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11512419

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a National Stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/KR2017/000822, filed on Jan. 24, 2017, which claims the benefit of Korean Application No. 10-2016-0010693, filed on Jan. 28, 2016. The disclosures of the prior applications are incorporated by reference in their entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a washing machine and a method of controlling the same. BACKGROUND ART In general, washing machines are apparatuses that perform a cleaning operation through washing, rinsing, and dehydrating processes so as to remove dirt from clothing or bedding (hereinafter, referred to as “laundry”) using water, detergent, and mechanical operations. Washing machines are largely classified into agitator-type, pulsator-type, and drum-type washing machines. An agitator-type washing machine performs a washing operation by rotating a washing rod, protruding from the center of a tub, alternately in both directions. A pulsator-type washing machine performs a washing operation using friction between water and laundry by rotating a circular-plate-shaped pulsator, provided in the lower portion of a tub, alternately in both directions. A drum-type washing machine performs a washing operation by introducing water, detergent and laundry into a drum and rotating the drum. The above washing machines commonly perform a process of washing laundry by supplying wash water and detergent to the laundry and applying mechanical force to the same, a process of rinsing the laundry through discharge and resupply of the wash water, and a process of dehydrating the laundry by discharging all of the wash water and removing moisture contained in the laundry. At this time, laundry having low density and accordingly being thin and soft, such as bedding, towels or T-shirts, absorbs a relatively large amount of wash water supplied thereto, whereas laundry having high density and accordingly being thick and stiff, such as jeans or heavy clothing, absorbs a relatively small amount of wash water supplied thereto. Thus, even though the amount of wash water that is supplied to laundry to wash the same is constant, the water level in the tub or the drum may vary. In addition, relatively thin laundry may undesirably stretch or be damaged when relatively strong mechanical force is applied thereto, whereas relatively thick laundry may be insufficiently washed when relatively weak mechanical force is applied thereto. Therefore, the washing machine needs to accurately analyze the properties of laundry and to supply wash water to an appropriate water level. In addition, the washing machine needs to accurately analyze the properties of laundry and to appropriately select the rotation speed, rotation time period and agitation cycle of the drum. A washing machine of the related art is configured to analyze the properties of laundry by supplying a predetermined amount of wash water, allowing the laundry to absorb the wash water for a predetermined time period, rotating the drum and the tub, and checking the change in the water level. Alternatively, a washing machine of the related art is configured to analyze the properties of laundry by supplying a predetermined amount of wash water, allowing the laundry to absorb the wash water, rotating the drum and the tub, and comparing the current rpm of the motor that rotates the drum and the tub with a reference rpm of the motor. Because laundry having very high moisture absorption capability, such as towels or bedding, absorbs most of the wash water, the washing machine of the related art that indirectly analyzes the properties of laundry based on information about a water level is not capable of accurately analyzing the properties of laundry using a water level sensor. In other words, in the case of analyzing the properties of laundry based on information about a water level, the information may not be accurately obtained depending on the wash water absorption capability of laundry, and thus the washing machine of the related art is not capable of accurately analyzing the properties of laundry. In addition, in the case of indirectly analyzing the properties of laundry using the rpm of the motor, noise occurs in accordance with variation in the voltage applied to the motor, and thus the washing machine of the related art is not capable of accurately analyzing the properties of laundry. In addition, in the case of analyzing the properties of laundry based on information about driving of the motor and about a water level, the washing machine of the related art has an increased washing time period because an additional time period is required to analyze the properties of laundry, e.g. to supply a relatively large amount of wash water, to additionally drive the motor, and to measure the electric current of the motor. DISCLOSURE Technical Problem An object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method of controlling a washing machine that includes a camera for capturing an image of a drum and a tub and that directly analyzes the properties of laundry based on information about an image captured by the camera. Another object of the embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method of controlling a washing machine that directly analyzes the properties of laundry by measuring the volume of the laundry using the camera. A further object of the embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method of controlling a washing machine that directly analyzes the properties of laundry by accurately measuring the volume of the laundry using a single camera. A further object of the embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method of controlling a washing machine that directly analyzes the properties of laundry by accurately measuring the volume of the laundry using a plurality of cameras. A further object of the embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method of controlling a washing machine that has improved washing efficiency by setting or changing the amount of water to be supplied and the rotation speeds, rotation time periods and rotation cycles of the drum and the tub based on the analyzed properties of laundry so as to be suitable for the properties of laundry. Technical Solution In order to achieve the above objects, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method of controlling a washing machine, the method including detecting properties of laundry, the detecting the properties of the laundry including detecting the weight of the laundry, capturing an image of the interior of a drum, detecting the volume of the laundry in the drum using the captured image, and calculating the density of the laundry based on the detected volume and the detected weight. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, the method further including comparing the calculated density with a predetermined reference value, and changing at least one of a water level of wash water to be supplied to the drum, a rotation speed of the drum, a rotation time period of the drum, or a rotation change cycle of the drum depending on whether the calculated density is higher or lower. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, the method further including wetting the laundry, washing the laundry, rinsing the laundry, and dehydrating the rinsed laundry, wherein the detecting the properties of the laundry is performed before at least one of the wetting, the washing, the rinsing or the dehydrating so as to change at least one of the water level of wash water to be supplied to the drum, the rotation speed of the drum, the rotation time period of the drum, or the rotation change cycle of the drum in the at least one of the wetting, the washing, the rinsing or the dehydrating. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein if the density calculated in the detecting the properties of the laundry is smaller than the reference value, at least one of the rotation speed of the drum, the rotation time period of the drum or the rotation change cycle of the drum is set to be less than a rotation speed of the drum, a rotation time period of the drum or a rotation change cycle of the drum corresponding to the reference value, and if the density calculated in the detecting the properties of the laundry is larger than the reference value, at least one of the rotation speed of the drum, the rotation time period of the drum or the rotation change cycle of the drum is set to be greater than the rotation speed of the drum, the rotation time period of the drum or the rotation change cycle of the drum corresponding to the reference value. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein if the density calculated in the detecting the properties of the laundry is smaller than the reference value, the water level of wash water to be supplied to the drum is set to be higher than a water level of wash water to be supplied to the drum corresponding to the reference value, and if the density calculated in the detecting the properties of the laundry is larger than the reference value, the water level of wash water to be supplied to the drum is set to be lower than the water level of wash water to be supplied to the drum corresponding to the reference value. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein the capturing includes capturing an image of the interior of the drum using a single camera. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein the drum is provided in an inner circumferential surface thereof with a plurality of through-holes through which wash water flows into or out of the drum, and the detecting the volume of the laundry is performed by measuring the number of exposed ones of the through-holes formed in the inner circumferential surface of the drum from the image captured in the capturing. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein the detecting the volume of the laundry is performed by extracting contours of the laundry from the image captured in the capturing. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein the capturing includes capturing a first image using the camera, and capturing a second image using the camera after rotating the drum at a predetermined angle, and the detecting the volume of the laundry is performed by generating a stereoscopic image through synthesis of the first image and the second image. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein the detecting the volume of the laundry is performed by analyzing light and shadow portions of the laundry appearing in the image captured in the capturing. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein the capturing includes capturing images of the interior of the drum using a plurality of cameras provided so as to be spaced apart from each other, and the detecting the volume of the laundry is performed by processing the images captured by the plurality of cameras. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein the capturing includes radiating light to the interior of the drum using an illuminating device, and capturing an image of the interior of the drum. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein the density calculated in the detecting the properties of the laundry is compared with a predetermined reference value, and the method further includes notifying a user of a change of at least one of the water level of wash water to be supplied to the drum, the rotation speed of the drum, the rotation time period of the drum, or the rotation change cycle of the drum depending on whether the calculated density is higher or lower. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, the method further including waiting for a user to perform an input operation in the notifying, wherein if there is no input or a signal of approving of the change is input in the waiting, a washing process is performed according to the change of at least one of the water level of wash water to be supplied to the drum, the rotation speed of the drum, the rotation time period of the drum, or the rotation change cycle of the drum, and if a signal of disapproving of the change is input in the waiting, the washing process is performed according to at least one of the water level of wash water to be supplied to the drum, the rotation speed of the drum, the rotation time period of the drum, or the rotation change cycle of the drum that corresponds to the reference value. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the method of controlling a washing machine, wherein the detecting the weight of the laundry includes calculating the weight by measuring an electric current that is applied to a motor when rotating the drum at a predetermined angle. In order to achieve the above objects, an embodiment of the present invention provides a washing machine including a cabinet, a tub installed in the cabinet to contain wash water therein, the tub having an entrance formed in a front side thereof, a drum rotatably installed in the tub to contain laundry therein, the drum having through-holes formed in a cylindrical-shaped side surface thereof, a motor for rotating the drum, a camera installed in the entrance to capture an image of the interior of the drum, and a controller for calculating the density of the laundry contained in the drum by measuring the volume and the weight of the laundry based on the image captured by the camera and the load of the motor. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the washing machine further including an illuminating device for radiating light to the interior of the drum. In order to achieve the above objects, the embodiment of the present invention provides the washing machine, wherein the illuminating device is provided in at least one of the entrance of the tub or the inner circumferential surface of the drum. Advantageous Effects An embodiment of the present invention may directly analyze the properties of laundry based on information about an image captured by a camera, thereby increasing the accuracy of analysis of the properties of laundry. The embodiment of the present invention may analyze the properties of laundry in a short period of time without increasing the total washing time period. The embodiment of the present invention may analyze the properties of laundry and thus may provide a washing method suitable for the laundry.

11327722

The present disclosure generally relates to generation of a programming language corpus. BACKGROUND A programming language is a language that includes computer-readable syntax. Statements written in the programming language may provide instructions to a computer such that the computer may interpret and execute the provided instructions to perform tasks. Programming languages include words and phrases that may be grouped together to generate computer-readable expressions and statements. A collection of all valid expressions and statements may define a syntax for a programming language. The subject matter claimed in the present disclosure is not limited to embodiments that solve any disadvantages or that operate only in environments such as those described above. Rather, this background is only provided to illustrate one example technology area where some embodiments described in the present disclosure may be practiced. SUMMARY According to an aspect of an embodiment, a method may include obtaining one or more software-repository packages. The method may also include extracting a programming-language function from the one or more software-repository packages. The method may include identifying a curation resource associated with the programming-language function, the curation resource including descriptive information related to the programming-language function. The method may include generating a code description corresponding to the programming-language function based on the curation resource. The method may also include determining a function-comment pair that includes the programming-language function and the generated code description. The method may include generating a programming language corpus that includes the one or more software-repository packages and augmenting the programming language corpus with the function-comment pair. The method may include training a machine learning model using the programming language corpus. The object and advantages of the embodiments will be realized and achieved at least by the elements, features, and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are explanatory and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

11458285

TECHNICAL FIELD The disclosure is directed to a locking mechanism for a medical device. More particularly, the disclosure is directed to a locking mechanism for selectively locking a first elongate member from longitudinal movement relative to a second elongate member of the medical device. BACKGROUND Medical devices, such as catheters, are widely used in various medical procedures to access remote anatomical locations and/or deploy therapeutic devices. During some medical procedures, it may be desirable to selectively lock a first elongate member of the medical device from longitudinal movement relative to a second elongate member of the medical device during a portion of the medical procedure. During another portion of the medical procedure, however, it may be desirable to allow the first elongate member to move longitudinally relative to the second elongate member. Therefore, it may be desirable to provide a handle assembly of a medical device which includes a locking mechanism which may be actuatable to selectively lock a first elongate member of the medical device from longitudinal movement relative to a second elongate member of the medical device. Selectively locking the first elongate member relative to the second elongate member may prevent inadvertent relative movement between the first and second elongate members during portions of the medical procedure. SUMMARY The disclosure is directed to several alternative designs and configurations of medical device structures and assemblies including locking mechanisms. Accordingly, one illustrative embodiment is a medical device assembly including an elongate tubular member, a handle assembly including a locking mechanism and an elongate member. The handle assembly is coupled to the proximal end of the elongate tubular member. The handle assembly includes a housing having a bore extending therethrough. The bore of the housing includes a first portion having a first diameter and a second portion having a second diameter greater than the first diameter. The locking mechanism includes a flexible member, such as a flexible tubular member, positioned in the second portion of the bore of the housing of the handle assembly and an actuator pivotably attached to the housing of the handle assembly about a pivot axis. The actuator is pivotable between a first position and a second position. The elongate member is selectively longitudinally movable with respect to the housing of the handle assembly. With the actuator in the first position, the elongate member is longitudinally movable along the flexible member, and with the actuator in the second position, longitudinal movement of the elongate member is restrained by the flexible member. The flexible member may not be deformed against the elongate member in the first position, but may be deformed against the elongate member in the second position. In instances in which the flexible member is a tubular member, the lumen of the flexible member may have a diameter which is substantially equal to the first diameter of the first portion of the bore of the housing. Another embodiment is a medical catheter assembly including an outer tubular member and an inner tubular member disposed in the lumen of the outer tubular member and extending distally therefrom. The medical catheter assembly also includes a handle assembly coupled to the proximal end of the outer tubular member. The handle assembly includes a housing having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein the housing includes a bore extending therethrough. An elongate member is coupled to the inner tubular member and extends proximally therefrom through the lumen of the outer tubular member into the bore of the housing. The handle assembly includes a locking mechanism including an actuator actuatable between a first position and a second position, and a flexible member positioned in the bore of the housing with the elongate member extending along the flexible member. The flexible member is configured to frictionally engage the elongate member. In the first position the elongate member and the inner tubular member are longitudinally movable relative to the outer tubular member and the handle assembly, and in the second position the actuator forces the flexible member against the elongate member to restrain longitudinal movement of the elongate member relative to the handle assembly. In the first position, there may be a first coefficient of friction between a surface of the flexible member and an outer surface of the elongate member, and in the second position, there may be a second coefficient of friction between the surface of the flexible member and the outer surface of the elongate member. The second coefficient of friction being greater than the first coefficient of friction. Yet another embodiment is a method of selectively locking an elongate member of a medical device with respect to a handle assembly of the medical device. The method includes providing a handle assembly including a housing having a bore extending through the housing. The bore of the housing includes a first portion having a first diameter and a second portion having a second diameter greater than the first diameter. A flexible member is positioned in the second portion of the bore of the housing. An actuator is movably attached to the housing between a first position and a second position. An elongate member is positioned along the flexible member such that the elongate member is longitudinally movable with respect to the housing of the handle assembly with the actuator in the first position. The actuator is actuated to the second position, wherein in the second position the flexible member is compressed against the elongate member to restrain longitudinal movement of the elongate member with respect to the housing of the handle assembly. The above summary of some example embodiments is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the invention.

11292077

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a technique of improving the welding strength of a joint portion when a pair of workpieces having coating films formed on welding surfaces are welded by a refill friction stir spot welding method. BACKGROUND ART For example, as disclosed in PTL 1, there is known a refill friction stir spot welding device provided with a pin member and a shoulder member that can rotate around a predetermined axis independently of each other and advance and retract in the axial direction, and a clamp member that surrounds an outer periphery of the shoulder member and can advance and retract in the axial direction. CITATION LIST Patent Literature PTL 1: JP 2012-196682A SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem A coating film is formed on the welding surfaces of a pair of workpieces to be subjected to friction stir spot welding in some cases. When a pair of workpieces having coating films formed on welding surfaces are subjected to friction stir spot welding using a refill friction stir spot welding device, a coating film remains in the friction-stirred region of the pair of workpieces. This may lead to a decrease in welding strength. The present invention has been made in view of this problem and aims at preventing a decrease, by coating films, in the welding strength of a joint portion of a pair of workpieces having coating films formed on welding surfaces in a case in which the pair of workpieces are welded by a refill friction stir spot welding method. Solution to Problem In order to solve the above problems, a friction stir spot welding method according to one aspect of the present invention performs friction stir spot welding of a pair of workpieces having a coating film formed on at least one welding surface by using a refill friction stir spot welding device including rotary tools. The rotary tools includes a pin member that rotates around a predetermined axis and is provided to be able to advance and retract in a direction of the axis, a shoulder member that rotates around the axis while surrounding an outer periphery of the pin member and is provided independently of the pin member so as to be able to advance and retract in the direction of the axis, and a clamp member that has an end face able to press a surface of one of the pair of workpieces by coming into surface contact with the surface and is provided to surround an outer periphery of the shoulder member. The method includes a coating film removal step of removing the coating film by plunging a distal end of the shoulder member into the one workpiece up to a position closer to the surface than the welding surface, while rotating the shoulder member around the axis, and rotating the shoulder member in a state in which the surface of one of the pair of workpieces, with the welding surfaces being overlaid on each other, is pressed by the end face of the clamp member, and a welding step of performing friction stir spot welding of the pair of workpieces after the coating film removal step by using the pin member and the shoulder member. According to the above method, the coating film formed on at least one welding surface of the pair of workpieces is removed in the coating film removal step before the welding step. For this reason, it is possible to prevent the coating film from remaining in the friction-stirred region of the pair of workpieces to be welded by friction stir spot welding in the welding step. Therefore, it is possible to prevent a decrease in the welding strength of the joint portion of the workpiece due to a coating film. In the coating film removal step, the coating film may be thermally decomposed by heat generated by rotation of the shoulder member. As described above, by removing the coating film using the heat generated by the rotation of the shoulder member, the coating film can be efficiently removed from the welding surface. In the coating film removal step, after the distal end of the shoulder member is plunged into the one workpiece up to a standby position located closer to the surface than the welding surface while the shoulder member is rotated around the axis, the distal end of the shoulder member may be made to stand by for a predetermined time while being located at the standby position. According to the above method, in the coating film removal step, the amount of heat input from the rotating shoulder member to the welding surface can be increased to heat the coating film to a temperature equal to or more than the thermal decomposition temperature by making the shoulder member stand by for a predetermined time while the distal end of the shoulder member is located at the standby position, thereby properly decomposing the coating film. The method may further include a return step of returning the distal end of the shoulder member from the standby position to the surface position of the one workpiece between the coating film removal step and the welding step. According to the above method, after the coating film is thermally decomposed, the coating film is made to easily come into contact with air. This makes it possible to easily diffuse the decomposed components of the coating film into the air. In the coating film removal step, the distal end of the shoulder member may be plunged at a first speed from the surface of the one workpiece to a reference position located closer to the surface than the welding surface of the one workpiece while the shoulder member is rotated around the axis, and the distal end of the shoulder member may be plunged from the reference position to the welding position at a second speed lower than the first speed. According to the above method, in the coating film removal step, plunging the distal end of the shoulder member into one workpiece at a second speed lower than the first speed from the reference position to the welding position makes it possible to properly decompose the coating film by heating the coating film to a temperature equal to or more than the thermal decomposition temperature by using the heat generated by the rotation of the shoulder member. The method may further include a preliminary step of standing by for a predetermined time while rotating the shoulder member around the axis in a state in which the surface of the one workpiece is pressed by the end face of the clamp member before the coating film removal step. According to the above method, preliminary heating the surface of one workpiece in the preliminary step makes it possible to further improve the welding strength of the joint portion of the pair of workpieces. A refill friction stir spot welding device according to another aspect of the present invention is a refill friction stir spot welding device that performs friction stir spot welding of a pair of workpieces having a coating film formed on at least one welding surface. The device includes rotary tools, a tool driving unit configured to drive the rotary tools, and a control unit configured to control the tool driving unit. The rotary tools includes a pin member that rotates around a predetermined axis and is provided to be able to advance and retract in a direction of the axis, a shoulder member that rotates around the axis while surrounding an outer periphery of the pin member and is provided independently of the pin member so as to be able to advance and retract in the direction of the axis, and a clamp member that has an end face able to press a surface of one of the pair of workpieces by coming into surface contact with the surface and is provided to surround an outer periphery of the shoulder member. The control unit executes coating film removal control to control the tool driving unit to remove the coating film by plunging a distal end of the shoulder member into the one workpiece up to a position closer to the surface than the welding surface, while rotating the shoulder member around the axis, and rotating the shoulder member in a state in which the surface of one of the pair of workpieces, with the welding surfaces being overlaid on each other, is pressed by the end face of the clamp member and welding control to control the tool driving unit to perform friction stir spot welding of the pair of workpieces after the coating film removal control by using the pin member and the shoulder member. According to the above configuration, the coating film formed on at least one of the welding surfaces of the pair of workpieces is removed by the coating film removal control performed before the welding control. This prevents a coating film from remaining in the friction-stirred region of the pair of workpieces subjected to friction stir spot welding in the welding step. Therefore, it is possible to prevent a decrease in the welding strength of the joint portion of the workpiece due to a coating film. Advantageous Effects of Invention According to each aspect of the present invention, it is possible to prevent a decrease by coating films in the welding strength of a joint portion of a pair of workpieces having coating films formed on welding surfaces in a case in which the pair of workpieces are welded by a refill friction stir spot welding method.

11331416

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing a stent for inhibiting a webbing phenomenon. BACKGROUND Stents are luminal dilatation devices used to widen passageways narrowed by coarctation and are widely used for the treatment of cancers or vascular diseases. The stents can be generally classified into metal stents and drug eluting stents each having a coating layer containing a therapeutic substance. The drug eluting stents are coated with a polymer as well as a therapeutic substance to reduce physiological side effects of stent interventions for restenosis and late blood clots. When a drug layer of a drug eluting stent is coated with a material such as a polymer, it is very difficult to uniformly and/or evenly coat the surface of the stent due to a specific shape and structure of the stent and insufficient coating techniques and methods. In addition, when the surface of a metal stent is coated with a coating solution (hereinafter, referred to as “coating material”) in which a polymer, a drug and a solvent are mixed, the coating material in a liquid state flows and the solution stagnates in a bent cell portion of the stent (hereinafter, referred to as “bent portion”). Here, the bent portion is coated abnormally thick, and this phenomenon is referred to as “webbing”. In addition, the flow of the coating material refers to a phenomenon that the coating material flows on the stent together with the solvent, for example, when the stent is coated with the solution containing the polymer and the drug having a concentration of 0.1% to 70%. Meanwhile, the bent cell portion of the stent is coated thick with the coating solution, i.e., the webbing phenomenon occurs. Due to this webbing phenomenon, blood clots in the body may easily stick to the stent and the thick coating material contains an excessive amount of drugs that inhibit physiological side effects and thus causes cytotoxicity. In addition, the decomposition rate of the coating layer of the drug eluting stent thickened by the webbing phenomenon is reduced so that the recovery rate of blood vessels can also be reduced. An example of the background technology of the present disclosure is Korean Patent Laid-open Publication No. 10-2008-0041209 which relates to an ultrasonic medical stent coating method and device. However, the above-described patent is limited to coating of a stent by using ultrasound energy, but does not describe inhibiting of a webbing phenomenon. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Problems to be Solved by the Invention In view of the foregoing, the present disclosure provides a stent and a method for manufacturing the same. However, problems to be solved by the present disclosure are not limited to the above-described problems. There may be other problems to be solved by the present disclosure. Means for Solving the Problems As a technical means for solving the above-described technical problems, a first aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for manufacturing a stent, including: coating a coating material on a stent; and drying the stent at a temperature in the range of from 40° C. to 150° C., and the coating and the drying are simultaneously performed. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the coating and the drying may be simultaneously performed to inhibit a webbing phenomenon, but may not be limited thereto. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the coating and the drying may be performed while spinning the stent, but may not be limited thereto. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the coating material may include a material selected from the group consisting of a polymer, a drug, a solvent and combinations thereof, but may not be limited thereto. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the polymer may include a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyglycolic acid (PGA), poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA), polylactide (PLA), poly-DL-lactic acid (PDLLA), poly-D-lactic acid (PDLA), polydioxanone (PDO), polycaprolactone (PCL), polytrimethylenecarbonate (PTMC), polylactide-co-caprolactone (PLCL), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyurethane, polyacrylate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyketone, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyphosphorylcholine and combinations thereof, but may not be limited thereto. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the polymer may include a polymer having a molecular weight of from 5,000 MW to 3,000,000 MW, but may not be limited thereto. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the solvent may include a solvent selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, water, ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin, ketone, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and combinations thereof, but may not be limited thereto. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the drug may include a material selected from the group consisting of sirolimus, everolimus, zotarolimus, xanthorrhizol, docetaxel, cisplatin, camptothecin, paclitaxel, tamoxifen, anastrozole, Gleevec, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), fluxuridine, leuprolide, flutamide, zoledronate, doxorubicin, vincristine, gemcitabine, streptozotocin, carboplatin, topotecan, belotecan, irinotecan, vinorelbine, hydroxyurea, valrubicin, retinoic acids, methotrexate, mechlorethamine, chlorambucil, busulfan, doxifluridine, vinblastin, mitomycin, prednisone, testosterone, mitoxantron, aspirin, salicylates, ibuprofen, naproxen, fenoprofen, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, cyclophosphamide, mechlorethamine, dexamethasone, prednisolone, celecoxib, valdecoxib, nimesulide, cortisone, corticosteroid and combinations thereof, but may not be limited thereto. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the stent may be made of a metal and/or a polymer, but may not be limited thereto. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the metal may include a metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Zn, Fe, Na, K, Ca, Mo, W, Cr, Co, Ti, Ni, Fe and combinations thereof, but may not be limited thereto. A second aspect of the present disclosure provides a stent manufactured by the method for manufacturing a stent. The above-described aspects are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed as liming the present disclosure. Besides the above-described embodiments, there may be additional embodiments described in the accompanying drawings and the detailed description. Effects of the Invention According to the above-described means for solving the problems, the method for manufacturing a stent can effectively inhibit a webbing phenomenon through a simple process of simultaneously coating and drying at a temperature in a predetermined range. Also, the method for manufacturing a stent inhibits the webbing phenomenon that a coating material is coated thick on a bent cell portion of the stent so that blood clots in the body do not stick to the stent and a passageway for blood flow can be widened. Therefore, it is possible to effectively treat vascular diseases. Further, it is possible to solve the problem of cytotoxicity caused by an excessive amount of drugs resulting from the webbing phenomenon. Furthermore, by simultaneously coating and drying the stent, it is possible to reduce the time required for drying a drug eluting stent. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the method for manufacturing a stent can effectively inhibit a webbing phenomenon through a simple process of simultaneously coating and drying at a temperature in a predetermined range. Also, the surface roughness of the stent is reduced by inhibiting the webbing phenomenon. Therefore, it is possible to inhibit coarctation and the like.

11228051

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates generally to an electrochemical cell and a method of using the same. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Energy storage is required to maintain reliable electricity delivery from energy producers to their customers. As electrical loads on the grid change throughout the day, stored energy supplies electricity during increased power demand periods. Further, as more renewable and alternative energy sources are added, energy storage will maximize the usefulness of these technologies. As energy demands continue to expand, and more renewable energy, i.e., wind and solar, is added to the grid, new distributed energy storage technologies will be needed that are not dependent on geographic features. Battery technologies can provide energy storage for some applications but are not economically well-suited for long-duration charge/discharge, such as load-leveling of renewable energy. Consequently, development of new energy storage devices will augment the existing grid and reduce the capital investment in construction upgrades. As ever-increasing renewable energy is implemented, lower-cost energy storage solutions for renewable energy will be necessary to keep electricity costs low for consumers. Regenerative fuel cells offer a unique solution for grid energy storage. Unlike batteries, regenerative fuel cells can cost-effectively store a large amount of energy in the form of hydrogen. Energy in the form of hydrogen can be stored at a cost less than $20/kW-hr in large gas cylinders, significantly lower than the cost of batteries. Regenerative fuel cells or electrolysis systems could also provide an added benefit of hydrogen generation for fuel cell vehicles. Unfortunately, there are several limitations with existing technology for regenerative fuel cell and electrolysis systems. Currently, two technologies are used commercially for water electrolysis. Alkaline electrolyzers are an established technology that rely on two electrodes in a liquid electrolyte. These electrodes are typically separated by a non-electrically-conductive porous layer, called the separator. Through application of a voltage, hydrogen and oxygen are evolved from the cathode and anode, respectively. Due to the permeability of the separator, the hydrogen gas cannot be pressurized substantially through electrochemical means. Small differences in pressure between the two sides of the cell can cause catastrophic cell failures. A mechanical compressor is typically used for hydrogen compression, requiring an additional system component that is exceedingly expensive for many scales and applications. The second common method for water electrolysis is a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer. This technology uses a gas-impermeable polymer membrane as the electrolyte. Water vapor or liquid water is fed to at least one of the electrodes. The gases can be easily compressed electrochemically with a PEM electrolyzer, and the cells can operate with pressure differences greater than 100 bar. PEM electrolyzers can also be made to operate reversibly, producing electricity and water from hydrogen and oxygen. The drawback of PEM electrolyzers and PEM reversible fuel cells is the cost of the components. The acidic electrolyte and electrolysis operating voltages necessitate the selection of expensive components for long-term stability. Platinum and Iridium may be used as electrode catalysts. Additionally, electrode current collectors must be fabricated of corrosion-resistant materials. PEM electrolysis systems are consequently too expensive for wide-scale commercial adoption for many grid-scale energy storage applications. With the development of polymer membranes, known as Anion Exchange Membranes (AEMs), that conduct hydroxide ions and other anions, low-cost cells that can produce pressurized hydrogen have become possible. However, hydrocarbon-based AEMs have challenges with remaining conductive if operated in the absence of liquid water. Further, without liquid electrolyte present, ionomers in the electrode layer are required to introduce ion conduction beyond the 2-dimensional electrolyte/electrode interface, a necessity for obtaining high areal current density. U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,258 discloses an AEM fuel cell design that illustrates the challenges found with AEM cell designs. This patent uses an AEM as the electrolyte and ionomer in the electrode layers. Those skilled in the art would appreciate that keeping an AEM hydrated and active for more than a few hours in the absence of liquid electrolyte is very challenging. In the '258 patent, the membrane is kept in a constant hydrated state by delivery of water to the edge of the membrane, outside of the active electrode area, through several unique designs. In the absence of liquid electrolyte, ionomers are required in the electrode layer of this cell design to enable ion conduction to permeate the electrode and operate at substantial current density. While the cell design would be expected to operate well as a fuel cell utilizing pure hydrogen and pure oxygen, it would be expected to slowly lose performance in the presence of carbon dioxide in the fuel or oxidant. Further, this cell design is not conducive to electrolysis operation for several reasons. First, hydrocarbon ionomers used in the oxygen electrode would not be stable under typical electrolysis voltages. Second, the wicking mechanism used to deliver water to hydrate the membrane would not deliver water to the cell at a sufficient rate to match the water consumption during high current electrolysis. Using liquid electrolytes, alkaline cell designs have been demonstrated for electrolysis and reversible fuel cell/electrolysis operation. U.S. Pat. No. 6,447,942 discloses a reversible fuel cell design with an alkaline liquid electrolyte. The design uses a porous separator between the electrodes. Another liquid electrolyte cell design is disclosed in United States Patent Application No. 2006/0057436A1. This design also utilizes a porous diaphragm separator. In both designs, the cells would be susceptible to carbon oxide contaminants in the fuel or oxidant when operated as a fuel cell. In the oxidant, over long-term operation, carbon dioxide would result in precipitation of carbonates in the cathode, thus blocking gas flow. In the fuel, anode catalysts, such as platinum or nickel, would be poisoned by carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide could similarly precipitate as carbonates, blocking gas flow in the anode. In both cases, the cell designs would not permit significant pressurization of the product gases during electrolysis, because of the need for a porous separator. Consequently, while liquid electrolyte alkaline fuel cells and reversible alkaline fuel cells may work for many ideal cases, they have significant limitations. A common design for electrolysis cells is the combination of a gas-impermeable membrane separator with electrodes flooded by water and/or electrolyte. U.S. Pat. No. 4,909,912 discloses such a design. This design is not practical for fuel cell operation because gas cannot be fed to catalysts in the flooded electrodes at a sufficient rate to generate high current density. Beyond not being useful as a fuel cell design, limitations with this cell design for electrolysis are that additional water and product gas separation steps are required to recover the product. Further, corrosion on the anode, i.e., the oxygen evolving electrode for water electrolysis, can be severe for any components in contact with the electrolyte. In this cell design, current collectors and bi-polar plates would be in contact with the electrolyte, exposing them to potentially corrosive electrochemical reactions. Moreover, AEM degradation is also greater when in direct contact with the oxygen electrode. Patent application WO2011004343A1 discloses a traditional membrane electrolyzer design with an Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM), Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA), and a dry hydrogen electrode. This approach has all the limitations mentioned above. Additionally, MEAs cannot be easily produced with all AEM material options because AEM expansion often occurs during hydration. Finally, the prior art for AEM designs is silent on handling high pressure differential between hydrogen and oxygen while maintaining a thin membrane with low resistance. U.S. Patent Appl. 2010/0276299A1 discloses a cylindrical liquid alkaline cell design for generating high pressure hydrogen. The disclosed example uses a separator that is permeable to gases, thus pressure differential is not feasible with this design. The non-planar design would be difficult to manufacture at larger scales and would occupy greater space than planar designs. Additionally, similar to other existing low temperature electrolyzer designs, such a cell is not easily reversible. U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,443B2 discusses designs for high pressure cell operation with a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis cell based on using the electrode as a support for the membrane. Effective electrodes have a number of requirements, including porosity for gas transport, electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance in the gas/voltage/pH environment. Despite the array of options listed, few materials can effectively meet all of the requirements of both an electrode and a mechanical support. Porous titanium frit is generally used for PEM electrolyzers because it is porous, strong, and has low solubility in acid, thus minimizing membrane ion contamination. The limitations of this approach for pressure differential operation include the high cost of titanium or other metal porous frit options, high catalyst cost of platinum-iridium for the acidic environment, the high cost our fluorinated membrane, and the oxygen flammability of titanium frit, which would thus limit the ability to safely operate such an electrolyzer for producing pressurized oxygen. Further, PEM electrolyzers rely on membrane materials that have high hydrogen permeability relative to alkaline electrolyte on an equivalent conductivity basis, thus resulting in high hydrogen permeation at high pressure. Additionally, similar to most other existing low temperature electrolyzer designs, such a cell is not easily reversible. Patent application WO2017054074 discusses the challenges of operating an electrolyzer at high pressure or high pressure differential between gases. The patent discloses a traditional PEM electrolyzer cell design. To address pressure differential the design uses off-set seal frame alignment, commonly used in fuel cells to prevent membrane tears along the edge, and titanium frit to support the membrane on the low-pressure side. As noted above, relying on metal frit for mechanical support introduces a number of limitations. Additionally, similar to most other existing low temperature electrolyzer designs, such a cell is not easily reversible. U.S. Pat. No. 7,014,947 discloses a porous membrane support for a PEM electrolyzer in which the membrane support is percolated by the ion-conducting membrane material. This design relies on polymeric membrane material to conduct ions from one electrode to the next through the entire thickness of the support structure. Consequently, the design would have higher resistance compared to a thin membrane, a porous structure of similar thickness permeated with liquid electrolyte, or a combination of a thin membrane and a porous structure permeated with liquid electrolyte. Further, the design has all of the other limitations previously mentioned for a PEM electrolyzer. In many instances of a reversible fuel cell and/or electrolyzer, it is desirable to generate high pressure gases. Electrochemical pressurization with the electrolyzer reduces system cost and efficiency losses associated with mechanically compressing gas to storage pressure. In some cases, it is desirable to compress hydrogen from 30 bar to greater than 700 bar, for more effective storage. For oxygen storage, pressures of 30 bar to 200 bar may be acceptable for storage. High oxygen pressure creates material flammability concerns, while lower pressures require more tank volume to store an equivalent mass of oxygen. Consequently, in many cases it is desirable to operate a water electrolyzer and/or reversible fuel cell under differential pressure conditions, in which the hydrogen and oxygen gas are produced at different pressures and subsequently stored at different pressures. Proton-exchange membrane cells efficiently operate at limited hydrogen pressure, typically about 30 bar. PEM electrolysis membranes are quite permeable to hydrogen compared to alkaline electrolyte on an equivalent conductivity basis. At higher hydrogen pressures, more hydrogen permeates through the membrane, causing efficiency losses and safety concerns. To combat hydrogen permeability losses a thicker membrane may be used; however, this increases ionic resistance, resulting in ohmic efficiency losses. Cells with liquid alkaline electrolyte can theoretically achieve 38 times lower permeability at equivalent conductivity. Based on this fact, liquid alkaline electrolyzer systems could theoretically operate as efficiently as a PEM electrolyzer system at 38 times higher pressure, or >900 bar instead of 30 bar. However, traditional liquid electrolyte with a porous separator would not be able to safely handle significant pressure differences between hydrogen and oxygen. The combination of a gas impermeable membrane and liquid electrolyte, in series, in the instant invention thus solves the challenge of high hydrogen pressure and pressure differential for water electrolysis. A further challenge with AEM-based water electrolyzers and reversible fuel cells is degradation of ionomers and the AEM. In particular, the high voltage oxygen electrode quickly degrades ionomers in the oxygen electrode during electrolysis. Highly active oxygen- and hydrogen-oxygen-containing intermediate species, such as free radical species, can attack and degrade the polymeric hydrocarbon AEMs that are immediately adjacent to the oxygen electrode. In the instant invention, having physical distance between the oxygen electrode and the AEM layer can extend AEM lifetime by allowing intermediate species to decompose before reaching the AEM. Having a tortuous path and/or a catalytic surface capable of decomposing oxygen intermediates between the AEM and oxygen electrode can thus further extend AEM lifetime. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The instant invention as disclosed in multiple embodiments, all meant by way of example only and not limitation, and includes a cell design that solves the limitations of existing liquid electrolyte cells and AEM cell designs. The design, in multiple embodiments, enables much lower cost components than PEM electrolyzers and reversible fuel cells. The design, in multiple embodiments, may utilize a combination of at least one gas-impermeable AEM in contact with a liquid electrolyte, with at least one electrode not flooded by liquid, thus allowing gas flow at a high rate in to and/or out of the electrode. The gas-impermeable AEM can be any AEM material that is substantially gas-impermeable and conducts anions, including any membrane material that is impermeable to gas and conducts hydroxide anions. In another preferred embodiment, aqueous KOH may be used as the liquid electrolyte component. However, in various embodiments, liquid electrolytes may include any aqueous salt solution with a pH>7. In another preferred embodiment of the cell design, two AEMs separated by a porous layer may be permeated with aqueous liquid electrolyte that may be used to separate the electrodes. The electrodes can be any layer in which an electrochemical reaction takes place. In another preferred embodiment, the electrodes would consist of a hydrogen electrode in which hydrogen evolution and hydrogen oxidation can occur, and an oxygen electrode in which oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction can occur. In other embodiments these electrodes may be useful for oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, hydrogen reduction, hydrogen evolution, fluorine evolution, chlorine evolution, bromine evolution, iodine evolution, and a number of other electrochemical reactions. In an embodiment, a porous matrix, placed between two AEM layers, may be conductive or non-conductive. In another embodiment, a porous matrix, placed between an AEM layer and porous separator layer, may be conductive or non-conductive. In another preferred embodiment, the porous layer may be nickel metal foam, and may be permeated with aqueous potassium hydroxide. In an embodiment of the cell design, at least one electrode uses an ionomer to achieve optimal performance. In another preferred embodiment, a hydrogen electrode uses an anion-conducting ionomer. In yet another preferred embodiment, the oxygen electrode uses a fluorinated binder and/or a fluorinated ionomer. In an additional preferred embodiment, at least one electrode uses a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic fluorinated binder. In another preferred embodiment, both electrodes are not flooded with liquid but the membrane may be in contact with aqueous electrolyte, allowing operation as a fuel cell and/or electrolyzer. In yet another preferred embodiment, the liquid electrolyte may be stored in an external reservoir and circulated through the electrode separator layer. In another embodiment, the cell operates as a fuel cell with air as the oxidant. The liquid electrolyte in contact with the AEM prevents the AEM from being converted to its carbonate form. In one embodiment of the cell, the hydrogen electrode contains a non-Ni and non-Pt catalyst that is not severely poisoned by small quantities of carbon monoxide. In one embodiment of the cell, the anode operates on a hydrogen-containing fuel that also contains carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. In another embodiment the cell operates as fuel cell. In another embodiment the cell operates as an electrolyzer. In another embodiment the cell operates as both a fuel cell and electrolyzer. In another embodiment the cell operates as an electrolyzer with an oxygen depolarized cathode.

11271007

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE This application claims priority to PCT/CN2019/103221 filed on Aug. 29, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure generally relates to the field of semiconductor technology, and more particularly, to a method for forming a three-dimensional (3D) memory. BACKGROUND As memory devices are shrinking to smaller die size to reduce manufacturing cost and increase storage density, scaling of planar memory cells faces challenges due to process technology limitations and reliability issues. A three-dimensional (3D) memory architecture can address the density and performance limitation in planar memory cells. In a 3D memory, slit structures and top select gate (TSG) cuts are used to divide a memory block into smaller storage units such as memory fingers and memory slices. As the vertical stack of word lines or memory cells increase for higher storage capacity, the aspect ratio of a memory finger increases too. During the fabrication of slit structures and top select gate cuts, the 3D memory may have problems such as structure collapse or flip-over. A need exists for an improvement in design, structure and method for a 3D memory to achieve high density and high performance. BRIEF SUMMARY Embodiments of a three-dimensional (3D) memory device and methods for forming the same are described in the present disclosure. One aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for forming a three-dimensional (3D) memory device that includes forming an alternating dielectric stack on a substrate. The method for forming the 3D memory device also includes forming a plurality of channel holes, wherein the plurality of channel holes penetrate the alternating dielectric stack vertically, in a direction perpendicular to the substrate, and expose at least a portion of the substrate. The method for forming the 3D memory device further includes forming a plurality of top select gate openings that penetrate vertically an upper portion of the alternating dielectric stack and extend laterally in a direction parallel to the substrate. The method for forming the 3D memory device also includes forming a plurality of slit openings parallel to the plurality of top select gate openings, wherein the plurality of slit openings penetrate vertically the alternating dielectric stack and expose at least a portion of the substrate. The method for forming the 3D memory device further includes replacing the alternating dielectric stack with a film stack of alternating conductive and dielectric layers, forming a plurality of top select gate cuts in the plurality of top select gate openings, and forming a plurality of slit structures in the plurality of slit openings. In some embodiments, the method for forming the 3D memory device further includes forming the plurality of channel holes arranged in rows, wherein each row of the channel holes is staggered from adjacent rows of the channel holes. The method for forming the 3D memory device also includes forming the plurality of top select gate openings with N number of rows of the channel holes between adjacent top select gate openings, N being a whole number greater than one. The method for forming the 3D memory device further includes forming the plurality of slit openings with M number of the top select gate cuts between adjacent slit openings, M being a whole number greater than one. In some embodiments, forming the plurality of top select gate cuts and slit structures includes disposing an insulating film inside the plurality of top select gate openings and slit openings simultaneously, wherein the insulating film is configured to fill up the plurality of top select gate openings to form the plurality of top select gate cuts and cover a sidewall of at least one of the plurality of slit openings to form a slit trench. Forming the plurality of top select gate cuts and slit structures also includes removing the insulating film from a bottom of the slit trench to expose at least a portion of the substrate, and forming a conductive core inside the slit trench, wherein the conductive core is in contact with the substrate to function as an array common source. In some embodiments, the insulating film is further configured to fill up at least one of the plurality of slit openings to form a gate line slit. In some embodiments, forming the conductive core inside the slit trench including disposing a conductive material inside the slit trench, and removing excess conductive material outside the slit trench. In some embodiments, removing excess conductive material outside the slit trench comprising chemical mechanical polishing. In some embodiments, forming the alternating dielectric stack includes forming a plurality of dielectric layer pairs stacked vertically in the direction perpendicular to the substrate, wherein each dielectric layer pair comprises a first dielectric layer and a second dielectric layer that is different from the first dielectric layer. In some embodiments, the method for forming the 3D memory device further includes, after forming the plurality of channel holes, disposing sequentially a memory film, a channel layer and a core filling film inside the plurality of channel holes. In some embodiments, prior to disposing the memory film, an epitaxial layer is disposed on the exposed portion of substrate inside the plurality of channel holes, wherein the epitaxial layer is connected with the channel layer. In some embodiments, after forming the core filling film, a top channel structure is formed in an upper portion of the channel holes, wherein the top channel structure is connected with the channel layer. In some embodiments, replacing the alternating dielectric stack with the film stack of alternating conductive and dielectric layers includes removing the second dielectric layers of the alternating dielectric stack to form lateral trenches, and disposing conductive layers inside the lateral trenches. Another aspect of the present disclosure provides a three-dimensional (3D) memory device that includes a film stack of alternating conductive and dielectric layers disposed on a substrate. The 3D memory device also includes a plurality of memory strings and slit structures extending vertically, in a direction perpendicular to the substrate, penetrating through the film stack of alternating conductive and dielectric layers, wherein the plurality of slit structures extend laterally, in a direction parallel to the substrate and the plurality of memory strings are arranged in rows, each row of memory strings staggered from adjacent rows of memory strings. The 3D memory device further includes two or more top select gate cuts disposed between adjacent slit structures, wherein the two or more top select gate cuts penetrate vertically through an upper portion of the film stack of alternating conductive and dielectric layers, and wherein the two or more top select gate cuts extend parallel to the plurality of slit structures. In some embodiments, the film stack of alternating conductive and dielectric layers includes a plurality of conductive and dielectric layer pairs stacked vertically, wherein each conductive and dielectric pair includes a dielectric layer and a conductive layer. In some embodiments, the plurality of slit structures and the two or more top select gate cuts include an insulating film disposed simultaneously. In some embodiments, at least one of the slit structures further includes a conductive core, wherein the conductive core is in contact with the substrate. In some embodiments, each memory string includes an epitaxial layer disposed at a bottom of each memory string and a core filling film disposed in a center of each memory string. Each memory string also includes a channel layer covering a sidewall of the core filling film, wherein the channel layer is in contact with the epitaxial layer. Each memory string further includes a memory film covering a sidewall of the channel layer, and a top channel structure disposed on an upper portion of each memory string, wherein the top channel structure is in contact with the channel layer. In some embodiments, the plurality of slit structures are configured to divide a memory block into memory fingers, each memory finger having M number of the top select gate cuts with M being a whole number greater than one. In some embodiments, the top select gate cuts are configured to divide each memory finger into memory slices, each memory slice having N number of rows of the memory strings with N being a whole number greater than one. In some embodiments, the two or more top select gate cuts include a width smaller than a diameter of the plurality of the memory strings. In some embodiments, the two or more top select gate cuts penetrate vertically through top three conductive and dielectric pairs of the film stack of alternating conductive and dielectric layers. Other aspects of the present disclosure can be understood by those skilled in the art in light of the description, the claims, and the drawings of the present disclosure.

11375271

BACKGROUND Streaming media devices are used to stream content onto a receiving device. In some examples, a streaming media device may be plugged or coupled into a connector on a receiving device. Then, a device executing an application may provide video and/or audio content to the media streaming device, which is then provided to the receiving device for rendering. However, designing a media streaming device that provides good performance while being simple to install and use is a difficult and challenging task. SUMMARY The details of one or more implementations are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. According to an aspect, an apparatus may include a media streaming device including electronic circuitry configured to receive media content wirelessly from a media content source, and an output cord segment having a first end portion integrally coupled to a structure of the media streaming device, and a second end portion configured to be coupled to a receiving device, where the electronic circuitry is further configured to transmit the received media content through the output cord segment to the receiving device. The apparatus may include a power cord segment having a first end portion configured to be coupled to the media streaming device, and a second end portion configured to be coupled to a power source. The apparatus may include one or more of the following features (or any combination thereof). When the second end portion of the output cord segment is coupled to the receiving device, the output cord segment may include one or more bent portions. The output cord segment may include one or more materials defining a rigidity such that the output cord segment is configured to maintain a distance between the receiving device and the media streaming device when the output cord segment is coupled to the receiving device, where the distance is greater than one half of a length of the output cord segment. The power cord segment may have a length greater than a length of the output cord segment. The output cord segment may have a width greater than a width of the power cord segment. The structure of the media streaming device may be substantially cylindrical. The first end portion of the output cord segment may define a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) connector, and the second end portion of the output cord segment may define a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) connector. The media streaming device may include a top enclosure assembly, a printed circuit board assembly with integrated circuits on both sides, and a bottom enclosure assembly, where the LVDS connector is coupled to the printed circuit board assembly. The power cord segment may include a universal serial bus (USB) cord having a USB connector on the second end portion and a micro-USB connector on the first end portion. The second end portion of the output cord segment may include a magnet configured to be magnetically coupled to the media streaming device. The media streaming device may be configured to provide video content from the media content source to the receiving device. According to an aspect, an apparatus may include a media streaming device having electronic circuitry configured to receive media content wirelessly from a media content source. The media streaming device may include a printed circuit board assembly, and define a micro universal serial bus (USB) slot configured to receive a micro USB connector. The apparatus may include an output cord segment having a first end portion fixedly coupled to the media streaming device, and a second end portion configured to be coupled to a receiving device, where the electronic circuitry is further configured to transmit the received media content through the output cord segment to the receiving device. The first end portion may define a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) connector, and the LVDS connector may be coupled to the printed circuit board assembly. The apparatus may include a power cord segment having a first end portion defining the micro USB connector configured to be coupled to the media streaming device via the micro USB slot, the power cord segment having a second end portion configured to be coupled to a power source, where the output cord segment includes one or more materials defining a rigidity above a threshold value relative to a weight of the media streaming device, and the output cord segment is configured to position the media streaming device a distance away from a surface of the receiving device. The apparatus may include one or more of the above or below features (or any combination thereof). The output cord segment may have a length in a range of 90-120 millimeters (mm). The media streaming device may have a substantially cylindrical shape with a diameter in a range of 45-55 millimeters (mm). The media streaming device may include a top enclosure assembly and a bottom enclosure assembly, where the printed circuit board assembly is disposed between the top enclosure assembly and the bottom enclosure assembly. The printed circuit board assembly may include a plurality of integrated circuits including a first integrated circuit and a second integrated circuit disposed on a same side of the printed circuit board assembly. The printed circuit board assembly may have a two-layer shield covering the plurality of integrated circuits, and the two-layer shield includes an internal frame with a shield wall separating the first integrated circuit and the second integrated circuit. The two-layer shield may include a cover shield coupled to the internal frame. The second end portion of the output cord segment may define a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) connector. According to an aspect, an apparatus may include a media streaming device having electronic circuitry configured to receive media content wirelessly from a media content source, and the media streaming device may include a housing enclosing a printed circuit board assembly. The housing of the media streaming device may define a connector slot configured to receive a connector of a power cord segment. The media streaming device may include an output cord segment having a first end portion fixedly coupled to the printed circuit board assembly of the media streaming device, and a second end portion configured to be coupled to a receiving device, where the electronic circuitry is further configured to transmit the received media content through the output cord segment to the receiving device. The output cord segment may have a length and rigidity such that the output cord segment is configured to maintain a distance between the receiving device and the media streaming device, where the length of the output cord segment is less than a length of a display screen of the media streaming device, and the distance is equal to or greater than one half of the length of the output cord segment. The apparatus may include one or more of the above or below features (or any combination thereof). The output cord segment may include a memory-shape material. The first end portion of the output cord segment may include a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) connector, where the LVDS connector is disposed inside the housing of the media streaming device. According to an aspect, an apparatus may include a media streaming device including electronic circuitry configured to receive media content wirelessly from a media content source, and an audio output cord segment having a first end portion configured to be coupled to an audio input port of the media streaming device, and a second end portion configured to be coupled to an audio rendering device, where the electronic circuitry is further configured to transmit audio content through the audio output cord segment to the audio rendering device. The apparatus may include one or more of the above or below features (or any combination thereof). The apparatus may include a power cord segment having a first end portion configured to be coupled to the media streaming device, and a second end portion configured to be coupled to a power source. The first end portion may be removably coupled to the audio input port of the media streaming device. The audio output cord segment may include a digital cord segment. The audio output cord segment may include an analog cord segment. A structure of the media streaming device may be substantially cylindrical. The media streaming device may include a top enclosure assembly, a printed circuit board assembly having a substrate with integrated circuits on a first surface and a second surface of the substrate, and a bottom enclosure assembly, where the top enclosure assembly is coupled to the bottom enclosure assembly via fasteners. A system on chip (SOC) may be disposed on the first surface of the substrate of the printed circuit board assembly, and an audio output circuit may be disposed on the second surface of the substrate of the printed circuit board assembly. The media streaming device may define a micro-USB connector configured to receive a micro-USB connector of a power cord segment. According to an aspect, an apparatus may include a media streaming device including electronic circuitry configured to receive media content wirelessly from a media content source. The media streaming device may have a printed circuit board assembly. The media streaming device may define a micro universal serial bus (USB) slot configured to receive a micro USB connector. The apparatus may include an audio output cord segment having a first end portion configured to be coupled to an audio input port of the media streaming device, and a second end portion configured to be coupled to an audio rendering device, where the electronic circuitry is further configured to transmit audio content through the audio output cord segment to the audio rendering device. The apparatus may include a power cord segment having a first end portion defining the micro USB connector configured to be coupled to the media streaming device via the micro USB slot, where the power cord segment has a second end portion configured to be coupled to a power source. The apparatus may include one or more of the above or below features (or any combination thereof). The media streaming device may have a substantially cylindrical shape with a diameter in a range of 45-55 millimeters (mm). The media streaming device may include a top enclosure assembly and a bottom enclosure assembly, where the printed circuit board assembly is disposed between the top enclosure assembly and the bottom enclosure assembly. The printed circuit board assembly may include a plurality of integrated circuits including a first integrated circuit and a second integrated circuit disposed on a same surface of a substrate of the printed circuit board assembly. The printed circuit board assembly may have a two-layer shield covering the plurality of integrated circuits, where the two-layer shield includes an internal frame with a shield wall separating the first integrated circuit and the second integrated circuit, and a cover shield coupled to the internal frame. The audio output cord segment may include a digital cord segment. The audio output cord segment may include an analog cord segment. According to an aspect, an apparatus may include a media streaming device including electronic circuitry configured to receive media content wirelessly from a media content source. The apparatus may include an audio output cord segment having a first end portion configured to be coupled to an audio input port of the media streaming device, and a second end portion configured to be coupled to an audio rendering device, where the electronic circuitry includes an audio output circuit configured to detect a type of the audio output cord segment and format audio content according to the detected type. The electronic circuitry may be configured to transmit the formatted audio content through the audio output cord segment to the audio rendering device. The apparatus may include one or more of the above or below features (or any combination thereof). The audio output circuit may be configured to detect whether the audio output cord segment is a digital-type cord or an analog-type cord. The audio output circuit may be coupled to a substrate of the media streaming device. The media streaming device may have a substantially cylindrical shape with a diameter in a range of 45-55 millimeters (mm). The media streaming device may include a top enclosure assembly, a printed circuit board assembly having a substrate with a first surface and a second surface, and a bottom enclosure assembly, where the top enclosure assembly is coupled to the bottom enclosure assembly via fasteners, and the audio output circuit is coupled to the first surface of the substrate.

11436627

TECHNICAL FIELD Embodiments discussed herein generally relate to systems and methods for aggregating a consumer's reward points from a plurality of accounts, and for applying the aggregated reward points. BACKGROUND Reward point programs are a type of loyalty program hosted by numerous businesses such as credit or debit card companies, merchants, and airline companies, for encouraging consumer spending with the hosting business. In a typical reward program hosted by a credit card company, the consumer earns a certain amount of reward points for every unit of currency spent. Once a certain amount of reward points are collected, the consumer may redeem the reward points such as by making purchases, booking flights, or opting to receive cash back. The rewards provide consumers with an incentive to continue spending with the hosting business. To facilitate consumer spending and to appeal to a broader cross-section of consumers, many businesses hosting reward point programs form partnerships or alliances with other businesses. Credit card companies, for example, may form alliances with certain merchants or airline companies with which consumers may redeem their accumulated reward points. US Patent Application Publication Number 2016/0048864 describes a third party digital wallet that allows a consumer to check out with reward points when making purchases on a merchant website. However, many consumers do not redeem all of their reward points, and the reward money may be left stagnant and unused. Some consumers may lose track of their reward points, particularly if they participate in numerous reward point programs. In addition, consumers may neglect their reward points when not enough have been accumulated to make a meaningful purchase. Thus, there is a need for improved systems that facilitate reward point tracking and use. SUMMARY Embodiments disclosed herein provide a technical solution to the above challenges by providing a single platform through which consumers may track their reward points from multiple accounts, combine their reward points from multiple accounts, and apply their combined reward points for purchases, charity donation, and exchange with other consumers. In one embodiment, a computer-implemented method includes registering a first account and a second account of a consumer in a reward point aggregator system, and receiving reward points associated with the first account from a first issuer computer system and reward points associated with the second account from a second issuer computer system. The first issuer computer system may be associated with an issuer of the first account, and the second issuer computer system may be associated with an issuer of the second account. The computer-implemented method further includes converting the reward points associated with each of the first account and the second account into reward money using a first conversion factor for the first account and a second conversion factor for the second account, combining the reward money of the first account and the second account to provide aggregated reward money, and displaying a rewards store to the consumer at a display interface of a computer device. The rewards store may have one or more merchant products and/or services available for purchase by the consumer with the aggregated reward money. In another embodiment, a reward point aggregator system for aggregating reward points for a first account and a second account held by a consumer includes a processor physically configured according to computer-executable instructions, a memory physically configured to store computer-executable instructions, and an input-output circuit in communication with the processor. The system further includes an issuer interface module configured to interface with a first issuer computer system associated with the first account and a second issuer computer system associated with the second account, and to receive reward points associated with each of the first and second accounts from each of the respective first and second issuer computer systems. In addition, the system further includes an aggregator module configured to convert the reward points associated with each of the first account and the second account into reward money using a first conversion factor for the first account and a second conversion factor for the second account, and to combine the reward money from the first account and the second account to provide aggregated reward money.

11368070

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a flywheel energy storage fan, and more particularly to a flywheel energy storage fan, which is able to save electrical energy. 2. Description of the Related Art In order to effectively save energy, most of the current information and communication equipments will control and vary the rotational speed of the internal cooling fan in accordance with the heat dissipation requirement in peak time and off-peak time. In the conventional cooling fan, a processor on the motherboard is used to directly control the voltage output or control/adjust the acceleration/deceleration of the fan by means of pulse width modulation (PWM). The conventional cooling fan is equipped with a motor. When powered on, the motor can directly convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy of the fan, whereby the cooling fan can rotate to create airflow to forcedly dissipate the heat generated by a heat generation component. However, this leads to another problem. That is, the conventional cooling fan can only one-way convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy so that when the cooling fan is decelerated, the energy cannot be effectively reused. As a result, the energy is directly lost in vain to cause waste and the electrical energy cannot be saved. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide a flywheel energy storage fan, which is able to save electrical energy. It is a further object of the present invention to provide the above flywheel energy storage fan, which includes a flywheel energy storage device. The flywheel energy storage device is drivable by the fan to rotate so as to synchronously store the mechanical energy and convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy to feed back to the fan for use. Accordingly, the energy can be effectively utilized. To achieve the above and other objects, the flywheel energy storage fan of the present invention includes a base seat, a fan electrical apparatus serving as a motor or a generator and a flywheel energy storage device having a flywheel rotary body. The base seat has a case section and a central column section disposed on the case section. The case section has a vacuumed chamber and a bearing cup disposed in the vacuumed chamber. The fan electrical apparatus has a fan stator and a fan rotor rotatable relative to the fan stator. The fan stator is disposed around the central column section. The fan rotor has a fan impeller and a rotational shaft. One end of the rotational shaft is fixed to the fan impeller. The other end of the rotational shaft is rotatably disposed in the central column section and the bearing cup. The flywheel rotary body is disposed on the rotational shaft in the vacuumed chamber. The flywheel energy storage device has a flywheel rotary body. The flywheel rotary body is disposed on the rotational shaft in the vacuumed chamber. The flywheel energy storage fan of the present invention is able to effectively save electrical energy and fully utilize energy. Still to achieve the above and other objects, the flywheel energy storage fan of the present invention includes a base seat, a fan motor and a flywheel energy storage device. The base seat has a case section and a central column section disposed on the case section. The case section has a vacuumed chamber and a bearing cup disposed in the vacuumed chamber. The fan motor has a fan stator and a fan rotor rotatable relative to the fan stator. The fan stator is disposed around the central column section. The fan rotor has a fan impeller and a rotational shaft. One end of the rotational shaft is fixed to the fan impeller. The other end of the rotational shaft is rotatably disposed in the central column section and the bearing cup. The flywheel energy storage device has a flywheel rotary body and an electrical apparatus serving as a motor or a generator. The flywheel rotary body is disposed on the rotational shaft in the vacuumed chamber. The electrical apparatus is disposed in the vacuumed chamber corresponding to the flywheel rotary body. The flywheel energy storage fan of the present invention is able to effectively save electrical energy and fully utilize energy.

11231701

TECHNICAL FIELD This patent application relates generally to industrial and process control systems and, more particularly, to an industrial control system that provides simulation of process control and/or run-time actual process control using virtualized components. BACKGROUND Process or industrial control systems, like those used in chemical, petroleum or other industrial process plants to produce physical products from materials, typically include one or more process controllers communicatively coupled to one or more field devices via analog, digital or combined analog/digital buses, or via a wireless communication link or network. The field devices, which may be, for example, valves, valve positioners, switches and transmitters (e.g., temperature, pressure, level and flow rate sensors), are located within the process environment and generally perform physical or process control functions such as opening or closing valves, measuring process parameters, etc., to control one or more processes executing within the process plant or system. Smart field devices, such as the field devices conforming to the well-known FOUNDATION® Fieldbus protocol may also perform control calculations, alarming functions, and other control functions commonly implemented within the controller. The process controllers, which may be centrally located but which may also be located within the plant environment in a distributed manner, receive signals indicative of process measurements made by the field devices and/or other information pertaining to the field devices and execute a controller application that runs, for example, different control modules that make process control decisions, generate control signals based on the received information and coordinate with the control modules or blocks being performed in the field devices, such as HART®, WirelessHART®, and FOUNDATION® Fieldbus field devices. The control modules in the controller send the control signals over the communication lines or links to the field devices to thereby control the operation of at least a portion of the process plant or system. Information from the field devices and the controller is usually made available from the controllers over a data highway to one or more other hardware devices, such as operator workstations, personal computers or computing devices, data historians, report generators, centralized databases, or other centralized administrative computing devices that are typically placed in control rooms or other locations away from the harsher plant environment. Each of these hardware devices typically is centralized across the process plant or across a portion of the process plant. These hardware devices execute applications that may, for example, enable an engineer to configure portions of the process or an operator to perform functions with respect to controlling a process and/or operating the process plant, such as changing settings of the process control routine, modifying the operation of the control modules within the controllers or the field devices, viewing the current state of the process, viewing alarms generated by field devices and controllers, simulating the operation of the process for the purpose of training personnel or testing the process control software, keeping and updating a configuration database, etc. The data highway utilized by the hardware devices, controllers and field devices may include a wired communication path, a wireless communication path, or a combination of wired and wireless communication paths. As an example, the DeltaV™ control system, sold by Emerson Process Management, includes multiple applications stored within and executed by different devices located at diverse places within a process plant. A configuration application, which resides in one or more workstations or computing devices, enables users to create or change process control modules and to download these process control modules via a data highway to dedicated distributed controllers. Typically, these control modules are made up of communicatively interconnected function blocks, which are objects in an object-oriented programming protocol that perform functions within the control scheme based on inputs thereto and that provide outputs to other function blocks within the control scheme. The configuration application may also allow a configuration designer to create or change operator interfaces that are used by a viewing application to display data to an operator and to enable the operator to change settings, such as set points, within the process control routines. Each dedicated controller and, in some cases, one or more field devices, stores and executes a respective controller application that runs the control modules assigned and downloaded thereto to implement actual process control functionality. The viewing applications, which may be executed on one or more operator workstations (or on one or more remote computing devices in communicative connection with the operator workstations and the data highway), receive data from the controller application via the data highway and display this data to process control system designers, operators, or users using the user interfaces, and may provide any of a number of different views, such as an operator's view, an engineer's view, a technician's view, etc. A data historian application is typically stored in and executed by a data historian device that collects and stores some or all of the data provided across the data highway while a configuration database application may run in a still further computer attached to the data highway to store the current process control routine configuration and data associated therewith. Alternatively, the configuration database may be located in the same workstation as the configuration application. The architecture of currently known process control plants and process control systems is strongly influenced by limited controller and device memory, communications bandwidth, and controller and device processor capability. For example, in currently known process control system architectures, the use of dynamic and static non-volatile memory in the controller is usually minimized or, at the least, managed carefully. As a result, during system configuration (e.g., a priori), a user or configuration engineer typically must choose which data in the controller is to be archived or saved, the frequency at which it will be saved, and whether or not compression is used, and the controller is accordingly configured with this limited set of data rules. Consequently, data which could be useful in troubleshooting and process analysis is often not archived, and if it is collected, the useful information may have been lost due to data compression. Additionally, to minimize controller memory usage in currently known process control systems, selected data that is to be archived or saved (as indicated by the configuration of the controller) is reported to the workstation or computing device for storage at an appropriate data historian or data silo. The current techniques used to report the data poorly utilizes communication resources and induces excessive controller loading. Additionally, due to the time delays in communication and sampling at the historian or silo, the data collection and time stamping is often out of sync with the actual process. Similarly, in batch process control systems, to minimize controller memory usage, batch recipes and snapshots of controller configuration typically remain stored at a centralized administrative computing device or location (e.g., at a data silo or historian), and are only transferred to a controller when needed. Such a strategy introduces significant burst loads in the controller and in communications between the workstation or centralized administrative computing device and the controller. Further, the current architecture of industrial control systems, such as process control systems, is largely hardware driven in that various functions, such as control functions, input/output (I/O) functions, user interface functions, etc. are performed in and are tied to specific pieces of hardware (e.g., user workstations or interface devices, process controllers, safety system controllers, dedicated I/O devices, marshalled I/O devices, field devices, safety logic solvers, etc.) and remain stored in the specific hardware at all times. For example, in current process control systems, interconnections between controllers and I/O devices (e.g., either individual I/O devices, or banks of marshalled I/O devices) are configured based on particular hardware, and consequently, physical I/O relationships are tightly bound, most commonly in a one-to-one manner, e.g., I/O device to controller, another I/O device to another controller, etc. This architectural design limits the resiliency, reliability, availability, responsiveness, and the elasticity of the control system, as these systems are difficult to change or reconfigure quickly, are tightly tied to proprietary hardware used to implement proprietary control software, require hardware redundancy on a device by device basis that can be expensive to implement, and are not easily scalable or able to be upgraded without adding additional hardware that needs to be configured in particular manners, for example, due to size limitations of individual devices such as physical process controllers, particular characteristics and capabilities of I/O devices, etc. Some attempts at addressing these issues include virtualizing physical controllers; however, controller virtualization has been limited to off-line development and test systems, and has not been widely utilized, if at all, for run-time process control in physical plant and/or production environments. Moreover, both virtualized controllers and physical controllers remain subject to the limitations of physical I/O devices, such as performance, bandwidth, throughput, etc. SUMMARY A novel, multi-purpose hardware/software architecture or platform for dynamic simulation and/or run-time production process control that enables an industrial or process control system of an industrial process plant to be more resilient, responsive, and elastic as compared to known industrial or process control systems. More particularly, this novel architecture or platform, to a large extent, decouples the hardware used in the control system from the software that governs the behavior of the hardware, making the system easier to scale, reconfigure, and change, as well as improving overall system reliability, availability, and performance. For ease of discussion, the novel Multi-Purpose Dynamic Simulation and run-time Control platform or architecture is referred to interchangeably herein by the “MPDSC,” “the MPDSC platform,” “the MPDSC system,” or “the MPDSC architecture.” Generally speaking, the MPDSC includes a virtual process environment coupled to a physical process environment, where components of the virtual and physical environments cooperate to perform dynamic simulation and/or run-time (e.g., actual or operational) production process control of the industrial process plant. For run-time process control, the MPDSC platform supports Process Control Systems (PCS s) which may include virtual components, physical components, and/or both virtual and physical components that cooperate to monitor and control batch and/or continuous industrial processes during run-time of the plant. In some arrangements, the MPDSC platform also supports Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS s) which may have both virtual and physical components that cooperate to maintain safe operations and provide failsafe operations of the plant during run-time. Virtual nodes that perform run-time, operational process control and/or related run-time functions (e.g., in conjunction with one or more physical devices or components disposed in the physical environment of the process plant) are referred to herein as “virtual run-time nodes.” The MPDSC platform may additionally or alternatively support a simulation environment or space which may be utilized for control and/or safety system and/or component testing, validation, verification, and/or check out, operator training, case studies, on-going process improvements, etc. For simulation purposes, the MPDSC platform provides virtual nodes that simulate one or more physical devices, modules, or components that are deployable within the physical process environment. Virtual nodes that simulate various devices, modules, and/or components that are deployable in the physical environment of the process plant are referred to herein as “simulated nodes.” The simulation provided by the MPDSC platform is “dynamic,” as simulations of the process plant or portions thereof may execute in real-time, thereby mirroring the timing and other behaviors that (would) occur during run-time, and/or simulations may be manipulated to execute at a faster or slower pace than real-time execution, to use different values, initial conditions, intermediate conditions, etc. The simulation space provides various features such as, for example, save/restore capabilities for various simulated scenarios, editable initial and/or intermediate conditions for various scenarios, coordination with third-party simulators via various protocols, testing and checkout of operator display views, real-time simulation of one or more portions of the PCS, speed-up and/or slow-down of the simulation of the one or more portions of the PCS, simulations that include simulated components operating in conjunction with actual (e.g., non-simulated) virtual and/or physical components, change management and synchronization with plant configuration, etc. The MPDSC platform is able to simultaneously support both simulation and run-time operations, various interactions and intersections between simulation and run-time operations (e.g., testing of upgrades, patches, “what-if” scenarios, configuration changes, user input changes, and the like. Further, with the MPDSC platform, system redundancy, fault tolerance, switchovers, planned maintenance, etc. are able to be seamlessly and easily accomplished. One of the key components of the MPDSC architecture is referred to herein as an “I/O Switch” or an “I/O Server,” which generally abstracts I/O of the process plant away from being specifically and directly associated with particular hardware, as well as performs other functions related to I/O for simulation and/or run-time process control. The I/O Switch or I/O Server is a node that, during run-time, delivers I/O data between virtual and/or physical nodes of the process plant. Each node (whether virtual or physical) is typically a component of the process plant that is identified within the MPDSC system by a unique name, tag, or identifier. For example, a node may be a physical or virtual controller, a field device, a safety information controller, a safety logic solver, an I/O card or device (e.g., a wireless I/O device, an Ethernet I/O device, a marshalled I/O cabinet or components thereof, etc.), an operator workstation, another type of user interface device, a tool (e.g., diagnostic tool, simulation tool, etc.), a gateway, a data storage device, or other type of component. Generally speaking, the I/O Switch operates as a data broker between virtual and/or physical nodes, where the I/O Switch delivers or switches I/O data (also referred to interchangeably herein as “process I/O data,” or “PIO data”) between source nodes (whether virtual or physical) and destination nodes (whether virtual or physical). In a sense, rather than tightly and/or specifically coupling physical I/O cards to different source and destination nodes to deliver process I/O, the I/O Switch virtualizes the physical delivery mechanisms of process I/O data between nodes of the MPDSC system, and loosens the bindings between hardware components that are utilized for the purposes of delivering I/O data. Moreover, the I/O Switch is configured to be able to deliver I/O data quickly enough (e.g., with sufficiently small delay) to support run-time, actual production process control and/or real-time simulation of production process control. Generally speaking, virtual and physical nodes/components that are serviced by the I/O Switch or I/O Server include respective modules that govern the behavior of virtual and physical nodes or components. Such modules are referred to herein as “component behavior modules” or “CBMs,” examples of which include control modules in controllers, safety logic in safety logic solvers, and other types of modules that govern the behavior and operations of the components in which the modules are stored and executed, and at least in part by operating on I/O data. Within the MPDSC system, CBMs that operate on the process-related payload of the I/O data are agnostic or unaware of the I/O Switch and its role in delivering I/O data to/from the component behavior modules. That is, the CBMs are unaware of whether or not their respective I/O delivery mechanism to/from their host node is a physical I/O card or the I/O Switch. As such, the I/O Switch may be viewed as a switching fabric, router, and/or delivery mechanism of I/O data that is transparent to Component Behavior Modules of the MPDSC system. To this end, the I/O Switch delivers I/O data between virtual and/or physical nodes via respective publish/subscribe layers of the nodes (also referred to interchangeably herein as a “Pub/Sub layer”) and a virtual communication network via which I/O payload or data is transferred between nodes. For example, a sending or publishing node may include a respective Pub/Sub layer that publishes, to the virtual communication network, data generated by the component behavior module of the sending node. The I/O Switch may deliver or switch the published data to nodes that are receivers of or subscribers to the data, and each subscriber node may recover the data via its respective Pub/Sub layer for consumption by its respective component behavior module. As such, the I/O Switch brokers data between publisher nodes and subscriber nodes on a demand basis, in accordance with the defined relationships of the nodes within the MPDSC system. As utilized herein, the “physical environment” of the MPDSC platform or system refers to the production plant or environment in which physical, tangible components (e.g., field devices, tanks, valves, actuators, heaters, evaporators, sensors, etc.) are utilized to transform, via run-time controlled processes, physical materials into physical products. Accordingly, the “physical environment” is interchangeably referred to herein as the “plant environment” of the industrial process plant. As discussed above, the physical or plant environment includes a front-end portion in which physical or hardware components of the MPDSC system such as field devices, sensors, transmitters, switches, positioners, tanks, heaters, etc. are disposed and operate on physical materials to produce physical products. As such, the “front-end” portion of the physical environment is interchangeably referred to herein as the “field” or “site” portion of the physical environment of the process plant. The physical or plant environment of the MPDSC system also includes a back-end portion in which physical or hardware components such as operator workstations, personal computers or computing devices, data historians, report generators, centralized databases, and/or other centralized (or at least partly centralized) administrative computing devices execute applications to, for example, configure the process plant and/or its components, view and monitor run-time operations of the plant, respond to alerts or alarms during run-time operations of the plant, adjust parameters during run-time operations of the plant, generate reports, store and analyze data, and the like. The back-end portion of the physical environment of the MPDSC system may be located in areas that are protected from the harsher field environment, such as in an on-site, enclosed room and/or in locations that are off-site or remote from the field environment. The virtual environment of the MPDSC system is implemented using physical or hardware computing devices that are particularly configured and interconnected to provide a platform that supports the virtualization of various physical process plant components, as is described in more detail in later sections of this disclosure. Generally speaking, the physical computing devices that provide and support the virtualization platform may be physically located on-site at the plant (e.g., in protected, enclosed areas of the field environment), may be physically located off-site, or may be physically and distributively located among various on-site and off-site locations. The physical computing devices that provide and support the virtualization platform may be interconnected via any number of physical data links and/or communication/data networks. Generally speaking, the physical computing devices, data links, and communication/data networks form a computing platform on which various logical or virtual components of the MPDSC system reside, where the various logical or virtual components may be utilized for run-time process control in conjunction with components of the physical process environment, and/or for process simulation purposes. The logical or virtual components residing in the virtual environment of the MPDSC system may operate to provide simulation of one or more actual or planned physical portions of the MPDSC system (e.g., in real-time, at faster speeds, and/or at slower speeds, if desired). In some implementations, the logical or virtual components residing in the virtual environment of the MPDSC system and the physical components residing in the physical environment of the MPDSC system may cooperatively operate to provide simulation and/or run-time, actual production process control. As such, in some embodiments, the physical and virtual environments of the MPDSC platform are communicatively connected via one or more communication links and/or networks, where the communication links and/or networks may include any number of wired links and/or networks, wireless links and/or networks, private links and/or networks, public links and/or networks. Embodiments of stand-alone, virtual real-time simulation and embodiments of cooperation between the logical/virtual and physical components of the industrial control system and communicative connections therebetween are described in more detail in later sections of this disclosure. Further, the virtual and physical environments of the MPDSC platform utilize or share a common (e.g., the same) system configuration database, which is referred to herein as the “MPDSC system configuration database.” As such, via the MPDSC system configuration database, various virtual and physical components may be uniquely identified within the MPDSC platform across both virtual and physical environments, and intersections between simulation and run-time operations (e.g., testing, switchovers, etc.) are able to be seamlessly and easily accomplished. In an embodiment, a method of controlling an industrial process of an industrial process plant includes, during run-time operations of the industrial process plant, executing a process control loop of a process control system to control at least a portion of the industrial process. The process control loop includes a field device disposed in a physical environment of the industrial process plant, a process controller, and an I/O node communicatively connecting the field device and the process controller. Executing the process control loop includes obtaining, at the I/O node, a first publication in a real-time control protocol, where the first publication indicates data content generated by the field device during the executing of the process control loop, and the obtaining of the first publication is based on a subscription of the I/O node corresponding to the data content generated by the field device. Additionally, executing the process control loop includes determining, by the I/O node, a subscriber to publications indicative of the data content generated by the field device, where the subscriber corresponds to the process controller; and generating and publishing, by the I/O node, a second publication in the real-time control protocol, the second publication indicating the data content generated by the field device. As such, the method causes data content generated by the field device to be provided to the process controller within an interval of time that is less than or equal to a maximum transmission delay corresponding to delivering data, e.g., process data, from the field device to the process controller during the executing of the process control loop during run-time operations of the industrial process plant. In an embodiment, a process control system for controlling an industrial process of an industrial process plant includes a process control loop having a field device disposed in a physical environment of the industrial process plant and a process controller. The field device and the process controller are communicatively connected within the process control loop via a real-time control network, and the process control loop executes during run-time operations of the industrial process plant to control at least a portion of the industrial process. The process control system further includes the real-time control network, which includes an I/O node that communicatively connects a plurality of other nodes. The I/O node and the plurality of other nodes communicate over the real-time control network by publishing data to the real-time control network using a real-time control protocol and by subscribing to data published to the real-time control network using the real-time control protocol. A first node of the plurality of other nodes corresponds to the field device, and a second node of the plurality of other nodes corresponds to the process controller. During run-time execution of the process control loop, process data is delivered, e.g., via the first node, the I/O node, and the second node of the real-time control network, between the field device and the process controller within an interval of time that is less than or equal to a maximum transmission delay tolerance, e.g., corresponding to delivering real-time process data between the field device and the process controller while the process control loop is executing during run-time operations of the industrial process plant.

11342495

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0081509, filed on Jul. 5, 2019, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND Embodiments of the inventive concepts relate to a magnetic memory device and, more particularly, to a magnetic memory device including a magnetic tunnel junction pattern and a method of manufacturing the same. High-speed and low-voltage memory devices have been demanded to realize high-speed and low-power electronic devices including memory devices. A magnetic memory device has been studied as a memory device satisfying these demands. The magnetic memory device has been spotlighted as a next-generation memory device because of its high-speed operation characteristic and/or non-volatile characteristic. A magnetic memory device uses a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). The magnetic tunnel junction may include two magnetic layers and an insulating layer disposed between the two magnetic layers, and a resistance of the magnetic tunnel junction may be changed according to magnetization directions of the two magnetic layers. In detail, the magnetic tunnel junction may have a high resistance when the magnetization directions of the two magnetic layers are anti-parallel to each other. In contrast, the magnetic tunnel junction may have a low resistance when the magnetization directions of the two magnetic layers are parallel to each other. The magnetic memory device may write/read data by using a difference between the resistances of the magnetic tunnel junction. SUMMARY Embodiments of the inventive concepts may provide a spin-orbit torque-based magnetic memory device capable of high integration. Embodiments of the inventive concepts may also provide a method of manufacturing a magnetic memory device with improved reliability. According to some embodiments of the inventive concepts, magnetic memory devices may include a substrate, a metal pattern extending in a first direction on the substrate, a magnetic tunnel junction pattern on the metal pattern, and an anti-oxidation layer between the metal pattern and the magnetic tunnel junction pattern. The magnetic tunnel junction pattern may include a first magnetic pattern, a tunnel barrier pattern, and a second magnetic pattern. According to some embodiments of the inventive concepts, magnetic memory device may include a substrate, a metal pattern extending in a first direction on the substrate, and a plurality of magnetic tunnel junction patterns. Each of the plurality of magnetic tunnel junction patterns may include a respective one of a plurality of first magnetic patterns, a respective one of a plurality of tunnel barrier patterns and a respective one of a plurality of second magnetic patterns. The magnetic memory devices may also include an anti-oxidation layer between the metal pattern and the plurality of first magnetic patterns. The plurality of magnetic tunnel junction patterns may be spaced apart from each other, and the anti-oxidation layer may extend in the first direction and may be electrically connected to the plurality of the first magnetic patterns.

11337310

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field The present disclosure generally relates to the technical field of printed circuit boards and processing methods thereof, and especially relates to a printed circuit board with a lateral metallization groove, a processing method and a batch processing method thereof, and a high-density multi-module control cabinet for industrial or computer networks, with a plurality of printed circuit boards with lateral metallization grooves. 2. Description of Related Art After a conventional printed circuit board is assembled, the printed circuit board is generally fixed on a shell of a device by fixing screws into non-metallization holes of the printed circuit board, or a metal piece is welded on the printed circuit board, and then the printed circuit board is assembled on the shell of the device through the metal piece. However, the above two installation ways occupy large spaces, with a fussy assembly mode, and additional ground wires need to be installed, rather than being applied to high-density multi-module industrial control cabinets or computer network control cabinets. SUMMARY The technical object is to solve at least one of the above shortcomings of the related art, for example, the printed circuit board in the related art needs to be additionally provided with a ground wire and has a complicated assembly mode. In order to achieve the above object, in an aspect, a processing method of a printed circuit board with a lateral metallization groove according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is provided and includes the following steps: step S01, drilling and milling grooves in a semi-finished printed circuit board with an inner layer circuit thereof, wherein, the step of milling the grooves is to mill off contact parts between two long sides of the semi-finished printed circuit board, and a processing side, except connections of the processing side, to form two first-type grooves at each of the two long sides, or two first-type grooves and at least one second-type groove; and wherein the first-type groove is formed by one side surface of the semi-finished printed circuit board, one side surface of the processing side, and one side surface of connections of a processing side, and the second-type groove is formed by one side surface of the semi-finished printed circuit board, one side surface of the processing side, and two side surfaces of connections of the processing side; step S02, performing metallization treatment, so that a part of the first-type groove positioned on the long side of the semi-finished printed circuit board, is metallized to form a first-type metallization groove, a part of the second-type groove positioned on the long side of the semi-finished printed circuit board, is metallized to form a second-type metallization groove, and the holes that have drilled are metallized to form metallization holes, both the first-type metallization groove and the second-type metallization groove electrically connected with a board-surface electrical ground layer of the semi-finished printed circuit board; step S03, laying an outer layer circuit on the semi-finished printed circuit board that has obtained in the step S02; step S04, performing pattern plating on the outer layer circuit and the first and second metallization grooves; step S05, performing first milling grooves, wherein a first-type concave groove is milled on the side surface of the first-type metallization groove, and a second-type concave groove is milled on the side surface of the second-type metallization groove, and both the first-type concave groove and the second-type concave groove, with the same preset width along a thickness direction of the long side and/or the same preset depth along a vertical direction of the long side, are arranged on a center line of the side surface where the long side of the semi-finished printed circuit board is positioned; step S06, etching an outer layer of the semi-finished printed circuit board that is obtained in the step S05; step S07, performing surface treatment on the semi-finished printed circuit board that is obtained in the step S06, after performing solder resist printing and character printing thereof; step S08, forming the semi-finished printed circuit board that is obtained in the step S07, to mill off the connections of the processing side; and step S09, performing second milling grooves, wherein a third-type concave groove is milled on the side surface of the semi-finished printed circuit board formed after the connections of the processing side is milled off in the step S08, the third-type concave groove, with the preset width along the thickness direction of the long side and/or the preset depth along the vertical direction of the long side, is arranged on the central line of the side surface where the long side of the semi-finished printed circuit board is positioned, all the third-type concave groove, the first-type concave groove and the second-type concave groove are matched to form a through groove. In another aspect, a printed circuit board with a lateral metallization groove according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is manufactured by the above processing method. In another aspect, a high-density and multi-module control cabinet for industrial or computer networks according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is provided. The control cabinet includes a subrack and a plurality of printed circuit boards with lateral metallization grooves mentioned above. The subrack includes a ground wire, and a plurality of pairs of metal strips, each pair of the plurality of pairs of metal strips connected with two through grooves of the printed circuit board with lateral metallization grooves, to form a slide rail connection therebetween. Compared with the related art, the present disclosure provides the advantages as below: (1) the electrical group layer of the printed circuit board can be directly connected with the ground wire, rather than independently installing the ground wire; (2) an occupied space is small, a replacement is convenient, and the printed circuit board can be applied to equipments such as a high-density multi-module industrial control cabinet or a computer network control cabinet; (3) the processing technology is efficient and convenient.

11427168

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority under 35 USC § 119 and the Paris Convention to United Kingdom Patent Application No. 1900726.9 filed on Jan. 18, 2019. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention pertains to a brake system for a vehicle, in particular an articulated vehicle, and a vehicle, in particular an articulated vehicle, equipped with such a brake system. TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND Brake systems for articulated vehicles, in particular articulated trucks, are known which are equipped with brake assist functions being automatically performed, i.e. by means of a control unit or a controller. For example, form U.S. Pat. No. 8,919,891 B2, an electrohydraulic antilock brake system is known, in which an antilock brake control function is implemented for preventing wheels of a vehicle from slippage or lockup, thereby avoiding loss of directional stability of the vehicle. Further, U.S. Pat. No. 5,983,149 A discloses a brake system of a work vehicle having an automatic retarding control function for automatically actuating brakes of the vehicle so as to control vehicle speed, e.g. on downhill grades. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Starting from the prior art, it is an objective to provide a new brake system for a vehicle which is equipped with brake assist functions. This objective is solved by means of a brake system with the features of claim1and a vehicle, in particular a wheeled vehicle, with the features of claim17. Preferred embodiments are set forth in the present specification, the Figures as well as the dependent claims.

11533882

BACKGROUND The goal of hybrid development is to combine, in a single hybrid, various desirable traits. For field crops, these traits may include resistance to diseases and insects, resistance to heat and drought, reducing the time to crop maturity, greater yield, and better agronomic quality. With mechanical harvesting of many crops, uniformity of plant characteristics such as germination, stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and plant and ear height is important. Traditional plant breeding is an important tool in developing new and improved commercial crops. SUMMARY Provided is a novel maize,Zea maysL., variety, seed, plant, cells and its parts designated as X13N200, produced by crossing two maize inbred varieties. The hybrid maize variety X13N200, the seed, the plant and its parts produced from the seed, and variants, mutants and minor modifications of maize X13N200 are provided. Processes are provided for making a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more traits introgressed into X13N200 through locus conversion, backcrossing and/or transformation, and to the maize seed, plant and plant parts produced thereby. Methods for producing maize varieties derived from hybrid maize variety X13N200 are also provided. Also provided are maize plants having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the hybrid maize variety X13N200. The hybrid maize plant may further comprise a cytoplasmic or nuclear factor capable of conferring male sterility or otherwise preventing self-pollination, such as by self-incompatibility. Parts of the maize plants disclosed herein are also provided, for example, pollen obtained from a hybrid plant and an ovule of the hybrid plant. Seed of the hybrid maize variety X13N200 is provided and may be provided as a population of maize seed of the variety designated X13N200. Compositions are provided comprising a seed of maize variety X13N200 comprised in plant seed growth media. In certain embodiments, the plant seed growth media is a soil or synthetic cultivation medium. In specific embodiments, the growth medium may be comprised in a container or may, for example, be soil in a field. Hybrid maize variety X13N200 is provided comprising an added heritable trait. The heritable trait may be a genetic locus that is a dominant or recessive allele. In certain embodiments, the genetic locus confers traits such as, for example, male sterility, waxy starch, reduced lignin, herbicide tolerance or resistance, insect resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, nematode or viral disease, and altered or modified fatty acid, phytate, protein or carbohydrate metabolism. The genetic locus may be a naturally occurring maize gene introduced into the genome of a parent of the variety by backcrossing, a natural or induced mutation, or a transgene introduced through genetic transformation techniques. When introduced through transformation, a genetic locus may comprise one or more transgenes integrated at a single chromosomal location. A hybrid maize plant of the variety designated X13N200 is provided, wherein a cytoplasmically-inherited trait has been introduced into the hybrid plant. Such cytoplasmically-inherited traits are passed to progeny through the female parent in a particular cross. An exemplary cytoplasmically-inherited trait is the male sterility trait. Cytoplasmic-male sterility (CMS) is a pollen abortion phenomenon determined by the interaction between the genes in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Alteration in the mitochondrial genome and the lack of restorer genes in the nucleus will lead to pollen abortion. With either a normal cytoplasm or the presence of restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, the plant will produce pollen normally. A CMS plant can be pollinated by a maintainer version of the same variety, which has a normal cytoplasm but lacks the restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, and continues to be male sterile in the next generation. The male fertility of a CMS plant can be restored by a restorer version of the same variety, which must have the restorer gene(s) in the nucleus. With the restorer gene(s) in the nucleus, the offspring of the male-sterile plant can produce normal pollen grains and propagate. A cytoplasmically inherited trait may be a naturally occurring maize trait or a trait introduced through genetic transformation techniques. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of a plant of variety X13N200 is provided. The tissue culture can be capable of regenerating plants capable of expressing all of the physiological and morphological or phenotypic characteristics of the variety and of regenerating plants having substantially the same genotype as other plants of the variety. Examples of some of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the variety X13N200 that may be assessed include characteristics related to yield, maturity, and kernel quality. The regenerable cells in such tissue cultures can be derived, for example, from embryos, meristematic cells, immature tassels, microspores, pollen, leaves, anthers, roots, root tips, silk, flowers, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, or stalks, or from callus or protoplasts derived from those tissues. Maize plants regenerated from the tissue cultures and plants having all or essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of variety X13N200 are also provided. A method of producing hybrid maize seed comprising crossing a plant of variety PH2DNP with a plant of variety PH2STM. In a cross, either parent may serve as the male or female. Processes are also provided for producing maize seeds or plants, which processes generally comprise crossing a first parent maize plant as a male or female parent with a second parent maize plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent maize plants is a plant of the variety designated X13N200. In such crossing, either parent may serve as the male or female parent. These processes may be further exemplified as processes for preparing hybrid maize seed or plants, wherein a first hybrid maize plant is crossed with a second maize plant of a different, distinct variety to provide a hybrid that has, as one of its parents, the hybrid maize plant variety X13N200. In these processes, crossing will result in the production of seed. The seed production occurs regardless of whether the seed is collected or not. In some embodiments, the first step in “crossing” comprises planting, often in pollinating proximity, seeds of a first and second parent maize plant, and in many cases, seeds of a first maize plant and a second, distinct maize plant. Where the plants are not in pollinating proximity, pollination can nevertheless be accomplished by other means, such as by transferring a pollen or tassel bag from one plant to the other. A second step comprises cultivating or growing the seeds of said first and second parent maize plants into plants that bear flowers (maize bears both male flowers (tassels) and female flowers (silks) in separate anatomical structures on the same plant). A third step comprises preventing self-pollination of the plants, i.e., preventing the silks of a plant from being fertilized by any plant of the same variety, including the same plant. This can be done, for example, by emasculating the male flowers of the first or second parent maize plant, (i.e., treating or manipulating the flowers so as to prevent pollen production, in order to produce an emasculated parent maize plant). Self-incompatibility systems may also be used in some hybrid crops for the same purpose. Self-incompatible plants still shed viable pollen and can pollinate plants of other varieties but are incapable of pollinating themselves or other plants of the same variety. A fourth step may comprise allowing cross-pollination to occur between the first and second parent maize plants. When the plants are not in pollinating proximity, this can be done by placing a bag, usually paper or glassine, over the tassels of the first plant and another bag over the silks of the incipient ear on the second plant. The bags are left in place for at least 24 hours. Since pollen is viable for less than 24 hours, this assures that the silks are not pollinated from other pollen sources, that any stray pollen on the tassels of the first plant is dead, and that the only pollen transferred comes from the first plant. The pollen bag over the tassel of the first plant is then shaken vigorously to enhance release of pollen from the tassels, and the shoot bag is removed from the silks of the incipient ear on the second plant. Finally, the pollen bag is removed from the tassel of the first plant and is placed over the silks of the incipient ear of the second plant, shaken again and left in place. Yet another step comprises harvesting the seeds from at least one of the parent maize plants. The harvested seed can be grown to produce a maize plant or hybrid maize plant. Maize seed and plants are provided that are produced by a process that comprises crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant, wherein at least one of the first or second parent maize plants is a plant of the variety designated X13N200. Maize seed and plants produced by the process are first generation hybrid maize seed and plants produced by crossing an inbred with another, distinct inbred. Seed of an F1 hybrid maize plant, an F1 hybrid maize plant and seed thereof, specifically the hybrid variety designated X13N200 is provided. Plants described herein can be analyzed by their “genetic complement.” This term is used to refer to the aggregate of nucleotide sequences, the expression of which defines the phenotype of, for example, a maize plant, or a cell or tissue of that plant. A genetic complement thus represents the genetic makeup of a cell, tissue or plant. Provided are maize plant cells that have a genetic complement in accordance with the maize plant cells disclosed herein, and plants, seeds and diploid plants containing such cells. Plant genetic complements may be assessed by genetic marker profiles, and by the expression of phenotypic traits that are characteristic of the expression of the genetic complement, e.g., isozyme typing profiles. It is understood that variety X13N200 could be identified by any of the many well-known techniques used for genetic profiling disclosed herein.

11524163

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present inventions relate to tissue modulation systems, and more particularly, to programmable neuromodulation systems. BACKGROUND Implantable neuromodulation systems have proven therapeutic in a wide variety of diseases and disorders. Pacemakers and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (ICDs) have proven highly effective in the treatment of a number of cardiac conditions (e.g., arrhythmias). Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) systems have long been accepted as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of chronic pain syndromes, and the application of tissue stimulation has begun to expand to additional applications such as angina pectoralis and incontinence. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has also been applied therapeutically for well over a decade for the treatment of refractory chronic pain syndromes, and DBS has also recently been applied in additional areas such as movement disorders and epilepsy. Further, in recent investigations, Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS) systems have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes and incontinence, and a number of additional applications are currently under investigation. Furthermore, Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) systems have been applied to restore some functionality to paralyzed extremities in spinal cord injury patients. Each of these implantable neuromodulation systems typically includes at least one neuromodulation lead implanted at the desired modulation site and an Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) implanted remotely from the modulation site, but coupled either directly to the neuromodulation lead(s), or indirectly to the neuromodulation lead(s) via one or more lead extensions. Thus, electrical pulses can be delivered from the neuromodulator to the electrodes carried by the neuromodulation lead(s) to stimulate or activate a volume of tissue in accordance with a set of modulation parameters and provide the desired efficacious therapy to the patient. The neuromodulation system may further comprise a handheld remote control (RC) to remotely instruct the neuromodulator to generate electrical modulation pulses in accordance with selected modulation parameters. The RC may, itself, be programmed by a technician attending the patient, for example, by using a Clinician's Programmer (CP), which typically includes a general purpose computer, such as a laptop, with a programming software package installed thereon. Electrical modulation energy may be delivered from the neuromodulation device to the electrodes in the form of an electrical pulsed waveform. Thus, electrical modulation energy may be controllably delivered to the electrodes to modulate neural tissue. The configuration of electrodes used to deliver electrical pulses to the targeted tissue constitutes an electrode configuration, with the electrodes capable of being selectively programmed to act as anodes (positive), cathodes (negative), or left off (zero). In other words, an electrode configuration represents the polarity being positive, negative, or zero. Other parameters that may be controlled or varied include the amplitude, width, and rate of the electrical pulses provided through the electrode array. Each electrode configuration, along with the electrical pulse parameters, can be referred to as a “modulation parameter set.” With some neuromodulation systems, and in particular, those with independently controlled current or voltage sources, the distribution of the current to the electrodes (including the case of the neuromodulation device, which may act as an electrode) may be varied such that the current is supplied via numerous different electrode configurations. In different configurations, the electrodes may provide current or voltage in different relative percentages of positive and negative current or voltage to create different electrical current distributions (i.e., fractionalized electrode configurations). As briefly discussed above, an external control device can be used to instruct the neuromodulation device to generate electrical pulses in accordance with the selected modulation parameters. Typically, the modulation parameters programmed into the neuromodulation device can be adjusted by manipulating controls on the external control device to modify the electrical modulation energy delivered by the neuromodulation device system to the patient. Thus, in accordance with the modulation parameters programmed by the external control device, electrical pulses can be delivered from the neuromodulation device to the electrode(s) to modulate a volume of tissue in accordance with the set of modulation parameters and provide the desired efficacious therapy to the patient. The best modulation parameter set will typically be one that delivers electrical energy to the volume of tissue that must be modulate in order to provide the therapeutic benefit (e.g., treatment of pain), while minimizing the volume of non-target tissue that is modulated. However, the number of electrodes available combined with the ability to generate a variety of complex electrical pulses, presents a huge selection of modulation parameter sets to the clinician or patient. For example, if the neuromodulation system to be programmed has an array of sixteen electrodes, millions of modulation parameter sets may be available for programming into the neuromodulation system. Today, neuromodulation system may have up to thirty-two electrodes, thereby exponentially increasing the number of modulation parameters sets available for programming. To facilitate such selection, the clinician generally programs the neuromodulation device through a computerized programming system. This programming system can be a self-contained hardware/software system, or can be defined predominantly by software running on a standard personal computer (PC). The PC or custom hardware may actively control the characteristics of the electrical pulses generated by the neuromodulation device to allow the optimum modulation parameters to be determined based on patient feedback or other means and to subsequently program the neuromodulation device with the optimum modulation parameter set or sets. The computerized programming system may be operated by a clinician attending the patient in several scenarios. For example, in order to achieve an effective result from conventional SCS, the lead or leads must be placed in a location, such that the electrical modulation (and in this case, electrical modulation) will cause paresthesia. The paresthesia induced by the electrical modulation and perceived by the patient should be located in approximately the same place in the patient's body as the pain that is the target of treatment. If a lead is not correctly positioned, it is possible that the patient will receive little or no benefit from an implanted SCS system. Thus, correct lead placement can mean the difference between effective and ineffective pain therapy. When leads are implanted within the patient, the computerized programming system, in the context of an operating room (OR) mapping procedure, may be used to instruct the neuromodulation device to apply electrical modulation to test placement of the leads and/or electrodes, thereby assuring that the leads and/or electrodes are implanted in effective locations within the patient. Once the leads are correctly positioned, a fitting procedure, which may be referred to as a navigation session, may be performed using the computerized programming system to program the external control device, and if applicable the neuromodulation device, with a set of modulation parameters that best addresses the painful site. Thus, the navigation session may be used to pinpoint the volume of activation (VOA) or areas correlating to the pain. Such programming ability is particularly advantageous for targeting the tissue during implantation, or after implantation should the leads gradually or unexpectedly move that would otherwise relocate the modulation energy away from the target site. By reprogramming the neuromodulation device (typically by independently varying the modulation energy on the electrodes), the volume of activation (VOA) can often be moved back to the effective pain site without having to re-operate on the patient in order to reposition the lead and its electrode array. When adjusting the volume of activation (VOA) relative to the tissue, it is desirable to make small changes in the proportions of current, so that changes in the spatial recruitment of nerve fibers will be perceived by the patient as being smooth and continuous and to have incremental targeting capability. Although alternative or artifactual sensations are usually tolerated relative to the sensation of pain, patients sometimes report these sensations to be uncomfortable, and therefore, they can be considered an adverse side-effect to neuromodulation therapy in some cases. Because the perception of paresthesia has been used as an indicator that the applied electrical energy is, in fact, alleviating the pain experienced by the patient, the amplitude of the applied electrical energy is generally adjusted to a level that causes the perception of paresthesia. It has been shown, however, that the delivery of sub-threshold electrical energy (e.g., high-rate pulsed electrical energy and/or low pulse width electrical energy) can be effective in providing neuromodulation therapy for chronic pain without causing paresthesia. However, because there is a lack of paresthesia that may otherwise indicate that the activated electrodes are properly located relative to the targeted tissue site, it is difficult to immediately determine if the delivered sub-threshold neuromodulation therapy is optimized in terms of both providing efficacious therapy and minimizing energy consumption. Furthermore, if the implanted neuromodulation lead(s) migrate relative to the target tissue site to be modulated, it is possible that the sub-threshold neuromodulation may fall outside of the effective therapeutic range (either below the therapeutic range if the coupling efficiency between the neuromodulation lead(s) and target tissue site decreases, resulting in a lack of efficacious therapy, or above the therapeutic range if the coupling efficiency between the neuromodulation lead(s) and the target tissue site increases, resulting in the perception of paresthesia or inefficient energy consumption). Similarly, a change in the patient's physical activity and/or posture may also cause the neuromodulation lead(s) to migrate relative to the target tissue, and/or alternatively impede optimal treatment contact to the target tissue, consequently rendering the sub-threshold neuromodulation therapy inefficacious. There, thus, remains a need to provide a neuromodulation system that is capable of compensating for the migration of neuromodulation lead(s) and/or a change in physical activity and/or posture during sub-threshold neuromodulation therapy. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with a first aspect of the present inventions, a method of providing therapy to a patient is provided. The method comprises delivering electrical modulation energy to a target tissue site of the patient at a programmed intensity value (e.g., an amplitude value or a pulse width value), thereby providing therapy to the patient without the perception of paresthesia, delivering, in response to an event, electrical modulation energy at a series of incrementally increasing intensity values relative to the programmed intensity value, sensing at least one evoked compound action potential (eCAP) in a population of neurons at the target tissue site of the patient in response to the delivery of the electrical modulation energy at the series of incrementally increasing intensity values of the electrical modulation energy, selecting one of the series of incrementally increased intensity values based on the at least one sensed eCAP, automatically computing a decreased intensity value as a function of the selected intensity value and delivering electrical modulation energy to the target tissue site of the patient at the computed intensity value. In one method, the selected intensity value may correspond to the intensity value of the delivered electrical modulation energy in response to which a first one of the at least eCAP is sensed. The method may also include comparing a characteristic of each of the at least one sensed eCAP to a corresponding characteristic of a reference eCAP that is indicative of a perception threshold and selecting one of the series of incrementally increased intensity values based on the comparison. The characteristic of the each sensed eCAP may be at least one a peak delay, width, amplitude and waveform morphology. When the sensed eCAP comprises two or more eCAPs respectively sensed in response to the delivery of the electrical modulation energy at two or more of the intensity values, the method may also include obtaining the characteristic from a stored reference eCAP, determining one of the two or more sensed eCAPs having the characteristic that best matches the characteristic of the reference eCAP. The characteristic of the reference eCAP may be a stored threshold value. When the at least one sensed eCAP comprises one or more eCAPs respectively sensed in response to the delivery of the electrical modulation energy at each of two or more of the intensity values, the method may also comprise determining a function of the one or more sensed eCAPs having the characteristic that equals or exceeds the threshold value. The method may also include storing a list of reference eCAPs characteristics, each of which is indicative of a perception threshold when the patient is engaged in a particular physical activity and/or posture, identifying a physical activity and/or posture in which the patient is currently engaged, and selecting, from the list of reference eCAP characteristics, the reference eCAP characteristic corresponding to the identified physical activity and/or posture, and comparing the characteristic of each of the at least one sensed eCAP to the selected reference eCAP. The event may be an identified physical activity and/or posture, a user-initiated signal, a signal indicating migration of an electrode from which the electrical modulation energy is delivered, and a predetermined periodically recurring signal. The user-initiated signal may be generated by an external control device in some methods. The computed function may be percentage of the selected intensity value. The percentage may be in the range of 10%-90%, 40%-60%, or 30%-70%. In another method, the computed function may be a difference between the selected intensity value and a constant. In accordance with a second aspect of the present inventions, a neuromodulation system for use with a patient is provided. The neuromodulation system comprises a plurality of electrical terminals configured to be respectively coupled to a plurality of electrodes implanted within a target tissue site, modulation output circuitry coupled to the plurality of electrical terminals to deliver electrical modulation energy to the target tissue site of the patient at a programmed intensity value, thereby providing therapy to the patient without the perception of paresthesia, monitoring circuitry coupled to the plurality of electrical terminals, control/processing circuitry configured to direct, in response to an event, the modulation output circuitry to deliver electrical modulation energy at a series of incrementally increasing intensity values relative to the programmed intensity value, prompt the modulation output circuitry to evoke at least one compound action potential (CAP) in a population of neurons in the target tissue site of the patient in response to the delivery of the electrical modulation energy at the series of incrementally increased intensity values, prompt the monitoring circuitry to sense the at least one evoked CAP (eCAP), select one of the series of incrementally increased intensity values based on the at least one sensed eCAP, automatically compute a decreased value as a function of the selected intensity value, and direct the modulation output circuitry to deliver electrical modulation energy to the target tissue site of the patient at the computed intensity value. In one embodiment, the selected intensity value corresponds to the intensity value of the delivered electrical modulation energy in response to which a first one of the at least one eCAP is sensed. In another embodiment, the neuromodulation system further comprises a memory configured to store at least one characteristic of a reference eCAP indicative of a perception threshold. The controller/processing circuitry may be further configured to compare a characteristic of each of the at least one sensed eCAP to a corresponding characteristic of a reference eCAP, and select one of the series of incrementally increased intensity values based on the comparison. The characteristic of the each sensed eCAP may be at least one a peak delay, width, amplitude and waveform morphology. When the sensed eCAP comprises two or more eCAPs respectively sensed in response to the delivery of the electrical modulation energy at two or more of the intensity values, the control/processing circuitry may be further configured to obtain the characteristic from a stored reference eCAP, determine one of the two or more sensed eCAPs having the characteristic that best matches the characteristic of the reference eCAP, and select the intensity value of the delivered electrical modulation energy in response to which the determined eCAP is sensed. When the at least one sensed eCAP comprises one or more eCAPs respectively sensed in response to the delivery of the electrical modulation energy at each of two or more of the intensity values, the control/processing circuitry may be further configured to determine a function of the one or more sensed eCAPs having the characteristic that equals or exceeds the threshold value and select the intensity value of the delivered electrical modulation energy in response to which the determined one or more eCAPs is sensed. In another embodiment, the memory may be further configured to store a list of reference eCAP characteristics, each of which is indicative of a perception threshold when the patient is engaged in a particular physical activity and/or posture. The control/processing circuitry may be further configured to identify a physical activity and/or posture in which the patient is currently engaged, and select, from the list of reference eCAP characteristics, the reference eCAP characteristic corresponding to the identified physical activity and/or posture, and compare the characteristic of each of the at least one sensed eCAP to the selected reference eCAP. Other and further aspects and features of the invention will be evident from reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, which are intended to illustrate, not limit, the invention.

11346622

BACKGROUND The disclosed embodiments relate to firearm chassis and more specifically to accessory attachment points on a firearm chassis. Despite years of extensive development of firearms, existing firearms still suffer from various problems or drawbacks that can benefit from further innovation. One problem with existing firearms relates to their assembly. In the case of firearms, a barrel action is connected to a stock or chassis with what are referred to as “action screws.” Traditional stocks slope in the direction of the butt end to the fore end of the rifle, causing the stock to have a reduced dimension at the location of the barreled action towards the fore end of the rifle than it does in the direction of the butt end of the rifle. This requires that action screws of different lengths be used to connect the barrel action to the stock at different locations. In addition, various other fasteners may be used to assemble the firearm, such as to attach a grip to the chassis, which fasteners are different from the actions screws. This requires a firearm manufacturer to stock large numbers of different sized fasteners and ensure that the proper fasteners are used in proper locations, to assemble the firearm. Likewise, if an individual who is assembling or repairing a firearm will have difficulty doing so without having all of the different sized fasteners on hand. Additionally, individuals frequently wish to modify their firearm to include one or more accessories or components. In the field of component attachment systems for firearms, rails are typically employed. Rails are mounts which are connected to a surface or portion of a firearm to facilitate the attachment of another item, such as an accessory or other component. Rails were originally used to attach telescopic sights to rifles. However, their use has been expanded to include attachment of laser aiming modules, tactical lights, night vision devices, reflex sights, foregrips, bipods, bayonets and the like. The rails facilitate the mounting and dismounting of these components. One problem with existing rail systems is that they are usually associated with the handguard or upper receiver of a firearm and extend generally horizontally. This limits the components that can be attached to the rail system and/or the orientation of the components which can be mounted thereto. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the invention relate to a firearm chassis. One embodiment of the invention comprises a chassis for a firearm comprising a chassis body having a top, a bottom, a front end and a rear end, the body configured to receive a firearm receiver or barreled action, a first vertical mounting rail located at and extending outwardly from the front end of the body, and a second vertical mounting rail located at and extending outwardly from the rear end of the body, the first and second mounting rails configured to removably accept one or more firearm features. The chassis may further comprise at least one horizontal mounting rail located at the top or bottom of the body. The mounting rails may have various configurations, such as comprising a Picatinny rail, a Weaver and/or an ARCA Swiss style rail. The mounting rails may facilitate the mounting of various firearm accessories to the chassis, including but not limited to a grip and a stock. In one embodiment, the chassis body and associated mounting rails are integrated, such as by being formed in a molding process or machining from metal stock. Another embodiment of the invention comprises a chassis for a firearm comprising a chassis body having a top, a bottom, a front end and a rear end, the body having a receiver mount configured to receive a firearm receiver or barreled action, a front action screw aperture configured to receive a front action screw and a rear action screw aperture configured to receive a rear action screw, a distance from a front action screw seat of the front action screw aperture to the firearm receiver/barreled action and a distance from a rear action screw seat of the rear action screw aperture to the top of the chassis being the same, whereby identical front and rear action screws may be utilized to couple the firearm receiver/barreled action to the chassis. In one embodiment, the chassis body may have a first height between the top and bottom at a location of the first action screw aperture and a second height between the top and bottom at a location of the second action screw aperture, the first and second heights being the same, whereby identical front and rear action screws may be utilized.

11322939

BACKGROUND Poor power quality, such as low system power factor (pf) and high levels of harmonic currents, can adversely impact facility electrical power distribution systems and equipment and increase utility service costs. SUMMARY One example provides a power quality improvement system for an electrical power distribution system. The power quality improvement system includes a monitor module to provide real time measurements of a power factor of the electrical power distribution system, a number of capacitor steps selectively connectable to the electrical power distribution system, and a number of harmonic filters connected to the electrical power distribution system, wherein a number and size of each capacitor step and a type of the harmonic filters are based on a load profile of the electrical power distribution system. The power quality improvement system further includes a controller to monitor a status of the harmonic filters, and to automatically connect or disconnect a number of selected capacitor steps from the electrical power distribution to maintain the power factor at a set-point power factors, wherein a switching time delay before connecting or disconnecting each selected capacitor step is based on a load stability factor of the electrical power distribution system, and wherein the load stability factor is based on the load profile. In some examples, the power quality improvement system includes a power quality node to provide real-time monitoring of system power quality.

11491069

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Field of the Disclosure The disclosure relates generally to vibration therapy. Background Muscle, nerve, and bone atrophy poses a significant risk for patients receiving critical care, such as mechanical ventilation, even for hospitalizations as short as one week. With over 4 million patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) yearly in the United States, and an average stay longer than 9 days in the ICU, the risk of muscle atrophy affects a significant number of people. In particular, treatment for sepsis may cause long stays in the ICU and often requires mechanical ventilation, resulting in nearly half of the over 1 million patients treated for sepsis developing muscle atrophy, and only half of sepsis survivors returning to work within one year of treatment. Muscle weakness following treatment from sepsis is believed to develop from a combination of reduced activity due to inactivity and the inflammation accompanying sepsis. Additionally, patients immobilized for long periods of time because of strokes, burns, and spinal cord injuries are also at risk of at risk. Muscle atrophy from a variety of causes may be treated with aggressive physical therapy and early mobilization of patients. Such techniques are effective in reducing the length of time that patients receive mechanical ventilation and the length of hospitalization, though they require skilled physical therapists and may be difficult to apply to unconscious patients or patients otherwise unable to control their muscles. Further, applying these techniques at scale may be impractical due to the need for trained physical therapists and the risk that physical therapy poses to patients who are immobilized or mechanically ventilated. Vibration therapy is another method of treating muscle atrophy and has been successful in improving muscle mass and function in patients with low levels of physical activity. Vibration therapy has been provided through soothing local massage effects in patients, often by vibrating an entire ICU bed, for instance, to loosen pulmonary secretions. Vibration therapy may be performed on patients who are acutely or chronically ill, immobilized, or unconscious with reduced manpower as compared to traditional physical therapy. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE In accordance with one aspect of the disclosure, a method includes disposing a plurality of actuators about a subject, each actuator of the plurality of actuators being configured to generate a respective vibration signal, each vibration signal applying a normal force to the subject, and controlling the plurality of actuators such that the respective vibration signal of each actuator of the plurality of actuators has a respective vibration characteristic. Disposing the plurality of actuators includes orienting each actuator of the plurality of actuators such that the respective vibration signal propagates along a longitudinal axis of the subject for stimulation of the subject remote from the plurality of actuators. In another aspect, a system includes a plurality of actuators, each actuator of the plurality of actuators configured generate a respective vibration signal, each vibration signal applying a normal force to a subject, a harness arrangement configured to dispose the plurality of actuators about a longitudinal end of the subject and to orient each actuator of the plurality of actuators such that the respective vibration signal propagates along a longitudinal axis of the subject for stimulation of the subject remote from the plurality of actuators, and a controller in electrical communication with the plurality of actuators and configured to control a respective vibration characteristic of the respective vibration signal of each actuator of the plurality of actuators. In yet another aspect, a method includes applying a compressive force to a subject along a longitudinal axis of the subject, disposing a plurality of actuators about a longitudinal end of the subject, each actuator of the plurality of actuators being configured to generate a respective vibration signal, each vibration signal applying a normal force to the subject, and controlling the plurality of actuators such that the respective vibration signal of each actuator of the plurality of actuators has a respective vibration characteristic, a respective vibration characteristic of a first actuator differing from a respective vibration characteristic of a second actuator. Disposing the plurality of actuators includes orienting each actuator of the plurality of actuators such that the respective vibration signal propagates along a longitudinal axis of the subject for stimulation of the subject remote from the plurality of actuators. In connection with any of the aforementioned aspects (including, for instance, those set forth above in the Summary of Disclosure), the systems or methods may alternatively or additionally include any combination of one or more of the following aspects or features. The method further includes applying a compressive force to the subject along the longitudinal axis of the subject. The method further includes receiving, via a sensor disposed about the subject, a measure of a mechanical or physiological response and controlling the respective vibration characteristic of an actuator of the plurality of actuators based on the received measure. The measure of mechanical or physiological response includes but is not limited to tissue oxygen saturation, tissue blood flow, nitric oxide production, oxygen consumption, muscle or nerve electrical potential, bone growth, heart rate variability, tissue carbon dioxide levels, tissue temperature, or acceleration. The vibration characteristic of the vibration signal of a first actuator of the plurality of actuators differs from the vibration characteristic of the vibration signal of a second actuator of the plurality of actuators. The vibration characteristic is a vibration frequency or a vibration amplitude. The method further includes disposing the plurality of actuators further includes securing a harness arrangement to the subject, the harness arrangement configured to support the actuators oriented about the shoulders and plantar surfaces of the feet of the subject. The method further includes connecting actuators oriented about the shoulders of the subject and actuators oriented about the plantar surfaces of the feet of the subject via a compression link extending around an arm of the subject and along the length of the subject. The harness arrangement is further configured to dispose the actuators about the shoulders and plantar surfaces of the feet of the subject. The harness arrangement comprises and adjustable link configured to apply the compressive force. The system includes a compression link extending around an arm of the subject and along the length of the subject configured to connect the actuators disposed about the shoulders and the actuators disposed about the plantar surfaces of the feet of the subject. The system includes a sensor configured to measure a mechanical or physiological response, in which the controller is further configured to control the vibration characteristic of the vibration signal of an actuator of the plurality of actuators based on the received measure. The compressive force is applied via a preloaded harness arrangement in which disposing the plurality of actuators further includes disposing a first actuator of the plurality of actuators about the shoulders of a subject and disposing a second actuator of the plurality of actuators about the plantar surfaces of the feet of the subject, and in which controlling the plurality of actuators further includes exciting a first vibration signal with a first vibration characteristic frequency and amplitude via the first actuator of the plurality of actuators and a second vibration signal with a second vibration characteristic frequency and amplitude via the second actuator of the plurality of actuators. The method including receiving, via a sensor disposed about the subject, a measure of a mechanical or physiological response, and controlling the respective vibration characteristic of an actuator of the plurality of actuators based on the received measure.

11300160

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to German Patent Application no. 102019218143.0, filed Nov. 25, 2019, the contents of which is fully incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the field of bearings. The invention notably relates to the field of large-diameter rolling bearings that can accommodate axial and radial loads, and having an inner ring and an outer ring arranged concentrically about an axis of rotation running in an axial direction. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Such large-diameter rolling bearings may be used for example in a tunnel boring machine, in a mining extraction machine or in a wind turbine. A large-diameter rolling bearing comprises two concentric inner and outer rings, and at least two rows of rolling elements, such as rollers, arranged between the rings. Such rolling bearings are generally loaded both axially and radially, often with relatively large loads. In this case, reference is made to an orientation roller bearing or slewing roller bearing. As a result of heavy loads, parts of the rolling bearing, more particularly raceways of the rolling elements, wear out. The wear of the rings and rolling elements leads to a significant increase of the initial bearing clearance. The wear exceeding a certain value can lead to a dramatic bearing failure. Measuring the wear of the bearing through the clearance increase causing relative axial and radial displacement of the rings helps to predict bearing's residual life. Such unwanted movements affect to proper functioning of the bearing and the application, with the risk that the bearing rings come in contact and collide. Other elements attached to the bearing rings may also collide. It is common to replace the bearings when they are worn out. Such maintenance interventions are expensive, especially because of the downtime need for the machines or facilities. It is therefore desirable that such maintenance interventions are timely performed before any contact between the bearing rings, but not too early too. In order to monitor the bearing condition during its service life, the rolling bearing disclosed in patent application FR-A1-3 041 396 comprises an annular magnetic target fixed to the inner ring, and a sensor mounted on the outer ring and facing the magnetic target. Accordingly, axial and angular relative movements between the inner and outer rings can be detected. However, this requires the installation of the annular magnetic target on the inner ring that can be several meters diameters. Reference can also be made to the rolling bearing disclosed in U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/041,545B2 and comprising an encoder provided with a magnetic strip portion attached in a flat manner against the outer ring and cooperating with a sensor fixed to the inner ring. However, with such arrangement, it is not possible to measure the axial relative movements between the inner and outer rings regardless the rotational position of the rings, but only when the outer ring is on a rotational position with the magnetic strip portion in front of the sensor of the inner ring. One aim of the present invention is to overcome these drawbacks. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a bearing comprising a first ring and a second ring capable of rotating concentrically relative to one another. According to a general feature, at least one annular groove is formed on the second ring and oriented towards the first ring. According to another general feature, the bearing further comprises at least one target element engaged inside the groove of the second ring while being freely gliding inside the groove in the circumferential direction with respect to the second ring. The target element protrudes into a hole formed on the first ring so that the target element is blocked in rotation by the first ring when the second ring rotates and the first ring is fixed. The bearing also comprises at least one sensor mounted on the first ring and facing the target element to detect axial positions of the target element. The target element is fixed in the axial direction with respect to the second ring. Axial gaps are provided between the target element and the wall of the hole of the first ring. Thanks to the invention, an axial relative displacement between the rings can be accurately detected regardless the rotational position of the rings. As a matter of fact, axial position of the gliding target, which axially moves together with the second ring, is detected by the sensor. Besides, there is no need to mount an annular magnetic target on one of the rings. The groove into which is engaged the target element may be easily machined on the associated ring. Advantageously, the target element is provided with a target having a track coded in the axial direction and facing the sensor. The target element may be further provided with a target holder engaged inside the groove of the second ring and supporting the target. In one embodiment, the longitudinal axis of the sensor is perpendicular to the axis of the bearing. Advantageously, the sensor is disposed inside the hole of the first ring. The hole may extend radially from an axial cylindrical surface of the first ring radially facing the second ring, and opens on an opposite axial cylindrical surface located radially on the side opposite to the second ring. Accordingly, the sensor is inserted into the through-hole and arranged in its final position in an easy way. The first ring may further comprise a plug sealing the hole. Preferably, the sensor is maintained at a fixed distance from the target element. In one embodiment, the sensor comes into radial contact with the target element. The bearing may further comprise pre-stressing element disposed between the first ring and the sensor to maintain contact between the sensor and the target element. The pre-stressing element exerts a permanent force on the sensor to ensure the radial contact with the target element, notably in case of relative radial displacement between the rings. The pre-stressing element may comprise a spring. In another embodiment, the sensor remains radially spaced apart from the target element. In this case, the sensor radially faces the target element without contact. In a particular embodiment, the bearing may further comprise a guideway secured inside the hole of the first ring, a sliding carriage mounted on the guideway, radially moveable relative to the first guideway and onto which is secured the sensor, an additional sensor disposed on one of the sliding carriage and guideway and adapted to detect axial positions of the sliding carriage relative to the guideway, and a pre-stressing element to maintain the radial contact between the target element and the groove. In this particular embodiment, the sensor comes into radial contact with the target element. The pre-stressing element may be radially disposed between the guideway and the sliding carriage. Accordingly, a radial relative displacement between the rings can also be detected with the radial position of the sliding carriage supporting the sensor relative to the guideway. In one embodiment, the bearing further comprises at least one row of rolling elements arranged between raceways provided on the first and second rings. The bearing further may comprise first and second seals disposed between the first and second rings and delimiting together a closed rolling space inside which the row of rolling elements, the sensor and the target element are housed. In one embodiment, the bearing may further comprise at least one additional seal located inside the closed rolling space and delimiting together with one of the first and second seals a closed detection space inside which opens the groove. In one embodiment, the bearing comprises at least one row of axial rolling elements arranged between radial raceways provided on the rings, and at least one row of radial rolling elements arranged between axial raceways provided on the rings, the second ring comprising a protruding nose engaged into an annular groove of the first ring and which protrudes radially from an axial cylindrical surface of the second ring, the groove being formed onto the axial cylindrical surface. The terms “axial rolling elements” is understood to mean rolling elements adapted to accommodate axial loads whereas the terms “radial rolling elements” is understood to mean rolling elements adapted to accommodate radial loads. The nose of the second ring may be further provided with two opposite radial flanks delimiting axially the axial cylindrical surface, one of the radial flanks delimiting at least partly the radial raceway of the second ring. In one embodiment, the bearing comprises at least two rows of axial rolling elements each arranged between radial raceways provided on the rings, the two rows of axial rolling elements being disposed axially on each side of the nose of the second ring. In one embodiment, the sensor may be a magnetic sensor, an inductive sensor or an optical sensor.

11366731

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The subject disclosure relates to a method and system for addressing customer care issues relating to mobile device communications, and more particularly to automating a user interface (UI) of a mobile device to resolve such issues. BACKGROUND Customer care processes, particularly troubleshooting and resolution of customers' issues with using their network communication devices, often involve interactions between customers and customer care agents including voice conversations and manual effort, which can be time-consuming and error-prone.

11248544

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION The present application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0161650, filed on Dec. 6, 2019, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein for all purposes by this reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present disclosure relates to a gas heat-pump system and, more particularly, a gas heat-pump system capable of supplying recirculation exhaust gas using a motor-driven turbocharger and thus actively controlling an amount of flowing recirculation exhaust gas and pressure thereof. Description of the Related Art A heat-pump system is a system that is capable of performing a cooling or heating operation through a refrigeration cycle, and operates in cooperation with a hot water supply apparatus or a cooling and heating apparatus. That is, hot water is produced or air conditioning for cooling and heating is performed using a heat source that is obtained as a result of heat exchange occurring between cooling refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle and a predetermined heat storage medium. Generally, a configuration for the refrigeration cycle requires that a compressor compressing refrigerant, a condenser condensing the refrigerant compressed by the compressor, an expansion device decompressing the refrigerant condensed by the condenser, and an evaporator evaporating the decompressed refrigerant are included. The heat-pump systems are categorized into electric heat-pump systems and gas heat-pump systems according to a type of drive source for driving the compressor. The electric heat-pump systems, which have a low load capacity, are suitable for family use. The gas heat-pump systems, which have a high load capacity, are suitable for industrial use or for large buildings. Therefore, instead of an electric motor, the gas heat-pump system uses a gas engine in order to drive a high capacity compressor suitable for this high load capacity. The gas heat-pump system is configured to include an engine that burns a mixture of gaseous and air and (hereinafter referred to as a “fuel-to-air mixture”) and thus generates a motive force, a fuel supply device, a mixer for mixing air and gaseous fuel, and a device for supplying the fuel-to-air mixture to the engine. Since the gas heat pump system uses a motive force of the engine, which is generated by combusting the fuel-to-air mixture, harmful substances contaminating the atmosphere are contained in exhaust gas generated in a process of combusting the fuel-to-air mixture. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology in which a portion of the exhaust gas is resupplied to an intake line of the engine is generally employed as a means of reducing an amount of generated harmful substance contained in the exhaust gas. Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2018-0015900 (Patent Document 1) discloses a turbocharger that rotates an impeller using a turbine, as a drive source, which is rotated with the exhaust gas, and an exhaust gas recirculation device that recirculates a portion of the exhaust discharged through the turbine to the intake line. With a configuration disclosed in Patent Document 1, an amount of flowing recirculation exhaust gas is simply adjusted only with an exhaust gas recirculation valve. Therefore, in a case where pressure of the exhaust gas that is discharged and recirculated is lower than pressure of the intake line, recirculation is impossible. In addition, with the configuration disclosed in Patent Document 1, an amount of the recirculation exhaust gas to be supplied cannot be controlled according to a concentration of harmful substances contained in the discharged exhaust gas or an amount of discharged substance. For this reason, the engine cannot be efficiently operated. The foregoing is intended merely to aid in the understanding of the background of the present disclosure, and is not intended to mean that the present disclosure falls within the purview of the related art that is already known to those skilled in the art. DOCUMENT OF RELATED ART (Patent Document 1) Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2018-0015900 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An objective of the present disclosure is to provide a gas heat-pump system capable of supplying recirculation exhaust gas using a motor-driven turbocharger and thus actively controlling an amount of flowing recirculation exhaust gas and pressure thereof. Another objective of the present disclosure is to provide a gas heat-pump system capable of in real time monitoring a concentration of harmful substances contained in discharged exhaust gas and adjusting an amount of recirculation exhaust gas on the basis of a result of the monitoring. In the gas heat-pump system, an amount of generated harmful substance can be remarkably reduced and the operational efficiency of an engine can be improved. According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a gas heat-pump system including: a compressor of an air conditioning module; a gas engine generating a drive force of the compressor; an exhaust gas turbocharger supplying at least a portion of exhaust gas discharged from the gas engine, as recirculation exhaust gas, to the gas engine; and a controller controlling operation of the exhaust gas turbocharger, wherein the exhaust gas turbocharger comprises: a turbocharger impeller applying pressure to the recirculation exhaust gas and supplying the resulting recirculation exhaust gas to the gas engine; and a turbocharger motor rotating the turbocharger impeller, and the controller performs control in such a manner that an rpm of the turbocharger motor is adjusted according to a concentration of harmful substances contained in the exhaust gas. The gas heat-pump system may further including: an exhaust pipe through which the exhaust gas is discharged to the outside of the gas heat-pump system; an exhaust gas sensor attached to the exhaust pipe, the exhaust gas sensor being configured to sense the concentration of the harmful substances contained in the exhaust gas; and an exhaust bypass pipe branching off from the exhaust pipe upstream from a position where the exhaust gas sensor is attached, the exhaust bypass pipe being configured to guide the recirculation exhaust gas to the exhaust gas turbocharger, wherein the controller may receive a signal associated with the concentration of the harmful substances from the exhaust gas and may measure the concentration of the harmful substances. In the gas heat-pump system, the harmful substances may include at least one of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbon. In the gas heat-pump system, the controller may compare the measured concentration with a first reference concentration and may determine whether or not the measured concentration exceeds the first reference concentration, and when the measured concentration is equal to or higher than the first reference concentration, the controller may increase the rpm of the turbocharger motor and thus may increase a turbocharge amount of the recirculation exhaust gas. The gas heat-pump system may further include: an intake manifold supplying a fuel-to-air mixture to the gas engine; an intake manifold pressure sensor sensing pressure of the fuel-to-air mixture within the intake manifold; and a recirculation exhaust gas pressure sensor sensing turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas discharged from the exhaust gas turbocharger, wherein the controller may receive a signal associated with the pressure of the fuel-to-air mixture from the intake manifold pressure sensor and may measure the pressure of the fuel-to-air mixture, and the controller may receive a signal associated with pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas from the recirculation exhaust gas pressure sensor and may measure the turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas supplied to the intake manifold. In the gas heat-pump system, the controller may compute a pressure difference between the measured pressure of the fuel-to-air mixture and the measured turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas, and may compute a target turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas. In the gas heat-pump system, the controller may compute a current rpm of the turbocharger motor and may increase the rpm of the turbocharger motor to a target rpm that is obtained by adding a predetermined increase to the computed current rpm. In the gas heat-pump system, the predetermined increase may be 1,000 rpm. In the gas heat-pump system, the controller may remeasure the turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas through the recirculation exhaust gas and may determine whether or not the remeasured turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas reaches the target turbocharger pressure, and when it is determined that the remeasured turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas is equal to or higher than the target turbocharger pressure, the controller may maintain the target rpm to which the rpm of the turbocharger motor is increased. In the gas heat-pump system, when it is determined that the remeasured turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas is lower than the target turbocharger pressure, the controller may increase the rpm of the turbocharger motor to an rpm that is obtained by adding the predetermined increase to the target rpm. In the gas heat-pump system, the controller may compare the measured concentration of the harmful substances with a first reference concentration and may determine whether or not the measured concentration thereof exceeds the first reference concentration, and when it is determined that the measured concentration thereof is lower than the first reference concentration, the controller may compare the measured concentration thereof with a second reference concentration that is lower than the first reference concentration. In the gas heat-pump system, when it is determined that the measured concentration thereof is equal to or higher than the second reference concentration, the controller may maintain the rpm of the turbocharger motor and thus may cause the turbocharge amount of the recirculation exhaust gas to be maintained. In the gas heat-pump system, when it is determined that the measured concentration thereof is lower than the second reference concentration, the controller may decrease an rpm of the turbocharger motor and thus may decrease the turbocharge amount of the recirculation exhaust gas. The gas heat-pump system may further include: an intake manifold supplying a fuel-to-air mixture to the gas engine; an intake manifold pressure sensor sensing pressure of the fuel-to-air mixture within the intake manifold; and a recirculation exhaust gas pressure sensor sensing turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas discharged from the exhaust gas turbocharger, wherein the controller may receive a signal associated with the pressure of the fuel-to-air mixture from the intake manifold pressure sensor and may measure the pressure of the fuel-to-air mixture, and the controller may receive a signal associated with pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas from the recirculation exhaust gas pressure sensor and may measure the turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas. In the gas heat-pump system, the controller may compute a pressure difference between the measured pressure of the fuel-to-air mixture and the measured turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas, and may compute a target turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas. In the gas heat-pump system, the controller may compute a current rpm of the turbocharger motor and may decrease the rpm of the turbocharger motor to a target rpm that is obtained by abstracting a predetermined decrease from the computed current rpm. In the gas heat-pump system, the predetermined decrease may be 1,000 rpm. In the gas heat-pump system, the controller may remeasure the turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas through the recirculation exhaust gas and may determine whether or not the remeasured turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas reaches the target turbocharger pressure, and when it is determined that the remeasured turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas is lower than the target turbocharger pressure, the controller may maintain the target rpm to which the rpm of the turbocharger motor is decreased. In the gas heat-pump system, when it is determined that the remeasured turbocharger pressure of the recirculation exhaust gas is equal to or higher than the target turbocharger pressure, the controller may decrease the rpm of the turbocharger motor to an rpm that is obtained by additionally abstracting the predetermined decrease from the target rpm. In the gas heat-pump system according to the present disclosure, the recirculation exhaust gas is supplied using the motor-driven turbocharger. Thus, the advantage of actively controlling the amount of the flowing recirculation exhaust gas and the pressure thereof can be achieved. Furthermore, in the gas heat-pump system according to the present disclosure, the concentration of the harmful substances contained in the discharged exhaust gas is monitored in real time, and the amount of the recirculation exhaust gas is adjusted on the basis of a result of the monitoring. Thus, the advantage of remarkably reducing the amount of the generated harmful substance and improving the operational efficiency of the gas engine can be archived.

11341951

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure generally relates to selective acoustic transmission devices, and more particularly, to undirectional sound transmission devices. BACKGROUND The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it may be described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present technology. Conventional devices for one-way sound transmission are based on metamaterials, i.e. periodic structures composed of subwavelength acoustic scatterers. While this design provides useful properties different from a bulk material, such metamaterials have complex design and thus can be time-consuming and expensive to manufacture. Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide an improved design for one-way sound transmission devices, having greater simplicity and thus greater ease and economy of manufacture. SUMMARY This section provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features. In various aspects, the present teachings provide a one-way sound transmission device. The device includes a substantially planar substrate formed of an acoustically reflective material. The substrate includes a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, and an aperture. The device includes an elastic membrane traversing the aperture and having a resonance frequency, f0. The device further includes a first pair of resonators positioned on the first surface and having the resonance frequency, f0. Each resonator of the first pair of resonators is spaced apart from the aperture by a center-to-center distance, of about 0.6λ0, where λ0is the wavelength corresponding to f0. The device further includes a second pair of resonators positioned on the second surface and having the resonance frequency, f0. Each resonator of the second pair of resonators is spaced apart from the aperture by a center-to-center distance, of about 1.2λ0. In other aspects, the present teachings provide a one-way sound transmission device. The device includes a substantially planar substrate formed of an acoustically reflective material. The device substrate includes a first surface; a second surface opposite the first surface; and an aperture. The device includes a dipole acoustic resonator positioned in the aperture and having a resonance frequency, f0. The device further includes a first pair of monopole resonators positioned on the first surface and having the resonance frequency, f0. Each resonator of the first pair of resonators is spaced apart from the aperture by a center-to-center distance, 0.6λ0, where λ0is the wavelength corresponding to f0, and configured to resonantly reflect acoustic waves impinging on the first surface. The device further includes a second pair of monopole resonators positioned on the second surface and having the resonance frequency, f0. Each resonator of the second pair of resonators is spaced apart from the aperture by a center-to-center distance, 1.2λ0, and configured to resonantly reflect acoustic waves impinging on the second surface. In still other aspects, the present teachings provide a one-way sound transmission panel, formed of a two-dimensional array of periodic unit cells. Each unit cell has a substantially planar glass substrate. The substrate has a first surface, a second surface opposite the first surface, and an aperture. The unit cell includes an elastic membrane traversing the aperture and having a resonance frequency, f0. The unit cell further includes a first pair of resonators positioned on the first surface and having the resonance frequency, f0. Each resonator of the first pair of resonators is spaced apart from the aperture by a center-to-center distance, of about 0.6λ0, where λ0is the wavelength corresponding to f0. The unit cell further includes a second pair of resonators positioned on the second surface and having the resonance frequency, f0. Each resonator of the second pair of resonators is spaced apart from the aperture by a center-to-center distance, of about 1.2λ0. Further areas of applicability and various methods of enhancing the above coupling technology will become apparent from the description provided herein. The description and specific examples in this summary are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

11482879

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure generally relates to charging devices. More particularly, the present disclosure includes solar-powered induction charging devices. BACKGROUND The ubiquity of consumer electronics has increased the need for adequate charging (recharging) solutions. Consistent use of electronic devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and smart watches has led to the need for recharging power on a daily basis. Chargers often include a cable that must be plugged into a power source for recharging of an electronic device, which prevents the charger from being used in locations of limited or no power access, when an outlet is not available. Other types of chargers such as power banks can themselves be charged beforehand via an outlet and transported to another location for use, but only until the battery is depleted. At that point, the power bank again must be plugged in and recharged before it can be used. These types of charging systems are inadequate in more remote locations and situations where an outlet is not nearby. SUMMARY The present disclosure includes induction chargers that may be used to charge a variety of electronic devices. The induction chargers may include one or more solar panels, and optionally one or more batteries in communication with the solar panel(s). For example, the present disclosure includes a charging device comprising a housing containing at least one induction coil and a circuit board operably coupled to the induction coil; and at least one solar panel operably coupled to the induction coil and the circuit board; wherein the induction coil is proximate a first surface of the housing to thereby define an induction area of the first surface; wherein the solar panel is coupled to or integrated into a second surface of the housing such that the solar panel faces outward from the housing; and wherein the first surface and the second surface face in opposite directions. According to some aspects of the present disclosure, the charging device further comprises a rechargeable battery operably coupled to the induction coil, the circuit board, and the solar panel. In at least one example, the charging device does not include a battery. The charging device may include at least two induction coils adjacent to each other, such that the first surface includes at least two induction areas. The housing may have a frustoconical shape, for example, or a rectangular shape, among other possible shapes. Optionally, the housing may comprise a polymer such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, or a combination thereof. The charging device may further comprise an electronic connector, such as a USB connector. The at least one solar panel may include an array of photovoltaic panels. The present disclosure also includes a charging device comprising a housing containing at least two induction coils adjacent to each other and a circuit board operably coupled to the induction coils; and at least one solar panel operably coupled to the induction coils and the circuit board; wherein each induction coil is proximate a first surface of the housing to thereby define two induction areas of the first surface; wherein the solar panel is coupled to or integrated into a second surface of the housing such that the solar panel faces outward from the housing; and wherein the first surface is parallel to the second surface. The first surface may comprise a polymer, the first surface being a non-slip surface. The first surface and the second surface may face in opposite directions or the same direction. In at least one example, the second surface is movable relative to a remainder of the housing, the housing having a first configuration wherein the second surface is parallel to the first surface, and a second configuration wherein the second surface is transverse to the first surface. For example, the first surface and the second surface may face in a same direction when the housing is in the first configuration. The charging device may further comprise a USB connector, a rechargeable battery, or both. The present disclosure also includes a charging device comprising a housing containing at least one induction coil and a circuit board operably coupled to the induction coil; and at least one solar panel operably coupled to the induction coil and the circuit board; wherein the induction coil is proximate a first surface of the housing to thereby define an induction area of the second surface; wherein the solar panel is coupled to or integrated into a second surface of the housing such that the solar panel faces outward from the housing; and wherein the housing has a first configuration wherein the second surface is parallel to the first surface, and a second configuration wherein the second surface is transverse to the first surface. The second surface may be movable, e.g., rotatable, relative to the first surface and/or relative to a remainder of the housing. For example, the housing may include a compartment when the housing is in the first configuration, wherein moving the housing from the first configuration to the second configuration opens the compartment to access the induction area of the first surface. The charging device may further comprise a USB connector, a rechargeable battery, or both. The second surface may comprise a polymer, the second surface being a non-slip surface. For example, the housing may comprise acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, or a combination thereof. In at least one example, the charging device does not include a battery.

11517638

The present invention relates to a UV lamp suited for sterilizing an inner surface of e.g. a teat cup. The UV lamp comprises a first axial conductor separated from a second axial conductor by an electrically insulating material and a light emitting diode (LED) capable of providing UV light. FIELD The present invention relates to a UV lamp e.g. for use as a sterilizing lamp for teat cups and to a method of sterilizing a surface using the UV lamp. BACKGROUND UV lamps for sterilizing surfaces are widely known in the art. However, none of the known solutions provide UV lamps with a simple and compact design. In particular, sterilizing UV lamps of the prior art are ill-suited for sterilizing difficult to reach sections, such as the interior of a teat cup. For example, WO 2012/071000 discloses a teatcup liner and a teatcup comprising the teatcup liner. The teatcup liner can have a section that forms a ring module having an inner surface facing the inner space, and the ring module can comprise a functional member providing an additional function to a milking operation, e.g. the functional member may comprise a UV light-emitting element. The UV-light can have a bactericidal effect in order reduce or remove bacteria from the interior of the teatcup liner and thereby from the milk flowing through the teatcup liner. WO 2017/185217 describes a sterilizing cover with a cover for covering an opening of a container having an inner cavity. The cover serves to prevent bacterial contamination and deterioration from contact with air after sealing, and the cover has a sterilizing illuminating member. The sterilizing cover can be applied to a water bottle, a baby bottle, a medicine bottle, or a cosmetic bottle, where the original cover is replaced with the sterilizing cover which can be closed at the opening of the container so that the inside of the container or the cover body is disinfected to eliminate the deterioration of the contents by the bacteria. WO 2009/123445 discloses an animal interaction system for milking, feeding and/or selecting animals. In the system, UV-light irradiates a part of the system which, in use, comes into contact with an animal, for killing bacteria, spores and/or fungi present on the part of the system and/or the UV-light can irradiate a part of an animal present in the proximity of the system. The system may be an apparatus for milking animals that is provided with a teat cup. SUMMARY It is an object of the invention to provide a simple and flexible solution for providing UV lamps for sterilization of surfaces, compared to prior art solutions. According to a first aspect, the invention relates to a UV lamp having an axial dimension normal to a cross-section having a cross-sectional area with a ratio of the axial dimension to the cross-sectional area configured such that the UV lamp has a longitudinal shape, the UV lamp comprising: a first axial conductor separated from a second axial conductor by an electrically insulating material, at least one of the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor defining an outer surface, a light emitting diode (LED) capable of providing light at a wavelength in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm, the LED having a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first axial conductor and a second electrical terminal connected to the second axial conductor; wherein the LED is mounted to emit light from the outer surface. The UV lamp has a substantially longitudinal shape. In the context of the invention a “longitudinal shape” means that the axial dimension is longer than the cross-sectional dimension. However, it is also contemplated that the axial dimension may be equal to or smaller than the cross-sectional dimension. For example, the UV lamp may also be defined by the ratio of the axial dimension to the cross-sectional area, e.g. the ratio of the axial dimension to the cross-sectional area may be in the range of 0.1 cm/cm2to 1000 cm/cm2. Exemplary dimensions comprise an axial dimension, or “length”, in the range of 1 cm to 50 cm, and a cross-sectional dimension, or “width”, in the range of 2 mm to 100 mm. For example, in one embodiment the length is 30 cm and the width 50 mm. In another embodiment the width is 10 mm and the length 10 cm. The cross-section of the UV lamp is not limited, and it may e.g. be circular, oval, square, or triangular. The longitudinal shape of the UV lamp makes it suitable for the irradiation of the interior of objects and surfaces having a longitudinal or oblong shape, in particular the UV light emitted from the UV lamp can kill bacteria, germs, spores, such as bacterial or fungal spores, viruses thereby sterilizing the surface. The longitudinal shape of the UV lamp allows the UV lamp to be inserted into interior sections of containers, pipes, ducts, or the like that are difficult to reach. Since the UV lamp employs UV light for sterilization, in particular UV light from efficient LEDs, sterilization can be obtained using less energy than sterilization with steam. Thereby, a more energy efficient sterilization is obtained. A further advantage of using UV sterilization is also that potentially harmful or irritating chemicals may be avoided e.g. in teat milking cups and thereby avoiding potential exposure of animals and/or users to chemicals. The UV lamp has an outer surface. The outer surface is provided by at least one of the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor, but the outer surface may also be defined, at least in part, by the electrically insulating material. For example, the UV lamp may have a cylindrical shape so that one of the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor, e.g. the first axial conductor alone, defines the outer surface. However, it is also possible for the outer surface to be defined by both the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor. For example, the UV lamp may be cylindrical and a section, e.g. 10% to 90%, of the perimeter of the cylinder is defined by the first axial conductor and the remaining part of the perimeter is defined by the second axial conductor, or vice versa. Part of the electrically insulating material may also be located at the outer surface, so that the outer surface is partly defined by the electrically insulating material. For example, the electrically insulating material may have a cylindrical shape with the first axial conductor being located on the outer surface of the cylindrical electrically insulating material and the second axial conductor being located on the inner surface of the cylindrical electrically insulating material, or vice versa. Thus, the outer surface can be defined by the electrically insulating material and one of the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor. Correspondingly, the UV lamp may have an axial hollow interior, where at least one of the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor defining an inner surface. Thus, the UV lamp may have a cylindrical shape so that one of the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor, e.g. the first axial conductor alone, defines the inner surface. However, it is also possible for the inner surface to be defined by both the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor. For example, the UV lamp may be cylindrical and a section, e.g. 10% to 90%, of the perimeter of the cylinder is defined by the first axial conductor and the remaining part of the perimeter is defined by the second axial conductor, or vice versa. Part of the electrically insulating material may also be located at the inner surface, so that the inner surface is partly defined by the electrically insulating material. For example, the electrically insulating material may have a cylindrical shape with the first axial conductor being located on the outer surface of the cylindrical electrically insulating material and the second axial conductor being located on the inner surface of the cylindrical electrically insulating material, or vice versa. Thus, the inner surface can be defined by the electrically insulating material and one of the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor. By having the LED mounted to emit light from the outer surface, the lamp may be configured to irradiate a surface arranged at a distance from the outer surface. In general, it is advantageous that the distance from the surface to be irradiated and the outer surface of the UV lamp is as low as possible, and in a specific embodiment the cross-sections of the UV lamp are selected based on the intended use of the UV lamp. For example, in a specific embodiment the UV lamp is for disinfecting or sterilizing the inner surface of a teat cup of a milking machine and the UV lamp has a generally circular cross-section with a diameter in the range of 5 mm to 30 mm, e.g. 15 mm to 30 mm. The light emitted by the LED may generally be considered as a point source light source. The dose which is dependent on the intensity of the light source is therefore substantially inversely proportional to the distance from the source. It is therefore generally preferred to keep the distance between the UV lamp and the surface to be sterilized as low as possible. The distance is preferably less than 10 cm, more preferably less than 5 cm, and most preferably less than 3 cm. According to a second aspect, the invention relates to a UV lamp having an axial dimension normal to a cross-section having a cross-sectional area with a ratio of the axial dimension to the cross-sectional area configured such that the UV lamp has a longitudinal shape, the UV lamp comprising: —a first axial conductor separated from a second axial conductor by an electrically insulating material, at least one of the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor defining an inner surface, an axial hollow interior, an inlet opening and an outlet opening in the outer surface adapted to allow fluid communication from the inlet opening to the outlet opening via the hollow interior, and a flushing arrangement adapted to provide a fluid to the inlet opening; a light emitting diode (LED) capable of providing light at a wavelength in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm, the LED having a first electrical terminal electrically connected to the first axial conductor and a second electrical terminal connected to the second axial conductor; wherein the LED is mounted to emit light from the inner surface towards the axial hollow interior. By having a UV lamp configured to emit light from its inner surface, it allows for the of fluids passing through the axial hollow interior from the inlet opening towards the outlet opening. An advantage of the configuration of the UV lamp according to the invention is that a high concentration of LEDs per cm2may be achieved in the surface, whether the inner surface or the outer surface when the UV lamp has an axial hollow interior, or when the UV LEDs are located on the outer surface of the embodiment not having an axial hollow interior. In some embodiments, the inner surface contains at least 1 LED per cm2. In some embodiments, the inner surface, or the outer surface, is capable of providing light at a wavelength in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm of at least 1 mW/cm2. This may allow irradiating a fluid passing by the LEDs from the inlet opening to the outlet opening with a dose in the range of 10 mJ/cm2to 20 mJ/cm2, e.g. 2 mJ/cm2to 50 mJ/cm2. The length between the inlet opening and the outlet opening may be in the range 0.1 m to 5 m, e.g. 0.5 m to 2 m. The dose may be sufficient to reduce the amount of live microbes, e.g. bacteria, virus particles, algae, spores, fungal spores, etc., with 90% or more. In the context of the invention, a 90% reduction of live microbes is considered a disinfecting treatment. However, the UV lamps of the invention may also reduce the amount of live microbes with more than 90%, e.g. the amount of live microbes may be reduced with at least 99% and up to 100%, e.g. in a fluid passed through the axial hollow interior. In the context of the invention, a 99% reduction of live microbes is considered a sterilizing treatment. The first axial conductor and/or the second axial conductor provides a heat sink allowing UV LEDs to be positioned close to each other so that a correspondingly high UV dose is available from the UV lamps, i.e. the UV lamps of any aspect of the invention. This allows that sterilization can be obtained with a limited length of the UV lamp having UV LEDs on the inner surface of an axial hollow interior. The diameter of the inlet opening and the outlet opening may be in the range of 50 mm to 300 mm. This may allow for a flow in the range 0.5 m3/h to 10 m3/h. A fluid such as water may thereby be passed through the axial hollow interior and be disinfected or sterilized when exiting the axial hollow interior from the outlet opening. The UV lamp may thereby be used e.g. to disinfect or sterilize the water in a pond, a pool, a tank, or a tap. The flow for disinfecting or sterilizing a fluid, e.g. with a reduction of at least 99% of the live bacteria cells density, is preferably in the range of 0.5 m3/h to 10 m3/h, e.g. when the axial hollow interior is cylindrical and has a diameter in the range of 50 mm to 300 mm. The diameter may, however, be in the range of 10 mm to 500 mm. The fluid passed through the axial hollow interior may be provided by means of the flushing arrangement. This may e.g. be by using a propeller, an external pump, or natural water flow from the water source such as with a tap or natural current. In some embodiments, the inner surface of the UV lamp is made of a reflective material. When the LEDs emit light from the inner surface, the reflective inner surface may reflect the light waves, whereby the killing of microbes can be improved, and the UV lamp may be shorter than without the reflective inner surface. The material of the inner surface may for example be aluminium or a reflective coating. In an embodiment, the inner surface has a reflective surface and the UV lamp has a length in the range of 0.2 m to 2 m, e.g. 0.5 m to 1.5 m. The UV lamp according to the second aspect may e.g. be used in aquaculture or aquafarming, such as in fish farms. Fish in aquaculture are very exposed to diseases and bacteria. It is therefore important to keep the water quality in the ponds to a certain level of cleanliness with regard to bacteria. The UV lamp may for example be placed after a filtering element which filters the coarse particles. An example of a UV lamp may be a UV lamp having an axial dimension of 1 m and a diameter of 10 cm. Such a UV lamp may sterilize water with a flowing speed of 1.5 m3/h i.e. 5 cm/s. The dose that the water is exposed to may therefore be 15 mJ/cm2. The UV lamp according to the second aspect may also be used for disinfecting or sterilizing air, e.g. as part of an air conditioning system. For example, the UV lamp according to the second aspect can be used in an air supply system for the food industry, a microbiology lab or anywhere sterile air is needed. The axial conductors may have any shape as desired. In its simplest form, the axial conductors, e.g. the first axial conductor, the second axial conductor, and/or both axial conductors, are rod shaped. The electrically insulating material may likewise be shaped as a rod. For example, the axial conductors may be integrated in a rod shaped electrically insulating material. In another embodiment, the electrically insulating material has a cylindrical shape where the electrically insulating material forms a wall surrounding an axial hollow interior. The axial conductors, e.g. in the form of rods, may be attached to either side of the wall, e.g. the interior or the exterior side of the wall. It is also contemplated to integrate the rod shaped axial conductors in the wall of the cylinder. The UV lamp of the invention comprises a first and a second axial conductor. What is understood by the term “axial”, is that the conductor follows the axial dimension of the UV lamp. The length of the axial conductors may be equal to the length of the UV lamp or the axial conductors may be shorter than the UV lamp. It is generally preferred that the first and the second axial conductors are of the same approximate length. For example, the ratio of the length of the first axial conductor to the second axial conductor may be in the range of 0.8 to 1.2. The axial conductors are generally rigid and provide structure to the UV lamp, although it is also contemplated that the axial conductors are flexible, e.g. in the form of wires or cables, and rigidity is provided by the electrically insulating material. It is further contemplated that the UV lamp comprises two or more rigid sections joined by hinges or the like. The axial conductors provide power to the LED, and the first axial conductor may function as a cathode and the second axial conductor may function as an anode or vice versa. The first and second axial conductors shall not be in direct contact with each other at any place in the UV lamp, so that short circuits cannot happen in the electric circuit and damage to components of the UV lamp is prevented. The cross-sectional shape of the UV lamp may be selected freely, but in an embodiment the cross-section is substantially circular and symmetrical about an axis of rotation of the lamp. The axis of rotation of the lamp may be perpendicular to the axial dimension of the lamp. The first axial conductor may be concentric to the second axial conductor, or vice versa, e.g. in the axial dimension of the lamp. The term concentric may also be understood as coaxial. For example, the first axial conductor may have the shape of a rigid rod, which is surrounded by the electrically insulating material, e.g. arranged as a concentric layer, which in turn is concentrically surrounded by the second axial conductor. When either of the axial conductors or the electrically insulating material is “concentric” or “co-axial” the material can be said to be in a “layer”. The UV lamps of the invention may have an axial hollow interior such as a hollow cylinder. For example, the UV lamp may have a generally cylindrical shape where the first axial conductor, the electrically insulating material and the second axial conductor form layers of the cylinder so that the first axial conductor is separated from the second axial conductor by the electrically insulating material. When the UV lamps are cylindrical, the cylinder provides an axial hollow interior, and the LEDs may be located on the outer surface of the cylinder, i.e. the LEDs emit light away from the longitudinal axis of the UV lamp, or the LEDs may be located on the inner surface of the cylinder, i.e. the LEDs emit light toward the longitudinal axis of the UV lamp. When the UV lamp has an axial hollow interior, it will also have an inlet opening and an outlet opening in the outer surface adapted to allow fluid communication from the inlet opening to the outlet opening via the hollow interior. Thus, a fluid can be passed through the hollow interior of the UV lamp, and the UV lamp has a flushing arrangement adapted to provide a fluid to the inlet opening. The UV lamp having a hollow interior may have UV LEDs on the inner surface for emitting UV light from the inner surface toward the axial hollow interior, or the UV lamp having a hollow interior may have UV LEDs on the outer surface for emitting UV light from the outer surface toward an inner surface of a container, a pipe, a duct, or the like into which the UV lamp has been inserted. When the UV lamp has UV LEDs in the inner surface the fluid in the UV lamp can be disinfected or sterilized. The fluid may be an aqueous liquid or air. When the UV lamp has UV LEDs in the outer surface the fluid in the UV lamp can be used to wash the surface to be disinfected or sterilized by the UV LEDs on the outer surface of the UV lamp. In another exemplary embodiment the first and second axial conductors, and the electrically insulating material, are shaped as concentric cylinders. These concentrically cylindrical layers may also be referred to as a hollow shell. In particular, the electrically insulating material may also be shaped as a cylinder, which may be positioned between the first and second axial conductors, and therefore also be concentric with the first and second axial conductors. The first axial conductor, the second axial conductor, and the electrically insulating material may thereby be arranged in a “sandwich structure”, where the first axial conductor, the second axial conductor, and the electrically insulating material are concentric, and the electrically insulating material separates the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor. By having the first and second axial conductors, and the electrically insulating material in a layered, concentric structure, a compact and simple design may be provided. The first and second axial conductors may be made from the same materials or of different electrically conducting materials. The electrically conducting materials may be one or more of aluminium, titanium, copper, steel, stainless steel, silver, gold, graphite, brass, silicon and conducting polymer or a composite material. These materials may also be used for further elements of the invention. The thickness of each of the axial conductors may be up to 50 mm, such as up to 40 mm, such as up to 30 mm, such as up to 20 mm, such as up to 10 mm, such as up to 5 mm, such as up to 1 mm, such as 0.1 to 50 mm, such as 0.4 to 1 mm. When an axial conductor is arranged in a concentric layer it is preferred that the thickness of the layer, e.g. the thickness in a radial dimension, is in the range of 0.1 mm to 2 mm. In an embodiment, one or both of the axial conductors has/have been extruded from a metal, e.g. from aluminium, magnesium, copper, titanium, or steel. It is also possible that the electrically insulating material is prepared by extrusion. In a specific embodiment, the axial conductors and the electrically insulating material are co-extruded simultaneously, e.g. for the UV lamp to be extruded into its final, or nearly final, shape. In an embodiment, one or both of the axial conductors are prepared from aluminium, magnesium or titanium, which has subsequently been anodised to provide an electrically insulating oxide layer. In a preferred embodiment, one or both of the axial conductors has/have been extruded from aluminium, magnesium or titanium, which has subsequently been anodised. Metals may be anodised to provide the metals with an oxide layer on the surface. Such an oxide layer may have a thickness of at least 10 μm. The first and/or second axial conductors may be divided into one or more separate zones such that different electrical potentials may be defined. The electrically insulating material may comprise a foamed material (open and/or closed celled) and/or a reinforced material such as a fibre glass material. The electrically insulating layer may be made of a polymer material such as amorphous plastic materials (e.g. polyvinylchloride, polycarbonate and polystyrene) or crystalline plastic materials (e.g. Nylon, polyethylene and polypropylene), or wood. The electrically insulating material may define a honeycomb structure. In some embodiments the UV lamp further comprises a power supply capable of providing a voltage between the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor. The power supply may use any standardised voltage, e.g. in the range of 5 V to 12 V, although higher voltages, e.g. 24 V, 36 V or 48 V, are also contemplated. It is preferred that the power supply provides a direct current of constant voltage. The power supply may be connected to the grid in order to provide power to the UV lamp. In an alternative embodiment the power supply may comprise a battery. By having a battery, the UV lamp may be transportable and is not dependent on a stationary power supply. Furthermore, the UV may then be movable and may be arranged to sterilize surfaces that are difficult to access with a stationary installation. When present, the power supply supplies power to the LEDs via the axial conductors, and thereby removes the need for separate wiring to each LED or electrical component, thus providing a simple and flexible system. The UV lamp may comprise a circuit board carrying the LED. The circuit board may be positioned between the LED and one of the axial conductors. Thereby an improved thermal connection to a heat sink of the LED may be obtained. Because the heat is effectively led away from the LED, the durability of the LED is extended and the performance over time is improved. The outer surface may be defined by the first axial conductor or by the second axial conductor. For example, the outer surface may be defined only by the first axial conductor, or only by the second axial conductor. However, it is also contemplated that the outer surface is defined by a combination of the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor, e.g. that 50% of the outer surface is formed by the first axial conductor and that the remaining 50% of the outer surface is formed by the second axial conductor. Furthermore, it is also contemplated that the outer surface is, at least partly, formed by the electrical insulating material. For example, the outer surface may be formed only by the electrical insulating material, or by both the first and second axial conductors and the electrical insulating material, or by one of the first and second axial conductors together with the electrical insulating material. By having one or more axial conductors defining the outer surface of the UV lamp, the lamp may have a substantially cylindrical shape. By having the outer surface of the UV lamp defined by the axial conductors and/or the insulating material, the UV lamp may be very compact, and further elements needed in other type of UV lamps may be avoided. The outer surface may be facing in the opposite direction than an inner surface of the axial hollow interior of the UV lamp. Generally, the outer surface is facing the environment surrounding the UV lamp. The outer surface may have a surface area that is at least 25%, 50%, 100%, 200%, or 500% larger than the surface area of the inner surface. By having an LED capable of providing light at a wavelength in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm, the UV lamp may be able to sterilize surfaces by irradiating said surface by providing a suitable UV dose to the surface. Light with a wavelength in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm is known as ultraviolet light, which is abbreviated as “UV”. The wavelength range of 100 nm to 400 nm comprise the UVA, UVB, and UVC spectrum which are known to be germicidal. A preferred wavelength is in the range of 100 nm to 280 nm, i.e. UVC. In the context of the invention an LED may be a single LED or the term “LED” may refer to a group of serially connected LEDs. In a specific embodiment, the LED is a series, e.g. a series of 4 or 8 LEDs, and the series of LEDs is placed on a circuit board. The LED may be surface mounted on the circuit board. The term “electrical terminal” is to be understood as a point or element for entry of power and/or data. The electrical terminal may be e.g. a positive or a negative electric pole. When the UV lamp has a layer of an axial conductor, e.g. the first axial conductor, surrounding a layer of the electrically insulating material, which in turn surrounds an axial conductor, e.g. the second axial conductor, which may be rod shaped or cylindrical, it is preferred that the LED is mounted on the UV lamp in a recess extending through the outer surface e.g. the first axial conductor and the electrically insulating material, whereby the recess allows access to the inner surface e.g. the second axial conductor. The first electrical terminal of the LED may thereby be electrically connected to the first axial conductor and the second electrical terminal connected to the second axial conductor, when the LED is mounted in the recess. The embodiment should not be limited to have the first axial conductor as the outer layer and the second axial conductor as the inner layer, they may also be interchanged. The LED may be mounted in the recess as desired, as long as the first electrical terminal is electrically connected to the first axial conductor and the second electrical terminal is connected to the second axial conductor. For example, the LED may be soldered or glued to the axial conductors. In a specific embodiment, the LED is placed on a circuit board, e.g. the LED is surface mounted on the circuit board, and the circuit board is placed in the recess. The LED, especially when the LED is mounted on a circuit board, the UV lamp may comprise a coupling unit for retaining the LED. The coupling unit may be a locking ring, which may be press-fitted, coupling magnetically, or have an inner screw thread matching an outer screw thread of the LED. The number of recesses in the UV lamp may be scaled with the number of LEDs mounted on the UV lamp. In some embodiments the UV lamp further comprises an axial hollow interior, an inlet opening and an outlet opening in the outer surface adapted to allow fluid communication from the inlet opening to the outlet opening via the hollow interior, and a flushing arrangement adapted to provide a fluid to the inlet opening. In a preferred embodiment the axial conductors and the electrically insulating material are arranged concentrically to have a cylindrical shape, which provides the UV lamp with the axial hollow interior. In this embodiment the UV lamp is generally described as a “cylinder”. The cylinder preferably has an inner diameter in the range of 1 mm to 25 mm. In the context of the invention a “flushing arrangement” generally comprises a supply of fluid to the inlet opening, and the flushing arrangement may be arranged in the axial hollow interior, or it may be arranged externally to the axial hollow interior. For example, the flushing arrangement may alternatively also be arranged e.g. on a side of the UV lamp by being attached to a portion of the outer surface. The flushing arrangement is in fluid communication with inlet opening and thus also the outlet opening. The flushing arrangement may comprise a reservoir, a pump, e.g. a pump capable of supplying liquid to the inlet opening at a pressure in the range of 2 bar to 20 bar, tubing connections, and/or a regulator with a valve. The flushing arrangement may be connected to an external fluid source providing for example water, rinsing solution, alcohol, or disinfecting solution. The axial hollow interior may also be arranged to be flushed by the flushing arrangement. When the UV lamp has a flushing arrangement adapted to provide a fluid to the inlet opening of a cylinder, the same instrument, i.e. the UV lamp of the invention, can be used to remove debris, e.g. residual milk in a teat cup, before and/or after sterilizing a surface. By combining cleaning, i.e. flushing the surface with a liquid, with UV irradiation of the surface a more efficient sterilization is obtained. The substantially longitudinal shape of the cylinder and the UV lamp of the invention allows the UV lamp to be inserted into tubes and the like having difficult access. Thus, the UV lamp of the invention having a flushing arrangement is particularly suited for cleaning and sterilizing the inner surface of tubes or the like, which inner surfaces are otherwise difficult to reach. Furthermore, debris, especially milk residues from the milking of a cow, may be opaque to UV light so that the flushing arrangement allows that UV sterilization is performed in e.g. a teat cup. When the UV lamp has a flushing arrangement adapted to provide a fluid to the inlet opening of a cylinder and UV LEDs on the inner surface of the axial hollow interior, the fluid in the axial hollow interior can be disinfected or sterilized. The inlet opening, regardless of the location of the UV LEDs, e.g. whether the UV LEDs are located on the inner surface or the outer surface of the UV lamp, may be placed at any axial position of the cylinder, but the inlet opening is preferably near or at a first end of the cylinder. Likewise, the outlet opening may be positioned anywhere on the cylinder. In general, the outlet opening is “downstream” of the inlet opening. It is preferred that when the UV LEDs are on the outer surface, the cylinder has a single inlet opening but in an embodiment the cylinder has a plurality of outlet openings. When the UV LEDs are on the inner surface, it is preferred that the cylinder has a single inlet opening and a single outlet opening, e.g. at an opposite end from the inlet opening. The outlet opening is or the outlet openings are generally of a smaller cross-sectional area than the inlet opening. For example, the inlet opening may be circular and have a diameter in the range of 1 mm to 25 mm, e.g. at the first end of the cylinder, and the cylinder may have a plurality, e.g. 5 to 20, outlet openings each with a diameter in the range of 0.1 mm to 2 mm. When the total cross-sectional area of the outlet openings is smaller than the cross-sectional area of the inlet opening, e.g. when the ratio of the total cross-sectional area of the outlet openings to the cross-sectional area of the inlet opening is in the range of 0.01 to 0.1, liquid can be ejected from the outlet openings at sufficient velocity to remove debris from a surface in a cleaning procedure. In a preferred embodiment, the cylinder has a plurality of outlet openings, e.g. 8 to 12 outlet openings, with a diameter in the range of 0.5 mm to 1 mm, which outlet openings are located at or near the opposite end of the cylinder having the inlet opening. The plurality of outlet openings is preferably located along the circumference of the cylinder, e.g. the outlet openings are distributed evenly along the circumference of the cylinder. When the outlet openings are distributed along the circumference of the cylinder at or near the opposite end of the cylinder it is possible to flush the complete inner surface of an item to be sterilized, e.g. a teat cup. The axial hollow interior may accommodate a tube or a hose, or the inlet opening may be in fluid communication with a tube or hose. to allow fluid communication from the inlet opening to the outlet opening. By having a flushing arrangement, the UV lamp may be arranged to flush a surface before and/or after the sterilization of said surface to be sterilized. The shape of axial hollow interior may be defined by the axial conductors and/or the insulating material. By having the axial hollow interior defined by the axial conductors and/or the insulating material, the lamp may have a further compact shape, as the flushing arrangement may be arranged inside the axial hollow interior. The axial hollow interior has a smaller cross sectional area than the cross sectional area of the lamp. Further, the axial hollow interior may have a length in the axial dimension direction matching the axial dimension of the lamp. The axial hollow interior may alternatively only extend at a portion of the axial dimension of the lamp. In a further exemplary embodiment, the first and second axial conductors may be shaped as two half cylindrical hollow shells, where the electrically insulating material is positioned between the two half cylindrical hollow shells along the axial dimension, such that the first and second axial conductors are separated from each other but are still adjacent. The first and second axial conductors may be arranged such that they form a substantially complete cylindrical hollow shell. The two half cylindrical hollow shells may be formed by cutting a complete cylindrical hollow shell along the axial dimension. Alternatively, a complete hollow cylindrical shell may be cut along the cross-sectional dimension to form two complete cylindrical hollow shells, which are then separated by an electrically insulating material along the cross-sectional dimension. In this embodiment, both the first and second axial conductors, and the electrically insulating material are defining the outer surface of the UV lamp. By positioning the first and second axial conductors, and the electrically insulating material in the same plane i.e. not concentric to each other the hollow interior of the UV lamp may be used solely for accommodating other parts, such as e.g. the flushing arrangement. In some embodiments the first axial conductor forms the outer surface, said first axial conductor being continuous along a perimeter of the cross-section at a fraction of the axial dimension in the range of 10% to 100%. It is preferred that the first axial conductor is continuous along the perimeter at a fraction of the axial dimension of at least 50%. What is understood by the term “continuous” is that the first axial conductor is made out of one piece. Thus, the continuous section can also be described as a tubular section. The first axial conductor is still considered to be continuous when having recesses arranged to mount LEDs, in particular when the UV lamp comprises UV transparent, water tight windows at the recesses. Likewise, when the UV lamp has an axial hollow interior with outlet openings in the outer surface the outer surface, e.g. the first axial conductor, is also considered to be continuous. The first axial conductor may define the outer surface, and the outer surface may therefore also in some embodiments be considered as continuous along the perimeter of the cross-section. The second axial conductor may also be continuous along the perimeter of the cross-section at a fraction of the axial dimension, whereby the inner surface of the UV lamp is also continuous, e.g. along a perimeter of the cross-section at a fraction of the axial dimension in the range of 10% to 100%. For example, in an embodiment the first and the second axial conductors are concentric tubes with a likewise tubular electrically insulating material between the axial conductors. An advantage of having a continuous section, e.g. a tubular section, of the first or the first and also the second axial conductor is that the handling of liquids is made easier by preventing substantially the penetration of liquids through the elements of the UV lamp. For example, by having a continuous axial conductor defining the inner surface of the UV lamp, the inner surface is water/liquid tight, and the risk of short circuiting LEDs or other components in the UV lamp is reduced. In a further embodiment, the inner surface of the UV lamp may be an anodised axial conductor, e.g. the second axial conductor, providing thereby corrosion resistance. A further advantage is that the inner axial conductor defining the inner surface, may improve heat transfer from the LEDs by functioning as heat sinks for the LEDs. Additionally, the heat transfer may be further improved by having the flushing arrangement where liquid, especially an aqueous liquid, provides a highly efficient heat sink for the LEDs cools the inner surface of the UV lamp with water, having a high heat capacity. The fraction of the axial dimension which is not the outer surface formed by the first axial conductor may e.g. be a housing, a cover part, or a base of the lamp. The fraction of the axial dimension which is not the outer surface formed by the first axial conductor may be connected to a support element, such as e.g. a table, a rod, a stand or the like. In some embodiments the UV lamp further comprises a window transparent to light at a wavelength in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm, the window being adapted to provide a water tight cover for the LED and let light emitted from the LED through. In the context of the invention, “water tight” is too be understood broadly so that the water tight lid cover will also prevent penetration of other liquids. In particular, “water tight” means that penetration of any liquid used with the invention is prevented. In the context of the invention water tight may also be referred to as “liquid tight” and the two terms may be used interchangeably. Exemplary liquids comprise water, aqueous solutions, e.g. aqueous solutions of surfactants, detergents, soaps, salts, etc., or organic solvents, e.g. alcohols, or combinations of aqueous solutions and organic solvents. The water tightness may follow any standardised classification, and the UV lamp may for example have a water tightness of IP4, IP5, IP6, IP7 or better according to the international standard IEC 60529. The window may be made of any material transparent to light at a wavelength of 100 nm to 400 nm. Such a material may e.g. be a polymer, quartz, fused silica, calcium fluoride, or magnesium fluoride, optionally covered with a protective layer preventing deterioration of the window by surrounding solutions. In the context of the invention, the solutions used e.g. for the flushing, may comprise salts that may attack the surface of the window and potentially deteriorate the transparency of the window. This may be avoided with a protective layer. By having a window adapted to provide a water tight cover for the LED and let light emitted from the LED through, the LED does not need an integrated protective layer or film to protect the LED from the environment it is used in. This also makes the lamp suitable for wet environments. The window may be an integrated part of an axial conductor or attached to an axial conductor. The window may thereby form part of the outer surface of the lamp. The window may also work as a lens or optic for the LED in order to collimate or spread the light emitted from the LED. In some embodiments the window is arranged as or is integrated in a housing for the UV lamp. The housing may be made from the same materials as the window to provide transparency to UV light. The housing may comprise sections of UV transparent materials at the locations of the LEDs. By having a housing, the UV lamp may be further protected from the environment where the lamp is to be used. This may for example be a wet environment. The housing may be connected to a support element, such as e.g. a table, a rod, a stand or the like, whereby the lamp may be arranged in fixed mounted position and the surfaces to be sterilized are brought to the UV lamp. The housing may be formed entirely or partially by the axial conductors and/or insulating material. The recesses for mounting the LEDs may also extend through the housing. In some embodiments the UV lamp comprises a plurality of LEDs arranged so that light is emitted at a fraction in the range of 50% to 100% of a perimeter of the cross-section. A plurality of LEDs may be distributed along the length of the UV lamp. When the axial conductors and the electrically insulating layers are concentric, the UV lamp allows flexible positioning of the LEDs both with respect to the actual position and also the number of LEDs since the large cross-sections of the axially conducting layers have insignificant electrical resistance. For example, when the axially conducting layers have a thickness in the range of 0.5 mm to 2 mm the resistance will be insignificant and moreover the heat conducting nature of the axially conducting layers, e.g. when made from aluminium, provides that any number of LEDs can be positioned at any location on the UV lamp. For example, the LEDs may be located in recesses through the outer axial conductor and the electrically insulating layer. By having LEDs arranged such that light is emitted at a fraction in the range of 50% to 100% of a perimeter of the cross-section, a surface positioned along the perimeter of the cross-section and the axial dimension of the UV lamp, may be irradiated in the range of 50% to 100%. The surface to be sterilized may be substantially concentric with the UV lamp, e.g. the surface may be the inner surface of a teat cup, whereby substantially the entire said surface may be irradiated and sterilized at the same time. The shape of the object to be sterilized may be substantially cylindrical with a hollow interior, and may thereby fit substantially in shape such that the UV lamp may be inserted in the object to be sterilized. In case more LEDs are present, circuit boards are preferably positioned under each of the LEDs. Thus each LED is connected or associated with its own circuit board. The LEDs are preferably not mounted on one common circuit board. By associating each LED with its own circuit board and leading the power through the axial conductors a low voltage drop is obtained. If all LEDs were positioned on the same circuit board the cross section of the power supply lines would be much smaller and result in a greater voltage drop. Here the first and second axial conductors are forming part of the power supply lines. The first and second axial conductors generally have a greater cross sectional area than power supply lines on a circuit board. Each circuit board is preferably 5 mm to 20 mm in diameter. The circuit board may also be rectangular, e.g. 5 mm×20 mm. The circuit board is preferably positioned in a recess together with the LED. In some embodiments the UV lamp further comprises a power supply capable of providing a direct current between the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor, the power supply further being capable of providing a first constant voltage equal to or higher than a nominal forward voltage (Vf) of the LED and a second constant voltage below the nominal forward voltage (Vf) of the LED. A LED will have a forward voltage (Vf) that is needed to power the LED and turn it on, whereas other electronic components generally have a lower minimum voltage for functioning. By having a power supply capable of providing a second constant voltage below the nominal forward voltage (Vf) of the LED, the lamp may have electrical components being supplied by the power supply while the LED is off. In some embodiments the UV lamp further comprises an electronic component being operable at the second constant voltage. Examples of electronic components are transistors, controllers, chip on boards (COB), drivers, power supplies, microphones, cameras, sensors or fans. Different electronic components may be combined in the UV lamp. A preferred electronic component is a sensor, e.g. a sensor for temperature, humidity, pH, or a camera. With a sensor or a camera, it is possible to collect data in the environment for sterilization before and/or after irradiating the surface with UV light. By collecting measurements from sensors before and/or after the irradiation and/or the flushing of a surface, the collected data may be compared e.g. before and after the irradiation and/or the flushing of a surface. The surface to be sterilized may thereby be inspected based on several parameters, and the quality of the sterilization and/or the flushing may be controlled and assessed. The measurements and/or images collected from the sensors and/or camera may indicate if the sterilization and/or the flushing have/has been satisfying with respect to standard measurements defining a quality control. A further advantage of having a power supply capable of providing a second constant voltage below the nominal forward voltage (Vf) of the LED, may be that an electronic component such as sensor or a camera may be able to function while the LED is off, and thereby collecting measurements and/or images independently from the LED, and may for example not be disturbed by the LED irradiating the surface. The UV lamp may comprise a controller adapted for communication of data signals via at least one of the axial conductors. The controller may also be positioned outside the lamp or each electronic component may be provided with its own controller, preferably positioned in the vicinity of the electronic component. In some embodiment the data signals are transmitted via the first axial conductor and/or the second axial conductor by means of Direct Current Power Line Communication (DC PLC). Thus there is no separate layer for data communication, but instead the data is transmitted on the same layer as the power to the LED. This dispenses with the need for separate wiring for data transfer. The UV lamp may further comprise a third axial conductor, preferably positioned between the first axial conductor and the second axial conductor, where the third axial conductor is adapted to transmit the data signals. By adding a third axial conductor the data transfer is separated from the power transfer. Thereby any glitch or noise over the power line does not disturb the data transfer. Additionally, more layers may be added to the structure such that the first axial conductor or the second axial conductor are not necessarily the outermost layers. Further layers may also be added between the first axial conductor or the second axial conductor. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the UV lamp comprises an inner, tubular, e.g. of a circular cross-section, axial conductor surrounded by a tubular, concentric layer of the electrically insulating material, which is surrounded by a tubular, concentric layer of the axial conductor representing the outer surface. The layers in this embodiment, i.e. the first and the second axial conductors and the electrically insulating layer, may also be referred to as a “tube” and the layers may have the same length and be continuous along the perimeter of the cross-section from an inlet opening near or at a first end of the cylinder to at least 80% of the length of the layers. The inner diameter of the tube may be in the range of 1 mm to 15 mm. The inner tubular axial conductor, and optionally also the outer axial conductor, is preferably made from an anodised metal, e.g. aluminium, magnesium or titanium. In this embodiment, the UV lamp, i.e. the tube, has a plurality of outlet openings, e.g. 8 to 12 outlet openings, distributed along the perimeter of the tube at a distance from the first end of 80% to 95% of the length of the tube. A plurality of LEDs is mounted in recesses through the outer layer of the axial conductor and the electrically insulating layer. The LEDs may be distributed along the length of the tube and arranged along the perimeter of the tube. This embodiment provides a completely watertight tube, which, when the inner surface is also anodised, is further resistant to corrosion so that the electrical or electronic components, i.e. the LEDs and other components mounted in the UV lamp are completely shielded from the water inside the tube. It is further preferred that the LEDs in the recesses are covered with UV transparent windows, e.g. of quartz glass, arranged to provide liquid tightness of at least IP4. It is further preferred that the tube has a flushing arrangement adapted to provide a fluid to the inlet opening; the flushing arrangement may comprise a pump capable of providing a liquid flow to the inlet opening at a pressure in the range of 5 bar to 15 bar. According to a third aspect, the invention relates to a method of sterilizing a surface comprising the steps of:providing a UV lamp according to the first aspect of the invention, andirradiating the surface at a UV dose of at least 10 mJ/cm2. Any embodiment of the UV lamp of the invention may be used in the method of the invention. By irradiating the surface of an object at a UV dose of a least 10 mJ/cm2, the live bacterial cells density at the surface may be reduced by at least 99% and up to 100%, e.g. 99.999%, i.e. the surface is sterilized. With a UV dose of at least 2 mJ/cm2the surface may be disinfected. The UV dose may also be varied to e.g. 5 mJ/cm2, 10 mJ/cm2, 15 mJ/cm2, 20 mJ/cm2, 25 mJ/cm2, 30 mJ/cm2, or more. The method of disinfecting, e.g. sterilizing, a surface by using a UV lamp according to the first aspect of the invention may e.g. be used in the field of dairy farming and dairy production. For example, for disinfecting or sterilizing teat milking cups between the milking of each animal. Thus, in a specific embodiment the surface is the interior surface of a teat cup, and the method comprises the steps of inserting the UV lamp into the teat cup, irradiating the surface at a UV dose of at least 2 mJ/cm2, e.g. at least 10 mJ/cm2, and removing the UV lamp from the teat cup. In a further embodiment the UV lamp comprises an axial hollow interior, an inlet opening and an outlet opening in the outer surface adapted to allow fluid communication from the inlet opening to the outlet opening via the hollow interior, and a flushing arrangement adapted to provide a fluid to the inlet opening, and the method further comprises the step of flushing the surface, e.g. the interior of the teat cup. The flushing may be performed before the UV irradiation, after the UV irradiation or both before and after the UV irradiation. In a certain embodiment, the UV irradiation and the flushing are performed simultaneously. By disinfecting or sterilizing the teat milking cups between the milking of each animal, the risk of transmitting diseases or infections to the next animal may be avoided or at least considerably reduced. However, with the presently available technologies sterilizing teat cups is cumbersome and typically involves application of sterilizing means, e.g. sterilizing liquids or steam, into the teat cup. Furthermore, the application of sterilizing means creates the need for removal of the sterilizing means after the sterilization. In contrast, the UV lamp of the present invention allows a much simplified sterilization procedure, which is also faster than current technologies. Moreover, the UV irradiation is more energy efficient than sterilization using steam. Thereby, the invention provides a simple way to sterilise a teat cup between each use of the teat cup for milking an animal. Several UV lamps may be used, for example if the milking apparatus has more than one teat milking cup. By matching the number of UV lamps with the number of teat milking cups, all the teat milking cups may be sterilized at the same time. Another example is the disinfection or sterilization of the surface of food products. The UV lamp and the method of disinfecting or sterilizing a surface may be used for any application where a surface of an object has to be disinfected or sterilized between several expositions of the surface to humans or animals, in order to avoid or reduce the risk of transmitting diseases or infections to the next human or animal exposed the surface of an object. The UV lamp of the present invention presents many advantages for the sterilization of food products. The UV lamp may for example be inserted in hollow food products e.g. as poultry or other meat pieces, and sterilize surfaces that otherwise would be difficult to reach. Additionally, the UV lamp provides a sterilization without the use of any chemicals and does not leave any contaminants on the surface or on the food product that need to be removed. The sterilization of food products may therefore involve fewer steps and may be achieved faster than current technologies. According to a fourth aspect, the invention relates to a method of disinfecting a surface comprising the steps of: providing a UV lamp according to the first aspect of the invention, —irradiating the surface at a UV dose of at least 5 mJ/cm2, and —flushing the surface by applying at least 0.2 mL/cm2of a liquid to the surface from the flushing arrangement. The UV dose of at least 2 mJ/cm2will provide disinfection. A UV dose of at least 10 mJ/cm2will provide sterilization. The disinfection and sterilization may depend on the type of bacteria to be sterilized. By flushing the surface after the irradiating step, impurities such as killed and dead bacteria and other debris may be flushed away. The risk of transmitting diseases or infections to the next animal in a milking process for example may be further reduced. Moreover, the quality of the milk will be increased since the number of bacteria in the milk is reduced. The surface area may be flushed with at least 0.2 mL/cm2/s, preferably at least 0.3 mL/cm2/s, and most preferably at least 0.5 mL/cm2/s. In general, sufficient flushing can be obtained using 1 mL/cm2/s. The flushing may have a duration of at least 1 s and preferably not longer than 10 s. Thus, by using the UV lamp of the present invention for cleaning a surface, e.g. the inside surface of a teat cup, a fast procedure has been made available. A typical surface area to be flushed would be approximately 30 cm2, although the surface is not limited to this size. In particular, the surface may be larger than 30 cm2. The order of the flushing and irradiating steps is not relevant, and the flushing of the surface happen before or after the irradiation. A flushing step may also be performed before and after the irradiating step. In order to improve the irradiation of the surface to be sterilized the surface and/or the UV lamp may be rotated and/or moved in a translatory movement, whereby an increased area of the surface to be sterilized may be exposed to the irradiation. It should be understood that combinations of the features in the various embodiments and aspects are also contemplated, and that the various features, details and embodiments may be freely combined into other embodiments. In particular, it is contemplated that all definitions, features, details, and embodiments regarding the UV lamp and the methods apply equally to one another. Reference to the figures serves to explain the invention and should not be construed as limiting the features to the specific embodiments as depicted.

11233531

TECHNICAL FIELD The disclosure relates generally to communication systems and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for processing data encoded by low density parity check (LDPC) in a communication system. BACKGROUND A digital communication system typically includes three parts: a transmitting end, a channel, and a receiving end. The transmitting end may encode an information sequence to obtain encoded codewords, interleave the encoded codewords, and map the interleaved bits into modulation symbols, and then may process and transmit the modulation symbols according to communication channel information. In the channel, multipath, movement and other factors can lead to a specific channel response, which will make the data transmission distorted. In addition, noise and interference will further deteriorate the data transmission. The receiving end receives the modulated symbol data that pass through the channel. At the receiving end, data are distorted and specific processing is needed to restore the original information sequence. Based on some information sequence encoding method applied at the transmitting end, the receiving end can process the received data accordingly to reliably restore the original information sequence. Typically, the encoding method is based on forward error correction (FEC) that adds some redundant information to the information sequence. The receiving end can utilize the redundant information to reliably restore the original information sequence. Some common FEC codes include: convolutional code, Turbo code, and Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) code. In the FEC encoding process, a k-bit information sequence is encoded with FEC to obtain an n-bit FEC coded codeword (redundant bit is n-k), where the FEC coding rate is k/n. LDPC code is a linear block code that can be defined by a very sparse parity check matrix or binary map. Due to the sparsity of its parity check matrix, LDPC achieves a low complexity of codec and becomes practical. Proved by a variety of practice and theory, LDPC codes are the most well-behaved channel codes in an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel, and its performance is very close to the Shannon limit. In a parity check matrix of the LDPC code, each row is a parity check code. If a bit value of an index position element is equal to 1 in a row, it indicates that the bit is participating in the parity check code. If it is equal to 0, then the bit at this position does not participate in the parity check code. Due to its structural characteristic, quasi-cyclic LDPC code becomes popular in many applications, such as IEEE802.11ac, IEEE802.11ad, IEEE802.11aj, IEEE802.16e, IEEE802.11n, microwave communications, optical fiber communications, and so on. The 5G NR (new radio) mobile communication has adopted the quasi-cyclic LDPC code as a channel coding scheme. In an LDPC communication system, after the LDPC coding is performed to obtain the LDPC codewords, since the transmission resources allocated by the system may not be enough to completely transmit the entire LDPC codeword, it is necessary to carry out rate matching of the LDPC codewords. During the rate matching process, a codeword is resized before being sent over the channel, in order to match a transmission rate consistent with the allocated transmission resources. For example, in a 5G system, rate matching may mean that a portion of bits in a cache storing the LDPC codewords are read out for transmission, according to a redundancy version. During rate matching, a bit selection is made from a starting bit in the cache storing the LDPC codewords, where an index of the starting bit is typically indicated by the redundancy version. Due to the structured coding characteristics of quasi-cyclic LDPC coding and other factors, selection of starting bit and/or definition of redundancy version will have a significant impact on the system performance after the rate matching. In particular, existing methods for starting bit selection in rate matching can cause the data retransmission performance to be unstable. That is, some retransmitted data have a good performance; but other retransmitted data have a poor performance. In addition, in a scenario of high order modulation and fading channels, existing methods for processing LDPC coded data may damage system performance. As such, there is no effective solution for the above mentioned problems in existing literatures or existing technologies. SUMMARY The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein are directed to solving the issues relating to one or more of the problems presented in the prior art, as well as providing additional features that will become readily apparent by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompany drawings. In accordance with various embodiments, exemplary systems, methods, devices and computer program products are disclosed herein. It is understood, however, that these embodiments are presented by way of example and not limitation, and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art who read the present disclosure that various modifications, to the disclosed embodiments can be made while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. In one embodiment, a method performed by a first node is disclosed. The method comprises: encoding an information bit sequence based on a low density parity check (LDPC) coding scheme to obtain an encoded bit sequence; generating a master bit sequence based on the encoded bit sequence; selecting a subset of the master bit sequence according to a rate matching rule to obtain a rate matched bit sequence; interleaving the rate matched bit sequence according to a predetermined index sequence to obtain a to-be-transmitted bit sequence; and transmitting the to-be-transmitted bit sequence to a second node. In a different embodiment, a communication node configured to carry out a disclosed method in some embodiment is disclosed. In yet another embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions for carrying out a disclosed method in some embodiment is disclosed.

11331157

BACKGROUND Field Embodiments related surgical robotic systems, are disclosed. More particularly, embodiments related to a surgical robotic arm with a fluid pathway integrated into the tool drive-cannula interface for insufflation and smoke evacuation, are disclosed. Background Minimally-invasive surgery (MIS), such as endoscopic surgery, involves looking into a patient's body and performing surgery inside the body using endoscopes and other surgical tools. For example, laparoscopic surgery can use a laparoscope to access and view an abdominal cavity. Endoscopic surgery can be performed using manual tools and/or a surgical robotic system having robotically-assisted tools. Access may be provided to the body cavity of a patient through a trocar. Once a distal end of a cannula of the trocar is properly positioned and inserted through tissue and into an interior region of the patient, for example, through the abdominal wall of the patient, a surgical robotic arm having a trocar docking interface at its distal end, or a tool drive attached thereto, is manually maneuvered by a user until the docking interface is aligned with an attachment portion (e.g., a mating cannula interface) on the proximal end of the trocar (outside the patient.) The user then latches the components to each other, either manually or as an automated step, thereby rigidly attaching the arm to the trocar. A surgical tool having an end effector at its distal end (e.g., scissors, grasping jaws, or camera) is then inserted into a top opening of the cannula and the tool is then attached to the arm such that further surgical operations can be performed with the tool. SUMMARY Smoke is a common complaint in MIS because it obstructs visualization of the anatomy and makes performing surgical tasks difficult. In some cases, to address this issue, a surgical insufflator and/or smoke evacuation system may be used in addition to the surgical system components. The use of a separate insufflator and/or smoke evacuation system, however, increases procedural time and workflow difficulties resulting in higher costs for the hospital. The instant invention proposes a robotic arm with fluid pathways (e.g., insufflation tubing) integrated into components of the surgical system, for example, the surgical robotic arm and an interface between the tool drive and a cannula coupled to the tool drive. The fluid pathway and/or insufflation tubing is coupled to a pump (e.g., surgical insufflator) that can be used to control a flow of gas to/from the surgical site within which the cannula is positioned. The integrated pathways eliminate additional workflow operations (e.g., configuration of separate insufflation tubing) and improve user workflow and smoke evacuation, allowing for significantly improved surgical site visualization and improved intraoperative performance. Representatively, the overall system may include a robotic arm and a cannula interface (e.g., at a proximal end of the trocar) used to rigidly attach a cannula to a tool drive coupled to the robotic arm. A fluid pathway (e.g., port, tube, lumen, channel, or the like) that allows for transmission of a fluid (e.g., insufflation gas) along the robotic arm, and directly to the cannula, is further integrated into the system. The integrated pathway may include, for example, an insufflation tube that is attached at one end to a surgical insufflator (e.g., a pump for controlling gas flow to/from the surgical site) and extends along the arm housing to the cannula interface. The end of the insufflation tube at the cannula interface side may be attached to a portion of the integrated pathway formed through the cannula interface to the cannula lumen. In this way, a flow of fluid may be transmitted from the surgical insufflator to the surgical site within which the cannula is positioned, without having to attach a separate insufflation component to the surgical robotic system. In addition, the direction of fluid flow may be reversed and the insufflation tube may be used to evacuate smoke from the surgical site. In still further aspects, there may be more than one insufflation tube and/or fluid pathways formed within the cannula interface to facilitate gas transmission as desired. In some cases, the insufflation tube and/or pathway may be coupled to a valve that enables the flow of fluid to be stopped as desired. In addition, in some aspects instead of directly integrating the insufflation tubing into the robotic arm, the insufflation tubing could be combined with a sterile drape. The surgical insufflator could also be integrated into the overall robotic system. Additional configurations may include modes that dynamically adjust fluid inflow and outflow from each cannula of the system to address various surgical conditions. For example, the system may include a processor configured to detect when a compatible energy device is activated and then increase fluid outflow from the surgical site to remove smoke and particulate while simultaneously increasing inflow to prevent loss of pneumoperitoneum. To address fogging, the system could dynamically switch which pathway or port has insufflation/smoke evacuation to move a flow of gas away from the endoscope. In addition, the system may include a heating element, for example incorporated within the insufflation tubing, and a flow of heated gas could be switched to the cannula with the endoscope to warm it and remove the fog. Still further, if particulate is detected on the endoscope or a camera, the system could increase a fluid outflow to the endoscope or camera to blow particulate away from the instrument. Representatively, in one aspect, a surgical robotic system includes a robotic arm; a tool drive coupled to the robotic arm; a cannula interface configured to couple a cannula to the tool drive, the cannula interface having a fluid pathway in communication with an interior lumen of the cannula; and an insufflation pathway coupled to the robotic arm, the insufflation pathway having a distal end coupled to the fluid pathway and a proximal end coupled to a surgical insufflator. The fluid pathway may be integrated within the cannula interface and dimensioned to allow transmission of an insufflation gas between the insufflation pathway and the interior lumen of the cannula. The tool drive may include a docking interface and the insufflation pathway may be coupled to the docking interface. The interior lumen of the cannula may be dimensioned to receive a surgical tool. The system may further include a filter in communication with the fluid pathway such that an insufflation gas transmitted through the insufflation pathway to the fluid pathway passes through the filter. The filter may be integrated into a sterile adapter positioned between the tool drive and the cannula interface. A sealing element may further be integrated into the sterile adapter to seal the filter between the tool drive and the cannula interface and prevent leakage of the insufflation gas. In some aspects, the fluid pathway may be a first fluid pathway and the insufflation pathway is a first insufflation pathway, and the surgical robotic system may also include a second fluid pathway coupled to a second insufflation pathway. In some aspects, a valve is coupled to at least one of the first fluid pathway or the second fluid pathway to control a flow of a fluid through the first fluid pathway or the second fluid pathway. Still further, a nozzle may be coupled to the fluid pathway, and the nozzle may be configured to direct an insufflation gas flowing through the fluid pathway toward a surgical instrument positioned within the interior lumen of the cannula. The insufflation pathway may be an insufflation tube. The insufflation tube may be enclosed within an outer shell of the robotic arm. The insufflation tube may be mechanically attached to an outer surface of an outer shell of the robotic arm. In another aspect, a surgical robotic system includes a surgical robotic assembly having a robotic arm, a tool drive and a cannula interface for coupling a cannula to the tool drive, the cannula interface having a fluid pathway integrated therein that is in fluid communication with an interior lumen of the cannula; an insufflation tube coupled to the robotic arm, the insufflation tube having a distal end coupled to the fluid pathway and a proximal end coupled to a surgical insufflator; and a processor communicatively coupled to the surgical robotic assembly and the surgical insufflator, the processor operable to control an operation of the surgical insufflator based on a detected surgical condition. In some aspects, the detected surgical condition is a presence of smoke within a surgical site; and the operation controlled by the processor is a smoke evacuation function of the surgical insufflator. The smoke evacuation function may include actively evacuating smoke through the insufflation tube while maintaining pneumoperitoneum at the surgical site. In some aspects, the fluid pathway is a first fluid pathway and the insufflation tube is a first insufflation tube, and the surgical robotic assembly further comprises a second fluid pathway and a second insufflation tube that are not fluidly coupled to the surgical insufflator, and the smoke evacuation function comprise passively evacuating smoke through the second fluid pathway and second insufflation tube. In still further aspects, the robotic arm is a first robotic arm and the insufflation tube is a first insufflation tube, the system further comprising a second robotic arm and a second insufflation tube integrated with the second robotic arm, and the smoke evacuation function comprises introducing a flow of fluid to the surgical cavity through the first insufflation tube and evacuating smoke from the surgical cavity using the second insufflation tube. In some cases, the detected surgical condition may be activation of an energy device within a surgical site; and the operation controlled by the processor is a smoke evacuation function of the surgical insufflator. In other aspects, the detected surgical condition may be a presence of particles within a surgical site; and the operation controlled by the processor is a particle removal function of the surgical insufflator. The above summary does not include an exhaustive list of all aspects of the present invention. It is contemplated that the invention includes all systems and methods that can be practiced from all suitable combinations of the various aspects summarized above, as well as those disclosed in the Detailed Description below and particularly pointed out in the claims filed with the application. Such combinations have particular advantages not specifically recited in the above summary.

11361132

BACKGROUND The present invention relates generally to weather factors in sports. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for predicting the flight of a ball based on weather conditions at a particular location. Weather has a significant impact on many sports, such as baseball, football, golf, etc. There is a significant amount of credible research that explains how weather impacts the balls used in all major sports in outdoor venues. Given the knowledge that weather can impact the flight of a ball, it would be desirable to have a system for predicting the flight of a ball in sports at a given location based on the current and future weather conditions. SUMMARY In accordance with an embodiment, a computer-implemented method is provided for determining an impact of weather parameters on a flight of a ball at an outdoor sports venue. A digital model of the outdoor sports venue is provided to a processor. At the processor, real-time data for at least one weather parameter at or near the outdoor sports venue is obtained. The at least one weather parameter is wind, and obtaining the real-time data comprises receiving the real-time data from a wireless communication network, where the wireless communication network collects the real-time data sourced from cellular transmission signals including signal attenuation information. At the processor, the obtained current data for the at least one weather parameter is inputted into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. At the processor, the CFD model is used with the inputted current data and the digital model of the outdoor sports venue to produce three-dimensional wind vectors at grid-points in the digital model of the outdoor sports venue. At the processor, the three-dimensional wind vectors are used to calculate a trajectory of the ball at the outdoor sports venue based on the current data obtained for the at least one weather parameter, where the calculated trajectory of the ball accounts for the impact of the at least one weather parameter. The calculated trajectory of the ball or calculations based on the calculated trajectory of the ball is displayed on a screen. In accordance with another embodiment, a system is provided. The system includes a data storage that contains wind model data for the outdoor sports venue; at least one processor, a machine-readable medium including instructions stored therein, and a display for outputting in real time the calculated trajectory of the ball or calculations based on the calculated trajectory of the ball. The at least one processor contains a digital model of the outdoor sports venue. When the machine-readable medium is executed by the at least one processor, it causes the at least one processor to perform operations in real-time. The operations include, at a server, obtaining current weather data comprising wind data, where obtaining current weather data comprises receiving the current weather data from a wireless communication network. The wireless communication network collects the real-time data sourced from cellular transmission signals including signal attenuation information. At the server, a trajectory of a ball at the outdoor sports venue is calculated, using the wind model data and the current weather data, taking into account impact of current weather conditions on movement of the ball at the outdoor sports venue based on the obtained current weather data for current weather parameters. In accordance with yet another embodiment, a system is provided. The system includes a data storage that contains wind model data for the outdoor sports venue, one or more processors, a machine-readable medium including instructions stored therein, and a display for outputting in real time the calculated trajectory of the ball or calculations based on the calculated trajectory of the ball. The one or more processors contains a digital model of the outdoor sports venue. When the machine-readable medium is executed by the one or more processors, the one or more processors performs operations in real-time. The operations include, at a server, obtaining current weather data comprising wind data, where obtaining current weather data comprises receiving the current weather data from at least one wind sensor positioned at or near an outdoor sports venue. If the server stops receiving current weather data from any wind sensor positioned at or near an outdoor sports venue, current weather data is obtained from a wireless communication network. The wireless communication network collects the real-time data sourced from cellular transmission signals including signal attenuation information. At the server, a trajectory of a ball at the outdoor sports venue is calculated, using the wind model data and the current weather data, taking into account impact of current weather conditions on movement of the ball at the outdoor sports venue based on the obtained current weather data for current weather parameters.

11509731

BACKGROUND The increasing proliferation of cloud service providers and service levels has given rise to an increase in the quality and availability of cloud services. This has created a greater need for organizations to increase the mobility and scalability of their data, compute, networking and applications, relative to service providers, utilizing a “just-in-time” approach to system resource architecture, allocation and service delivery. Currently, a user seeking to increase the efficiency of their deployment of computing resources must manually determine which services exist, their cost, and merits and balance these relative to the hassle and cost of migration. This process presents a great deal of difficulty, and may consume a large amount of manpower and other resources, which reduces the overall value available to the user by increasing the savings necessary to justify a migration.

11485709

BACKGROUND Endocannabinoids are lipid signaling molecules that act on the same cannabinoid receptors—CB1and CB2—that recognize and mediate the effects of marijuana. Activation of CB1receptors increases appetite, increases the biosynthesis and storage of lipids, inhibits the actions of insulin and leptin, and promotes inflammation and fibrosis, which has led to the development of CB1receptor blocking drugs for the treatment of obesity and its metabolic complications, referred to as the metabolic syndrome. The prototype compound rimonabant proved effective in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome, but caused neuropsychiatric side effects, which resulted in its withdrawal from the market and halted further therapeutic development of this class of compounds. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE In one embodiment, there is disclosed herein a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: wherein A is an amidino-containing moiety, a hydrazino-containing moiety, R1, R2, and R3are each independently selected from optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, optionally-substituted alkoxy, amino, optionally-substituted sulfonyl, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted heteroaryl, optionally-substituted carboxyl, acyl, optionally-substituted alkenyl, optionally-substituted alkynyl, optionally-substituted phosphonyl, optionally-substituted phosphinyl, optionally-substituted boronate, optionally-substituted silyl, or imino; X is SO2or C═O; R10, R11, R12, R13, and R20are each independently selected from H, optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, optionally-substituted alkoxy, amino, optionally-substituted sulfonyl, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted heteroaryl, optionally-substituted carboxyl, acyl, optionally-substituted alkenyl, optionally-substituted alkynyl, optionally-substituted phosphonyl, optionally-substituted phosphinyl, optionally-substituted boronate, optionally-substituted silyl, or imino; R21is optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, optionally-substituted alkoxy, amino, optionally-substituted sulfonyl, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted heteroaryl, optionally-substituted carboxyl, acyl, optionally-substituted alkenyl, optionally-substituted alkynyl, optionally-substituted phosphonyl, optionally-substituted phosphinyl, optionally-substituted boronate, optionally-substituted silyl, or imino; M is S or Se; a, b, and c are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; m, x, and y are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; d is 0 or 1; and z is 1 or 2. Disclosed herein in a further embodiment is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, comprising (i) a CB1receptor mediating scaffold and (ii) a second therapeutic scaffold. Also disclosed herein is a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, having a structure of: wherein A is an amidino-containing moiety, a hydrazino-containing moiety, an optionally-substituted thiol, R1, R2, and R3are each independently selected from optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, optionally-substituted alkoxy, amino, optionally-substituted sulfonyl, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted heteroaryl, optionally-substituted carboxyl, acyl, optionally-substituted alkenyl, optionally-substituted alkynyl, optionally-substituted phosphonyl, optionally-substituted phosphinyl, optionally-substituted boronate, optionally-substituted silyl, or imino; G and G′ are each independently H, hydroxy, optionally-substituted alkyl, aralkyl, amino, or optionally-substituted thiol; X is SO2or C═O; R10, R11, R12, R13, and R20are each independently selected from H, optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, optionally-substituted alkoxy, amino, optionally-substituted sulfonyl, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted heteroaryl, optionally-substituted carboxyl, acyl, optionally-substituted alkenyl, optionally-substituted alkynyl, optionally-substituted phosphonyl, optionally-substituted phosphinyl, optionally-substituted boronate, optionally-substituted silyl, or imino; R21is optionally-substituted alkyl, optionally-substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, optionally-substituted alkoxy, amino, optionally-substituted sulfonyl, optionally-substituted aryl, optionally-substituted heteroaryl, optionally-substituted carboxyl, acyl, optionally-substituted alkenyl, optionally-substituted alkynyl, optionally-substituted phosphonyl, optionally-substituted phosphinyl, optionally-substituted boronate, optionally-substituted silyl, or imino; M is S or Se; a, b, and c are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; m, x, and y are each independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; d is 0 or 1; and z is 1 or 2. Disclosed herein in a further embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound disclosed herein, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable additive. Disclosed herein in a further embodiment is a method for treating obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease, or a co-morbidity of obesity such as arteriosclerotic heart disease or gout, in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein. Disclosed herein in a further embodiment is a method for treating fibrosis or liver cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein. Disclosed herein in a further embodiment is a method of preventing or reversing the deposition of adipose tissue in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein. The foregoing will become more apparent from the following detailed description of a several embodiments which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

11261129

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure generally relates to methods for reducing surface defects. More particularly, the disclosure relates to methods for reducing surface defects in ion-exchanged or otherwise strengthened substrates. BACKGROUND Tempered or strengthened glass is often used in consumer electronic devices, such as smart phones and tablets, due to its physical and chemical durability. However, the strengthening process can place glass under significant stress, which may propagate surface irregularities or other defects. Surface defects may alter both the appearance and the strength of the glass. If a glass article cannot meet the aesthetic or functional demands required in electronic devices because of the surface defects, the glass may be unusable and may have to be discarded as scrap material. Accordingly, a need exists for reducing or removing surface defects in substrates. SUMMARY Embodiments described herein address these needs by providing methods for reducing surface defects in ion-exchanged or otherwise strengthened substrates by contacting a defective substrate with a heated salt bath comprising at least one monovalent salt. In some embodiments, a method is provided for removing a defective area in a strengthened substrate by heating a salt bath comprising at least one monovalent salt to a temperature of greater than or equal to 95° C., contacting the strengthened substrate with the heated salt bath, and removing the strengthened substrate from the heated salt bath. The strengthened substrate, before being contacted with the heated salt, has at least one defective area and one or more non-defective area, where the non-defective areas have an average metal monovalent cation concentration, and the defective area deviates from that average by at least 10 mol %. Upon removal of the substrate from the heated salt bath, the defective area deviates from the average by less than 10 mol %, effectively removing the defective area. As used herein, the term “deviate” means the absolute value of the difference in concentrations between the at least one defective area and one or more non-defective area. In some embodiments, a method is provided for producing a non-defective ion-exchanged substrate by heating a salt bath comprising at least one monovalent salt to a temperature of greater than or equal to 95° C. and less than or equal to 430° C., contacting the ion-exchanged substrate with the heated salt bath, and removing the ion-exchanged substrate from the heated salt bath. The ion-exchange substrate, before being contacted with the heated salt bath, is a defective ion-exchanged substrate having an Arithmetic Average Roughness (Ra) of greater than or equal to about 0.002 μm, as measured over an area having dimensions of 0.18 mm by 0.13 mm. Upon removal from the heated salt bath, the ion-exchanged substrate is a non-defective ion-exchanged substrate having an Ra of less than 0.002 μm.

11394108

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to an antenna device including a broadband antenna based on a bow-tie antenna. BACKGROUND In recent years, there have been growing demands of placing a broadband antenna for telematics (hereinafter, referred to as “TEL”) and an antenna for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) on vehicles. PRIOR ART LITERATURE Patent Literature [Patent Literature 1] JP-A-2011-193432 Patent Literature 1 discloses an example of a bow-tie antenna having a configuration designed to realize miniaturization of the antenna. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION When the TEL antenna and the GNSS antenna are composite, there has conventionally been problems in that broadening the band of the TEL antenna and controlling the directional gain of the TEL antenna are difficult. Additionally, the improvement in broadband characteristics of the TEL antenna has not yet been studied sufficiently. The present invention has been made based on the recognition of these situations, and an object of the present invention is to provide a broadband antenna device for use over a broad frequency band. Problem to be Solved by the Invention A first aspect of the present invention is a composite antenna device. This composite antenna device includes a broadband antenna based on a bow-tie antenna including a first conductor element and a second conductor element which extend in opposite directions to each other with respect to a feeding point, and a patch antenna provided on the first conductor element or the second conductor element. In the first aspect, the first conductor element or the second conductor element may perform as a ground of the patch antenna. In the first aspect, assuming that orthogonal three axes are referred to as an X axis, a Y axis and a Z axis, the first conductor element may have a portion extending in a positive Z direction from the feeding point and being substantially parallel to an X-Z plane, and the second conductor element may have a portion extending in a negative Z direction from the feeding point and being substantially parallel to the X-Z plane, and at least one of the first conductor element and the second conductor element may have a first portion lying near the feeding point and a second portion extending from the first portion so as to have an area being non-parallel to the first portion. Additionally, the second portion may extend from the first portion so as to be substantially parallel to an X-Y plane or to form an angle equal to or smaller than 90 degrees between the first portion and the second portion. The first conductor element may have a first portion lying near the feeding point, the first portion extending in the positive Z direction from the feeding point and being substantially parallel to the X-Z plane, and a second portion extending substantially parallel to the X-Y plane from the first portion, and the patch antenna may be provided on the second portion of the first conductor element. Ribs may be formed in both side positions of the patch antenna so as to rise in the positive Z direction from the second portion of the first conductor element, and a cutaway may be provided at portions of the ribs opposing both side surfaces of the patch antenna. In the first aspect, at least one of the first conductor element and the second conductor element may have a curved contour projecting towards the feeding point so as to narrow areas of opposite gaps defined between the first conductor element and the second conductor element. In the first aspect, the composite antenna device may include a coaxial cable which feeds the broadband antenna, another coaxial cable which feeds the patch antenna, and a magnetic core which is provided at an outer circumference of the coaxial cables. A broadband antenna circuit board may be interposed between the broadband antenna and the coaxial cable which feeds the broadband antenna, and a ground of the broadband antenna circuit board may be overlapped on the first conductor element so as to be integrally connected with the first conductor element. A second aspect of the present invention is an antenna device. This antenna device includes a broadband antenna based on a bow-tie antenna including a first conductor element and a second conductor element which extend in opposite directions to each other with respect to a feeding point, and at least one of the first conductor element and the second conductor element has a curved contour projecting towards the feeding point so as to narrow areas of opposite gaps defined between the first conductor element and the second conductor element. In the second aspect, when orthogonal three axes are referred to as an X axis, a Y axis and a Z axis, the first conductor element may have a portion extending in a positive Z direction from the feeding point and being substantially parallel to an X-Z plane, and the second conductor element may have a portion extending in a negative Z direction from the feeding point and being substantially parallel to the X-Z plane, and at least one of the first conductor element and the second conductor element may have a first portion lying near the feeding point and a second portion extending from the first portion so as to have an area being non-parallel to the first portion. Additionally, the second portion may extend from the first portion so as to be substantially parallel to an X-Y plane or to form an angle equal to or smaller than 90 degrees between the first portion and the second portion. The antenna device may have a third portion extending from the second portion so as to have an area being non-parallel to the second portion. In the second aspect, a broadband antenna circuit board may be interposed between the broadband antenna and the coaxial cable which feeds the broadband antenna, and a ground of the broadband antenna circuit board may be overlapped on the first conductor element or the second conductor element so as to be integrally connected with the first conductor element or the second conductor element. An arbitrary combination of the constituent elements that have been described above and a method or a system resulting from changing the expressions or representations made in the present invention will also be effective as aspects of the present invention. Advantageous Effects of the Invention According to the present invention, the broadband antenna device including the bow-tie antenna, which can be used as a TEL antenna to be set on a vehicle, for example, can be realized. Additionally, it is possible to make the antenna device composite by providing the patch antenna, which is applicable for use as a GNSS antenna, in a part of the broadband antenna based on the bow-tie antenna.

11461344

FIELD Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the field of data mining and machine learning, and more specifically, to a data processing method, an electronic device and a computer-readable storage medium for determining causal relations among a plurality of variables. BACKGROUND With rapid development of information technology, data is growing in scale. In the era of big data, a large amount of data may be obtained through various data collection approaches. Lots of useful information may be obtained by performing data analyzing and mining to such data. However, in various application fields, only the appearance or running performance of the system can be observed while it is hard to have an insight into the complex mechanism and process of actions behind the system and only empirical understanding can be obtained. Causal relation learning is aimed at restoring complex mechanism of actions behind the system automatically with a computer and reproducing a data generation process based on observation data of the system. Currently, causal relation learning has been applied to various fields, such as market analysis, pharmacy, manufacturing and so on to have an insight into nature of the system and further guide decision-making. For example, in the field of product retail, when there is decline in product sales, causal relation learning technology is able to find the cause of sales decline by analyzing sales-related data, thereby helping merchants with improving sales. For another example, in the field of health care, causal relation learning technology is able to help health care centers by analyzing root causes of their customers' churn and assist in the development of their customer retention scheme. For another example, in the field of software development, causal relation learning technology can support timely prediction on whether project under developing has risks of delays and low quality etc., and locate the causes of the risks so as to support automated management of software development. At present, a causal relation Bayesian network is a mainstream method for discovering a causal relation. It may be further divided into statistical independence-based method (for example, constraint-based method) and score-based method. However, accuracy of causal relation obtained with these two kinds of methods is generally not satisfactory. SUMMARY Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for data processing, an electronic device and a computer-readable storage medium, with which causal relations can be accurately obtained. In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a data processing method. The method comprises obtaining a model representing causal relations among a plurality of variables based on a set of observation data of the plurality of variables. The method further comprises determining, based on the model, a first and second variables having direct causal relation in the plurality of variables. The method further comprises determining whether the first and second variables are independent from each other. The method further comprises in response to the first and second variables being independent from each other, deleting the direct causal relation between the first and second variables from the model. In a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electronic device comprising a processor and a memory having instructions stored thereon which, when executed by the processor, cause the electronic device to perform acts of: obtaining a model representing causal relations among the plurality of variables based on a set of observation data of the plurality of variables; determining, based on the model, a first and a second variables having direct causal relation in the plurality of variables; determining whether the first and second variables are independent from each other; and in response to the first and second variables being independent from each other, deleting the direct causal relation between the first and second variables from the model. In a third aspect, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium having computer-executable instructions stored thereon which, when executed, cause a computer to perform the method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure. This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

11382607

The present disclosure concerns devices and methods for procuring samples of living tissue for assay, study or other diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. BACKGROUND There are a number of tools, devices and methods that have been used to obtain a sample of tissue from a patient, for testing and diagnosis of potential medical problems with the specific tissue or the patient in general. Attempts have been made to make the procedure as minimally-invasive as possible. To that end, needles have been developed which can be inserted through the skin of a patient directly or through the vasculature to a tissue mass or other particular location from which a sample is desired. Through mechanical or other means a sample is captured by the needle, and the needle is withdrawn with the sample. Several difficulties with this type of needle have been noted over time. Many have utilized inner and outer cannulas that slide with respect to each other. Such devices make an opening through the patient of the outer diameter of the outermost cannula, while only obtaining a sample that is at most the width of the inner diameter of the innermost cannula. Thus, the opening that must be made in the patient is generally significantly larger than the size of the tissue sample, or conversely, for a desired amount of tissue, the opening to be made in the patient must be larger and consequently more uncomfortable. Similarly, some existing needles have suffered from difficulties in controlling or maintaining the tissue sample until it can be transferred to storage or analysis areas. Withdrawal of the needle can leave the tissue behind within the patient, particularly if the tissue must be pulled away from other tissue joined across its width. Accordingly, there remains a need for a biopsy needle that is capable of obtaining a sample of a desired size while keeping the profile of the opening in the patient minimal, and/or is effective in maintaining the sample while allowing it to be easily removed from the needle into a storage or testing device. SUMMARY Among other things, there is disclosed a biopsy needle having an elongated tubular member adapted for insertion through tissue to move tissue into the member. The tubular member has a longitudinal axis, an outer surface, and an inner surface defining a lumen along the axis. The member has a distal insertion portion with a distal end surface that is oblique to the axis. The distal insertion portion includes a notch through a portion of the outer and inner surfaces and into the lumen and directed generally toward the axis. The distal insertion portion thus includes a generally arch-shaped finger distal of the notch, which includes at least part of the distal end surface. At least a portion of the finger adjacent the notch is bent with respect to the rest of the tubular member into the lumen, so that that portion of the finger within the lumen is adapted to contact and compress tissue as tissue moves through the lumen. The tubular member is adapted so that its outer surface contacts tissue when the tubular member is inserted through tissue to move tissue into the member. In other embodiments, the bent portion forms a sharpened tooth adapted to cut a profile in tissue when tissue is within the lumen and the tubular member is rotated around its longitudinal axis. The tubular member may be monolithic. The finger can connect to the rest of the tubular member at two locations, so that the finger has two end portions that are not detached from the tubular member. Alternatively, the finger has first and second end portions, and the first end portion is disconnected from the rest of the tubular member. In that case, the first end portion can form some or all of a bent portion of the finger. A key can be formed along a portion of the inner surface of the tubular member. The tubular member may include a slot through the inner and outer surfaces that is adapted to permit a tissue sample to exit the tubular member, and the slot may be proximal of the notch. The needle can be made a part of a biopsy needle system. For example, such a system in particular embodiments includes a mandrel insertable into the needle's lumen through its end surface. The mandrel is configured to slide into and out of the lumen without interfering with a bent portion of the finger. The mandrel may be configured with a first portion shaped substantially identically to the inner surface of the tubular member of the needle, and a second portion including a groove or flat surface for accommodating passage of a bent portion of the finger. In other embodiments, a biopsy needle includes an elongated tubular member adapted for insertion into a patient to obtain a tissue sample, having a proximal portion, a distal portion having a distal end, and a central longitudinal lumen along a longitudinal axis from the proximal portion through the distal portion and the distal end. The distal end includes a finger separated from the rest of the tubular member by a notch, a portion of the finger being bent toward the notch so that a portion of the finger extends into the lumen. When a tissue sample enters the lumen it contacts that portion of the finger and extends beyond the finger within the lumen. The tubular member is configured so that rotation around the axis causes at least a portion of tissue within the lumen to be separated from adjacent tissue. Particular embodiments include those in which the finger is adapted to elastically flex outward away from the lumen by pressure from a tissue sample moving through the lumen when the tubular member is forced through tissue. The portion of the finger extending into the lumen may include at least one tooth having a sharp edge. For example, where the tubular member has a leading edge, the tooth and sharp edge may be in a portion of the tubular member diametrically opposite to the leading edge, or lateral of the leading edge. The notch can extend through a distal-facing surface in the distal end of the tubular member at a first location, with the tooth being a portion of the finger adjacent that first location. A longitudinal protrusion may be fixed to the tubular member within the lumen, e.g. such that the protrusion substantially faces the notch. A mandrel can be provided having a first portion movable through the lumen, with that first portion having a surface configured to face the tooth in the tubular member so that the mandrel can move without substantial interference with the tooth. Such a mandrel could include a surface that is at least one of flat and longitudinally grooved. Methods for making and using biopsy needles are also disclosed. For example, a method of taking a biopsy in particular embodiments includes providing a needle having a tubular member with a notch defining a distal finger and a lumen, a portion of the finger being bent with respect to the rest of the tubular member into the lumen. The tubular member is inserted into tissue of a patient that is to be sampled, so that tissue to be sampled enters the lumen to a position proximal of the finger. The needle is rotated with respect to the tissue, so as to reduce the area of connection between the tissue within the lumen and adjoining tissue. The needle is withdrawn from the patient, with a portion of the finger bent into the lumen blocking the tissue proximal of the finger and within the lumen from exiting the needle. As particular examples, the rotating can cause a portion of the finger to cut a profile through tissue within the lumen, or the rotating can generate twisting strain between tissue within the lumen and adjoining tissue. Separation between tissue within the lumen and adjoining tissue, or weakening of the join between tissue within the lumen and adjoining tissue, results. These and other embodiments of structure and methodology are given in the following disclosure.

11454781

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention The present disclosure generally relates to digital pathology, and more particularly relates to real-time autofocusing of a digital slide scanning apparatus. Related Art Digital pathology is an image-based information environment, which is enabled by computer technology that allows for the management of information generated from a physical slide. Digital pathology is enabled in part by virtual microscopy, which is the practice of scanning a specimen on a physical glass slide and creating a digital slide image that can be stored, viewed, managed, and analyzed on a computer monitor. With the capability of imaging an entire glass slide, the field of digital pathology has exploded and is currently regarded as one of the most promising avenues of diagnostic medicine, in order to achieve even better, faster, and cheaper diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of important diseases, such as cancer. A primary objective for the digital pathology industry is to decrease the time needed to scan a glass slide. Some conventional digital scanning devices require at least 20 seconds of pre-scan processing to acquire focus points across the sample on a glass slide and create a focal surface from the acquired focus points. Therefore, what is needed is a system and method that overcomes these significant problems found in the conventional systems as described above. SUMMARY In an embodiment, the scanning apparatus includes an imaging sensor, a focusing sensor, and a processor configured to analyze the image data captured by the imaging sensor and the focusing sensor. The focusing sensor may be tilted such that a position along the optical path of the individual pixels of the focusing sensor vary for each line of image data that is captured, whereas the position along the optical path of the individual pixels of the imaging sensor are all substantially the same for each line of image data that is captured. However, when a line of image data is captured by both the imaging sensor and the focusing sensor, one pixel of the tilted focusing sensor is positioned within the same logical image plane along the optical path as all of the pixels of the imaging sensor. This state of having a common position within a logical image plane along the optical path is called “parfocal.” In an embodiment, during scanning, the processor is configured to analyze the image data from the imaging sensor and the focusing sensor to determine the distance and direction of the objective lens from its optimum focus position (i.e., the position of the objective lens at which the imaging plane of the imaging sensor coincides with the optimum focal plane). For each pixel of captured image data, the processor may determine a contrast value for the image data from the focusing sensor and a contrast value for the image data from the imaging sensor. The processor may then determine a ratio of the focusing sensor contrast value divided by the imaging sensor contrast value for each pixel. The processor may graph the contrast ratios to generate a contrast curve. The processor may then identify a peak of the contrast curve to determine the pixel having the highest contrast value. The parfocal point can also be plotted on the contrast curve. The parfocal point will be present on the contrast curve, since the pixel on the imaging sensor and the pixel on the focusing sensor that are within the same logical image plane with respect to the optical path will have substantially the same contrast values. The pixel distance (also referred to herein as “ΔX”) between the parfocal point on the contrast curve and the peak contrast point on the contrast curve indicates a physical distance along the optical path. This physical distance represents the distance between the current position of the objective lens and the optimum focus position of the objective lens (i.e., the position at which the optimum focal plane, along the optical path of the objective lens, will coincide with the individual pixels of the imaging sensor). The direction (also referred to herein as the “X direction” or indicated by either a positive or negative value for ΔX) from the parfocal point to the highest contrast point, indicates the direction along the optical path in which the objective lens should be moved. It should be understood that, if the parfocal point is the same as the peak contrast point on the contrast curve (i.e., ΔX=0), then the objective lens is already at the optimum focal position. In an embodiment, the tilt of the focusing sensor is perpendicular to the scan direction of the scanning apparatus. This tilt is along the axis of the focusing sensor, which is also aligned with the imaging sensor. This geometry is advantageous for distinguishing between contrast variations due to tissue variability and focus, since a ratio method cancels out the tissue variation component and leaves only the contrast change due to focus. Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art after reviewing the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.

11455229

BACKGROUND During development or execution of a computer program, changes can be made to the computer program. Information about the changes can be useful to a developer, e.g., to help the developer understand the impact of a change, determine why an updated computer program no longer functions correctly, or keep track of edits from multiple people. SUMMARY In an aspect, a method is for displaying the differences between a first executable dataflow graph and a second executable dataflow graph, each dataflow graph executable to process data received by the dataflow graph, each dataflow graph including one or more nodes representing data processing components and one or more links representing flows of data between components. The method includes by a computer, comparing a specification of the first executable dataflow graph and a specification of the second executable dataflow graph to identify one or more differences between the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph. The specification of a given executable dataflow graph defines one or more nodes each representing a source of data to be processed by the dataflow graph, one or more nodes each representing a data processing component defining an operation to be performed to process the data from the source of data, and one or more nodes each representing a destination for data processed by the dataflow graph. The comparing of the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph includes at least one of (1) identifying a particular node or link of the first dataflow graph that does not correspond to any node or link of the second dataflow graph, and (2) identifying a first node or link of the first dataflow graph that corresponds to a second node or link of the second dataflow graph, and identifying a difference between the first node or link and the second node or link. The method includes formulating a graphical representation of at least some of the nodes or links of the first dataflow graph or the second dataflow graph, the graphical representation including a graphical indicator of at least one of (1) the identified particular node or link (1) the identified difference between the first node or link and the second node or link; and displaying the graphical representation in a graph editing interface. Embodiments can include one or more of the following features. The first dataflow graph is a first version of a particular dataflow graph and in which the second dataflow graph is a second version of the particular dataflow graph. Identifying a difference between the first node or link and the second node or link includes identifying a difference between a resolved parameter of the first node or link and a resolved parameter of the second node or link. Identifying a difference between the first node or link and the second node or link includes identifying a difference between an expression for a parameter of the first node or link and an expression for a parameter of the second node or link. The graphical indicator is a color of the first, second, or particular node or link in the graphical representation. The color of the graphical indicator is indicative of a type of the identified difference between the first node or link and the second node or link. The graphical indicator is a shading or fill of the first, second, or particular node or link in the graphical representation. The graphical indicator includes a symbol positioned near the first, second, or particular node or link. The graphical indicator is responsive to user interaction. The method includes enabling access to information indicative of the identified difference responsive to user interaction with the graphical indicator. The first dataflow graph contains a first dataflow subgraph and in which the second dataflow graph contains a second dataflow subgraph, and the method includes comparing a specification of the first dataflow subgraph and a specification of the second dataflow subgraph; and based on the comparing, identifying one or more differences between the first dataflow subgraph and the second dataflow subgraph. The graphical representation includes a graphical representation of at least a portion of the first dataflow subgraph or at least a portion of the second dataflow subgraph, the graphical representation including a graphical indicator of at least one of the identified differences between the first dataflow subgraph and the second dataflow subgraph. The graphical representation includes a hierarchical representation of at least one of the identified differences between the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph and at least one of the identified differences between the first dataflow subgraph and the second dataflow subgraph. Comparing the specification of the first dataflow graph and the specification of the second dataflow graph includes comparing a first file referenced by the first dataflow graph and a second file referenced by the second dataflow graph. The graphical representation includes a graphical representation of one or more differences between the first file and the second file. Identifying a first node or link that corresponds to a second node or link includes identifying the first node based on one or more of (1) a name of the first node or link and second node or link and (2) an identifier of the first node or link and second node or link. Identifying a first node or link that corresponds to a second node or link includes identifying the first node based on information associated with data flow into or out of the first node and second node. Identifying a first node or link that corresponds to a second node or link includes identifying the first node or link based on nodes or links that are upstream or downstream of the first node or link and second node or link. The method includes preparing the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph for execution; and comparing the specifications of the prepared first and second dataflow graph. In an aspect, a non-transitory computer readable medium stores instructions for causing a computer to display the differences between a first executable dataflow graph and a second executable dataflow graph, each dataflow graph executable to process data received by the dataflow graph, each dataflow graph including one or more nodes representing data processing components and one or more links representing flows of data between components. The instructions cause the computer to compare a specification of the first executable dataflow graph and a specification of the second executable dataflow graph to identify one or more differences between the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph. The specification of a given executable dataflow graph defines one or more nodes each representing a source of data to be processed by the dataflow graph, one or more nodes each representing a data processing component defining an operation to be performed to process the data from the source of data, and one or more nodes each representing a destination for data processed by the dataflow graph. The comparing of the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph includes at least one of (1) identifying a particular node or link of the first dataflow graph that does not correspond to any node or link of the second dataflow graph, and (2) identifying a first node or link of the first dataflow graph that corresponds to a second node or link of the second dataflow graph, and identifying a difference between the first node or link and the second node or link. The instructions cause the computer to formulate a graphical representation of at least some of the nodes or links of the first dataflow graph or the second dataflow graph, the graphical representation including a graphical indicator of at least one of (1) the identified particular node or link (1) the identified difference between the first node or link and the second node or link; and display the graphical representation in a graph editing interface. In an aspect, a system is for displaying the differences between a first executable dataflow graph and a second executable dataflow graph, each dataflow graph executable to process data received by the dataflow graph, each dataflow graph including one or more nodes representing data processing components and one or more links representing flows of data between components. The system includes a processor and memory configured to compare a specification of the first executable dataflow graph and a specification of the second executable dataflow graph to identify one or more differences between the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph. The specification of a given executable dataflow graph defines one or more nodes each representing a source of data to be processed by the dataflow graph, one or more nodes each representing a data processing component defining an operation to be performed to process the data from the source of data, and one or more nodes each representing a destination for data processed by the dataflow graph. The comparing of the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph includes at least one of (1) identifying a particular node or link of the first dataflow graph that does not correspond to any node or link of the second dataflow graph, and (2) identifying a first node or link of the first dataflow graph that corresponds to a second node or link of the second dataflow graph, and identifying a difference between the first node or link and the second node or link. The processor and memory are configured to formulate a graphical representation of at least some of the nodes or links of the first dataflow graph or the second dataflow graph, the graphical representation including a graphical indicator of at least one of (1) the identified particular node or link (1) the identified difference between the first node or link and the second node or link; and display the graphical representation in a graph editing interface. In an aspect, a system is for displaying the differences between a first executable dataflow graph and a second executable dataflow graph, each dataflow graph executable to process data received by the dataflow graph, each dataflow graph including one or more nodes representing data processing components and one or more links representing flows of data between components. The system includes means for comparing a specification of the first executable dataflow graph and a specification of the second executable dataflow graph to identify one or more differences between the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph. The specification of a given executable dataflow graph defines one or more nodes each representing a source of data to be processed by the dataflow graph, one or more nodes each representing a data processing component defining an operation to be performed to process the data from the source of data, and one or more nodes each representing a destination for data processed by the dataflow graph. The comparing of the first dataflow graph and the second dataflow graph includes at least one of (1) identifying a particular node or link of the first dataflow graph that does not correspond to any node or link of the second dataflow graph, and (2) identifying a first node or link of the first dataflow graph that corresponds to a second node or link of the second dataflow graph, and identifying a difference between the first node or link and the second node or link. The system includes means for formulating a graphical representation of at least some of the nodes or links of the first dataflow graph or the second dataflow graph, the graphical representation including a graphical indicator of at least one of (1) the identified particular node or link (1) the identified difference between the first node or link and the second node or link; and means for displaying the graphical representation in a graph editing interface. In an aspect, a method is for displaying the differences between a first version of an executable dataflow graph and a second version of the executable dataflow graph, the dataflow graph executable to process data received by the dataflow graph, each version of the dataflow graph including one or more nodes representing data processing components and one or more links representing flows of data between components. The method includes, with an integrated control system, monitoring a status of a job that includes one or more operations that can be executed to process data, the job associated with the first version of the executable dataflow graph. The method includes enabling output of information indicative of the status of the job; responsive to user interaction with the integrated control system or the outputted information, identifying the second version of the executable dataflow graph; comparing a specification of the first version of the dataflow graph and a specification of the second version of the dataflow graph to identify one or more differences between the first version of the dataflow graph and the second version of the dataflow graph. The specification of a given executable dataflow graph defines one or more nodes each representing a source of data to be processed by the dataflow graph, one or more nodes each representing a data processing component defining an operation to be performed to process the data from the source of data, and one or more nodes each representing a destination for data processed by the dataflow graph. The comparing of the first version of the dataflow graph and the second version of the dataflow graph includes at least one of (1) identifying a first node or link of the first version of the dataflow graph that does not correspond to any node or link of the second version of the dataflow graph, (2) identifying a second node or link of the second version of the dataflow graph that does not correspond to any node or link of the first version of the dataflow graph, and (1) identifying a third node or link of the first version of the dataflow graph that corresponds to a fourth node or link of the second version of the dataflow graph, and identifying a difference between the third node or link and the fourth node or link. The method includes formulating a graphical representation of at least some of the nodes or links of the first version of the dataflow graph or the second version of the dataflow graph, the graphical representation including a graphical indicator of at least one of (1) the identified first node or link, (2) the identified second node or link, and (3) the identified difference between the third node or link and the fourth node or link. Embodiments can include one or more of the following features. A previously executed job is associated with the second version of the dataflow graph. The graphical representation includes a hierarchical representation of one or more of the identified differences. The method includes formulating the graphical representation for display in a user interface of the integrated control system. Identifying a difference between the first version of the dataflow graph and the second version of the dataflow graph includes identifying a difference between a resolved parameter of the first version of the dataflow graph and a resolved parameter of the second version of the dataflow graph. Identifying a difference between the first version of the dataflow graph and the second version of the dataflow graph includes identifying a difference between an expression for a parameter of the first version of the dataflow graph and an expression for a parameter of the second version of the dataflow graph. Identifying a difference between the first version of the dataflow graph and the second version of the dataflow graph includes identifying a difference between a first file referenced by the first version of the dataflow graph and a second file referenced by the second version of the dataflow graph. Monitoring the status of the job includes monitoring one or more of an activity of the job, an actual start time of the job, an estimated start time of the job, a processing duration associated with the job, and a size of the job. Monitoring the status of the job includes determining whether the job was successfully completed. The method includes monitoring the status of an application, in which the job is associated with the application. The method includes monitoring the status of a computing device, in which the application is hosted by the computing device. The approaches described here enable presentation of a graphical representation of differences between executable applications, such as computer programs (e.g., dataflow graphs), thus providing a high-level visual overview of the differences between the applications. For instance, a graphical representation of differences between a first dataflow graph (e.g., an early version of the dataflow graph) and a second dataflow graph (e.g., a later, edited version of the dataflow graph) can depict a high-level view of components that were added, removed, or modified during the editing process. The graphical representation of differences between executable applications can be interactive. For instance, a user can drill down into a component in the graphical representation to view detailed information about that component, such as information about modifications made to the component. The presented information about differences between dataflow graphs can provide valuable technical support to a developer during graph creation or editing. For instance, a developer may use the visualization to reconcile development that has happened on different branches in a source code control system. A developer may use the visualization to refresh her memory about recent changes she has made relative to a version under source code control. A developer may use the visualization to evaluate someone else's recent changes to a graph, e.g., to confirm that another developer made the changes that were expected and no other changes or to ensure that certain quality standards have been met. A developer or quality control team may want to understand why the behavior of a graph changed between successive versions, e.g., why a newer version of a graph crashes, runs more slowly, gives wrong answers, consumes more CPU time, or otherwise behaves differently. A developer may want to edit a graph through a difference visualization, e.g., to merge multiple versions into a single version or to undo a change to the graph. Visualization of differences between graphs can be technically valuable after a graph is in production. For instance, a new feature created in by a development team can be unified with a minor bug fix from a production branch. A quality control team may become aware that a particular buggy line of code was introduced somewhere in a series of changes made to a graph, and the visualization can be used to discover which version is the first version with that code so that affected customers can be notified.

11295097

FIELD Embodiments described herein relate generally to an antenna device and a reading system. BACKGROUND In the related art, there is known a wireless tag reading apparatus that reads and writes information from and into a wireless tag, such as a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, an electronic tag, and a transponder. For example, the wireless tag is embedded in a portable article, such as a card and a smartphone. When such an article is held over an antenna of the reading apparatus, a connection is established and information is exchanged therebetween. However, since a human hand is a dielectric, when the hand is brought close to the antenna, the radiation of the radio waves from the reader is hindered, which results in failure of connection. Thus, a technique of reducing such deterioration is desired.

11417158

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application is a national phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/CN2018/098596, filed Aug. 3, 2018, which claims the benefit of priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201711136710.7, filed with the China National Intellectual Property Administration on Nov. 16, 2017 and entitled “Method, Apparatus, and System for Information prompt, and Intelligent Electronic Door Lock”, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present application relates to the field of security technology, and in particular, to a method, apparatus and system for information prompt, and an intelligent electronic door lock. BACKGROUND In the field of security guard technology, an intelligent door lock system for security guard is more and more widely applied. For the intelligent door lock system, operations for opening and locking a door may be performed independently by an intelligent electronic door lock in the intelligent door lock system, that is, the control function of the entire intelligent door lock system may be implemented independently by the intelligent electronic door lock. Alternatively, the control function of the entire intelligent door lock system may be completed cooperatively by the intelligent electronic door lock and a corresponding server device. At present, the intelligent door lock system usually provides a prompt when the intelligent electronic door lock is abnormally opened and closed, and thus has a single humanized function. For example, when a circuit in the intelligent electronic door lock is damaged, the intelligent electronic door lock and the relevant server device will provide the prompt. However, when a user goes out, there may be a case that the user forgets to carry articles with him or her. For this case, the intelligent electronic door lock and the relevant server device cannot provide the prompt. Accordingly, the intelligent electronic door lock cannot provide intelligent prompt for an identity of the user and the time of entering or leaving the door, and thus cannot meet the growing demand from users for safer and more comfortable home life. SUMMARY In view of this, embodiments of the present application provide a method, apparatus and system for information prompt, and an intelligent electronic door lock, to solve the problem that the intelligent door lock system has the single humanized function. The embodiments of the present application provide the following technical solutions. In a first aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a method for information prompt, which is applied to an intelligent door lock system. The method includes: when detecting that an intelligent electronic door lock performs an operation for unlocking a door, determining a target user behavior type corresponding to the operation for unlocking the door; obtaining target user concern data corresponding to the target user behavior type; generating to-be-output prompt information based on the target user concern data; wherein, the prompt information is configured for prompting a user to perform a target behavior or displaying the target user concern data, and the target behavior is a behavior corresponding to the target user concern data; and outputting the prompt information. In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an apparatus for information prompt, which is applied to an intelligent door lock system. The apparatus includes: a behavior type determination unit, configured for: when detecting that an intelligent electronic door lock performs an operation for unlocking a door, determining a target user behavior type corresponding to the operation for unlocking the door; a user concern data obtaining unit, configured for: obtaining target user concern data corresponding to the target user behavior type; a prompt information generation unit, configured for: generating to-be-output prompt information based on the target user concern data; wherein, the prompt information is configured for prompting a user to perform a target behavior or displaying the target user concern data, and the target behavior is a behavior corresponding to the target user concern data; and a prompt information output unit, configured for: outputting the prompt information. In a third aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides an intelligent electronic door lock, comprising: an internal bus, a memory, a processor, and a communication interface; wherein, the processor, the communication interface and the memory communicate with each other via the internal bus; wherein, the memory is configured for storing machine-readable instructions for a method for information prompt; the processor is configured for reading the machine-readable instructions in the memory and executing the machine-readable instructions to perform operations of: when detecting that the intelligent electronic door lock performs an operation for unlocking a door, determining a target user behavior type corresponding to the operation for unlocking the door; obtaining target user concern data corresponding to the target user behavior type; generating to-be-output prompt information based on the target user concern data; wherein, the prompt information is configured for prompting a user to perform a target behavior or displaying the target user concern data, and the target behavior is a behavior corresponding to the target user concern data; and outputting the prompt information. In a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present application further provides a system for information prompt. The system for information prompt includes: an intelligent electronic door lock, a gateway device and at least one information acquisition device. The gateway device is configured for establishing a communication connection between the intelligent electronic door lock and the at least one information acquisition device. The at least one information acquisition device is configured for acquiring scene information of a scene in which the at least one information acquisition device is located. The intelligent electronic door lock is configured for: when it is detected that the intelligent electronic door lock performs an operation for unlocking a door, determining a target user behavior type corresponding to the operation for unlocking the door; obtaining first-type scene information transmitted by a first-type information acquisition device; wherein, the first-type information acquisition device is an information acquisition device, in the at least one information acquisition device, corresponding to the target user behavior type; determining the first-type scene information as the target user concern data; generating to-be-output prompt information based on the target user concern data; wherein, the prompt information is configured for prompting a user to perform a target behavior or displaying the target user concern data, and the target behavior is a behavior corresponding to the target user concern data; and outputting the prompt information. In a fifth aspect, an embodiment of the present application further provides a system for information prompt. The system for information prompt includes: an intelligent electronic door lock, a gateway device and at least one information acquisition device. The gateway device is configured for establishing a communication connection between the intelligent electronic door lock and the at least one information acquisition device. The at least one information acquisition device is configured for acquiring scene information of a scene in which the at least one information acquisition device is located. The intelligent electronic door lock is configured for: when it is detected that the intelligent electronic door lock performs an operation for unlocking a door, determining a target user behavior type corresponding to the operation for unlocking the door; determining target user concern data corresponding to the target user behavior type from a correspondence between user behavior types and user concern data; generating to-be-output prompt information based on the target user concern data; wherein, the prompt information is configured for prompting a user to perform a target behavior or displaying the target user concern data, and the target behavior is a behavior corresponding to the target user concern data; obtaining second-type scene information transmitted by a second-type information acquisition device; wherein, the second-type information acquisition device is an information acquisition device, in the at least one information acquisition device, corresponding to the target user behavior type; and outputting the second-type scene information and the prompt information. In a sixth aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a machine-readable storage medium for storing a computer program therein. The computer program is executed by a processor, so as to cause the processor to perform the above any one method for information prompt. In a seventh aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a computer program. The computer program is executed by a processor, so as to cause the processor to perform the above any one method for information prompt. In the solution provided by the embodiment of the present application, when detecting that an intelligent electronic door lock performs an operation for unlocking a door, the intelligent door lock system determines a target user behavior type corresponding to the operation for unlocking the door; obtains target user concern data corresponding to the target user behavior type; and then generates and outputs prompt information based on the target user concern data; wherein, the prompt information is configured for prompting a user to perform a target behavior or displaying the target user concern data, and the target behavior is a behavior corresponding to the target user concern data. It can be seen that in the solution provided by the embodiment of the present application, an information prompt function for the user concern data is added to the intelligent door lock system, thereby adding humanized functions, and solving the problem that the intelligent door lock system has the single humanized function.

11371803

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates generally to gun accessories, including but not limited to gun covers, grips and gun equipment and accessory mounting and accessory wiring. BACKGROUND A principle component of the systems are over molded or mechanically and or chemically bonded clips, bars or rigid internal skeleton components that can be adhered or attached anywhere on a weapon by means of adhesives, hardware or insertion of a rigid structure into the component. Such components can be configured to fit on M4 and M16 carbines, on AR-15 rifles and the like, and on hunting rifles and shot guns or any weapon platform or accessory that may help in the operation of the said platform. SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS The following presents a simplified overview of the example embodiments in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the example embodiments. This overview is not an extensive overview of the example embodiments. It is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of the example embodiments nor delineate the scope of the appended claims. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the example embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later. In accordance with an example embodiment, there is disclosed herein a molded panel configured for mounting on a rail of a weapon, the molded panel having a slot that will allowing a cavity to be opened into the panel for allowing a friction fit insert to be inserted into the slot, The friction insert causes the molded panel to be locked onto a rail while the friction fit is inserted into the cavity.

11313221

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE This disclosure herein relates to exploration for oil and gas and geothermal and other subterranean resources and, in particular, to downhole electromagnetic telemetry devices, systems, and methods of their use. BACKGROUND In the exploration for oil and gas, it is necessary to drill a wellbore into the Earth. While drilling of the wellbore permits individuals and companies to evaluate sub-surface materials and to extract desired hydrocarbons, many problems are encountered. For example, it is well known that the “easy oil” is generally gone. Exploration now requires searching to greater depths than ever before. This necessitates drilling deeper and deeper, and thus into harsh environments, such as those having temperatures ranging from 200° C. up to or in excess of 300° C. Generally, present day instrumentation is not built to operate in such an environment, and will fail well before reaching ambient temperatures within this range. The growing complexity of downhole instrumentation further complicates this problem. That is, as technology continues to improve, exploration is making use of more instrumentation than ever before. With this usage comes an increased demand for power downhole. In addition, downhole instruments becoming available have greater instantaneous (or pulse or peak) power requirements. For example, certain downhole instruments may be able to use an existing downhole power source while operating in a first mode, e.g., a standby mode, but require a high power pulse, which existing power sources cannot readily meet, during a second mode of operation, e.g., a data collection or transmission mode. Unfortunately, many of the known downhole power sources have substantial drawbacks. For example, various types of batteries suffer catastrophic failure at elevated temperature, and can thus destroy instrumentation. Meeting the high instantaneous (or peak or pulse) power demand of certain downhole instruments requires high rate batteries, which typically have a lower capacity than low or medium rate batteries and are more susceptible to catastrophic failure at elevated temperatures. Additionally, batteries currently used in downhole applications are typically not rechargeable and may be quite expensive. When a battery requires replacement, e.g., due to failure or charge depletion, a drilling operation must be halted while the drillstring, typically thousands of linear feet, is extracted from the well to gain access to the batteries and any instrumentation that may also require replacement. This operation is time consuming and expensive, and potentially hazardous. Another currently available downhole power source is a downhole generator, e.g., a turbine-based generator. Downhole generators may not suffer from the same temperature limitations as available downhole battery technologies, but downhole electrical generators are highly complex and expensive devices. For example, a typical high temperature, high pressure downhole turbine generator is designed to withstand temperatures up to 200° C. to 300° C., pressures in the thousands of pounds per square inch (psi), shock and vibrational forces up to several hundred g, and exposure to corrosive chemicals present in the drilling mud. Thus, downhole generators are typically constructed out of expensive, highly engineered materials, similar to those found in expensive jet engines or other gas turbines. In terms of electrical performance, downhole generators also suffer from many of the same limitations as batteries, being unable to provide consistently high power pulses to meet the requirements of many downhole instruments. Electromagnetic (“EM”) telemetry tools are an example of a class of downhole instruments with complex power requirements, particularly pulse power requirements. EM telemetry involves transmitting information about subsurface conditions to the surface using an EM signal, as opposed to mud pulse (“MP”) telemetry where information is transmitted by mechanically varying the pressure of the drilling fluid (or mud) in the wellbore. EM telemetry typically has a higher data transfer (or bit) rate (about 10 bits per second (“bps”)) than MP telemetry (about 1-4 bps). In addition, MP telemetry is not suited to many complex drilling operations, e.g., directional drilling or underbalanced drilling, where EM telemetry is necessary. Therefore, EM telemetry is necessary or favored during many drilling operations. The strength of an EM telemetry signal is directly related to the power—a stronger, more powerful EM telemetry signal can propagate over a longer distance and/or have a higher bit rate. For example, many conventional EM telemetry tools cannot operate at depths greater than a few thousand feet because signal attenuation renders the signal undetectable at the surface receiver. In addition, many conventional EM telemetry tools have efficiency limitations that prevent them from delivering a high power EM signal. Therefore, a high power EM telemetry device is needed that is capable of efficiently providing high power EM telemetry signals in a downhole environment, where temperatures range from ambient environmental temperatures up to about 200° C. Celsius or higher, including up to about 300° C. SUMMARY In one aspect, an electromagnetic (EM) telemetry device is disclosed including an EM telemetry circuit capable of transmitting a pulsed high power EM telemetry signal, wherein the high power EM telemetry signal has a peak or average pulse power of about 20 W to about 2000 W. In another aspect, a topside receiver is disclosed for receiving a telemetry signal from a downhole electromagnetic telemetry device, wherein the telemetry signal is transmitted through the earth to the receiver. In some embodiments, the receiver includes: a receiver antenna including a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the receiver antenna is configured to generate an antenna signal current and an antenna signal voltage in response to the telemetry signal; a detector configured to detect at least one of the antenna signal current and the antenna signal voltage; and a decoder configured to decode data encoded on the telemetry signal with a bit rate of at least 1 bit per second (bps) based on the detected antenna signal current or antenna signal voltage. In another aspect, a method of receiving a telemetry signal from a downhole electromagnetic telemetry device is disclosed, the method including: selecting a topside receiver of the type described herein; receiving the telemetry signal from the downhole electromagnetic telemetry device transmitted through the earth to the receiver; generating an antenna signal current and an antenna signal voltage in response to the telemetry signal; detecting at least one of the an antenna signal current and the antenna signal voltage; and decoding data encoded on the telemetry signal based on the detected antenna signal current or antenna signal voltage with a bit rate of at least 1 bit per second (bps). In another aspect, an electromagnetic (EM) telemetry device is disclosed including an EM telemetry circuit capable of transmitting a pulsed high power EM telemetry signal, wherein: the high power EM telemetry signal has a peak or average pulse power of about 20 W to about 2000 W, and the EM telemetry circuit has a maximum operating temperature of at least 150 degrees Celsius. In another aspect, a method is disclosed including transmitting an EM telemetry signal from a downhole location using an EM telemetry system of the type described herein. In another aspect, a system is disclosed including: a receiver of the type described herein; and a transmitter comprising of the type described herein configured to transmit a telemetry signal to the receiver. In another aspect, a method is disclosed including: establishing a telemetry communications link using an EM telemetry system of the type described herein.

11226113

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The subject matter of the present disclosure relates generally to air conditioning systems. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Mini-split or split air conditioning systems allow for temperature control in individual rooms or spaces, such as condominiums, apartments, and hotel rooms. Mini-split systems typically include two main components, including an outdoor unit (compressor/condenser) and an indoor or air-handling unit (evaporator). The outdoor unit and the indoor unit are typically in fluid communication via refrigerant lines and in electrical communication via one or more electric lines. Conventionally, installation of a mini-split system has presented many challenges with respect to placement of the outdoor unit. One current solution is to place the outdoor unit on the roof of the building and to run the refrigerant lines from the indoor unit to the outdoor unit. While this solution avoids the potential eye sore of having the outdoor unit placed along the side of the building, many current mini-split systems are limited in their maximum vertical lift, which limits mini-split systems to low-rise building installations. Another current solution is to mount the outdoor unit to the exterior of the building. This, however, can create a major eye sore for the building. In addition, outdoor units can be difficult to access for maintenance purposes, particularly if the outdoor unit is mounted along the side of the building. Moreover, conventionally, outdoor units have not been accessible from inside the room where the indoor unit is located; thus, a maintenance professional must move between indoor and outdoor locations to service the indoor and outdoor units, respectively. This can be inconvenient to maintenance professionals. Accordingly, improved systems that address one or more of the challenges noted above would be useful. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Aspects and advantages of embodiments of the present disclosure will be set forth in part in the following description, or may be learned from the description, or may be learned through practice of the embodiments. In one aspect, an air conditioning system is provided. The air conditioning system includes an indoor unit operable to move conditioned air into a space. The indoor unit has an indoor coil. Further, air conditioning system includes an outdoor unit mounted within an opening defined by an exterior wall. The outdoor unit has an outdoor coil in fluid communication with the indoor coil of the indoor unit. In some embodiments, the outdoor unit is a revamped PTAC unit. The revamped PTAC unit can revamped in that the indoor sealed system components of the existing PTAC unit are removed or otherwise disconnected from the outdoor sealed system components of the PTAC unit. The outdoor sealed system components of the PTAC unit are fluidly coupled with indoor sealed system components of an indoor split-system unit. In this way, the revamped PTAC and the indoor split-system unit form a sealed system. A streamlined sleeve cover can be connected to the existing sleeve of the revamped PTAC. In another aspect, a method of installing an air conditioning system is provided. The method includes fluidly coupling an indoor coil of an indoor unit operable to condition a space with an outdoor coil of an outdoor unit mounted within an opening of a wall. These and other features, aspects and advantages of various embodiments will become better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the related principles.

11213517

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a United States Application under 35 U.S.C. 371 claiming benefit of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2017/082981, filed on Dec. 15, 2017, which claims the benefit of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2016/081455, filed on Dec. 16, 2016, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination comprising a first active ingredient which is N-[1-(5-Cyano-pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-2-[4-(1-trifluoromethyl-cyclopropyl)-phenyl]-acetamide or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a second active ingredient which has an anti-epileptic effect or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures and by the neurobiological, cognitive, psychological, and social consequences of this condition (Berg A T et al. (2011) New concepts in classification of the epilepsies: entering the 21st century. Epilepsia 52:1058-1062; Berg A T et al. (2010) Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 51:676-685). Epileptic patients experience recurrent spontaneous seizures, which may present various phenotypes ranging from mild brief lapses of attention or muscle jerks up to severe and prolonged convulsions. Seizures are transient events due to abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. They are classified either as focal seizures when they remain restricted to networks in one hemisphere or as generalized (absence, myoclonic, tonic clonic, tonic and atonic) seizures when they rapidly engage bilaterally distributed networks. Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) aim at reducing seizure activity. Currently approved AEDs act mainly on multiple ion channels (Ca2+, Na+, K+or Cl−), synaptic systems and amino-acid receptors, on neurons and glial cells. AEDs are currently prescribed based primarily on consideration of individual's seizure type(s), comorbidities and co-medications (Perucca E et al. (2011) The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in adults. Lancet Neurol 10:446-456; Franco V et al. (2016) Challenges in the clinical development of new antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacol Res 103:95-104) but age, sex, childbearing potential are also considered. Even today there are no reliable tools to predict clinical responses in the individual patient. Newly diagnosed patients are given one of the first line treatment (such as Carbamazepine, Ethosuximide, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Oxcarbazepine, Phenytoin, Topiramate, Valproic acid or salts thereof) chosen based on individual patient characteristics. Treatment usually starts with low dose which is up-titrated during a period which varies for each drug. Maintenance dose is typically adapted for each patient and should be the lowest dose that provides seizure freedom. This initial selected maintenance dose can be increased when seizures recur (Perucca E et al. (2011) The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy in adults. Lancet Neurol 10:446-456). Approximately 50% of adult epileptic patients will stay on monotherapy with the initial AED prescribed, meaning that they achieved seizure freedom without intolerable side effects. For the remaining 50%, treatment needs adaptation and a common option is to combine AEDs. Pharmacoresistant epilepsies represent about 30% of the epileptic population and have been defined by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) as the failure to achieve seizure freedom despite adequate trials of at least two appropriately chosen and tolerated AED schedules, given alone or in combination (Kwan P et al. (2010) Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 51:1069-1077). Most patients with refractory epilepsy take 2, 3 or 4 different AEDs. Since more than 25 AEDs are currently available in the market, there are, in theory, a huge number of possible combinations. This explains the recommendation for a rational polytherapy, i.e. combination of AEDs having different pharmacological properties (Brodie M J et al. (2011) Antiepileptic drug therapy: does mechanism of action matter? Epilepsy Behav 21:331-341; Brodie M J et al. (2011) Combining antiepileptic drugs—rational polytherapy? Seizure 20:369-375; Brodie M J (2016) Pharmacological Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Adults: a Practical Guide. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 16:82). Indeed, most successful combination therapy is observed with drugs having different mechanisms of action (Stephen L J et al. (2012) Antiepileptic drug combinations—have newer agents altered clinical outcomes? Epilepsy Res 98:194-198; Brodie M J (2016) Pharmacological Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Adults: a Practical Guide. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 16:82). However, retrospective analysis of an extensive database of AED therapy in refractory patients showed that combination of more than 2 drugs is in most cases not significantly beneficial to patients (Poolos N P et al. (2012) Comparative efficacy of combination drug therapy in refractory epilepsy. Neurology 78:62-68). Calcium (Ca2+) is an important signal transduction element in neurons and its entry into the cell is tightly regulated by two major classes of voltage gated calcium channels: the high-voltage activated (HVA; L-, N-, P/Q- and R-types) and the low-voltage activated (LVA; T-type) calcium channels (Catterall W A et al. (2005) International Union of Pharmacology. XLVIII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated calcium channels. Pharmacol Rev 57:411-425). Three T-type calcium channel subtypes with different electrophysiological properties have been described: Cav3.1, Cav3.2 and Cav3.3 (Lee J H et al. (1999) Cloning and expression of a novel member of the low voltage-activated T-type calcium channel family. J Neurosci 19:1912-1921; Perez-Reyes E (2003) Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated t-type calcium channels. Physiol Rev 83:117-161). T-type calcium channels are widely expressed in the brain (Talley E M et al. (1999) Differential distribution of three members of a gene family encoding low voltage-activated (T-type) calcium channels. J Neurosci 19:1895-1911), where they play an important role in the control of rhythmic neuronal burst firing and resultant thalamocortical oscillations (Cheong E et al. (2014) T-type Ca(2+) channels in absence epilepsy. Pflugers Arch 466:719-734; Lambert R C et al. (2014) The many faces of T-type calcium channels. Pflugers Arch 466:415-423). Abnormal T-type calcium channel mediated oscillations can be observed during idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) seizures, in particular absence seizures, in both humans and animals (Khosravani H et al. (2006) Voltage-gated calcium channels and idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Physiol Rev 86:941-966; Zamponi G W et al. (2010) Role of voltage-gated calcium channels in epilepsy. Pflugers Arch 460:395-403; Cheong E et al. (2014) T-type Ca(2+) channels in absence epilepsy. Pflugers Arch 466:719-734). In line with these observations, mutations were identified in the gene expressing the Cav3.2 subtype in patients with childhood absence epilepsy and other forms of IGE (Khosravani H et al. (2006) Voltage-gated calcium channels and idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Physiol Rev 86:941-966; Heron S E et al. (2007) Extended spectrum of idiopathic generalized epilepsies associated with CACNA1H functional variants. Ann Neurol 62:560-568; Zamponi G W et al. (2010) Role of voltage-gated calcium channels in epilepsy. Pflugers Arch 460:395-403; Eckle V S et al. (2014) Mechanisms by which a CACNA1H mutation in epilepsy patients increases seizure susceptibility. J Physiol 592:795-809). Several of these mutations increase the intrinsic activity of the channels, whereas others increase the intracellular trafficking of the channels to the plasma membrane; most mutations enhance calcium currents. A direct consequence of this is increased excitability in neurons that exhibit enhanced bursting activity, thereby contributing to the generation of epileptiform discharges. Several rodent models confirm the importance of the Cav3.2 channel subtype. In genetic rat models of spontaneous absence-like epilepsy (GAERS, Genetic Absence Epilepsy in Rats from Strasbourg; WAG/Rij), a gain-of-function mutation of the Cav3.2 gene has been reported (Powell K L et al. (2009) A Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel point mutation has splice-variant-specific effects on function and segregates with seizure expression in a polygenic rat model of absence epilepsy. J Neurosci 29:371-380), as well as elevated levels of Cav3.2 mRNA, and increased T-type calcium currents (Tsakiridou E et al. (1995) Selective increase in T-type calcium conductance of reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy. J Neurosci 15:3110-3117; Talley E M et al. (2000) Low-voltage-activated calcium channel subunit expression in a genetic model of absence epilepsy in the rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 75:159-165; Broicher T et al. (2008) Correlation of T-channel coding gene expression, IT, and the low threshold Ca2+ spike in the thalamus of a rat model of absence epilepsy. Mol Cell Neurosci 39:384-399; Powell K L et al. (2009) A Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel point mutation has splice-variant-specific effects on function and segregates with seizure expression in a polygenic rat model of absence epilepsy. J Neurosci 29:371-380). Acquired channelopathies involving long-term alterations in thalamic Cav3.2 channels have also been described for a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy (Graef J D et al. (2009) An acquired channelopathy involving thalamic T-type Ca2+ channels after status epilepticus. J Neurosci 29:4430-4441). Several lines of evidence link mutations in the Cav3.1 subtype with epilepsy in humans and in rodent animal models. Genetic variants have been detected in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, another form of IGE (Lory P et al. (2010) Calcium channelopathies in inherited neurological disorders: Relevance to drug screening for acquired channel disorders. IDrugs 13:467-471). Overexpression of Cav3.1 channels in mice leads to frequent bilateral cortical seizures (Ernst W L et al. (2009) Genetic enhancement of thalamocortical network activity by elevating alpha 1g-mediated low-voltage-activated calcium current induces pure absence epilepsy. J Neurosci 29:1615-1625) and Cav3.1 knockout mice are protected from absence seizures (Kim D et al. (2001) Lack of the burst firing of thalamocortical relay neurons and resistance to absence seizures in mice lacking alpha (1G) T-type Ca(2+) channels. Neuron 31:35-45; Song I et al. (2004) Role of the alpha1G T-type calcium channel in spontaneous absence seizures in mutant mice. J Neurosci 24:5249-5257). It was surprisingly found that N-[1-(5-Cyano-pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-2-[4-(1-trifluoromethyl-cyclopropyl)-phenyl]-acetamide showed a synergistic effect in a mouse model of generalized tonic-clonic seizures when administered together with existing AEDs.

11400350

FIELD The present application concerns golf club heads, and more particularly, golf club heads for wood-type clubs including driver-type, fairway-type, and hybrid-type golf clubs. INCORPORATIONS BY REFERENCE In addition to the incorporations discussed further herein, other patents and patent applications concerning golf clubs, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,753,806; 7,887,434; 8,118,689; 8,663,029; 8,888,607; 8,900,069; 9,186,560; 9,211,447; 9,220,953; 9,220,956; 9,848,405; and 9,700,763 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/859,071, are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. BACKGROUND Much of the recent improvement activity in the field of golf has involved the use of new and increasingly more sophisticated materials in concert with advanced club-head engineering. For example, modern “wood-type” golf clubs (notably, “drivers,” “fairway woods,” and “utility or hybrid clubs”), with their sophisticated shafts and non-wooden club-heads, bear little resemblance to the “wood” drivers, low-loft long-irons, and higher numbered fairway woods used years ago. These modern wood-type clubs are generally called “metalwoods” since they tend to be made primarily of strong, lightweight metals, such as titanium. An exemplary metalwood golf club such as a driver or fairway wood typically includes a hollow shaft having a lower end to which the golf club head is attached. Most modern versions of these golf club heads are made, at least in part, of a lightweight but strong metal such as titanium alloy. In many cases, the golf club head comprises a body made primarily of such strong metals. Some current approaches to reducing structural mass of a metalwood club-head are directed to making one or more portions of the golf club head of an alternative material. Whereas the bodies and face plates of most current metalwoods are made of titanium alloys, some golf club heads are made, at least in part, of components formed from either graphite/epoxy-composite (or other suitable composite material) and a metal alloy. Graphite composites have a much lower density compared to titanium alloys, which offers an opportunity to provide more discretionary mass in the club-head. The ability to utilize such materials to increase the discretionary mass available for placement at various points in the club-head allows for optimization of a number of physical properties of the club-head which can greatly impact the performance obtained by the user. Forgiveness on a golf shot is generally maximized by configuring the golf club head such that the center of gravity (“CG”) of the golf club head is optimally located and the moment of inertia (“MOI”) of the golf club head is maximized. CG and MOI can also critically affect a golf club head's performance, such as launch angle and flight trajectory on impact with a golf ball, among other characteristics. In addition to the use of various materials to optimize the strength-to-weight properties and acoustic properties of the golf club heads, advances have been made in the mass distribution properties provided by using thicker and thinner regions of materials, raising and lowering certain portions of the sole and crown, providing adjustable weight members and adjustable head-shaft connection assemblies, and many other golf club head engineering advances. SUMMARY This application discloses, among other innovations, wood-type golf club heads that provide, among other attributes, improved forgiveness, ball speed, adjustability and playability, while maintaining durability. The following describes wood-type golf club heads that include a body defining an interior cavity, a sole positioned at a bottom portion of the golf club head and a crown positioned at a top portion. The body also has a face defining a forward portion extending between a heel portion of the golf club head and a toe portion of the golf club head, a rearward portion opposite the face, and a hosel. Certain of the described golf club heads have a weight channel formed in the sole and defining a path along the sole. In certain instances, a weight member is positioned in or on the weight channel, and may be configured to be adjusted along the path to any of a range of selectable positions in the weight channel to adjust mass properties of the golf club head. In particular instances, a fastener is configured to secure the weight member to the golf club head body in any of the selectable positions along the path. In certain examples, there are at least five, or in some cases at least ten such selectable positions. The fastener may be secured to the golf club head body at a fixed location that is independent of the position of the weight member along the path, so that this position does not change, regardless of where the weight member is positioned along the path. In certain instances, the path may comprise a substantially linear path extending in a substantially heel-toe direction, or, alternatively, in a substantially forward-rearward direction. In other instances, the path comprises a curved path extending in a substantially heel-toe direction. In some instances, the weight channel is positioned in a forward portion of the sole, and, in particular instances, the channel comprises a toe and a heel end, and wherein the channel curves rearwardly at the toe and heel ends, away from the face. In other instances, the channel is positioned in a rearward portion of the sole, and, in particular instances, the channel comprises a toe end and a heel end, and wherein the channel curves forwardly at the toe and heel ends. In some instances, the weight channel comprises an outer arc that extends at least half of a length of the golf club head from a heel of the golf club head to a toe of the golf club head, or half of a depth of the golf club head from the face to a trailing edge of the golf club head. The weight member may comprise a forward side and a rearward side. In particular instances, the forward side of the weight member is curved parallel to a corresponding curved forward edge of the weight channel. In some cases, the rearward side is also curved parallel to a corresponding curved rearward edge of the weight channel. In particular instances, the weight member is positioned entirely external to the interior cavity. In some instances, a lower surface of the weight member is approximately parallel to the sole to serve as a ground contact point when the golf club head is soled. The golf club may comprise a front channel in the sole positioned forward of the weight channel and extending into the interior cavity of the golf club head, the front channel extending substantially in a heel-toe direction. The front channel, or a similar slot channel in addition to the weight channel may increase or enhance the perimeter flexibility of the striking face of the golf club head in order to increase the coefficient of restitution and/or characteristic time of the golf club head and frees up additional discretionary mass which can be utilized elsewhere in the golf club head. In some instances, the front channel, or similar slot or other mechanism is located in the forward portion of the sole of the golf club head, adjacent to or near to the forwardmost edge of the sole. Also, in some instances, the front channel extends into the interior cavity of the golf club head, and in particular cases extends substantially in a heel-toe direction. In particular instances, the weight member comprises an elongated weight slot that extends through an interior of the weight member, the fastener extends through the weight slot, and is configured to permit the weight member to translate along the path while the fastener is stationary. In some instances, the fastener comprises a fastener head that is recessed within the weight slot and a threaded fastener shaft that extends from the fastener head and is secured to the body at a fastener port in the body. In certain instances, the fastener port is forward of the fastener head. The fastener may be configured to, in a loosened position, allow the weight member to translate along the path as the fastener remains stationary relative to the fastener port. The fastener may further be configured to, in a secured position, retain the weight member in a selected position. In some instances, the fastener may comprise two or more fasteners each passing through the weight slot and secured to the golf club head body at different locations. In some instances, the fastener may itself comprise a removable weight, which mass can be adjusted as desired to adjust mass properties of the golf club head. In some instances, the fastener at least partially covers the weight member. In particular instances, the fastener does not extend through the weight member. In certain cases, the fastener comprises a tab that extends below at least a portion of either a forward edge or a rearward edge of the weight member, and may in particular instances further comprise a removable screw or bolt that extends through the tab and into the body of the golf club head. The weight channel may have a path dimension representing a distance of travel for the weight member, wherein the distance comprises the distance between a first path end positioned proximate to a first end of the channel and a second path end positioned proximate to a second end of the channel. In particular instances, the weight member may have a first dimension that is normal to the path dimension and a second dimension that is parallel to the path dimension, and in some cases the second dimension is at least 50 percent of the path dimension. In some cases, the second dimension may be at least 70 percent of the path dimension. In some cases, translating the weight member from a first position adjacent a first end of the channel to a second position adjacent a second end of the channel provides a golf club head center of gravity movement along an x-axis (CGx) of at least 3 mm, at least 4 mm or at least 5 mm. In certain instances, the weight member has a mass of at least 40 grams, or at least 60 grams. In particular instances, the weight member comprises at least 25 percent, or in some cases at least 30 percent, of a total mass of the golf club head. The weight member may comprise a forward side and a rearward side, and have a center of mass that is nearer the forward side than the rearward side. In particular examples, a height of the weight member at the forward side is greater than a height of the weight member at the rearward side. The weight member may in some instances be tapered down from the forward side to the rearward side. Additionally or alternatively, the weight member may comprise two or more stepped portions. In particular cases, a first stepped portion at the forward side has a first height that is greater than a second height of a second stepped portion at the rearward side. In some cases, wherein the rearward side of the weight member comprises a chamfered edge. In particular instances, the golf club head further comprises a polymeric pad positioned between the chamfered edge and the body. The rearward end of the weight member may comprise a recessed ledge portion that corresponds to a protruding ledge portion on the golf club head body, such as in the weight channel. In some cases, a polymeric pad may be positioned between the recessed ledge portion and the protruding ledge portion. In particular instances, the weight member is configured to move in an arcuate path defined by a center axis of curvature located rearward of the face, rearward of the weight channel, and/or rearward of a center of gravity of the golf club head. In some cases, the weight member is configured to move in an arc of less than 90 degrees, or less than 180 degrees around the center axis of curvature. In particular cases, the weight member may be configured to move around the center axis of curvature in an arc of between 5 degrees and 90 degrees, between 10 degrees and 30 degrees, or between 15 degrees and 45 degrees. Additionally or alternatively, the weight member may be configured to move around a center axis of curvature, wherein the center axis of curvature is not collocated with a position of the fastener. In some instances, the golf club head may have a balance point up (BP Up) value of less than 23 mm, less than 22 mm, or less than 20 mm. The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the disclosed technology will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

11320635

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-158528, filed on Aug. 30, 2019. The above application is hereby expressly incorporated by reference, in its entirety, into the present application. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The technology of the present disclosure relates to an imaging optical system, a projection type display device, and an imaging apparatus. 2. Description of the Related Art In the related art, a projection type display device that enlarges and projects an image, which is displayed on a light valve such as a liquid crystal display device or a digital micromirror device (DMD, registered trademark), on a screen or the like has been widely used. As optical systems applicable to a projection type display device, for example, the optical systems described in JP2017-211477A, WO2014/103324A, and WO2016/068269A are known. JP2017-211477A discloses an imaging optical system capable of projecting an image displayed on an image display element disposed on a reduction side conjugate plane as an enlarged image on a magnification side conjugate plane. The imaging optical system substantially consists of a first optical system and a second optical system in order from the magnification side. The imaging optical system is configured such that the second optical system forms an image on the image display element as an intermediate image and the first optical system forms the magnification side intermediate image conjugate plane. WO2014/103324A and WO2016/068269A disclose a system configured to perform projection from a first imaging surface on a reduction side to a second imaging surface on a magnification side so as to form two intermediate images and to include a reflective surface having a positive power at a position closer to the magnification side than the magnification side intermediate image of the two intermediate images. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Projection type display devices are required to have a wide angle of view, and in recent years, are also required to be able to support larger image display elements. The imaging optical system disclosed in JP2017-211477A has a configuration in which an intermediate image is formed only once. Therefore, in a case where the configuration is applied to a larger image display element, the diameter of the lens closest to the magnification side is large, which makes manufacturing difficult. In addition, the size of the device is increased. In the systems of WO2014/103324A and WO2016/068269A, since a reflective surface having a power is disposed to be closer to the magnification side than the magnification side intermediate image, the rays near the optical axis cannot reach the screen and cannot be used for imaging That is, there is a disadvantage in that half or more of the image circle including the vicinity of the optical axis cannot be used. The present disclosure has been made in view of the above circumstances, and has an object to provide an imaging optical system which is capable of using a wide area of an image circle including the vicinity of the optical axis and has favorable optical performance by keeping a lens diameter small while having a wide angle of view, a projection type display device including the imaging optical system, and an imaging apparatus including the imaging optical system. According to an aspect of the technology of the present disclosure, there is provided an imaging optical system in which a magnification side imaging surface and a reduction side imaging surface are conjugate, in which the imaging optical system forms a first intermediate image at a position conjugate to the magnification side imaging surface and a second intermediate image at a position closer to a reduction side than the first intermediate image on an optical path and conjugate to the first intermediate image, in which the imaging optical system consists of a first optical system, a second optical system, and a third optical system in order from a magnification side to the reduction side along the optical path, in which magnification side surfaces of all lenses of the first optical system are located on the optical path to be closer to the magnification side than the first intermediate image, in which magnification side surfaces of all lenses of the second optical system are located on the optical path to be closer to the reduction side than the first intermediate image and to be closer to the magnification side than the second intermediate image, in which magnification side surfaces of all lenses of the third optical system are located on the optical path to be closer to the reduction side than the second intermediate image, and in which the imaging optical system does not include a reflective member having a power. Assuming that a focal length of the first optical system is f1, a combined focal length of the first optical system and the second optical system is f12, and a focal length of the imaging optical system is f, it is preferable that the imaging optical system of the above aspect satisfies Conditional Expressions (1) and (2). Further, it is preferable that the imaging optical system of the above aspect satisfies Conditional Expressions (1) and (2) and also satisfies at least one of Conditional Expressions (1-1) or (2-1). 1<|f1/f|<5  (1) 0.8<|f12/f|<3  (2) 1.5<|f1/f|<3  (1-1) 1<|f12/f|<2  (2-1) Assuming that a back focal length of the imaging optical system on the reduction side is Bf and a focal length of the imaging optical system is f, the imaging optical system of the above aspect preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (3), and more preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (3-1). 5<|Bf/f|(3) 6<|Bf/f|<20  (3-1) Assuming that a maximum image height on the reduction side imaging surface is Ymax, and a focal length of the imaging optical system is f, the imaging optical system of the above aspect preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (4) and more preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (4-1). 1.9<|Ymax/f|(4) 2.1<|Ymax/f|<3.2  (4-1) In a case where a maximum image height on the reduction side imaging surface is Ymax and a ray is incident from the reduction side imaging surface to the imaging optical system at a height of Ymax from an optical axis in parallel with an optical axis, assuming that an air gap in which the first intermediate image is located is a first air gap in a case where the first intermediate image is located inside the air gap, and an air gap which is adjacent to the magnification side of a lens in which the first intermediate image is located is the first air gap in a case where the first intermediate image is located inside the lens, an angle formed between a first extension line obtained by extending the ray in the first air gap and the optical axis is θ, and a sign of θ is negative in a case where a first intersection point, which is an intersection point between a first extension line and the optical axis, is located to be closer to the magnification side than the first intermediate image, and the sign of θ is positive in a case where the first intersection point is located to be closer to the reduction side than the first intermediate image, where a unit of θ is degrees, the imaging optical system of the above aspect preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (5) and more preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (5-1). −15<θ<15  (5) −13<θ<13  (5-1) In a case where a maximum image height on the reduction side imaging surface is Ymax and a ray is incident from the reduction side imaging surface to the imaging optical system at a height of Ymax from an optical axis in parallel with an optical axis, assuming that a height of the ray from the optical axis on a lens surface closest to the magnification side in the second optical system is h1, an air gap in which the first intermediate image is located is a first air gap in a case where the first intermediate image is located inside the air gap, and an air gap which is adjacent to the magnification side of a lens in which the first intermediate image is located is the first air gap in a case where the first intermediate image is located inside the lens, an intersection point between a first extension line obtained by extending the ray in the first air gap and the optical axis is a first intersection point, a distance on the optical axis between the first intersection point and the lens surface closest to the magnification side in the second optical system is dd1, a height of the ray from the optical axis on a lens surface closest to the magnification side in the third optical system is h2, an air gap in which the second intermediate image is located is a second air gap in a case where the second intermediate image is located inside the air gap, and an air gap which is adjacent to the magnification side of a lens in which the second intermediate image is located is the second air gap in a case where the second intermediate image is located inside the lens, an intersection point between a second extension line obtained by extending the ray in the second air gap and the optical axis is a second intersection point, a distance on the optical axis between the second intersection point and the lens surface closest to the magnification side in the third optical system is dd2, and a larger value of |h1/dd1| and |h2/dd2| is hdA and a smaller value of |h1/dd1| and |h2/dd2| is hdB, it is preferable that the imaging optical system of the above aspect satisfies Conditional Expressions (6) and (7). 0.1<hdA<1  (6) 0.03<hdB<0.3  (7) In a case where an absolute value of a height of a principal ray having a maximum angle of view from an optical axis is the maximum on a lens surface closest to the magnification side in the first optical system, assuming that a distance on the optical axis from the lens surface closest to the magnification side to a lens surface closest to the reduction side is TL, a maximum image height on the reduction side imaging surface is Ymax, a height of the principal ray with the maximum angle of view from the optical axis on the lens surface closest to the magnification side is h, and a focal length of the imaging optical system is f, the imaging optical system of the above aspect preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (8), and more preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (8-1). 20<(TL×Ymax)/(|h|×|f|)<60  (8) 30<(TL×Ymax)/(|h|×|f|)<50  (8-1) Assuming that a focal length of the first optical system is f1, a maximum image height on the reduction side imaging surface is Ymax, a height of the principal ray with the maximum angle of view from the optical axis on the lens surface closest to the magnification side is h, and a focal length of the imaging optical system is f, the imaging optical system of the above aspect preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (9), and more preferably satisfies Conditional Expression (9-1). 1.2<(f1×Ymax2)/(|h|×f2)<4  (9) 1.5<(f1×Ymax2)/(|h|×f2)<3  (9-1) It is preferable that all optical elements included in the imaging optical system of the above aspect have a common optical axis. The imaging optical system of the above aspect may be configured to include two or more optical path deflecting members that deflect the optical path. According to another aspect of the technology of the present disclosure, there is provided a projection type display device comprising: a light valve that outputs an optical image; and the imaging optical system according to the above aspect, in which the imaging optical system projects the optical image, which is output from the light valve, on a screen. According to still another aspect of the technology of the present disclosure, there is provided an imaging apparatus comprising the imaging optical system according to the above aspect. In the present specification, it should be noted that the terms “consisting of ˜” and “consists of ˜” mean that the lens may include not only the above-mentioned elements but also lenses substantially having no refractive powers, optical elements, which are not lenses, such as a stop, a filter, and a cover glass, and mechanism parts such as a lens flange, a lens barrel, an imaging element, and a camera shaking correction mechanism. The sign of the power and the surface shape of the lens including the aspheric surface will be considered in terms of the paraxial region unless otherwise specified. The “focal length” used in the conditional expression is a paraxial focal length. The values used in Conditional Expressions are values in a case where the d line is used as a reference in a state where the object at infinity is in focus unless otherwise specified. The term “image circle” described herein means a maximum effective image circle. The “d line”, “C line”, and “F line” described herein are bright lines, the wavelength of the d line is 587.56 nm (nanometers), the wavelength of the C line is 656.27 nm (nanometers), and the wavelength of the F line is 486.13 nm (nanometers). According to the technology of the present disclosure, it is possible to provide an imaging optical system which is capable of using a wide area of an image circle including the vicinity of the optical axis and has favorable optical performance by keeping a lens diameter small while having a wide angle of view, a projection type display device including the imaging optical system, and an imaging apparatus including the imaging optical system.

11353128

This patent claims priority to, and benefit of, Indian Patent Application Serial No. 201811041090, which was filed on Oct. 31, 2018. Indian Patent Application Serial No. 201811041090 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE This disclosure relates generally to fluid valves and, more particularly, to valve body apparatus for use with fluid valves. BACKGROUND Pressure relief valves are used in a variety of commercial, industrial, and domestic applications to maintain a pressure within a system below a predetermined maximum pressure. Specifically, if the pressure within the system exceeds a predetermined maximum pressure, the pressure relief valve vents a fluid or vapor to the atmosphere and/or other outlet until the pressure within the system decreases below the predetermined maximum pressure. SUMMARY An example fluid valve apparatus includes a valve body including a housing positioned on an exterior surface of the valve body, a calibration set screw disposed in the housing via a recessed aperture, and a cover coupled to the housing to seal the calibration set screw from external access. An example apparatus includes a fluid valve including a valve body, a portion of the valve body extending from an exterior surface of the valve body to form a casing, a calibration adjuster disposed in the casing, and a guard coupled to the portion of the valve body to enclose the calibration adjuster. An example fluid valve apparatus includes a valve body including an outer shell sized to house one or more adjusters that are each configured to enable adjustment of an operational characteristic of the fluid valve, and a cover plate positioned on the outer shell to restrict the one or more adjusters from external access.

11486786

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to methods and associated apparatuses for calibration of torque generating tools. BACKGROUND In industrial and manufacturing facilities worldwide electric, pneumatic, and manual tools are used to secure fasteners. In many applications specific parameters regarding the torque and angle of rotation of the fasteners are monitored for quality assurance purposes. However, usage of the tools used to apply torque to the fasteners during assembly operations results in the tools wearing and their factory calibrations no longer being accurate. This may result in an operator believing a fastener is secured in accordance with the proscribed parameters when in reality securement is outside the allowable range. As such, the tools used to apply torque to the fasteners during assembly operations must be calibrated and certified as accurate on a periodic basis. Current methods of calibrating torque drivers rely on mashing a spring or stack of belleville washers to act as a simulated joint being secured. However, such process requires unwinding the washer stack after each testing iteration which requires time and does not provide a repeatable torque joint. For example, a controller has the ability to shut off when a target torque value is reached, but the shut off may vary greatly for the same joint with each test run. It will further be appreciated that the current methods also require manual recordation of torque measurements during calibration procedures which must then be manually input into a computer medium for calculation of updated calibration factors and/or production of a calibration certification. Such manual process is both time consuming and prone to input errors and does not accurately replicate the characteristics of an actual joint. SUMMARY As such, there is a need for improved methods and systems for calibrating and testing torque devices. The present embodiments address these needs by providing methods and systems which institute a master torque tool with an accepted calibration and a torque engagement mechanism which controllably engages a connection to transfer torque between the master torque tool and a torque device to be calibrated. The present embodiments also implement a software package to communicate with controllers of the torque device to be calibrated to automatically collect torque and angular measurements during the calibration process to generate updated calibration factors and print a calibration certification. Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods of calibrating a torque device. The method includes (I) providing a master torque tool, the master torque tool having an accepted calibration and (II) attaching the torque device to be calibrated to an input shaft of a testing and calibration system. The testing and calibration system includes the master torque tool, a rotary inline torque transducer engaged with a square drive of the master torque tool, the input shaft where the input shaft is configured to engage with a square drive of the torque device, a torque engagement mechanism operable to transfer rotational torque from the input shaft to the rotary inline torque transducer via an output shaft upon reversible activation of the torque engagement mechanism, and a test activator configured to allow an operator of the system to initiate a single rundown test of the torque device. The method further includes (III) energizing the torque device to a free spin under a no load and zero torque condition such that the input shaft rotates and (IV) initiating a single run down test by actuating the test activator, wherein actuating the test activator causes the torque engagement mechanism to activate such that rotational torque from the input shaft is transferred to the rotary inline torque transducer via the output shaft and from the rotary inline torque transducer to the master torque tool. Further, the method includes (V) measuring a first parameter representative of a torque value from the master torque tool, (VI) measuring a second parameter representative of a torque value from the torque device, (VII) measuring a third parameter representative of a torque value from the rotary inline torque transducer, and (VIII) transferring the first parameter, the second parameter, and the third parameter to a software package. Additionally, step (IX) includes repeating steps (IV) through (VIII) to generate a plurality of data sets, each data set comprising the first parameter, the second parameter, and the third parameter from a single iteration of steps (IV) through (VIII) and (X) generating new calibration factors for input into a programmable control system of the torque device based on the plurality of data sets. Further embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a system for testing and calibration of a torque device. The system includes a master torque tool having an accepted calibration, a rotary inline torque transducer engaged with a square drive of the master torque tool, an input shaft configured to engage with a square drive of the torque device, a torque engagement mechanism operable to transfer rotational torque from the input shaft to the rotary inline torque transducer via an output shaft upon reversible activation of the torque engagement mechanism, a front support stanchion configured to engage and support the input shaft, a rear support stanchion configured to engage and support the output shaft, and a test activator configured to allow an operator of the system to initiate a single rundown test of the torque device.

11400181

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to a support structure for a bearing surface, and in particular to a device having an at least partially porous structure to support a bearing surface. Generally, orthopedic devices are mated with natural bone using bone cement or by providing a rough or porous surface on the device for bone tissue ingrowth, in which such orthopedic devices are commonly referred to as cementless implants. Cementless implants often utilize a plurality of layers, each configured for their own purpose. For example, the tibial component of the Triathlon® Total Knee System by Stryker Corporation optionally includes the Triathlon® Tritanium® Tibial Baseplate having a metallic insert with a porous layer for bone ingrowth, a substantially solid intermediate layer, and a porous bearing support layer into which a polymeric layer is molded to form a bearing surface for articulation of a femoral component. The intermediate layer prevents interdigitation of the polymeric layer from the bearing support layer to the porous bone ingrowth layer. In cementless implants having a plurality of layers, the thickness of these implants is generally greater than the thickness of their cemented counterparts. This increased thickness requires more bone removal and is more invasive to the natural tissue than that necessary for cemented implants. Thus, there is a need for a cementless implant having a thinner profile without sacrificing strength or implant stability. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with an aspect, a porous structure, which preferably may be a medical implant, may include a metallic insert having a solid or substantially solid layer and an interlock layer attached to the solid or substantially solid layer. The metallic insert may include a tapered surface such that a portion of the insert has a thinner thickness and a portion has a thicker thickness. In some such arrangements, a central section of the solid or substantially solid layer may be thinner than other sections of the structure. The interlock layer may be interlocked along a length of the interlock layer with a polymeric bearing structure defining a bearing surface. The interlock layer may include one or more projections extending from the thicker thickness portion of the metallic insert and into a portion of the bearing structure. In this manner, the thicker thickness portion of the interlock layer may be reinforced to compensate for a thinner thickness portion of the interlock layer that may be interlocked with the bearing structure. As such, the thickness of the bearing structure may be thicker where the metallic insert is thinner such that the thickness of the porous structure may be uniform. Further, the interlock layer, and in particular the projection or projections of the interlock layer, may provide support for the bearing structure where the bearing structure is thinner. In some arrangements, the metallic insert may further include a porous first layer, which preferably may be a bone ingrowth layer and which may be attached to a side of the solid or substantially solid layer opposite the interlock layer. In some arrangements, the interlock layer may have a porosity sufficient to allow for interdigitation of a flowable polymeric material into the interlock layer and subsequent hardening of the polymer material, which may be by compression molding, injection molding, or a heat forming process, to form the bearing structure. In some such arrangements, the solid or substantially solid layer may prevent flow of the polymeric material from the interlock layer to the porous first layer. In arrangements with or without the porous first layer, the metallic insert may be monolithic in which the layers of the insert are integrated such that the layers are inseparable. In some arrangements, the metallic insert may be formed using an additive manufacturing process, which preferably may be a powder-fed process. In such arrangements, all of the layers of the metallic insert may be formed during a continuous process. In accordance with another aspect, the bearing structure may extend the entire thickness of the porous structure. In accordance with another aspect, an orthopedic implant may include a porous insert having a first insert portion having a first insert thickness and a second insert portion having a second insert thickness. The implant may include a non-metallic structure having a first non-metallic portion with a first non-metallic thickness and a second non-metallic portion with a second non-metallic thickness. The first non-metallic portion may be attached to the first insert portion, and the second non-metallic portion may be attached to the second insert portion. The second insert thickness may be different from the first insert thickness. and the second non-metallic thickness may be different from the first non-metallic thickness. The porous insert may include a porous projection that may extend into the non-metallic structure. The first insert thickness, the second insert thickness, the first non-metallic thickness, and the second non-metallic thickness may all be defined in the same direction. In some arrangements, the porous projection may have a perimeter surrounded by the non-metallic structure. In some such arrangements, the porous insert may include a porous first layer, an intermediate layer attached to the first layer, and a porous second layer attached to the intermediate layer on a side of the intermediate layer opposite the first layer. The porous projection may extend from the second layer. In some such arrangements, the implant may include a superior surface and an inferior surface opposite the superior surface. The first, intermediate, and second layers and the non-metallic structure may each have a maximum thickness defined in superior-inferior directions along an axis passing through the superior and inferior surfaces. The maximum thickness of the non-metallic structure may be greater than the thickness of each of the other layers. In some arrangements, the first layer may be a bone ingrowth layer that may have a porosity sufficient to promote bone ingrowth. In some arrangements, the non-metallic structure may be made of a polyethylene. In some arrangements, the implant may have a superior surface and an inferior surface opposite the superior surface. A section of the non-metallic structure may extend from the superior surface to the inferior surface of the implant. In some arrangements, the first non-metallic thickness may be less than the second non-metallic thickness. The projection may extend into the first non-metallic portion of the non-metallic structure. In some arrangements, the insert may include a metallic tapered surface. The non-metallic structure may include a non-metallic tapered surface, which may extend along the metallic tapered surface between the first non-metallic portion and the second non-metallic portion. In some arrangements, the first insert portion and the second insert portion may define an insert width. The non-metallic structure may extend along the entirety of the insert width. In some arrangements, the non-metallic structure may be a bearing having a bearing surface. In some arrangements, the implant may be a tibial component, a glenoid component, a patellar component, a wrist implant, a foot implant, an ankle implant, a spinal implant, or an acetabular cup. In some arrangements, the first insert thickness and the second insert thickness may be the same. In some arrangements, the first non-metallic thickness and the second non-metallic thickness may be the same. In accordance with another aspect, an implant may have a superior surface and an inferior surface opposite the inferior surface. The implant may include a polymeric structure and a metallic support structure. The support structure may include a base and may include a porous projection. The projection may extend from the base and into the polymeric structure. At least a portion of the polymeric structure may extend through the support structure from the superior surface to the inferior surface. In some arrangements, the implant may include an intermediate layer and a bone ingrowth layer. The intermediate layer may be located between and may be inseparable from the bone ingrowth layer and the support structure. In some such arrangements, the intermediate layer may inhibit the polymeric structure from translating through the support structure and into the bone ingrowth layer. In some such arrangements, the bone ingrowth layer may have a porosity sufficient to promote bone ingrowth. In some such arrangements, a porosity of the bone ingrowth layer may be different than a porosity of the support structure. In some such arrangements, the support structure, the intermediate layer, and the bone ingrowth layer may be made from a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, titanium alloy, cobalt chrome alloys, stainless steel, and tantalum and niobium. In some arrangements, the implant may be a tibial component. In some arrangements, the implant may be a glenoid component. In some arrangements, the projection of the support structure may have a perimeter surrounded by the polymeric structure. In some arrangements, the polymeric structure may interdigitate and interlock with the support structure. In some arrangements, the polymeric structure may define a bearing surface for placement against bone. In accordance with another aspect, a porous structure may include a first component portion having a first component thickness and a second component portion having a second component thickness. The porous structure may include a non-metallic structure having a first non-metallic portion with a first non-metallic thickness and a second non-metallic portion with a second non-metallic thickness. The first non-metallic portion may be attached to the first component portion, and the second non-metallic portion may be attached to the second component portion. The second component thickness may be different from the first component thickness, and the second non-metallic thickness may be different from the first non-metallic thickness. The porous component may include a porous projection that may extend into the non-metallic structure. The first component thickness, the second component thickness, the first non-metallic thickness, and the second non-metallic thickness may all be defined in the same direction. In accordance with another aspect, an orthopedic implant may be produced. In producing the implant, a first layer of metal powder may be deposited. The first layer of metal powder may be scanned with a high energy beam at predetermined locations. Successive layers of the metal powder may be deposited onto respective previous layers of powder. Each successive layer may be scanned until a predetermined metal structure having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface is constructed. The predetermined metal structure may have a first metal portion defining a first segment of the second surface and having a first metal thickness. The predetermined metal structure may have a second metal portion defining a second segment of the second surface and having a second metal thickness. The predetermined metal structure may include a porous projection extending from the second segment of the second surface. A polymer may be placed into contact with the first segment of the second surface, the second segment of the second surface, and the porous projection of the predetermined metal structure. The polymer may be cooled such that a first polymeric portion of the polymer adheres to the first segment of the second surface and a second polymeric portion of the polymer adheres to the second segment of the second surface and to the porous projection of the predetermined metal structure. The first polymeric portion may have a first thickness, and the second polymeric portion may have a second polymeric thickness. The second metal thickness may be different from the first metal thickness, and the second polymeric thickness may be different from the first polymeric thickness. The first metal thickness, second metal thickness, first polymeric thickness, and second polymeric thickness may all be defined in a same direction. In some arrangements, the high energy beam may be a laser beam or an electron beam. In some arrangements, the high energy beam may be scanned onto the metal powder to form a portion of a plurality of predetermined porous geometries. In some arrangements, the predetermined metal structure may be placed into a cavity of die. In some such arrangements, the polymer may be deposited onto the second surface of the predetermined metal structure within the cavity of the die. In some such arrangements, pressure and heat may be applied to the polymer in the cavity of the die. In some arrangements, the predetermined metal structure may include a first layer, an intermediate layer attached to the first layer, and a second layer attached to the intermediate layer on a side of the intermediate layer opposite the first layer. The first and second layers may be porous. The intermediate layer may be solid or substantially solid such that polymer cannot translate through the intermediate layer and into the first layer from the second layer. In some such arrangements, the first layer may have a porosity to allow bone ingrowth. In some arrangements, the predetermined metal structure may be configured to represent a tibial component, a glenoid component, a patellar component, a foot implant, a hand implant, a spinal implant, or an acetabular cup. In some arrangements, the polymer may be cooled into the form of a bearing having a bearing surface. In some arrangements, the polymer may be a polyethylene. In some arrangements, the first layer and successive layers of metal powder may be sintered or melted.

11389809

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a self-emptying separator for the gentle discharge of shear-sensitive products and a corresponding method. Self-emptying separators are used for clarifying a product to be processed of materials having higher specific weight—referred to as solids hereafter—and are known from the prior art. These separators comprise a rotatable drum having a feed, at least one liquid outlet, solid discharge openings to be opened and closed discontinuously or continuously open solid outlet openings, and a control unit. The solid outlet openings typically open into a ring chamber, which is also referred to as a solid collector. In the processing of sensitive products, for example, algae, fermentation broths, or other biogenic products, the solids to be discharged possibly have to be prevented during the discharge from the separator into the solid collector, because of the strong momentum acting on the solid, from being permanently damaged or even destroyed in their structure. It is thus to be ensured in these cases that the forces acting on the solid upon impact of the solid on a baffle wall of the solid collector are reduced. A self-emptying separator is described in WO 03/008105 A1. The separator comprises a solid collector having a ring-shaped baffle wall. The baffle wall is designed so that the discharged solid covers a defined distance along a curved path before it is conducted out of the solid collector. In this way, a gentle and low-shear deflection of the solid out of the solid outlet openings into the solid collector is to take place. Against this background, exemplary embodiments of the invention are directed to refining a self-emptying separator in another way such that a gentle and low-destruction solid discharge is possible using it. According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, the solid collector comprises a device for producing a fluid curtain, on which the solids exiting from the outlet openings for solids impact, before they could impact on a fixed wall in the solid collector. The momentum of the exiting solid is thus advantageously at least partially dissipated upon the impact on the fluid curtain so that the solid discharge into the solid collector takes place gently and with low shear. A method for operating a separator is accordingly provided, using which a product to be processed is clarified of solid in a centrifugal field in the drum, which solid is emptied out of the drum continuously or discontinuously through outlet openings, and in which at least during the emptying of the solids, a fluid curtain is produced, on which the solids exiting from the outlet openings for solids impact. In one preferred embodiment variant of the invention, the device for producing a fluid curtain comprises openings, in particular nozzles, which are distributed on the circumference of the solid collector and using which the fluid curtain is producible. It is thus advantageously ensured that the required components for a gentle and low-shear solid discharge can be arranged on a separator or can even be retrofitted easily and without refitting of the solid collector. The fluid curtain is preferably produced in such a way that it extends cylindrically or conically around the drum or at least concentrically like a sleeve around the solid discharge openings thereof during the solid discharge. In one preferred embodiment variant, the solid collector comprises a baffle wall, which is arranged behind the curtain in the flight direction of the solid. The separator can optionally be used with or without fluid curtain in this way. It is expedient for the fluid curtain to be formed along the entire circumference of the solid collector in front of a baffle wall. According to one variant, the fluid curtain can be used on a separator that discontinuously empties the solid or according to another variant it can be used on a separator that continuously empties the solid. The fluid curtain is an advantageous supplementation for both variants. In a further preferred embodiment variant of the invention, water can be used as the fluid forming the fluid curtain. The fluid curtain is thus a water curtain made of liquid water. This is advantageous since a water hydraulic system is also provided for an actuation of a piston slide valve, which opens and closes the discharge openings of a separator having discontinuous solid discharge and since in this way a further hydraulic part can be provided easily for supplying the openings, in particular nozzles, for producing the fluid curtain. The use of the starting product to be processed or its obtained clear phase as a fluid for the fluid curtain is also advantageous, since mixing of the solid with an additional fluid does not occur in this way. To dilute the discharged solid as little as possible, the fluid curtain can first be switched on shortly before the emptying Timeon<10 seconds and/or can be switched off again directly after the emptying Timeoff<10 seconds. If it is a solid of which no residues are to remain in the solid collector, the value for Timeoffcan also be significantly extended Timeoff<10 minutes to ensure flushing of the solid out of the solid collector.

11337168

BACKGROUND Field of the Disclosure Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for protecting shared low noise amplifiers by limiting transmission power. Description of Related Art Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, etc. These wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., bandwidth, transmit power, etc.). Examples of such multiple-access systems include 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE Advanced (LTE-A) systems, code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems, to name a few. These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. New radio (e.g., 5G NR) is an example of an emerging telecommunication standard. NR is a set of enhancements to the LTE mobile standard promulgated by 3GPP. NR is designed to better support mobile broadband Internet access by improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, making use of new spectrum, and better integrating with other open standards using OFDMA with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the downlink (DL) and on the uplink (UL). To these ends, NR supports beamforming, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, and carrier aggregation. However, as the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, there exists a need for further improvements in NR and LTE technology. Preferably, these improvements should be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies. SUMMARY The systems, methods, and devices of the disclosure each have several aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for its desirable attributes. Without limiting the scope of this disclosure as expressed by the claims which follow, some features will now be discussed briefly. After considering this discussion, and particularly after reading the section entitled “Detailed Description” one will understand how the features of this disclosure provide advantages that include improved prevention of damage to components of user equipment while enabling the UEs to share components between long term evolution (LTE) networks and new radio (NR) networks. Certain aspects provide a method for wireless communications performed by a user equipment (UE). The method generally includes determining that a transmission by the UE on a frequency band via a first radio access technology (RAT) overlaps in time with a period that the UE is configured to receive on the frequency band via a second RAT; and limiting transmission power on the first RAT during the period. Certain aspects provide an apparatus for wireless communications. The apparatus generally includes a processor configured to: determine that a transmission by the apparatus on a frequency band via a first radio access technology (RAT) overlaps in time with a period that the apparatus is configured to receive on the frequency band via a second RAT; and limit transmission power on the first RAT during the period; and a memory coupled with the processor. Certain aspects provide an apparatus for wireless. The apparatus generally includes means for determining that a transmission by the apparatus on a frequency band via a first radio access technology (RAT) overlaps in time with a period that the apparatus is configured to receive on the frequency band via a second RAT; and means for limiting transmission power on the first RAT during the period. Certain aspects provide a computer-readable medium for wireless communications. The computer-readable medium includes instructions that, when executed by a processing system, cause the processing system to perform operations generally including determining that a transmission by an apparatus including the processing system on a frequency band via a first radio access technology (RAT) overlaps in time with a period that the apparatus is configured to receive on the frequency band via a second RAT; and limiting transmission power by the apparatus on the first RAT during the period. To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the appended drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed.

11309365

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 201922279723.0 filed on Dec. 18, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the technical field of fingerprint detection, in particular, to an optical fingerprint sensor and a display module. BACKGROUND The traditional optical fingerprint sensor usually uses a Si:H diode as the photosensitive unit for photoelectric conversion. The lower electrode of the photosensitive diode is connected to the source of the thin film transistor TFT to control the turn-on and turn-off of reading the electrical signal generated by the light signal induced by the photodiode. As for the optical fingerprint sensor in the related art, in order to ensure the conductivity of the lower electrode of the photodiode, the lower electrode is usually made of a metal conductive material, but there is an optical signal transmitted to the diode that cannot be completely absorbed and converted into a current signal, and thus a part of the light will be emitted by the diode, thereby causing the problem that the current signal converted by the optical fingerprint sensor is inaccurate. SUMMARY An embodiment of the present disclosure provides an optical fingerprint sensor, including a photodiode and a switching thin film transistor connected to the photodiode, in which the photodiode includes a first electrode made of a light-absorbing conductive nano-material; and in which the first electrode is located in a same layer as a second electrode of the switching thin film transistor, and the first electrode includes a light-entering end surface facing a light-entering side and a side surface connected to the light-entering end surface, the side surface includes a curved portion, and the second electrode is at least connected to the curved portion. In one example, the second electrode is a source electrode or a drain electrode of the switching thin film transistor, and the first electrode is an electrode of the photodiode away from the light-entering side. In one example, the second electrode is arranged to fully surround the first electrode and be connected to each position of the side surface. In one example, the light-entering end surface is formed into a circular shape, and the curved portion is an entire side surface of the first electrode. In one example, the second electrode includes a top surface facing the light-entering side, the top surface is located in a same plane as the light-entering end surface, and the top surface and the light-entering end surface are combined to form a preset pattern. Further, the light-entering end surface is formed into a first pattern including a curved portion, and a portion of the top surface connected to the light-entering end surface is formed into a second pattern; and the first pattern and the second pattern are combined to form a quadrilateral. Further, the first pattern of the light-entering end surface is an inverted “F” shape, the second pattern of the portion of the top surface connected to the light-entering end surface is an upright “F” shape, and the first pattern and the second pattern are spliced at the curved portion and combined to form a quadrilateral. In one example, the light-absorbing conductive nano-material is an iron oxide nano-material doped with a conductive metal. Further, the conductive metal includes, but is not limited to, one or more of titanium, platinum, molybdenum, chromium, and tin. In one example, a drain electrode and a source electrode of the switching thin film transistor are made of any one of molybdenum, aluminum, chromium, gold, titanium, nickel, neodymium, copper, and an alloy thereof. In one example, the second electrode is a source electrode of the switching thin film transistor, and the first electrode is a lower electrode of the photodiode. In one example, the photodiode further includes: a PIN diode and a transparent electrode sequentially prepared on the light-entering end surface of the first electrode; and a third electrode connected to the transparent electrode. In one example, the second electrode is a source electrode of the switching thin film transistor, and the first electrode is a lower electrode of the photodiode, and in which the switching thin film transistor further includes a gate electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer. An embodiment of the present disclosure also provides a display module, including the optical fingerprint sensor as described in any one of the above. In one example, the display module further includes an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel; and a plurality of optical fingerprint sensors is arranged on a side of the OLED display panel away from the light-entering side and distributed in an array. In one example, the plurality of the optical fingerprint sensors is assembled on an optical path collimating substrate, and the optical path collimating substrate is attached to the OLED display panel. In one example, the display module further includes an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display panel, and the OLED display panel includes a plurality of OLED pixel units; and a plurality of optical fingerprint sensors is distributed in an array among the plurality of OLED pixel units. In one example, the second electrode and the first electrode are arranged in a same layer as the source electrode and the drain electrode of the thin film transistor of the OLED pixel unit; and a gate electrode of the switching thin film transistor is arranged in a same layer as a gate electrode of a thin film transistor of the OLED pixel unit.

11511097

This application is a U.S. national stage from International Application No. PCT/US2017/051934, filed Sep. 15, 2017, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety into this application. BACKGROUND Standard procedure for placing a vascular access device such as a port requires two incisions: a first incision near the clavicle, used to introduce a catheter to the superior vena cava for vascular access, and a second incision lower on the chest, where the port is ultimately implanted in a port pocket and connected to the catheter. Creation and closure of the port pocket accounts for a large percentage (about 42%) of the procedure and increases tissue trauma and risk of infection at the site of the second incision. Furthermore, the requirement for the second incision increases potential for scarring. Provided herein are port tunneling systems and methods that address the foregoing. SUMMARY Provided herein is a system including, in some embodiments, a streamlined port and a port tunneler. The port includes a septum and a stabilizing element. The septum is disposed over a cavity in a body of the port, and the septum is configured to accept a needle therethrough. The stabilizing element is configured to stabilize the port in vivo and maintain needle access to the septum. The port tunneler includes an adapter and a release mechanism. The adapter is in a distal end portion of the port tunneler. The adapter is configured to securely hold the port while subcutaneously tunneling the port from an incision site to an implantation site for the port. The release mechanism is configured to release the port from the adapter at the implantation site for the port. In such embodiments, the stabilizing element is an inflatable section of the port. The inflatable section includes an uninflated state imparting a profile to the port configured for subcutaneously tunneling the port from an incision site to an implantation site for the port. The inflatable section further includes an inflated state configured to stabilize the port from rolling about a central axis of the port in vivo, thereby maintaining needle access to the septum. In such embodiments, the inflatable section imparts a triangular prismatic-type shape to at least a portion of the port when in the inflated state. A transverse cross section of such a triangular prismatic-type shape is a triangle. In such embodiments, the inflatable section is configured to inflate with one or more fluids; one or more polymers; or a combination thereof. The one or more fluids are selected from neat fluids and mixtures including solutions. In such embodiments, the inflatable section is configured to inflate by introducing a solution including at least one polymer precursor that forms a polymer with at least one other polymer precursor after polymerization and cross linking within the inflatable section. In such embodiments, a swellable polymer is disposed in the inflatable section. The inflatable section is configured to inflate by a combination of introducing water or saline to expand the inflatable section and swelling the swellable polymer with the water or saline to further expand the inflatable section. In such embodiments, the port tunneler further includes an inflation lumen fluidly connected to the inflatable section for inflating the inflatable section with the one or more fluids. In such embodiments, the port tunneler further includes a hub at a proximal end of the port tunneler. The hub is configured to fluidly connect with a syringe for delivering the one or more fluids trough the inflation lumen to the inflatable section. In such embodiments, the port further includes a one-way valve configured to close off the inflation section upon releasing the port from the port tunneler with the release mechanism. In such embodiments, the stabilizing element is at least a pair of legs. The pair of legs is configured to stabilize the port from rolling about a central axis of the port in vivo, thereby maintaining needle access to the septum. In such embodiments, the pair of legs is configured to assume a deployed state upon releasing the port from the port tunneler with the release mechanism. The adapter is configured to hold a proximal end portion of the port including the pair of legs in a collapsed state of the pair of legs before releasing the port from the port tunneler with the release mechanism. In such embodiments, the stabilizing element is a winged bullet-type shape of the port. The winged bullet-type shape is configured to stabilize the port from rolling about a central axis of the port in vivo, thereby maintaining needle access to the septum. In such embodiments, the stabilizing element is an inflatable section of the port, a pair of legs, a winged bullet-type shape of the port, or a combination thereof. The inflatable section includes an uninflated state imparting a profile to the port configured for subcutaneously tunneling the port from an incision site to an implantation site for the port. The inflatable section further includes an inflated state configured to stabilize the port from rolling about a central axis of the port in vivo, thereby maintaining needle access to the septum. Each of the pair of legs and the winged bullet-type shape is also configured to stabilize the port from rolling about a central axis of the port in vivo, thereby further maintaining needle access to the septum. In such embodiments, the system further includes an installation tool. The installation tool is configured to hold at least a distal end portion of the port for connecting a catheter to a proximal end portion of the port. The installation tool is further configured to facilitate installing the port in the adapter in the distal end portion of the port tunneler. Also provided herein is port tunneler including, in some embodiments, an adapter and a release mechanism. The adapter is in a distal end portion of the port tunneler. The adapter is configured to securely hold a streamlined port while subcutaneously tunneling the port from an incision site to an implantation site for the port. The release mechanism is configured to release a streamlined port from the adapter at an implantation site for the port. In such embodiments, the port tunneler further includes an inflation lumen. The inflation lumen is configured to fluidly connect to an inflatable section of a streamlined port for inflating the inflatable section with one or more fluids. In such embodiments, the port tunneler further includes a hub at a proximal end of the port tunneler. The hub is configured to fluidly connect with a syringe for delivering one or more fluids to the inflation lumen. In such embodiments, the adapter is further configured to hold at least a pair of legs of a streamlined port in a collapsed state of the pair of legs. In such embodiments, the adapter is further configured to hold a streamlined port having a winged bullet-type shape. In such embodiments, the port tunneler further includes a handle at a proximal end portion of the port tunneler. The handle includes a release button of the release mechanism configured to release a streamlined port from the adapter when the release button is pushed. In such embodiments, the port tunneler is configured for disposal in a sheath alongside a catheter connected to a streamlined port when the port is disposed in the adapter. Also provided herein is a streamlined port including, in some embodiments, a septum and a stabilizing element. The septum is disposed over a cavity in a body of the port, and the septum is configured to accept a needle therethrough. The stabilizing element is configured to stabilize the port in vivo and maintain needle access to the septum. The port further includes a profile configured for subcutaneously tunneling the port on a port tunneler from an incision site to an implantation site for the port. In such embodiments, the stabilizing element is an inflatable section of the port. The inflatable section includes an uninflated state contributing to the profile configured for subcutaneously tunneling the port from an incision site to an implantation site for the port. The inflatable section further includes an inflated state configured to stabilize the port from rolling about a central axis of the port in vivo, thereby maintaining needle access to the septum. In such embodiments, the inflatable section imparts a triangular prismatic-type shape to at least a portion of the port when in the inflated state. A transverse cross section of such a triangular prismatic-type shape is a triangle. In such embodiments, the port further includes a one-way valve configured to close off the inflation section upon releasing the port from a port tunneler. In such embodiments, the stabilizing element is at least a pair of legs. The pair of legs is configured to stabilize the port from rolling about a central axis of the port in vivo, thereby maintaining needle access to the septum. In such embodiments, the stabilizing element is a winged bullet-type shape of the port. The winged bullet-type shape is configured to stabilize the port from rolling about a central axis of the port in vivo, thereby maintaining needle access to the septum. Also provided herein is a method including, in some embodiments, loading a streamlined port onto an adapter in a distal end portion of a port tunneler, inserting the port into an incision at a first body location, subcutaneously tunneling the port to an implantation site at a second body location using a tip of the port, and releasing the port from the adapter with a release mechanism of the port tunneler. The adapter of the port tunneler is configured to retain a stabilizing element of the port in a collapsed state. Releasing the port from the adapter allows the stabilizing element of the port to assume an expanded state for stabilizing the port and maintaining needle access to a septum of the port in vivo. In such embodiments, the method further includes making the incision at the first body location, wherein the incision is sized to require no more than one or two sutures for closing the incision. In such embodiments, the method further includes implanting a heart end of a catheter in the superior vena cava. In such embodiments, the method further includes connecting a port end of the catheter to the port and locking the catheter on the port with a catheter lock before loading the port on the adapter of the port tunneler. Connecting and locking the port end of the catheter on the port is either prior to or subsequent to implanting the heart end of the catheter in the superior vena cava. In such embodiments, the method further includes removing the port from the second body location with a port retriever. The port retriever includes a hook to pull the port out of the second body location by a hole in the tip of the port. In such embodiments, the method further includes removing the port from the second body location with one or more standard surgical tools. Also provided herein is a method including, in some embodiments, loading a streamlined port into a proximal end of a sheath, tunneling the port to an implantation site at a second body location at a distal end of the sheath, and releasing the port from the distal end of the sheath. The sheath is configured to retain a stabilizing element of the port in a collapsed state along a length of the sheath. Releasing the port from the sheath allows the stabilizing element of the port to assume an expanded state for stabilizing the port and maintaining needle access to a septum of the port in vivo. In such embodiments, the method further includes making an incision at a first body location, establishing a tract to the second body location, and sequentially dilating the tract with a sequential dilator set. The incision is sized to require no more than one or two sutures for closing the incision. Subsequent to dilation with the dilator set, the sheath is left in place for the loading of the streamlined port. In such embodiments, the method further includes implanting a heart end of a catheter in the superior vena cava. In such embodiments, the method further includes connecting a port end of the catheter to the port and locking the catheter on the port with a catheter lock before loading the streamlined port into the sheath. Connecting and locking the port end of the catheter on the port is either prior to or subsequent to implanting the heart end of the catheter in the superior vena cava. In such embodiments, the method further includes removing the port from the second body location with a port retriever. The port retriever includes a hook to pull the port out of the second body location by a hole in the tip of the port. In such embodiments, the method further includes removing the port from the second body location with one or more standard surgical tools. In such embodiments, the method further includes removing the port from the second body location with another sheath along the tract from the first body location to the second body location. These and other features of the concepts provided herein may be better understood with reference to the drawings, description, and appended claims.

11533932

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT Application No. PCT/AU2019/050294 having an international filing date of Apr. 4, 2019, which designated the United States, which PCT application claimed the benefit of Australian Application Serial No. 2018901110, filed Apr. 4, 2018, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. # TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to the field of commercial extruded food manufacture. In particular, the invention relates to a device for shredding an extruded high moisture texturised protein food product. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION By 2050 the world's population is projected to reach 9 billion and it has been suggested that 70% more food will be required to sustain this population. Between 1950 and 2000 meat production increased from 45 to 229 million tons and this is expected to further increase to 465 million tons by 2050. The relatively inefficient conversion of plant protein into animal protein via animal metabolism makes meat production responsible for a disproportionate share of environmental pressures such as land use, freshwater depletion, global warming and biodiversity loss. A solution to reduce the impact of meat production on the environment is offered by partial replacement of meat protein with plant protein products in the human diet. However, there is a desire that these protein products have favourable organoleptic properties, such as flavour and texture, when compared with meat. Both the food industry and food scientists have been interested in creating fibrous food textures for several decades now. High Moisture Extrusion Cooking (HMEC) technology as a concept has been established since the early 1980's. It is a technology for texturising protein-rich materials having a moisture content of greater than about 30% by mass. In a typical HMEC process according to the prior art, the raw materials are heated under pressure in an extrusion cooker until molten; the resulting melt is cooled and solidified in-situ by a cooling die to produce aligned protein fibres from the melt, giving a product with a fibrous internal texture that satisfies organoleptic requirements. However, for the product to fulfil its purpose of accurately resembling cooked muscle meat to the consumer, it is required that laminar flow of the molten extrudate is established prior to cooling and solidification extrudate. However, designing equipment to achieve this condition has hitherto been characterised by trial-and-error. This also limits the ability of the process to be successfully scaled up or adapted to different extrusion cooker and cooling die designs. Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a device a for establishing laminar flow for HMEC extrudate exiting an extrusion cooker while transferring the extrudate to a cooling die that ameliorates at least some of the problems associated with the prior art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention is characterised by a device connecting the outlet of an extrusion cooker with the inlet of a cooling die, having an internal extrudate channel whose geometry is designed to induce laminar flow in the molten extrudate exiting the extrusion cooker before it reaches the cooling die. In particular, the invention is characterised by the relationship between rheological characteristics of the extrudate and key dimensions of the channel. According to a first aspect, the invention provides a device for transferring molten proteinaceous extrudate material from the exit of an extrusion cooker barrel to a cooling die whilst promoting or maintaining laminar flow of said molten extrudate; wherein said device includes a transfer channel, through which extrudate flows immediately upon exiting the extrusion cooker barrel; and wherein said transfer channel incorporates a transition zone, immediately adjacent the exit of the extrusion cooker barrel, that has an internal profile that transitions from a shape matching the extrusion cooker barrel exit profile to a circular profile of diameter ‘d’, and a laminar flow development zone that has said circular profile; and wherein said laminar flow development zone has a minimum length (Le) equal to 0.006×d×Re, where d=transfer channel diameter and Re=the Reynolds number associated with the flow of molten extrudate in said laminar flow development zone. The device should also have an internal channel configuration wherein the internal profile of said laminar flow development zone a constriction zone wherein the internal diameter of the converges to a smaller diameter and then diverges to the diameter ‘d’. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless number defined with respect to a fluid flowing in an enclosed channel of diameter ‘d’ as follows: Re=(ρ·v·L)/μ Where: v=mean velocity of the fluid (m/s); L=hydraulic diameter (m) i.e. the diameter of the channel if circular, otherwise the ratio of four times the cross-sectional area to the wetted perimeter of the channel; ρ=fluid density (kg/m3); μ=dynamic viscosity (Pa·s). The device as defined above will induce laminar flow in the molten extrudate prior to the entry of the cooling die, as desired. The further advantage of defining the cooling die in this way is that the design can be successfully scaled up (or down) to higher (or lower) flow rates while still achieving laminar flow in the cooling die, which produces the most desirable results regarding the internal texture of the cooled extrudate. Preferably, the device further includes a transformation zone wherein the channel has an internal profile that transitions from the circular profile of the laminar flow development zone to a profile that matches the internal profile of said cooling die. The constriction provides a bridge between the melt flow through the cross-sectional ‘figure 8’ aperture at the exit of the twin-screw extruder and the cooling die channel. It tends to stabilise the melt flow pattern from being partly rotational and turbulent at the exit of the extruder, towards stable, linear flow in the cooling die. The linear velocity at the constriction is preferred to be at least 10% greater than the linear velocity exiting the extruder. Subsequently, the linear velocity in the cooling die channel is preferred to be up to 10% greater than the linear velocity at the constriction. This velocity sequence dampens flow disruption and enhances fibre formation in the cooling die. According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of designing a device for transferring molten proteinaceous extrudate material from the exit of an extrusion cooker barrel to a cooling die whilst promoting or maintaining laminar flow of said molten extrudate; said device having an internal channel through which said extrudate flows comprising a laminar flow development zone and having a length Le; said method including: Selecting an internal channel diameter (d); Determining the average flow velocity (v) of the extrudate in said diameter; Determining the density (ρ) of the extrudate; Determining the viscosity (μ) of the extrudate; Determining the hydraulic diameter (L) of the extrudate flowing in said channel; Determining the Reynolds Number (Re) for the extrudate flow in said channel; Calculating the length Leby applying the formula: Le=0.006×d×Re. Now will be described, by way of a specific, non-limiting example, a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the drawings.

11246542

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY The invention relates generally to a method of adjusting the threshold for saturation O2breaches and more specifically to adjusting an alarm threshold based on the quantity of such threshold breaches. BACKGROUND Many documentation and monitoring systems in acute care settings of healthcare enterprises employ a user interface for documenting clinical information such as patient vital signs, infusions, outputs such as blood and urine flow, laboratory values, notes, images, and orders. Some of these documentation and monitoring systems include alarm systems to notify clinicians of a patient's health status and breaches of predetermined thresholds for various patient parameters. Some alarm systems allow clinicians to set alarm threshold values and record subsequent alarm system events. During hospitalization, one of the monitored parameters is a patient's blood oxygen saturation, SatO2, level. This oxygen saturation level is monitored to detect insufficient O2perfusion or hypoxemia. Healthcare professionals may set threshold saturation values in various patient monitoring devices to sound an alarm when a patient's blood oxygen saturation level drops to a dangerous level. Alarm systems in clinical settings are often static in that they: (1) do not permit dynamic manipulation of alarm thresholds in real-time; (2) are limited in that they require alarm thresholds to be set by clinicians; (3) are not capable of being changed remotely; (4) do not have analysis tools to determine alarm thresholds in real time; (5) do not provide an easy and simple way to toggle between alarm thresholds; and (6) do not provide the capability to alter or manipulate alarm thresholds based on the frequency of alarms. This lack of flexibility frequently results is alarms being issued that are unnecessary, causing interruption of the care of other patients. What is needed is a method to adjust the alarm threshold values in response to the frequency of alarm system events with the intent of reducing unnecessary alarms but without exposing the patient to increased risk of not detecting a significant event. The present invention addresses this need. SUMMARY In one aspect, the present application is directed to identify whether certain patients whose vital signs are being monitored continuously, should be reviewed more frequently or less frequently than others based on the time-series history of the SatO2 and the number of threshold breaches experienced within a given time window.

11441337

BACKGROUND Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to the art of vehicle latch assemblies or latching systems. For a family of latching systems, there are typically many different requirements that can vary from customer to customer or even door to door. Controller logic can widely vary customer to customer, and the desired switch or sensors to detect the latch conditions can vary as well. For detecting different conditions for the claw of the latch, a customer may request to have two door ajar switches, that provide redundancy, or a door ajar and a door open switch, to detect the difference between primary and secondary position. The next issue can be packaging size. By using a switch cam, the goal is to take the latch rotational travel of the claw, and transition it to a smaller amount of travel, while also moving the switches to a different position in the latch. The problem can be with most of these switch designs, the activation points that need to be detected on the claw are usually near the end, or after mid travel. That means the first half of rotation of the claw does not need to be detected. Therefore, with a common slot cam design, there will be a lot of unneeded travel by the switch cam, and that can increase mass of the cam lever, and increase the latch package due to the extra required swing clearance for the switch cam lever. The last issue can be electrical circuit carrier (ECC) designs. Over-molded traces can be a very expensive component, and when a latch system has to use multiple ECC designs for different customers due to the switch arrangement they want, that can get very expensive. BRIEF DESCRIPTION Disclosed is an interchangeable switch cam lever for a vehicle latch, wherein the interchangeable switch cam lever can have different or common switch activation points. Also disclosed is a vehicle latch with an interchangeable switch cam lever, wherein the interchangeable switch cam lever can have different or common switch activation points. Also disclosed is a vehicle latch assembly, including: a pawl pivotally mounted to the vehicle latch assembly; a claw pivotally mounted to the vehicle latch assembly; a switch cam lever; a first switch; a second switch, the switch cam lever has a first cam profile configured to engage the first switch and a second cam profile configured to engage the second switch, the first cam profile engaging the first switch; and wherein the second cam profile engages the second switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in a secondary position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first cam profile engages the first switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in the secondary position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, movement of the switch cam lever is facilitated by a post operably coupled to the claw that slides within a slot of the switch cam lever. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the slot has a first portion and a second portion, the second portion being angularly orientated with respect to the first portion such that slidably movement of the post in the second portion will cause less movement of the switch cam lever than slidable movement of the slot in the first portion. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, movement of the switch cam lever is facilitated by a post operably coupled to the claw that slides within a slot of the switch cam lever. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the slot has a first portion and a second portion, the second portion being angularly orientated with respect to the first portion such that slidably movement of the post in the second portion will cause less movement of the switch cam lever than slidable movement of the slot in the first portion. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first cam profile does not engage the first switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in the secondary position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, movement of the switch cam lever is facilitated by a post operably coupled to the claw that slides within a slot of the switch cam lever. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the slot has a first portion and a second portion, the second portion being angularly orientated with respect to the first portion such that slidably movement of the post in the second portion will cause less movement of the switch cam lever than slidable movement of the slot in the first portion. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first cam profile engages the first switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in an open position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first cam profile engages the first switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in an open position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first cam profile does not engage the first switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in the secondary position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first switch is a door open switch and the second switch is a door ajar switch. Also disclosed is a method of actuating switches of a vehicle latch assembly, including: pivotally mounting a pawl to the vehicle latch assembly; pivotally mounting a claw to the vehicle latch assembly; pivotally mounting a switch cam lever to the vehicle latch assembly; engaging a first switch with a first cam profile of the switch cam lever and engaging a second switch with a second cam profile as the switch cam lever pivots; and wherein the second cam profile engages the second switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in a secondary position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first cam profile engages the first switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in the secondary position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, movement of the switch cam lever is facilitated by a post operably coupled to the claw that slides within a slot of the switch cam lever. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the slot has a first portion and a second portion, the second portion being angularly orientated with respect to the first portion such that slidably movement of the post in the second portion will cause less movement of the switch cam lever than slidable movement of the slot in the first portion. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first cam profile engages the first switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in an open position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first cam profile does not engage the first switch when the vehicle latch assembly is in the secondary position. In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an alternative to any of the foregoing embodiments, the first switch is a door open switch and the second switch is a door ajar switch.

11294285

FIELD The subject matter herein generally relates to a method for manufacturing the circuit board. BACKGROUND A circuit board usually comprises a copper wiring layer and an insulating substrate, and the copper wiring layer is directly connected to the insulating substrate. An adhesive force between the copper wiring layer and the insulating substrate is not strong enough in a conventional circuit board.

11387284

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a U.S. national phase application of a PCT Application No. PCT/CN2019/099788 filed on Aug. 8, 2019, which claims priority to a Chinese Patent Application No. 201810908575.1, filed in China on Aug. 10, 2018, the disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the field of display technology, and in particular, relates to an OLED display substrate, a method of manufacturing the OLED display substrate, and a display apparatus. BACKGROUND An Organic Light-emitting Display (OLED) apparatus has many advantageous features such as self-emission, a low driving voltage, a high light-emitting efficiency, a short response time, a high definition and a high contrast, a near-180° viewing angle, a wide operational temperature range, flexible display, large-area full-color display and so on, and is regarded by the industry as the most promising display apparatus. SUMMARY The present disclosure provides an OLED display substrate, a manufacturing method of the OLED display substrate, and a display apparatus. In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display substrate. The OLED display substrate includes a first blue OLED light-emitting layer covering an entirety of an active area of the OLED display substrate; one or more additional blue OLED light-emitting layers arranged in a stacking manner with the first blue OLED light-emitting layer; and a quantum-dot color film layer on a light-exiting side of the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the one or more additional blue OLED light-emitting layers, wherein, a wavelength of blue light emitted by at least one blue OLED light-emitting layer among the one or more additional blue light OLED light-emitting layers is different from a wavelength of blue light emitted by the first blue OLED light-emitting layer. Optionally, the wavelength of the blue light emitted by the first blue OLED light-emitting layer is in a range of 400-440 nm, the one or more additional blue OLED light-emitting layers include a second blue OLED light-emitting layer, and a wavelength of blue light emitted by the second blue OLED light-emitting layer is in a range of 440-490 nm. Optionally, the OLED display substrate further includes an anode, a charge generation layer, a first hole injection layer, and a cathode, wherein the anode, the second blue OLED light-emitting layer, the charge generation layer, the first hole injection layer, the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the cathode are sequentially arranged in a stacking manner. Optionally, the OLED display substrate further includes a second hole injection layer and a second hole transport layer between the anode and the second blue OLED light-emitting layer, wherein the second hole injection layer is between the anode and the second hole transport layer; a first electron injection layer between the second blue OLED light-emitting layer and the charge generation layer; a first electron transport layer and a second electron injection layer between the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the cathode, wherein the second electron injection layer is between the first electron transport layer and the cathode. Optionally, the OLED display substrate further includes a second hole injection layer and a second hole transport layer between the anode and the second blue OLED light-emitting layer, wherein the second hole injection layer is between the anode and the second hole transport layer; a first electron injection layer and a second electron transport layer between the second blue OLED light-emitting layer and the charge generation layer; wherein the first electron injection layer is between the second electron transport layer and the charge generation layer; a first hole injection layer and a first hole transport layer between the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the charge generation layer, wherein the first hole injection layer is between the charge generation layer and the first hole transport layer; and a first electron transport layer and a second electron injection layer between the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the cathode, wherein the second electron injection layer is between the cathode and the first electron transport layer. Optionally, the quantum-dot color film layer includes a red light quantum-dot layer corresponding to a red sub-pixel area, and a green light quantum-dot layer corresponding to a green sub-pixel area, and a blue sub-pixel area is not provided with the quantum-dot color film layer. Optionally, the quantum-dot color film layer includes a red light quantum-dot layer corresponding to a red sub-pixel area, a green light quantum-dot layer corresponding to a green sub-pixel area, and a blue light quantum-dot layer corresponding to a blue sub-pixel area. Optionally, the one or more additional blue OLED light-emitting layers cover the entirety of the active area of the OLED substrate. Optionally, the first blue OLED light-emitting layer is closer to a light-exiting side of the OLED display substrate than the one or more additional blue OLED light-emitting layers, or the one or more additional blue OLED light-emitting layers are closer to a light-exiting side of the OLED display substrate than the first blue OLED light-emitting layer. Optionally, the blue OLED light-emitting layer is between a first anode and a first cathode, and the one or more additional blue OLED light-emitting layers are between a second anode and a second cathode. Optionally, the OLED display substrate further includes a thin film encapsulation layer between the cathode and the quantum-dot color film layer. In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a display device. The display device includes the OLED display substrate according to the first aspect. In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display substrate. The method includes following steps: forming one or more blue OLED light-emitting layers in an active area on a substrate; forming a first blue OLED light-emitting layer covering an entirety of the active area of the OLED substrate on the one or more blue OLED light-emitting layers, wherein a wavelength of blue light emitted by at least one blue OLED light-emitting layer among the one or more blue OLED light-emitting layers is different from a wavelength of blue light emitted by the first blue OLED light-emitting layer; forming a quantum-dot color film layer on a light-exiting side of the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the one or more blue OLED light-emitting layers. Optionally, the wavelength of the blue light emitted by the first blue OLED light-emitting layer is in a range of 400-440 nm, forming the one or more blue OLED light-emitting layers in the active area on the substrate includes: forming a second blue OLED light-emitting layer in the active area on the substrate, wherein a wavelength of blue light emitted by the second blue OLED light-emitting layer is in a range of 440-490 nm. Optionally, prior to forming the second blue OLED light-emitting layer in the active area on the substrate, the method further includes: forming an anode on the substrate. After forming the second blue OLED light-emitting layer in the active area on the substrate, prior to forming the first blue OLED light-emitting layer covering the entirety of the active area of the OLED substrate on the second blue OLED light-emitting layer, the method further includes: sequentially forming a charge generation layer and a first hole injection layer on the second blue OLED light-emitting layer. After forming the first blue OLED light-emitting layer covering the entirety of the active area of the OLED substrate on the second blue OLED light-emitting layer, prior to forming the quantum-dot color film layer on the light-exiting side of the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the second blue OLED light-emitting layers, the method further includes: forming a cathode on the first blue OLED light-emitting layer. Optionally, the method of manufacturing the OLED display substrate further includes: forming a second hole injection layer and a second hole transport layer between the anode and the second blue OLED light-emitting layer, wherein the second hole injection layer is between the anode and the second hole transport layer; forming a first electron injection layer between the second blue OLED light-emitting layer and the charge generation layer; forming a first electron transport layer and a second electron injection layer between the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the cathode, wherein the second electron injection layer is between the first electron transport layer and the cathode. Optionally, the method of manufacturing the OLED display substrate further includes: forming a second hole injection layer and a second hole transport layer between the anode and the second blue OLED light-emitting layer, wherein the second hole injection layer is between the anode and the second hole transport layer; forming a first electron injection layer and a second electron transport layer between the second blue OLED light-emitting layer and the charge generation layer; wherein the first electron injection layer is between the second electron transport layer and the charge generation layer; forming a first hole transport layer between the first hole injection layer and the first blue OLED light-emitting layer; forming a first electron transport layer and a second electron injection layer between the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the cathode, wherein the second electron injection layer is between the first electron transport layer and the cathode. Optionally, forming the quantum-dot color film layer includes: forming a red light quantum-dot layer in a red sub-pixel area, forming a green light quantum-dot layer in a green sub-pixel area, and not forming the quantum-dot color film layer in a blue sub-pixel area. Optionally, forming the quantum-dot color film layer includes: forming a red light quantum-dot layer in a red sub-pixel area, forming a green light quantum-dot layer in a green sub-pixel area, and forming a blue light quantum-dot layer in a blue sub-pixel area. Optionally, prior to forming the quantum-dot color film layer on the light-exiting side of the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the one or more blue OLED light-emitting layers, the method further includes: performing a thin film encapsulation on the first blue OLED light-emitting layer and the one or more blue OLED light-emitting layers.

11391847

BACKGROUND Technical Field This disclosure relates to addressing correlation peak distortion caused by multipath interference on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals. Description of Related Art Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are increasingly used to precisely determine a position, with GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo being three particularly well-known examples. To accomplish position determination, such systems utilize receivers that decode several precisely-timed signals transmitted by a group of satellites deployed for the respective systems. By using one of these receivers, a user can determine his or her position, e.g., relative to the Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed coordinate system, as a result of the receiver measuring its range to at least four satellites, which have positions accurately determined by the respective GNSS system. A GNSS receiver determines its global position based on the signals it receives from orbiting GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou or other satellites. Using GPS as an example, its satellites transmit signals on RF sinusoidal carrier frequencies called, L1 and L2 (from inception) and L1C, L2C, and L5 (later added). All GPS satellites transmit at the same frequencies. The carriers are modulated by ranging codes, which are pseudo-random (PRN) spreading codes consisting of a seemingly random sequence of 1's and 0's that periodically repeat. The 1's and 0's in the PRN code are referred to as “code chips,” and the transitions in the code from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1, which occur at “code chip times,” are referred to as “bit transitions”. A unique PRN is selected for transmission by each GPS satellite, identifying that satellite to all GPS receivers. The GPS satellite signals also include navigational data, which is a binary-coded message consisting of data on the satellite health status, ephemeris (i.e., satellite position and velocity), clock bias parameters, and an almanac giving reduced-precision ephemeris data on all satellites in the constellation. A typical GNSS receiver thus receives a composite signal consisting of several signals transmitted by the satellites, as well as any noise and interfering signals. A decoder or channel circuit may then recover one of the transmitted signals by correlating the composite received signal with a locally generated reference version of the PRN code signal assigned to the satellite of interest. If the locally generated PRN reference signal is properly timed, the digital data from that satellite may then be properly detected. The signals received from different satellites are also automatically separated by the correlation process, because the signals transmitted by different satellites use unique PRN codes having low cross-correlation power. The three-dimensional position of the receiver and its velocity may then be resolved by using the PRN code phase information to precisely determine the transmission time from at least four satellites, and by detecting each satellite's ephemeris and time of day data. A GNSS receiver performs signal tracking by synchronizing local replicas of the carrier and PRN codes of the satellite to be tracked with the incoming carrier and PRN codes from that satellite. This means that the receiver must have the ability to generate the PRN codes of all the satellites. Signal tracking is achieved by continuously modifying the phase and frequency of the carrier replica and delaying or advancing the code replica in order to maintain them synchronized with the incoming signal. Carrier tracking is typically accomplished in a phase lock loop (PLL), while code tracking is performed by a delay lock loop (DLL). When synchronization is achieved, the phase of the carrier replica is the same as the incoming carrier phase, and the delay that had to be applied to the code replica is the same as that of the incoming code. The range measurement by a GNSS receiver is based on the measurement of that delay, which is directly related to the signal travel time from the satellite to the receiver. By multiplying the delay by the speed of light, the receiver computes its range to the satellite; this range computation is an estimate that is commonly referred to as a “pseudorange.” In order to correctly determine the offset of the PRN reference signal, its relative time delay is typically varied relative to PRN of the incoming signal until a maximum power level in the resulting correlation signal is determined. At the time-offset corresponding to this point of maximum received power, the local reference signal is synchronized with the incoming signal, and the range measurement may then be made. A delay lock loop (DLL) tracking system performs these operations to maintain PRN code lock for each channel by correlating early (E), punctual (P), and late (L) versions of the locally generated PRN code signal against the received composite signal. Several error sources influence the accuracy of the satellite range measurement. They include, but are not limited to, satellite orbit prediction, satellite clock drift, ionospheric delay, tropospheric delay, receiver clock offset, and multipath error. Multipath is a special type of interference where the received signal is composed of the desired line-of-sight signal, and one or more constituents which have traversed slightly different paths due to reflections on surfaces or objects in the antenna surroundings. Multipath signals arrive at the receiver with a different delay, phase, and power than the line-of-sight signal. The ranging error due to multipath depends on the delay, phase, and power of the multipath signal with respect to the line-of-sight signal, and on the type of signal processing the receiver uses.FIG. 1depicts a representative multipath scenario100for a GNSS receiver. As shown inFIG. 1, a GNSS receiver102receives signals from a GNSS satellite104, which has transmitted signals over a broad area. In addition to a line of sight (LOS) signal1, the receiver also receives multipath signals2that have been reflected off nearby manmade structures, e.g., buildings106, and natural surfaces, e.g., lake108. The multipath signals2are received with the LOS signal1at the receiver102. The effect of the presence of multipath on the process of a GNSS receiver acquiring code lock is that there will always be some correlation with the multipath signals as well as with the desired, direct (LOS) path signal.FIGS. 2A-2Bdepict direct path, multipath, and resulting correlation functions for in-phase and out-of-phase scenarios200A-200B, respectively. InFIGS. 2A-2B, the independent axis represents time (in microseconds) while the dependent axis represents normalized amplitude (measured amplitude normalized by the peak amplitude). In both the cases shown inFIGS. 2A and 2B, it may be observed that the resulting correlation function is skewed and non-symmetric. Another key observation is that the slopes of the function on either side of the peak are not equal In the presence of multipath distortion, most GNSS receivers suffer a degradation in accuracy. This presents a particularly significant problem in high-accuracy differential GNSS applications, where multipath commonly results in errors creeping into the differential corrections, causing large position biases. Unlike other error sources, multipath is typically uncorrelated between antenna locations. Thus, the base and remote receivers experience different multipath interference and as a result, simple differencing between them will not cancel the errors due to multipath distortion. A common method of reducing multipath is to carefully choose the design of the antenna and careful site selection. Unfortunately, it is often not possible to change either of these parameters. For example, if the antenna is to be mounted on an airplane fuselage, it will not be easily moved or replaced, and its shape is excessively restricted due to aerodynamic considerations. Multipath affects both carrier and code measurements. The error in code phase (pseudorange) measurements is a function of the method used to track GNSS signals. In general, higher bandwidth results in better multipath mitigation performance. In the case of correlator-based code tracking methods, the multipath mitigation performance becomes a function of the correlator spacing. So-called Early-Late (E-L) methods, which are sometimes referred to as Early-Minus-Late (EML), form a general class of correlator-based methods, with the Narrow Correlator (NC) and Pulse Aperture Correlator (PAC) (also referred to as a “double delta” correlator) being well-known examples. The use of the “narrow correlators” is discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,101,416; 5,390,207 and 5,495,499, all of which are assigned to the applicant of the present disclosure and incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. FIG. 3depicts a graph300of a correlation function including correlator layouts for Narrow correlator using E2-L2 correlators, Narrow correlator using E1-L1 correlators, and Pulse Aperture Correlator (PAC) techniques. To calculate the code error for the Narrow Correlator and PAC techniques, the following discriminators are commonly used: Narrow⁢⁢1=E⁢1-L⁢12(EQ.⁢1)Narrow⁢⁢2=E⁢2-L⁢22(EQ.⁢2)Narrow⁢⁢P⁢⁢A⁢⁢C=2⁢(E⁢1-L⁢1)-(E⁢2-L⁢2)2(EQ.⁢3) Such correlator-based discriminators are designed based on the symmetric assumption of the correlation peak. If the early and late correlators (at each side of the correlation function peak) have the same power the punctual correlator (also referred to as the “prompt” correlator) is located on the correlation peak, meaning the incoming signal is perfectly synchronized (“synced”) with the replica code generated by the receiver. This assumption is not always valid, however. Depending on the front-end filter and other transmitter and receiver hardware limitations, the shape of the correlation peak in the absence of multipath may not necessarily be the ideal triangular shape and calibration may be required. However, when all the PRNs are affected by the same amount (usually in the case of CDMA) this issue does not severely affect the position and velocity solutions. FIG. 4is a plot400showing the multipath error envelope of Narrow and PAC correlators for 6 dB attenuation on multipath. As shown, PAC has superior performance compared to Narrow Correlator when multipath delay is beyond the PAC inner correlator spacing. There is, however, short range multipath error affecting the receiver. It has been determined that the adverse effects of multipath signal distortion on the early-minus-late measurements is substantially reduced by narrowing the delay spacing between the early and late versions of the PRN code. Actual data measurements in different environments support the fact that the short multipath is a major issue for GNSS receivers, including those implementing prior correlator-based tracking methods. More specifically, the probability of having short range multipath rays with considerable power level affecting the operation of GNSS receiver is much higher than observing medium or long multipath paths. SUMMARY An aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a GNSS receiver structure providing multipath-error estimation and correction functionality. The structure operates to detect, calculate, and mitigate correlation-peak distortion due to multipath, thereby providing improved multipath mitigation performance compared to conventional correlator-based methods, particularly in short-range multipath situations. As a result, embodiments of the present disclosure can be used to mitigate deleterious multipath effects. An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a GNSS-receiver multipath-correcting tracking loop structure including: (A) a code tracking loop configured as a delay lock loop (DLL), the code tracking loop including, (i) an integration unit, wherein the integration unit is operative to accumulate all the chip transitions of each PRN code of a received GNSS signal and produce a chip-edge accumulation (CEA), (ii) a code discriminator, (iii) a loop filter, (iv) a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), and (v) a code generator; and (B) a multipath-error estimation and correction (MEC) module including, (i) a multipath correlator unit operative to receive the CEA from the integration unit and implement a monitoring correlator and a prompt correlator to monitor the distortion of the correlation peak and produce a monitoring correlator output, (ii) a normalizing unit operative to receive the monitoring correlator output and normalize it to the prompt correlator and thereby produce a normalized monitoring correlator output, (iii) a low pass filter operative to receive and filter the normalized monitoring correlator output, and (iv) a code multipath estimation unit operative to receive the normalized monitoring correlator output from the low pass filter, and to produce an estimate of multipath error. For the embodiment of the GNSS tracking loop structure, the code tracking loop and carrier tracking loop can each have an update time defined as an epoch, and the code multipath correlator unit can accumulate the monitoring and prompt correlators over N epochs. The epoch is preferably between 10 and 20 ms inclusive of the end values, and N is preferably between 10 and 20 inclusive of the end values. The MEC module can further include (v) a code multipath detection unit operative to determine whether the multipath error signal exceeds a threshold value. For the GNSS tracking loop structure, the MEC module can further include a summer configured to subtract the multipath error estimate from range measurements and thereby produce corrected range measurements. For the GNSS tracking loop structure, the monitoring correlator can include a Blanked correlator. For the GNSS tracking loop structure, the monitoring correlator can include an early-minus-prompt EMP correlator. For the GNSS tracking loop structure, the monitoring correlator can include an early correlator. For the GNSS tracking loop structure, the code multipath error estimation unit can calculate multipath error (ME) according to the following: ME=(MP-〈MP〉)*k⁢⁢(chips), where M and P are Monitoring correlators and Punctual correlators, respectively, <M/P> is the mean value of M/P in a clean, no-distortion environment; and k is a gain parameter. For the GNSS tracking loop structure, the CEA based Punctual correlator can be constructed based on the following weighting: wP=[−1, −1, −1, −1, −1, −1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1, +1]T. For the GNSS tracking loop structure, a value of k can be selected such that it minimizes the following: arg min (ME−), whereis a actual multipath error measured in a calibration process. A further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a GNSS receiver including a plurality of channels, each channel including (A) a code tracking loop configured as a delay lock loop (DLL), the code tracking loop including, (i) an integration unit operative to accumulate all chip transitions of each PRN code of a received GNSS signal, (ii) a code discriminator, (iii) a loop filter, (iv) a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), and (v) a code generator; and (B) a carrier tracking loop configured as a phase lock loop (PLL), the carrier tracking loop including, (i) an integration unit operative to accumulate a full PRN code of the received GNSS signal, (ii) a carrier discriminator, (iii) a loop filter, (iv) a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO), and (v) a carrier generator; and (C) a multipath-error estimation and correction (MEC) module including, (i) a multipath correlator unit operative to receive the CEA from the integration unit and implement a monitoring correlator and a prompt correlator to monitor the distortion of the correlation peak, where the code multipath correlator unit is operative to produce a monitoring correlator output, (ii) a normalizing unit operative to receive the monitoring correlator output and normalize it by the prompt correlator, and thereby produce a normalized monitoring correlator output, (iii) a low pass filter operative to receive and filter the normalized monitoring correlator output, and (iv) a code multipath estimation unit operative to receive the normalized monitoring correlator output from the low pass filter and to produce an estimate of multipath error. For the embodiment of the GNSS receiver, the code tracking loop and carrier tracking loop can each have an update time defined as an epoch, and the code multipath correlator unit can accumulate the monitoring and prompt correlators over N epochs. The epoch is preferably between 10 and 20 ms inclusive of the end values, and N is preferably between 10 and 20 inclusive of the end values. The MEC module can further include (iv) a code multipath detection unit operative to determine whether the multipath error signal exceeds a threshold value. The GNSS receiver can further include a scaling function unit connected to the carrier tracking phase lock loop and the code tracking delay lock loop, and providing a scale factor (SF) to the code tracking delay lock loop, where the SF comprises a ratio of carrier frequency to the code chipping rate of the received GNSS signal. The GNSS receiver can be configured to receive GNSS satellite signals. For the GNSS receiver, the code multipath error unit can calculate multipath error (ME) according to the following: M⁢Ei=(MP⁢c⁢i-〈MP⁢c⁢i〉)*k⁢⁢(chips), wherein, Pc is measured by a full PRN code correlator based on a punctual correlator utilizing the output of the carrier tracking loop integrator, and where 〈MP⁢c⁢i〉 is the mean value of MP⁢c⁢i under a nominal no-mumpath condition for PRN i, and k is a gain parameter. For the GNSS receiver, the receiver can be configured to adaptively adjust the gain parameter k considering or based on a usage environment, e.g., the environment the receiver is used in or is intended to be used in. These, as well as other components, steps, features, objects, benefits, and advantages, will now become clear from a review of the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, the accompanying drawings, and the claims.

11275154

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a method of correcting a measurement value of a laser scanner that is capable of deflecting a distance measuring light by using Risley prisms, and a device for the method. BACKGROUND ART As devices capable of measuring three-dimensional point group data of a survey site, laser scanners are known. Among laser scanners, one disclosed in Patent Literature 1 can deflect a distance measuring light in an arbitrary direction, and can perform various scanning. In detail, the laser scanner disclosed in Patent Literature 1 includes a light emitting unit configured to emit a distance measuring light, a light receiving unit configured to receive a reflected distance measuring light, a distance measuring unit configured to perform a distance measurement based on an output of the light receiving unit, a first optical axis deflecting unit configured to deflect a distance measuring light from an emission optical axis, a second optical axis deflecting unit configured to deflect a reflected distance measuring light at the same rotation angle (deflection angle and direction) as that of the first optical axis deflecting unit and deflect the reflected distance measuring light onto a light receiving optical axis, and an emitting direction detecting unit configured to detect a rotation angle of the first optical axis deflecting unit and the second optical axis deflecting unit. For each of the first optical axis deflecting unit and the second optical axis deflecting unit, a pair of Risley prisms are used. The Risley prisms are rotatable independently of each other. By passing through Risley prisms on the light emitting unit side, a distance measuring light is deflected in an arbitrary direction. By passing through Risley prisms on the light receiving unit side, the optical axis of a reflected distance measuring light is returned onto a light receiving optical axis, and the reflected distance measuring light is received. Thereafter, the laser scanner measures a round-trip time of the distance measuring light based on a light receiving signal of the light receiving unit to calculate a distance to a measurement point. In addition, based on rotation angles of the respective Risley prisms detected by the emitting direction detecting unit and refractive indexes of the respective Risley prisms, angles to the measurement point are measured. CITATION LIST Patent Literature [Patent Literature 1] Japanese Published Unexamined Patent Application No. 2016-151422 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem However, in the laser scanner disclosed in Patent Literature 1, the following point has not been considered.FIG. 14illustrate optical path differences according to rotation angles of a pair of Risley prisms R1and R2on the light emitting unit side. The solid lines in the figure show loci of light ray tracking. When the state illustrated inFIG. 14Ais regarded as a state where rotation angles are 0 degrees (basic positions), respectively,FIG. 14Billustrates a state where the Risley prism R2is rotated 180 degrees with respect to the Risley prism R1. The inventors found a problem in which an optical path length of a section from an incidence surface (S2) of the Risley prism R1to an emission surface (S5) of the Risley prism R2differed, in light emission, according to rotation angles of the Risley prisms R1and R2. Next,FIG. 15illustrate optical path differences according to rotation angles of a pair of Risley prisms R3and R4on the light receiving unit side. Solid lines in the figure show loci of light ray tracking. When the state illustrated inFIG. 15Ais regarded as a state where rotation angles are 0 degrees (basic positions),FIG. 15Billustrates a state where the Risley prism R4is rotated 180 degrees with respect to the Risley prism R3. The inventors found a problem in which, for light reception, when a virtual plane (Sd) is set at a position at equal distances L in a principal ray direction from an emission surface of the Risley prism R4, an optical path length of a section from an incidence surface (S11) of the Risley prism R3to the virtual plane (Sd) differed according to rotation angles of the Risley prisms R3and R4. The laser scanner calculates a distance measurement value based on a round-trip time of a distance measuring light, so that the problem in which an optical path length differs according to rotation angles of the Risley prisms may cause errors in distance measurement values. An object of the present invention is to solve the above-described problem, and to provide a method of correcting an error caused by an optical path length difference and a device for the method in a laser scanner capable of deflecting a distance measuring light by using Risley prisms. Solution to Problem In order to solve the above-described problem, a method of correcting a measurement value of a laser scanner according to an aspect of the present invention includes, in a laser scanner including a light emitting unit configured to emit a distance measuring light, a light receiving unit configured to receive a reflected distance measuring light, a distance measuring unit configured to perform a distance measurement based on an output of the light receiving unit, an optical axis deflecting unit having at least a pair of prisms configured to deflect and emit the distance measuring light from an emission optical axis, and deflect the reflected distance measuring light onto a light receiving optical axis, and an emitting direction detecting unit configured to detect a deflection angle and an emitting direction of the distance measuring light from a rotation angle of the optical axis deflecting unit, (a) a step of measuring a distance to a measurement point by the distance measuring unit, (b) a step of detecting rotation angles of the prisms by the emitting direction detecting unit, and (c) a step of obtaining, based on rotation angles of the prisms, a true distance measurement value corrected for a length of an optical path length difference in light emission and/or light reception occurring according to the rotation angles of the prisms by subtracting the optical path length difference from a distance measurement value of the distance measuring unit. In the aspect described above, in Step (c) described above, it is also preferable that, regarding the optical path length difference in light emission, a light ray from an incidence surface of a prism at a front side in a light ray direction of the prisms to an emission surface of a prism at a back side in the light ray direction is traced while changing the rotation angles of the prisms, a difference between an optical path length when the prisms are at basic positions and an optical path length when the prisms are at arbitrary rotation angles is calculated, and optical path length differences are obtained as a correction table or correction parameters by function fitting, in advance. In the aspect described above, in Step (c) described above, it is also preferable that, regarding the optical path length difference in light reception, a plurality of light rays from an incidence surface of a prism on a front side in a light ray direction of the prisms to a virtual plane are traced while changing the rotation angles of the prisms, a difference between an average optical path length of the plurality of light rays when the prisms are at basic positions and an average optical path length of the plurality of light rays when the prisms are at arbitrary rotation angles is calculated, and average optical path length differences are obtained as a correction table or correction parameters by function fitting, in advance. In order to solve the above-described problem, a laser scanner according to an aspect of the present invention includes a light emitting unit configured to emit a distance measuring light, a light receiving unit configured to receive a reflected distance measuring light, a distance measuring unit configured to perform a distance measurement based on an output of the light receiving unit, an optical axis deflecting unit having at least a pair of prisms configured to deflect and emit the distance measuring light from an emission optical axis, and deflect the reflected distance measuring light onto a light receiving optical axis, an emitting direction detecting unit configured to detect a deflection angle and an emitting direction of the distance measuring light from a rotation angle of the optical axis deflecting unit, a distance measurement value correcting unit configured to correct a distance measurement value obtained by the distance measuring unit by an optical path length difference in light emission and/or light reception occurring according to rotation angles of the prisms, and a storage unit storing a correction table or correction parameters relating to the optical path length difference. In the aspect described above, it is also preferable that, as the correction table or correction parameters, data in a range of an absolute value of an angle difference between the prisms from 0 degrees to 180 degrees are stored. In the aspect described above, it is also preferable that the optical axis deflecting unit includes a plurality of the prisms respectively formed in the vertical direction. In the aspect described above, it is also preferable that the optical axis deflecting unit includes a plurality of pairs of the prisms on the emission optical axis and/or the light receiving optical axis. Effect of the Invention With the method of correcting a measurement value and the device for the method according to the present invention, in a laser scanner capable of deflecting a distance measuring light by using Risley prisms, a distance measurement value can be more accurately obtained.

11417162

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This disclosure generally relates to systems and methods of inductive circuit activation. More particularly, this disclosure relates to systems and methods for signal activation of powered smart cards. BACKGROUND In the production and design of electronic credit cards (Smart Cards) or other powered credentials (such as, for example, passports, gift cards, debit card, identification cards, etc.), emphasis is placed on conserving battery power in order to prolong the life of the electronic credential. Power consumption of the battery has traditionally been conserved by limiting functionality and utilizing just-in-time manufacturing practices to reduce the amount of time an electronic card sits in inventory and depleting battery life. In current manufacturing processes, when the circuit of the electronic card is assembled, the circuit begins consuming power from an onboard battery immediately. For example, in cards including capacitive buttons, the circuit continuously monitors for a capacitive change in the button (e.g., resulting from button depression). To monitor for a capacitive change, an integrated circuit (IC) generates a voltage signal to determine the capacitance at the button. If there is large enough change in capacitance, the card activates one or more additional functions. The IC continuously polls the button to identify capacitive changes. Polling may occur every 1-2 seconds, depleting power from the battery when the card is in storage and/or transit. In some cases, the capacitive button is activated during storage or transportation causing larger power drain. In current manufacturing processes, as soon as the battery is connected to the circuit, the circuit begins to draw power from the battery. Activation of powered cards is normally performed by a mechanical switch or a capacitive sense switch. The switch may be pressed to generate a connection allowing power to activate one or more card functions. The switch must be pressed by a user to activate the card. Pushing a button may be difficult for the user, for example, due to resistive force, advanced age of a user, or physical ailment that prevents operation of the button, etc. Capacitive sense buttons do not provide the reliability needed for some activations and use a large amount of power over the life of the card, limiting the cards use for other applications. SUMMARY In various embodiments, a circuit is disclosed. The circuit comprises an antenna configured to receive a first signal. A signal interface is coupled to the antenna. The signal interface is configured to generate a second signal in response to the first signal. A controller is coupled to the signal interface. The controller is configured to maintain an off-state. The controller transitions to an active state in response to the second signal. In various embodiments, a method for activating an electronic credential is disclosed. The method comprises receiving, by an antenna, a first signal. The method further comprises generating, by a signal interface, a second signal in response to the first signal. The second signal is transmitted from the signal interface to a controller. The controller is transitioned from an off-state to an active state in response to the second signal.

11251928

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) This application is a 371 application of International Application No. PCT/CN2017/097256, filed on Aug. 11, 2017, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD The present application relates to the field of communication, and more particularly to a wireless communication method, a network device, and a terminal device. BACKGROUND In a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, resource scheduling is scheduling based on a slot, and the unit of each resource scheduling is a slot or subframe. In a New Radio (NR) system, scheduling of a resource may be based on the scheduling of a slot or the scheduling of a symbol. However, at present, a network device (e.g., base station) needs additional indication information to indicate which manner to be used for the resource scheduling, which will bring additional control signaling overhead, increase blind detection complexity for a terminal device to search for Downlink Control Information (DCI) and bring more power consumption. SUMMARY Implementations of the present application provide a wireless communication method, a network device, and a terminal device. The network device implicitly indicates a resource scheduling mode and/or a reference signal transmission mode through a downlink control information format (DCI format). In a first aspect, an implementation of the present application provides a wireless communication method, including: sending downlink control information (DCI) to a terminal device through a first DCI format among multiple downlink control information formats (DCI formats), wherein the multiple DCI formats include a first type of DCI format and a second type of DCI format, the first type of DCI format corresponds to a first resource scheduling mode, the second type of DCI format corresponds to a second resource scheduling mode, the first resource scheduling mode indicates a time domain resource in unit of slot, the second resource scheduling mode indicates a time domain resource in unit of symbol, and the first DCI format is the first type of DCI format or the second type of DCI format; and transmitting a data channel through a resource scheduling mode corresponding to the first DCI format. Optionally, the network device may classify downlink control information formats (DCI Formats) into a first type of DCI format and a second type of DCI format. Therefore, in a wireless communication method of an implementation of the present application, a network device indicates a time domain resource in unit of slot through a first type of DCI format and indicates a time domain resource in unit of symbol through a second type of DCI format. Thereby, the network device may implicitly indicate a resource scheduling mode through a downlink control information format. Optionally, in one implementation of the first aspect, the method further includes: transmitting a reference signal of the data channel through a reference signal mode corresponding to the first DCI format. The first type of DCI format corresponds to a first reference signal mode, the second type of DCI format corresponds to a second reference signal mode, there is at least one reference signal located at a specific symbol of a slot in the first reference signal mode, there is at least one reference signal located at a specific symbol among one group of symbols in the second reference signal mode, and the one group of symbols are symbols used for transmitting the data channel and the reference signal of the data channel. Therefore, in a wireless communication method of an implementation of the present application, a network device indicates the presence of at least one reference signal located at a specific symbol of a slot through a first type of DCI format and indicates the presence of at least one reference signal located at a specific symbol of a group of symbols through a second type of DCI format. Thereby, the network device may implicitly indicate a reference signal transmission mode through a downlink control information format. Optionally, in one implementation of the first aspect, the specific symbol of the slot is a third time domain symbol or a fourth time domain symbol of the slot. Optionally, in one implementation of the first aspect, the specific symbol among the one group of symbols is a first symbol among the one group of symbols. Optionally, in one implementation of the first aspect, the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). Optionally, in one implementation of the first aspect, sending the DCI to the terminal device through the first DCI format among the multiple DCI formats includes: sending the DCI to the terminal device on a first resource through the first DCI format. When the first DCI format is the first type of DCI format, the first resource is a resource in unit of slot. When the first DCI format is the second type of DCI format, the first resource is a resource in unit of symbol. Optionally, in one implementation of the first aspect, the first resource is a control resource set or a search space for transmitting a physical downlink control channel. In a second aspect, an implementation of the present application provides a wireless communication method, including: receiving downlink control information (DCI) from a network device; determining a downlink control information format (DCI format) of the DCI, wherein the DCI format of the DCI is a first type of DCI format or a second type of DCI format, the first type of DCI format corresponds to a first resource scheduling mode, the second type of DCI format corresponds to a second resource scheduling mode, the first resource scheduling mode indicates a time domain resource in unit of slot, and the second resource scheduling mode indicates a time domain resource in unit of symbol; and determining a resource scheduling mode of a data channel corresponding to the DCI according to the DCI format of the DCI. Therefore, in a wireless communication method of an implementation of the present application, a network device indicates a time domain resource in unit of slot through a first type of DCI format and indicates a time domain resource in unit of symbol through a second type of DCI format. Thereby, the network device may implicitly indicate a resource scheduling mode through a downlink control information format. Optionally, in one implementation of the second aspect, the method further includes: determining a reference signal mode of the data channel according to the DCI format of the DCI, wherein the first type of DCI format corresponds to a first reference signal mode, the second type of DCI format corresponds to a second reference signal mode, there is at least one reference signal located at a specific symbol of a slot in the first reference signal mode, there is at least one reference signal located at a specific symbol among one group of symbols in the second reference signal mode, and the one group of symbols are symbols used for transmitting the data channel and a reference signal of the data channel; and determining a reference signal position of the data channel according to a reference signal mode of the data channel. Therefore, in a wireless communication method of an implementation of the present application, a network device indicates the presence of at least one reference signal located at a specific symbol of a slot through a first type of DCI format and indicates the presence of at least one reference signal located at a specific symbol of a group of symbols through a second type of DCI format. Thereby, the network device may implicitly indicate a reference signal transmission mode through a downlink control information format. Optionally, in one implementation of the second aspect, the specific symbol of the slot is a third time domain symbol or a fourth time domain symbol of the slot. Optionally, in one implementation of the second aspect, the specific symbol among the one group of symbols is a first symbol among the one group of symbols. Optionally, in one implementation of the second aspect, the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal (DMRS). Optionally, in one implementation of the second aspect, receiving the DCI from the network device includes: receiving the DCI from the network device on a first resource, wherein when the first resource is a resource in unit of slot, the DCI format is the first type of DCI format, and when the first resource is a resource in unit of symbol, the DCI format is the second type of DCI format. Determining the DCI format of the DCI includes: determining the DCI format of the DCI according to the first resource. Therefore, in a wireless communication method of an implementation of the present application, a terminal device may determine the DCI format corresponding to the DCI through the granularity of the first resource on the time domain, and further determine the resource scheduling mode and/or the reference signal transmission mode according to the type of the DCI format. Thereby, the operation complexity and energy consumption of the terminal device are reduced. Optionally, in one implementation of the second aspect, the first resource is a control resource set or a search space for transmitting a physical downlink control channel. In a third aspect, an implementation of the present application provides a network device that may execute a module or unit of the method in the first aspect or any alternative implementation of the first aspect. In a fourth aspect, an implementation of the present application provides a terminal device that may execute a module or unit of the method in the second aspect or any alternative implementation of the second aspect. In a fifth aspect, a network device is provided, and the network device includes a processor, a memory, and a communication interface. The processor is connected with the memory and the communication interface. The memory is used for storing instructions, the processor is used for executing the instructions, and the communication interface is used for communicating with other network elements under the control of the processor. When the processor executes the instructions stored in the memory, the execution causes the processor to execute the method in the first aspect or any possible implementation of the first aspect. In a sixth aspect, a terminal device is provided, and the terminal device includes a processor, a memory, and a communication interface. The processor is connected with the memory and the communication interface. The memory is used for storing instructions, the processor is used for executing the instructions, and the communication interface is used for communicating with other network elements under the control of the processor. When the processor executes the instructions stored in the memory, the execution causes the processor to execute the method in the second aspect or any possible implementation of the second aspect. In a seventh aspect, a computer storage medium is provided, and the computer storage medium stores program codes for instructing a computer to execute instructions of a method in the first aspect or any possible implementation of the first aspect. In an eighth aspect, a computer storage medium is provided, and the computer storage medium stores program codes for instructing a computer to execute instructions of a method in the second aspect or any possible implementation of the second aspect. In a ninth aspect, a computer program product including instructions is provided, wherein when being executed on a computer, the computer program product causes the computer to perform the methods described in the above-mentioned various aspects.

11221961

TECHNICAL FIELD The disclosure herein relates to non-volatile data storage and retrieval within semiconductor memory.

11247838

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a discharging device comprising valve parts for dispensing of liquid food or food in fluid form from a food container. The valve parts are adapted to penetrate the food container with the intent of emptying food out of the food container, which is designed to collapse as the food is fed out of it. BACKGROUND Within the food industry there are many examples of devices for dispensing of foods. Examples of devices for penetrating food containers with the intent of enabling discharge of product out of the containers can be found e.g. in WO 2008/115047 A1 and US 2010/0243671 A1. One disadvantage of such known discharging devices when they are applied to containers made of plastic foil is, among others, that they are difficult to handle, with risk of spillage of food product and increased risk of leakage of food product, and lowered storage ability for the food in them. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One object of the invention is to provide a device for dispensing of food product in fluid form from flexible containers, which solves or at least reduces the above-mentioned problem. Another object of the invention is to provide a device for safe, simple and quick discharge of food product in fluid form from a flexible container made from plastic foil and designed to collapse as the food is discharged from it. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a device for leakage-proof discharge of a food product in fluid form out of a flexible container made of plastic foil, which creates a distinct and exactly reproducible penetration of the container when connected to the same. One more object of the invention is to provide a device for leakage-free discharge of food product in fluid form out of a flexible container made of plastic foil which creates a distinct and exact and reproducible and uniform/symmetric penetration of the container when connected to the same. An additional object of the invention is to provide a device for leakage-free discharge of a food product in fluid form from a flexible container made from plastic foil, which device creates a distinct and exact and uniform/symmetric connection with increasing improvement of the sealing during penetrating connection of the device in the container and retained capacity of holding tight after the penetrating connection of the device in the container. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a device for leakage-free discharge of food product in fluid form out of a flexible container made from plastic foil, which gives a distinct and exact and uniform/symmetric penetration which increases continuously and thus improves and also retains the tightness between the device and the container during and after the device has penetrated into and through the container's plastic foil. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a device that creates a distinct and exact, and uniform/symmetric penetration of the plastic foil in a flexible container because the device is provided with at least one point equipped with at least one tooth which works as at least one cutting element with at least two sides or corners or edges against which the plastic foil is pressed/pushed until it breaks in a controlled manner. A further object of the invention is to provide a device which creates a distinct and repeatable and easy penetration of the plastic foil in a flexible container because the device is provided with at least one point equipped with more than one tooth which works as a cutting element against which the plastic foil is pressed/pushed until it breaks because the plastic foil is overloaded concurrently at several small surfaces/points in the same manner as a spontaneous and non-prepared perforation of the plastic foil. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a device that creates a distinct and exact repeatable and easy penetration of the plastic foil in a flexible container in that the device is provided with at least one point equipped with more than one tooth that works as a cutting element against which the plastic foil is directly pressed/pushed until it breaks because the plastic foil is overloaded at several small surfaces/points by means of a thus achieved pointed stretch of the plastic foil creating small direct initial breaks in the same, which breaks propagate in a controlled manner. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a device for leakage-free discharge of a food product in fluid form out of a flexible container made from plastic foil that gives a continuously increasing and improved and retained sealing between the device and the container during and after the device has penetrated into and though the container's plastic foil during and after the device has penetrated into and through the container's plastic foil because the pressure per surface area between the device's tightness-providing surface and plastic foil increases, the further the device is pressed into the container all the way until a final/bottom position has been reached. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a device for leakage-free discharge of food product in fluid form out of a flexible container made from plastic foil that eliminates the risk of leakage by designing an outermost hole-creating pointed part of the device, for penetration of the foil so that this outermost pointed part for hole-creation in the foil directly continues into at least one radially protruding edge which extends from the outermost free pointed part in the discharge direction of the food product and towards an through-flow channel for discharge of food product. These objects are achieved with the aid of a device for discharge of food product in fluid form kept in a flexible container according to the related in-dependent claim, with preferred variants defined in the related dependent claims. The device according to the invention concerns a coupling device for connection to a flexible container comprising a plastic foil for dispensing of food product in fluid form out of the same, comprising an outlet valve with a first end comprising at least one hole-creating part for penetration of the container and its plastic foil when connecting to the same and a through-flow channel which merges into a second end for transfer of food product, where an outer portion of the hole-creating part is configured as an axially protruding spear point, which point is arranged/adapted to merge into at least one radially protruding edge configured to extend axially from the point in direction of the dispense for food product and connect to an inlet orifice at the through-flow channel, wherein food product can be discharged from the container via orifice openings after the container has been penetrated by the spear point which is provided with at least one outwards pointing tooth which works as at least one cutting element with at least two edges or corners or cutting edges configured to create a cutting effect on the container's plastic foil in at least two places in the plastic foil, and the through-flow channel is configured with a conical outer mantle surface which has an increasing size in a direction away from the inlet orifice, wherein the point and at least one protruding spear point edge comprises at least one such outward pointing tooth configured as a step that mainly faces radially outwards with at least one outermost cutting edge being sharp and extending in a plane substantially perpendicular to the point's and/or spear point edge's axial extension. The point of the hole-creating part is in yet another embodiment designed as an axially protruding spear point which is angular or has edges, whereby at least one, two, three or more radially protruding edges physically connect(s) directly to this axially protruding spear point and which radially protruding edge(s) extend in the direction towards the through-flow channel, wherein a point and/or at least a protruding spear head point comprises at least one tooth designed as a step which faces substantially/essentially radially outwards with at least one outermost cutting edge which is sharp and extends in a plane substantially/essentially perpendicular to the axial extension of the point and/or the spear point edge. The point of the hole-creating part is in one embodiment provided as an axially protruding edge-equipped/edge-shaped spear point, whereby at least one, two, three or more radially protruding edges that physically connect(s) directly to this axially protruding spear point and which radially protruding edge(s) extend in the direction towards the through-flow channel, wherein the point of the hole-creating part and at least one protruding spear point edge comprises at least a tooth each, designed as a step which faces substantially/essentially radially outwards with at least one outermost cutting edge which is sharp and extends in a plane substantially/essentially perpendicular to the axial expanse of the point and/or the spear point edge. In yet another embodiment, the point of the hole-creating part is designed as an axially protruding triangular spear point, which directly from the outermost spear part passes into three radially protruding edges which extend in the direction of the through-flow channel, whereby the point of the hole-creating part and at least one protruding spear point edge comprises at least one tooth designed as a step that faces substantially/essentially radially outwards with at least one outermost cutting edge which is sharp and extends in a plane substantially/essentially perpendicular to the axial expanse of the point and/or the spear point edge. In one embodiment the point of the hole-creating part is configured as an axially protruding edge-equipped/edge-shaped spear point, which merges into one or more, preferably two, three or more, radially protruding edges which extend(s) in the direction towards the through-flow channel. In another embodiment, the point of the hole-creating part is configured as an axially protruding triangular spear point, which merges into three radially protruding edges which extend in the direction towards the through-flow channel. In yet another embodiment, the coupling device comprises protruding edges of the hole-creating part, which connect to the inlet orifice of the through-flow channel and separates the inlet orifice into three openings. In one embodiment, the coupling device is adapted for a container made out of plastic foil. In another embodiment, the coupling device comprises a through-flow channel configured with a conical outer mantle surface which has an increasing size and/or circumference and/or diameter in the direction away from the inlet orifice. In one embodiment, the coupling device is adapted for penetration of a container that is adapted to be housed in an outer container so that its plastic foil is stretched and therein aligned with and/or at least partly bulges through a counterforcing end portion in the outer container. In yet another embodiment the coupling device comprises that the axial centre axis for the hole-creating part's point and the axial centre axis for the through-flow channel and its inlet orifice and the axial centre axis for the outflow valve coincide or diverge relative to each other's expanse. In other embodiments the coupling device comprises protruding spear point edges on the hole-creating part, which are arranged to extend along planes being parallel to the point and/or the through-flow channel and/or its inlet orifices and/or the axial centre axis of the outlet valve and/or the axial centre axes for all these parts or arranged to extend along planes being parallel with either the axial centre axis of the point, the through-flow channel or its inlet orifice or outlet valve's axial centre axis, or the axial centre axis of all these parts. Further, in another embodiment, the coupling device comprises a point and/or at least a protruding spear point edge which comprises at least one tooth designed as a step which faces substantially/essentially radially outwards with at least an outermost cutting edge which is sharp and extends in a plane substantially/essentially perpendicular to the axial extension of the point and/or the spear point edge. In one embodiment the coupling device comprises at least one tooth on the point and/or at least one spear point edge which is configured at least partially as a thread segment that substantially/essentially faces radially outwards with at least one outer thread part or profile edge which is sharp and extends in a plane at least partially angled towards the point's and/or the spear point edge's axial expanse. In yet another embodiment the coupling device comprises a point that comprises at least two teeth and/or at least two of the spear point edges, are configured with at least one tooth each, wherein each tooth is configured as a step that substantially or essentially faces radially outwards with at least one outer cutting edge which is sharp and which extends in a plane substantially/essentially perpendicular to the axial expanse of the point and/or the spear point edge. In another embodiment the coupling device is developed to cooperate with a counterforce end part in the outer container which is equipped with a central opening through which the bulging part of the container is adapted to be distended and aligned with the hole-creating part before its penetration. In another embodiment the coupling device comprises at least one radially protruding spear point edge configured with an axial expanse creating an at least partially conical outer mantle surface with an increasing size and/or radius and/or circumference and/or diameter in a direction away from the spear point. In yet another embodiment the coupling device comprises at least one radially protruding spear point edge which is in direct connection with the spear point, which means that the spear point physically merges directly into at least one spear point edge or merges directly into this one spear point edge or merges directly into more than one edge, e.g. two, three or more edges. In accordance with which and/or any embodiment(s) above, an additional advantage is achieved through the arrangement of the coupling device with at least one directly against the spear point connecting radially protruding spear point edge enabling such a penetration of the plastic foil that the plastic foil itself is cut up quickly and directly when penetrated, as the spear point and its edge has at least one tooth each, in such a way that no pieces of plastic foil come loose and no leakage-creating cracks are created in the plastic foil, so that when the foil is thread onto the coupling device, the foil performs a self-sealing function around the coupling device.

11320743

FIELD The present disclosure relates to processing of substrates for the production of, for example, semiconductor devices. BACKGROUND A lithographic apparatus is a machine constructed to apply a desired pattern onto a substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). A lithographic apparatus may, for example, project a pattern (also often referred to as “design layout” or “design”) at a patterning device (e.g., a mask) onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist) provided on a substrate (e.g., a wafer). To project a pattern on a substrate a lithographic apparatus may use radiation. The wavelength of this radiation determines the minimum size of features which can be formed on the substrate. Typical wavelengths currently in use are about 365 nm (i-line), about 248 nm, about 193 nm and about 13 nm. A lithographic apparatus, which uses extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, having a wavelength within the range 4-20 nm, for example 6.7 nm or 13.5 nm, may be used to form smaller features on a substrate than a lithographic apparatus which uses, for example, radiation with a wavelength of about 193 nm. Low-k1 lithography may be used to process features with dimensions smaller than the classical resolution limit of a lithographic apparatus. In such a process, the resolution formula may be expressed as CD=k1×λ/NA, where λ is the wavelength of radiation employed, NA is the numerical aperture of the projection optics in the lithographic apparatus, CD is the “critical dimension” (generally the smallest feature size printed, but in this case half-pitch) and k1 is an empirical resolution factor. In general, the smaller k1 the more difficult it becomes to reproduce the pattern on the substrate that resembles the shape and dimensions planned by a circuit designer in order to achieve particular electrical functionality and performance. To overcome these difficulties, sophisticated fine-tuning steps may be applied to the lithographic projection apparatus and/or design layout. These include, for example, but not limited to, optimization of a numerical aperture (NA) a customized illumination scheme, use of one or more phase shifting patterning devices, optimization of the design layout such as optical proximity correction (OPC) in the design layout, or other methods generally defined as resolution enhancement techniques (RET). Additionally or alternatively, one or more tight control loops for controlling a stability of the lithographic apparatus may be used to improve reproduction of the pattern at low k1. SUMMARY Effectiveness of the control of a lithographic apparatus may depend on characteristics of individual substrates. For example, a first substrate processed by a first processing tool prior to processing by the lithographic apparatus (or any other process step of the manufacturing process, herein referred to generically as a manufacturing process step) may benefit from (slightly) different control parameters than a second substrate processed by a second processing tool prior to processing by the lithographic apparatus. Typically for substrates, pre-processing data is available (data associated with manufacturing process steps performed before a certain manufacturing process step of interest) and post-processing data (data associated with measurements performed on substrates after having been subject to the manufacturing process step of interest). It is desirable, for example, to control the manufacturing process of interest based on knowledge of the pre-processing data, as this allows the control loop to anticipate an expected post-processing result. However, this control typically involves knowledge of the relation between pre-processing information and post-processing information and how control parameters of the process of interest affect the post-processing data. It may not always be known how control settings of the process of interest affect post-processing data. For example, an applied dose setting within a lithographic process may have a predictable effect on a certain critical dimension associated with a feature obtained after performing the lithographic process, or it may not. More problematic can be poor performance of methods to predict post-processing data based on, often very large amounts of, pre-processing data. Often the pre-processing data comprises too many parameters to allow the construction of a reliable model linking pre-processing data to post-processing data. Machine learning techniques may be utilized to recognize patterns of cause-and-effect between processing context observed impact on one or more characteristics (such as overlay, CD, edge placement error (EPE), etc.) of substrates being subject to a process. These patterns can then be used to predict and correct errors in processing subsequent substrates. Some examples of such systems are described in PCT patent application publication no. WO 2017/060080. In a few cases the pre-processing data has a limited set of associated parameters. For example, when only an identification (ID) of an etch chamber is used as the pre-processing data associated with to-be-processed substrates, it may be straightforward to establish a relation between a certain cluster of post-processing data and a value of the parameter comprised within the pre-processing data. In more general cases, however, many pre-processing parameters and potential values associated with these parameters can be registered for many processing tools and may potentially be used for context based control purposes. It becomes unclear how to cluster post-processing data and subsequently assign these clusters to a certain parameter (value) sub-space comprised within the pre-processing (e.g. context) data. The amount of possible configurations of partitioning the pre-processing data into smaller sets (subsets) is simply too large. It is proposed to create a reliable method for partitioning context data by analysis of object data associated with the context data. The object data is grouped based on commonality of parameter (values) comprised within the context data. The object data is processed per group to obtain a set of representative object data sets, each set associated with a common value of a parameter comprised within the context data. The processing may be, for example, an averaging operation yielding a set of average object data fingerprints (per context parameter). The processed object data sets may further be analyzed, for example in a spectral domain of an adjacency matrix associated with the sets of processed object data, to convey a structure associated with the context data. This structure may then be used to divide the context data into groups (e.g. partition the context data, label the context data, provide codes to the context data, etc.). In an aspect, there is provided a method for grouping data associated with substrates undergoing a process step of a manufacturing process, the method comprising: obtaining first data associated with substrates before being subject to the process step; obtaining a plurality of sets of second data associated with substrates after being subject to the process step, each set of second data being associated with a different value of a characteristic of the first data; determining a distance metric describing a measure of distance between the sets of second data; and grouping the second data based on a property of the distance metric. In an embodiment a method of grouping data is disclosed, the method comprising: obtaining context data associated with a manufacturing process; obtaining object data associated with the context data; and utilizing a method of spectral clustering to group the context data into clusters based on the object data and the context data. In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a computer program comprising program instructions operable to perform the method of the first aspect when run on a suitable apparatus.

11265152

TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates to a data storage device that can be locked and unlocked. BACKGROUND Encryption of data enables relatively secure storage on data storage devices, such as block data storage devices connectable via a Universal Serial Bus (USB) cable. However, the user experience is often disappointing because the setup of passwords, keys and the like is cumbersome and complicated for technically unskilled users. If encryption is used, the keys and passwords are too often stored insecurely. As a result, many users leave existing encryption technology effectively unused resulting in exposed confidential data. SUMMARY This disclosure relates to a data storage device, such as, but not limited to, a block data storage device connectable to a host computer system via a USB cable, so that the data storage device registers as a mass data storage device with the operating system of the host computer system. The data storage device is locked so that the host computer system cannot access data stored on the data storage device. However, a user can unlock the data storage device by using an authorized device that is set up to unlock the data storage device. Further, this disclosure relates to a mechanism by which a manager (with the use of a manager device) can pre-authorize a user device with the data storage device. In response to the pre-authorized user device connecting to the data storage device, the data storage device creates authorization data that enables the pre-authorized device to unlock the data storage device and decrypt encrypted user content data. Disclosed herein is a data storage device comprising a data path, an access controller and a non-volatile data store. The data path comprises a data port configured to transmit data between a host computer system and the data storage device; a non-volatile storage medium configured to store encrypted user content data; a cryptography engine connected between the data port and the storage medium and configured to use a cryptographic key to decrypt the encrypted user content data stored on the storage medium in response to a request from the host computer system. The access controller is configured to receive from a manager device a public key, wherein the public key is associated with a private key stored on a device to be authorized; determine a user key that provides access to the cryptographic key; encrypt the user key based on the public key and such that the user key is decryptable based on the private key stored on the device to be authorized; and store, on the data store, authorization data indicative of the encrypted user key. In some embodiments, receiving the public key, determining the user key, encrypting the user key and storing the authorization data is performed in response to the manager device connecting to the data storage device. In some embodiments, the manager device connecting to the data storage device comprises recovering a manager key that enables determining the user key. In some embodiments, the manager device is registered with the data storage device based on authorization data, stored on the data store and indicative of the manager key accessible based on a private key stored on the manager device. In some embodiments, the access controller is configured to, in response to the device to be authorized connecting, perform the steps of determine a challenge for the device to be authorized based on the authorization data; send the challenge to the device to be authorized; receive a response calculated based on the private key stored on the device to be authorized; encrypt at least part of the authorization data using a metadata wrapping key; and providing the metadata wrapping key to the device to be authorized. In some embodiments, the challenge is based on authorization data accessible using the public key. In some embodiments, the authorization data accessible using the public key is encrypted based on the public key and a private key stored in the data store. In some embodiments, the authorization data comprises an index based on the public key for locating the authorization data for the device to be authorized. In some embodiments, the access controller is configured to replace the index with random data in response to sending the index to the authorization data to the device be authorized. In some embodiments, the access controller is configured to issue a certificate and send the certificate to the device to be authorized. In some embodiments, the certificate comprises a metadata wrapping key to encrypt authorization data used to create a challenge. In some embodiments, the authorization data for each of the multiple authorized devices indicates a transport public key for transporting data between the access controller and that authorized device; and an unlocking public key for generating the challenge for that authorized device. In some embodiments, the authorization data indicates a first public key and a second public key; and the access controller is configured to selectively update the authorization data based on the first public key being identical to the second public key. In some embodiments, the cryptographic key is encrypted using an unlocking secret that is specific to each of the multiple authorized devices. In some embodiments, the access controller is configured to calculate the unlocking secret based on a response from one of the multiple authorized devices to a challenge generated based on the public key associated with the one of the multiple authorized devices. In some embodiments, the authorization data comprises authorized device metadata encrypted by a pre-authorized metadata wrapping key that is derivable from the public key. In some embodiments, the pre-authorized metadata wrapping key is derivable from the public key via a key derivation function using a private key stored in the data store. In some embodiments, the metadata wrapping key is a symmetric key. Further disclosed herein is a method for enrolling a user device with respect to a data storage device. The method comprises receiving from a manager device a public key, wherein the public key is associated with a private key stored on a user device to be authorized; determining a user key that provides access to the cryptographic key; encrypting the user key based on the public key and such that the user key is decryptable based on the private key stored on the device to be authorized; and storing, on the data store, authorization data indicative of the encrypted user key. Further disclosed herein is a data storage device comprising means for receiving from a manager device a public key, wherein the public key is associated with a private key stored on a user device to be authorized; means for determining a user key that provides access to the cryptographic key; means for encrypting the user key based on the public key and such that the user key is decryptable based on the private key stored on the device to be authorized; and means for storing, on the data store, authorization data indicative of the encrypted user key.

11409730

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY The present invention relates to a method of truncating blocks in a blockchain. BACKGROUND Blockchain technology is a decentralized, distributed data management technology that enables a collaborative, trusted working environment for a network of computers to work together. The blockchain can be thought of as a distributed electronic ledger that stores a list of transactions and records between participants. The data are stored in blocks and every block, except for the first block, is linked to a prior block to form a chain. This chain is replicated to every computer nodes or intelligent node of all the participants. Encryption technology is employed so that if any block is tampered, all the participants can detect it. While blockchain technology has great potential and enable many new applications, its scalability and testability are major issues. There is thus a need in the art to address these and other problems. SUMMARY One example embodiment is a method of truncating one or more blocks in a blockchain by an aging process executed by participating computer node of the blockchain. The method includes truncating one or more blocks with a time stamp that is older than a pre-determined cut-off time by the computer node; creating a new block in which one or more data packets of the new block capture essential data of blocks that are truncated; and appending the new block to the blockchain. The essential data are data in pre-determined fields within the data packet of each block in the blockchain. The blocks that are truncated from the blockchain are archived and retrievable upon request. Another example embodiment provides a method of validating transactions in a block in a blockchain. The method includes selecting a quorum that includes a subset of the computer nodes as quorum members by each computer node participating in the blockchain; voting among the quorum members that independently examine the transactions; receiving votes from the quorum members; and deciding the validity of the transactions by examining the votes. Another example embodiment provides a blockchain system. The blockchain system includes a plurality of computer nodes participating to the blockchain system interconnecting with each other through a network, and one or more quorum members selected from these computer nodes to form a quorum. Each quorum member includes a quorum manager which is a software module that realizes a voting logic when executed. The voting logic includes voting steps of casting a vote; receiving votes from other quorum members; outputting a recommendation to all quorum members based on its own vote and the votes received by other quorum members; and reaching a consensus in a decentralized manner. Other example embodiments are discussed herein.

11325607

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present disclosure relates to analyzing driving telematics data to determine driving characteristics of a driver, and, more particularly, to systems and methods for determining an actual driver of a vehicle as compared to other passengers in the vehicle based at least in part upon positioning data, time data, and other telematics data. BACKGROUND Vehicle insurance often essentially provides financial protection against physical damage or bodily injury caused by a vehicular accident. Other financial protections may also be provided, such as vehicle theft or damage caused by natural disasters. Conventionally, car insurance rates, or premiums, are typically determined based upon a driver's age and driving history, car make, model, and year, among a myriad of other factors. Some vehicle insurance companies provide premium discounts to drivers that exhibit safe driving characteristics. Discounts are typically calculated based upon annual mileage and basic driving characteristics, such as braking, speed, time of day travel, acceleration rates, and fast cornering. Vehicles may be equipped with navigation systems capable of tracking driving characteristics. Also, mobile computing devices of drivers of vehicles may be used to gather certain telematics data. For example, a mobile computing device associated with a driver may track the driver's driving behavior during vehicle operation. Tracking is typically done via one or more integrated sensors or other devices, such as geo-spatial positioning modules, accelerometers, and gyroscopes. However, problems may arise when an insurance customer is misclassified as the driver of the vehicle when the insurance customer is actually riding as a passenger in a vehicle. Satellite navigation systems such as global positioning system (GPS) utilize satellites to provide geo-spatial positioning for a variety of applications. A GPS-equipped device may provide a location of a mobile computing device with respect to, for example, a geographic coordinate system and/or geographic landmarks (e.g., streets, political entities, points of interest, etc.). Current GPS-equipped devices are generally not capable of determining the exact location of the device, but rather provide an estimate of the device's current location subject to some degree of error. For example, atmospheric effects (e.g., ionospheric delay) and/or artificial interference (e.g., a presence of metal and/or electromagnetic devices) may introduce error to a GPS-based determination of location. Some systems may benefit from an ability to identify an actual driver of a vehicle for a shared trip using mobile computing devices carried by users in the vehicle in combination with other statistics. Identifying the driver may be useful in computer applications that utilize telematics data to assess the driver of the vehicle, such as for insurance purposes. In such applications, the driver of the vehicle for a trip must be distinguished from passengers, so that telematics data captured during the trip may be used to assess how the driver is driving and not incorrectly assign the driver's driving characteristics to that of the passengers. However, currently available GPS technology lacks the precision to make an identification of an actual driver of a vehicle based upon measured geographic coordinates alone. BRIEF SUMMARY The present embodiments may relate to, inter alia, systems and methods for assigning a shared trip to a single driver of a vehicle for a particular trip. Some embodiments of the present disclosure may use, for example, a combination of statistical data (e.g., trip start/stop times, shared distance times, etc.), geographical location measurements made by a global positioning system (GPS), and historical trip data to identify and assign at least one user as a driver of a vehicle during a shared trip. In some embodiments, a usage-based insurance (UBI) policy may be applied to the identified driver of the vehicle. In one aspect, a driver identification (DI) computing device having at least one processor in communication with a memory device may be provided. The at least one processor may be configured to: associate a first user with a first user device; associate a second user with a second user device; receive, from the first user device, a first plurality of measurements periodically captured by the first user device during a first trip; receive, from the second user device, a second plurality of measurements periodically captured by the second user device during a second trip; identify a shared trip based upon the captured first and second plurality of measurements; and determine, based upon the captured first and second plurality of measurements, a driver of a vehicle, in response to the first and second trip being a shared trip. The at least one processor may be further configured to: calculate a time and distance for each of the first trip and the second trip in response to determining that the first trip has a start time or end time that overlaps with the end time or start time of the second trip; calculate an overlapping time and distance between the first trip and the second trip; and calculate a distance shared between the first trip and the second trip. The at least one processor may be further configured to, for identifying a shared trip: classify the first trip and the second trip as a shared trip in response to determining that the overlapping distance is less than the distance of the first trip or the second trip. The DI computing device may further include wherein the higher driving probability is based at least in part on historical data stored in a user profile of the first or second users. The DI computing device may further include wherein each of the first plurality of measurements and each of the second plurality of measurements includes timing data, geographical location data, and telematics data. The DI computing device may further include wherein the first plurality of measurements and the second plurality of measurements are collected by one or more sensors attached to a vehicle, the first user device, the second user device, or a combination thereof. The processor of the DI computing device may include additional, less, or alternate functionality, including that discussed elsewhere herein. In another aspect, a computer-based method for designating a driver of a shared trip between two or more users may be provided. The computer-based method may include collecting, by a plurality of user devices, a plurality of measurements for a plurality of trips; receiving, at a driver identification (DI) computing device, the plurality of measurements; and designating, by the DI computing device, a driver based upon the plurality of measurements. The method may further include storing the plurality of measurements in a storage device in communication with the DI computing device; associating the plurality of measurements with respective users of the two or more users; and creating a user profile for each of the two or more users based upon the plurality of measurements. The computer-based method may include additional, less, or alternate functionality, including that discussed elsewhere herein. In yet another aspect, at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage media having computer-executable instructions embodied thereon may be provided that, when executed by at least one processor, the computer-executable instructions cause the processor to: receive trip data from a plurality of user devices, wherein each user device is associated with a user of a plurality of users; identify a first user of the plurality of users having trip data that overlaps with trip data of a second user of the plurality of users; classify at least a portion of the trip data of the first and second users as a shared trip; and designate at least one of the first and second users as a driver of the shared trip. The computer-executable instructions may include additional, less, or alternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein. Advantages will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description of the preferred embodiments which have been shown and described by way of illustration. As will be realized, the present embodiments may be capable of other and different embodiments, and their details are capable of modification in various respects. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.

11380552

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0121726, filed on Oct. 1, 2019, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. BACKGROUND The inventive concept relates to a method of manufacturing an integrated circuit device, and more particularly, to a method of manufacturing an integrated circuit device capable of reducing process defects caused by rework in a photolithography process for manufacturing processes of the integrated circuit device. Recently, as down-scaling of an integrated circuit device is rapidly proceeding, a feature size of the integrated circuit device is refined and a line width of each of patterns that form the integrated circuit device is gradually reduced. Therefore, when patterns having various shapes, sizes, and densities used for the integrated circuit device are simultaneously formed, process difficulty increases. In particular, when a rework process for removing a photoresist pattern and forming a new photoresist pattern is performed since defects occur in the photoresist pattern obtained after performing a photolithography process for manufacturing the integrated circuit device, it is necessary to develop a rework process in which lower structures, an etched layer, or hard mask layers left on a substrate are not damaged by a rework atmosphere and the rework process may be stably performed. SUMMARY The inventive concept provides a method of manufacturing an integrated circuit device capable of increasing the reliability of the integrated circuit device to be formed by stably performing a rework process without lower structures, an etched layer, or hard masks that are left on a substrate being damaged by a rework atmosphere although the rework process for removing a photoresist pattern and forming a new photoresist pattern is performed since defects occur in the photoresist pattern obtained after performing a photolithography process for manufacturing the integrated circuit device. According to an aspect of the inventive concept, there is provided a method of manufacturing an integrated circuit device. In the method, a feature layer is formed on a substrate in a first area for forming a plurality of chips and in a second area surrounding the first area, the feature layer having a flat upper surface in the first area and a step difference in the second area. In the first and second areas, on the feature layer, a hard mask structure including a plurality of hard mask layers is formed. In the first and second areas, a protective layer covering the hard mask structure is formed so that the hard mask structure is not exposed. In the first and second areas, a photoresist layer is formed on the protective layer. By using the step difference in the second area as an alignment key, in the first area, a photoresist pattern is formed by exposing and developing the photoresist layer. In the first area, by using the photoresist pattern as an etching mask, the protective layer and the hard mask structure are etched. According to an aspect of the inventive concept, there is provided a method of manufacturing an integrated circuit device. In the method, on a substrate, a first lower structure covering the substrate in a cell array region and a second lower structure covering the substrate in a scribe lane region are formed. A conductive layer covering the first lower structure and the second lower structure and having a step difference in the scribe lane region is formed. A hard mask structure including a plurality of hard mask layers is formed on the conductive layer in the cell array region and the scribe lane region. A protective layer covering the hard mask structure is formed so that the hard mask structure is not exposed in the cell array region and the scribe lane region. A photoresist layer is formed on the protective layer in the cell array region and the scribe lane region. A photoresist pattern is formed by exposing and developing the photoresist layer in the cell array region by using the step difference in the scribe lane region as an alignment key. The protective layer and the hard mask structure are etched by using the photoresist pattern in the cell array region as an etching mask. According to an aspect of the inventive concept, there is provided a method of manufacturing an integrated circuit device. In the method, a first lower structure including a plurality of bit lines each including a metal layer is formed on a substrate in a cell array region and a second lower structure including a trench in an upper surface of the second lower structure is formed on the substrate in a scribe lane region. A conductive layer covering the first lower structure and the second lower structure and having a step difference around the trench in the scribe lane region is formed. A hard mask structure including an amorphous silicon layer is formed on the conductive layer in the cell array region and the scribe lane region. A protective layer covering the hard mask structure is formed so that the amorphous silicon layer is not exposed in the cell array region and the scribe lane region. A photoresist layer is formed on the protective layer in the cell array region. A photoresist pattern is formed by exposing and developing the photoresist layer in the cell array region by using the step difference in the scribe lane region as an alignment key. The photoresist pattern is examined. When it is determined that the photoresist pattern is defective in the examining of the photoresist pattern, the photoresist pattern is removed at an oxygen containing atmosphere in a state in which the protective layer covers the hard mask structure and the forming of the photoresist layer and the forming of the photoresist pattern are performed again. A plurality of landing pads formed of a plurality of island patterns spaced apart from each other and regularly arranged are formed from the conductive layer by transcribing a shape of the photoresist pattern onto the conductive layer in the cell array region.

11348760

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This U.S. non-provisional patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0143353, filed on Nov. 11, 2019, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND Embodiments of the inventive concepts relate to a plasma processing apparatus and, more particularly, to a plasma processing apparatus capable of enhancing a withstanding voltage. Semiconductor manufacturing processes may include various processes. For example, the semiconductor manufacturing processes may include a deposition process or etching process performed on a semiconductor wafer. The deposition process or etching process of the semiconductor wafer may be performed in a process chamber. In the deposition process or etching process, plasma may be applied to the semiconductor wafer. The plasma may be formed by various methods. For example, the plasma may be formed by a capacitor couple plasma (CCP) method, an inductive coupled plasma (ICP) method, or a magnetically enhanced ME (MERIE) method. In the CCP or ICP method, to form the plasma, a gas may be injected into a process chamber and an electric field may be formed in a region in which the gas is located. SUMMARY Embodiments of the inventive concepts may provide a plasma processing apparatus capable of enhancing a withstanding voltage. Embodiments of the inventive concepts may also provide a plasma processing apparatus capable of applying radio-frequency (RF) power having a high voltage. Embodiments of the inventive concepts may further provide a plasma processing apparatus capable of forming a symmetric electric field in a chamber of the plasma processing apparatus. Embodiments of the inventive concepts may further provide a plasma processing apparatus capable of improving dispersion of plasma in a chamber of the plasma processing apparatus. In an aspect, a plasma processing apparatus may include a chamber, a lower and an upper electrodes vertically spaced apart from each other in the chamber, a RF transmitting part connected to the lower electrode and configured to supply RF power to the lower electrode, a ground plate spaced downwardly from the lower electrode, and an insulating member laterally surrounding a cavity formed between the lower electrode and the ground plate. The cavity may be isolated from a region under the ground plate by the ground plate. In an aspect, a plasma processing apparatus may include a chamber, an upper electrode disposed at an upper portion of the chamber, a lower electrode disposed at a lower portion of the chamber, a RF transmitting part connected to the lower electrode and configured to supply RF power to the lower electrode, an electrostatic chuck provided on the lower electrode, and a gas supply part configured to supply a gas to a space on a top surface of the electrostatic chuck. The gas supply part may include a plurality of capillary tubes. In an aspect, a plasma processing apparatus may include a process chamber, an upper electrode positioned at an upper portion of the process chamber, a lower electrode spaced apart from the upper electrode interposing a process space between the upper and lower electrodes, a RF transmitting part connected to the lower electrode and configured to supply RF power to the lower electrode, an electrostatic chuck provided on the lower electrode, and a gas supply part configured to supply a gas to a space on a top surface of the electrostatic chuck. The gas supply part may include a gas bypass.

11424107

BACKGROUND With advances in semiconductor technology, there has been an increasing demand for higher storage capacity, faster processing systems, higher performance, and lower costs. To meet these demands, the semiconductor industry continues to scale down the dimensions of semiconductor devices. Such scaling down has increased the complexity of semiconductor manufacturing processes and the demands for temperature regulation in semiconductor manufacturing systems.

11536980

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority from Korean Patent Application No. 10-2020-0017776, filed on Feb. 13, 2020 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. BACKGROUND 1. Field Example embodiments of the present disclosure relate to beam steering apparatuses with an improved wiring structure and a system including the same. 2. Description of Related Art An advanced driving assistance system (ADAS) with various functions is being commercialized. For example, vehicles equipped with functions are increasing, for example, an adaptive cruise control (ACC) in which a vehicle reduces speed if there is a risk of collision by recognizing the location and speed of another vehicle and if there is no risk of collision, the vehicle runs within a set speed range, and an autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system that prevents collision by automatically applying a brake when there is a risk of collision by recognizing a vehicle ahead but the driver does not respond or the responding method is not appropriate. Also, automobiles capable of autonomous driving are expected to be commercialized in the near future. Accordingly, interest in a light measuring device capable of providing information around a vehicle is increasing. For example, a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) device for a vehicle may provide information about a distance, relative speed, and azimuth to an object around the vehicle by detecting a reflected laser after irradiating a laser to a selected area around the vehicle. To this end, the LiDAR device for a vehicle includes a beam steering apparatus capable of steering light in a desired area. The beam steering apparatus may be largely classified into a mechanical beam steering apparatus and a non-mechanical beam steering apparatus. For example, the mechanical beam steering apparatus includes a method of rotating a light source itself, a method of rotating a mirror that reflects light, a method of moving a spherical lens in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis, etc. In addition, the non-mechanical beam steering apparatus includes a method using a semiconductor device and a method of electrically controlling an angle of reflected light by using a reflective phase array. SUMMARY One or more example embodiments provide beam steering apparatuses having an improved wiring structure. One or more example embodiments also provide systems including a beam steering apparatus having an improved wiring structure. Additional aspects will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of example embodiments. According to an aspect of an example embodiment, there is provided a beam steering apparatus including a driving pixel unit including a plurality of driving pixels that are respectively configured to supply a voltage or a current, a light modulator including a plurality of pixels corresponding to the plurality of driving pixels, each pixel of the plurality of pixels being configured to modulate incident light, and a wiring layer including a wiring structure configured to electrically connect the plurality of driving pixels to the plurality of pixels, wherein the wiring structure includes a first conductive wire connected to the plurality of driving pixels, a second conductive wire connected to the plurality of pixels, and at least one third conductive wire connected between the first conductive wire and the second conductive wire, and wherein the first conductive wire, the second conductive wire, and the at least one third conductive wire form a step structure. The wiring layer may include a plurality of layers. A size of each driving pixel of the plurality of driving pixels may be different from a size of each pixel of the plurality of pixels. A size of each driving pixel of the plurality of driving pixels may be greater than a size of each pixel of the plurality of pixels. The light modulator may include a distributed Bragg reflector, a grating reflector, and a cavity provided between the distributed Bragg reflector and the grating reflector. The grating reflector may include Si. A refractive index of the grating reflector may change based on heat or a voltage applied to the grating reflector. The first conductive wire, the second conductive wire, and the at least one third conductive wire may include at least one of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and tungsten (W). The light modulator may include a mirror layer, a refractive index conversion layer, and a nano-antenna. The refractive index conversion layer may include at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), AZO, gallium zinc oxide (GZO), and gallium indium zinc oxide (GIZO). According to another aspect of an example embodiment, there is provided a system including a light source configured to emit light, a beam steering apparatus configured to transmit light to an object by controlling a traveling direction of the light emitted from the light source, a photodetector configured to detect light reflected from the object, and a controller configured to control the beam steering apparatus, wherein the beam steering apparatus includes a driving pixel unit including a plurality of driving pixels that are respectively configured to supply a voltage or a current, a light modulator including a plurality of pixels corresponding to the plurality of driving pixels, respectively, each pixel of the plurality of pixels being configured to modulate incident light, and a wiring layer including a wiring structure that electrically connects the plurality of driving pixels and the plurality of pixels, wherein the wiring structure includes a first conductive wire connected to the plurality of driving pixels, a second conductive wire connected to the plurality of pixels, and at least one third conductive wire connected between the first conductive wire and the second conductive wire, and wherein the first conductive wire, the second conductive wire, and the at least one third conductive wire form a step structure. The wiring layer may include a plurality of layers. A size of each driving pixel of the plurality of driving pixels may be different from a size of each pixel of the plurality of pixels. A size of each driving pixel of the plurality of driving pixels may be greater than a size of each pixel of the plurality of pixels. The light modulator may include a distributed Bragg reflector, a grating reflector, and a cavity provided between the distributed Bragg reflector and the grating reflector. The grating reflector may include Si. A refractive index of the grating reflector may change based on heat or a voltage being applied to the grating reflector. The first conductive wire, the second conductive wire, and the at least one third conductive wire may include at least one of aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and tungsten (W). The light modulator may include a mirror layer, a refractive index conversion layer, and a nano-antenna. The refractive index conversion layer may include at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), AZO, gallium zinc oxide (GZO), and gallium indium zinc oxide (GIZO)

11313983

TECHNICAL FIELD The present subject matter generally relates to an apparatus and method for determining the density and/or moisture of materials and, more particularly, relates to nuclear gauges used in measuring the density and/or moisture of construction-related materials. BACKGROUND Nuclear radiation gauges have been widely used for measuring the density and moisture of soil and asphaltic materials, or other construction material. As used herein, construction material is any materials used in building roads or foundational structures including, but not limited to soils, asphalts, asphalt-like materials, concrete, composite materials, or the like. Such gauges typically include a source of gamma radiation which directs gamma radiation into the test material, and a radiation detector located adjacent to the surface of the test material for detecting radiation scattered back to the surface. From this detector reading, a determination of the moisture and density of the material can be made. These gauges are generally designed to operate either in a “backscatter” mode or in both a backscatter mode and direct transmission mode. In gauges capable of direct transmission mode, the radiation source is vertically moveable from a backscatter position, where it resides within the gauge housing, to a series of direct transmission positions, where it is inserted into small holes or bores in the test specimen. Many of the gauges commonly in use for measuring density of soil, asphalt and other materials are most effective in measuring densities of materials over depths of approximately 3-12 inches. However, with the increase in cost of paving materials, the practice in maintaining and resurfacing paved roadbeds has become one of applying relatively thin layers or overlays having a thickness of one to three inches. With layers of such a thickness range, many density gauges are ineffective for measuring the density of the overlay because the density reading obtained from such gauges reflects not only the density of the thin layer, but also the density of the underlying base material. Nuclear gauges capable of measuring the density of thin layers of materials have been developed by Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc. of Research Triangle Park, N.C. For example, thin layer density gauges are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,525,854, 4,701,868, 4,641,030, 6,310,936 and 6,442,232, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Some of the gauges disclosed in the above-referenced patents are referred to as “backscatter” gauges because the radiation source does not move outside the gauge housing, which is necessary for measurement in the direct transmission mode. In some of the gauges disclosed in the above-referenced patents, the gauge can have radiation sources that can also be extended outside of the gauge housing and into the material to be measured in a direct transmission mode. Typically, the source rods can extend up to about 12 inches. As disclosed in the above patents, the preferred method of measuring the density of thin layers of materials, such as asphalt, is nondestructive and uses the backscatter mode. One method requires two independent density measurement systems. The geometry of these two measurement systems must be configured with respect to one another and with respect to the medium being measured in such a manner that they measure two different volumes of material. The two different volumes are not mutually exclusive insofar as they partially overlap one another. Measurement accuracy depends upon a larger portion of the volume measured by one of the measurement systems being distributed at a lower depth beneath the gauge than the volume measured by the other measurement system. This is accomplished by placing one radiation detection system in closer spatial proximity to the radiation source than the other detection system. Another volume specific measurement is typically used in soils and requires drilling a small hole in the material under test. This method is referred to as the direct transmission mode To determine the positioning of the source rod during use normally includes a visual inspection of the location of the source rod relative to an index rod and/or the height of the portion of the source rod extending out of the gauge housing. Such determination can be problematic and inaccurate. Contact strips whose resistance varies with position have also been used to detect the length that the source rod has moved. These strips often wear out. Preparation for configuring a gauge can be time consuming. For gauges used in the past, each type of gauge would be configured differently so that there would be multiple configuration programs for gauges. Thus, each type of gauge could have a separate configuration program written for it. Also, as known in the art, the calibration of a nuclear gauge, for example, a 12-position nuclear gauge is time consuming, and many quality control checks have to be implemented. For instance, programs over the years have been developed that analyze the calibration curves to find statistical variations in the gauge. For example, the typical calibration constants, count rate, precision and slope as a function of density of each gauge, along with their standard deviations, have been determined. These parameters are an important part of the diagnostics of the health of a gauge. Currently, only at the factory can this sort of diagnostics be accomplished. In the factory, external computer networks are wired to each calibration bay, the data is transferred by wire from the instrument to the external computer, where computer programs known in the art are used to curve fit, transfer the coefficients, store the coefficients to the gauge, and quality control check each measurement for deviations out of the standard expected values. There remains a need in the art for a nuclear gauge capable of operating in backscatter mode and/or direct transmission mode, and which is suitable for efficiently measuring the density and moisture of construction material. SUMMARY In accordance with this disclosure, nuclear gauges for determining the density and/or moisture of materials and methods of configuration and calibration of nuclear gauges are provided. It is, therefore, an object of the present disclosure to provide nuclear gauges used in measuring the density and/or moisture of construction-related materials and methods for configuration of the gauges and methods of calibration of the gauges. This and other objects as may become apparent from the present disclosure are achieved, in whole or in part, by the subject matter described herein. An object of the presently disclosed subject matter having been stated hereinabove, and which is achieved in whole or in part by the presently disclosed subject matter, other objects will become evident as the description proceeds when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings as best described hereinbelow.

11253249

FIELD The embodiments disclosed herein relate to a medical device for suturing tissue, and more particularly to a device for the manipulation and control of a suturing needle during minimally invasive suturing, methods for making such a device and methods for using such a device for suturing tissue. BACKGROUND Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has allowed physicians to carry out many surgical procedures with less pain and disability than conventional, open surgery. Unlike conventional open surgery, where the surgical site is readily accessible through a large incision, enabling the surgeon to easily visualize and manipulate both tissue and instruments, MIS requires the surgeon to operate remotely by inserting and manipulating instruments through small punctures (“keyhole surgery”) or through natural orifices, including for example the vagina, the esophagus, or the anus. In MIS, a small puncture is typically made in the body. Medical instruments are then inserted through a cannula. A cannula has a small inside diameter, typically 5-10 millimeters (mm), and sometimes up to 20 millimeters (mm) or more. A number of such cannulas may be inserted into the body for any given operation. Minimally invasive surgical instruments are necessarily smaller, and are also generally longer and therefore are more difficult to manipulate with precision. Perhaps the most problematic surgical task in MIS is suturing. Suturing requires coordinated manipulation with both hands of small needles and sutures that are difficult to visualize (particularly when only indirect, two-dimensional video imaging is available) as well as the several instruments (including needle-drivers and pick-up forceps) ordinarily used to suture by hand. In an environment characterized by limited space, limited visualization, and limited mobility, many surgeons find minimally invasive suturing by hand an extremely difficult, often virtually impossible, surgical task. In the preferred method of suturing by hand, a grasping forceps (“needle driver”) is held by the surgeon and is used to grip a curved needle near the needle's tail. Pronation of the surgeon's wrist drives the needle into the tissue. When the point of the curved needle emerges from the tissue, the surgeon releases the needle from the grip of the needle driver and grasps the point with another forceps (“pick-ups”). The surgeon then pulls the curved needle by the needle point, preferably in a circular path following the arc of the needle's curvature to follow the most atraumatic path through the tissue, until the entire length of the needle has exited the tissue. Each time a stitch is placed, the curved needle is thus driven around in a complete circular arc. Individual (interrupted) stitches are placed by tying off the suture following placement of each stitch. Running (continuous) stitches are placed by repeatedly driving the curved needle in a complete circular arc repeatedly until the desired length of suture and number of stitches has been placed. In order to place additional interrupted or continuous stitches, the surgeon must let go of the point of the needle and re-grasp the needle near the needle's tail. In the manual suturing technique described above, the direct handling of the needle can result in accidental needle pricks through a surgeon or nurse's gloves, posing a potential risk of infection for the surgeon, nurse, staff, and patient, or cause the needle to become contaminated with pathogenic bacteria that can cause onset of infection at the site of the sutures. There is also a risk of the needle penetrating internal organs or vessels and causing a serious, and often fatal infection. Various devices for suturing for MIS are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,295 entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Suturing Tissue”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,096 entitled “Needle Driving Apparatus and Methods of Suturing Tissue”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,109 entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Suturing Tissue”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,188 entitled “Suturing Instrument with Rotatably Mounted Needle Driver and Catcher”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,860,992 entitled “Endoscopic Suturing Devices and Methods”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,733 entitled “Suturing Instrument with Rotatably Mounted Needle Driver and Catcher”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,763 entitled “Endoscopic Suturing Device”; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,755,843 entitled “Endoscopic Suturing Device”, all of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties for the teachings therein. Assignees' U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,437,681, 5,540,705 and 6,923,819 disclose a suturing device with thread management comprising a protective cartridge, suturing needle and needle rotation drive, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The devices described in the above-mentioned patents and patent application comprise a mechanism for driving a protected needle however, the needle is rotated about an axis that is parallel to the axis of the device. In addition, the orientation and size of the suturing device makes it difficult to visualize and cumbersome to use for MIS. Therefore, there remains a need in the art for a minimally invasive suturing device that is easily manipulated within the small diameter of the cannula; functions in an environment characterized by limited space, limited visualization, and limited mobility; mimics the preferred method of suturing used by surgeons; permits the surgeon to secure and tie knots quickly and with controlled tension; places continuous stitches; and protects user's from accidental needle sticks during needle handling, as well as internal organs and vessels, from inadvertent needle-pricks. SUMMARY Devices and methods for minimally invasive suturing of tissue internal to a body are disclosed herein. According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a medical device for closing openings internal to a patient's body, which closely emulates or replicates the manual suturing actions carried out by a surgeon. The device offers several advantages over conventional methods used by surgeons for suturing tissue during minimally invasive surgery in that the device provides a hand-held suturing instrument of relatively simple mechanical construction that requires no external motive source. The presently disclosed embodiments provide relative ease of operation for the surgeon with only one hand. According to aspects illustrated herein, a suture head assembly may be removably attached to an actuator mechanism of the suturing device. The diameter of the device is small enough to fit into a typical cannula, thus making the device extremely easy to maneuver, as well as suture, during endoscopic or other MIS procedures. Also, the suture head assembly of the device can be laterally articulated to the left of center, to the right of center, up, and down, once inside the cannula, which is ideal for use in the course of endoscopic surgery, including laparoscopy, thoracoscopy and arthroscopy, as well as other less-invasive surgical procedures. The device of the present disclosed embodiments closely emulates or replicates the manual suturing actions carried out by a surgeon. For example, during manual suturing by hand, the needle is held in forceps and travels in a circular arc with no obstructions anywhere in the interior of the arc. The design of the suturing device of the present disclosed embodiments allows for a lack of obstruction in the center of the arc of the needle during suturing. In other words, there is no hub at the center of the circular arc of the suturing needle. The entire area within the circular arc of the needle is unobstructed. This allows for the user to have better visualization during operation, unlike the present mechanical suturing methods, while maintaining control over needle movement. In accordance with one embodiment a “locomotive-type” drive mechanism is provided for advancing the needle about a path of travel. This embodiment of a drive enables the small diameter of the device and affords better visualization during operation because of the lack of a hub. There are many benefits afforded by the design of the suturing device of the presently disclosed embodiments, including, but not limited to, more tissue being able to fit into the device, thus enabling a bigger bite of tissue and a more secure suture; the device can be used to ligate, that is, place a loop of suture around a blood vessel, duct, or other tubular structure; and the device can be inserted further into smaller incisions/openings (one side of the aperture can be inserted deeply, for example). A benefit provided by the suturing device of the presently disclosed embodiments is that the device enables maneuvering a suturing material through a tissue incision in a manner substantially similar to the way a surgeon would do so by hand. In particular, the suturing device first pushes a suturing needle from the tail of the needle and drives the point of the needle through the tissue. The device then picks up the point of the needle that passed through the tissue, and pulls the remainder of the suturing needle and the suture attached to the suturing needle through the tissue. The suturing needle thus consistently follows the arc of the needle's own curve, which is the preferred method of suturing, in the most atraumatic way of passing a needle through tissue. A benefit provided by the suturing device of the presently disclosed embodiments is the ability of the suturing needle to pull the suturing thread entirely through the tissue segments being closed, following each stitch. When using the suturing device of the presently disclosed embodiments, no ancillary instruments or tools such as needle holders, pick-up forceps or the like are needed to complete the stitch. A forceps can be used to tighten the knots. According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a suturing device that includes a suturing needle that is protected by a housing, the suturing needle is not exposed to or handled directly by the user, thereby preventing inadvertent needle sticks. The configuration of the suturing device of the presently disclosed embodiments also protects against inadvertent penetration of internal organs or vessels by the needle, since the housing acts as a shield between the organs and the needle. The suturing device of the presently disclosed embodiments is useful for suturing tissue internal to a body. An embodiment of the device includes an elongated barrel having a proximal end, a distal end, and a longitudinal axis therebetween; a suture head assembly extending from the distal end of the elongated barrel; a suturing needle having a pointed end and a blunt end, the suturing needle capable of rotating about an axis approximately perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the elongated barrel, wherein the pointed end of the suturing needle is positioned within the suture head assembly prior to and after rotation of the suturing needle; and an actuator extending from the proximal end of the elongated barrel to actuate a drive mechanism having a needle driver for engaging and rotating the suturing needle. According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a method for suturing tissue during minimally invasive surgery that includes: (a) engaging a cartridge to a suture head assembly at a distal end of a suturing device, the cartridge having a protective housing and a suturing needle with a pointed end and a blunt end; (b) introducing the distal end of the suturing device into a body cavity; (c) positioning an opening in the cartridge to span a plurality of separated tissue segments or a single tissue segment; (d) activating an actuator coupled to a drive mechanism that engages the suturing needle to cause rotational movement of the suturing needle about an axis approximately perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the suturing device and advance the suturing needle through the plurality of separated tissue segments or the single tissue segment; (e) pulling a suturing material attached to the suturing needle through the plurality of separated tissue segments or the single tissue segment forming a stitch; and repeating steps (c) through (e) to cause a plurality of stitches to be placed through the separated tissue segments or the single tissue segment. According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a method for suturing tissue during minimally invasive surgery that includes: (a) engaging a suturing needle with a pointed end and a blunt end to a suture head assembly at a distal end of a suturing device, the suture head assembly includes a curved track, whereby the suturing needle follows a curved path along the track during rotation of the suturing needle, and a latch that provides a protective housing for the suturing needle; (b) introducing the distal end of the suturing device into a body cavity; (c) positioning an opening in the needle holder assembly to span a plurality of separated tissue segments or a single tissue segment; (d) activating an actuator coupled to a drive mechanism that engages the suturing needle to cause rotational movement of the suturing needle about an axis approximately perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the suturing device and advance the suturing needle through the plurality of separated tissue segments or the single tissue segment; (e) pulling a suturing material attached to the suturing needle through the plurality of separated tissue segments or a single tissue segment forming a stitch; and repeating steps (c) through (e) to cause a plurality of stitches to be placed through the separated tissue segments or a single tissue segment. According to aspects illustrated herein, there is provided a method for suturing tissue during minimally invasive surgery that includes inserting a distal end of a suturing device having a suturing needle with a pointed end into a body; positioning the suturing needle to span a plurality of separated tissue segments; activating an actuator a first time causing the pointed end of the suturing needle to extend beyond a protective housing of a cartridge to engage the plurality of separated tissue segments; and activating the actuator a second time to cause the suturing needle to complete a revolution and pull a suture extending from the suturing needle through the plurality of separated tissue segments to form a stitch. In addition to the advantages discussed above, the suturing device of the presently disclosed embodiments is relatively simple and cost efficient to manufacture. Therefore, the suturing device should find widespread suturing applications that include single stitches or continuous stitches, e.g. spiral, mattress, purse string, etc., that are required to close tissue incisions, attach grafts, or the like. These and other advantages of the presently disclosed embodiments are illustrated through the embodiments described hereinafter. The presently disclosed embodiments accordingly comprise the features of construction, combination of elements and arrangement of parts that will be exemplified in the following detailed description.

11338631

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is the U.S. National Phase Applications of PCT International Application No. PCT/FR2018/052564, filed Oct. 16, 2018, which claims priority to French Patent Application No. 1759644, filed Oct. 16, 2017, the contents of such applications being incorporated by reference herein. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an inflation valve intended to be placed in a tire rim orifice of a motor vehicle, the valve being of the type with elastic deformation, this inflation valve having a means of limiting a deformation of an elastic portion of the valve, it being possible for such a deformation to lead to leaks of the valve during travel of the motor vehicle. The present invention also relates to an assembly of a tire rim of a motor vehicle and of such an inflation valve. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Such a valve has a tubular core adapted to form an internal air passage from an external longitudinal end of the valve to an internal longitudinal end, external and internal being considered relative to the interior and exterior of a rim through which such a valve passes. The tubular core is at least partially surrounded by a sleeve of elastically deformable material from a longitudinal central portion toward the internal longitudinal end of the valve. The sleeve has the shape of a bulb that widens in proximity to the internal longitudinal end of the valve and ends with an internal longitudinal bulb end. It is the deformation of the bulb at the rim orifice, mainly when the motor vehicle is traveling, that an aspect of the present invention intends to limit. Such inflation valves with elastic deformation, also known as “snap in” valves, are widely used. Such valves may be combined with an electronic module for monitoring one or more operating parameters of the tire such as, for example, its pressure, its temperature and/or its rotation speed. It is thus known that operating parameters of the wheels of a motor vehicle are measured by one or more sensors mounted in electronic modules, called electronic units for measuring operating parameters of a wheel tire or wheel units. These sensors may, for example and without restriction, be a pressure sensor in a tire mounted on a wheel and/or a radial acceleration sensor making it possible to determine the speed of rotation of the wheel. In a known manner, wheel units generally include a microprocessor, a memory, a radiofrequency transmitter, a power-supply battery and at least one radial acceleration sensor capable of measuring the radial accelerations of the wheel, this radial acceleration sensor being mounted on a support forming a printed circuit board. The radial acceleration measurements are sent at radiofrequency by a radiofrequency wave transmission device, frequently combined with the acceleration sensor, to a central system for monitoring the operating parameters of each wheel, and in particular its rotation speed, called a central wheel control unit, the central monitoring system being inside the motor vehicle. This radiofrequency wave transmission device has antennas oriented precisely toward the central monitoring system so as to optimize transmissions. It follows that such valves comprise a module accommodating all the necessary electronics. The inflation valve associated with this electronic module is conventionally of two types. Either it is a metal inflation valve screwed into an orifice of a rim of the vehicle, or it is a valve with elastic deformation which is forced into the orifice of the rim by deformation of the elastic material forming its body. An aspect of the present invention relates more particularly to a valve with elastic deformation. The concept of a valve with elastic deformation used hitherto for a tire pressure sensor consists in fixing the module containing the electronics to a brass tubular core. This is a rigid connection made by screws or another system, for example, a metal clip. The valve has two main functions: sealing during the life of the valve, and sealing of the electronic elements that the valve contains and ensuring one-step rim mounting. The two embodiments existing today are rigid fixing by screws, and the presence of a clearance between the valve and the module. The second embodiment involves a telescopic connection without clearance between the valve and the module with a metal-clip fixing system. In the first embodiment of a fixing of the module to the valve by a screw, the main drawback is having to preserve an approximately 5-mm gap between the rear of the valve and the module in order, on the one hand, to absorb the movements of the rubber bulb when inserting the valve into the orifice of the rim and, on the other hand, not being able to mount the valve on an extended rim panel with a sheet thickness of 1 mm up to a 5-mm aluminum rim. The necessary presence of this gap reduces the dynamic performance levels of the valve as a wheel unit during travel owing to the centrifugal force and provides a significant and undesirable catching point during tire-fitting operations. In unfavorable cases, the tire lip may catch the casing and damage it. In both cases, during travel, the rubber bulb of the valve will stretch more and more until a leak or a tear in the rubber is created, thus limiting performance levels at high speed. A valve with elastic deformation then no longer even fulfills the required qualities specific to a valve, which are mainly to provide a seal between the air contained in the tire and the outside. In addition, such elastically deformable valves have the particular feature of comprising a sealing groove in which an edge portion of an orifice provided on the rim will be inserted when the valve is placed on the rim of the vehicle. The part of the rim received in the sealing groove is more or less thick, depending on the vehicle models and the chosen rim size. In a known manner, the majority of current rims measure from 1.5 mm to 5 mm in thickness, the most common thickness, for reasons of material costs, being of the order of 2 mm. A thickness of less than 2 mm is detrimental to guaranteeing sealing of the valve. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The problem underlying an aspect of the present invention is, for a valve with elastic deformation having a bulb of deformable material inserted at least partially into a rim orifice of a motor-vehicle tire, that of limiting the elastic deformation of the bulb once it is positioned on the rim. To that end, an aspect of the present invention relates to an inflation valve intended to be placed in an orifice of the rim of a tire of a motor vehicle, the valve being of the type with elastic deformation and having a tubular core adapted to form an internal air passage from an external longitudinal end of the valve to an internal longitudinal end, the tubular core being at least partially surrounded by a sleeve of elastically deformable material from a longitudinal central portion toward the internal longitudinal end of the valve, the sleeve having the shape of a bulb widening in proximity to the internal longitudinal end of the valve and ending with one internal longitudinal bulb end, this inflation valve being noteworthy in that a cup of rigid material comprises a first portion facing an internal longitudinal bulb end face and at least a second portion curved away from the internal longitudinal end of the valve, the cup serving as a means of limiting deformation of the bulb. A first portion of the cup facing an internal longitudinal bulb end face means that the first portion may be arranged either at a distance outside the internal longitudinal bulb end face, or bearing at least partially against the end face or can be integrated into the end face, in particular by overmolding. It is essentially the one or more second portions curved away from the internal longitudinal end of the valve that serve as a means of limiting deformation of the bulb that may occur during travel of the vehicle and not during assembly, in other words “deformation-blocking means”, being intended to abut against the inner wall of the rim, advantageously in a preferred embodiment of the present invention against an edge region of the orifice of the rim. However, the presence of this or these curved second portions is recognizable on the inflation valve taken in isolation from the rim, being specific characteristics of this inflation valve. The limiting means are active for a valve mounted on a rim mainly during travel of the vehicle during which the sleeve and its bulb are subjected to a centrifugal force deforming the bulb. The bulb will start to deform and the or at least one of the curved second portions will follow this deformation and come into contact with the rim, which limits the deformation of the bulb and increases the sealing performance levels at high speed and also the fatigue resistance of the valve during its lifetime. In addition, this or these curved second portions will protect the bulb from shear damage by the edge of the rim orifice penetrating more deeply into the bulb on one side of the bulb when the valve is subjected to a centrifugal force. The problems of sealing and of damage to the valve are thus reduced and performance levels are increased. Advantageously, the first portion facing an internal longitudinal bulb end face bears at least partially against this end face or is arranged at a distance from this end face with one or more housings extending in a length of the bulb and starting from the end face for an at least partial insertion of said at least one curved second portion in the one or more housing(s). Important parameters of the cup in order to have an effective bulb-deformation-blocking effect are a first distance between a free end of the curved second portion(s) and the rim, identifiable on the bulb by a positioning of a rim-receiving groove, and a second distance between the end face of the bulb and the first portion of the cup. The first distance makes it possible to optimize the distance between rim and cup, and therefore the smaller this first distance the more the limiting effect is maximized. The second distance makes it possible to limit the return effect of the valve after insertion. Indeed, the greater this second distance the less the valve will retreat, which will result in an increase in the first distance after the insertion of the valve. The greater the second distance the more the bulb will be able to retreat during the insertion of the valve into the orifice of the rim during an installation phase, thus facilitating insertion. Advantageously, the bulb carries a sealing groove at least partially around the bulb on its outer contour and having internal and external edges respectively turned toward the internal and external longitudinal ends of the valve, the groove being adapted to receive an edge of the orifice of the rim within, a free end of said at least one curved second portion of the cup being at most at the level of the internal edge of the groove. This groove allows the insertion of the edge of the orifice within and guarantees sealing between the interior and the exterior of the rim, the bulb being compressed and bearing against the edge of the orifice of the rim. The free end of the curved second portion(s) of the cup serves as a front stop against the rim, the free end of the or at least one of the curved second portions abutting against the rim during a significant deformation of the bulb. The length of the or each curved second portion of the cup in the direction of the rim, that is to say pointing toward the external longitudinal end of the valve, is to be determined precisely, as mentioned previously, as first distance. This length may be short enough for the end(s) of the curved second portions not to abut against the rim in a rest position of the valve when not traveling, therefore without exerting a centrifugal force and without deformation of the bulb owing to this centrifugal force. In addition, during mounting of the valve and, where appropriate, of the electronic module on the valve, the valve undergoes a withdrawal movement toward the outside of the rim: it follows that the length of the end(s) of the curved second portions has to be estimated as short enough not to come into contact with the rim during assembly. Conversely, this length is long enough for the end or ends of the curved second portions to abut against the rim during a deformation of the bulb owing to the acceleration of the vehicle, for which a blocking of deformation is considered necessary, this deformation being quantified by experience. Advantageously, the internal longitudinal bulb end is interposed between the groove and the internal longitudinal end of the valve, the first portion of the cup having a central bore for the passage of the tubular core toward the internal longitudinal end of the valve. This central bore is advantageous, in particular for a passage of a telescopic tubular core. Advantageously, the central bore of the cup is extended by a collar framing the tubular core, one end of the collar furthest from the bulb forming the internal longitudinal end of the valve. The collar can guide and protect the tubular core. Advantageously, the tubular core protrudes from the sleeve with an external longitudinal end of the tubular core forming the external longitudinal end of the valve, the tubular core being telescopic or not, an internal longitudinal end of the tubular core being at the level of the groove for a non-telescopic tubular core, the cup being carried with clearance by the internal longitudinal bulb end or, when the tubular core is telescopic, the longitudinal end of the tubular core moves between the level of the groove and a more internal position than the internal longitudinal bulb end, the cup bearing at least partially against the internal longitudinal bulb end. In this latter case, the cup may be positioned with clearance relative to the internal longitudinal bulb end. Advantageously, said at least one curved second portion of the cup is a curved tab and the first portion of the cup is in the form of a disk or of a star. The presence of one or more tabs allows a saving of material compared to a curved second portion of the cup extending all around the first portion. A star with free parts between the points also allows a deformation of the bulb between the points. What is important is that the cup, and in particular the curved second portion(s), is (are) thick enough to be rigid and to act as abutment means against the rim without deformation of the first portion. Advantageously, the cup comprises at least two curved tabs and, when the first portion is in the form of a star, the star has as many points as there are tabs. Advantageously, the cup is secured by welding or adhesive bonding to the bulb or the cup is at least partially overmolded in the bulb, said at least one curved-away second portion having means for strengthening adhesion with the bulb of the notch or lug type or another harpoon-like element. Any means allowing better securing of the cup to the bulb may be used and it is advisable to avoid sliding of the cup relative to the bulb. One or more notches or one or more lugs present, in particular on the curved second portion(s), penetrate the deformable material of the bulb and anchor the cup on the bulb. Advantageously, the valve incorporates an electronic unit for measuring at least one operating parameter of a tire. An aspect of the invention also relates to an assembly of a rim of a motor-vehicle wheel and of an inflation valve, the inflation valve being fitted through an orifice of the rim presenting an outer part to the rim and an inner part to the rim, this assembly being noteworthy in that the valve is as described previously, the cup and a part of the bulb being inserted into an interior of the rim, said at least one second portion curved away from the internal longitudinal end of the valve limiting a deformation of the bulb with a free end of said at least one curved second portion abutting against an internal wall of the rim in the vicinity of an edge of the orifice. The stop between the or at least one of the curved second portions is frontal when this stop is on a free end of at least one curved second portion when deformation of the bulb is such that blocking of the deformation is considered necessary and prevents deformation from continuing. Advantageously, the rim has an internal protuberance on its internal wall and said at least one curved second portion is configured such that a zone of said at least one curved second portion other than its free end abuts against the internal protuberance for an additional limitation of the deformation of the bulb. This represents a second stop zone that contributes to stopping progression of the deformation of the bulb in addition to the first stop zone, which is a frontal stop of the free end of at least one curved second portion in the vicinity of the orifice of the rim. The first and second stop zones are advantageously in different directions to control the deformation of the bulb in at least two directions.

11434388

The present application is a 371 of International application PCT/EP2014/002461, filed Sep. 11, 2014, which claims priority of DE 10 2013 016 355.2, filed Oct. 1, 2013, the priority of these applications is hereby claimed and these applications are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to refills for writing, drawing and/or painting devices/tools based on polymeric binders, and to a method for its manufacture. Polymer refills based on polymers derived from crude oil for writing, drawing and/or painting are known in principle. The term “coloured or graphite-based polymer-bonded refills for writing, drawing and/or painting” should be understood to mean on the one hand, refills which have been firmly fixed into wood or other materials which can easily be sharpened, and on the other hand, refills which are displaceably mounted in a rigid sheath. Examples in this regard are wooden pencils and refills for mechanical pencils, for example those known as retractable pencils or drop-action pencils. In this case, the refills usually have an external diameter in the range from approximately 0.3 mm to 6 mm. Thus, for example, polymer-bonded coloured and graphite refills are known from WO 2010/006742 A1. Refills of this type contain a polymeric binder, wax, palm oil and fillers. The disadvantage with refills of this type is that most polymeric refills are formed from crude oil products and thus are directly dependent on the price and availability of crude oil. Furthermore, the fact that refills produced from polymers derived from crude oil consume naturally available non-renewable resources is perceived to be a disadvantage. The ecological manufacture of a pencil from polymers based on renewable raw materials is thus not possible. Furthermore, polymer-bonded coloured and graphite refills are know from U.S. Pat. No. 2,988,784 A. Refills of that type contain a polymeric binder based on cellulose ester, in particular cellulose acetate, wax and filler. The disadvantage with that type of refill is that although the refills are constructed from a natural raw material and thus are completely degradable, they are primarily made from wood, a naturally occurring raw material. Because of the high demand for wood, it is becoming more and more difficult and more and more expensive to source good quality wood. In addition, the diminishing availability of natural woods means that producing pencils with cellulose esters is highly desirable.

11235430

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a device for detachably securing modules, such as tool holders, to a third component, such as a rotatable tool disk for a machine tool. The device has a controlled securing device, by which the relevant module can be secured on the third component in a locking position in a detachable manner using individual securing parts and has an unlocking device. The unlocking device supports at least partially the re-detachment of the securing device into an unlocked position. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Such devices for detachably securing modules are known from the prior art. DE 101 55 077 B4 discloses a clamping device, in particular for clamping work pieces for machining purposes, having a reference plane plate that has a planar clamping surface defining a reference plane and at least two clamping openings with walls. On each wall at least one reference surface is formed. A clamping plate has a plane to be applied to the clamping surface and at least two clamping bolts associated with the clamping openings and each having a positioning surface. The positioning surfaces are associated with the reference surfaces. A tightening device is adapted to apply an axial force and a superimposed radial force to the clamping bolt to use the axial force to press the base of the clamping plate against the clamping surface of the reference plane plate and to press the clamping bolt with their positioning against the reference surfaces by the radial force. For controlling retracting handles, a latch gear, which is centrally driven by an actuator, is provided in one exemplary embodiment of the known solution. Furthermore, a kind of pressure-exerting device is preferably assigned to every clamping bolt, in particular in the form of a rubber buffer device, which pre-tensions the clamping bolt with an axial force that is directed out of the clamping opening. This pre-tensioning aids in lifting the clamping plate from the reference plane plate after detaching the tightening device. A particularly simple handling is then achieved. The latch gear is further provided with a retraction device, which is formed by at least two tension springs. The tension springs are received in axial drilled holes of the receiving housing and move the retracting handles toward each other into a position in which they no longer protrude into the clamping openings in a securing manner. In this way, in the context of simplified handling, the detaching operation for the retracting handle can again be supported, to remove the clamping plate as a module as a third component from the reference plane plate, which has just been designed in this way. From DE 10 2015 012 938 published by the proprietor, a securing device for securing modularly designed tool holders on a rotatable tool disk as a third component of a machine tool, having individual securing bolts, which can be used to connect the respective tool holder to the tool disk in a connecting position, is known. Because in this solution a locking device is provided, by which the individual tool holder can be detachably locked on the securing bolt, the operator can perform the locking operation quickly and easily by actuating the locking device. Furthermore, a precise locking of the tool holder module on the tool disk is achieved in this way, resulting in a highly accurate machining using the machine tool. The locking device in turn has, in the manner of a latch gear and mutually interacting locking bolts, which, controlled by a central actuator, reach a locking position, in which the assignable tool holder is latched or connected to the securing bolt. In this solution as well, a tension spring is again arranged between the ends of a pair of locking bolts facing each other, which spring supports the return movement of the securing bolt in the position detaching the securing bolt. The known latch gear solutions have wedge-shaped slanted surfaces on their slide-shaped locking bolt for the engagement with the respective clamping or securing bolts. The bolts are prone to self-locking depending on the slant angle in such a system, which complicates the individual unlocking process and can cause obstacles in operation, especially when detaching the relevant clamping or securing device, impairing reliability. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Based on this prior art, the invention addresses the problems, while maintaining the advantages, of the known solutions, namely ensuring a well-fitting, detachable mount of modules on third-party components that is easy to use, further improving the mount to the effect that the reliability is increased. A device according to the invention solves this problem. Because the invention provides that the unlocking device exerts, at least at the beginning of the re-detaching process, preferably permanently acting, a compression force on the securing device to detach the individual securing parts, any jamming, possibly due to self-locking, especially in latch gears, can definitely be excluded. The compression significantly increases the reliability. While for the known tensile force spring solutions the highest tensile or detaching force is applied at the beginning of re-detaching, the mechanical pressure force solution according to the invention can be used to apply and maintain a substantially continuous pressure-release force on locking bolts of the securing device over the entire detaching process. This solution facilitates the detaching process and ensures in any case that the wedge-shaped locking bolts at the end definitely disengage from the securing parts of the third component despite any self-locking effects, without the need for increased operating forces. The scope of the invention is providing the device at the modules, which is also the preferred solution. They can, however, also be arranged directly on the third component. With particular advantage, the securing and unlocking devices can be controlled by a common actuator. The common actuator actuates at least the securing device in an actuating direction and at least the unlocking device in the reverse direction of actuation. In this way, the securing and removal of the relevant module, such as a tool holder, on the third component, such as a tool disk, can be performed in a particularly simple, fast and convenient manner. In particularly advantageous embodiments, the securing device has a blocking gear having individual locking bolts, which interact with the securing parts of the third component. The unlocking device has a latch gear having latches, which are at least partially in engagement with the locking bolts, at least for exerting the pressure force, or are in force-fitting engagement with the locking bolts. For such a transmission design, the arrangement can be made with particular advantage such that the locking bolt and the latches move towards each other. The latches are located in a spanned common plane traversing the relevant module or third component. The actuator moves along a route, which is also located on this plane. Because all the movable components are located on a common plane, both transmissions can be designed particularly narrow such that they can be housed without difficulty even in compact components, such as tool holders, where only limited installation space is available. In particularly advantageous embodiments, a preferably spring-actuated restoring device is provided, which supports the unlocking device in the unlocking of the locking bolt. Unlocking is done in a particularly secure manner, because in addition to breaking the locking engagement of the locking bolt upon the action of the pressure force, an additional return movement occurs in the detaching direction. With particular advantage, the locking bolt controlled by the actuator may be guided longitudinally displaceably in channel-shaped recesses in the module or the third component. In this way, relatively large traversing movements for the locking bolts of the blocking gear and the latches of the latch gear can be implemented in a space-saving manner. For forming the latching between locking bolt and the relevant securing part, the arrangement can advantageously be made such that the respective locking bolts have a wedge surface in the form of a securing bolt at the end facing the adjacent securing part. The wedge surface precisely engages in the locked state with an assigned annular groove in the securing bolt. As a result, a latch can be formed by positive engagement. With regard to the design of the actuator, the arrangement can be made with advantage such that the actuator has a wedge-shaped first actuating part at its free front end. The first actuating part pushes the pairs of locking bolts apart with increasing penetration motion and pushes them into engagement with the adjacent annular groove of a securing part. A second actuating part on the side opposite the first opposite actuating part actuates the unlocking device in the reverse direction from the penetration motion upon the return movement. As a result, both the blocking gear and the latch gear can be controlled by a single control element. In particularly advantageous embodiments, the actuator forming the second actuating part has a slanted surface. The slanted surface is formed on the wedge-shaped side of the actuator opposite from the first actuator and acts as a control surface for the latch gear of the unlocking device upon the return movement of the actuator to move it into the unlocking detachment position. With regard to the design of the latch gear, the arrangement may advantageously be made such that a pair of latches having two latches is provided for every locking bolt that can be driven into the secured position by the first actuating part. The latches can be moved in channels located in the same plane as the channel-shaped recesses guiding the locking bolts. In each of these pairs of latches, a first latch can be driven in a direction parallel to the direction of the locking bolt by the slanted surface of the second actuating part in its return movement and as a result move the relevant second latch of the pair of latches in the direction perpendicular to the movement of the locking bolts using further interacting slanted surfaces. Control surfaces of the second latches come into engagement with slanted contact surfaces located in recesses of the locking bolt and there generate the pressure force that moves the relevant locking bolt in the unlocking direction. In a particularly advantageous manner, the actuator may have a control body having the first and second actuating parts. The control body can be moved by an adjusting screw for the penetration and return movement. The adjusting screw can be actuated in a rotary manner from an end face of the module or third component. In exemplary embodiments in which four securing bolts are located on the contact surfaces, on which the module and the third component can be attached to each other by the securing device. The bolts are grouped in pairs around a central region. The arrangement can be made with particular advantage such that every locking bolt of a pair of locking bolts, which is actuated by the wedge-shaped first actuating part, controls one further locking bolt each at the location where it latches to its assigned securing bolt. Its assigned securing bolt can each be latched to a securing bolt of a further pair of securing bolts in a detachable manner. As a result, only one securing device and unlocking device each are required for latching and unlatching of both pairs of securing bolts. The linear direction of travel of the pair of locking bolts may coincide with the linear direction of travel of the first pair of latches. The linear direction of travel of the pair of further locking bolts may coincide with the linear direction of travel of the second pair of latches. The pair of locking bolts, the pair of further locking bolts, and the first pair of latches and the second pair of latches may be disposed on either side of a symmetrical plane that is perpendicular to the mounting plane. In each case, a locking bolt, a further locking bolt and a first latch and a second latch on each side of the plane of symmetry may be arranged symmetrically to each other. The pair of locking bolts and the pair of further locking bolts may, in particular in the starting position of the securing device, be arranged in a U-shape. For that purpose, the further locking bolts each form the legs of the U-shape. The pair of locking bolts, which are aligned in the same direction, constitutes the connection of these legs of the U-shape. Between the further locking bolts, the central area can be arranged, preferably centrally, namely in the open center of the U-shaped bolt configuration. Other objects, advantages and salient features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the drawings, discloses a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

11413440

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to devices for the administration of benefit agents to patients at surface of the skin. More particularly, this invention relates to microfluidic devices comprising one or more benefit agents, and methods for making and using these devices. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Dermal delivery refers to the process of mass transport of benefit agents applied on the skin to various skin strata. The application of benefit agents to the skin has a long history. Numerous carriers, including conventional semisolid bases (creams, gels, ointments), matrix systems (clays, polymers), and liquid systems (solutions, emulsions, suspensions), are being used for cutaneous application of benefit agents. The human skin functions as the primary barrier to the transdermal penetration of materials into the body. Transdermal delivery refers to the process of mass transport of substances applied on the skin surface and includes their absorption by each layer of the skin, their uptake by microcirculation of the skin, and distribution in the systemic circulation. Transdermal delivery of benefit agents to patients through the skin provides many advantages over other means of delivery. Primarily, transdermal delivery is a comfortable, convenient and noninvasive way of administering benefit agents. Transdermal delivery also provides other advantages over other routes for administering a benefit agent formulation to a patient. For example, oral administration of some benefit agents may be ineffective because the benefit agent is destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract or eliminated by the liver, both of which are avoided by transdermal drug delivery. Parenteral injection with a conventional hypodermic needle also has drawbacks, as it is often painful and inconvenient. Transdermal benefit agent delivery also makes possible a high degree of control over blood concentrations of any agent. Dermal and transdermal delivery may be accomplished by rubbing benefit agents onto the skin surface. But control of the amount and location of the benefit agent is an issue. Dermal and transdermal devices, also known as patches, are known for use in dermal and transdermal delivery of benefit agents. A delivery patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication to the surface of the skin. These patches are typically constructed of a backing layer and an adhesive layer. Often, the benefit agents (drugs, medications) are located in the adhesive layer, but may be located on the surface of the adhesive, or in a separate layer or reservoir. Benefit agents are released from the patch through the adhesive, or through porous membrane covering a reservoir. Recently developed are patches which use microfluidic delivery to the skin surface. Microfluidics is the science dealing with the behavior, precise control, and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small, typically sub-millimeter, scale, and with very small volumes (such as nanoliters or picoliters). Microfluidic devices move, mix, separate or otherwise process fluid. Numerous applications employ passive fluid control techniques like capillary forces. In some applications, external actuation means are used for a directed transport of the fluid. These include components such as micropumps or microvalves. Micropumps supply fluids in a continuous manner or are used for dosing. Microvalves determine the flow direction or the mode of movement of pumped liquids. The main disadvantage to transdermal delivery systems stems from the fact that the skin is a very effective barrier; as a result, only medications whose molecules are small enough to penetrate the skin can be delivered by this method. A wide variety of benefit agents are now available in transdermal patch form. To address the challenge of intact skin, a variety of microneedle-array based drug delivery devices have been developed. These known microneedle (or microprotrusions) arrays generally fall into one of two design categories: (1) solid microneedles arrays with no active component, and (2) microneedles with a central hollow bore, which are like conventional hypodermic needle. Solid delivery devices can pre-condition the skin by piercing the stratum corneum and the upper layer of epidermis to enhance percutaneous drug penetration prior to topical application of a biologic-carrier or a traditional patch. If solid delivery devices are kept in the skin, then the drug cannot readily flow into and through the holes in the skin because the holes remain plugged by the microneedles. This method has been shown to significantly increase the skin's permeability; however, this method provides only limited ability to control the dosage and quantity of delivered drugs or vaccine. To increase the dosage control some methods uses solid microneedles that are surface-coated with a drug, or solid microneedles that are biodegradable, bioabsorbable, or dissolvable. Although these methods provide a somewhat better dosage control, they greatly limit the quantity of drug delivered. Also, the drug formulation could be easily chipped off the microneedle during storage, transport, or administration (insertion) of the microneedles. The application of a thicker and stronger layer of drug formulation can be undesirable because it reduced the sharpness of the microneedles and therefore made insertion more difficult and painful. This shortcoming has limited the widespread application of these approaches and precludes, for example, the simultaneous delivery of optimal quantities of combinations of antigens and/or adjuvant in vaccine applications. Microneedles with hollow bore attached to a reservoir of benefit agents are also known. The syringe needle-type characteristics of these arrays can significantly increase the speed and precision of delivery, as well as the quantity of the delivered agent. However, reservoir-based delivery devices are expensive to make and require complex and expensive micromachining procedures. It is difficult to make sharp tips on hollow microneedles with machining techniques. Consequently, insertion of the microneedles into a patient's skin can be difficult and often painful. Dermal or transdermal delivery of benefit agents using patch devices offer attractive theoretical advantages over other delivery methods. However, considerable practical limitations exist in the design, fabrication, and testing associated with patches constructed using conventional processes. Also, there is a need for a simple, effective, and economically desirable device for dermal or transdermal administration of using patches simultaneously delivering more than one benefit agent. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the invention relates to a dermal delivery device comprising:(a) film having first and second outwardly facing major surfaces;(b) at least one liquid reservoir contained within the film;(c) at least one microfluidic channel having a transverse dimension between about 100 nm and 0.5 mm disposed within the film and in fluid communication with the at least one liquid reservoir;(d) at least one outlet port operatively connected to the first outwardly facing major surface of the film in fluid communication with the at least one microfluidic channel. Another aspect of the invention relates to a dermal delivery device comprising:(a) film having first and second outwardly facing major surfaces;(b) a plurality of liquid reservoirs contained within the film;(c) each liquid reservoir being in fluid communication with at least one microfluidic channel having a major transverse dimension between about 100 nm and 0.5 mm disposed within the film;(d) at least one outlet port operatively connected to the first outwardly facing major surface of the film in fluid communication with at least one microfluidic channel. A third aspect of the invention relates to a transdermal delivery device comprising:(a) film having first and second outwardly facing major surfaces;(b) at least one liquid reservoir contained within the film;(c) at least one microfluidic channel (having a major transverse dimension between about 100 nm and 0.5 mm) disposed within the film and in fluid communication with the at least one liquid reservoir;(d) at least one outlet port operatively connected to the first outwardly facing major surface of the film in fluid communication with the at least one microfluidic channel;(e) at least one microneedle in fluid communication with the at least one outlet port.

11237469

The present application is based on, and claims priority from JP Application Serial Number 2019-050086, filed Mar. 18, 2019, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field The present disclosure relates to a wavelength conversion element, a light source device, and a projector. 2. Related Art In the past, there has been known a wavelength conversion element which is excited by excitation light entering the wavelength conversion element to emit fluorescence having longer wavelength than the wavelength of the excitation light. As such a wavelength conversion element, there has been known a light emitting element provided with a base member, a reflecting layer formed on a surface of the base member, and a phosphor layer formed on the reflecting layer (see, e.g., JP-A-2015-197474 (Document1)). In the light emitting element described in Document1, the phosphor layer has a plurality of phosphor particles and a binder for binding the plurality of phosphor particles to each other. The binder includes a cross-linked body made of an inorganic material such as liquid glass. The binder binds a phosphor particle to another phosphor particle adjacent to each other, and at the same time, binds the phosphor particles and the surface of the reflecting layer with each other. The phosphor particles are each a phosphor shaped like a particle which absorbs the excitation light emitted from the outside to emit the fluorescence. The phosphor particles include a phosphor material such as a YAG series material. Further, in Document1, there is shown an example in which a light source device having the light emitting element described above is applied to a projector. In the phosphor layer described in Document1, the plurality of phosphor particles is encapsulated in the binder. In other words, the binder exists around the phosphor particles so as to cover the entire surface of each of the phosphor particles. Therefore, the fluorescence emitted from the phosphor particles enters the inside of the binder, propagates in the binder, and is then emitted from the phosphor layer. The fluorescence emitted from the phosphor layer is emitted from the light source device, and then enters a reflective liquid crystal panel constituting an optical system. However, when the fluorescence propagates inside the binder in the phosphor layer, an exit area of the fluorescence in the surface of the phosphor layer becomes larger than the incident area of the excitation light. Further, when the exit area of the fluorescence is large, there is a possibility that the incident efficiency of the fluorescence to the liquid crystal panel decreases in the optical system. In other words, when the entire surface of the phosphor particle is covered with the binder, there is a possibility that the use efficiency of the fluorescence in the optical system which the fluorescence enters from the phosphor layer decreases. In contrast, in the wavelength conversion element, there can occur a phenomenon called backward scattering (backscatter) that a part of the excitation light with which the phosphor layer has been irradiated returns without being converted into the fluorescence by the phosphor particles. There is a problem that the wavelength conversion efficiency of the excitation light decreases when the intensity of such excitation light increases. SUMMARY A wavelength conversion element according to a first aspect of the present disclosure includes a phosphor layer having a plurality of phosphor particles and a binder configured to bind one of the phosphor particles adjacent to each other and another of the phosphor particles adjacent to each other out of the plurality of phosphor particles, an antireflection layer disposed on an incident side of the excitation light with respect to the phosphor layer, and a substrate provided with the phosphor layer, wherein the binder includes glass, and the binder binds a part of a surface of the one of the phosphor particles and a part of a surface of the another of the phosphor particles to each other. A wavelength conversion element according to a second aspect of the present disclosure includes a phosphor layer having a plurality of phosphor particles, a binder configured to bind one of the phosphor particles adjacent to each other and another of the phosphor particles adjacent to each other out of the plurality of phosphor particles, and an antireflection layer disposed on a surface of the phosphor particle, and a substrate provided with the phosphor layer, wherein the binder includes glass, and the binder binds at least any one of a part of a surface of the one of the phosphor particles and a part of a surface of the another of the phosphor particles, the antireflection layer disposed on the surface of the one of the phosphor particles and the antireflection layer disposed on the surface of the another of the phosphor particles, and a part of the surface of the one of the phosphor particles and the antireflection layer disposed on a part of the surface of the another of the phosphor particles. In the first and second aspects described above, a proportion of a volume of the binder to a total volume of a sum of volumes of the phosphor particles and a sum of volumes of the binder may be larger than 0 vol % and no larger than 10 vol %. A light source device according to a third aspect of the present disclosure includes any one of the wavelength conversion elements described above, and a light source configured to emit excitation light to the wavelength conversion element. A projector according to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure includes the light source device described above, a light modulation device configured to modulate light emitted from the light source device in accordance with image information, and a projection optical device configured to project the light modulated by the light modulation device.

11234660

FIELD OF THE INVENTION Generally, the invention concerns the field of diagnostic imaging, such as e.g. X-ray imaging. Particularly, the invention concerns a positioning system for positioning a patient for diagnostic imaging, an X-ray imaging apparatus comprising such positioning system, and a method for operating such positioning system. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In diagnostic imaging, the number of patients that can be handled by a single diagnostic imaging apparatus per day, which may also be referred to as patient throughput, may have a direct effect on costs of hospitals. For this reason, the patient throughput may be taken into account in the design of diagnostic imaging apparatuses and/or any other healthcare equipment. For example, in diagnostic X-Ray imaging (DXR) the total time required per patient to acquire an X-ray image may be a relevant consideration for the design of an X-ray imaging apparatus. Therein, the time required may not only be influenced by the speed of the X-ray imaging apparatus itself, e.g. how long it takes to move the X-ray tube in position and/or how long it takes for a controller of the apparatus to process raw image data, but also by the time to position the patient in the correct posture, such as e.g. the time required to direct the patient to the right place in a room and/or to instruct the patient to adopt the correct posture, e.g. on the examination table and/or in front of the X-ray imaging apparatus. Usually, the patient is guided by a radiographer, an operator and/or nurse to the correct posture, which may take some time and hence affects the patient throughput. In some cases, increasing the patient throughput may also allow better and/or safer interventions. For example, if a very high throughput for imaging is requested, such as e.g. up to 700 patients per day on an X-Ray imaging apparatus, radiographers may take several shortcuts in order to save time and reach such high throughput. One of those shortcuts may be to acquire X-Ray images at a maximal dose in order to obtain a high quality image without having to adapt, optimize and/or minimize the dose for each patient. Further, X-ray images may be acquired without collimating the X-ray beam, which may lead to body parts of the patient being unnecessarily exposed to radiation. Moreover, patients may queue closely together so the next patients in line may already be present in the imaging room while the X-ray image of another patient is being taken. Whilst these measures save time, they may have undesirable side-effects for the patients, as they may receive more dose than would be strictly necessary for a good quality X-ray image. Apart from these general considerations, it is expected that due to air pollution in certain countries, the number of lung diseases in these countries may increase within the next twenty years. Accordingly, e.g. regular chest check-ups by means of X-ray imaging may become a common screening measure, comparable to breast cancer screening. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It may therefore be desirable to provide for an improved, fast, efficient and/or cheap positioning procedure, diagnostic imaging procedure and/or diagnostic imaging apparatus. This is achieved by the subject-matter of the independent claims, wherein further embodiments are incorporated in the dependent claims and the following description. It should be noted that the features which are in the following described for example with respect to the positioning system according to the first aspect of the invention may also be part of the X-ray imaging apparatus according to the second aspect of the invention and/or to the method for operating the positioning system according to the third aspect of the invention, and vice versa. In other words, any feature described in the following with respect to one aspect of the invention may be part of and/or may equally apply to any other aspect of the invention. A first aspect of the invention relates to a positioning system for positioning a patient for diagnostic imaging, such as e.g. X-Ray imaging, computed tomography (CT) imaging, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or diagnostic imaging using any other imaging modality. Apart from diagnostic imaging, the positioning system may also be used in any therapeutic system, such as e.g. radiation therapy systems. The positioning system comprises a sensor arrangement with at least one sensor configured to provide and/or output a sensor signal indicative of, representative of and/or correlating with at least one body parameter of the patient. The positioning system further comprises a controller, control circuitry and/or processor configured to determine a value of the at least one body parameter based on the sensor signal of the at least one sensor. The controller may e.g. be configured to process the sensor signal to determine the value of the body parameter and/or the controller may be configured to derive the value of the body parameter from the sensor signal. The positioning system further comprises at least one actuatable support configured to move at least one of an arm and a leg of the patient with respect to a torso of the patient, wherein the controller is configured to actuate the at least one actuatable support depending on and/or taking into account the determined value of the at least one body parameter to move at least one of the arm and the leg relative to the torso of the patient, such that the patient is guided to a posture of the patient for diagnostic imaging and/or for acquiring an image, such as e.g. an X-ray image. The actuatable support may generally refer to a movable support that may be moved and/or actuated by the controller in dependence of and/or according to the determined value of the body parameter. Generally, the actuatable support may be configured to move one arm, both arms, both arms simultaneously, both arms separately from one another, both arms independently from one another, one leg, both legs, both legs simultaneously, both legs separately from one another, and/or both legs independently from one another. Also the head of the patient may be moved by means of the actuatable support. Further, the actuatable support may be configured to move one arm and one leg simultaneously, separately from one another and/or independently from one another. Also both arms and both legs may be moved by the actuatable support simultaneously, separately from one another and/or independently from one another. The actuatable support may comprise one or more support elements. By way of example, the actuatable support may comprise at least one support element for supporting and/or moving one or both arms of the patient. Further, the actuatable support may comprise at least one support element for supporting and/or moving one or both legs of the patient. Therein, various support elements of the actuatable support may be actuated simultaneously, synchronously, independently and/or separately. Generally, the actuatable support may provide a rest and/or support structure for one or both arms and/or for one or both legs of the patient. By moving the actuatable support the body part of the patient arranged on the actuatable support, i.e. one or both arms and/or one or both legs, may be moved relative to the torso of the patient. Particularly, the one or both arms and/or the one or both legs of the patient may not be fixed on the actuatable support. Rather, the one or both arms and/or the one or both legs may be movably, glidingly and/or slidingly arranged on the actuatable support, such that by moving the actuatable support the patient is guided towards the posture for diagnostic imaging. In other words, a movement of the actuatable support may lead to a movement of the body part arranged thereon, which in turn may trigger a self-movement of the patient. Particularly, the one or both arms and/or the one or both legs may not be pushed and/or pulled by the actuatable support, but the actuatable support may provide a guidance to the patient for positioning and/or for self-positioning of the patient in the posture for diagnostic imaging. Accordingly, the positioning system may be regarded as a guiding system and/or a self-positioning system for the patient to take and/or adopt the posture for diagnostic imaging and/or for acquiring the image. The movement of the actuatable support may be adjusted by the controller depending on and/or taking into account one or more values of the one or more body parameters. Therein, the movement of the actuatable support may be adjusted by the controller in direction, speed, and/or magnitude. Further, by determining one or more values of one or more body parameters, the controller may determine a morphology, a movement limitation, a mobility and/or a flexibility of the patient. Accordingly, the controller may be configured to move the actuatable support and/or to adjust the direction, speed and/or magnitude of the movement of the actuatable support e.g. depending on the patient's morphology, movement limitation, mobility and/or flexibility. The posture for diagnostic imaging may refer to a predefined and/or correct posture of the patient suitable for a specific imaging task, such as e.g. a chest X-ray imaging task, a breast X-ray imaging task, a knee X-ray imaging task, and/or any other imaging task. Accordingly, the posture may refer to a position of the patient and/or a position of a body part of the patient to be examined in diagnostic imaging relative to a detector and/or a source of a diagnostic imaging apparatus, such as e.g. an X-ray detector and/or an X-ray source of an X-ray imaging apparatus. Therein, said position of the patient and/or said position of the body part may be suitable for acquiring an image of the patient and/or an image of said body part of the patient. Re-phrasing the first aspect of the invention, the positioning system comprises a sensor arrangement with a sensor for determining a body parameter of the patient, wherein a value of the body parameter may be derived based on processing a sensor signal of the sensor. Based on the determined value of the body parameter, the controller may move and/or actuate the actuatable support for moving, arranging and/or orienting at least one of an arm and a leg of the patient relative to the torso, such that the entire patient and/or a body part to be examined with diagnostic imaging is positioned relative to a detector and/or a source of a diagnostic imaging apparatus, such as an X-ray imaging apparatus. Accordingly, by means of the positioning system, the patient may be semi-automatically and/or automatically guided towards the posture for diagnostic imaging. Particularly, no nurse, operator and/or radiographer may be required to bring the patient in the posture and/or the body part to be examined in the position for diagnostic imaging and/or for acquiring an image. Accordingly, the positioning system may allow to efficiently, automatically and/or quickly bring the patient into the posture for diagnostic imaging. This may allow to acquire a high quality image, particularly without the need for re-takes of the image, as the patient may be correctly positioned. Hence, by using the positioning system a dose delivered to the patient may be reduced, as a time needed to position the patient may be reduced. Further, by means of the positioning system a throughput of an imaging apparatus may be significantly increased and costs for acquiring an image may be reduced. Apart from that, when the positioning system is integrated into an imaging apparatus, an improved, fast, efficient and/or cheap diagnostic imaging procedure may be provided. According to an embodiment of the invention, the controller is configured to determine at least one of a morphology, a movement limitation, a mobility and a flexibility of the patient based on the determined value of the at least one parameter. The controller is configured to actuate the at least one actuable support depending on at least one of the determined morphology, the determined movement limitation, the determined mobility and the determined flexibility of the patient. In other words, the actuation of the at least one actuatable support by the controller may be responsive to a positioning of the patient based on the sensor arrangement and may be adjusted and/or customized for the morphology, the movement limitation, the mobility and/or the flexibility of the patient. This allows to efficiently and safely bring the patient into the posture for diagnostic imaging, e.g. without over-stretching an extremity of the patient during the positioning procedure. According to an embodiment of the invention, the controller is configured to move the at least one actuatable support and/or to adjust the direction, speed and/or magnitude of the movement of the at least one actuatable support depending on at least one of the determined morphology, the determined movement limitation, the determined mobility and the determined flexibility. This may allow to gently, safely and/or efficiently guide and/or position the patient, e.g. without over-stretching an extremity of the patient and/or without losing balance of the patient during the positioning procedure. According to an embodiment of the invention, the sensor arrangement comprises at least one sensor for detecting and/or determining a resistance, a mechanical resistance and/or a force exerted by the patient against a movement of the at least one actuatable support. For this purpose, the sensor arrangement may comprise e.g. a pressure sensor and/or a force sensor. Accordingly, the controller may be configured to move the actuatable support depending on, based on and/or taking into account the resistance and/or the force exerted by the patient. Hence a force-feedback may be established by the controller based on determining the resistance and/or the force exerted by the patient. Generally, this may allow to move the actuatable support in dependence of a movability, a movement limitation, and/or flexibility of the patient, such that the patient may be gently guided towards the posture for diagnostic imaging. It is to be noted that the sensor arrangement may also comprise at least one sensor integrated into a wall stand and/or a detector plate. This sensor may e.g. detect a pressure exerted by the torso of the patient while leaning against the wall stand. In case this pressure increases and/or decreases, it may be determined that the patient may be losing balance and the actuatable support may be moved accordingly in order to compensate for the loss of balance of the patient. According to an embodiment of the invention, the controller is configured to determine a movement limitation of at least one of the arm and the leg with respect to the torso of the patient based on the sensor signal of the at least one sensor and/or based on a sensor signal of a further sensor of the sensor arrangement. Alternatively or additionally, the controller is configured to actuate the at least one actuatable support depending on a movement limitation of at least one of the arm and the leg of the patient. By way of example, the controller may be configured to determine, based on the sensor signal, a resistance and/or a force exerted by the patient against a movement of the actuatable support and the controller may be configured to derive and/or determine the movement limitation based on the resistance and/or force exerted by the patient. Generally, this may allow to guide the patient towards the posture for diagnostic imaging taking into account a patient-specific movability, mobility, movement limitation and/or flexibility. In turn, this may allow to gently, safely and/or efficiently guide and/or position the patient, e.g. without over-stretching an extremity of the patient and/or without losing balance of the patient during the positioning procedure. According to an embodiment of the invention, the sensor arrangement comprises at least one of a camera, a distance sensor, a laser distance sensor, an ultrasound sensor, a force sensor, a pressure sensor, and a contact sensor for detecting contact with a chin, a breast, a belly, an elbow, a hip and/or a pelvis of the patient. One or more of those sensors of the sensor arrangement may be used to directly determine one or more values of one or more body parameters, such as e.g. a height, a weight, an arm length and/or a leg length. By way of example, one or more values of one or more body parameters can be collected and/or determined via a camera, a camera system with depth information, a 3D scanner, and/or a 2D image recognition system capturing a sequence of images taken, e.g. while the patient is asked to turn himself to expose various body angles. This may allow to determine the morphology of the patient and to move the actuatable support depending on the morphology of the patient. Moreover, one or more sensors of the sensor arrangement may be used to indirectly determine one or more values of one or more body parameters. By way of example, the resistance and/or force exerted by the patient against the movement of the actuatable support may be used to indirectly determine one or more values of one or more body parameters, such as e.g. a movement limitation, a mobility and/or a flexibility of the patient and/or of a body part of the patient. According to an embodiment of the invention, the at least one body parameter of the patient is at least one of a length of an extremity, a length of an arm, a length of a leg, a length of a neck, a belly size, a breast size, a spine shape, a movability of a body joint, a movability of a neck, a movability of a scapula, a movability of a shoulder, a movability of a knee, a movability of a hip, a movability of an ankle, a movability of a wrist, a movability of a chest, a movability of an elbow, a body height, and a corpulence. By determining one or more values of one or more of those body parameters, the patient may be guided towards the posture for diagnostic imaging taking into account the morphology, the movability, the movement limitation and/or a flexibility of the patient and/or of a body part of the patient. Accordingly, the speed, direction and/or magnitude of the movement of the actuatable support may be adjusted by the controller based and/or depending on the morphology, the movement limitation, the movability and/or flexibility of the patient. This allows to efficiently and safely bring the patient into the posture for diagnostic imaging, e.g. without over-stretching an extremity of the patient during the positioning procedure. According to an embodiment of the invention, the at least one actuatable support comprises at least one of a handle, an arm support, an armpit support, a footrest, a leg support, and an elastic band. Therein, the handle, the arm support, the armpit support, the footrest, the leg support, and the elastic band may refer to support elements of the actuatable support. The actuatable support may comprise any combination of these support elements. Further, various of these support elements may be moved and/or actuated simultaneously, synchronously, independently and/or separately with respect to each other. According to an embodiment of the invention, the at least one actuatable support is movable three-dimensionally and/or rotatable. The actuatable support may e.g. be rotatable around three orthogonal axes. This may allow to increase and/or enhance a geometrical flexibility of the positioning system. According to an embodiment of the invention, the at least one actuatable support comprises at least one handle for being grasped with at least one hand of the patient, wherein the controller is configured to move the at least one handle upward, e.g. above a head of the patient, to stretch the patient and/or to move a scapula of the patient towards a spine of the patient. Generally, the at least one handle may serve to properly position one or both arms, one or both scapulae, and/or one or both shoulders of the patient. Such movement of the handle may allow to properly position the patient for capturing and/or acquiring a side X-ray image of a chest of the patient. Further, an image quality of the side X-ray image may be improved by positioning the patient in such position, because the shoulders and/or scapulae may not block a view of the lungs. According to an embodiment of the invention, the at least one actuatable support comprises a first handle for being grasped with a first hand of the patient and a second handle for being grasped with a second hand of the patient. Therein, the first and second handles may refer to support elements of the actuatable support. Generally, the first and second handles may serve to properly position one or both arms, one or both scapulae, and/or one or both shoulders of the patient. According to an embodiment of the invention, the controller is configured to move the first handle and the second handle upward and laterally outward in opposite directions to open the arms of the patient. Alternatively or additionally, the controller is configured to move the first handle and the second handle downward and towards a rear side of a detector, e.g. a detector plate, of a diagnostic imaging apparatus, e.g. an X-ray imaging apparatus, such that a distance between a scapula and a spine of the patient is increased. Therein, the first and second handles may be moved simultaneously or one after the other. Generally, the first and second handles may serve to properly position one or both arms, one or both scapulae, and/or one or both shoulders of the patient. Such movement of the first and second handles may allow to properly position the patient for capturing and/or acquiring a front X-ray image of a chest of the patient. Further, an image quality of the front X-ray image may be improved by positioning the patient in such position, because the shoulders and/or scapulae may not block a view of the lungs. According to an embodiment of the invention, the positioning system further comprises a wall stand configured to encompass a detector, e.g. an X-ray detector and/or a detector plate, and configured to support the torso of the patient. The positioning system further comprises at least one alignment element for aligning a vertical axis of the patient and a center axis of the detector based on moving and/or guiding the torso of the patient towards a center axis of the wall stand, e.g. by actuating the alignment element with the controller. By way of example, the at least one alignment element may refer to two clamps arranged on two opposite sides of the wall stand and/or of the detector. The clamps may be initially open and, once the patient is arranged between the clamps, the clamps may be moved towards each other to center the torso with respect to the detector and/or to align the vertical axis and the center axis. Further, the wall stand may comprise a morphing surface that may serve as alignment element, wherein the morphing surface may deform in contact with the patient's torso to adopt a body shape of the patient and at the same time guide the patient towards the center of the wall stand to align the vertical axis and the center axis. According to an embodiment of the invention, the positioning system further comprises a pivotable support for supporting a foot, feet, a back and/or a buttocks of the patient. Specifically, the pivotable support may be configured for supporting the patient in an upright position. Therein, the controller is configured to actuate the pivotable support such that the torso of the patient is moved towards a wall stand of the positioning system and/or towards a detector of a diagnostic imaging apparatus, e.g. an X-ray imaging apparatus. Generally, moving the patient's torso towards the wall stand may allow to bring the torso closer to the detector that may be arranged in the wall stand. This may also increase a quality of the acquired image. By way of example, the pivotable support may refer to a stand and/or a baseplate, on which the patient may be standing. Alternatively or additionally, the pivotable support may refer to a pivotable stool supporting the buttocks of the patient. By pivoting the pivotable support the torso of the patient may be moved towards the wall stand such that the patient may lean against the wall stand. According to an embodiment of the invention, the positioning system further comprises at least one instructing element for providing an acoustic, visual, audio-visual, and/or haptic instruction to the patient to guide the patient to the posture for diagnostic imaging. Generally, the patient may be directed to the posture and/or instructed to move itself to the posture for image acquisition by means of the instructing element. Also, the patient may be instructed e.g. to change positions according to the imaging task. For instance, the patient may be instructed to turn and/or move from a position for acquiring a front chest X-ray image to a position for acquiring a side chest X-ray image. By way of example, the at least one instructing element may comprise a speaker for acoustically instructing the patient, a light element providing visual guidance and/or at least one screen providing visual guidance. For instance, by using one or more values of one or more body parameters of the patient a personalized avatar may be created and displayed on the screen to show the correct positioning steps to the patient during the imaging procedure. Also, a real-time representation of the patient superimposed onto the virtual avatar may be displayed on the screen that allows the patient to mimic the avatar's posture and actions. Further, a haptic signal may be provided to the patient, e.g. by means of a vibrating element arranged on the actuatable support. Accordingly, by means of the instructing element, the patient may be quickly, automatically and/or efficiently guided towards the posture. A second aspect of the invention relates to an X-ray imaging apparatus comprising an X-ray source, an X-ray detector, and a positioning system as described above and in the following. Particularly, the X-ray imaging apparatus may be configured for chest X-ray imaging. Therein, the X-ray detector may refer to a detector plate that may e.g. be arranged in a wall stand of the positioning system. A third aspect of the invention relates to a method for operating the positioning system, as described above and in the following, to position a patient for diagnostic imaging. The method may also refer to a method for positioning a patient for diagnostic imaging and/or to a method for operating an imaging apparatus with a positioning system. The method comprises the steps of: processing, with a controller of the positioning system, a sensor signal of a sensor of the positioning system; determining, with the controller, a value of at least one body parameter based on the sensor signal; and actuating, with the controller, at least one actuatable support of the positioning system, the actuatable support being configured to move at least one of an arm and a leg of the patient with respect to a torso of the patient, wherein the actuatable support is actuated in dependence of the determined value of the at least one body parameter, such that the patient is guided to a posture for diagnostic imaging based on moving at least one of the arm and the leg relative to the torso. A fourth aspect of the invention relates to a computer program element, which, when executed on a controller of a positioning system, instructs the positioning system to carry out the steps of the method as described above and in the following. A fifth aspect of the invention relates to a computer-readable medium on which a computer program element is stored which, when executed on a controller of a positioning system, instructs the positioning system to carry out the steps of the method as described above and in the following. These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.

11480287

BACKGROUND The present invention is directed to thread protectors, in particular, thread protectors for use with sucker rods, drill pipes, connectors and other downhole tools, particularly downhole oil tools, having a thread that requires protection. Sucker rods, drill pipes, connectors and other downhole tools, particularly downhole oil tools used in oil well pumping typically have an internal or external thread at one or both ends to enable multiple sucker rods and the like to be joined together to reach the typically large depths involved. Part of a typical sucker rod1comprising an external thread is shown inFIG. 1. The sucker rod1comprises a pin2, an upset bead3, a wrench square4and a pin shoulder5having a flange or face6. The pin2of the sucker rod comprises an unthreaded portion7, often referred to as the stress relief, and an externally threaded portion8. Sucker rods and the like typically encounter harsh and even extreme conditions during use and storage, during insertion and removal from wells and during transportation. Therefore, there is a need to protect the internal and external threads from such harsh conditions during storage and transportation to maximize the useful life of sucker rods and the like and to reduce the likelihood of failure during use, which can be very costly in terms of downtime and replacement. One common solution is to place a cap or the like, in the form of a thread protector, over the end or ends of the sucker rods comprising the internal or external thread and many different designs of thread protector or cap have emerged over the years. U.S. Pat. No. 2,082,144 teaches a metal thread protector in the form of a cap having a closed end and an opposite, open end such that the cap can be placed over the external thread of the sucker rod. Some embodiments have a shoulder for fitting over a shoulder of the sucker rod. A plurality of clamping lugs extends from the shoulder which must be bent under a flange of the sucker rod to keep the cap in place. The clamping lugs must also be unbent to remove the cap. Bending and unbending of the clamping lugs is time consuming and after some use the clamping lugs can be prone to snapping off rendering the cap insecure and of limited or no use. Other similar embodiments are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,082,144 for protecting an internal thread at the end of sucker rods and the like. The patentee for U.S. Pat. No. 2,082,144 acknowledges that such embodiments do not protect the internal and external threads from moisture and dirt, thus requiring the internal and external threads to be cleaned before use or the sucker rod to be discarded altogether. Therefore, U.S. Pat. No. 2,082,144 teaches alternative embodiments comprising a washer of felt, foil or other material to be inserted between, for example, the shoulder of the sucker rod and the shoulder of the cap. Whilst assisting in the prevention of moisture and dirt ingress, it is more time consuming to fit the washer before fitting the cap and to remove the washer as well as the cap before use of the sucker rod. The washer can also easily be lost or misplaced. Being made of metal such caps also have a large material cost and mass. U.S. Pat. No. 2,873,765 teaches an improved sucker rod thread protector made of a flexible, elastic plastic, such as polyethylene, which addresses, at least to an extent, the aforementioned problems of mass and cost of production. One embodiment of the thread protector in U.S. Pat. No. 2,873,765 is of a tapered construction having a closed end and an internally projecting annular locking bead at the opposite open end for securing the thread protector over the flange of the sucker rod. Such embodiments are simply pushed on the end of the sucker rod and pulled off. However, such thread protectors can come loose, for example, due to vibration etc. during shipping. Other embodiments disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,873,765 comprise multiple conical sections of different diameters such that the thread protector can be secured to sucker rods of different diameter. Internal locking beads are provided for engagement with the external thread of the sucker rod. Such embodiments require unscrewing to be removed and can be time consuming to remove depending on the number of internal locking beads engaging the external thread. The thread protectors of U.S. Pat. No. 2,873,765 are intended as single use only and so can be costly and are not environmentally considerate. U.S. Pat. No. 2,930,409 teaches another thread protector comprising a plurality of internal protectors, some of which engage with the external thread of the sucker rod. Such thread protectors are installed on the end of sucker rods with a torque wrench to provide a tight fit with the external thread. Hence, such thread protectors require a specialist tool to install and remove and can be difficult to remove by hand. There is also no prescribed torque by which to install such thread protectors, which could result in damage to the external thread of the sucker rod and/or to the thread protector. If a torque wrench is not available and the thread protector is installed by hand, the thread protector is prone to falling off. Other thread protectors are known which suffer from one or more of the aforementioned drawbacks. Yet further thread protectors are known, which have a complex construction, and/or have multiple components and/or are not sufficiently robust for such harsh environments. For example, some thread protectors are made of nylon and are prone to cracking rendering them useless. The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that the prior art forms part of the common general knowledge. A preferred object of the present invention is to provide a thread protector for use with sucker rods, drill pipes and other downhole tools, particularly downhole oil tools, that addresses, or at least ameliorates one or more of the aforementioned problems and/or provides a useful commercial alternative. SUMMARY Generally, the present invention is directed to a thread protector, in particular, a thread protector for use with sucker rods, drill pipes and other downhole tools, particularly downhole oil tools. Generally, the thread protector can simply be pushed onto an end of the sucker rod or tool and the thread protector remains securely in place to protect an external thread of the end of the sucker rod or tool. Generally, in some embodiments, the thread protector must be squeezed to release the thread protector from the end of the sucker rod or tool, which allows the thread protector to be pulled off the end of the sucker rod or tool. Generally, in other embodiments, the thread protector must be both squeezed and rotated to release the thread protector from the end of the sucker rod or tool to allow the thread protector to be pulled off the end of the sucker rod or tool. According to one aspect, but not necessarily the broadest aspect, the present invention resides in a thread protector for use on a sucker rod or tool, the sucker rod or tool comprising an end having at least one externally threaded portion, a flange and an unthreaded portion between the at least one externally threaded portion and the flange, the thread protector comprising: a sleeve having a closed end and an open end opposite the closed end, the open end for receiving the end of the sucker rod or tool; the sleeve having at least two first regions separated around a circumference of the sleeve, the at least two first regions of reduced diameter for engagement with regions of the unthreaded portion of the sucker rod or tool; the sleeve having at least two second regions separated around a circumference of the sleeve, the at least two second regions of enlarged diameter; whereupon application of pressure to the at least two second regions of the sleeve causes disengagement of the at least two first regions from regions of the unthreaded portion of the sucker rod or tool to enable removal of the thread protector from the end of the sucker rod or tool. Suitably, the sleeve comprises at least one protrusion extending from an internal wall of the sleeve around at least part of the circumference of the sleeve, the at least one protrusion for engagement with at last one thread of the at least one externally threaded portion of the end of the sucker rod or tool. In this embodiment, the thread protector must also be rotated to enable removal of the thread protector from the end of the sucker rod or tool. Preferably, the at least two first regions of reduced diameter of the sleeve are on opposite sides of the sleeve, i.e. diametrically opposite each other. Preferably, the at least two second regions of enlarged diameter of the sleeve are on opposite sides of the sleeve, i.e. diametrically opposite each other. Preferably, at least one of the at least two first regions of reduced diameter of the sleeve is 90 degrees apart from at least one of the at least two second regions of enlarged diameter. Suitably, the internal wall of the sleeve is substantially elliptical in cross section, the substantially elliptical shape comprising the at least two separated first regions of reduced diameter and the at least two separated second regions of enlarged diameter Suitably, at least part of the internal wall of the sleeve around at least part of the circumference of the sleeve is adjacent at least part of the externally threaded portion of the end of the sucker rod or tool. Suitably, at least part of the internal wall of the sleeve around at least part of the circumference of the sleeve is spaced apart from at least part of the externally threaded portion of the end of the sucker rod or tool. Suitably, at least part of the internal wall of the sleeve around at least part of the circumference of the sleeve is spaced apart from at least part of the unthreaded portion of the end of the sucker rod or tool. Suitably, the open end of the sleeve comprises a region of enlarged diameter about the circumference for engagement with the flange of the sucker rod or tool. Suitably, the region of enlarged diameter of the open end of the sleeve comprises at least one protrusion extending from the internal wall of the sleeve around at least part of the circumference of the sleeve, the at least one protrusion for engagement with the flange. Suitably, an external wall of the sleeve comprises one or more spaced apart ribs or protrusions to facilitate grip of the thread protector. Preferably, the thread protector has a unitary structure, i.e. is a one-piece component. Suitably, the thread protector is moulded from any suitable plastics material, in particular, injection moulded from urethane. Suitably, the thread protector is colour-coded according to a category or classification of use, such as, but not limited to an American Petroleum Industry (API) category, or equivalents in other countries. Suitably, the thread protector comprises an identification device, such as a RFID chip, a QR code, or a barcode, for example, mounted to, affixed to, printed on or embedded in the closed end of the sleeve. Suitably, the identification device enables one or more of the following characteristics of the sucker rod, pipe or tool to which the thread protector is attached to be determined: a location; a wear or use status, such as new, used or refurbished. According to another aspect, but not necessarily the broadest aspect, the present invention resides in a sucker rod or tool comprising an end having at least one externally threaded portion, a flange and an unthreaded portion between the at least one externally threaded portion and the flange, and the aforementioned thread protector engaged with the end of the sucker rod or tool. According to another aspect, but not necessarily the broadest aspect, the present invention resides in a thread protector for use on a sucker rod or tool, the sucker rod or tool comprising an end having at least one externally threaded portion, a flange and an unthreaded portion between the at least one externally threaded portion and the flange, the thread protector comprising: a sleeve having a closed end and an open end opposite the closed end, the open end for receiving and engaging with the end of the sucker rod or tool by pushing the thread protector onto the end of the sucker rod or tool; the sleeve having one or more first regions around a circumference of the sleeve having reduced diameter for engagement with one or more regions of the end of the sucker rod or tool; the sleeve having one or more second regions around the circumference of the sleeve having enlarged diameter; whereupon application of pressure to the one or more second regions of the sleeve causes disengagement of the one or more first regions from the end of the sucker rod or tool to enable removal of the thread protector from the end of the sucker rod or tool. Suitably, the sleeve comprises at least one protrusion, extending from an internal wall of the sleeve around at least part of the circumference of the sleeve, for engagement with at last one thread of the at least one externally threaded portion of the end of the sucker rod or tool such that the thread protector must also be rotated to enable removal of the thread protector from the end of the sucker rod or tool. According to a further aspect, but not necessarily the broadest aspect, the present invention resides in a thread protector for use on a sucker rod or tool, such as, but not limited to a connector, the sucker rod or tool comprising an open end having at least one internally threaded portion, the thread protector comprising: a cap to cover the open end; a body extending from an underside of the cap, the body having an external thread for engagement with the at least one internally threaded portion; and at least one lug protruding from a top surface of the cap to facilitate insertion of the thread protector into the open end and removal of the thread protector from the open end. Suitably, the thread protector comprises an aperture extending into the cap, and optionally into the body, to facilitate tightening and loosening of the thread protector using a standard tool. Further features and/or aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description.

11394648

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is based upon and claims the benefit of the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2020-025353, filed on Feb. 18, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD The embodiments discussed herein are related to an information processing apparatus and an information processing method. BACKGROUND With the progress of IoT (Internet of Things) in recent years, there is an increasing demand for services in which event data provided by various devices installed in the fields (factories, social infrastructures, homes, etc.) is collected and utilized. A stream processing is a technique that meets the demand for such services, and processes a large amount of data flowing in from an edge base in a field in real time and provides the processing results to a service user. For example, in a stream processing of an automatic driving system, data output from vehicles, such as speed, position, and the like, is collected and analyzed, and danger information, which is the analysis result, is fed back to a driver. The application of stream processing is expected in order to improve services in the fields that require a real-time processing of data that continues to occur at such a high frequency. As a related technique of stream processing, for example, when a candidate node satisfies a division criterion, a technique for distributing a subset of a new entry and a specific entry to a plurality of nodes by using a bit sequence acquired for each entry has been proposed. In addition, a technique for assigning jobs by selecting a calculation node in which the distribution of processing delay time is reduced has been proposed. Related techniques are disclosed in, for example, Japanese National Publication of International Patent Application No. 2017-515215 and Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2015-222477. SUMMARY According to an aspect of the embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium has stored therein a program that causes a computer to execute a process, the process comprising: detecting a target data flow in a data flow group when receiving the data flow group and performing a merging process of the data flow group, the data flow group including a plurality of data flows processed at respective bases, the target data flow having a delay time that satisfies a predetermined condition; and executing rearrangement of a generation element of the target data flow to an environment such that differences between delay times of the plurality of data flows are reduced. The object and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. According to an aspect of the embodiments, an increase in memory occupancy time may be suppressed.

11274014

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 2019-0085870, filed on Jul. 16, 2019, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a cable laying apparatus capable of changing a direction of a cable, and more particularly, to a cable laying apparatus capable of changing a direction of a cable, in which a cable is laid in an axial direction of a cable drum without additional unloading work to minimize a road occupancy space in a cable laying process, unlike in a cable laying apparatus of a related art for laying a cable in a radial direction of a cable drum. 2. Discussion of Related Art With continuous economic growth and development, the demand for ultra-high-voltage cables is gradually increasing due to an increase in power consumption and thus there is a need for large-scale and long-span ultra-high-voltage cables. As large-scale and long-span ultra-high-voltage cables are being developed, cable drums for transporting the cables produced at a manufacturing plant to a site at which the cables are to be installed are becoming larger in size. In order to achieve a large-scale cable drum for transporting an ultra-high-voltage cable, a height or width of the cable drum should be increased. However, general roads are used to transport the cable drum and thus the size of the cable drum is generally increased by increasing the height thereof so that the width of the cable drum does not exceed the width of the road. However, the cable drum should pass over bridges or overpasses for land transportation and thus a maximum height thereof is limited to four to five meters. Therefore, a related art of increasing a size of a cable drum by increasing the height of the cable drum while maintaining the width thereof has limit. User demand for large-scale and long-span cables may be more effectively satisfied by increasing the width of a cable drum than by increasing the height of the cable drum. FIG. 1is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of a process of laying a cable in a radial direction of a cable drum according to a related art. As illustrated inFIG. 1, when a cable C is laid in a radial direction of a cable drum D, many road lanes may be occupied during laying of the cable C, thereby causing many problems in road traffic. That is, there are many restrictions on work of laying cable C. Therefore, various researches and developments are being conducted on a cable laying apparatus for satisfying a new cable laying method of achieving large-scale and long-span cables while minimizing road occupancy in a cable laying process. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a cable laying apparatus capable of changing a direction of a cable to lay the cable in an axial direction of a cable drum rather than a radial direction of the cable drum so that a large-scale and long-span cable drum may be achieved while minimizing a road occupancy space in a cable laying process to overcome limitations of existing cable laying apparatuses. Technical aspects of the present invention are not limited thereto, and other technical aspects not mentioned herein will be clearly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art from the following description. According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a cable laying apparatus capable of changing a direction of a cable, which is configured to lay a cable from a cable drum placed on a trailer bogie without additional unloading work, the cable laying apparatus including a frame unit variably installed to accommodate the cable drum therein, a traverse part provided at a side of the frame unit and configured to guide a withdrawal direction of the cable wound around the cable drum, and a cable unwinding part located at the rear of the traverse part and configured to pull the cable, wherein the traverse part is further configured to change the withdrawal direction of the cable withdrawn in a radial direction of the cable drum to an axial direction of the cable drum. In one embodiment of the present invention, the cable laying apparatus may further include a curvature guide part provided at the rear of the cable unwinding part and configured to guide a moving direction of the cable supplied from the cable unwinding part. In one embodiment of the present invention, the cable laying apparatus may further include an under roller part provided on the trailer bogie and configured to rotate the cable drum so as to unwind the cable from the cable drum. In one embodiment of the present invention, the frame unit may include a first support frame including a pair of first pillar parts spaced apart from each other and a first connection frame connecting the pair of first pillar parts; a second support frame facing the first support frame, the second support frame including a pair of second pillar parts spaced apart from each other and a second connection frame connecting the pair of second pillar parts; a frame width adjustment part coupled to the first support frame and the second support frame spaced apart from each other; and an expansion and contraction adjustment part configured to adjust a distance between the first support frame and the second support frame by expanding or contracting the frame width adjustment part. In one embodiment of the present invention, the frame width adjustment part may have an X-shaped link structure. In one embodiment of the present invention, the frame unit may further include a first unloading pillar part located at an outer side of the first pillar part and a second unloading pillar part located at an outer side of the second pillar part. In one embodiment of the present invention, the traverse part may be configured to be movable in a lengthwise direction of a moving rail part provided below the first connection frame. In one embodiment of the present invention, the first connection frame may include a seating support frame on which the expansion and contraction adjustment part is placed. In one embodiment of the present invention, the frame unit may further include a first lifting frame accommodated in the first pillar part and configured to be slidingly moved from the first pillar part to extend a length of the first pillar part, and a second lifting frame accommodated in the second pillar part and configured to be slidingly moved from the second pillar part to extend a length of the second pillar part. In one embodiment of the present invention, the cable laying apparatus may further include a cable sagging preventer provided at a rear end of the first connection frame and configured to prevent sagging of the cable disposed between the traverse part and the cable unwinding part. In one embodiment of the present invention, the cable sagging preventer may be configured to be folded about a rotation axis according to a position to which the traverse part is moved and may prevent sagging of the cable when unfolded. In one embodiment of the present invention, the traverse part may include a body part configured to be slidingly moved in a lengthwise direction of the moving rail part, and a plurality of guide roller parts included on the body part and configured to change a direction of the cable guided from the cable drum to the axial direction of the cable drum. In one embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of guide roller parts may include a pair of direction change guide rollers spaced a predetermined distance apart from each other, and a separation prevention member configured to connect the pair of direction change guide rollers and prevent separation of the cable moved between the pair of direction change guide rollers. In one embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of guide roller parts may be spaced a predetermined distance apart from each other to form a predetermined radius of curvature. In one embodiment of the present invention, the cable unwinding part may include a pair of side pressure rollers spaced a predetermined distance apart from each other and configured to be rotated to pull the cable while pressing both sides of the cable guided by the traverse part and a upper pressure roller configured to rotate the cable moved between the pair of side pressure rollers while pressing an upper portion of the cable. In one embodiment of the present invention, the under roller part may include an underframe forming an appearance thereof, a drum mounting block which is included in the underframe and on which the cable drum is placed, a drum lifting jack configured to lift the cable drum placed on the drum mounting block, a power supply configured to rotate the cable drum by supplying a turning force to a drum rotary roller of the drum lifting jack, and a fixing clamp supported and fixed on a side surface of the trailer bogie to support and fix the underframe on the trailer bogie, wherein a length of the fixing clamp is adjustable. In one embodiment of the present invention, tension of the cable during movement may be adjusted by control of a rotational speed of the power supply for control of a rotational speed of the cable drum and an unwinding speed of the cable unwinding part pulling the cable. In one embodiment of the present invention, the curvature guide part may include a plurality of cable support rollers spaced a predetermined distance apart from each other and configured to move the cable supplied from the cable unwinding part downward in a state in which the cable is placed thereon, curvature frames forming a curved shape and configured to support both ends of the plurality of cable support rollers, a side separation prevention roller coupled to the curvature frames and configured to prevent the cable from being separated out of the curvature frames, and an upper separation prevention roller configured to connect the curvature frames spaced apart from each other and prevent the cable from being separated upward. In one embodiment of the present invention, a radius of curvature of the curvature frame may be 3.8 to 4.2 meters. In one embodiment of the present invention, the traverse part may include a first sensor part configured to measure a moving speed of the cable passing through the traverse part, the curvature guide part may include a second sensor part configured to measure a moving speed of the cable passing through the curvature guide part, and the cable laying apparatus may further include a cable laying speed measuring part configured to identify a speed of laying the cable at a required place on the basis of moving speed information of the cable provided from the first sensor part and the second sensor part. In one embodiment of the present invention, a rear end of the traverse part may be located at a position higher than the cable unwinding part.

11279292

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Technical Field The present invention relates to a vehicle tray and, more specifically, to a vehicle tray for preventing a cover slidably provided inside a tray body from moving by the vibration generated during the traveling of a vehicle as well as forestalling the generation of frictional sound when protrusions come into contact with the guide rails provided in the tray body even when the cover is operated. Background Art In general, in most cases, a vehicle tray is configured to have a housing for storing articles and a cover for opening and closing the opening of the housing, wherein the cover is rotatably installed in the housing. FIG. 1shows three examples of the prior art vehicle trays, in particular, those provided on the inner projection portion of a door. FIG. 1(a)shows a perspective view of the vehicle tray disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 62-33335, in which the vehicle tray includes an accommodation part51having an approximately “L”-shaped section, which is open at a top portion formed at the top surface corner of an armrest part50, and a cover52having an approximately inversed “L”-shaped section corresponding to the accommodation part51. The cover52is assembled to the lower edge portion of the indoor side of the accommodation part51so as to be rotatable through a pivot53, wherein when a container K or the like is put in or taken out of the accommodation part51, the cover52is switched between a closing position and an opening position with respect to the pivot53such that the cover52covers the accommodation part51at the closing position and opens the accommodation part51into a use state at the opening position by rotating to the indoor side. In addition, the vehicle trays shown inFIG. 1(b)andFIG. 1(c)are common in that accommodation parts54and57are formed in concave shapes at the top surface portions of arm rest parts50such that a container K or the like is inserted into the concave portions from above the accommodation parts54and57. Referring toFIG. 1(b), a cover55is rotatably assembled to the edge portion of the upper opening of the accommodation part54through a pivot56, wherein the cover55is switched, with respect to the pivot56, between a closing position where the upper opening of the accommodation part54is closed and an opening position where the cover55is rotated to the outside. Referring toFIG. 1(c), a cover58is rotatably assembled to the edge portion of the upper opening of the accommodation part54through a pivot59and an elastically supporting spring60, wherein the cover58is switched from a closing position where the cover58covers the upper opening of the accommodation part57to an opening position by rotating inwards with respect to the pivot59against the spring force of the elastically supporting spring60. Meanwhile, the accommodation parts51,54,57can be used as storage parts for articles other than containers. Such the conventional vehicle trays are simple and compact in terms of keeping the container K or putting articles in or taking them out. Compared to the structure shown inFIG. 1(a), the structures shown inFIGS. 1(b) and (c)are excellent in that the covers55and58do not protrude indoors and the structure of1(c) is excellent in that the cover58in the opening position does not stand in the way like the cover55ofFIG. 1(b)when an article or the container K is taken out. However, the prior art vehicle trays have disadvantages that the accommodation parts must have a certain depth in order to secure the article storage, container retention or the like such that as the depth of the accommodation parts increases, for example, the accessibility of an article becomes worse or the opening and closing operations of the cover deteriorates. In addition, the prior art vehicle trays have further disadvantages that in the case where the installation positions of the accommodation parts51,54and57are provided on the standing wall61aof the inner projection portion61of the door as schematically shown inFIG. 1(c), an article or the container K may come into contact with the standing wall61aand become dirty when the article or container K is inserted into or withdrawn from the accommodation part57, or the accommodation parts51,54and57protrude much indoors and thus are likely to deteriorate safety or appearance. Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, the opening and closing of the cover have been carried out conventionally by installing guide rails on both the left and right sides of the tray body having the accommodation part that is open at the top portion and providing guide protrusions to be inserted into the guide rails on both the left and right sides of the cover such that the guide protrusions formed on both the left and right sides of the cover are moved while being inserted into the guide rails provided on the tray body. However, these conventional vehicle trays still have problems that the rattling occurs in the cover due to the vibration generated during the traveling of the vehicle, since when the guide protrusions formed on both the left and right sides of the cover are inserted into the guide rails installed on both the left and right sides of the opening portion of the tray body, the insertion must be carried out while securing operation gaps so that the guide protrusions are guided along the guide rails and thus the opening or closing is carried out. Of course, in the case where the operation gaps between the guide protrusions and the guide rails are reduced and the guide protrusions are inserted into the guide rails, there is a problem that the operating force becomes large during the opening and closing of the cover, resulting in malfunction. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem Accordingly, the present invention has been made in an effort to solve the above-mentioned problems and disadvantages occurring in the prior arts and has an objective to provide a vehicle tray for preventing the generation of frictional sound by preventing the guide protrusions, which are formed on both the left and right sides of the cover, from coming into direct contact with the guide rails, which are provided on both the left and right sides of the tray body, even when the guide protrusions are slidably inserted into the guide rails as well as preventing the cover having the guide protrusions from moving in the vertical and horizontal directions due to the vibration generated during the traveling of the vehicle. The present invention has another objective to provide a vehicle tray with improved the emotional quality by lowering the operating force required to open and close the cover. Technical Solution In order to achieve the objectives of the present invention as described above, there is provided a tray vehicle similar to the prior art, in which the tray vehicle comprises: a tray body100having an accommodation part110of which the upper side is open; guide rails300fixedly provided at both the left and right sides of the accommodation part110respectively; and a cover200having guide protrusions210, which are formed to protrude from both the left and right sides thereof respectively and slidingly move while being guided along the guide rails300. However, the tray vehicle according to the present invention is characterized in that protrusion parts211having mounting grooves211aprotrude from the front and rear end portions of the guide protrusions210of the cover200, and a silicone ring400having elastic force itself is provided on the protrusion part211, wherein the outer surface of the silicon ring400comes into contact with the inner wall surface of the guide rail300while the inner surface of the silicon ring400is mounted on the mounting groove211a. Meanwhile, the silicone ring400includes a first body410, which is formed in an O-ring shape such that the outer surface of the first body410comes into contact with the upper and lower surfaces of the inner wall surface of the guide rail300, and a second body420, which is formed in a hemispherical shape such that the outer surface of the second body420comes into contact with the vertical surface of the inner wall surface of the guide rail300. Advantageous Effects According to the vehicle tray of present invention, the guide protrusion is inserted into the guide rail in a state, in which each silicon ring, which is in contact with the upper surface, the lower surface, and the inner wall surface of the guide rail, is coupled to the protrusion parts formed at the front and rear ends of the guide protrusion, such that the guide protrusions, which are formed on both the left and right sides of the cover, are prevented from coming into direct contact with the guide rails, resulting in the prevention of the frictional sound, even when the guide protrusions are slidably inserted into the guide rails, as well as the cover having the guide protrusions is prevented from moving in the vertical and horizontal directions due to the vibration generated during the traveling of the vehicle, resulting in the prevention of noise such as the frictional sound. Meanwhile, according to the vehicle tray of the present invention, the cover can be easily opened and closed even in the case where the guide protrusions formed on both the left and right sides of the cover are inserted into the guide rails in such a way that the guide protrusions do not move.

11249187

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to methods and acoustic devices for detecting surface movements. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for detecting movements of a surface, comprising a measuring step during which at least one incident ultrasonic wave is emitted into the air towards the surface using an ultrasonic wave emitting device and reflected signals representative of at least one ultrasonic wave reflected in the air by said surface from said at least one incident ultrasonic wave are detected. Document U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,427 describes an example of such a method, in which the movements of a surface on a measuring channel are measured, by emitting ultrasound at a frequency of the order of 40 Hz towards the surface. Ultrasound is emitted by a single transducer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The purpose of the present invention is in particular to further improve this type of method, in particular to enable a better detection efficiency of surface movements. For this purpose, according to the invention, a method of the type in question is characterized in that, during each measurement:the movements of a plurality of measuring points belonging at least to said surface are measured by illuminating each measuring point with said at least one incident ultrasonic wave at a multiplicity of angles of incidence,the reflected signals are detected using a network of receiving transducers comprising a plurality of ultrasonic receiving transducers and a beam-forming signal is determined for each measuring point by at least beam-forming in reception from said reflected signals, and in that it further comprises at least one movement determination step during which said movements of the surface at the considered measuring point are determined by determining at least one delay or phase shift between two beam-forming signals for this measuring point. Thanks to these provisions, the movements of a wide variety of liquid or solid, whether smooth or rough, flat or not, surfaces, can be measured, regardless of their transparency to light. Surface movements can be imaged over a large area, for example several tens of cm2, at a rate of up to one kilohertz or more. The sensitivity of the measuring method of the invention reaches one micrometer for a minimum detectable speed of the order of one fraction of a millimetre per second. Eventually, the acoustic power used can be low, for example with a level of the order of 60-70 dB SPL (sound pressure level). In preferred embodiments of the method according to the invention, one and/or the other of the following provisions may also be used:during each measuring step, each measuring point of the surface is illuminated with said at least one incident wave at angles of incidence extending over a range of angles of incidence of at least 20 degrees;during each measuring step, the movements are measured at substantially any point of the surface over an area greater than 10 cm2;the ultrasonic wave emitting device and the network of receiving transducers are two-dimensional;the network of emitting transducers (2) has an aperture at least equal to an aperture of the ultrasonic wave receiving device in two substantially perpendicular directions;the aperture of the network of emitting transducers is equal to at least three times the aperture of the ultrasonic wave receiving device, in at least one of the directions;the aperture of the ultrasonic wave emitting device is at least equal to 20 cm in each direction;the ultrasonic wave emitting device comprises a network of emitting transducers comprising a plurality of ultrasonic emitting transducers;the ultrasonic emitting transducers are divided into several groups and, during said measuring step, a same signal is simultaneously emitted by the ultrasonic emitting transducers belonging to a same group;the ultrasonic wave emitting device comprises at least one ultrasonic emitting transducer so arranged as to emit into a mixing cavity adapted to cause multiple reflections of said at least one incident ultrasonic wave before sending it to the surface;the ultrasonic waves have a frequency of less than 100 kHz;the ultrasonic waves are emitted at a rate above 500 shots per second;during each step of measuring index k, a beam-forming signal Skin reception is calculated at said point, at least at different points of the surface, and during each movement determination step, the movement of each point of the surface is determined by determining a delay or phase shift between the beam-forming signal Skin reception at said point, for two different k values.during each step of measuring index k, the ultrasonic wave emitting device emits a non focused incident ultrasonic wave towards the surface;during each step of measuring index k, the ultrasonic wave emitting device successively emits focused incident ultrasonic waves towards the different points of the surface and the beam-forming signal Skin reception at said point is determined from the reflected signals corresponding to the focused incident ultrasonic wave at said point;the beam-forming signal Skin reception is determined by the following formula: Sk⁡(t)=∑j=1N⁢rj⁡(t-djC) where: rjis the signal detected by the ultrasonic receiving transducer (3a) of index j, t is time, djis a distance between the point P and the ultrasonic receiving transducer (3a) of index j, c is the speed of the ultrasonic wave in the air.the ultrasonic wave emitting device comprises a network of emitting transducers comprising a plurality of ultrasonic emitting transducers, during each k-index measuring step, respective impulse responses are measured between each ultrasonic emitting transducer and each ultrasonic receiving transducer, and then at least at different points of the surface a beam-forming signal S′k in emission and in reception is calculated at said point, and during each movement determination step, a movement of each point of the surface is determined by determining a delay or phase shift between the beam-forming signals S′k in emission and in reception at said point, for two different k values;each beam-forming signal in emission and in reception at said point is determined by the following formula: Sk′⁡(t)=∑j=1N⁢∑i=1M⁢⁢hi⁢⁢j⁢⁢k⁡(t-di⁢⁢jc), where:i is an index between 1 and M referring to an ultrasonic emitting transducer,j is an index between 1 and N referring to an ultrasonic receiving transducer,hijkis the impulse response between the ultrasonic emitting transducer of index i and the ultrasonic receiving transducer of index j,t is time,dijis a distance travelled by an ultrasonic wave from the ultrasonic emitting transducer of index i to the ultrasonic receiving transducer of index j by reflecting at the considered point (P) of the surface,c is the speed of the ultrasonic waves in the air;during at least some measuring steps, a beam-forming signal is determined for each measuring point of a predetermined observation area and the measuring points belonging to the surface are determined as those which maximize the beam-forming signal;during the movement determination step, a delay dt between beam-forming signals corresponding to two measuring steps at the same measuring point is determined and:a travel δ at the measuring point as being proportional to dt·cand/or a speed at the measuring point as being proportional to dt·c/Δt, where c is the speed of the ultrasonic waves in the air and Δt is a time interval between said two measuring steps;during the movement determination step, a phase shift φ is determined between beam-forming signals corresponding to two measuring steps at the same measuring point, as well as:a travel δ at the measuring point as being proportional to c·φ/(2·π·f)and/or a speed at the measuring point as being proportional to c·φ/(2·π·f)/Δt, where c is the speed of the ultrasonic waves in the air, f is the frequency of the ultrasonic waves and Δt is a time interval between said two measuring steps. In addition, the invention also relates to a device for detecting movements of a surface reflecting ultrasonic waves, comprising an ultrasonic wave emitting device, an ultrasonic wave receiving device, a control device controlling the ultrasonic wave emitting device and receiving signals received by the ultrasonic wave receiving device, with the control device being adapted to perform several successive measuring steps during each of which the ultrasonic wave emitting device emits at least one incident ultrasonic wave into the air towards the surface and the ultrasonic wave receiving device receives reflected signals representative of at least one ultrasonic wave reflected into the air by said surface from said at least one incident ultrasonic wave, characterized in that the ultrasonic wave emitting device is adapted to illuminate a plurality of measuring points (P) belonging at least to said surface (21) by said at least one incident ultrasonic wave at a multiplicity of angles of incidence, in that the ultrasonic wave receiving device is a network of receiving transducers comprising a plurality of ultrasonic receiving transducers, in that the control device is adapted to determine, during each measuring step, a beam-forming signal for each measuring point, by beam-forming at least in reception from said reflected signals, and in that the control device is adapted to determine said surface movements at the considered measuring point by determining at least one delay or phase shift between two beam-forming signals for that measuring point. Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear during the following description of one of its embodiments, given as an example without limitation, while referring to the attached drawings.

11462469

BACKGROUND As integrated circuits continue to down-scale into the lower nanometer range, continued feature scaling is necessary to provide both lower cost and improved performance. For example, a typical large-scale integrated circuit can include more than thirty miles of interconnect lines, which form metal interconnect wires in multiple, stacked levels. These wires, also known as interconnects, connect the transistors and other features in the integrated circuit to one another and make the transistors and features functional. With the continued down-scaling of feature dimensions in integrated circuits, generating interconnect lines with minimal spacing becomes important for keeping up with the pace of scaling. However, generating interconnect lines with minimal spacing is very difficult and involves a number of non-trivial issues.

11504938

FIELD Described herein are cellulose papers, and in particular, coated cellulose papers for forming straws. BACKGROUND Pollution caused by accumulating non-biodegradable plastic waste is an enormous environmental issue that plagues bodies of water. More than 8 million metric tons of plastic wash into the oceans each year, including 7.5 million straws. Traditional polymer straws are made with non-biodegradable materials. These materials do not break down completely and can form micro plastic that can cause substantial harm to ocean animals and ecosystems. Biodegradable straws made from paper have been developed. While paper straws are more environmentally friendly than their plastic counterparts, millions of trees must be cut down to make the paper. SUMMARY Paper straws made from recycled material or waste products could reduce plastic waste and reduce destruction of trees or forests for paper straws. Described herein are paper straws and methods of making paper straws from cellulose, in particular cellulose derived from corn husks. In an example, a method of making a paper product may include obtaining corn husks, extracting cellulose fiber pulp from the corn husks, forming a paper sheet from the extracted cellulose fiber pulp, adding a chitosan acetic acid solution having a concentration of at least 5 wt. % chitosan to the paper sheet, forming the paper product from the paper sheet, and coating the paper product with a paraffin wax. In some examples, extracting cellulose fiber pulp from corn husks may include contacting the corn husks with a sodium carbonate solution in a vessel to form a corn husk mixture, heating the corn husk mixture, separating the corn husks from the corn husk mixture, washing the separated corn husks with a first solvent, combining the washed corn husks with a second solvent, cutting the washed corn husks to create a liquid suspension of cellulose fiber pulp, and separating the cellulose fiber pulp from the liquid of the suspension. In some examples, forming the paper sheet may include adding the cellulose fiber pulp to a mold, applying pressure to the cellulose fiber pulp, and dehydrating the cellulose fiber pulp to form the paper sheet. In some examples, forming the paper product may include cutting the paper sheet to dimension, shaping the paper sheet into the formed paper product, and drying the formed paper product. In some examples, a paper tube may be produced by the methods described herein. These and other examples of the present invention are described in greater detail in the Detailed Description that follows.

11366728

BACKGROUND Cloud, or network-based, computing, in general, is an approach to providing access to information technology resources through services, such as Web services, where the hardware and/or software used to support those services is dynamically scalable to meet the needs of the services at any given time. In a network-based services, elasticity refers to network-delivered computing resources that can be scaled up and down by a service provider to adapt to changing requirements of users. For example, the elasticity of these resources can be in terms of processing power, storage, bandwidth, and so forth. Elastic computing resources may be delivered automatically and on-demand, dynamically adapting to the changes in resource requirements on or within a given user's system. For example, a user can use a cloud, or network-based, service to host a large online streaming service, set up with elastic resources so that the number of webservers streaming content to users scale up to meet bandwidth requirements during peak viewing hours, and then scale back down when system usage is lighter. A user typically will rent, lease, or otherwise pay for access to the elastic resources accessed through the cloud or via a network, and thus does not have to purchase and maintain the hardware and/or software that provide access to these resources. This provides a number of benefits, including allowing users to quickly reconfigure their available computing resources in response to changing demands of their enterprise and enabling the cloud or network service provider to automatically scale provided computing service resources based on usage, traffic, or other operational requirements. This dynamic nature of cloud (for example, network-based) computing services, in contrast to a relatively static infrastructure of on-premises computing environments, requires a system architecture that can reliably re-allocate its hardware according to the changing needs of its user base and demands on the network-based services. In elastic networking embodiments, locations in which applications may be hosted and/or partitioned may be described as regions and/or availability zones. Each region comprises a separate geographic area from other regions and includes multiple, isolated availability zones. Each region may be isolated from all other regions in the cloud or network-based computing system. An availability zone is an isolated location inside a region. Each region is made up of several availability zones that each belong to a single region. Also, each availability zone is isolated, but the availability zones in a particular region are connected through low-latency links. When an application is distributed across multiple availability zones, instances may be launched in different availability zones to enable your application to maintain operation if one of the instances fails (for example, by allowing another instance in another availability zone to handle requests for the application).

11434064

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a household thin paper sheet storing container. BACKGROUND ART A storing container of household thin paper sheets such as wet wipes is desired to have an open/close lid that can be opened with a single touch in order to make it easier to open the open/close lid that closes the outlet and to use the household thin paper sheet even when hands are dirty, for example. For that purpose, there is known a storing container in which an open/close lid biased in an opening direction in advance is pivotably attached to the container body (for example, see JP 5280743 B2). When the open/close lid is closed, a latch portion provided on the open/close lid and a latch portion provided at the container body are engaged with each other. A button pivots when it is pushed, such that these latch portions are disengaged and the open/close lid is opened. SUMMARY OF INVENTION Such a household thin paper sheet storing container is configured such that the open/close lid and the button are disengaged when the button pivots. Thus, in order that the button pivots and the open/close lid is opened, it is necessary to push the upper surface of the button at an edge opposite to the latch portion engaged with the open/close lid. It is difficult to open the open/close lid when the other part of the button was pushed. An object of the present invention is to provide a household thin paper sheet storing container having an open/close lid that can be easily opened in response to push of any part of an upper surface of the button. One aspect of the invention is a container for housing household tissue paper, which includes a container body that stores household tissue paper inside and has an outlet through which the household tissue paper is taken out, an open/close lid that is pivotably provided to the container body and closes the outlet, a latch that latches the open/close lid in a closed state and that, in response to being unlocked, opens the open/close lid, and a biasing portion that biases the open/close lid in an opening direction. The latch includes an open/close-lid-side latch portion that is provided at the open/close lid, a button moving portion that is a flexible portion provided at the container body, and a button portion that is moved up and down by the button moving portion and has a button-side latch portion that engages the open/close-lid-side latch portion. With this structure, it is possible to provide a household tissue paper storing container having an open-close lid that can be easily opened in response to pushing of any part of the upper surface of the button. The button moving portion may be a film-shaped portion formed of an elastic material provided on an upper surface of the container body. With this structure, it is possible to provide a household tissue paper storing container having an open-close lid that can be easily opened in response to pushing of any part of the upper surface of the button. The latch can include a button attachment portion that is surrounded by the button moving portion in a plan view, formed with a hard material, and has a body-side fitting portion having a loop shape and protruding in the upper direction. In addition, the button portion can have the button-side latch portion at a rear edge, an upper surface portion that forms an upper surface, and a button-side fitting portion that protrudes from the upper surface portion in a lower direction and fits to the body-side fitting portion. With this structure, it is possible to easily fix the button portion onto the button moving portion. The button portion may have a front wall that is on a front side of the button-side fitting portion and that protrudes from the upper surface portion in a lower direction. With this structure, it is possible to attach the button portion onto the button moving portion more stably. The front wall may have an inclined surface on a front side in a vicinity of a lower edge of the front wall, the inclined surface being inclined rearward to a lower part. With this structure, it is possible to easily disengage the open/close-lid-side latch portion and the button-side latch portion in response to pushing of the button portion. The outlet may be formed as an outlet portion that is a flexible portion formed of an elastic material provided on an upper surface of the container body, and the outlet may be continuously formed to the button moving portion and the outlet portion. With this structure, it is possible to easily manufacture the household tissue paper storing container.

11263842

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a) of European Patent Application EP 18183012.6, filed Jul. 11, 2018, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure generally relates to a method for preventing security breaches of a passive remote keyless entry system for authorizing access to a vehicle, the passive remote keyless entry system comprising a base station located at the vehicle and a mobile device, in particular a remote key. BACKGROUND Passive remote keyless entry (RKE) systems are intended to authorize access to a vehicle upon request by a driver. They can also be enabled to authorize a control of certain operations of the vehicle like starting an engine. Passive RKE systems usually comprise a base station located at the vehicle and a mobile device, in particular a remote key, carried along by the driver. Upon the driver requesting access to the vehicle, for example by pressing door handles of the vehicle, the base station and the mobile device exchange encrypted messages, including a request code issued by the base station and an access code issued by the mobile device. In case of a positive result of the authorization negotiations, access to the vehicle is granted and an access signal is sent to the vehicle. Although the exchanged codes and their transmission are encrypted, manipulations of such passive RKE systems, in particular by so-called relay attacks, pose a growing problem. By intention, the mobile device has to be in the vicinity of the base station during an authorization process. This is achieved by a limited range of transceivers used for the exchange of messages between the mobile device and the base station. Consequently, there is a maximum distance between the mobile device and the base station for the authorization to be successful. In a relay attack this maximum distance is increased by monitoring and forwarding the exchanged messages between the mobile device and the base station. In an illustrative example of a relay attack, a first thief, being located close to the vehicle, requests access to the vehicle, for example by pressing door handles. In response to the request, the base station sends a request code to the mobile device. The first thief monitors the transmission and forwards the transmission to a second thief, being located close to the driver and the mobile device. The second thief sends the forwarded request code to the mobile device, where an authorization is negotiated. Upon authorizing access to the vehicle, the mobile device sends an acceptance signal to the base station, which is monitored by the second thief and forwarded to the first thief. The first thief sends the forwarded acceptance signal to the base station which in turn grants access to the vehicle. SUMMARY Described herein are techniques to provide a method for preventing security breaches of a passive remote keyless entry system, which offers a high level of security, is economical and is easy to implement. The method uses a base station comprising a first processor unit and a first transceiver unit, the first transceiver unit comprising a timing device, the mobile device comprising a second processor unit and a second transceiver unit, wherein an air travel time T of a single message sent back and forth from the base station to the mobile device is measured, and access to the vehicle is granted depending on the measured air travel time T. The method includes determining the distance between the mobile device and the base station during an authorization process. If the distance exceeds a certain predetermined limit, access to the vehicle is refused, irrespective of a result of the authorization negotiations between the base station and the mobile device. The distance between the mobile device and the base station is determined by measuring the air travel time T of a single message sent back and forth from the base station to the mobile device. As the message travels with a known velocity, namely the speed of light, the distance between the base station and the mobile device is directly connected to the measured air travel time T. An upper limit in an allowed distance between the base station and the mobile device therefore corresponds to an upper limit of the air travel time T. Standard type processors are too slow to measure the air travel time T directly, as they neither include timing devices fast enough nor are able to achieve the high transmission rates necessary for an accurate determination of the air travel time T. High speed processors (DSP, FPGA) comprising fast timing devices do exist, but are too cost-intensive to be used in a passive RKE system. As the processors are not required for measuring the air travel time T and/or for transmitting the message, processor units and transceiver units are separated from each other. The first processor unit and the first transceiver unit therefore are separate units connected by a data link. Also the second processor unit and the second transceiver unit are separate units connected by a data link. The timing device is separated from and not part of the first processor unit. As the measurement of the air travel time T is separated from the processor units, the processor units can be of standard type and have not to be high speed processors. This has the advantageous effect that the measurement of the air travel time T can be made cost-effective. The air travel time T is measured by a timing device comprised in the first transceiver unit. The timing device can be part of the transmitter, the receiver, the first memory unit or the control unit of the first transceiver unit, or can be a separate unit in the first transceiver unit. The first transceiver unit and the second transceiver unit can be included in the mobile device or the base station as application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), comprising all components of the respective unit. Advantageous embodiments are set forth in the dependent claims, in the description and in the figures. In accordance with an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the first transceiver unit sends a start signal to the timing device at a time of sending a request message to the second transceiver unit, the first transceiver unit sends a stop signal to the timing device at a time of receiving a return message from the second transceiver unit, wherein the air travel time T is obtained as a time difference between the start signal and the stop signal. The start and the stop signal are sent simultaneously with the transmission of the request message and the reception of the return message, respectively. Thereby it is assured that the timing device can measure the air travel time T very accurately. The first transceiver unit measures preferably the air travel time T with a time resolution equal to or better than five-hundred pico-seconds (500 ps), and more preferably with a time resolution equal or better than 100 ps. With this time resolution air travel times T can be measured very accurately, allowing the determination of distances between the base station and the mobile device as small as about fifteen centimeters (15 cm) and 3 cm, respectively. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the base station authorizes the access to the vehicle by sending an access signal to the vehicle, in case the air travel time T is shorter than a predetermined time limit TL. In this way it will be ensured that access to the vehicle is granted only in case the mobile device is in the vicinity of the base station. Given a maximal allowed distance between the mobile device and the base station during an authorization process, the time limit TL can be chosen accordingly, using the known travel velocity of the signals, messages or codes between the base station and the mobile device. In accordance with a further embodiment of the invention, the second transceiver unit further comprises a Phase-Locked-Loop oscillator (PLL), wherein the first transceiver unit broadcasts an activation signal to activate the PLL before sending the start signal to the timing device. The phase-locked loop increases the frequency of an oscillator by a factor, i.e. it shifts the frequency of the oscillator to higher values. It is therefore possible to use in the second transceiver unit transmitters emitting at lower frequencies, in particular transmitters emitting low frequency (LF) signals. As the energy consumption of LF transmitters is considerably lower than the energy consumption of high frequency (HF) transmitters, a supply unit for the second transceiver unit can be a simple battery. To reduce the energy consumption further, the PLL can be deactivated most of the time and can be active during a communication between the base station and the mobile device only. In this case, the PLL is activated by the activation signal sent by the first transceiver unit. The activation signal can be a short unencrypted wake-up message to the PLL. After a communication between the base station and the mobile device, i.e. between the first and second transceiver units has ended, the PLL is deactivated once again, for example by an internal sleep message sent by the second transceiver unit to the PLL. The PLL can also be used to synchronize the base station and the mobile device, by synchronizing a phase of an oscillator's clock signal with an external timing signal. The synchronization is done by comparing and adjusting the phase of the external signal to the phase of the clock signal. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the first transceiver unit comprises a PLL as well. In this way, also the energy consumption of the first transceiver during an authorization process can be reduced. In accordance with an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the first processor unit generates an encrypted request code and the second processor unit generates an encrypted access code. In other words, the codes being used in an authorization process will preferably be encrypted and will include security codes. This makes it difficult to duplicate the codes and ensures that the authorization process is secure. The request code can be generated as a request for access to the vehicle has been initiated by the driver, for example by actuation of an actuation device at the vehicle. The actuation device can for example include optical sensors, proximity sensors or sensors for detecting manual interaction. Preferably the access code is available already, as the request for access is initiated by the driver and the request code is generated. For example, the second processor unit can generate the access code immediately after a previous communication of the base station and the mobile device during a previous negotiation of an access to the vehicle. The request message is preferably the encrypted request code. After the request code has been generated, the first processor unit can transfer the request code to the first transceiver unit via a data link, which then can send the request code immediately to the second transceiver unit. In this way a transmission of a separate, in particular unencrypted, request message can be omitted, saving energy during the authorization process and accelerating the communication and negotiation between the base station and the mobile device. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the first transceiver unit further comprises a first memory unit and the second transceiver unit comprises a second memory unit, wherein the encrypted request code and the encrypted access code are stored in the second memory unit. The first memory unit and the second memory unit comprise preferably one or a plurality of registers, allowing a fast access to stored data. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the second transceiver unit compares the encrypted request code and the encrypted access code and, in case of a match, sends an acceptance signal to the base station. In other words, all the decoding and comparison of the request and access codes takes place in the second transceiver unit, i.e. in the mobile device. The access code itself will not be transmitted to any other place and therefore will never leave the mobile device. This eliminates the possibility of an unlawful interception during a transmission and increases the security of the inventive method. As an encryption of the acceptance signal is not necessary, the acceptance signal is preferably an unencrypted and/or short acknowledgement message. In this way, the data volume to be transmitted can be kept at a minimum, which reduces the energy consumption of the second transceiver unit and enhances the life time of its supply unit. Obviously, the acceptance signal can be encrypted as well, if desired. In accordance with a further embodiment of the invention, the method further includes the determination of a distance D between the base station and the mobile device during the authorization process, comprising the step of calculating a reduced time interval TD=(T−TC4−TC5−TC6−TC7)/2, wherein TC4 is a time interval required to send the request code, TC5 is a time interval required to receive and store the request code and compare it with the access code, TC6 is a time interval required to send the acceptance signal, TC7 is a time interval required to receive the acceptance signal, and the step of calculating the distance D=(TD/33.3 ps) cm. Whereas T is the measured time difference between the start signal and the stop signal, TC4, TC6 and TC7 can be calculated from known sizes of the transmitted messages or codes and known clock frequencies of the first and second transceiver units. Similarly, TC5 can be calculated from the known sizes of the compared messages or codes and the known clock frequency of the second transceiver unit. Thus, the reduced time interval TD is the run time of a signal propagating at the speed of light between the base station and the mobile device. It relates to the distance D via D=(TD/33.3 ps) cm, with a conversion factor of 33.3 ps reflecting a time interval in which light travels a distance of 1 cm. These calculations assume that the distance D between the mobile device and the base station stays constant during an authorization process. The base station authorizes preferably the request for access and sends the access signal to the vehicle in case the distance D between the base station and the mobile device is less than a maximum allowed distance DL=(TL/33.3 ps) cm between the base station and the mobile device. DL is a predetermined value and is selected in way to ensure that the mobile device is in the vicinity of the base station for an access to the vehicle to be granted by the base station. The access signal can be short and unencrypted message sent by the first transceiver unit to the vehicle. The present invention also relates to a passive remote keyless entry system for authorizing access to a vehicle, capable of performing the inventive method, comprising a base station to be located at the vehicle and a mobile device, in particular a remote key, wherein the base station comprises a first processor unit, a first transceiver unit and a data link between the first processor unit and the first transceiver unit, the mobile device comprises a second processor unit, a second transceiver unit and a data link between the second processor unit and the second transceiver unit, the first transceiver unit comprises a transmitter, a receiver, a first memory unit, a control unit and a timing device, and wherein the second transceiver unit comprises a transmitter, a receiver, a second memory unit and a control unit. The first processor unit and the first transceiver unit are separate units connected by a data link. Also the second processor unit and the second transceiver unit are separate units connected by a data link. The timing device is separated from and not part of the first processor unit. The timing device can be part of the transmitter, the receiver, the first memory unit or the control unit of the first transceiver unit, or can be a separate unit in the first transceiver unit. In accordance with an embodiment of the passive remote keyless entry system, the second transceiver unit further comprises a Phase-Locked-Loop oscillator (PLL). By the PLL, frequencies of oscillators of the second transceiver unit are shifted to higher values. The PLL can also enable a synchronization of the base station and the mobile device. Preferably, the timing device is a Time to Digital Converter (TDC), in particular with a time resolution equal or better than 500 ps, more preferably equal or better than 100 ps. Thus, the distance D between the base station and the mobile device can be measured very accurately, with a resolution of about 15 cm and 3 cm, respectively. Thereby the maximum allowed distance DL between base station and mobile device can be chosen such that only the mobile device being located in the immediate vicinity of the vehicle can lead to an authorized access to the vehicle. In accordance with an embodiment of the passive remote keyless entry system, the transmitter of the second transceiver unit emits low frequency (LF) signals. The operation of LF transmitter requires significantly less energy than the operation of higher frequency transmitters, in particular HF transmitters. The LF transmitters therefore can increase the lifetime of the supply unit of the mobile device, reducing the risk of a power failure, for example caused by a worn-out battery. Further features and advantages will appear more clearly on a reading of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, which is given by way of non-limiting example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

11432215

This invention is in general directed to methods and apparatus for interworking between Evolved Packet Core, EPC, and 5G Core, 5GC, and in particular interworking aspects for handling different Packet Data Network, PDN, and Packet Data Unit, PDU, session type mapping and capability discovery during such interworking between EPC and 5GC. BACKGROUND 3GPP TS 23.501 v 1.4.0 and 3GPP TS 23.502 v 1.2.0 specify mobility procedures between 5 Generation Core, 5GC, and Evolved Packet Core EPC (4 Generation/Long Term Evolution, LTE, systems). In 3GPP TS 23.501 v 1.4.0, the System Architecture for the 5G System is described. In the following some key architectural aspects shall be emphasized. 4.3 Interworking with E-UTRAN Connected to EPC FIG. 1corresponds to 3GPP TS 23.501 V1.4.0 FIG. 4.3.1-1: Non-roaming architecture for interworking between 5GS and EPC/E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). The N26 interface is an inter-CN (Core Network) interface between the MME and 5GS AMF (Access and Mobility management Function) in order to enable interworking between EPC and the NG (Next Generation) core. Support of N26 interface in the network is optional for interworking. 5.17.2.1 General In order to interwork with EPC, the UE that supports both 5GC and EPC NAS (Non-Access Stratum) can operate in single-registration mode or dual-registration mode:In single-registration mode, UE has only one active MM (Mobility Management) state (either RM (Registration Management) state in 5GC or EMM (EPS Mobility Management) state in EPC) and it is either in 5GC NAS mode or in EPC NAS mode (when connected to 5GC or EPC, respectively). UE maintains a single coordinated registration for 5GC and EPC.In dual-registration mode, UE can handle independent registrations for 5GC and EPC. In this mode, the UE may be registered to 5GC only, EPC only, or to both 5GC and EPC. The support of single registration mode is mandatory for UEs that support both 5GC and EPC NAS. During E-UTRAN Initial Attach, UE supporting both 5GC and EPC NAS (Non-Access Stratum), shall indicate its support of 5G NAS in UE Network Capability described in clause 5.11.3 of TS 23.401. During registration to 5GC, UE supporting both 5GC and EPC NAS shall indicate its support of EPC NAS. NOTE: This indication may be used to give the priority towards selection of PGW-C (Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway-Control plane)+SMF (Session Management Function) for UEs that support both EPC and 5GC NAS. Networks that support interworking with EPC, may support interworking procedures that use the N26 interface or interworking procedures that do not use the N26 interface. Interworking procedures with N26 support providing IP (Internet Protocol) address continuity on inter-system mobility to UEs that support 5GC NAS and EPC NAS. Networks that support interworking procedures without N26 shall support procedures to provide IP address continuity on inter-system mobility to UEs operating in both single-registration mode and dual-registration mode. In entire clause 5.17.2 the terms “initial attach”, “handover attach” and “TAU” (Traffic Area Update) for the UE (User Entity) procedures in EPC can alternatively be combined EPS/IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) Attach and combined TA/LA (Traffic Area/Location Area) depending on the UE configuration defined in TS 23.221. 5.17.2.2 Interworking Procedures with N26 interface 2.1.1.1.1 5.17.2.2.1 General Interworking procedures using the N26 interface, enables the exchange of MM (Mobility Management) and SM (Session Management) states between the source and target network. Handover procedures are supported with the N26 interface. When interworking procedures with N26 is used, the UE operates in single-registration mode. The network keeps only one valid MM state for the UE, either in the AMF or MME (Mobility Management Entity). Either the AMF or the MME is registered in the HSS+UDM. The support for N26 interface between AMF in 5GC and MME in EPC is required to enable seamless session continuity (e.g. for voice services) for inter-system change. NOTE: When applying the AMF planned removal procedure or the procedure to handle AMF failures (see clause 5.21.2) implementations are expected to update the DNS (Domaine Name Server) configuration to enable MMEs to discover alternative AMFs if the MME tries to retrieve a UE context from an AMF that has been taken out of service or has failed. This addresses the scenario of UEs performing 5GC to EPC Idle mode mobility and presenting a mapped GUTI (Global Unique Temporary Identifier) pointing to an AMF that has been taken out of service or has failed. 2.1.1.1.2 5.17.2.2.2 Mobility for UEs in Single-Registration Mode When the UE supports single-registration mode and network supports interworking procedure with the N26 interface:For idle-mode mobility from 5GC to EPC, the UE performs TAU procedure with EPS GUTI mapped from 5G-GUTI sent as old Native GUTI. The MME retrieves the UE's MM and SM context from 5GC if the UE has a PDU session established or if the UE or the EPC support “attach without PDN connectivity”. The UE performs an attach procedure if the UE is registered without PDU session in 5GC and the UE or the EPC does not support attach without PDN connectivity. For connected-mode mobility from 5GC to EPC, inter-system handover is performed. During the TAU or Attach procedure the HSS+UDM (Home Subscriber Server+Unified Data Management) cancels any AMF registration.For idle-mode mobility from EPC to 5GC, the UE performs registration procedure with the EPS GUTI sent as the old GUTI. The AMF and SMF retrieve the UE's MM and SM context from EPC. For connected-mode mobility from EPC to 5GC, inter-system handover is performed. During the Registration procedure, the HSS+UDM cancels any MME registration. In 3GPP TS 23.502 V1.2.0, procedures for the 5G System have been specified. In the following key aspects of EPC/5GC aspects have been emphasized. 4.11 System Interworking Procedures with EPS 4.11.1 N26 Based Interworking Procedures 4.11.1.1 General N26 interface is used to provide seamless session continuity for single registration mode. 4.11.2 Handover Procedures for Single-Registration Mode 4.11.2.1 5GS to EPS Handover Using N26 Interface FIG. 2, corresponding to FIG. 4.11.2.1-1, TS 23.502, describes the handover procedure for single-registration mode from 5GS to EPS when N26 is supported. During the handover procedure, as specified in clause 4.9.1.2.1, the source AMF shall reject any SMF+PGW-C initiated N2 request received since handover procedure started and shall include an indication that the request has been temporarily rejected due to handover procedure in progress. Upon reception of a rejection for a SMF+PGW-C initiated N2 request(s) with an indication that the request has been temporarily rejected due to handover procedure in progress, the SMF+PGW-C behaves as specified in clause 4.9.1.2.1. The procedure involves a handover to EPC and setup of default EPS bearer and dedicated bearers for GBR QoS flows in EPC in steps 1-16 and re-activation, if required, of dedicated EPS bearers for non-GBR QoS flows in step 17. This procedure can be triggered, for example, due to new radio conditions, load balancing or due to specific service e.g. in the presence of QoS Flow for voice, the source NG-RAN node may trigger handover to EPC. UE has one or more ongoing PDU Sessions each including one or more QoS flows. During PDU Session establishment and GBR QoS flow establishment, PGW-C+SMF performs EPS QoS mappings and allocates TFT with the PCC rules obtained from the PCF+PCRF if PCC is deployed, otherwise EPS QoS mappings and TFT allocation are executed by the PGW-C+SMF locally. EPS Bearer IDs are allocated by the serving AMF requested by the SMF if the SMF determines that EPS bearer ID(s) needs to be assigned to the QoS flow(s). For each PDU Session, EPS bearer ID(s) are allocated to the default EPS bearer which non GBR flows are mapped to and allocated to dedicated bearers which the GBR flows that are mapped to in EPC. The EPS Bearer ID(s) for these bearers are provided to the UE and PGW-C+SMF by AMF. The UE is also provided with the mapped QoS parameters. The mapped EPS QoS parameters may be provided to PGW-C+SMF by the PCF+PCRF, if PCC is deployed. 2-1. NG-RAN decides that the UE should be handed over to the E-UTRAN. The NG-RAN sends a Handover Required (Target eNB ID, Source to Target Transparent Container) message to the AMF. 2-2. The AMF determines from the ‘Target eNB Identifier’ IE that the type of handover is Handover to E-UTRAN. The AMF requests the PGW-C+SMF to provide SM Context that also includes the mapped EPS Bearer Contexts. This step is performed with all PGW-C+SMFs allocated to the UE. This step should be aligned with intra 5GC inter-AMF handover. NOTE: In roaming scenario, the UE's SM EPS Contexts are obtained from the V-SMF. 2-3. The AMF selects an MME and sends a Relocation Request (Target E-UTRAN Node ID, Source to Target Transparent Container, mapped MM and SM EPS UE Context (default and dedicated GBR bearers)) message. The SGW address and Tunnel endpoint Identifier, TEID, for both the control-plane or EPS bearers in the message are such that target MME selects a new SGW. 2-4. The MME selects the Serving GW and sends a Create Session Request message for each PDN connection to the Serving GW. 2-5. The Serving GW allocates its local resources and returns them in a Create Session Response message to the MME. 2-6. The MME requests the target eNodeB to establish the bearer(s) by sending the message Handover Request message. This message also contains a list of EPS Bearer IDs that need to be setup. 2-7. The target eNB allocates the requested resources and returns the applicable parameters to the target MME in the message Handover Request Acknowledge (Target to Source Transparent Container, EPS Bearers setup list, EPS Bearers failed to setup list). 2-8. If the MME decides that indirect forwarding applies, it sends a Create Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Request message (Target eNB Address, TEID(s) for DL data forwarding) to the Serving GW. The Serving GW returns a Create Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Response (Cause, Serving GW Address(es) and Serving GW DL TEID(s) for data forwarding) message to the target MME. 2-9. The MME sends the message Relocation Response (Cause, List of Set Up RABs, EPS Bearers setup list, MME Tunnel Endpoint Identifier for Control Plane, RAN Cause, MME Address for Control Plane, Target to Source Transparent Container, Address(es) and TEID(s) for Data Forwarding). 2-10. If indirect forwarding applies, the AMF forwards to the PGW-C+SMF the information related to data forwarding to the SGW. The PGW-C+SMF returns a Create Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Response. 2-11. The AMF sends the Handover Command to the source NG-RAN. The source NG-RAN commands the UE to handover to the target access network by sending the HO Command. This message includes a transparent container including radio aspect parameters that the target eNB has set-up in the preparation phase. The UE correlates the ongoing QoS flows with the indicated EPS Bearer IDs to be setup in the HO command. UE locally deletes the QoS flows that do not have an EPS bearer ID assigned. 2-12. When the UE has successfully accessed the target eNodeB, the target eNodeB informs the target MME by sending the message Handover Notify. 2-13. The target MME informs the Serving GW that the MME is responsible for all the bearers the UE have established by sending the Modify Bearer Request message for each PDN connection.The target MME releases the non-accepted EPS Bearer contexts by triggering the Bearer Context deactivation procedure. If the Serving GW receives a DL packet for a non-accepted bearer, the Serving GW drops the DL (Downlink) packet and does not send a Downlink Data Notification to the SGSN. 2-14. The Serving GW informs the PGW-C+SMF of the relocation by sending the Modify Bearer Request message for each PDN connection. The PGW locally deletes the QoS flows that do not have an EPS bearer ID assigned. Due to the “match all” filter in the default QoS flow, the PGW maps the IP flows of the deleted QoS flows to the default QoS flow. 2-15. The PGW-C+SMF acknowledges the Modify Bearer Request. At this stage the User Plane path is established for the default bearer and the dedicated GBR bearers between the UE, target eNodeB, Serving GW and the PGW+SMF. 2-16. The Serving GW acknowledges the User Plane switch to the MME via the message Modify Bearer Response. 2-17. The PGW-C+SMF initiates dedicated bearer activation procedure for non-GBR QoS flows by mapping the parameters of the non-GBR flows to EPC QoS parameters. This setup may be triggered by the PCRF+PCF which may also provide the mapped QoS parameters, if PCC is deployed. This procedure is specified in TS 23.401 [13], clause 5.4.1. 4.11.2.2 EPS to 5GS Handover Using N26 Interface 4.11.2.2.1 General N26 interface is used to provide seamless session continuity for single registration mode.FIG. 3corresponding to TS 23.502 V1.2.0 (2017 September) FIG. 4.11.2.2.2-1 describes the handover procedure from EPS to 5GS when N26 is supported. SUMMARY In 5GC, the PDU session types “Ethernet” and “Unstructured” are introduced. In EPC, PDN type “Non-IP” is defined. However, how these types are used during inter-RAT mobility is not specified in current TS. Also, due the mobility and session management separation in 5GC, the SMF which performing conversion between PDU session (with QoS flows) and PDN connection (with bearers) is not aware of the “Non-IP” supporting capability of the EPC. It is a first object to set forth apparatuses and methods that provides for enhanced operation for handover between 5GS and EPS and vice versa. This and other objects have been achieved by a system comprising an Access and Mobility Management Function, AMF, adapted for taking part in handover from a 5G system, 5GS, to an Evolved Packet System, EPS, an interface being provided between a Mobility Management Entity, MME, of the EPS and the AMF, the system moreover comprising a Session Management Function and Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway-Control plane and Session Management Function, SMF and PGW-C, entity: The AMF being adapted for signalling with a Session Management Function and Packet Data Network, PDN, Gateway-Control plane, SMF and PGW-C, entity. The AMF being adapted for—providing a request to the SMF and PGW-C entity to provide a Session Management, SM, Context that also includes mapped EPS, Bearer Contexts. For PDU Sessions with PDU Session type Ethernet or Unstructured, providing a capability of a target MME of supporting a Non-IP PDN type to the PGW-C and SMF entity in the request to allow the PGW-C and SMF entity to determine whether to include an EPS Bearer context for non-IP PDN type—transmitting the request to the SMF. The SMF and PGW-C entity being adapted forreceiving a Context Request; —for PDU sessions with PDU Session type Ethernet or Unstructured, determining to include an EPS Bearer context for non-IP PDN type and creating a Session Management, SM, Context; —transmitting a Context Response to the AMF with the SM Context. The above object has also been achieved by an Access and Mobility Management Function, AMF, adapted for taking part in handover from a 5G system, 5GS, to an Evolved Packet System, EPS, an interface being provided between a Mobility Management Entity, MME, of the EPS and the AMF. The AMF being adapted for signalling with a Session Management Function and Packet Data Network, PDN, Gateway-Control plane, SMF and PGW-C, entity, the AMF being adapted for—providing a request to the SMF and PGW-C entity to provide a Session Management, SM, Context that also includes mapped EPS, Bearer Contexts;wherein for PDU Sessions with PDU Session type Ethernet or Unstructured, providing a capability of a target MME of supporting a Non-IP PDN type to the PGW-C and SMF entity in the request to allow the PGW-C and SMF entity to determine whether to include an EPS Bearer context for non-IP PDN type; —transmitting the request to the SMF. The above object has also been achieved by an Session Management Function and Packet Data Network Gateway-Control plane and Session Management Function, SMF and PGW-C, entity, adapted for taking part in handover from a 5G system, 5GS, to an Evolved Packet System, EPS, an interface being provided between a Mobility Management Entity, MME, of the EPS, and an Access and Mobility Management Function, AMF, of the 5GS. The SMF and PGW-C entity being adapted for—receiving a Context Request; —for PDU sessions with PDU Session type Ethernet or Unstructured, determining to include an EPS Bearer context for non-IP PDN type and creating a Session Management, SM, Context; —transmitting a Context Response to the AMF with the SM Context. The above object has also been achieved by a Session Management Function and Packet Data Network, PDN, Gateway-Control plane and Session Management Function, SMF and PGW-C entity, adapted for taking part in handover from an Evolved Packet System, EPS to a 5G system, 5GS, in cases where an interface between an Access and Mobility Management Function, AMF, and the SMF and PGW-C entity is provided. The SMF and PGW-C entity being further adapted for—determining whether—PDN connection in EPS is NON-IP and is locally associated in SMF to PDU session type Ethernet or Unstructured; —upon a positive determination that a PDN connection in EPS is NON-IP and is locally associated in SMF to PDU session type Ethernet, setting session type in 5GS to Ethernet; —upon a negative determination that a PDN connection in EPS is NON-IP and is locally associated in SMF to PDU session type Unstructured, setting session type in 5GS to Unstructured. The above objects have further been achieved by corresponding methods and also programs for computer and computer program products, having instructions corresponding to the method steps achieve the objects set out. According to embodiments of the invention 1) “Ethernet” and “Unstructured” PDU types shall be mapped to “Non-IP” PDN type. 2) AMF shall transfer the “Non-IP” support capability info at EPC to SMF. Moreover, SMF shall act up the capability differently when formulating the “PDN connection” info to EPC side. Note: the logic above can be applied to both idle mode and connected mode mobility procedures during inter 5GC and EPC mobility.

11499524

FIELD The present disclosure relates in general to wind turbines, and more particularly to systems and methods for controlling wind turbines during low-speed operations. BACKGROUND Wind power is considered one of the cleanest, most environmentally friendly energy sources presently available, and wind turbines have gained increased attention in this regard. A modern wind turbine typically includes a tower, a generator, a gearbox, a nacelle, and one or more rotor blades. The nacelle includes a rotor assembly coupled to the gearbox and to the generator. The rotor assembly and the gearbox are mounted on a bedplate support frame located within the nacelle. The one or more rotor blades capture kinetic energy of wind using known airfoil principles. The rotor blades transmit the kinetic energy in the form of rotational energy so as to turn a shaft coupling the rotor blades to a gearbox, or if a gearbox is not used, directly to the generator. The generator then converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy and the electrical energy may be transmitted to a converter and/or a transformer housed within the tower and subsequently deployed to an electrical grid. Modern wind power generation systems typically take the form of a wind farm having multiple such wind turbine generators that are operable to supply power to a transmission system providing power to the electrical grid. Some wind turbine configurations include double-fed induction generators (DFIGs). Whenever DFIGs are employed to generate the output of the wind turbine, slip may be encountered. Generally, slip may be the difference between the operating speed and the synchronous speed of the DFIG (divided by the synchronous speed). The operating speed is typically the rotational speed of a generator rotor and the synchronous speed is typically a rotational speed of the magnetic field of the generator stator. The synchronous speed may correspond to an operating frequency of the electrical grid. The slowing of the generator rotor, for example in response to a decrease in wind velocity, may result in increased slip. Increased slip may, in turn, result in increased generator rotor voltage. Thus, during low-wind speed operations, the DFIG may operate with a high degree of slip and corresponding high rotor voltage. Operating under such conditions may reduce an expected lifecycle of various components of the electrical system of the wind turbine and/or result in a reduction of an operational envelope of the wind turbine. Thus, the art is continuously seeking new and improved systems and methods that address the aforementioned issues. As such, the present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for controlling low-speed operations of the wind turbine. BRIEF DESCRIPTION Aspects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the following description, or may be obvious from the description, or may be learned through practice of the invention. In one aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a method for controlling low-speed operations of the wind turbine electrically coupled to an electrical grid. The wind turbine may include a generator and a power converter. The generator may have a generator rotor and a generator stator. The method may include detecting, via a controller, a crossing of a first threshold by an operating parameter of the generator rotor. The operating parameter may be indicative of a low-speed operation of the generator. In response to the operating parameter crossing the first threshold, the method may include developing at least a portion of a required reactive power generation via the generator rotor. Additionally, the method may include delivering the portion of the required reactive power generation to the electrical grid via a grid side of the power converter. In an embodiment, developing the portion of the required reactive power generation may include receiving, via the controller, a reactive-current setpoint for the generator. The reactive-current setpoint may correspond to a current for the generator rotor which facilitates the satisfaction of the required reactive power generation via the generator stator. Additionally, the method may include developing, via the controller, a modified reactive-current setpoint configured to facilitate generation of the portion of the required reactive power generation via the generator rotor. Further, the method may include changing at least one operating state of the converter based on the modified reactive-current setpoint. In an additional embodiment, the portion of the required reactive power generation may be a first reactive power portion of the required reactive power generation. Additionally, changing the operating state(s) of the converter may facilitate the satisfaction of the required reactive power generation via a reactive power output of the wind turbine. The reactive power output may include the first reactive power portion delivered to the electrical grid via the grid side of the power converter and a second reactive power portion delivered to the electrical grid via a bypassing of the power converter. In a further embodiment, changing the operating state(s) of the converter may facilitate the satisfaction of an entirety of the required reactive power generation via the portion of the required reactive power generation delivered to the electrical grid via the grid side of the power converter. In yet a further embodiment, the operating parameter of the generator rotor may be a generator rotor voltage magnitude. Additionally, the first threshold may be a generator rotor voltage threshold magnitude indicative of the low-speed operation of the generator. Further, detecting the approach of the operating parameter of the generator rotor to the first threshold may include receiving, via the controller, data indicative of the generator rotor voltage magnitude. In an embodiment, receiving data indicative of the generator rotor voltage magnitude may include determining, via the controller, a converter modulation index for a rotor-side converter of the power converter indicative of the generator rotor voltage magnitude. In an additional embodiment, receiving data indicative of the generator rotor voltage magnitude may include determining, via the controller, a DC link voltage for a DC link of the power converter indicative of the generator rotor voltage magnitude. In a further embodiment, the operating parameter of the generator rotor may be a generator rotor rotational speed. Additionally, the first threshold may be a generator rotor rotational speed threshold. Further, a low-speed operation of the generator may be indicated when the generator rotor rotational speed is at or below the generator rotor rotational speed threshold. In yet a further embodiment, delivering the portion of the required reactive power generation to the electrical grid via the grid side of the power converter may facilitate the reduction of a generator rotor voltage magnitude. In an embodiment, the reduction of the generator rotor voltage magnitude may facilitate a reduction of a thermal load and/or an electrical load across a component of the power converter. In an additional embodiment, following the delivery of the portion of the required reactive power generation to the electrical grid via the grid side of the power converter, the method may also include detecting, via the controller, a crossing of a second threshold by the operating parameter of the generator rotor. The method may also include reducing, via the controller, an active power setpoint and/or a reactive power setpoint for the generator in response to the approach of the operating parameter to the second threshold. In a further embodiment, the second threshold may be based on a projected reliability of at least one component of the power converter. In yet a further embodiment, the wind turbine may also include a rotor having one or more rotor blades mounted thereto. The rotor may be rotatably coupled to the generator. Additionally, reducing the active power setpoint and/or the reactive power setpoint for the generator may facilitate an increase in an inertia of the rotor of the wind turbine. In another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a system for controlling a wind turbine coupled to an electrical grid. The wind turbine may include a generator and a power converter. The generator may include a generator rotor and a generator stator. The system may include a controller communicatively coupled to the generator. The controller may include at least one processor configured to perform a plurality of operations. The plurality of operations may include any of the operations and/or features described herein. These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description and appended claims. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

11498753

FIELD OF INVENTION The invention relates to a collapsible container, in particular, but not necessarily limited to a collapsible freight container. BACKGROUND Freight containers are often used for transporting items between different locations, or holding the items when storage. Intermodal containers in particular are standardised shipping containers used by different modes of transport (e.g. rail, truck, ship) across the world. Most are durable steel boxes with standard lengths of either 6 m or 12 m. As the containers are standardised they can be easily and efficiently handled, moved or stacked. The main standards for intermodal containers are as follows:ISO 668 Series 1 freight containers-classification, external dimensions and ratings;ISO 1161 Series 1 freight containers-corner fittings-specification; andISO 1496-1 Series 1 freight containers-specification and testing—Part 1: General cargo containers. However, when a container is transported to a destination, it may not be used for a return journey until there are sufficient goods intended to be transported to the origin. Alternatively the container could be returned empty, but an empty container takes up the same amount of space as a full container, and thus the cost for transporting an empty container as about the same as a full container but without any revenue. In either case, this is a waste of resources. In an effort to reduce storage and transportation costs of empty containers, collapsible containers have been developed. For example in EP2389328 there is described a container where the side walls fold inwards so that when fully collapsed, the container is a third of the height of the erect container. Thus three empty collapsible containers can be substituted for a standard empty container, and stacked in a similar manner. However, one of the problems is that a fork lift truck has to inserts its prongs into the slots of the top panel when in a collapsed configuration and lift the same to erect the container. The end panels are typically then pivoted up from their storage position lying flat on the bottom panel to lock the structure into place. This presents a safety risk, as a person has to enter the container to start raising the end panel while the fork lift truck is holding up the top panel, which could collapse on the person during this operation. In addition, because the side panels fold along the top edge, bottom edge, and across the centre, there are lines of weakness along the hinges which potentially reduce the structural integrity, and increases the risk of water leaks. Furthermore the hinges require maintenance such as oiling, and if dust or water seeps in, rust and/or friction may build up. There are stringent regulations for freight containers, and they must pass tests for structural strength, compressive and tensile loads, and water proofing. As such the container in this example is more likely to fail the tests compared to a standard container. Yet further, the container is around 40% heavier than a non-folding container, which increases the difficulty and cost of handling and transporting the same. An alternative container is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 8,196,766, where instead of folding, the side walls are hingedly connected along one longitudinal edge, the other longitudinal edge being provided with rollers which run along grooves in the floor or roof. An advantage of this design is that it is more compact, whereby four collapsed containers can fit in the space of one erect container. However, a problem with this design is that it is very easy for dirt or stones to get into one or more of the grooves, which would then prevent the rollers from functioning. In addition, any damage to such a specialised mechanism would be difficult and expensive to repair, and regular maintenance would be required. Furthermore the international standards for containers require the floor to be flat, and thus the presence of grooves mean that this container does not meet the requirements. An aim of the invention therefore is to provide a collapsible container which overcomes the above issues. SUMMARY OF INVENTION In an aspect of the invention, there is provided a collapsible container comprising:a pair of side panels, a pair of end panels, a top panel and a bottom panel; the container being movable between an erect configuration in which the side panels and end panels are in a substantially perpendicular plane to the top and bottom panels, and a collapsed configuration in which the side panels and end panels are in a substantially parallel plane to the top and bottom panels;characterised in that at least one of the pairs comprises hingedly connected panels,a first panel being hingedly connected to the top panel and includes at least one strut, one end of the strut being pivotally connected at an intermediate point along the end edge of said first panel, the other end of the strut being pivotally connected to the bottom panel,a second panel being hingedly connected to the bottom panel and includes at least one strut, one end of the strut being pivotally connected at an intermediate point along the end edge of said second panel, the other end of the strut pivotally connected to the top panel;such that when the container is moved between the collapsed configuration and the erect configuration, the struts maintain a spaced apart relationship between the edges of the hingedly connected panels and the respective top or bottom panel. Typically the hingedly connected pair of panels are the side panels. Advantageously the side panels are moved into the erect configuration without touching the top or bottom panels, so are unhindered by any debris that may be present. In addition there is no horizontal deflection of the top or bottom panels during this movement. In one embodiment each panel is maintained in a planar form when moved between erect and collapsed configurations. In other words, the panels do not have hinges to allow them to be folded themselves. This ensures that the container is lightweight as additional mechanisms for folding the panels in half are not required. In one embodiment a strut is provided at both ends of the hingedly connected panels. This provides support and guidance at the ends of the panels as they are lowered and raised between configurations, without compromising the integrity of the panel. In one embodiment the hingedly connected panels are connected to the top or bottom panels via clevis pin hinges. Advantageously this allows the connected panel to pivot as a single rigid unit. The clevis pin hinges can be two-leaf, four-leaf, or other-leaf, and are typically provided adjacent the end of the side panels i.e. they do not need to extend along the length of the side panel, which saves weight and maintenance. In one embodiment the end panels can be slid or rolled into position between an erect configuration in which they are in a perpendicular plane to the top, bottom, and side panels, and a storage configuration in which they are in substantially the same plane as the top or bottom panel. Typically the end panels lie flat against or adjacent the top or bottom panel in the storage configuration. In one embodiment the end panels maintain the side panels in position when they are in the erect configuration. Advantageously once the end panels have started to swing into the erect position, the container is prevented from collapsing as this would require an inward movement by the side panels, prevented by the presence of the end panel in the movement arc. In one embodiment the top and/or bottom panels are provided with a recess or receiving area in which the end panels may be stored. In one embodiment at least one end panel is provided with doors through which access to the container may be granted when in the erect configuration. Typically the doors are lockable. In one embodiment at least one end panel comprises a roller shutter, which can be opened or closed to respectively provide or prevent access to the container. In one embodiment, the sides of the container are provided with spacers to ensure that the side panels can lie flat in the collapsed configuration. In one embodiment, fork lift pockets are provided in the top panel to allow a fork lift truck to raise and lower the same to move the container between erect and collapsed configurations respectively. Typically fork lift pockets are provided in the bottom panel to allow a fork lift truck to lift and/or relocate the container. In one embodiment four containers in the collapsed configuration can be stacked to substantially equate to the same space as one container in the erect configuration Advantageously these can be substituted so that stacking configurations in ships and warehouses are not significantly affected. In one embodiment four containers in the collapsed configuration can be locked together so that they can be moved and relocated in the same way as a single container. In one embodiment the struts may be provided with hydraulic systems to allow the panels to be raised and/or lowered in a controlled fashion. Advantageously this provides additional safety such that if the fork lift truck prongs slip, the top panel falls in a slow controlled fashion rather than in a fast and potentially dangerous manner. It will be appreciated that typically the side panels are hingedly connected whereas the end panels slide or roll into position, but an alternative configuration may also be provided where the end panels are hingedly connected and the side panels slide or roll into position mutatis mutandis.

11218732

TECHNICAL FIELD The present principles relate generally to video encoding and decoding and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for improved entropy encoding and decoding. BACKGROUND Video coding standards employ prediction and block-based transforms to leverage redundancy in intra/inter frame correlation and achieve high compression efficiency. Furthermore, entropy coding makes the coded bit-stream achieve its entropy boundary and further improves the coding efficiency. An important usage of entropy coding in video coding system is the coding of the quantized transform coefficients of a block, which is the residual data block after intra/inter prediction, block transform, and quantization. For such data, entropy coding tools have been developed, ranging from variable length coding, such as the Huffman coding, to arithmetic coding. The state-of-the-art CABAC (context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding) achieves high coding efficiency, but the non-systematic implementation of the CABAC coding procedure results in two scanning passes being performed to code a data block. CABAC is the entropy coding method for the quantized transform coefficient block in the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Moving Picture Experts Group-4 (MPEG-4) Part 10 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) Standard/International Telecommunication Union, Telecommunication Sector (ITU-T) H.264 Recommendation (hereinafter the “MPEG-4 AVC Standard”). CABAC codes a block in two main passes. In the first pass, CABAC codes the significance map of the block according to a forward zigzag scanning order. In the second pass, CABAC codes the non-zero values in an inverse zigzag scanning order. Turning toFIG. 1, an example of CABAC coding is indicated generally by the reference numeral100. In the significance map coding pass, i.e., the first pass, CABAC uses the sig_flag and last_flag to indicate the positions of the non-zero coefficients. In the inverse zigzag coding of the non-zero values, two sub-coding processes are used. In the first sub-coding process, a syntax called Bin_1 (i.e., the first bin) is used to indicate whether or not a non-zero coefficient has an absolute value of one. If the non-zero coefficient has an absolute value of one, then Bin_1=1 and the sign of the non-zero coefficient is sent out. Otherwise, Bin_1=0 and the encoding moves to the second sub-coding process. In the second sub-coding process, CABAC codes the coefficients which have an absolute value greater than one, corresponding to Bin_1=0, and then sends out their respective signs. The disadvantage of CABAC is that the corresponding coding involves two scanning passes (i.e., a forward zigzag scan to code the significance map, and an inverse zigzag scan to code values). In addition, the design of CABAC is mainly for smaller block sizes (e.g., 4×4 and 8×8). CABAC turns out to be less efficient for larger blocks (e.g., 16×16, 32×32, and 64×64). One prior art approach proposes adding a flag to signal the last position of a discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient greater than one. However, the prior art approach is restricted to a flag greater than one and still uses two scanning passes. SUMMARY These and other drawbacks and disadvantages of the prior art are addressed by the present principles, which are directed to methods and apparatus for improved entropy encoding and decoding. According to an aspect of the present principles, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus includes a video encoder for encoding at least a block in a picture by transforming a residue of the block to obtain transform coefficients, quantizing the transform coefficients to obtain quantized transform coefficients, and entropy coding the quantized transform coefficients. The quantized transform coefficients are encoded using a flag to indicate that a current one of the quantized transform coefficients being processed is a last non-zero coefficient for the block having a value greater than or equal to a specified value. According to another aspect of the present principles, there is provided a method in a video encoder. The method includes encoding at least a block in a picture by transforming a residue of the block to obtain transform coefficients, quantizing the transform coefficients to obtain quantized transform coefficients, and entropy coding the quantized transform coefficients. The quantized transform coefficients are encoded using a flag to indicate that a current one of the quantized transform coefficients being processed is a last non-zero coefficient for the block having a value greater than or equal to a specified value. According to yet another aspect of the present principles, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus includes a video decoder for decoding at least a block in a picture by entropy decoding quantized transform coefficients, de-quantizing the quantized transform coefficients to obtain transform coefficients, and inverse transforming the transform coefficients to obtain a reconstructed residue of the block for use in reconstructing the block. The quantized transform coefficients are decoded using a flag to indicate that a current one of the quantized transform coefficients being processed is a last non-zero coefficient for the block having a value greater than or equal to a specified value. According to still another aspect of the present principles, there is provided a method in a video decoder. The method includes decoding at least a block in a picture by entropy decoding quantized transform coefficients, de-quantizing the quantized transform coefficients to obtain transform coefficients, and inverse transforming the transform coefficients to obtain a reconstructed residue of the block for use in reconstructing the block. The quantized transform coefficients are decoded using a flag to indicate that a current one of the quantized transform coefficients being processed is a last non-zero coefficient for the block having a value greater than or equal to a specified value. These and other aspects, features and advantages of the present principles will become apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments, which is to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings.

11361078

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Not applicable. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not applicable. BACKGROUND Modern day aircraft require their avionics systems to be reliable because so much of the actual control of the aircraft is done by parts of the avionics system. Some conventional avionics systems utilize a centralized trust assessment module. The centralized trust assessment module is configured for accepting all of the inputs for an entire system comprised of multiple subsystems. A centralized trust assessment module limits the robustness of the system. When the centralized trust assessment module is communal, each subsystem must rely on the outputs from other subsystems without the ability to make trust assessments based on other subsystems. For example, when a parental subsystem fails or is compromised, a child subsystem cannot make a trust determination regarding whether the parent's subsystem output is trustworthy, whether the parent's subsystem output should be disregarded, or whether the parent's subsystem output should be replaced. Therefore, limitations exist in conventional centralized trust assessment modules.

11286189

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This application claims priority from European application number EP 17205716.8, filed Dec. 6, 2017, and is a national filing of PCT/IB2018/001369. This invention relates to a method for treating fluoride-containing, in particular hydrofluoric acid (HF) containing wastewater to remove fluoride, and to a corresponding apparatus. Fluoride is used to a very high extent in industry, especially in the semiconductor and nanotechnology industries as an etchant for different materials, e.g. for glass and silica. In this context, the most common source of fluoride is HF. Also buffered HF (BHF), containing e.g. ammonium bifluoride is used. As higher doses of free fluorides can be harmful to humans and other lifeforms, it is essential to remove fluoride from industrial wastewater streams. Many different methods are known in this context, e.g. fluoride reduction via alumina or ion exchange. Another known method for fluoride removal is precipitation of fluoride as calcium fluoride (CaF2). Here, it is known to produce CaF2granules by adding granules of limestone (calcium carbonate) to the HF containing wastewater (calcite method), or to crystallize CaF2by using calcium aqueous agents such as hydrated lime and calcium chloride solution in HF wastewater treatment (crystallization method). Nevertheless, the still most common method for HF wastewater treatment is the so-called precipitation/coagulating/flocculation sedimentation technique. In this method hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2) is typically used as the calcium source for forming CaF2. However, as the generated CaF2is formed as a fine powder and is suspended in the resulting solution, it is necessary to use coagulants for providing CaF2in a coagulated, manageable form. This results in a comparably high “footprint”, e.g. as the coagulated CaF2has little value as a resource due to its high content of impurities resulting e.g. from the used coagulants and flocculants. Therefore, there is need for an amended method for treating fluoride, in particular HF containing wastewater in which, on the one hand, fluoride is reacted into CaF2with high reliability, preferably at low cost, and on the other hand, there is a small “footprint”, e.g. the method is characterized by low energy use and by low consumption of chemical compounds and additives. To fulfill this need the invention provides a method for treating fluoride-containing, in particular HF-containing wastewater to remove fluoride with the features of claim1. An apparatus suitable for this treatment is claimed in claim10. Preferred embodiments of the inventive method and of the inventive apparatus are defined in the claims dependent from claim1and dependent from claim10, respectively. The wording of all claims is hereby explicitly incorporated into this description by reference. According to the invention, in a method mentioned above calcium carbonate is reacted in a reaction step at an acidic pH≤4 with the fluoride, in particular the hydrofluoric acid in the wastewater to form calcium fluoride particles. Then, in a subsequent step said calcium fluoride particles are separated by filtration via a porous membrane from the treated wastewater. According to the invention, the term “wastewater” shall mean any water-based liquid which has to be cleaned or recycled. The term “membrane” shall include any synthetic membrane which is intended for separation purposes in laboratory or in industry. Those membranes are used to selectively retain substances, and to let pass other substances. Synthetic membranes can be made from a large number of different materials. They can be produced from organic materials, in particular from polymers. Membranes made from inorganic materials are often ceramic membranes, produced from inorganic materials such as aluminium oxides, zirconium dioxides or silicon carbide. Those ceramic membranes normally are stable against aggressive chemicals, like acids or certain solvents. Further they are thermally and mechanically stable, and normally biologically inert. The membranes used according to the invention are porous, wherein the degree of selectivity of the membrane depends on the pore size. Depending on this pore size, the membranes can be classified as microfiltration membranes, ultrafiltration membranes or nanofiltration membranes. Normally, according to the invention, flat and comparably thin membranes are used. The term “cutoff” shall describe the pore size of the membrane and it reflects to the maximum pore size distribution. With a pore size greater than 0.1 μm (and lower than 10 μm) globular molecules greater than 5000 kDa are retained by the membrane to 90%. This pore size range is the typical scope of microfiltration. In the formation of the calcium fluoride particles calcium carbonate particles act as a seed material on which the calcium fluoride particles grow. During the reaction step and the corresponding growth of the calcium fluoride particles not only calcium carbonate of the reaction solution, but also calcium carbonate in the core of the growing particles is consumed. This results in a considerable number of comparably big particles of calcium fluoride, mostly with a remaining calcium carbonate core. Also present in the reaction solution are small particles of calcium fluoride which mainly do not result from a reaction on calcium carbonate seed particles. Both the bigger calcium fluoride particles and the smaller calcium fluoride particles are separated in the subsequent filtration step according to the invention by a porous membrane from the treated wastewater. This results in a filtrated wastewater with a low content of fluoride, being the permeate of the filtration step. The treated wastewater (permeate of the filtration step) can be further recycled by additional post-treatment steps like ion exchange, electrodialysis reversal (EDR), membrane capacitive deionization, or reverse osmosis, in order to recycle back to process or to use the treated wastewater after demineralization for other purposes as e.g. cooling tower purposes. In a preferred embodiment the inventive method is characterized by a settling step before the filtration step. In this additional settling step at least a part of the calcium fluoride particles formed in the reaction step are allowed to settle. As explained above this settled part of calcium fluoride particles will mainly consist of bigger calcium fluoride particles formed during the reaction step. Due to the settling it is not necessary to bring those already settled particles to the membrane for filtration. Only smaller calcium fluoride particles which did not settle in the settling step have to be separated from the treated wastewater. In principle, it is possible to support the settling of calcium fluoride particles by applying a suitable force, e.g. by centrifugation. However, normally according to the invention those particles are allowed to settle simply by gravitational force. No further chemicals or coagulants are needed. As already mentioned the membrane can be chosen with a pore size adapted to the specific requirements. Here, it is possible with advantage to use an ultrafiltration membrane with a cutoff preferably chosen from about 0.02 μm to about 0.1 μm. It is however preferred according to the invention that the membrane used is a microfiltration membrane with a cutoff chosen from about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm. Within this cutoff range values from about 0.1 μm to about 1 μm are further preferred. Due to their chemical stability against the acidic conditions in the reaction step of the inventive method it is further preferred that the membrane used is a ceramic membrane. Such a ceramic membrane is preferably made from aluminium oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide or silicon carbide. Silicon carbide (SiC) membranes are most preferred, because they have the lowest fouling behavior, the highest permeability, and the highest chemical and physical stability. During “fouling” the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane will be covered by unwanted material (inorganic or organic or by living organisms). Ceramic membranes, in particular SiC membranes have a high resistance against such fouling. For cleaning procedures, any chemicals can be used as SiC-membranes are highly resistant against most chemicals. The reaction between calcium carbonate and fluoride in the wastewater is working properly at clearly acidic conditions, namely at a pH value of ≤4. In this context it is preferred if the pH value is ≤3.5. Working under even more acidic conditions, namely a pH value≤2.5 is most preferred. During the reaction step the pH value of the wastewater will rise, normally into a low acidic range of e.g. 5 to almost 7. Normally a fluoride-containing, in particular HF containing wastewater from the semiconductor industry will already have a pH value≤4, and even ≤2.5. If the pH value of the wastewater to be treated is not within the necessary range of ≤4, or not within the more preferred ranges, it is possible to add any acidic liquid to the wastewater prior to the reaction step. In this context it is preferred to add a mineral acid, namely hydrochloric acid, or preferably sulphuric acid or nitric acid. Any acidic wastewater can also be used. In the inventive method, it is preferred to use calcium carbonate as a powder, i.e. to add calcium carbonate to the wastewater in powder form. This powder preferably has an average particle size≤1 mm, wherein an average particle size of ≤0.1 mm is further preferred. The term “average particle size” in this context refers to the so-called D90 value, defining that 90% of the particles are smaller as the corresponding value, e.g. 1 mm. In the case of calcium carbonate this D90 value can be determined by sieve analysis. In another preferred embodiment of the inventive method calcium carbonate can be used in a slurry, i.e. this slurry containing calcium carbonate (normally in water) can be added to the wastewater. The slurry is a mixture of particulate calcium carbonate, which is insoluble in water. It is preferred according to the invention that the concentration of the calcium carbonate particles in the slurry is up to 50%. Further preferred is a concentration of calcium carbonate particles in the slurry of up to 30%. Under normal circumstances, calcium carbonate (as a powder or as a slurry) can be added quickly to the wastewater for starting and performing the reaction between calcium carbonate and the fluoride in the wastewater. If acids other than HF, e.g. hydrochloric acid or nitric acid or other acids are present in the wastewater, it could be useful to adapt the calcium carbonate dosing rate. It could even be helpful to control the pH value during calcium carbonate dosing and/or during the whole reaction step by pH measurement. As explained above, during the reaction calcium carbonate is not only the reaction/precipitation partner of the fluoride, but also acts as seed material for the growth of the calcium fluoride particles. As a consequence, it is preferred in the inventive method to use calcium carbonate in excess to the fluoride content of the wastewater. In these embodiments the calcium carbonate/fluoride mass ratio is preferably more than 2, preferably from 2.6:1 to 5:1. In the latter range a calcium carbonate/fluoride mass ratio from 3.5:1 to 4.2:1 is further preferred. The excess of calcium carbonate can also depend on the fact whether phosphoric acid is present in the wastewater. In the presence of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2or apatite/hydroxyfluoroapatite (Ca10(PO4)6F2) will co-precipitate with calcium fluoride. This calcium consumption by co-precipitation should be considered in the chosen calcium carbonate/fluoride mass ratio. In this case, the pH should be increased by adding any alkalinity (i.e NaOH) to pH>7.5, preferably >8.0 to fully precipitate and remove at same time the phosphates from water. In the inventive method, the reaction time (reaction between calcium carbonate and fluoride in the reaction step) depends on the fluoride/HF content of the (feed) wastewater on the one hand, and on the desired target content of fluoride/HF in the treated wastewater on the other hand. Starting from a (untreated) wastewater with a fluoride content between 500 ppm and 1000 ppm and a target fluoride content in the treated wastewater between 20 ppm and 10 ppm, the reaction time in the reaction step of the inventive method regularly will be less than 120 minutes, in particular less than 90 minutes (inventive treatment performed at room temperature, i.e. between 15° C. and 30° C., preferably under stirring/mixing). However, according to the inventive method it is preferred that the reaction time under mixing is from 5 minutes to 60 minutes, in particular from 20 minutes to 40 minutes. Accordingly, a most preferred embodiment of the inventive method is characterized by a reaction step in which calcium carbonate is reacted with the fluoride in the wastewater at an acidic pH≤2.5 for a reaction time between 5 minutes and 60 minutes. During this reaction step calcium carbonate particles act as a seed material for the growth of calcium fluoride particles. These particles continue to grow and form big particles which settle from the wastewater as heavy sediments. The (inner) core of the calcium fluoride particles remains as calcium carbonate. Finer and lighter (smaller) particles are also formed by the reaction and remain in the wastewater (they do not settle) or even move upwards in the wastewater. These lighter and smaller particles are filtered in a subsequent filtration step by a porous membrane from the treated wastewater. This porous membrane preferably is a ceramic membrane suited for microfiltration. It is most preferred if this ceramic membrane is made from silicon carbide (SiC). Further, the present invention also comprises an apparatus for treating fluoride-containing, in particular HF-containing wastewater to remove fluoride. This inventive apparatus comprises at least one reaction container or reaction tank (in the following jointly designated as reaction tank) for reacting calcium carbonate at an acidic pH≤4 with fluoride in the wastewater to form calcium fluoride particles. Further, the inventive apparatus comprises at least one porous membrane, in particular at least one porous ceramic membrane for separating calcium fluoride particles from the treated wastewater in a filtration step. Relating to the terms used in defining the inventive apparatus it is referred to the above definitions for the inventive method. With advantage, the at least one porous membrane in the inventive apparatus can be arranged in a separate filtration container or separate filtration tank (in the following jointly designation as filtration tank). With such an inventive apparatus the wastewater treated in the reaction step in the reaction tank will be transferred after this reaction step into the filtration tank. With advantage, the inventive apparatus can additionally comprise at least one separate settling container or separate setting tank (in the following jointly designated as settling tank) for settling of calcium fluoride particles. As explained in context with the inventive method these calcium fluoride particles can preferably be settled before separating calcium fluoride particles from the treated wastewater by the porous membrane being part of the inventive apparatus. According to the invention it is further preferred if the inventive apparatus comprises a combination container or combination tank (in the following jointly designated as combination tank) both for settling of calcium fluoride particles (formed in the reaction step) and for separating calcium fluoride particles from the treated wastewater. This has the advantage that both process steps, namely the settling of the calcium fluoride particles, and the separation of the calcium fluoride particles from the treated wastewater can be performed in one tank. Further, the inventive apparatus advantageously can additionally comprise at least one device for adding at least one acid or at least one acidic solution to the wastewater, prior to reacting calcium carbonate with fluoride in the reaction tank to form calcium fluoride particles. As explained in context, with the inventive method this additional device can be necessary or helpful in adjusting the pH value of the untreated (feed) wastewater. In a preferred embodiment of the inventive apparatus the membrane being part of said apparatus is a microfiltration/ultrafiltration membrane with a cutoff from about 0.021 μm to about 10 μm, preferably from about 0.1 μm to about 1 μm. In this context reference is made to the corresponding disclosure relating to the inventive method. In a preferred embodiment of the inventive apparatus, the ceramic membrane being part of said apparatus is made from aluminium oxide, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide or silicon carbide, in particular made from silicon carbide. The inventive method and the inventive apparatus is associated with a number of advantages. The inventive combination of method steps and apparatus components results in a (CaF2—) sludge (retentate of the filtration step) which can be reclaimed for HF production. As the membrane used in the filtration step is an absolute physical barrier, there is a complete removal of suspended solids. Due to the short reaction times at room temperature in the reaction step, and due to the fact that no coagulants and other chemicals have to be used, the inventive method has a very compact footprint. Finally, the inventive method has low cost due to the use of calcium carbonate which is the cheapest calcium source for the formation of calcium fluoride.

11239498

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims foreign priority benefits under 35 U.S.C. § 119(a)-(d) to Chinese Patent Application No. 201810367064.3, filed Apr. 23, 2018, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure relates to the field of energy storage materials, and particularly, to an electrolytic solution and a battery using the electrolytic solution. BACKGROUND Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles and consumer electronics due to their advantages of high energy density, high output power, long cycle life and low environmental pollution. The current demands on the lithium-ion batteries include: high voltage, high power, long cycle life, long storage life and excellent safety performance. Among the lithium-ion batteries, the silicon-based negative electrode material is acknowledged as a promising negative electrode material with commercial prospects due to its advantage of high capacity, such as Li22Si5, which has a theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g. The theoretical capacity of this negative electrode material is 11 times that of the current graphite negative electrode material in the market. Moreover, the potential of lithium ion intercalating into silicon (lower than 0.5 V) is lower than a co-intercalation voltage of common solvent molecules but higher than a lithium de-intercalation potential. The silicon material, as a negative electrode, has a disadvantage of poor conductivity, and thus the negative electrode material would continuously intercalate and de-intercalate lithium during the cycling, which causes a sharp volume expansion effect. The volume expansion rate of the material can reach 400% at the end of the cycling, resulting in a separation of the electrode material from the current collector, and seriously affecting the electrical performance of the lithium-ion battery. Therefore, it is urgent to find a suitable additive which can form a dense SEI film with high toughness on the surface of the silicon negative electrode, in order to effectively suppress the volume expansion caused by the intercalation and de-intercalation of the silicon material during the cycling, to prevent the silicon material from exposing a fresh surface due to the volume expansion, and finally to reduce side reactions between the negative electrode material and the electrolytic solution. SUMMARY In view of above, a first aspect of the present disclosure provides an electrolytic solution, for forming a dense SEI film with high toughness on surfaces of positive and negative electrode materials and preventing side reactions between the electrode materials and the electrolytic solution. The electrolytic solution includes an electrolyte, a solvent and additives. The additives include an additive A and an additive B. The additive A is at least one of compounds represented by Formula Ia or compounds represented by Formula Ib, and the additive B is at least one of compounds represented by Formula II: in which R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10alkoxy, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C20aryl, and a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C20heterocyclic group, R4and R5are optionally bonded together to form a five-membered or six-membered ring, R6and R7are optionally bonded together to form a five-membered or six-membered ring, at least one of A, B, D, E or G is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and sulfur (S), the remaining ones of A, B, D, E or G except the at least one are carbon; R8, R9, R10and R11are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6alkyl, at least one of R8, R9, R10or R11is halogen, and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. The substituent of the above groups, if present, is selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano group, C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C1-C6alkoxy, and combinations thereof. A second aspect of the present disclosure provides a lithium-ion battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and the electrolytic solution according to the first aspect. electrolytic solution

11411717

TECHNICAL FIELD Various example embodiments relate to an electronic device for speech scrambling and an operating method thereof. RELATED ART In general, an electronic device provides various services by performing various functions in combination. For example, the electronic device may collect each of video data and audio data about a surrounding environment and may record the video data and the audio data together, such that a surrounding situation at a specific time may be grasped later. Here, the audio data may unintentionally include speech of a person. Therefore, contents of undesired speech may be disclosed when the audio data is reproduced to grasp the surrounding situation. A privacy issue may be solved by scrambling speech. However, in a case in which the environmental sound is important, it is difficult to scramble audio data such that only contents of speech may not be perceived and the environmental sound may be perceived since a frequency band of the environmental sound and a frequency band of the speech widely overlap. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Subject Various example embodiments provide an electronic device that may scramble audio data such that contents of speech of a user may not be perceived and the environmental sound may be perceived from audio data input to a microphone, and an operating method thereof. Solution An electronic device according to various example embodiments may include a camera module configured to collect a video signal, an input module configured to collect an audio signal while the video signal is being collected, and a processor configured to connect to the camera module and the input module. The processor may be configured to acquire video data and audio data, scramble the audio data in non-time order, and store the video data and the scrambled audio data together. An operating method of an electronic device according to various example embodiments may include acquiring video data and audio data, scrambling the audio data in non-time order, and storing the video data and the scrambled audio data together. Effect According to various example embodiments, an electronic device may scramble audio data such that contents of speech of a user may not be perceived and the environmental sound may be perceived from audio data. The electronic device may scramble the audio data in non-time order, thereby making contents of speech become ambiguous in the audio data. Therefore, when the electronic device or an external device reproduces video data and audio data later, contents according to speech of the audio data may not be perceived by a listener. Meanwhile, the environmental sound is less sensitive to time order compared to speech and does not include contents according to the time order. Therefore, as long as a frequency does not significantly vary, the environmental sound is still perceptible by the listener although scrambled to change the time order. As described above, although speech of a speaker and surrounding noise are simultaneously input to audio data, the present disclosure may scramble the input audio data in non-time order using a characteristic that noise is less sensitive to time than speech, such that the noise may be perceived by a third party and the speech of the speaker may not be perceived by the third party. Here, the electronic device may scramble audio data of a time interval (ΔT). According to an example embodiment, the time interval (ΔT) may be fixed to be the same with respect to continuous audio data. According to another example embodiment, the time interval (ΔT) may vary using a function of receiving a secret key and a counter and outputting a unique value, such as a Hash-based Message Authentication Codes (HMAC)-based One-time Password (HOTP) algorithm. In this case, for descrambling the scrambled audio data such that contents of speech as well as environmental sound may be perceived, a time interval (ΔT) in which scrambling in non-time order is performed at a corresponding audio data location is found through a function and a secret key used to determine the same and audio samples within the corresponding time interval (ΔT) need to be returned from non-time order to time order.

11344883

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure is directed, in general, to analyte identification and, more specifically, to a microfluidic device with integrated infrared waveguides and a method of operating the same to detect the presence of an analyte. BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTI), both community-acquired and nosocomial, impose a large economic burden on health care systems, both nationally and world-wide (see, e.g., Wilke, et al., “Healthcare Burden and Costs Associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: An Analysis Based on a Large Sample of 456,586 German Patients,” Nephron. 132, 215 (2016)). The estimated cost for hospitalization for UTIs in 2011 was $2.8 billion, accounting for approximately 400,000 incidents, with an increase of 52% between 1998 and 2011 (see, e.g., Simmering, et al., “The Increase in Hospitalizations for Urinary Tract Infections and the Associated Costs in the United States, 1998-2011,” Open Forum Infect. Dis. 4, 1 (2017)). Emergence of drug-resistant pathogens is one of the driving factors behind these trends. Bacterial antibiotic resistance is on the rise due to the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, incorrect drug prescription, and other factors such as the widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture. Fast, direct methods for bacterial testing of urine samples can aid health professionals in objective diagnosis and informed decision making, reducing the risks of incorrect antibiotic prescription. Currently, some clinical practices for UTI diagnosis involve screening by colorimetric dipstick. This test, however, can provide false-negative results and the accuracy of the dipstick test alone for infection diagnosis is doubtful. Bacterial identification therefore is performed in microbiology laboratories and requires culturing on agar plates, followed by analytical methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR); electrophoresis; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); or Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Pathogen identification requires trained personnel and about 24 hours for MALDI-TOF MS to 3-4 days with PFGE. Conventional automated systems approved for pathogen detection such as VITEK® 2 (commercially available from bioMérieux SA of Marcy-l'Étoile, France), MicroScan® (commercially available from Siemens Healthineers AG of Munich, Germany), and Phoenix™ (commercially available from Becton Dickinson, Inc., of Franklin Lakes, N.J., USA) are time consuming and restricted, as a practical matter, for laboratory use, distant from the location of the person being diagnosed (the “point-of-care”). SUMMARY One aspect provides a microfluidic device. In one embodiment, the microfluidic device includes: (1) a substrate, (2) a waveguide supported by the substrate and configured to receive light and (3) a microfluidic channel contacting the waveguide and configured to convey a fluid, a characteristic of the light changing under influence of an analyte in the fluid. Another embodiment of the microfluidic device includes: (1) a substrate, (2) a waveguide supported by the substrate and configured to convey light from a first end face to a second end face thereof, (3) a light source configured to provide light to the first end face, (4) a light detector configured to receive light from the second end face and produce a signal based thereon and (5) a microfluidic channel contacting the waveguide and configured to convey a fluid, a characteristic of the light changing under influence of an analyte in the fluid, the characteristic being evident in the signal. Another aspect provides a method of detecting the presence of an analyte in a fluid. In one embodiment, the method includes: (1) causing light to propagate through a waveguide supported by a monolithic substrate and (2) causing a fluid containing an analyte to be conveyed through a microfluidic channel contacting the waveguide, a characteristic of the light changing under influence of an analyte in the fluid.

11528832

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Field of the Disclosure The present disclosure relates to an electronic device, and more particularly to an electronic device with a thermal dissipation element. 2. Description of the Prior Art Common electronic devices nowadays usually have a display panel, and the information can be provided to users through the display panel. The light emitting elements in the display panel may generate heat and the lifetime of the light emitting elements may be shortened when the heat generated by the light emitting elements accumulates too much, resulting in the decrease in the brightness of the display panel. In addition, the brightness of the light emitting elements at different positions may not be uniform when the accumulated heat in the display panel is not uniformly distributed, resulting in the decrease in the display effect of the display panel. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE To solve the problems described above, the present disclosure provides an electronic device for coupling to another electronic device in a side-by-side manner, and the electronic device includes a substrate, a first thermal dissipation sheet and a thermal dissipation element. The substrate includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The first thermal dissipation sheet is disposed on the first surface. The thermal dissipation element is disposed on the substrate. The first thermal dissipation sheet is disposed between the thermal dissipation element and the substrate, and the thermal dissipation element at least partially overlaps the first thermal dissipation sheet. These and other objectives of the present disclosure will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the embodiment that is illustrated in the various figures and drawings.

11482332

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The disclosure of the present patent application relates to health and wellness, and particularly to a method of driving healthcare and lifestyle actions toward optimal quantifiable results. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART The healthcare field makes use of applications generally referred to as “clinical decision support”. Similarly, in the wellness or lifestyle field, such applications are often referred to as “wellness apps”. These software applications support decisions at points in time based upon a body of best practices to drive toward optimal individual health. Clinical decision support tends to support the healthcare professional providing care to an individual, while wellness apps tend to support the individual himself. Two challenges come into play: first, to understand the individual's condition as a result of natural, healthcare and activity events occurring over time; and second, to consider best practices to determine the recommended next set of actions to take at the present and in the future. Thus, a method of event-driven health and wellness decision support is needed for solving the aforementioned problems is desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The method of event-driven health and wellness decision support quickly computes an individual's present health and wellness state from his medical records such as electronic or paper medical records, and from his lifestyle records such as food and activity tracking; applies healthcare best practices; and recommends next steps to be taken at present or on future dates. It should be understood that the calculations may be performed by any suitable computer system. Medical and lifestyle records are entered via any suitable type of user interface or electronic interface, and read into any suitable type of computer readable and programmable memory. It may be stored in a non-transitory, computer readable storage medium. Calculations are performed by any suitable type of computer processor. Results may be returned electronically to another computer system, or displayed to the user on any suitable type of computer display. Upon receiving medical and lifestyle records, the method creates events associated with the individual according to the types of natural event, or healthcare or lifestyle activity that each record represents, transfers the timestamps of those activities to the created events. It queues the events in timestamp order in an event queue. The method then processes the events in their queued order by executing a specific handler associated with each event type. Upon completing execution, each handler records the accumulated effects of the event just processed by updating a complex data structure associated with the individual called a “person state”. As they execute, some handlers create additional events and insert them in the event queue in timestamp order. Those events are in turn processed by the method of event-driven health and wellness decision support as they are encountered. Other handlers create no events, allowing processing to eventually reach the end of the event queue. The input records may reflect actual occurrences in the real world. In another embodiment, the input records may reflect fictitious occurrences, allowing the method of event-driven health and wellness decision support to be used for simulation purposes. In the preferred embodiment, the input records reflect actual occurrences, then at the point at which event queue processing reaches the current date and time, the method creates events representing postulated future health and wellness activities, inserts them into the event queue, then continues processing until a specific patient state representing a health and wellness goal obtains. This allows the invention to be used to compare several activity paths, determine which is most effective in reaching an optimal health goal, and recommend the steps that lead to that state as output. These and other features of the present method of event-driven health and wellness decision support will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification.

11501928

BACKGROUND Devices such as Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) switches often require packages to protect the microscale features from environmental contaminants. These packages are typically either discrete or formed through wafer bonding processes. A MEMS switch may not operate reliably and consistently when exposed to uncontrolled operational environmental conditions. Moisture and contamination could cause either a lack of initial performance or an increase in early device failures. Accordingly, it is common practice to contain such devices within a protective package, which, at least to some extent, separates an internal device environment from an external environment. The processes associated with enclosing the devices within a protective package are critical to creating a reliable and long-lasting, hermetically sealed switch device. Examples of prior art MEMS switches with RuO2contacts, which are built on a silicon substrate and sealed in a hermetically sealed package, may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,968,364; 8,124,436; 9,583,294; 9,784,048; 10,388,468; and in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0115082. SUMMARY Embodiments of the invention are directed to a hermetically sealed bonded wafer stack containing a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) switch, where the MEMS switch contains a Ruthenium Oxide (e.g., RuO2) contact, which is encased within a sealed, isolated environment that contains oxygen, or a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, and/or noble gases. Example embodiments herein describe a MEMS switch device that is built on a substrate with the stoichiometric rutile structure Ruthenium Dioxide (RuO2) as the contact surface material. The MEMS switch device is hermetic sealed by a bonding process, e.g., thermal compression (TC) wafer bonding process, in an environment containing a minority oxygen (O2) and other inert gas, e.g. argon (Ar) and/or nitrogen (N2). The contact material may be Ru, or a stack of metals with Ru as the top and exposed contact material, or a Ru alloy. The example embodiments further describe a process flow directed to creating the RuO2(a conductive oxide) contact surfaces, which are formed at the pre-bonding, oxygen plasma ash cleaning process of the glass substrate. Energized oxygen ions generated by plasma effectively react with Ru atoms on the contact material top surfaces to create a high-quality thin layer RuO2that is generated during the plasma ash cleaning. The resulting RuO2contacts enable the MEMS switch device to maintain a low contact resistance value throughout billions of switch cycles. The example embodiments further describe several device enhancement techniques. One technique relates to encapsulating oxygen inside the cavity to mitigate organic contamination accumulation on contact surfaces, which improves fabrication yield and switch device longevity. Another enhancement technique is a pre-bonding oxygen thermal treatment to increase the thickness of the RuO2contact. Inert gas may be added to the sealed environment to further improve the switch's lifetime. In the example embodiments, a MEMS switch device may be built on a wafer based substrate, e.g., silicon, silicon dioxide (SiO2), fused silica, silica glass, quartz, sodium-doped glass, borosilicate glass, sapphire, SOI, et al. The RuO2contact surface material may be created by oxygen plasma ash of the glass substrate, and the deposited Ru contact material, before the thermal compression (TC) bonding process. The typical expectation of oxygen plasma ash is to clean any organic residual material on the substrate, including contact surfaces. The clean stoichiometric oxidized contact surface leads to low and stable contact resistance. Additional treatment steps, such as introducing oxygen at pre-bonding temperature ramping phase or during a mechanical bonding phase, will further solidify and thicken RuO2contact layers. In one aspect, the invention may be a method of fabricating and packaging an ohmic micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) switch device, comprising constructing the ohmic MEMS switch device on a substrate. The ohmic MEMS switch device may have one or more contacts that consist of a platinum-group metal. Within a first chamber, the method may further comprise forming an oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal on an outer surface of each of the one or more contacts. Within a second chamber, the method may further comprise bonding a cap to the substrate, thereby hermetically sealing the ohmic MEMS switch device within a sealed cavity formed by the cap and the substrate. The bonding may occur in a bonding atmosphere that has a proportion of oxygen within a range of 0.05% to 30%, such that, after the ohmic MEMS switch device has been hermetically sealed within the sealed cavity, a cavity atmosphere within the sealed cavity has a proportion of oxygen within the range of 0.05% to 30%. In an embodiment, the substrate and the cap may each comprise an insulating material. The platinum-group metal may be ruthenium (Ru), and the oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal may be ruthenium dioxide (RuO2). Constructing the ohmic MEMS switch device may further comprise forming the ohmic MEMS switch device on the substrate using a thin-film microfabrication process. Forming the oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal on the outer surface of each of the one or more contacts may comprise performing an oxygen plasma ash procedure on the ohmic MEMS switch device. The method may further comprise performing an oxygen plasma ash cleaning procedure on the ohmic MEMS switch device, after forming the oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal on the outer surface of the one or more contacts, to enhance the oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal on the outer surface of the one or more contacts. The bonding atmosphere may have a proportion of oxygen within a range of 0.05% to 30%. Bonding the cap to the substrate may further comprise subjecting the cap and the substrate to a bonding temperature, and pressing the cap and the substrate together with a bonding force, according to a profile that characterizes the bonding temperature and the bonding force with respect to time. The substrate may be one of a plurality of substrates on a first wafer, and the cap may be one of a plurality of caps on a second wafer. Bonding the cap to the substrate may further comprise subjecting the first wafer and the second wafer to a bonding temperature, and pressing the first wafer and the second wafer together with a bonding force, according to a profile that characterizes the bonding temperature and the bonding force with respect to time. The bonding atmosphere may further comprise one or both of (i) nitrogen (N2) and (ii) a noble inert gas. In another aspect, the invention may be a switching apparatus, comprising an ohmic micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) switch device constructed on a substrate. The ohmic MEMS switch device may have one or more contacts consisting of a platinum-group metal. The switching apparatus may further comprise an oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal formed on an outer surface of each of the one or more contacts, and a cap disposed upon, and bonded to, the substrate, to form a hermitically sealed cavity that encloses the ohmic MEMS switch device. A cavity atmosphere within the sealed cavity may have a proportion of oxygen within a range of 0.05% to 30%. The substrate and the cap may each comprise an insulating material. The platinum-group metal may be ruthenium (Ru), and the oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal may be ruthenium dioxide (RuO2). The ohmic MEMS switch device may be formed on the substrate using a thin-film microfabrication process. The oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal on the outer surface of each of the one or more contacts may be formed using an oxygen plasma ash procedure on the ohmic MEMS switch device. The oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal may be enhanced using an oxygen plasma ash cleaning procedure on the ohmic MEMS switch device after forming the oxidized layer of the platinum-group metal on the outer surface of the one or more contacts. The cavity atmosphere within the sealed cavity may have a proportion of oxygen within a range of 0.05% to 30%. To bond the cap to the substrate, the cap and the substrate may be subjected to a bonding temperature, and the cap and the substrate may be pressed together with a bonding pressure, according to a profile that characterizes the bonding temperature and the bonding pressure with respect to time. The insulating substrate may be one of a plurality of insulating substrates on a first insulating wafer, and the insulating cap may be one of a plurality of insulating caps on a second insulating wafer. To bond the insulating cap to the insulating substrate, the first insulating wafer and the second insulating wafer may be subjected to a bonding temperature, and the first insulating wafer and the second insulating wafer may be pressed together with a bonding pressure, according to a profile that characterizes the bonding temperature and the bonding pressure with respect to time. The cavity atmosphere may further comprise one or both of (i) nitrogen (N2) and (ii) a noble inert gas. In another aspect, the invention may be a method of fabricating and packaging an ohmic micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) switch device comprising constructing the ohmic MEMS switch device on a fused silica substrate using a thin-film microfabrication process. The ohmic MEMS switch device may have one or more contacts that consist of ruthenium (Ru). The method may further comprise, within a first chamber, forming layer of ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) on an outer surface of each of the one or more contacts, and within a second chamber, bonding a fused silica cap to the fused silica substrate, thereby hermetically sealing the ohmic MEMS switch device within a sealed cavity formed by the cap and the substrate. The bonding may occur in a bonding atmosphere that has a proportion of oxygen within a range of 0.05% to 30%, such that, after the ohmic MEMS switch device has been hermetically sealed within the sealed cavity, a cavity atmosphere within the sealed cavity has a proportion of oxygen within the range of 0.05% to 30%. The method may further comprise performing an oxygen plasma ash procedure on the ohmic MEMS switch device, after forming the RuO2on the outer surface of the one or more contacts, to enhance the RuO2on the outer surface of the one or more contacts.