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<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Dietary proteins are broken down during digestion to provide the amino acids needed for protein synthesis. Any extra proteins in the diet not needed for this purpose are used for energy or stored as fat. One gram of proteins provides 4 Calories of energy. [/INST] [question]: One gram of proteins provides how many calories of energy? [answer]: four</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: with only certain radii were allowed. Lines in the spectrum were due to transitions in which an electron moved from a higher-energy orbit with a larger radius to a lower-energy orbit with smaller radius. The orbit closest to the nucleus represented theground state of the atom and was most stable; orbits farther away were higher-energy excited states. Transitions from an excited state to a lower-energy state resulted in the emission of light with only a limited number of wavelengths. Bohr’s model could not, however, explain the spectra of atoms heavier than hydrogen. Most light is polychromatic and contains light of many wavelengths. Light that has only a single wavelength is monochromatic and is produced by devices called lasers, which use transitions between two atomic energy levels to produce light in a very narrow range of wavelengths. Atoms can also absorb light of certain energies, resulting in a transition from the ground state or a lower-energy excited state to a higher-energy excited state. This produces an absorption spectrum, which has dark lines in the same position as the bright lines in the emission spectrum of an element. [/INST] [question]: What is light that has only a single wavelength called? [answer]: monochromatic</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Ahhhh! A tall glass of ice-cold lemonade is really refreshing on a hot day. Lemonade is a combination of lemon juice, water, and sugar. Do you know what kind of matter lemonade is? It’s obviously not an element because it consists of more than one substance. Is it a compound? Not all combined substances are compounds. Some—including lemonade—are mixtures. [/INST] [question]: Combined substances are either compounds or what? [answer]: mixtures</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Enzymes Enzymes, catalysts that occur naturally in living organisms, are almost all protein molecules with typical molecular masses of 20,000–100,000 amu. Some are homogeneous catalysts that react in aqueous solution within a cellular compartment of an organism. Others are heterogeneous catalysts embedded within the membranes that separate cells and cellular compartments from their surroundings. The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called a substrate. Because enzymes can increase reaction rates by enormous factors (up to 10 17 times the uncatalyzed rate) and tend to be very specific, typically producing only a single product in quantitative yield, they are the focus of active research. At the same time, enzymes are usually expensive to obtain, they often cease functioning at temperatures greater than 37°C, have limited stability in solution, and have such high specificity that they are confined to turning one particular set of reactants into one particular product. This means that separate processes using different enzymes must be developed for chemically similar reactions, which is time-consuming and expensive. Thus far, enzymes have found only limited industrial applications, although they are used as ingredients in laundry detergents, contact lens cleaners, and meat tenderizers. The enzymes in these applications tend to be proteases, which are able to cleave the amide bonds that hold amino acids together in proteins. Meat tenderizers, for example, contain a protease called papain, which is isolated from papaya juice. It cleaves some of the long, fibrous protein molecules that make inexpensive cuts of beef tough, producing a piece of meat that is more tender. Some insects, like the bombadier beetle, carry an enzyme capable of catalyzing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water (Figure 14.28 "A Catalytic Defense Mechanism"). Enzyme inhibitors cause a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by binding to a specific portion of an enzyme and thus slowing or preventing a reaction from occurring. Irreversible inhibitors are therefore the equivalent of poisons in heterogeneous catalysis. One of the oldest and most Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. [/INST] [question]: What are the catalysts that occur naturally in living organisms and are primarily protein molecules? [answer]: enzymes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Amino acid units in a protein are connected by peptide bonds. What is another name for the functional group linking the amino acids?. [/INST] [question]: Amino acid units in a protein are connected by what bonds? [answer]: peptide</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Magnetism is due to the movement of electrons within atoms of matter. When electrons spin around the nucleus of an atom, it causes the atom to become a tiny magnet, with north and south poles and a magnetic field. In most materials, the electrons orbiting the nuclei of the atoms are arranged in such a way that the materials have no magnetic properties. Also, in most types of matter, the north and south poles of atoms point in all different directions, so overall the matter is not magnetic. Examples of nonmagnetic materials include wood, glass, plastic, paper, copper, and aluminum. These materials are not attracted to magnets and cannot become magnets. [/INST] [question]: Magnetism is due to the movement of what within atoms? [answer]: electrons</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Ground subsidence is a consequences of groundwater overuse. [/INST] [question]: Ground subsidence is a consequences of the overuse of what? [answer]: groundwater</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body. It is one of the major ways the body maintains homeostasis. Although the kidneys are the main organs of excretion, several other organs also excrete wastes. They include the large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs. All of these organs of excretion, along with the kidneys, make up the excretory system . This lesson focuses on the role of the kidneys in excretion. The roles of the other excretory organs are summarized below:. [/INST] [question]: Excretion is the process of removing excess water and wastes from the body. what are the main organs of excretion? [answer]: kidneys</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Preston Hunt. Shingles is caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox . CC BY 3.0. [/INST] [question]: What is caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox? [answer]: shingles</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The first vertebrates to live fully on land were amniotes. Amniotes are animals that produce eggs with waterproof membranes. The membranes let gases but not water pass through. They allow embryos to breathe without drying out. Amniotic eggs were the first eggs that could be laid on land. The earliest amniotes evolved about 350 million years ago. Amniotes would eventually evolve into modern reptiles, mammals, and birds. [/INST] [question]: Amniotes are animals that produce eggs with membranes possessing what property, which allowed them to lay eggs on land? [answer]: waterproof</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Changes in chromosome number can lead to disorders like Down syndrome. [/INST] [question]: Changes in the number of what can lead to disorders like down syndrome? [answer]: chromosomes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Animals are a kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes. They cannot make their own food. Instead, they get nutrients by eating other living things. Therefore, animals are heterotrophs . [/INST] [question]: Animals can not produce their own food making them _________. [answer]: heterotrophs</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Most vascular plants are seed plants, or spermatophytes. They reproduce with seeds and pollen. Some modern seed plants are gymnosperms that produce seeds in cones. [/INST] [question]: What is the term for seed plants? [answer]: spermatophytes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The body of a cnidarian consists of two cell layers, ectoderm and endoderm. The cells surround a digestive cavity called the coelenteron (see Figure below ). Cnidarians have a simple digestive system. The single opening is surrounded by tentacles, which are used to capture prey. The tentacles are covered with nematocyst cells. Digestion takes place in the coelenteron. Nutrients are absorbed and gases exchanged through the cells lining this cavity. Fluid in the coelenteron creates a hydrostatic skeleton. [/INST] [question]: Cnidarians have a simple digestive system with a single opening surrounded by what type of structures, which are used to capture prey? [answer]: tentacles</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Plasma is a state of matter that resembles a gas but has certain properties that gases do not have. Like a gas, plasma consists of particles of matter than can pull apart and spread out, so it lacks a fixed volume and a fixed shape. Unlike a gas, plasma can conduct electricity and respond to a magnetic field. That’s because plasma consists of electrically charged particles called ions, instead of uncharged particles such as atoms or molecules. This gives plasma other interesting properties as well. For example, plasma glows with colored light when electricity passes through it. You can learn more about plasma at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=VkeSI_B5Ljc. [/INST] [question]: What is the state of matter that resembles a gas, but is made of ions, giving it different properties than a typical gas? [answer]: plasma</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Overview of Systemic Veins Systemic veins return blood to the right atrium. Since the blood has already passed through the systemic capillaries, it will be relatively low in oxygen concentration. In many cases, there will be veins draining organs and regions of the body with the same name as the arteries that supplied these regions and the two often parallel one another. This is often described as a “complementary” pattern. However, there is a great deal more variability in the venous circulation than normally occurs in the arteries. For the sake of brevity and clarity, this text will discuss only the most commonly encountered patterns. However, keep this variation in mind when you move from the classroom to clinical practice. In both the neck and limb regions, there are often both superficial and deeper levels of veins. The deeper veins generally correspond to the complementary arteries. The superficial veins do not normally have direct arterial counterparts, but in addition to returning blood, they also make contributions to the maintenance of body temperature. When the ambient temperature is warm, more blood is diverted to the superficial veins where heat can be more easily dissipated to the environment. In colder weather, there is more constriction of the superficial veins and blood is diverted deeper where the body can retain more of the heat. The “Voyage of Discovery” analogy and stick drawings mentioned earlier remain valid techniques for the study of systemic veins, but veins present a more difficult challenge because there are numerous anastomoses and multiple branches. It is like following a river with many tributaries and channels, several of which interconnect. Tracing blood flow through arteries follows the current in the direction of blood flow, so that we move from the heart through the large arteries and into the smaller arteries to the capillaries. From the capillaries, we move into the smallest veins and follow the direction of blood flow into larger veins and back to the heart. Figure 20.35 outlines the path of the major systemic veins. [/INST] [question]: Systemic veins return blood low in what to the right atrium? [answer]: oxygen</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: There are some properties that all liquids have. The liquid that we are most familiar with is probably water, and it has these properties. Other liquids have them as well, which is something to keep in mind. All liquids have a certain portion of their particles having enough energy to enter the gas phase, and if these particles are at the surface of the liquid, they do so ( - ball-ch10_s03_f01). The formation of a gas from a liquid at temperatures below the boiling point is called evaporation. At these temperatures, the material in the gas phase is called vapor, rather than gas; the term gas is reserved for when the gas phase is the stable phase. Figure 10.5 Evaporation. [/INST] [question]: What do we call the formation of a gas from a liquid at temperatures below the boiling point? [answer]: evaporation</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: In the Figure below , you can see structural formulas for glucose and two other sugars, named fructose and sucrose. Fructose is a sugar that is found in fruits. It is an isomer of glucose. Isomers are compounds that have the same atoms but different arrangements of atoms. Do you see how the atoms are arranged differently in fructose than in glucose? You’re probably most familiar with the sugar sucrose, because sucrose is table sugar. It’s the sugar that you spoon onto your cereal or into your iced tea. [/INST] [question]: What is a sugar that is found in fruits? [answer]: fructose</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond between carbon atoms. [/INST] [question]: What are unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond between carbon atoms? [answer]: alkynes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Population growth is determined by rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration. [/INST] [question]: Population growth is determined by rates of birth, death, immigration, and what else? [answer]: emigration</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Paint keeps oxygen and water from coming into direct contact with the metal, which prevents corrosion. Paint is more necessary because salt is an electrolyte that increases the conductivity of water and facilitates the flow of electric current between anodic and cathodic sites. [/INST] [question]: Paint keeps oxygen and water from coming into direct contact with the metal, which prevents what? [answer]: corrosion</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Group 14 is called the carbon group. Carbon (C) is a nonmetal. The next two elements are metalloids, and the final two are metals. All the elements in the carbon group have four valence electrons. They are not very reactive. All are solids at room temperature. [/INST] [question]: What type of electrons do all group 14 elements have four of? [answer]: valence</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: A ketone involves a carbonyl in which the carbon atom makes single bonds with two other carbon atoms. Ketones undergo most of the same reactions as aldehydes, but they tend to be slightly less reactive. The simplest ketone is acetone, in which the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two CH 3 groups. This ketone is commonly used to remove fingernail polish and serves as an industrial solvent. Methyl ethyl ketone is used as a paint stripper and a solvent. Ketones are also used in the production of various polymers, either as a building block or as a solvent. [/INST] [question]: Acetone is the simplest type of what organic compound that involves a carbonyl in which the carbon atom makes single bonds with two other carbon atoms? [answer]: ketone</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Raptors such as hawks and owls are carnivores. They hunt and eat mammals and other birds. Vultures are scavengers. They eat the remains of dead animals, such as roadkill. Aquatic birds generally eat fish or water plants. Perching birds may eat insects, fruit, honey, or nectar. Many fruit-eating birds play a key role in seed dispersal, and some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators. [/INST] [question]: What term is used to describe birds that hunt, eat mammals, and other birds? [answer]: raptors</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Afterbirth The delivery of the placenta and associated membranes, commonly referred to as the afterbirth, marks the final stage of childbirth. After expulsion of the newborn, the myometrium continues to contract. This movement shears the placenta from the back of the uterine wall. It is then easily delivered through the vagina. Continued uterine contractions then reduce blood loss from the site of the placenta. Delivery of the placenta marks the beginning of the postpartum period—the period of approximately 6 weeks immediately following childbirth during which the mother’s body gradually returns to a nonpregnant state. If the placenta does not birth spontaneously within approximately 30 minutes, it is considered retained, and the obstetrician may attempt manual removal. If this is not successful, surgery may be required. It is important that the obstetrician examines the expelled placenta and fetal membranes to ensure that they are intact. If fragments of the placenta remain in the uterus, they can cause postpartum hemorrhage. Uterine contractions continue for several hours after birth to return the uterus to its pre-pregnancy size in a process called involution, which also allows the mother’s abdominal organs to return to their pre-pregnancy locations. Breastfeeding facilitates this process. Although postpartum uterine contractions limit blood loss from the detachment of the placenta, the mother does experience a postpartum vaginal discharge called lochia. This is made up of uterine lining cells, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and other debris. Thick, dark, lochia rubra (red lochia) typically continues for 2–3 days, and is replaced by lochia serosa, a thinner, pinkish form that continues until about the tenth postpartum day. After this period, a scant, creamy, or watery discharge called lochia alba (white lochia) may continue for another 1–2 weeks. [/INST] [question]: What period starts after the baby is born, and the placenta is expelled from the body? [answer]: postpartum</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: This tissue includes several types of specialized cells. Pavement cells, large, irregularly shaped parenchymal cells which lack chloroplasts, make up the majority of the epidermis. Within the epidermis, thousands of pairs of bean-shaped schlerenchymal guard cells swell and shrink by osmosis to open and close stomata , tiny pores which control the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases and the release of water vapor. The lower surfaces of some leaves contain as many as 100,000 stomata per square centimeter. [/INST] [question]: Pavement cells, large, irregularly shaped parenchymal cells which lack chloroplasts, make up the majority of what? [answer]: epidermis</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Volcanoes at divergent plate boundaries are in the East Pacific Rise. Convergent plate boundaries, where there are trenches, have volcanoes. Hotspot volcanoes are in chains in the middle of the ocean basin. [/INST] [question]: What do convergent plate boundaries with trenches have? [answer]: volcanoes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: In both men and women, the second most common type of cancer is lung cancer. Most cases of lung cancer develop in people who smoke. [/INST] [question]: What is the second most common type of cancer in both men and women? [answer]: lung</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Carbon has a unique ability to form covalent bonds with many other atoms. It can bond with other carbon atoms as well as with atoms of other elements. Because of this ability, carbon often forms polymers. A polymer is a large molecule that is made out of many smaller molecules that are joined together by covalent bonds. The smaller, repeating molecules are called monomers . (The prefix mono - means “one” and the prefix poly - means “many. ”) Polymers may consist of just one type of monomer or of more than one type. Polymers are similar to the strings of beads pictured in the Figure below . Like beads on a string, monomers in a polymer may be all the same or different from one another. [/INST] [question]: What element, which often forms polymers, has a unique ability to form covalent bonds with many other atoms? [answer]: carbon</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Early in the development of a human fetus, the skeleton is made entirely of cartilage. The relatively soft cartilage gradually changes to hard bone through ossification. This is a process in which mineral deposits replace cartilage in bone. At birth, several areas of cartilage remain, including the ends of the long bones in the arms and legs. This allows these bones to keep growing in length during childhood. [/INST] [question]: Early in the development of a human fetus, the skeleton is made entirely of what? [answer]: cartilage</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Despite its dangers, radioactivity has several uses. It can be used to determine the ages of ancient rocks and fossils. This use of radioactivity is explained in this chapter’s "Radioactive Decay" lesson. Radioactivity can also be used as a source of power to generate electricity. This use of radioactivity is covered later on in this chapter in the lesson "Nuclear Energy. " Radioactivity can even be used to diagnose and treat diseases, including cancer. Cancer cells grow rapidly and take up a lot of glucose for energy. Glucose containing radioactive elements can be given to patients. Cancer cells will take up more of the glucose than normal cells do and give off radiation. The radiation can be detected with special machines (see Figure below ). Radioactive elements taken up by cancer cells may also be used to kill the cells and treat the disease. You can learn more about medical uses of radiation at the URL below. [/INST] [question]: What type of disease can be treated by radioactive elements in glucose? [answer]: cancer</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The kinetic theory of gases describes this state of matter as composed of tiny particles in constant motion with a lot of distance between the particles. This model of gases explains some of the physical properties of gases. Because most of a gas is empty space, a gas has a low density and can expand or contract under the appropriate influence. The fact that gas particles are in constant motion means that two or more gases will always mix, as the particles from the individual gases move and collide with each other. An ideal gas is a gas that exactly follows the statements of the kinetic theory. Unfortunately, real gases are not ideal. Many gases deviate slightly from agreeing perfectly with the kinetic theory of gases. However, most gases adhere to the statements so well that the kinetic theory of gases is well accepted by the scientific community. [/INST] [question]: What theory of gases describes this state of matter as composed of tiny particles in constant motion with a lot of distance between the particles? [answer]: kinetic</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Female Urethra The external urethral orifice is embedded in the anterior vaginal wall inferior to the clitoris, superior to the vaginal opening (introitus), and medial to the labia minora. Its short length, about 4 cm, is less of a barrier to fecal bacteria than the longer male urethra and the best explanation for the greater incidence of UTI in women. Voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter is a function of the pudendal nerve. It arises in the sacral region of the spinal cord, traveling via the S2–S4 nerves of the sacral plexus. [/INST] [question]: The short length of what in women is the best explanation for the greater incidence of uti in women? [answer]: urethra</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Some bacteria also have tail-like structures called flagella ( Figure below ). Flagella help bacteria move. As the flagella rotate, they spin the bacteria and propel them forward. It is often said the flagella looks like a tiny whip, propelling the bacteria forward. Though some eukaryotic cells do have a flagella, a flagella in eukaryotes is rare. [/INST] [question]: What type of cells are flagella rare in? [answer]: eukaryotic</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Solids and liquids are phases that have their own unique properties. [/INST] [question]: Solids and liquids are phases of matter that have their own unique what? [answer]: properties</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: All three types of convergent plate boundaries produce massive earthquakes. [/INST] [question]: All three types of convergent plate boundaries produce what destructive phenomenon? [answer]: earthquake</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Seaweed is actually a plant-like protist, which are also known as algae. The green color is due to what pigment? Algae, like plants, obtain their energy through photosynthesis. [/INST] [question]: How do plants obtain their energy? [answer]: photosynthesis</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The mouth and stomach are just two of the organs of the digestive system. Other digestive system organs are the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine. Below, you can see that the digestive organs form a long tube ( Figure below ). In adults, this tube is about 30 feet long! At one end of the tube is the mouth. At the other end is the anus. Food enters the mouth and then passes through the rest of the digestive system. Food waste leaves the body through the anus. [/INST] [question]: The mouth, stomach, esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine are all part of what organ system? [answer]: digestive</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: All living cells are surrounded by a cell membrane. Plant cells (Figure 17.3 "An Idealized Plant Cell") and animal cells (Figure 17.4 "An Idealized Animal Cell") contain a cell nucleus that is also surrounded by a membrane and holds the genetic information for the cell. (For more information about genetics and DNA, see Chapter 19 "Nucleic Acids". ) Everything between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane—including Saylor URL: http://www. saylor. org/books. [/INST] [question]: What part of the cell is surrounded by a membrane and holds the genetic information for the cell? [answer]: nucleus</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Angiosperms are important to humans in many ways, but the most significant role of angiosperms is as food. Wheat, rye, corn, and other grains are all harvested from flowering plants. Starchy foods, such as potatoes, and legumes, such as beans, are also angiosperms. And, as mentioned previously, fruits are a product of angiosperms that increase seed dispersal and are nutritious. [/INST] [question]: What are angiosperms most important function to humans? [answer]: food</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Six atoms are evenly organized around a central atom. [/INST] [question]: How many atoms are evenly organized around a central atom? [answer]: six</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Figure 7.10 Cations are formed when atoms lose electrons, represented by fewer Lewis dots, whereas anions are formed by atoms gaining electrons. The total number of electrons does not change. [/INST] [question]: What are formed by atoms gaining electrons? [answer]: anions</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The lunar surface has dark basalt maria. The light highlands are called terrae. [/INST] [question]: What are the light highlands of the moon called? [answer]: terrae</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: plants—the pterophytes—from which modern ferns are derived. The lifecycle of bryophytes and pterophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations, like gymnosperms and angiosperms; what sets bryophytes and pterophytes apart from gymnosperms and angiosperms is their reproductive requirement for water. The completion of the bryophyte and pterophyte life cycle requires water because the male gametophyte releases sperm, which must swim—propelled by their flagella—to reach and fertilize the female gamete or egg. After fertilization, the zygote matures and grows into a sporophyte, which in turn will form sporangia or "spore vessels. " In the sporangia, mother cells undergo meiosis and produce the haploid spores. Release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of gametophytes. In seed plants, the evolutionary trend led to a dominant sporophyte generation, and at the same time, a systematic reduction in the size of the gametophyte: from a conspicuous structure to a microscopic cluster of cells enclosed in the tissues of the sporophyte. Whereas lower vascular plants, such as club mosses and ferns, are mostly homosporous (produce only one type of spore), all seed plants, or spermatophytes, are heterosporous. They form two types of spores: megaspores (female) and microspores (male). Megaspores develop into female gametophytes that produce eggs, and microspores mature into male gametophytes that generate sperm. Because the gametophytes mature within the spores, they are not free-living, as are the gametophytes of other seedless vascular plants. Heterosporous seedless plants are seen as the evolutionary forerunners of seed plants. Seeds and pollen—two critical adaptations to drought, and to reproduction that doesn’t require water—distinguish seed plants from other (seedless) vascular plants. Both adaptations were required for the colonization of land begun by the bryophytes and their ancestors. Fossils place the earliest distinct seed plants at about 350 million years ago. The first reliable record of gymnosperms dates their appearance to the Pennsylvanian period, about 319 million years ago (Figure 26.2). Gymnosperms were preceded by progymnosperms, the first naked seed plants, which arose about 380 million years ago. Progymnosperms were a transitional group of plants that superficially resembled conifers (cone bearers) because they produced wood from the secondary growth of the vascular tissues; however, they still reproduced like ferns, releasing spores into the environment. Gymnosperms dominated the landscape in the early (Triassic) and middle (Jurassic) Mesozoic era. Angiosperms surpassed gymnosperms by the middle of the Cretaceous (about 100 million years ago) in the late Mesozoic era, and today are the most abundant plant group in most terrestrial biomes. [/INST] [question]: Release of spores in a suitable environment will lead to germination and a new generation of what? [answer]: gametophytes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Plants and animals exist in a cycle; each requires products of the other. The thousands of coordinated chemical reactions that keep cells alive are referred to collectively as metabolism. In general, metabolic reactions are divided into two classes: the breaking down of molecules to obtain energy is catabolism, and the building of new molecules needed by living systems is anabolism. [/INST] [question]: What is the term for the metabolic reaction where living systems build new molecules? [answer]: anabolism</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The mother’s mammary glands go through changes during the third trimester to prepare for lactation and breastfeeding. When the baby begins suckling at the breast, signals are sent to the hypothalamus causing the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary. Prolactin causes the mammary glands to produce milk. Oxytocin is also released, promoting the release of the milk. The milk contains nutrients for the baby’s development and growth as well as immunoglobulins to protect the child from bacterial and viral infections. [/INST] [question]: Human mammary glands can produce what substance, which can be used to feed children? [answer]: milk</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Pollination must occur for fertilization to take place. Zygotes develop into embryos inside seeds, from which the next sporophyte generation grows. [/INST] [question]: What is a prerequisite for fertilization to take place in plants? [answer]: pollination</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The movement of bone away from the midline of the body is called ________. circumduction b. extension c. adduction d. abduction. [/INST] [question]: The movement of bone away from the midline of the body is called what? [answer]: extension</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: A flood occurs when so much water enters a stream or river that it overflows its banks. Flood waters from a river are shown in Figure below . Like this flood, many floods are caused by very heavy rains. Floods may also occur when deep snow melts quickly in the spring. [/INST] [question]: What occurs when so much water enters a stream or river that it overflows its banks or when deep snow melts very quickly in spring? [answer]: flooding</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The number of reactant molecules in an elementary step is referred to as its molecularity. The vast majority of elementary steps are unimolecular or bimolecular. [/INST] [question]: What property is associated with the number of reactant molecules involved in an elementary step? [answer]: molecularity</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The amount of damage also depends on the geology of the region. Strong, solid bedrock shakes less than soft or wet soils. Wet soils liquefy during an earthquake and become like quicksand. Soil on a hillside that is shaken loose can become a landslide. [/INST] [question]: During an earthquake, wet soils become like what? [answer]: quicksand</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves. Sound waves cannot travel through empty space, but they can travel through gases. Gases in the air allow us to hear most of the sounds in our world. Because of air, you can hear birds singing, horns tooting, and friends laughing. Without the atmosphere, the world would be a silent, eerie place. [/INST] [question]: What helps sound travel in waves? [answer]: gases</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Ionic compounds take on the form of extended three-dimensional arrays of cations and anions. [/INST] [question]: Ionic compounds take on the form of extended three-dimensional arrays of cations and what else? [answer]: anions</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The primary amine in which the nitrogen atom is attached directly to a benzene ring has a special name—aniline. Aryl amines are named as derivatives of aniline. [/INST] [question]: The primary amine in which the nitrogen atom is attached directly to a benzene ring has a special name, what is it? [answer]: aniline</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The Fujita scale measures tornado intensity based on wind speed and damage. [/INST] [question]: The fujita scale measures the intensity of what weather event, based on wind speed and damage? [answer]: tornado</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: There are three components that make up an electrochemical reaction. There must be a solution where redox reactions can occur. These reactions generally take place in water to facilitate electron and ion movement. A conductor must exist for electrons to be transferred. This conductor is usually some kind of wire so that electrons can move from one site to another. Ions also must be able to move through some form of salt bridge that facilitates ion migration. [/INST] [question]: What allows the electrons to move in an electrochemical system. [answer]: conductor</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: A newborn baby has a soft spot on the top of its head. Over the next few months, the soft spot gradually hardens. What explains this?. [/INST] [question]: A newborn baby has a soft spot on the top of its head. over the next few months, the soft spot gradually does what? [answer]: hardens</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Respiration begins with ventilation, the process of moving air into and out of the lungs. Gas exchange in the lungs takes place in across the thin walls of pulmonary arteries in tiny air sacs called alveoli. Oxygenated blood is transported by the circulatory system from lungs to tissues throughout the body. Gas exchange between blood and body cells occurs across the walls of peripheral capillaries. [/INST] [question]: What is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs called? [answer]: ventilation</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: of pivot point, and so we choose the pivot point to simplify the solution of the problem. Second, the acceleration due to gravity canceled in this problem, and we were left with a ratio of masses. This will not always be the case. Always enter the correct forces—do not jump ahead to enter some ratio of masses. Third, the weight of each child is distributed over an area of the seesaw, yet we treated the weights as if each force were exerted at a single point. This is not an approximation—the distances r 1 and r 2 are the distances to points directly below the center of gravity of each child. As we shall see in the next section, the mass and weight of a system can act as if they are located at a single point. Finally, note that the concept of torque has an importance beyond static equilibrium. Torque plays the same role in rotational motion that force plays in linear motion. We will examine this in the next chapter. Take-Home Experiment Take a piece of modeling clay and put it on a table, then mash a cylinder down into it so that a ruler can balance on the round side of the cylinder while everything remains still. Put a penny 8 cm away from the pivot. Where would you need to put two pennies to balance? Three pennies?. [/INST] [question]: What plays the same role in rotational motion that force plays in linear motion. [answer]: torque</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Channel proteins provide an open channel or passageway through the cell membrane for molecules to move across. Many channel proteins allow the diffusion of ions. Ions are charged atoms. The charge makes it difficult to cross the cell membrane without assistance. Channel proteins are specific for the molecule they transport. For example a sodium ion crosses the membrane through a channel protein specific for sodium ions. [/INST] [question]: Ions are charged what? [answer]: atoms</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Fission Occurs when a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size. Bacteria, Protists, Unicellular Fungi. [/INST] [question]: What occurs when a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size? [answer]: fission</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: objects such as furniture or floors). The first widely used antiseptic was phenol. Joseph Lister used it for antiseptic surgery in 1867. Phenol is toxic to humans, however, and can cause severe burns when applied to the skin. In the bloodstream, it is a systemic poison—that is, one that is carried to and affects all parts of the body. Its severe side effects led to searches for safer antiseptics, a number of which have been found. One safer phenolic antiseptic is 4-hexylresorcinol (4-hexyl-1,3-dihydroxybenzene; resorcinol is the common name for 1,3-dihydroxybenzene, and 4-hexylresorcinol has a hexyl group on the fourth carbon atom of the resorcinol ring). It is much more powerful than phenol as a germicide and has fewer undesirable side effects. Indeed, it is safe enough to be used as the active ingredient in some mouthwashes and throat lozenges. [/INST] [question]: What was the first antiseptic called? [answer]: phenol</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Plants are complex organisms with tissues organized into organs. [/INST] [question]: Plants are complex organisms with tissues organized into what? [answer]: organs</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 29.4 | Reptiles By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe the main characteristics of amniotes • Explain the difference between anapsids, synapsids, and diapsids, and give an example of each • Identify the characteristics of reptiles • Discuss the evolution of reptiles The amniotes —reptiles, birds, and mammals—are distinguished from amphibians by their terrestrially adapted egg, which is protected by amniotic membranes. The evolution of amniotic membranes meant that the embryos of amniotes were provided with their own aquatic environment, which led to less dependence on water for development and thus allowed the amniotes to branch out into drier environments. This was a significant development that distinguished them from amphibians, which were restricted to moist environments due their shell-less eggs. Although the shells of various amniotic species vary significantly, they all allow retention of water. The shells of bird eggs are composed of calcium carbonate and are hard, but fragile. The shells of reptile eggs are leathery and require a moist environment. Most mammals do not lay eggs (except for monotremes). Instead, the embryo grows within the mother’s body; however, even with this internal gestation, amniotic membranes are still present. [/INST] [question]: What are mammals that lay eggs called? [answer]: monotremes</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Monotremes have a cloaca instead of a uterus and vagina. The eggs pass through the opening of the cloaca. [/INST] [question]: What do monotremes have instead of a uterus and vagina? [answer]: cloaca</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: 34.4 Digestive System Regulation The brain and the endocrine system control digestive processes. The brain controls the responses of hunger and satiety. The endocrine system controls the release of hormones and enzymes required for digestion of food in the digestive tract. [/INST] [question]: What part of the body controls the responses of hunger and satiety? [answer]: brain</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the surroundings as the reaction occurs. When 1 mol of calcium carbonate decomposes into 1 mol of calcium oxide and 1 mol of carbon dioxide, 177.8 kJ of heat is absorbed. The process is shown visually in Figure above (B). The thermochemical reaction is shown below. [/INST] [question]: What kind of reactions absorb energy from their surroundings as they occur? [answer]: endothermic</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The following ideas are important in understanding hybridization: 1. Hybrid orbitals do not exist in isolated atoms. They are formed only in covalently bonded atoms. Hybrid orbitals have shapes and orientations that are very different from those of the atomic orbitals in isolated. [/INST] [question]: Hybrid orbitals are formed only in which type of bonded atoms? [answer]: covalently</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Autotrophs store chemical energy in carbohydrate food molecules they build themselves. Most autotrophs make their "food" through photosynthesis using the energy of the sun. [/INST] [question]: Most autotrophs make their "food" through which process, using the energy of the sun? [answer]: photosynthesis</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: A given liquid will evaporate more quickly when it is heated. This is because the heating process results in a greater fraction of the liquid’s molecules having the necessary kinetic energy to escape the surface of the liquid. The Figure below shows the kinetic energy distribution of liquid molecules at two temperatures. The numbers of molecules that have the required kinetic energy to evaporate are shown in the shaded area under the curve at the right. The higher temperature liquid (T 2 ) has more molecules that are capable of escaping into the vapor phase than the lower temperature liquid (T 1 ). [/INST] [question]: Because heating results in a greater fraction of molecules having the necessary kinetic energy to escape the surface of the liquid, what occurs more quickly when liquid is heated? [answer]: evaporation</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: cytoskeleton. This is a network of fibers and tubules that crisscrosses the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton helps the cell keep its shape. [/INST] [question]: What part of the cell helps it keep its shape? [answer]: cytoskeleton</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Biotechnology has been used to create transgenic crops. Transgenic crops are genetically modified with new genes that code for traits useful to humans. The diagram in Figure below shows how a transgenic crop is created. You can learn more about how scientists create transgenic crops with the interactive animation "Engineer a Crop: Transgenic Manipulation" at this link: http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/harvest/engineer/transgen. html . [/INST] [question]: What is the term for crops that are genetically modified with new genes that code for traits useful to humans? [answer]: transgenic</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The Cellular Basis of Immunological Memory As already discussed, one of the major features of an adaptive immune response is the development of immunological memory. During a primary adaptive immune response, both memory T cells and effector T cells are generated. Memory T cells are long-lived and can even persist for a lifetime. Memory cells are primed to act rapidly. Thus, any subsequent exposure to the pathogen will elicit a very rapid T cell response. This rapid, secondary adaptive response generates large numbers of effector T cells so fast that the pathogen is often overwhelmed before it can cause any symptoms of disease. This is what is meant by immunity to a disease. The same pattern of primary and secondary immune responses occurs in B cells and the antibody response, as will be discussed later in the chapter. [/INST] [question]: Memory t cells are long-lived and can even persist for how long? [answer]: lifetime</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Exercise and Stretching When exercising, it is important to first warm up the muscles. Stretching pulls on the muscle fibers and it also results in an increased blood flow to the muscles being worked. Without a proper warm-up, it is possible that you may either damage some of the muscle fibers or pull a tendon. A pulled tendon, regardless of location, results in pain, swelling, and diminished function; if it is moderate to severe, the injury could immobilize you for an extended period. Recall the discussion about muscles crossing joints to create movement. Most of the joints you use during exercise are synovial joints, which have synovial fluid in the joint space between two bones. Exercise and stretching may also have a beneficial effect on synovial joints. Synovial fluid is a thin, but viscous film with the consistency of egg whites. When you first get up and start moving, your joints feel stiff for a number of reasons. After proper stretching and warm-up, the synovial fluid may become less viscous, allowing for better joint function. [/INST] [question]: What fluid becomes less viscous, allowing for better joint function after stretching? [answer]: synovial</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Hydrometallurgy is the preferred method for separating late transition metals from their ores. What types of ligands are most effective in this process?. [/INST] [question]: What is the preferred method for separating late transition metals from their ores? [answer]: hydrometallurgy</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: chloride, NaCl. When Na 2 HPO 24 − (the weak acid) comes into contact with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the weak acid reverts back to the weak base and produces water. Acids and bases are still present, but they hold onto the ions. [/INST] [question]: When na 2 hpo 24 − (the weak acid) comes into contact with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (naoh), the weak acid reverts back to the weak base and produces what? [answer]: water</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Parts of the Digestive System The vertebrate digestive system is designed to facilitate the transformation of food matter into the nutrient components that sustain organisms. Oral Cavity The oral cavity, or mouth, is the point of entry of food into the digestive system, illustrated in Figure 34.9. The food consumed is broken into smaller particles by mastication, the chewing action of the teeth. All mammals have teeth and can chew their food. The extensive chemical process of digestion begins in the mouth. As food is being chewed, saliva, produced by the salivary glands, mixes with the food. Saliva is a watery substance produced in the mouths of many animals. There are three major glands that secrete saliva—the parotid, the submandibular, and the sublingual. Saliva contains mucus that moistens food and buffers the pH of the food. Saliva also contains immunoglobulins and lysozymes, which have antibacterial action to reduce tooth decay by inhibiting growth of some bacteria. Saliva also contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that begins the. [/INST] [question]: What system is designed to facilitate the transformation of food matter into the nutrient components that sustain organisms? [answer]: digestive</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Compressibility is the measure of how much a given volume of matter decreases when placed under pressure. If we put pressure on a solid or a liquid, there is essentially no change in volume. The atoms, ions, or molecules that make up the solid or liquid are very close together. There is no space between the individual particles, so they cannot pack together. [/INST] [question]: The measure of how much a given volume of matter decreases when placed under pressure is called? [answer]: compressibility</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Mollusks live in most terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats. However, the majority of species live in the ocean. They can be found in both shallow and deep water and from tropical to polar latitudes. Mollusks are a major food source for other organisms, including humans. You may have eaten mollusks such as clams, oysters, scallops, or mussels. [/INST] [question]: Clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels are examples of what type of species? [answer]: mollusks</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The electrical potential difference between the two plates is expressed as , the electric field strength times the distance between the plates. The units in this expression are Newtons/coulomb times meters, which gives the final units Joules/coulomb. Voltage is an expression of the amount of potential energy per unit charge. The work done moving a charge against the field can be calculated by multiplying the electric field potential by the charge, . [/INST] [question]: What is it called when a charge moves against a field? [answer]: work</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Over 2500 years ago Aristotle proposed two laws of physics governing motion. One for ‘Earthly bodies’ (objects on Earth) that states objects naturally go in straight lines and one for ‘Heavenly bodies’ (objects in space) that states objects naturally go in circles. This idea held steady for 2,000 years until Isaac Newton, in a triumph of brilliance, declared that there is one law of physics that governs motion and he unified “earthly” bodies and “heavenly” bodies with the The Universal Law of Gravitation. Newton used the universal law of gravity to prove that the moon is accelerating towards Earth just as a body on Earth is falling towards it. The acceleration of both the moon and the object on Earth is calculated using the same formula. This theory is so well regarded that it has been used to hypothesize the existence of black holes and dark matter, later verified by observation. The search to unify the laws of physics into one theory continues today and is often referred to as the yet undiscovered Grand Unified Theory (GUT). [/INST] [question]: The as yet undiscovered grand unified theory is a search to unify laws of what branch of science? [answer]: physics</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Segmentation evolved next. Segmentation is the division of the body into multiple parts, or segments. Both the earthworm (Phylum Annelida) in Figure below and ant (Phylum Arthropoda) in Figure below have segmented bodies. The earthworm has many small segments. The ant has three larger segments. Segmentation increases an animal’s flexibility. It allows a wider range of motion. Different segments can also be specialized for different functions. All modern annelids and arthropods are segmented. [/INST] [question]: Earthworms and ants possess what type of bodies, which means division into multiple parts? [answer]: segmented</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: GFCI stands for ground-fault circuit interrupter. GFCI outlets are typically found in bathrooms and kitchens where the use of water poses a risk of shock (because water is a good electric conductor). A GFCI outlet contains a device that monitors the amounts of current leaving and returning to the outlet. If less current is returning than leaving, this means that current is escaping. When this occurs, a tiny circuit breaker in the outlet opens the circuit. The breaker can be reset by pushing a button on the outlet cover. [/INST] [question]: Gfci stands for ground-fault circuit what? [answer]: interrupter</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: (left) The DNA double helix wraps around proteins (2) and tightly coils a number of times to form a chromosome (5). This figure shows the complexity of the coiling process. The red dot shows the location of the centromere, where the microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis. (right) A representation of a condensed eukaryotic chromosome, as seen after the DNA has been copied. The chromosome is made of two identical, or sister, chromatids held together by a centromere. [/INST] [question]: What genetic unit is formed when the dna double helix wraps around proteins and tightly coils a number of times? [answer]: chromosome</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur in living things. Research may cover basic cellular processes up to understanding disease states so better treatments can be developed. [/INST] [question]: What is the study of chemical processes that occur in living things? [answer]: biochemistry</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Potential energy is present in objects that are ______________. [/INST] [question]: Potential energy is present in objects that are what? [answer]: elastic</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Penguins are flightless birds that are strong swimmers and spend much of their time in the water. [/INST] [question]: What are flightless birds that are strong swimmers and spend much of their time in the water? [answer]: penguins</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: In measuring quantities we always aim for high accuracy . Estimates that fall within the range of uncertainty for a given instrument are said to be accurate. In our previous example, all of the values between and including 52.4 mL and 53.4 mL would be considered accurate. Estimates that fall outside this range are inaccurate. Accuracy describes how close an estimate is to a known standard. [/INST] [question]: What describes how close an estimate is to a known standard? [answer]: accuracy</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Organisms are organized in the microscopic level from atoms up to cells. The matter is structured in an ordered way. Atoms are arranged into molecules, then into macromolecules, which make up organelles, which work together to form cells. Beyond this, cells are organized in higher levels to form entire multicellular organisms, as shown in Figure below . Cells together form tissues, which make up organs, which are part of organ systems, which work together to form an entire organism. Of course, beyond this, organisms form populations which make up parts of an ecosystem. All of Earth's ecosystems together form the diverse environment that is Earth. [/INST] [question]: What bodily substance is formed from cells, and in turn helps make up organs? [answer]: tissues</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The electrode at which reduction occurs is called the cathode . The cathode gradually increases in mass because of the production of copper metal. The concentration of copper(II) ions in the half-cell solution decreases. The cathode is the positive electrode. [/INST] [question]: What is the electrode at which reduction occurs called? [answer]: cathode</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: This picture shows a thick layer of smog and dust over a very polluted city (Singapore). Smog in the air is a serious health hazard for people living in many big cities around the globe. Smog is one example of air pollution. [/INST] [question]: Smog is one example of what type of pollution? [answer]: air</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Passive transport does not require energy input. [/INST] [question]: What type of input is not required during passive transport? [answer]: energy</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Nervous tissue may become infected by microorganisms. Meningitis , for example, is caused by a viral or bacterial infection of the tissues covering the brain. This may cause the brain to swell and lead to brain damage and death. [/INST] [question]: Which organ of our body is harmed if you get meningitis? [answer]: brain</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Intermediate filaments have no role in cell movement. Their function is purely structural. They bear tension, thus maintaining the shape of the cell, and anchor the nucleus and other organelles in place. Figure 4.22 shows how intermediate filaments create a supportive scaffolding inside the cell. The intermediate filaments are the most diverse group of cytoskeletal elements. Several types of fibrous proteins are found in the intermediate filaments. You are probably most familiar with keratin, the fibrous protein that strengthens your hair, nails, and the epidermis of the skin. [/INST] [question]: What is the most familiar fibrous protein found in your body? [answer]: keratin</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The pharyngeal slits are located in the pharynx. The pharynx is the tube that joins the mouth to the digestive and respiratory tracts. [/INST] [question]: Where are the pharyngeal slits located? [answer]: pharynx</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillary networks in SO fibers. Endurance athletes have a high level of SO fibers relative to the other fiber types. Resistance exercise causes hypertrophy. Power-producing muscles have a higher number of FG fibers than of slow fibers. Strenuous exercise causes muscle cell damage that requires time to heal. Some athletes use performanceenhancing substances to enhance muscle performance. Muscle atrophy due to age is called sarcopenia and occurs as muscle fibers die and are replaced by connective and adipose tissue. [/INST] [question]: Muscle atrophy due to age is called what? [answer]: sarcopenia</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Look at the classroom in Figure below . It has several sources of visible light. One source of visible light is the sun. Sunlight enters the classroom through the windows. The sun provides virtually all of the visible light that living things need. Visible light travels across space from the sun to Earth in electromagnetic waves. But how does the sun produce light? Read on to find out. [/INST] [question]: Lead shielding is used to block what type of rays? [answer]: gamma</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: The extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent, is quantitatively expressed as its solubility, defined as the maximum concentration of a substance that can be achieved under specified conditions. Substances with relatively large solubilities are said to be soluble. A substance will precipitate when solution conditions are such that its concentration exceeds its solubility. Substances with relatively low solubilities are said to be insoluble, and these are the substances that readily precipitate from solution. More information on these important concepts is provided in the text chapter on solutions. For purposes of predicting the identities of solids formed by precipitation reactions, one may simply refer to patterns of solubility that have been observed for many ionic compounds (Table 4.1). Solubilities of Common Ionic Compounds in Water Soluble compounds contain • group 1 metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+). [/INST] [question]: The extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water or another solvent is known as what? [answer]: solubility</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Omnivores eat both producers and consumers. Most people are omnivores, since they eat fruits, vegetables, and grains from plants, and also meat and dairy products from animals. Dogs, bears, and raccoons are also omnivores. [/INST] [question]: What is the name for creatures such as bears and humans that eat both consumers and producers? [answer]: omnivores</s>

<s>[INST]<<SYS>>You are a question and one-word answer generator .Generate a question and one-word answer from the given context. The answers should contain only alphabets and not numbers and other characters. <</SYS>> [context]: Even compounds with the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms can have different shapes. These compounds are called isomers . Look at the examples in Figure below . The figure shows the structural formulas of butane and its isomer iso -butane. Both molecules have four carbon atoms and ten hydrogen atoms (C 4 H 10 ), but the atoms are arranged differently. Butane is a straight-chain molecule. Iso -butane is branched. You can see three-dimensional models of these two isomers at the URLs below. You can rotate the molecule models to get a better idea of their shapes. [/INST] [question]: What are compounds with the same number of carbon and hydrogen atoms called? [answer]: isomers</s>