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<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The greatest source of hazardous waste is industry. Agriculture is another major source. Even households produce a lot of hazardous waste. [/INST] [question]: What is greatest source of hazardous waste? [answer]: industry</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Scavengers are decomposers that consume the soft tissues of dead animals. Examples of scavengers include hyenas and cockroaches. [/INST] [question]: Hyenas and cockroaches are examples of what decomposers that consume the soft tissues of dead animals? [answer]: scavengers</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Like plants, algae contain chlorophyll and make food by photosynthesis. [/INST] [question]: How do plants and algae both make food? [answer]: photosynthesis</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: At the end of the Cretaceous Period, or 65 million years ago, all dinosaurs (except those which led to birds) went extinct. Some scientists believe a possible cause is a collision between the Earth and a comet or asteroid. The collision could have caused tidal waves, changed the climate, increased atmospheric dust and clouds, and reduced sunlight by 10-20%. A decrease in photosynthesis would have resulted in less plant food, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs. [/INST] [question]: All dinosaurs (except those which led to birds) went extinct at the end of which period? [answer]: cretaceous</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Salty taste is simply the perception of sodium ions (Na+) in the saliva. When you eat something salty, the salt crystals dissociate into the component ions Na+ and Cl–, which dissolve into the saliva in your mouth. The Na+ concentration becomes high outside the gustatory cells, creating a strong concentration gradient that drives the diffusion of the ion into the cells. The entry of Na+ into these cells results in the depolarization of the cell membrane and the generation of a receptor potential. Sour taste is the perception of H+ concentration. Just as with sodium ions in salty flavors, these hydrogen ions enter the cell and trigger depolarization. Sour flavors are, essentially, the perception of acids in our food. Increasing hydrogen ion concentrations in the saliva (lowering saliva pH) triggers progressively stronger graded potentials in the gustatory cells. For example, orange juice—which contains citric acid—will taste sour because it has a pH value of approximately 3. Of course, it is often sweetened so that the sour taste is masked. The first two tastes (salty and sour) are triggered by the cations Na+ and H+. The other tastes result from food molecules binding to a G protein–coupled receptor. A G protein signal transduction system ultimately leads to depolarization of the gustatory cell. The sweet taste is the sensitivity of gustatory cells to the presence of glucose dissolved in the saliva. Other monosaccharides such as fructose, or artificial sweeteners such as aspartame (NutraSweet™), saccharine, or sucralose (Splenda™) also activate the sweet receptors. The affinity for each of these molecules varies, and some will taste sweeter than glucose because they bind to the G protein–coupled receptor differently. Bitter taste is similar to sweet in that food molecules bind to G protein–coupled receptors. However, there are a number of different ways in which this can happen because there are a large diversity of bitter-tasting molecules. Some bitter molecules depolarize gustatory cells, whereas others hyperpolarize gustatory cells. Likewise, some bitter molecules increase G protein. [/INST] [question]: Just as salty taste involves perception of sodium ions in saliva, what taste correlates with presence of glucose? [answer]: sweet</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Flatworms have no true body cavity, but they do have bilateral symmetry. Due to the lack of a body cavity,flatworms are known as acoelomates. [/INST] [question]: What term is given to flatworms because they lack a body cavity? [answer]: acoelomates</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Water can flow easily through a permeable soil. Spaces between the inorganic particles are large and well connected. Sandy or silty soils are permeable, water-draining types of soils. [/INST] [question]: Some soil water can flow through easily. what kind of soil is this? [answer]: permeable</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Long bones are longer than they are wide and have a shaft and two ends. The diaphysis, or central shaft, contains bone marrow in a marrow cavity. The rounded ends, the epiphyses, are covered with articular cartilage and are filled with red bone marrow, which produces blood cells (Figure 38.17). Most of the limb bones are long bones—for example, the femur, tibia, ulna, and radius. Exceptions to this include the patella and the bones of the wrist and ankle. [/INST] [question]: What is contained in the cavity of a long bone's central shaft? [answer]: marrow</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Lactic acid fermentation converts the 3-carbon pyruvate to the 3-carbon lactic acid (C 3 H 6 O 3 ) (see Figure below ) and regenerates NAD + in the process, allowing glycolysis to continue to make ATP in low-oxygen conditions. Since there is a limited supply of NAD + available in any given cell, this electron acceptor must be regenerated to allow ATP production to continue. To achieve this, NADH donates its extra electrons to the pyruvate molecules, regenerating NAD + . Lactic acid is formed by the reduction of pyruvate. [/INST] [question]: What natural destructive element cuts away at rock forming river valleys? [answer]: water</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Some mixtures are homogeneous. This means they have the same composition throughout. An example is salt water in the ocean. Ocean water everywhere is about 3.5 percent salt. [/INST] [question]: Mixtures that have the same composition throughout are known as what kinds of mixtures? [answer]: homogeneous</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The wavelength of a transverse wave can be measured as the distance between two adjacent crests. The wavelength of a longitudinal wave can be measured as the distance between two adjacent compressions. [/INST] [question]: The wavelength of a what type of wave can be measured as the distance between two adjacent compressions? [answer]: longitudinal</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: When most people think of muscles, they think of the muscles that are visible just under the skin, particularly of the limbs. These are skeletal muscles, so-named because most of them move the skeleton. But there are two other types of muscle in the body, with distinctly different jobs. Cardiac muscle, found in the heart, is concerned with pumping blood through the circulatory system. Smooth muscle is concerned with various involuntary movements, such as having one’s hair stand on end when cold or frightened, or moving food through the digestive system. This chapter will examine the structure and function of these three types of muscles. [/INST] [question]: What kind of muscle is found in the heart? [answer]: cardiac</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Figure 12.11 shows schematically how laminar and turbulent flow differ. Layers flow without mixing when flow is laminar. When there is turbulence, the layers mix, and there are significant velocities in directions other than the overall direction of flow. The lines that are shown in many illustrations are the paths followed by small volumes of fluids. These are called streamlines. Streamlines are smooth and continuous when flow is laminar, but break up and mix when flow is turbulent. Turbulence has two main causes. First, any obstruction or sharp corner, such as in a faucet, creates turbulence by imparting velocities perpendicular to the flow. Second, high speeds cause turbulence. The drag both between adjacent layers of fluid and between the fluid and its surroundings forms swirls and eddies, if the speed is great enough. We shall concentrate on laminar flow for the remainder of this section, leaving certain aspects of turbulence for later sections. [/INST] [question]: Streamlines are smooth and continuous when flow is laminar, but break up and mix when flow is what? [answer]: turbulent</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Terrestrial biomes include all the land areas on Earth where organisms live. The distinguishing features of terrestrial biomes are determined mainly by climate. Terrestrial biomes include tundras, temperate forests and grasslands, chaparral, temperate and tropical deserts, and tropical forests and grasslands. [/INST] [question]: What factor largely determines the distinguishing features of terrestrial biomes? [answer]: climate</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Protists are eukaryotes in the Protist Kingdom. Most are single-celled organisms. Protists are thought to be the oldest eukaryotes. They probably evolved when some prokaryotic cells invaded or were engulfed by others. [/INST] [question]: What is thought to be the oldest eukaryotes? [answer]: protists</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Like bacteria, archaeans are important decomposers. For example, archaeans help break down sewage in waste treatment plants. As decomposers, they help recycle carbon and nitrogen. [/INST] [question]: Archaeans help break down sewage in waste treatment plants, so they fulfill what important role? [answer]: decomposer</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 18.2 Formation of New Species Speciation occurs along two main pathways: geographic separation (allopatric speciation) and through mechanisms that occur within a shared habitat (sympatric speciation). Both pathways isolate a population reproductively in some form. Mechanisms of reproductive isolation act as barriers between closely related species, enabling them to diverge and exist as genetically independent species. Prezygotic barriers block reproduction prior to formation of a zygote, whereas postzygotic barriers block reproduction after fertilization occurs. For a new species to develop, something must cause a breach in the reproductive barriers. Sympatric speciation can occur through errors in meiosis that form gametes with extra chromosomes (polyploidy). Autopolyploidy occurs within a single species, whereas allopolyploidy occurs between closely related species. [/INST] [question]: Both pathways that isolate a population reproductively in some form, allopatric and sympatric describe what, which means the creation of new species? [answer]: speciation</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Translucent matter is matter that transmits but scatters light. Light passes through a translucent object but you cannot see clearly through the object because the light is scattered in all directions. The frosted glass doors in the figure are translucent. [/INST] [question]: Translucent matter is matter that transmits and does what else to light? [answer]: scatters</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Now we move on to recycle. Sometimes it may be difficult to understand the differences between reusing and recycling. Recycling involves processing used materials in order to make them suitable for other uses. That usually means taking a used item, breaking it down, and reusing the pieces. Even though recycling requires extra energy, it does often make use of items which are broken, worn out, or cannot be reused. [/INST] [question]: What is the process of processing used material into new ones called? [answer]: recycling</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Weight is a measure of the force of gravity pulling on an object of a given mass. It equals the mass of the object (in kilograms) times the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s 2 ). [/INST] [question]: What equals the mass of the object (in kilograms) times the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s 2 )? [answer]: weight</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Having polar bonds may make a covalent compound polar. A polar compound is one in which there is a slight difference in charge between opposite ends of the molecule. All polar compounds contain polar bonds. But having polar bonds does not necessarily result in a polar compound. It depends on how the atoms are arranged. This is illustrated in Figure below . Both molecules in the figure contain polar bonds, but only formaldehyde is a polar compound. Why is carbon dioxide nonpolar?. [/INST] [question]: Having polar bonds may make a covalent compound what? [answer]: polar</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Each muscle in the body is made up of cells called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers are long, thin cells that can do something that other cells cannot do—they are able to get shorter. Shortening of muscle fibers is called contraction . Muscle fibers can contract because they are made of proteins, called actin and myosin, that form long filaments (or fibers). When muscles contract, these protein filaments slide or glide past one another, shortening the length of the cell. When your muscles relax, the length extends back to the previous position. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. [/INST] [question]: Shortening of muscle fibers is called what?` [answer]: contraction</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Loudness refers to how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener. The loudness of sound is determined, in turn, by the intensity of the sound waves. Intensity is a measure of the amount of energy in sound waves. The unit of intensity is the decibel (dB) . [/INST] [question]: What is measured by the intensity of the sound waves? [answer]: loudness</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: If plaque blocks coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, coronary heart disease results. Poor blood flow to the heart may cause chest pain or a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is completely blocked so that cardiac muscle cells die. Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in U. S adults. [/INST] [question]: Coronary heart disease is caused when what blocks coronary arteries? [answer]: plaque</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Because air is a gas, its molecules have a lot of energy. Air molecules move a lot and bump into things. For this reason, they exert pressure. Air pressure is defined as the weight of the air pressing against a given area. [/INST] [question]: Air is an example of what state of matter? [answer]: gas</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Figure 10.1 The mention of a tornado conjures up images of raw destructive power. Tornadoes blow houses away as if they were made of paper and have been known to pierce tree trunks with pieces of straw. They descend from clouds in funnel-like shapes that spin violently, particularly at the bottom where they are most narrow, producing winds as high as 500 km/h. (credit: Daphne Zaras, U. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). [/INST] [question]: What descend from clouds in funnel-like shapes that spin violently, producing powerful winds? [answer]: tornadoes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Climate and Weather A common misconception about global climate change is that a specific weather event occurring in a particular region (for example, a very cool week in June in central Indiana) is evidence of global climate change. However, a cold week in June is a weather-related event and not a climate-related one. These misconceptions often arise because of confusion over the terms climate and weather. Climate refers to the long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific area. The climate of a biome is characterized by having consistent temperature and annual rainfall ranges. Climate does not address the amount of rain that fell on one particular day in a biome or the colder-than-average temperatures that occurred on one day. In contrast, weather refers to the conditions of the atmosphere during a short period of time. Weather forecasts are usually made for 48-hour cycles. Long-range weather forecasts are available but can be unreliable. To better understand the difference between climate and weather, imagine that you are planning an outdoor event in northern Wisconsin. You would be thinking about climate when you plan the event in the summer rather than the winter because you have long-term knowledge that any given Saturday in the months of May to August would be a better choice for an outdoor event in Wisconsin than any given Saturday in January. However, you cannot determine the specific day that the event should be held on because it is difficult to accurately predict the weather on a specific day. Climate can be considered “average” weather. [/INST] [question]: What term describes the long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific area? [answer]: climate</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Shortly after eating, there is a surplus of glucose in the body. Some of it will be used immediately, but the rest is stored in the form of glycogen. Between meals, when the level of glucose in the blood drops below a certain point, a signal is sent to the liver that says “make more glucose. ” In response, the glycogen in the liver is broken down and the resulting glucose is released into the bloodstream. [/INST] [question]: Between meals, when the level of blood glucose drops below a certain point, a signal is sent to what organ saying “make more glucose"? [answer]: liver</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: A solid is like a liquid in that particles are in contact with each other. Solids are unlike liquids in that the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold the particles in place. At low enough temperatures, all substances are solids (helium is the lone exception), but the temperature at which the solid state becomes the stable phase varies widely among substances, from 20 K (−253°C) for hydrogen to over 3,900 K (3,600°C) for carbon. The solid phase has several characteristics. First, solids maintain their shape. They do not fill their entire containers like gases do, and they do not adopt the shape of their containers like liquids do. They cannot be easily compressed like gases can, and they have relatively high densities. Solids may also demonstrate a variety of properties. For example, many metals can be beaten into thin sheets or drawn into wires, while compounds such as NaCl will shatter if they are struck. Some metals, such as sodium and potassium, are rather soft, while others, such as diamond, are very hard and can easily scratch other substances. Appearances differ as well: most metals are shiny and silvery, but sulfur (a nonmetal) is yellow, and ionic compounds can take on a rainbow of colors. Solid metals conduct electricity and heat, while ionic solids do not. Many solids are opaque, but some are transparent. Some dissolve in water, but some do not. Figure 10.13 "Properties of Solids" shows two solids that exemplify the similar and dissimilar properties of solids. Figure 10.13 Properties of Solids. [/INST] [question]: What state of matter is like a liquid in that particles are in contact with each other, but unlike liquids in that the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold the particles in place? [answer]: solids</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: If the two isolated populations are brought back together and the hybrid offspring that formed from matings between individuals of the two populations have lower survivorship or reduced fertility, then selection will favor individuals that are able to discriminate between potential mates of their own population and the other population. This selection will enhance the reproductive isolation. Isolation of populations leading to allopatric speciation can occur in a variety of ways: from a river forming a new branch, erosion forming a new valley, or a group of organisms traveling to a new location without the ability to return, such as seeds floating over the ocean to an island. The nature of the geographic separation necessary to isolate populations depends entirely on the biology of the organism and its potential for dispersal. If two flying insect populations took up residence in separate nearby valleys, chances are that individuals from each population would fly back and forth, continuing gene flow. However, if two rodent populations became divided by the formation of a new lake, continued gene flow would be unlikely; therefore, speciation would be more likely. Biologists group allopatric processes into two categories. If a few members of a species move to a new geographical area, this is called dispersal. If a natural situation arises to physically divide organisms, this is called vicariance. Scientists have documented numerous cases of allopatric speciation taking place. For example, along the west coast of the United States, two separate subspecies of spotted owls exist. The northern spotted owl has genetic and phenotypic differences from its close relative, the Mexican spotted owl, which lives in the south (Figure 11.15). The cause of their initial separation is not clear, but it may have been caused by the glaciers of the ice age dividing an initial population into [5] two. [/INST] [question]: What is the term for a natural situation which arises to physically divide organisms? [answer]: vicariance</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Figure 34.16 Digestion of carbohydrates is performed by several enzymes. Starch and glycogen are broken down into glucose by amylase and maltase. Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are broken down by sucrase and lactase, respectively. [/INST] [question]: Digestion of carbohydrates is performed by several enzymes. starch and glycogen are broken down into glucose by amylase and maltase. sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (milk sugar) are broken down by sucrase and this? [answer]: lactase</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Muscle Tone Skeletal muscles are rarely completely relaxed, or flaccid. Even if a muscle is not producing movement, it is contracted a small amount to maintain its contractile proteins and produce muscle tone. The tension produced by muscle tone allows muscles to continually stabilize joints and maintain posture. Muscle tone is accomplished by a complex interaction between the nervous system and skeletal muscles that results in the activation of a few motor units at a time, most likely in a cyclical manner. In this manner, muscles never fatigue completely, as some motor units can recover while others are active. The absence of the low-level contractions that lead to muscle tone is referred to as hypotonia or atrophy, and can result from damage to parts of the central nervous system (CNS), such as the cerebellum, or from loss of innervations to a skeletal muscle, as in poliomyelitis. Hypotonic muscles have a flaccid appearance and display functional impairments, such as weak reflexes. Conversely, excessive muscle tone is referred to as hypertonia, accompanied by hyperreflexia (excessive reflex responses), often the result of damage to upper motor neurons in the CNS. Hypertonia can present with muscle rigidity (as seen in Parkinson’s disease) or spasticity, a phasic change in muscle tone, where a limb will “snap” back from passive stretching (as seen in some strokes). [/INST] [question]: What is defined as a phasic change in muscle tone? [answer]: spasticity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching. [/INST] [question]: What is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching? [answer]: friction</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Meiosis is a type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes. [/INST] [question]: Which type of cell division halves the number of chromosomes? [answer]: meiosis</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that are placed in the Plant Kingdom . Plant cells have cell walls that are made of cellulose. Plant cells also have chloroplasts. They allow plants to make food by photosynthesis. In addition, plants have specialized reproductive organs that produce gametes. Male reproductive organs produce sperm. Female reproductive organs produce eggs. Male and female reproductive organs may be on the same plant or on different plants. [/INST] [question]: Plant cells have cell walls that are made of what? [answer]: cellulose</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Emphysema is a disease in which the walls of the alveoli break down so less gas can be exchanged by the lungs. The main symptom of emphysema is shortness of breath. The damage to the alveoli is usually caused by smoking and is permanent. [/INST] [question]: What disease associated with smoking involves breakdown of walls of the alveoli, resulting in less gas exchange by the lungs? [answer]: emphysema</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Fungi are eukaryotes in the Fungus Kingdom. Fungi include molds, which are multicellular, and yeasts, which are single-celled. [/INST] [question]: Molds and yeasts are organisms in what kingdom? [answer]: fungus</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Independent assortment occurs when chromosomes go to opposite poles of the cell in anaphase I. Which chromosomes end up together at each pole is a matter of chance. You can see this in Figures 5.15 and 5.16 as well. [/INST] [question]: Independent assortment occurs when what go to opposite poles of the cell in anaphase i? [answer]: chromosomes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Proteins have different shapes and molecular weights; some proteins are globular in shape whereas others are fibrous in nature. For example, hemoglobin is a globular protein, but collagen, found in our skin, is a fibrous protein. Protein shape is critical to its function, and this shape is maintained by many different types of chemical bonds. Changes in temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals may lead to permanent changes in the shape of the protein, leading to loss of function, known as denaturation. All proteins are made up of different arrangements of the same 20 types of amino acids. [/INST] [question]: Changes in temperature, ph, and exposure to chemicals may lead to permanent changes in the shape of a protein, leading to loss of function known as what? [answer]: denaturation</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Like Earth, the Moon has a distinct crust, mantle, and core. The crust is composed of igneous rock. This rock is rich in the elements oxygen, silicon, magnesium, and aluminum. On the near side, the Moon’s crust is about 60 kilometers thick. On the far side, the crust is about 100 kilometers thick. The mantle is made of rock like Earth’s mantle. The Moon has a small metallic core, perhaps 600 to 800 kilometers in diameter. The composition of the core is probably mostly iron with some sulfur and nickel. We learned this both from the rock samples gathered by astronauts and from spacecraft sent to the Moon. [/INST] [question]: Like earth, the moon has a distinct crust, mantle, and what else? [answer]: core</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Waves interact with matter in several ways. The interactions occur when waves pass from one medium to another. The types of interactions are reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Each type of interaction is described in detail below. You can see animations of the three types at this URL: http://www. acoustics. salford. ac. uk/schools/teacher/lesson3/flash/whiteboardcomplete. swf . [/INST] [question]: Reflection, refraction, and diffraction are examples of what type of interaction? [answer]: waves</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Echo sounders were used to search for enemy submarines during World War II. The depths they recorded allowed scientists to piece together bathymetric maps of the seafloor. Multi-beam sounders work on research vessels today. [/INST] [question]: What do waves deposit in relatively quiet areas along a shore? [answer]: sand</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The cell is the smallest unit of structure and function of all living organisms. But this smallest of units still performs some very complex processes. In fact, for some organisms, just one cell must do everything necessary for life. [/INST] [question]: What is the smallest unit of structure and function of all living organisms? [answer]: cell</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: An individual is an organism, or single living thing. [/INST] [question]: What is the term for an organism, or single living thing? [answer]: individual</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: No doubt you've had a sore throat before, and you've probably eaten cheese or yogurt. If so, then you've already encountered the amazing world of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. They also lack other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes are tiny. They can only be viewed with a microscope (see Figure below ). But they are the most numerous organisms on Earth. Without them, the world would be a very different place. [/INST] [question]: What is a feature that prokaryotes lack? [answer]: nucleus</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Viruses are so small that they can be seen only with an electron microscope. Before electron microscopes were invented, scientists knew viruses must exist. How did they know? They had demonstrated that particles smaller than bacteria cause disease. [/INST] [question]: They had demonstrated that particles smaller than bacteria cause what? [answer]: disease</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Carpal Bones The wrist and base of the hand are formed by a series of eight small carpal bones (see Figure 8.7). The carpal bones are arranged in two rows, forming a proximal row of four carpal bones and a distal row of four carpal bones. The bones in the proximal row, running from the lateral (thumb) side to the medial side, are the scaphoid (“boat-shaped”), lunate (“moonshaped”), triquetrum (“three-cornered”), and pisiform (“pea-shaped”) bones. The small, rounded pisiform bone articulates with the anterior surface of the triquetrum bone. The pisiform thus projects anteriorly, where it forms the bony bump that can be felt at the medial base of your hand. The distal bones (lateral to medial) are the trapezium (“table”), trapezoid (“resembles a table”), capitate (“head-shaped”), and hamate (“hooked bone”) bones. The hamate bone is characterized by a prominent bony extension on its anterior side called the hook of the hamate bone. A helpful mnemonic for remembering the arrangement of the carpal bones is “So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb. ” This mnemonic starts on the lateral side and names the proximal bones from lateral to medial (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform), then makes a U-turn to name the distal bones from medial to lateral (hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium). Thus, it starts and finishes on the lateral side. [/INST] [question]: The wrist and base of the hand are formed by what series of small bones arranged in distal and proximal rows? [answer]: carpal</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Most water on Earth, like the water in the oceans, contains elements. The elements are mixed evenly through the water. Water plus other substances makes a solution. The particles are so small that they will not come out when you filter the water. But the elements in water can form solid mineral deposits. [/INST] [question]: Water plus other substances makes what? [answer]: solution</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Hemoglobin is an example of a transport protein in the blood. You can see how it works in Figure below . The heme parts of a hemoglobin molecule bind with oxygen. Each red blood cell has hundreds of hemoglobin molecules. This is how oxygen is carried in the blood to cells throughout the body. [/INST] [question]: The heme parts of a hemoglobin molecule bind with what element? [answer]: oxygen</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Angiosperms , or flowering seed plants, form seeds in ovaries. As the seeds develop, the ovaries may develop into fruits. Flowers attract pollinators, and fruits encourage animals to disperse the seeds. [/INST] [question]: What is the term for flowering seed plants? [answer]: angiosperms</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Unlike nonvascular plants, all vascular plants—including seedless vascular plants—have a dominant sporophyte generation. Seedless vascular plants include clubmosses and ferns. Figure below shows a typical fern life cycle. [/INST] [question]: Do nonvascular or vascular plants have a dominant sporophyte generation? [answer]: vascular</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Ionic substances dissociate into ions when they dissolve in water, but most molecular substances do not. [/INST] [question]: What substances dissociate into ions when dissolved in water? [answer]: ionic</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Consumers are organisms that depend on other organisms for food. They take in organic molecules by essentially “eating” other living things. They include all animals and fungi. (Fungi don't really “eat”; they absorb nutrients from other organisms. ) They also include many bacteria and even a few plants, such as the pitcher plant shown in Figure below . Consumers are also called heterotrophs. Heterotrophs are classified by what they eat:. [/INST] [question]: Organisms that depend on other organisms for food play what role in the food chain? [answer]: consumer</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Ocean water appears cyan because the microbes in the water preferentially absorb red light. What color does a red lobster appear on the ocean floor? How about a white shirt with blue stripes?. [/INST] [question]: Ocean water appears cyan because microbes in the water preferentially absorb what color of light? [answer]: red</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Energy and heat are expressed in units of joules. [/INST] [question]: Both energy and heat can be expressed in units of what? [answer]: joules</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: In binary fission, a cell splits in two. First, the large circular chromosome is copied. Then the cell divides to form two new daughter cells. Each has a copy of the parent cell's chromosome. [/INST] [question]: In binary fission how many times does a cell split? [answer]: two</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Nonvascular plants are low-growing, reproduce with spores, and need a moist habitat. [/INST] [question]: What do nonvascular plants reproduce with? [answer]: spores</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The most powerful or influential individual in a group is sometimes called dominant. In genetics, a dominant trait means nearly the same thing. A dominant trait is the most influential trait and masks the other trait. [/INST] [question]: The most powerful or influential individual in a group is sometimes called what? [answer]: dominant</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Cartilage Cartilage is a connective tissue with a large amount of the matrix and variable amounts of fibers. The cells, called chondrocytes, make the matrix and fibers of the tissue. Chondrocytes are found in spaces within the tissue called lacunae. A cartilage with few collagen and elastic fibers is hyaline cartilage, illustrated in Figure 33.14. The lacunae are randomly scattered throughout the tissue and the matrix takes on a milky or scrubbed appearance with routine histological stains. Sharks have cartilaginous skeletons, as does nearly the entire human skeleton during a specific pre-birth developmental stage. A remnant of this cartilage persists in the outer portion of the human nose. Hyaline cartilage is also found at the ends of long bones, reducing friction and cushioning the articulations of these bones. [/INST] [question]: Like sharks, nearly the entire human skeleton during a specific pre-birth developmental stage is made of what connective tissue? [answer]: cartilage</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Volcanoes rise where magma forms underground. Volcanoes are found at convergent plate boundaries and at hotspots. Volcanic activity is found at divergent plate boundaries. The map in Figure below shows where volcanoes are located. [/INST] [question]: When this forms underground, volcanoes rise? [answer]: magma</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The thyroid gland is a large gland in the neck. Thyroid hormones increase the rate of metabolism in cells throughout the body. They control how quickly cells use energy and make proteins. [/INST] [question]: Hormones produced by what gland in the neck increase the rate of metabolism in cells throughout the body? [answer]: thyroid</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Reptiles have several adaptations for living on dry land that amphibians lack. For example, as shown in Figure below , the skin of most reptiles is covered with scales. The scales are made of very tough keratin, and they protect reptiles from injury, and also prevent them from losing water. [/INST] [question]: What is the skin of most reptiles covered with? [answer]: scales</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Water is involved in many other biochemical reactions. As a result, just about all life processes depend on water. Clearly, life as we know it could not exist without water. [/INST] [question]: Nearly all life processes depend on what substance, which is involved in biochemical reactions? [answer]: water</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Oxygen has increased in the atmosphere throughout the history of the earth. Note the logarithmic scale, which indicates great increases after first photosynthesis (in bacteria) and then land plants evolved. Related geological events: A = no oxidized iron; B = oxidized iron bands in seabed rock - evidence for O 2 in the oceans; C = oxidized iron bands on land and ozone layer formation- evidence for O 2 in the atmosphere. [/INST] [question]: What has increased in the atmosphere throughout the history of the earth? [answer]: oxygen</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The stomach is a sac-like organ at the end of the esophagus. It has thick muscular walls. The muscles contract and relax. This moves the food around and helps break it into smaller pieces. Mixing the food around with the enzyme pepsin and other chemicals helps digest proteins. [/INST] [question]: What is the sac-like organ at the end of the esophagus? [answer]: stomach</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: As you can see in Figure below , both body plans have radial symmetry. Some cnidarian species alternate between medusa and polyp forms. Other species exist in just one form or the other. [/INST] [question]: What type of species can alternate between medusa and polyp forms? [answer]: cnidarian</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Properties of matter fall into one of two categories. If the property depends on the amount of matter present, it is an extensive property. The mass and volume of a substance are examples of extensive properties; for instance, a gallon of milk has a larger mass and volume than a cup of milk. The value of an extensive property is directly proportional to the amount of matter in question. If the property of a sample of matter does not depend on the amount of matter present, it is an intensive property. Temperature is an example of an intensive property. If the gallon and cup of milk are each at 20 °C (room temperature), when they are combined, the temperature remains at 20 °C. As another example, consider the distinct but related properties of heat and temperature. A drop of hot cooking oil spattered on your arm causes brief, minor discomfort, whereas a pot of hot oil yields severe burns. Both the drop and the pot of oil are at the same temperature (an intensive property), but the pot clearly contains much more heat (extensive property). [/INST] [question]: Extensive and intensive are categories of properties that apply to what? [answer]: matter</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The seafloor spreading hypothesis brought all of these observations together in the early 1960s. Hot mantle material rises up at mid-ocean ridges. The hot magma erupts as lava. The lava cools to form new seafloor. Later, more lava erupts at the ridge. The new lava pushes the seafloor that is at the ridge horizontally away from ridge axis. The seafloor moves!. [/INST] [question]: New seafloor forms when what object cools? [answer]: lava</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Molecules are groups of atoms that behave as a single unit. [/INST] [question]: What are groups of atoms that behave as a single unit called? [answer]: molecules</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Catabolic reactions involve breaking bonds. Larger molecules break down to form smaller ones. These reactions release energy. For example, energy is released when starches break down to sugars. [/INST] [question]: Catabolic reactions involve breaking what? [answer]: bonds</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Such knowledge of the natural world is only part of what science is. Science is as much about doing as knowing. Science is a way of learning about the natural world that depends on evidence, reasoning, and repeated testing. Scientists explain the world based on their observations. If they develop new ideas about the way the world works, they set up ways to test these new ideas. Scientific knowledge keeps changing because scientists are always “doing science. ”. [/INST] [question]: Scientists explain the world based on what? [answer]: observations</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Saturated hydrocarbons are given the general name of alkanes . The name of specific alkanes always ends in - ane . The first part of the name indicates how many carbon atoms each molecule of the alkane has. The smallest alkane is methane. It has just one carbon atom. The next largest is ethane, with two carbon atoms. The chemical formulas and properties of methane, ethane, and several other alkanes are listed in Table below . The boiling and melting points of alkanes are determined mainly by the number of carbon atoms they have. Alkanes with more carbon atoms generally have higher boiling and melting points. [/INST] [question]: What is the general name for saturated hydrocarbons? [answer]: alkanes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The thermosphere is the layer above the mesosphere. It rises to 600 kilometers (372 miles) above the surface. The International Space Station orbits Earth in this layer as in Figure below . [/INST] [question]: What layer is above the mesosphere? [answer]: thermosphere</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 27.3 Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems The reproductive systems of males and females begin to develop soon after conception. A gene on the male’s Y chromosome called SRY is critical in stimulating a cascade of events that simultaneously stimulate testis development and repress the development of female structures. Testosterone produced by Leydig cells in the embryonic testis stimulates the development of male sexual organs. If testosterone is not present, female sexual organs will develop. Whereas the gonads and some other reproductive tissues are considered bipotential, the tissue that forms the internal reproductive structures stems from ducts that will develop into only male (Wolffian) or female (Müllerian) structures. To be able to reproduce as an adult, one of these systems must develop properly and the other must degrade. Further development of the reproductive systems occurs at puberty. The initiation of the changes that occur in puberty is the result of a decrease in sensitivity to negative feedback in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and an increase in sensitivity of the gonads to FSH and LH stimulation. These changes lead to increases in either estrogen or testosterone, in female and male adolescents, respectively. The increase in sex steroid hormones leads to maturation of the gonads and other reproductive organs. The initiation of spermatogenesis begins in boys, and girls begin ovulating and menstruating. Increases in sex steroid hormones also lead to the development of secondary sex characteristics such as breast development in girls and facial hair and larynx growth in boys. [/INST] [question]: What is produced by leydig cells in the embryonic testis and stimulates the development of male sexual organs? [answer]: testosterone</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Today in many countries, death rates have gone down but birth rates remain high. This means that the population is growing. Figure below shows the growth rates of human populations all over the world. [/INST] [question]: Which veins return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart? [answer]: pulmonary</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The two parathyroid glands are located behind the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone helps keep the level of calcium in the blood within a narrow range. It stimulates bone cells to dissolve calcium in bone matrix and release it into the blood. [/INST] [question]: The two parathyroid glands are located behind what gland? [answer]: thyroid</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Covalent bonds result from the overlap of atomic orbitals. [/INST] [question]: What bonds result from the overlap of atomic orbitals? [answer]: covalents</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Regardless of the appearance of stained or unstained tissue, the cell bodies of neurons or axons can be located in discrete anatomical structures that need to be named. Those names are specific to whether the structure is central or peripheral. A localized collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS is referred to as a nucleus. In the PNS, a cluster of neuron cell bodies is referred to as a ganglion. Figure 12.4 indicates how the term nucleus has a few different meanings within anatomy and physiology. It is the center of an atom, where protons and neutrons are found; it is the center of a cell, where the DNA is found; and it is a center of some function in the CNS. There is also a potentially confusing use of the word ganglion (plural = ganglia) that has a historical explanation. In the central nervous system, there is a group of nuclei that are connected together and were once called the basal ganglia before “ganglion” became accepted as a description for a peripheral structure. Some sources refer to this group of nuclei as the “basal nuclei” to avoid confusion. [/INST] [question]: What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the pns called? [answer]: ganglion</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (User:LadyofHats/Wikimedia Commons), modified by Hana Zavadska. The sodium-potassium pump uses active transport . Public Domain. [/INST] [question]: Unlike the passive form, the sodium-potassium pump uses what type of transport? [answer]: active</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Respiration that occurs without lungs. Insects have a system of internal tubes and sacs that oxygen travels through to reach body tissues. Air is taken in through the spiracles , openings on the sides of the abdomen. [/INST] [question]: On insects, what are the openings on the sides of the abdomen that allows respiration to occur? [answer]: spiracles</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Salts of weak acids or bases can affect the acidity or basicity of their aqueous solutions. [/INST] [question]: Salts of weak acids or bases can affect the acidity or what of their aqueous solution? [answer]: basicity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle. [/INST] [question]: Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of what life cycle? [answer]: angiosperm</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Encephalitis is a brain infection most often caused by viruses. The immune system tries to fight off a brain infection, just as it tries to fight off other infections. But sometimes this can do more harm than good. The immune system’s response may cause swelling in the brain. With no room to expand, the brain pushes against the skull. This may injure the brain and even cause death. Medicines can help fight some viral infections of the brain, but not all infections. [/INST] [question]: What is most often the cause of encephalitis? [answer]: viruses</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Solids that change to gases generally first pass through the liquid state. However, sometimes solids change directly to gases and skip the liquid state. The reverse can also occur. Sometimes gases change directly to solids. [/INST] [question]: When solids change to gasses, they generally pass through what other state? [answer]: liquid</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The same principles govern the solubilities of molecular solids in liquids. For example, elemental sulfur is a solid consisting of cyclic S8 molecules that have no dipole moment. Because the S8 rings in solid sulfur are held to other rings by London dispersion forces, elemental sulfur is insoluble in water. It is, however, soluble in nonpolar solvents that have comparable London dispersion forces, such as CS2 (23 g/100 mL). In contrast, glucose contains five –OH groups that can form hydrogen bonds. Consequently, glucose is very soluble in water (91 g/120 mL of water) but essentially insoluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene. The structure of one isomer of glucose is shown here. [/INST] [question]: What type of solvents is glucose insoluble in? [answer]: nonpolar</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: At the end of the Cretaceous Period, or 65 million years ago, all dinosaurs (except those which led to birds) went extinct. Some scientists believe a possible cause is a collision between the Earth and a comet or asteroid. The collision could have caused tidal waves, changed the climate, and reduced sunlight by 10-20%. A decrease in photosynthesis would have resulted in less plant food, leading to the extinction of the dinosaurs. [/INST] [question]: A comet striking the earth may have caused mass extinction, this would have decreased sunlight, which would have effected what plant process reducing food? [answer]: photosynthesis</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Biochemical reactions are optimal at physiological temperatures. For example, most biochemical reactions work best at the normal body temperature of 98.6˚F. Many enzymes lose function at lower and higher temperatures. At higher temperatures, an enzyme’s shape deteriorates. Only when the temperature comes back to normal does the enzyme regain its shape and normal activity. [/INST] [question]: Normal body temperature is ideal for most of what type of reactions? [answer]: biochemical</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Carbaminohemoglobin About 20 percent of carbon dioxide is bound by hemoglobin and is transported to the lungs. Carbon dioxide does not bind to iron as oxygen does; instead, carbon dioxide binds amino acid moieties on the globin portions of hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin, which forms when hemoglobin and carbon dioxide bind. When hemoglobin is not transporting oxygen, it tends to have a bluish-purple tone to it, creating the darker maroon color typical of deoxygenated blood. The following formula depicts this reversible reaction:. [/INST] [question]: About 20 percent of carbon dioxide is bound by hemoglobin and is transported where? [answer]: lungs</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: When Earth first formed, it was a fiery hot, barren ball. It had no oceans or atmosphere. Rivers of melted rock flowed over its surface. Gradually, the planet cooled and formed a solid crust. Gases from volcanoes formed an atmosphere, although it contained only a trace of oxygen. As the planet continued to cool, clouds formed and rain fell. Rainwater helped form oceans. The ancient atmosphere and oceans would be toxic to modern life, but they set the stage for life to begin. [/INST] [question]: What did volcanic gases help to form on earth? [answer]: atmosphere</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: As erosion by groundwater continues, the ceiling of a cave may collapse. The rock and soil above it sink into the ground. This forms a sinkhole on the surface. You can see an example of a sinkhole in Figure below . Some sinkholes are big enough to swallow vehicles and buildings. [/INST] [question]: What is formed when the ceiling of an underground cave collapses? [answer]: sinkhole</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Humidity is the amount of water in the air. Air with a high concentration of water will be called humid. Moving away from the most humid climate, biomes will be called semi-humid, semi-arid, or arid (the driest). [/INST] [question]: What measures the amount of water in the air? [answer]: humidity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Fertilization joins two haploid gametes into a diploid zygote. [/INST] [question]: What process joins two haploid gametes into a diploid zygote? [answer]: fertilization</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Planets are held by the force of gravity in elliptical orbits around the Sun. [/INST] [question]: Planets are held by the force of gravity in elliptical orbits around what? [answer]: sun</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Mammals are noted for the many ways they can move. Some mammals are well known for their speed. The fastest land animal is a mammal, the cheetah. It can race at speeds of up to 112 kilometers (70 miles) per hour. [/INST] [question]: What is the fastest land animal? [answer]: cheetah</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The process by which remains or traces of living things become fossils is called fossilization . Most fossils are preserved in sedimentary rocks. [/INST] [question]: What is the process by which the remains of living things become fossils? [answer]: fossilization</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Meters, such as those in analog fuel gauges on a car, are another common application of magnetic torque on a current-carrying loop. Figure 22.37 shows that a meter is very similar in construction to a motor. The meter in the figure has its magnets shaped to limit the effect of θ by making B perpendicular to the loop over a large angular range. Thus the torque is proportional to I and not. [/INST] [question]: Meters, such as those in analog fuel gauges on a car, are a common application of magnetic torque on a current-carrying what? [answer]: loop</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Unlike bones and tendons, which need to be strong as well as elastic, the arteries and lungs need to be very stretchable. The elastic properties of the arteries are essential for blood flow. The pressure in the arteries increases and arterial walls stretch when the blood is pumped out of the heart. When the aortic valve shuts, the pressure in the arteries drops and the arterial walls relax to maintain the blood flow. When you feel your pulse, you are feeling exactly this—the elastic behavior of the arteries as the blood gushes through with each pump of the heart. If the arteries were rigid, you would not feel a pulse. The heart is also an organ with special elastic properties. The lungs expand with muscular effort when we breathe in but relax freely and elastically when we breathe out. Our skins are particularly elastic, especially for the young. A young person can go from 100 kg to 60 kg with no visible sag in their skins. The elasticity of all organs reduces with age. Gradual physiological aging through reduction in elasticity starts in the early 20s. [/INST] [question]: What causes reduction of elasticity in all organs? [answer]: age</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Consider carbon as an example. Carbon atoms have six protons. They also have six electrons. All carbon atoms are the same whether they are found in a lump of coal or a teaspoon of table sugar ( Figure below ). On the other hand, carbon atoms are different from the atoms of hydrogen, which are also found in coal and sugar. Each hydrogen atom has just one proton and one electron. [/INST] [question]: How many protons and electrons each do carbon atoms have? [answer]: six</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Figure 4.22 Microfilaments thicken the cortex around the inner edge of a cell; like rubber bands, they resist tension. Microtubules are found in the interior of the cell where they maintain cell shape by resisting compressive forces. Intermediate filaments are found throughout the cell and hold organelles in place. [/INST] [question]: What thickens the cortex around the inner edge of a cell? [answer]: microfilaments</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Dissolved substances have a higher entropy value than their corresponding precipitate. [/INST] [question]: What value of dissolved substances is higher than that of their corresponding precipitate? [answer]: entropy</s>