall, although the commercial brokers who seized his goods, including the lands at Brue, themselves went bankrupt in 1774. He died in Brue, ruined, in 1792. His redevelopment of Brue-Auriac between 1746 and 1758 resulted in a small town which by 1765 had 832 inhabitants engaged in various industries such as silk, faience, cloth, tile works, and tanning, and despite the failure of Roux de Corse the regular planning of the town can still be appreciated. It was a closed economic truck system in which cash was replaced by tokens such as leather buttons with his portrait. Just outside the village is a remarkable pigeonnier, a cylindrical tower 22.50 metres high and more than 12 metres in diameter, erected about 1750 by Roux de Corse to provide fresh food for the inhabitants. There is also a 12th-century chapel outside the village, once a priory, and still the communal cemetery. In the village are a large five-bayed château in the style of an overgrown villa and the remains of a chapel, both erected by Roux de Corse, and a church of 1914, replacing an earlier one of the mid 19th century. The front of the château is now a number of private dwellings, the rear the mairie. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827856

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camps-la-Source

Camps-la-Source

Camps-la-Source (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Twin towns — sister cities Camps-la-Source is twinned with San Biagio della Cima, Italy (2005). See also Communes of the Var department References External links Official site Communes of Var (department)

15827858

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carc%C3%A8s

Carcès

Carcès (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population Inhabitants are known in French as Carçois and Carçoises. See also Communes of the Var department References External links History, ecard, upcoming program Official Town Hall (only in French) WebSite in French Communes of Var (department)

15827860

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnoules

Carnoules

Carnoules (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department) sr:Карнул

15827862

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogolin

Cogolin

Cogolin () is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Geography Climate Cogolin has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Cogolin is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Cogolin was on 6 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 30 December 2005. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827863

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collobri%C3%A8res

Collobrières

Collobrières (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. In 2019, it had a population of 1,874. Geography Climate Collobrières has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Collobrières is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Collobrières was on 5 August 2017; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 13 February 1999. Main exports Collobrières main exports are edible chestnuts which are made into things like marron glacé and ice cream. They also grow trees for cork production. Currency Collobrières uses the Euro, since it's part of France. But since 2008, the french franc was introduced back as a side currency, to let people see how much the prices changed, and to cultivate tourism. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827864

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comps-sur-Artuby

Comps-sur-Artuby

Comps-sur-Artuby (, literally Comps on Artuby; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It is the nearest town to the eastern entrance to the Gorges du Verdon. Geography Climate Comps-sur-Artuby has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb). The average annual temperature in Comps-sur-Artuby is . The average annual rainfall is with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Comps-sur-Artuby was on 7 July 1982; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 23 January 1963. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827865

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correns

Correns

Correns (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Its name in the Provençal language is Courrens. The geographic position of the village is almost in the middle of the linking "autoroute" A8 from Aix-en-Provence to Cannes, only about 10 kilometers in the north. It is at the entry of two gorges: Vallon Sourn and the Bagarède. The village is on the banks of the Argens River. Correns bills itself as (the) "Premier Village Bio de France". Bio(logique) is the French term for organic, so this means "France's first organic village" where all food and grapes produced are organic. Its main product is wine. Popular culture From January to July 1979, English progressive rock group Pink Floyd recorded part of their double studio album The Wall at Studio Miraval located in Correns. On August 23, 2014, actors Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt wed in Correns at Château Miraval in a private, nondenominational wedding. See also Communes of the Var department References External links official website (French) Communes of Var (department)

15827866

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotignac

Cotignac

Cotignac (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Geography Climate Cotignac has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Cotignac is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Cotignac was on 7 July 1982; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 23 January 1963. Population See also Communes of the Var department External links Official Town Council Website References Communes of Var (department)

15827870

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89venos

Évenos

Évenos (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. It contains Cimaï, a 1 km long limestone cliff that is a popular rock climbing area and was one of the most important sites in the 1980s and 1990s in the development of sport climbing. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827871

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Concert%20with%20The%20London%20Symphony%20Orchestra

In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra

In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra (also cited as In Concert with The London Symphony Orchestra Conducted by Paul Mann) is a live album and DVD by the English hard rock band Deep Purple, recorded on 25–26 September 1999 at the Royal Albert Hall in London with the London Symphony Orchestra, and released on 8 February 2000 on Eagle Records. The album was a project started in 1999 by keyboardist Jon Lord, who sought to recreate the band's innovative 1969 album, Concerto for Group and Orchestra, of which the original score was lost. With the help of Marco de Goeij, a fan who was also a musicologist and composer, the two painstakingly recreated the lost score, and Lord elected to have the band perform it once more at the Royal Albert Hall, but this time with the London Symphony Orchestra rather than the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, and with Paul Mann as conductor rather than Malcolm Arnold. The concert also featured songs from each member's solo careers, as well as a short Deep Purple set, and guest musicians such as Ronnie James Dio, the Steve Morse Band, and Sam Brown. In early 2001, two similar concerts were also performed in Tokyo, and were released as part of the Soundboard Series box set. Track listings Single disc version Released in 1999. "Concerto for Group and Orchestra, Mov. 1" – 17:03 "Concerto for Group and Orchestra, Mov. 2" – 19:43 "Concerto for Group and Orchestra, Mov. 3" – 13:28 "Wring That Neck" – 4:38 "Pictures of Home" – 9:56 "Smoke on the Water" – 6:43 DVD "Pictured Within" "Wait a While" "Sitting in a Dream" "Love Is All" "Wring That Neck" "Concerto for Group and Orchestra, Movement I" "Concerto for Group and Orchestra, Movement II" "Concerto for Group and Orchestra, Movement III" "Ted the Mechanic" "Watching the Sky" "Sometimes I Feel Like Screaming" "Pictures of Home" "Smoke on the Water" Personnel Deep Purple Ian Gillan – vocals Steve Morse – guitar Jon Lord – keyboards Roger Glover – bass Ian Paice – drums The London Symphony Orchestra Paul Mann – conductor Additional musicians Ronnie James Dio – lead vocals on "Sitting in a Dream", "Love Is All" Aitch McRobbie, Margo Buchanan, Pete Brown – backing vocals – vocals, percussion Sam Brown – backing vocals, lead vocals on "Wait a While" Miller Anderson – lead vocals on "Pictured Within" Graham Preskett – violin on "Love Is All" Steve Morris – guitar on "That's Why God Is Singing the Blues" Eddie Hardin – piano on "Love Is All" Annie Whitehead – trombone Paul Spong – trumpet, flugelhorn Roddy Lorimer – trumpet, flugelhorn Simon C. Clarke – baritone, alto sax, flute Tim Sanders – tenor sax, soprano sax Dave LaRue – bass Van Romaine – drums Production Recorded with The Manor Mobile Shaun Defeo, Will Shapland – engineers, mixing at Real World Studios, Box, Wiltshire, England Alex Goodison – assistant engineer Charts References 2000 live albums Deep Purple live albums 2000 video albums Deep Purple video albums Live video albums Live albums recorded at the Royal Albert Hall Eagle Rock Entertainment live albums Eagle Rock Entertainment video albums London Symphony Orchestra albums 2000 collaborative albums

15827872

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigance

Trigance

Trigance (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827873

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourves

Tourves

Tourves (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population Twin towns — sister cities Tourves is twinned with: Perinaldo, Italy (1993) See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827887

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-education%20partnerships

Business-education partnerships

A business–education partnership is an agreement of collaboration between schools and businesses, unions, governments or community organizations. These partnerships are established by agreement between two or more parties to establish goals, and to construct a plan of action for achievement of those goals. Business-education partnerships may involve entire school boards and hundreds of students. Others pair private partners with a single class or individual students. Business-education partnerships serve business and industry by providing activities such as in-service training to employees, use of facilities, student directed projects, software development or marketing research. They also serve to strengthen instruction in academic skills and to enrich the educational process through the talents and ideas of the personnel of participating businesses. Types of business-education partnerships Frank and Smith (1997), have suggested four classifications for business-education partnerships based on the process the partnership employs. They found that most business-education partnerships could be categorized into one of the four classifications. Consultative partnerships are for the purpose of receiving public input around change or to gather ideas for policies. Contributory partnerships are formed to benefit an organization or the community. Operational partnerships are work-sharing arrangements in which the components of a given task are delegated to specific parties. Collaborative partnerships are set up to share resources, risks and decision-making. Examples of business-education partnership activities There are hundreds of activities in which businesses and schools can engage. These may include: Workshops, conferences, tours, exchange programs, classroom visits, assemblies, workplace visits, science fairs, guest speakers; seminars; presentations; Work experience programs, internships, tutoring, skills training, career development activities; Mentoring, job–shadowing, apprenticeship, and on–the job training; Recruiting, training, school to career information, guidance; Curriculum support, teacher development, teacher placements; Grants, scholarships, equipment, money, fund-raising; starting an education foundation; Achievements of a business-education partnership Partnerships with schools may: improve the quality of the workplace, provide employees with learning experiences and a new understanding of the educational system, provide opportunities for student's career exploration, bring resources to enrich the curriculum, ensure that school teaching is relevant to the skills required of industry, improve the education setting through upgrading facilities or equipment, integrate young people into the labour market by involving them in cooperative education experiences, connect schools with local businesses, assist with curriculum development, new learning opportunities and skill development, meet the labour market needs of business and industry. Building a business-education partnership It may involve: recognizing opportunities for change mobilizing people and resources to create changes developing a vision of long-term change seeking support and involvement from partners choosing an effective group of involved participants building trust among collaborators, and developing learning opportunities and benefits for all partners. Lessons learned: assessing the long-term impact of short-term results Donald M. Clark of The American Association for Career Education (AACE), concurs with the report to Congress on the implementation of the School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 that "more must be done to involve employers." He states that studies of "business-education partnerships" since the White House announcement in 1983 urging this type of connection between the two sectors, have consistently pointed out that they have had little, if any, impact on producing fundamental change in the educational system. More specifically, they rarely encompass attempts to affect the curriculum, the overall educational process, or the acquisition of basic skills. Nor have they significantly affected the dropout rate of participating students (Clark, 1996). The evidence of this growing disenchantment by business and industry was seen in the nationwide surveys of employers conducted by the National Center on the Education quality of the Workforce (EQW). The surveys revealed that most partnerships have diffuse and unquantifiable goals and most of the partnership activities are brief and episodic and involve low levels of investment; they seldom run long enough to make a long-term difference. HRDC’s evaluation of programs for in-school youth, taken from its June 1997 final report on the Effectiveness of Employment-Related Programs for Youth: Lessons Learned from Past Experience sheds more light on the long-term impact of limited short-term results. This study found that the most effective programs for young people provide sustained adult contact. Results indicate that the most effective strategies for keeping young people in school are those that build bridges to the world of work while young people are still in school. The most effective strategies were found to combine a training component with strong links to the employer community, more formal training linked to on-the-job training and work experience, and job search assistance and transitional wage subsidies (HRDC June 1997). There is some evidence that co-operative education programs lead to improved employment outcomes in post-secondary school although the number of work experience placements offered by employers is quite limited. There are a number of concerns regarding the presence of corporations in the school. There is a fear that the active involvement of business will encourage governments to retreat from their role as the primary funders of education (Torjman, 1998). Other issues of corporate involvement in schools reveal disquieting implications of a corporate ideology and ethos entering the learning experience of our young people (Hill and McGowan, 1996). Teachers are concerned that partnerships with corporations involved in military research and development send a clear message to students. The presence of military contractors in classrooms suggests that schools are not concerned with violence and oppression in the world (Hill and McGowan, 1996). Some school boards have developed business-education guidelines which are intended to act as a code that partners can apply to regulate themselves throughout the duration of the partnership but according to the Conference Board of Canada, guidelines and codes of conduct differ significantly (Hill and McGowan, 1996). A code of conduct serves as a screening process to ensure that only socially-responsible businesses are granted access to schools and the partnerships activities would be monitored by an external evaluation committee of parents, community members, teachers and business representatives. References External links International Business-Education Partnerships New University Partnership To Align Business Education With Private Sector Needs In Egypt Dungannon & Cookstown Business-Education Partnership, Ireland Canada Sources Directory: Business Education Partnerships Ontario Business Education Partnerships United States BCLC Business Civic Leadership Center Business-Education Partnership Forum Mentors@Work Vermont Chamber of Commerce Business-Education Partnership Collaborative projects Projects

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besse-sur-Issole

Besse-sur-Issole

Besse-sur-Issole (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References External links Official Website Communes of Var (department)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20frigate%20Immortalit%C3%A9%20%281795%29

French frigate Immortalité (1795)

The Immortalité was a of the French Navy. She took part in the Expédition d'Irlande, and was captured shortly after the Battle of Tory Island by . She was recommissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS Immortalite and had an active career on the Home Station. French Revolutionary Wars As the merchant ship , Davidson, master, was sailing to England from Quebec with a cargo of wood, on 16 September 1800 she encountered the French privateer Bellone, which captured her. However, four days later, Immortalite recaptured Monarch, of 645 tons (bm), and sent her into Plymouth. Napoleonic Wars In the months before the resumption of war with France, the Navy started preparations that included impressing seamen. The crews of outbound Indiamen were an attractive target. and were sitting in the Thames in March 1803, taking their crews on board just prior to sailing. At sunset, a press gang from Immortalite rowed up to Woodford, while boats from and approached Ganges. As the press gangs approached they were noticed, and the crews of both Indiamen were piped to quarters. That is, they assembled on the decks armed with pikes and cutlasses, and anything they could throw. The officers in charge of the press gangs thought this mere bravado and pulled alongside the Indiamen, only to meet a severe resistance from the crewmen, who had absolutely no desire to serve in the Royal Navy. The men from Immortalite suffered several injuries from shot and pike that were thrown at them, and eventually opened fire with muskets, killing two sailors on Woodford. Even so, the press gangs were not able to get on board either Indiaman, and eventually withdrew some distance. When Woodfords officers finally permitted the press gang from Immortalite to board, all they found on board were a few sickly sailors. Fate Immortalite was broken up in July 1806. Citations References Crawford, Abraham (1851) Reminiscences of a Naval Officer, During the Late War: With Sketches and Anecdotes of Distinguished Commanders, Volume 1. (H. Colburn). External links Naval Database Age of Nelson Website – HMS Immortalite Age of Sail frigates of France Romaine-class frigates 1795 ships Ships built in France Captured ships Frigates of the Royal Navy

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorgues

Lorgues

Lorgues (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. It is situated 13 km (8 mi) southwest of the city of Draguignan, seat of the larger arrondissement of Draguignan. In 2019, Lorgues had a population of 9,054. Geography Location Lorgues is situated in the center of the department of the Var between the Mediterranean Sea and the Gorges du Verdon/Lac Sainte Croix. The town can be reached via the A8 motorway (20 km away) or the SNCF Les Arcs-Draguignan railway station (12 km); by air, Toulon-Hyères Airport is 45 minutes away, Nice Côte d'Azur Airport 1 hour 10 minutes, and Marseille Provence Airport 1 hour 30 minutes. Its setting has been favourable for the town, with Lorgues lying where two ancient routes cross. One, north-south, climbs from the Mediterranean coast into the interior while the other, east-west, is part of the long inland route from Italy to the Rhône Valley that runs along the foot of the high plateaus. This focus of communication has resulted in Lorgues being an important market town and regional centre throughout its history. Relief In terms of geology Lorgues is, for the most part, underlain by Triassic and Jurassic limestones which give rise to gentle hills and narrow flat-bottomed valleys, the most important of which are the valleys of the rivers Argens and Florièye which border the commune on the south and east. The town centre stands at an elevation of 210m, with the hill of Saint Ferréol to the east rising to 320m. The limestones are important in that they absorb rainwater into cracks and crevices in winter, releasing it through countless springs during the heat of summer. Water is a precious resource in Provence and the relative abundance of springs and streams in the Lorgues area has been vital for cultivating crops and trees. In the years before steam power, running water supplied power for mills to grind olives and grain. Climate Lorgues has been favoured with respect to climate. It is high enough above the plain of the Var to be cooled by summer breezes while being low enough and sufficiently sheltered to avoid the bitter winter winds that sweep across the plateau to the north. Nevertheless, it has known both droughts and deep frosts: both of which have had impacts on agriculture. Water Water is abundant in Lorgues, an essential for the growth of a town. The town long used two nearby water sources: the Canal and the Pond (today, the supply comes from the local springs of Ste Foy and Entraigues). The naturally sloping terrain of the town allowed maximum use of these canals. The wash-house and its fountain were the obligatory meeting point for women, young people and also animals. The canals were scrupulously maintained until the 1930s, as was the washhouse on Canal Street. The Canal flowed until the heat wave of 2003; now it flows intermittently, but its bed has been completely excavated, because of severe flooding in 2010. These canals, and the many fountains still present in the older parts of the town, were used to water the gardens, as at the Lower Fountain (Font basse, 13th century), and also served to run olive oil mills. They were also an ornament to the town, such the Fontaine de la Noix (1771) or more recently the Fontaine des Demoiselles (2011). Other older ones, as the Fountain of the Pump, brought their water to the inhabitants of the medieval town. History Pre-history to Roman times The oldest solid evidence of human settlement around Lorgues are two Bronze Age tombs (dolmen) in the hamlet of St Jaume, testimony to a very old settlement, around 2,000 to 3,000 BC. On the wooded hill of Saint-Ferréol that overlooks the town to the east are the remains of an oppidum: a fortified settlement that acted as a refuge for the community in the troubled centuries before Rome brought stability to the area. Lorgues’ status as a market town and regional centre began during the long period of stability (over 500 years) which marked Roman rule in Provence. Latin gave rise to the Provencal language, and the adoption of Christianity was to shape the history of Lorgues, as can be seen from its numerous chapels and other religious buildings. Medieval Lorgues The period from the end of the Roman empire to the 11th or 12th century is poorly documented. Lorgues developed as a small market town, deeply rooted in agriculture, a regional centre for church, education and legal matters, a place for matters of trade and travel. In the 12th century the Knights Templar of the Ruou Commandry (Commanderie du Ruou) acquired an interest in Lorgues and for nearly two centuries dominated the town where they probably took responsibility for the welfare of its inhabitants. Despite not being involved in fighting in France the Templars retained a military outlook and oversaw the creation of ramparts, towers and fortified gateways around the ancient part of Lorgues, which can still be seen even though only a few of the original twelve towers and nine gates now remain. During the 13th to 15th centuries Lorgues continued to grow. Its status as a free independent town within the County of Provence was confirmed in 1402 by Louis II and again in 1486 by René d’Anjou, Count of Provence. In 1474 Count René permitted the town to expand to the east of the old fortified area (the castrum). The result was Place Neuve (New Square) and additional buildings to the south. In 1486 the old county of Provence was absorbed into the kingdom of France, although French did not become the official language for another 60 years. 16th to 18th century Despite episodes of epidemics and plagues, and the Wars of Religion, Lorgues continued to grow in the 16th century, with many new religious buildings (some have been converted to other use, others no longer exist) in addition to town houses. In 1579 the town withstood a siege of six weeks during the Wars of Religion, during which a fountain in the old town (still in use) kept working and so enabled the defenders to resist. Olives were the most important crop and the town had at least seventeen olive presses. In 1623 the present ‘campanile’ – open bell tower – was erected by raising the height of a tower at the corner of the old ramparts. Many houses were built to the south of what is now the Avenue de la Republique, in the area to the west of the new collegiate church of Saint Martin which was the town’s major building project in the early 18th century (1704–29). A livestock market was held from around the 18th century on the edge of the old town in Les Aires Neuves, now Place Accarisio, where wheat was also threshed. One of the eight olive oil mills in Lorgues, the mill of Saint Martin (1776) can be seen in the square; it got its power from the local canal. Lorgues was one of 12 vigueries (an area for administering justice and finance) in Provence, and the Palais de Justice (1768) in Place Neuve was built to house the law courts. A symbol of civil pride, the Fountain of the Walnut (Fontaine de la Noix) was erected in 1771. The period of the French Revolution at the end of the 18th century did not affect Lorgues greatly, even though the town retained sympathies to the monarchy. Under the new constitution of 1790, France was organised into 83 departments, and Lorgues became part of the Var. Modern Lorgues Nineteenth-century Lorgues was marked by prosperity, during which the population rose to around 5,000. Many large houses were built along the Boulevard de la République, a grand town hall (mairie) was also built and a large public school building erected. French olive oil began to face competition from cheaper imports, resulting in a switch to the vine as a preferred crop. The population began to decline at the end of the 19th century, and suffered a particular blow after the First World War when some 93 men were killed. The war memorial was erected in 1921 in a garden on the site of today’s Marius Trussy Square. War trophies – a cannon and four shells – contributed to its decoration. When it was decided in 1958 to level the garden at street level to make a square, the monument was moved to the Place d’Antrechaus, at the top end of Boulevard de la République, where it stands today, although without the war trophies. In the confusion of the Allied landings in Provence in August 1944, Lorgues suffered civilian deaths from air attack and also the loss of 22 of its young men by the retreating Germans. In consequence the town was awarded the Croix de guerre 1939-1945. After the war the population of Lorgues remained low and it continues as a small town dependent on agriculture. However the ‘discovery’ of the south of France as a holiday destination in the 1960s led to growth, especially with the construction of the A8 autoroute and the TGV train line. Tourism is now an important part of the economy. Many of the older buildings in Lorgues have become residences or put to other use: for example, the Cultural Centre was once a convent and some of the old olive mills are now homes or restaurants. Much work has been done to make the older part of the town fit for the 21st century without destroying its character. In the medieval part of the town, new squares have been created where older buildings have had to be demolished. The latest, inaugurated in February 2020, is the Square of Queen Joanna. Coat of arms Lorgues' coat of arms is first recorded in the mid-17th century. It has changed slightly over the years through Revolution and Restoration, but the emblems of the lion and the dog supporting a fleur-de-lys have been consistent: the animals symbolise the town’s motto “Strength and Fidelity” (Force et Fidélité). Politics and administration Lorgues is part  of the Dracénie Provence Verdon agglomeration, created in 2000, which groups 23 communes (listed below in alphabetical order). Draguignan; Ampus; Bargemon; Bargème; Callas; Châteaudouble; Claviers; Comps-sur-Artuby; Figanières; Flayosc; La Bastide; La Motte; La Roque-Esclapon; Le Muy;  Montferrat; Les Arcs; Lorgues; Saint-Antonin-du-Var; Salernes; Sillans-la-Cascade; Taradeau; Trans-en-Provence; Vidauban. In December 2020 Lorgues was chosen to become a Petite Ville de Demain (Small Town of Tomorrow) in recognition of its efforts to improve the life of its inhabitants and that of the small communities surrounding the town with a commitment to a more ecological development. Demography Lorgues reached a population peak of 5,509 in the late 18th century, which it was not to pass again until the 1980s. It stayed fairly stable at over 4,000 for the next 90 years, only starting to decline at the end of the 19th century. As with many French towns, the population dropped considerably after the First World War to around 2,500, and grew only slowly after that. It was not until the mid-1960s, when the area became popular as a holiday and retirement destination, that the population began to grow, which it steadily did from the late 1960s to reach around 9,000 by 2018. Economy The remains of Lorgues’ agricultural heritage can be found in the many old mills (flour or olive oil), bread ovens and wine presses. The town is still surrounded by numerous vineyards, with around 14 main producers whose wine is exported as well being sold locally. Although the number of olive trees has declined (there were said to be over 20,000 trees in the late 19th century), olives are still harvested. With the rise in popularity of the area as a place for holidays and retirement, many services have developed to meet the needs of second-home owners and for those wishing to build or maintain their homes. With its position between the sea and the Gorges du Verdon, Lorgues is ideally situated as a tourist destination, and attracts large numbers, not only from other parts of France but other countries, in the season. A large number of restaurants in and around the town help to cater for them as well as the resident population. As well as a range of shops catering for everyday needs, Lorgues holds the largest market in the Dracénie region every Tuesday morning. A wide range of fruit, vegetables, fish, poultry, meat, bread, clothes and many other products, are on offer. In the summer months, a Friday market showcases local producers, mostly fruit, vegetables, cheeses and wines. Heritage As the section on Lorgues’ history indicates, there are many old buildings and monuments, in and around the town. Many have been preserved thanks to the efforts of the local heritage society, the Friends of Saint-Ferréol and Old Lorgues (Association des Amis de Saint-Ferréol et Vieux Lorgues). A selection is mentioned below and more information can be found on the Association’s website. Lorgues old town (‘castrum’) The medieval town is the core of Lorgues, with its narrow, winding streets. Many towers from the old defensive system can still be seen, such as the Sarrasine Gate. Outside the original walls are rows of houses dating from the 16th century onwards, and later buildings such as the Palais de Justice, the 17th century lawcourts. Maps for exploring the old town, its chapels and its fountains are available from the Tourist Office. The town hall (mairie) and old school were built in the 19th century when the town was expanding. Religious buildings Lorgues has an important heritage of chapels. Many of the oldest are situated on the roads leading into the town and feature a porch, a “halle”, a protection against bad weather. Some of them took on a new function over time, as chapels to hamlets, others today are privately owned and have been converted to secular use or abandoned. In the 17th and 19th centuries some chapels were built by religious communities: Saint Ferréol and Saint François date from the 17th century; the 19th century chapels are now either in private hands or no longer used. The 18th century saw the building of the Collegiate Church of Saint Martin to replace the old parish church of the same name. Few chapels have been able to keep their original decoration, paintings, altarpieces, frescoes, reliquary busts and statues. Some that have are Sainte-Anne, Saint-Ferréol, Saint-François and especially Notre-Dame de Ben-Va, which contains early 16th-century frescos. Others have only preserved relics of furnishings, such as Saint-Honorat, Saint-Jaume, Saint-Jean-Baptiste and Notre-Dame de Florièyes. All have been altered by the vicissitudes of history: invasions, revolution and rural exodus. Some of the chapels can be visited by appointment with the Tourist Office or at certain other times of the year. Other monuments As mentioned in the section on pre-history, Bronze Age tombs (particularly the dolmen of Pey-cervier) and a pre-Roman fortification (oppidum) have been found in the area, although not much remains, particularly of the latter. Daily life Lorgues has a strong scholastic presence, with two nursery and two primary schools. The secondary schools (collège and lycée) draw in students from other towns and villages in the area. There is a long tradition of active societies in Lorgues, particularly those offering different kinds of sports, but there are also many cultural and social associations. The town is well supplied with doctors, dentists, nurses and other health professionals, and contains a number of pharmacies. The nearest hospital is in Draguignan. The Catholic parish of Lorgues includes Saint-Antonin and Le Thoronet. The main parish church is the large collegiate church of Saint Martin, which dominates the town. The Protestants have used the small chapel of Saint Honorat since 1980 for monthly services. An old shepherd's dwelling (bergerie) has been transformed into a mosque for Muslim worship. See also Bibliography Courdouan, François (1864). Histoire de La Commune de Lorgues, Aubry Paris. (Available as a free e-book on books.google.fr.) Marcel, Alain (2017). Lorgues: Le Temps retrouvé, Editions Equinoxe. (A limited edition book with excellent illustrations). Marcel, Alain (2009). Lorgues, Mémoire en images Tome 1, Edition Sutton. Marcel, Alain (2011). Lorgues, Mémoire en images Tome 2, Edition Sutton. Nardin, Louis (1972). Lorgues cité franche de Provence. Available as a low price download at https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33254491.texteImage Related articles Communes of the Var department References External links Town of Lorgues website Lorgues tourist office (site in French only) Association of the Friends of Saint-Ferréol and Old Lorgues Lorgues Memory and Patrimony Communes of Var (department)

15827916

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer

Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer

Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer (, "Saint-Mandrier on Sea"; ), commonly referred to simply as Saint-Mandrier (former official name), is a commune in the southeastern French department of Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Across the harbour from the military port of Toulon, first naval base in Europe by size and homeport of the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, flagship of the French Navy, Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer is home to a fishing port of its own, tucked into a small inlet. History Situated on the Isle de Sépet until a causeway was constructed between 1630 and 1657, what is now the town shows evidence of long habitation. A Phoenician tower once stood on the island, while the area was cleared for farming in the 6th century. The Phoenician tower was converted to a Christian chapel in 566 and the church of Saint-Honorat was built in 1020. The causeway to the mainland (the Isthme des Sablettes) not only led to the creation of an independent town, but the use of the area as a battery station for the heavily fortified port of Toulon. Fishing and naval work dominated the town, with the construction of the "Infirmerie Royale Saint-Louis" naval hospital, becoming the 1818 the "Hôpital Maritime Saint-Mandrier" in 1818. In the 19th century, Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer also was home to sailmaking. Naval aviation and the Fleet Mechanics and Pilots School (École des Mécaniciens et Chauffeurs de la flotte, GEM) were located in the town in the 1930s. In World War II, Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer was fortified with two turrets, each mounting a pair of 340mm naval guns taken the French battleship Provence. This fortress controlled the approaches to Toulon; the range and power of these guns was such that a considerable Allied naval force was required to destroy them. Part of the fleet and the first to engage the battery was the Free French battleship Lorraine, sister ship to the Provence and mounting the same type of gun. The Allies, who termed the battery 'Big Willie', dedicated a battleship or heavy cruiser to shelling it every day; eventually silenced the guns on 23 August 1944, although the fortress would not be taken until 28th. In 1948, the World War I cemetery in Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer was made a national necropolis. In 1961, it received the remains of an additional 975 Italian soldiers killed in World War II while fighting for the Allies. The cemetery also features the necropolis of Admiral Louis-René Levassor de Latouche Tréville, who served as commander of the naval forces in the Mediterranean under Napoleon. On 11 April 1950, Saint-Mandrier was made an independent commune from La Seyne-sur-Mer. Louis Clément of the Socialist Party (PS) served as its first mayor for over 20 years. On 16 April 1951, it was officially renamed Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer. Geography Climate Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer is . The average annual rainfall is with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer was on 7 July 1982; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 9 January 1985. Demographics Its inhabitants are called Mandréens (masculine) and Mandréennes (feminine) in French. Economy Once home to a French Naval Air station, its location near the homeport of the French Navy at Toulon has meant that the military has played a huge economic role in the life of the town. Increasingly, Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer is focused on the tourist industry. See also Communes of the Var department References External links ville-saintmandrier.fr: official website. Provenceweb.fr: Saint Mandrier sur Mer. Communes of Var (department) Populated coastal places in France

15827917

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Zacharie

Saint-Zacharie

Saint-Zacharie (; Provençal: Sant Jacariá) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population Points of interest Parc du Moulin Blanc Eglise saint-jean baptiste Château de Montvert The river Huveaune Notable residents Joseph Paul Gaimard (1793–1858), naval surgeon and naturalist, was born in Saint-Zacharie. Jean-Claude Gaudin, Mayor of Marseille. See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827918

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flassans-sur-Issole

Flassans-sur-Issole

Flassans-sur-Issole (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Population See also Communes of the Var department References Communes of Var (department)

15827919

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carqueiranne

Carqueiranne

Carqueiranne (, ; , , or , ) is a commune in the Var department, administrative region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (historically Provence), Southeastern France. It is known now as a tourist seaside resort with good windsurfing nearby, at Almanarre Beach. Demographics Saint Exupéry The town has a literary claim to fame as well. In early August 1944, an unidentifiable body wearing French military colours was found near here, which was long believed to be that of famous novelist Antoine de Saint Exupéry, author of The Little Prince. In 1998, a bracelet known to be his, with a fragment of cloth still attached, was found in the sea east of Riou Island (south of Marseille). In 2000, a crashed P-38 Lightning was found in the seabed off the coast of Marseille, near where the bracelet was found, and it was confirmed to be the one that St. Exupéry was flying. However, it remains plausible that ocean currents could have carried the body from the crash site to Carqueiranne - a distance less than by sea - over the course of several days, which is the time difference between the crash on 31 July 1944, and the discovery of the body. See also Communes of the Var department References External links Official site Communes of Var (department) Populated coastal places in France

15827920

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taradeau

Taradeau

Taradeau (; ) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France. Shops Taradeau has many small but convenient shops and bars. There is a "tabac", groceries, bar/restaurant and baker's. The village has a yearly circus which appears around August time. The old supermarket "Super U" has been demolished and "Hyper U" has been constructed. It is a small village and the main language is French. La Tour de Taradel Taradeau contains a historical building that is interesting to visit. During the 12th Century AD, the French built a watch tower named "La Tour de Taradel". It is still present today. Every year Taradeau has a fireworks display on the local football field, celebrating the French Liberation, when the Germans lost their power over France. The main religion there is Roman Catholic. See also Communes of the Var department References External links Provenceweb - Taradeau Communes of Var (department) Var communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia

15827937

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Calliope%20%28shore%20establishment%29

HMS Calliope (shore establishment)

HMS Calliope is a training centre and 'stone frigate' of the Royal Naval Reserve, located in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear. History A Tyne-based division of the Royal Naval Reserve was established in 1905, and used the old Calypso-class third-class cruiser as its drill ship. She served until 1951, when she was sold for scrapping, and was replaced by the Shoreham-class sloop HMS Falmouth (L34). Falmouth was renamed Calliope, and was berthed at Elswick. She served until 1968, when she too was sold for scrapping, after the Tyne Division moved ashore to a new headquarters, which retained the name HMS Calliope. In October 1985 it was awarded a place on the Roll of Honorary Freeman of the City of Newcastle. Present day Located next to the Gateshead Millennium Bridge HMS Calliope is the principal training centre for the North and North East of England, and serves as the home base for some 150 reservists. Members take part in local representational activities and Remembrance Day parades in Newcastle and Gateshead. A number of tenders have been assigned to the unit over the years, including the and the . The Armed Forces Career Officer (AFCO) for all three services (RN incl. RFA, RAF & Army) is now housed within the building. The unit's current commanding officer is Commander Chris Bovill. Affiliated units Royal Marine Reserve (RMR) Scotland - RMR Tyne (Detachment) University Royal Naval Unit Northumbrian, serving the universities of Newcastle, Northumbria, Durham and Sunderland Newcastle Armed Forces Career Service Trojan Squadron of the Defence Technical Undergraduate Scheme Durham School CCF Royal Grammar School, Newcastle See also British Armed Forces List of Royal Navy shore establishments References External links HMS Calliope at the Royal Navy's website Royal Navy bases in England Military installations established in 1905 1905 establishments in England

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Ludwig%20of%20Bavaria%20%281913%E2%80%932008%29

Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (1913–2008)

Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (22 June 1913 – 17 October 2008) was a member of the Bavarian Royal House of Wittelsbach. Early life Prince Ludwig was born at Nymphenburg Palace, Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria. He was the eldest son of Prince Franz of Bavaria, the third son of King Ludwig III, and his wife Princess Isabella Antonie of Croÿ. After graduating from the Maximilians-Gymnasium (located in Schwabing, Munich), Ludwig studied forestry at the university in Hungary. In 1939, as most young German men of his age, he was drafted into the military, serving as a Gebirgsjäger. However, his career in the German Army was short lived. In early 1941, Ludwig was relieved from all combat duties as a result of the Prinzenerlass which prohibited members of Germany's royal houses from participating in military operations. He spent the rest of the war at Sarvar in Hungary where his family owned a castle. In 1945, his family fled Hungary and settled at Leutstetten near Starnberg in Bavaria. Marriage and issue On 19 July 1950, Ludwig married his first cousin Princess Irmingard of Bavaria (29 May 1923 in Berchtesgaden – 23 October 2010 in Leutstetten), daughter of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria and Princess Antonia of Luxembourg. The civil wedding took place at Leutstetten, and the religious ceremony followed a day later at Schloss Nymphenburg in Munich. The couple had three children: Prince Luitpold of Bavaria (born 14 April 1951 in Leutstetten), married to Katrin Beatrix Wiegand from 1979 to 1999. They had 5 children. Princess Maria of Bavaria (born and died 3 January 1953) Princess Philippa of Bavaria (born and died 26 June 1954) Later life After the death of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria in 1955, Ludwig and Irmingard moved into Schloss Leutstetten, where Irmingard continued to live. Ludwig was a Grand Prior of the Bavarian Order of Saint George, a Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert, and from 1960 a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. Ludwig died of pneumonia at Schloss Leutstetten, 17 October 2008, at the age of 95. On Wednesday, 22 October at 10:00 a.m., a Funeral Liturgy was held in the abbey church at Andechs. After the Mass, his body was buried in the Wittelsbach cemetery on the abbey grounds. Ancestry References Adalbert Prinz von Bayern. Die Wittelsbacher: Geschichte unserer Familie. München: Prestel Verlag, 1979. Notes House of Wittelsbach People from the Kingdom of Bavaria Princes of Bavaria Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria 1913 births 2008 deaths Burials at Andechs Abbey