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began receiving more attention as a painter when he chose more serious subjects such as the series on racism for Look magazine. One example of this more serious work is |
The Problem We All Live With, which dealt with the issue of school racial integration. The painting depicts a young African American girl, Ruby Bridges, flanked by white federal marshals, |
walking to school past a wall defaced by racist graffiti. Rockwell's work was exhibited at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 2001. Rockwell's Breaking Home Ties sold for $15.4 million |
at a 2006 Sotheby's auction. A twelve-city U.S. tour of Rockwell's works took place in 2008. In 2008, Rockwell was named the official state artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. |
- In the film Empire of the Sun, a young boy (played by Christian Bale) is put to bed by his loving parents in a scene also inspired by a |
Rockwell painting—a reproduction of which is later kept by the young boy during his captivity in a prison camp ("Freedom from Fear", 1943). - The 1994 film Forrest Gump includes |
a shot in a school that re-creates Rockwell's "Girl with Black Eye" with young Forrest in place of the girl. Much of the film drew heavy visual inspiration from Rockwell's |
art. - Film director George Lucas owns Rockwell's original of "The Peach Crop", and his colleague Steven Spielberg owns a sketch of Rockwell's Triple Self-Portrait. Each of the artworks hangs |
in the respective filmmaker's workspace. Rockwell is a major character in an episode of Lucas’ Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, “Passion for Life.” - In 2005, Target Co. sold Marshall Field's |
to Federated Department Stores and the Federated discovered a reproduction of Rockwell's The Clock Mender, which depicted the great clocks of the Marshall Field and Company Building on display. Rockwell |
had donated the painting depicted on the cover of the November 3, 1945 Saturday Evening Post to the store in 1948. - On Norman Rockwell's birthday, February 3, 2010, Google |
featured Rockwell's iconic image of young love "Boy and Girl Gazing at the Moon", which is also known as "Puppy Love", on its home page. The response was so great |
that day that the Norman Rockwell museum's servers went down under the onslaught. - "Dreamland", a track from Canadian alternative rock band Our Lady Peace's 2009 album Burn Burn, was |
inspired by Rockwell's paintings. Major works - Scout at Ship's Wheel (first published magazine cover illustration, Boys' Life, September 1913) - Santa and Scouts in Snow (1913) - Boy and |
Baby Carriage (1916; first Saturday Evening Post cover) - Circus Barker and Strongman (1916) - Gramps at the Plate (1916) - Redhead Loves Hatty Perkins (1916) - People in a |
Theatre Balcony (1916) - Tain't You (1917; first Life magazine cover) - Cousin Reginald Goes to the Country (1917; first Country Gentleman cover) - Santa and Expense Book (1920) - |
Mother Tucking Children into Bed (1921; first wife Irene is the model) - No Swimming (1921) - Santa with Elves (1922) - Doctor and Doll (1929) - Deadline (1938) - |
The Four Freedoms (1943) - Rosie the Riveter (1943) - Going and Coming (1947) - Bottom of the Sixth (or The Three Umpires; 1949) - The New Television Set (1949) |
- Saying Grace (1951) - The Young Lady with the Shiner (1953) - Girl at Mirror (1954) - Breaking Home Ties (1954) - The Marriage License (1955) - The Scoutmaster |
(1956) - The Runaway (1958) - A Family Tree (1959) - Triple Self-Portrait (1960) - Golden Rule (1961) - The Problem We All Live With (1964) - Southern Justice (Murder |
in Mississippi) (1965) - New Kids in the Neighborhood (1967) - Russian Schoolroom (1967) - The Rookie - Spirit of 76 (1976) (stolen in 1978 but recovered in 2001 by |
the FBI's Robert King Wittman) Other collections - Norman Rockwell World War II posters, hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries Digital Collections - Rockwell Collection at the National |
Museum of American Illustration - Norman Rockwell and the Art of Scouting at the National Scouting Museum, Irving, TX See also - James K. Van Brunt, a frequent model for |
Rockwell - William Obanhein, another one of Rockwell's models who would later become famous elsewhere - Norman Rockwell's World... An American Dream, a 1972 short documentary film - "Alex Ross |
Biography". alexrossart.com. Retrieved February 13, 2012. - About the Saturday Evening Post[dead link] - Boughton, James (1903). Genealogy of the families of John Rockwell, of Stamford, Connecticut 1641, and Ralph |
Keeler, of Hartford, Connecticut 1939. W.F. Jones. p. 441. - Roberts, Gary Boyd, and David Curtis Dearborn (1998). Notable Kin: An Anthology of Columns First Published in the NEHGS Nexus, |
1986–1995. Boston, Massachusetts: Carl Boyer in cooperation with the New England Historic Genealogical Society. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-936124-20-9. - Claridge, Laura P. (2001). Norman Rockwell: A Life. New York, New |
York: Random House. p. 20,29. ISBN 978-0-375-50453-2. - Rockwell, Margaret (1998). Norman Rockwell's Growing Up in America. Metro Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-1-56799-598-5. - SSDI. – SS#: 177-01-3581. - Claridge. |
– p.30,47,150. - Rockwell, Norman, and Thomas Rockwell (1988). Norman Rockwell, My Adventures as an Illustrator. Abrams. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8109-1563-3. - "Rockwell and Csatari: A tour de force". Scouting |
magazine: 6. March–April, 2008. - "A personal recollection". City of Alhambra. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - Kamp, David (November 2009). "Norman Rockwell’s American Dream". Vanityfair.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - |
"A portrait of Norman Rockwell - Berkshire Eagle Online". Berkshireeagle.com. July 3, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - Elliott Caplin: Al Capp Remembered (1994) - Gherman, Beverly (2000) "Norman Rockwell |
Storyteller with a brush" - Claridge, p. 581 - Kamp, David. "Erratum: Norman Rockwell Actually Did Rock Well". Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 24, 2011. - Official List of Silver Buffalo |
award Recipients (Retrieved July 17, 2007) - William Hillcourt (1977). Norman Rockwell's World of Scouting. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-1582-0. - Jim Windolf (February 2008). "Keys to the |
Kingdom". Vanityfair.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Solomon, Deborah, In Praise of Bad Art". New York Times. January 24, 1999. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Art of Illustration". Norman Rockwell |
Museum. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Norman Rockwell Wins Medal of Freedom". Massmoments.org. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - Miller, Michelle (November 12, 2010). "Ruby Bridges, Rockwell Muse, Goes Back to |
School". CBS Evening News with Katie Couric (CBS Interactive Inc.). Retrieved November 13, 2010. - Norman Rockwell at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.[dead link] - Gates, Anita (November 24, 1999). |
"Looking Beyond the Myth-Making Easel of Mr. Thanksgiving". New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - RICHARD CORLISS (June 24, 2001). "The World According to Gump". Time.com. Retrieved April 28, |
2012. - Aronovich, Hannah (April 20, 2006). "Field's, Federated and More Feuds". Gothamist. Retrieved April 4, 2008. - "Norman Rockwell Of Field's Store Goes Missing". NBC5.com. April 21, 2006. Retrieved |
April 4, 2008. - Aronovich, Hannah (April 20, 2006). "Field's, Federated and More Feuds". Gothamist. Retrieved September 21, 2009. - "Dreamland". Songfacts.com. Retrieved May 5, 2010. - "Rosie the Riveter". |
Rosie the Riveter. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - NRM, p. 109 - "The norman rockwell collection". Web.me.com. Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Norman Rockwell: Southern Justice (Murder in Mississippi)". Artchive.com. |
Retrieved April 28, 2012. - "Museum > Exhibitions - Norman Rockwell and the Art of Scouting". Irving, Texas, USA: National Scouting Museum. Retrieved 16 August 2012. Further reading - Buechner, |
Thomas S (1992). The Norman Rockwell Treasury. Galahad. ISBN 0-88365-411-3. - Finch, Christopher (1990). Norman Rockwell: 332 Magazine Covers. Abbeville Publishing Group. ISBN 0-89660-000-9. - Christopher, Finch (1985). Norman Rockwell's |
America. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-8071-1. - Gherman, Beverly (2000). Norman Rockwell: Storyteller with a Brush. ISBN 0-689-82001-1. - Hennessey, Maureen Hart; Larson, Judy L. (1999). Norman Rockwell: Pictures |
for the American People. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-6392-2. - Rockwell, Tom (2005). Best of Norman Rockwell. Courage Books. ISBN 0-7624-2415-X. - Schick, Ron (2009). Norman Rockwell: Behind the Camera. |
Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0-316-00693-4. |Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Norman Rockwell| |Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Norman Rockwell| - Booknotes interview with Laura Claridge |
on Norman Rockwell: A Life, December 2, 2001. - Gallery of classic graphic design featuring the illustrations of Norman Rockwell. - Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work |
- Norman Rockwell at Find a Grave - Footage of Norman Rockwell sketching a couple - America, Illustrated – by The New York Times - Norman Rockwell: Once upon a |
Sabermetrics is the specialized analysis of baseball through objective evidence, especially baseball statistics that measure in-game activity. The term is derived from the acronym SABR, which stands for the Society for American Baseball Research. It was coined by Bill James, |
who is one of its pioneers and is often considered its most prominent advocate and public face. General principles The Sabermetric Manifesto by David Grabiner (1994) begins: Bill James defined sabermetrics as "the search for objective knowledge about baseball." Thus, |
sabermetrics attempts to answer objective questions about baseball, such as "which player on the Red Sox contributed the most to the team's offense?" or "How many home runs will Ken Griffey hit next year?" It cannot deal with the subjective |
judgments which are also important to the game, such as "Who is your favorite player?" or "That was a great game." It may, however, attempt to settle questions such as "Was Willie Mays faster than Mickey Mantle?" by establishing several |
possible parameters for examining speed in objective studies (how many triples each man hit, how many bases each man stole, how many times he was caught stealing) and then reaching a tentative conclusion on the basis of these individual studies. |
Sabermetricians frequently question traditional measures of baseball skill. For instance, they doubt that batting average is as useful as conventional wisdom says it is because team batting average provides a relatively poor fit for team runs scored. Sabermetric reasoning would |
say that runs win ballgames, and that a good measure of a player's worth is his ability to help his team score more runs than the opposing team. This may imply that the traditional RBI (runs batted in) is an |
effective metric; however, sabermetricians also reject RBI, for a number of reasons. Rather, sabermetric measures are usually phrased in terms of either runs or team wins. For example, a player might be described as being worth 54 offensive runs more |
than a replacement-level player at the same position over the course of a full season, as the sabermetric statistic VORP can indicate. Sabermetrics is concerned both with determining the value of a player or team in current or past seasons |
and with attempting to predict the value of a player or team in the future. Many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement. Early history Sabermetrics research began in the middle of the |
20th century. Earnshaw Cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. Cook gathered the majority of his research in his 1964 book, Percentage Baseball. The book was the first of its kind to gain national media attention, although it |
was widely criticized and not accepted by most baseball organizations. - Base runs (BsR) - Batting average on balls in play (BABIP) - Defense independent pitching statistics (DIPS) - Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) - Equivalent average (EQA) - Fantasy batter |
value (FBV) - Late-inning pressure situations (LIPS) - On-base plus slugging (OPS) - PECOTA (Player empirical comparison and optimization test algorithm) - Peripheral ERA (PERA) - Pythagorean expectation - Range factor - Runs created - Secondary average - Similarity score |
- Speed Score - Super linear weights - Total player rating, or Batter-Fielder Wins (TPR, BFW); Total Pitcher Index, or Pitcher Wins (TPI, PW) - Ultimate zone rating (UZR) - Value over replacement player (VORP) - Win shares - Wins |
above replacement (WAR) Notable proponents - Russ Brandon: Team President and CEO of the Buffalo Bills is going to incorporate Sabermetrics to contracts, and use in conjunction with scouting and player analysis beginning in 2013. - Sandy Alderson: Former General |
Manager of the Oakland Athletics, Alderson began focusing on sabermetric principles toward obtaining relatively undervalued players in 1995. He became GM of the New York Mets in late 2010. - Billy Beane: Athletics' General Manager since 1997. Although not a |
public proponent of sabermetrics, it has been widely noted that Beane has steered the team during his tenure according to sabermetric principles. In 2003, Michael Lewis published Moneyball about Billy Beane's use of a more quantitative approach. In 2011, a |
film based on Lewis' book which dramatised Beane's use of sabermetrics was released, starring Brad Pitt in the role of Beane. - Carson Cistulli: Senior editor of FanGraphs, member of the BBWAA - Earnshaw Cook: Early researcher and proponent of |
statistical baseball research. His 1964 book Percentage Baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention. - Paul DePodesta: A key figure in Michael Lewis' book Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game as |
Beane's assistant in Oakland. - Theo Epstein: President of Baseball Operations for the Chicago Cubs. As GM of the Red Sox, Epstein hired sabermetrician Bill James. - Bill James: Widely considered the father of sabermetrics due to his extensive series |
of books, although a number of less well known SABR researchers in the early 1970s provided a foundation for his work. He began publishing his Baseball Abstracts in 1977 to study some questions about baseball he found interesting, and their |
eclectic mix of essays based on new kinds of statistics soon became popular with a generation of thinking baseball fans. He discontinued the Abstracts after the 1988 edition, but continued to be active in the field. His two Historical Baseball |
Abstract editions and Win Shares book have continued to advance the field of sabermetrics, 25 years after he began. In 2002 James was hired as a special advisor to the Boston Red Sox. - Christina Kahrl: Co-founder of Baseball Prospectus |
and current ESPN columnist, Kahrl puts an emphasis on advanced baseball analytics. - Sean Lahman: Created a database of baseball statistics from existing sources and in the mid-1990s made it available for free download on the Internet, providing access to |
statistical data in electronic form for the first time. - Voros McCracken: Developed a system called Defense Independent Pitching Statistics (DIPS) to evaluate a pitcher based purely on his ability. - Rob Neyer: Senior writer at ESPN.com and national baseball |
editor of SBNation and former assistant to Bill James, he has worked to popularize sabermetrics since the mid-1980s. Neyer has authored or co-authored several books about baseball, and his journalistic writing focuses on sabermetric methods for looking at baseball players' |
and teams' performance. - Joe Posnanski: A popular baseball writer and a proponent of sabermetrics. - Nate Silver: Writer and former managing partner of Baseball Prospectus, inventor of PECOTA. Later applied sabermetric statistical models to the study of politics, particularly |
elections, and published the results on his blog FiveThirtyEight (later affiliated with The New York Times). - David Smith: Founded Retrosheet in 1989, with the objective of computerizing the box score of every major league baseball game ever played, in |
order to more accurately collect and compare the statistics of the game. - Tom Tango: Runs the Tango on Baseball sabermetrics website. In particular, he has worked in the area of defense independent pitching statistics. - Eric Walker: Former aerospace |
engineer turned baseball writer, who played an important part in the early acceptance of sabermetrics within the Oakland Athletics organization. GM Sandy Alderson hired Walker in order to get "some Bill James-like stuff that was proprietary to us." - Keith |
Woolner: Creator of VORP, or Value over Replacement Player, is a former writer for sabermetric group/website Baseball Prospectus. He was hired in 2007 by the Cleveland Indians as their Manager of Baseball Research & Analytics. - Craig R. Wright: A |
statistician for the Texas Rangers, was the first front office employee in Major League Baseball to work under the title "Sabermetrician." - Baseball Prospectus is an annual publication and web site produced by a group of sabermetricians who originally met |
over the Internet. Several Baseball Prospectus authors have invented or improved upon widely relied upon sabermetric measures and techniques. The website publishes analytical articles as well as advanced statistics and projections for individuals and teams. This group also publishes other |
books that use and seek to popularize sabermetric techniques, including Baseball Between the Numbers and It Ain't Over 'til It's Over. - The Hardball Times is a website as well as an annual volume that evaluates the preceding major league |
season and presents original research articles on various sabermetric topics. The website also publishes original research on baseball. - FanGraphs is a website that publishes advanced baseball statistics as well as graphics that evaluate and track the performance of players |
and teams. The site also favors the analysis of play-by-play data and PITCHf/x. It draws on some of the advanced baseball metrics developed by well-known sabermetricians such as Tom Tango and Mitchel Lichtman. - Beyond the Boxscore is a part |
of SB Nation and specializes in sabermetric analysis and research. It has also launched the careers of many successful sabermetricians. - SABR is the Society for American Baseball Research, founded in 1971, and the root of the term sabermetrics. Statistical |
study, however, is only a small component of SABR members' research, which also focuses on diverse issues including ballparks, the Negro Leagues, rules changes, and the desegregation of baseball as a mirror of American culture. - Fielding Bible Awards are |
voted on by a panel of sabermetically inclined writers to recognize the best defensive player for each fielding position. It provides an alternative to the Gold Glove Awards, the traditional measurement of fielding excellence. - Baseball Think Factory is a |
web forum that includes extensive coverage of and commentary on baseball, usually from the perspective of sabermetrics. Popular culture - Moneyball, the 2011 film about Billy Beane's use of sabermetrics to build the Oakland Athletics. The film is based on |
Michael Lewis' book of the same name. - The season 3 Numb3rs episode "Hardball" focuses on sabermetrics, and the season 1 episode "Sacrifice" also covers the subject. - "MoneyBART", the third episode of The Simpsons' 22nd season, in which Lisa |
utilizes sabermetrics to coach Bart's Little League Baseball team. See also - Fielding Bible Award - Win Shares by Bill James - Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? by Bill James - Total Baseball by John Thorn and Pete |
Palmer - The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract - Moneyball, by Michael Lewis - APBRmetrics, the basketball equivalent - Lewis, Michael M. (2003). Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05765-8. - Grabiner, |
David J. "The Sabermetric Manifesto". The Baseball Archive. - Jarvis, J. (2003-09-29). "A Survey of Baseball Player Performance Evaluation Measures". Retrieved 2007-11-02. - Albert, James; Jay M. Bennett (2001). Curve Ball: Baseball, Statistics, and the Role of Chance in the |
Game. Springer. pp. 170–171. ISBN 0-387-98816-5. - Kipen, D. (June 1, 2003). "Billy Beane's brand-new ballgame". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 2, 2007. - Neyer, Rob (November 5, 2002). "Red Sox hire James in advisory capacity". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 7, |
2009. - Shanahan, M. (May 23, 2005). Retrieved November 2, 2007 His numbers are in the ballpark The Boston Globe - "Bill James, Beyond Baseball". Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg. PBS. June 28, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2007. - Ackman, |
D. (May 20, 2007). "Sultan of Stats". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 2, 2007. - Jaffe, C. (October 22, 2007). "Rob Neyer Interview". The Hardball Times. Retrieved November 2, 2007. - Lewis, M. Moneyball. pp. 58–63. - "Baseball Prospectus". |
Greeks, Kurds, Armenians and Circassians. It is believed that the first significant wave of Syrian immigrants to arrive in the United States was in 1880. Many of the earliest Syrian Americans settled in New York, Boston, and Detroit. Immigration from Syria to the United States suffered a long hiatus after the United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which restricted immigration. More |
than 40 years later, the Immigration Act of 1965, abolished the quotas and immigration from Syria to the United States saw a surge. An estimated 64,600 Syrians emigrated to the United States between 1961 and 2000. The overwhelming majority of Syrian immigrants to the US from 1880 to 1960 were Christian, a minority were Jewish, whereas Muslim Syrians arrived in the United States chiefly |
after 1965. According to the United States 2000 Census, there were 142,897 Americans of Syrian ancestry, about 12% of the Arab population in the United States. The first Syrian immigrants arrived in the United States from Ottoman Syria. Most of them came from Christian villages around Mount Lebanon, while around 5-10% were Muslims of different sects. A small number were also Palestinians. According to |
historian Philip Hitti, approximately 90,000 "Syrians" arrived in the United States between 1899 and 1919. An estimated 1,000 official entries per year came from the governorates of Damascus and Aleppo, which are governorates in modern-day Syria, in the period between 1900 and 1916. Early immigrants settled mainly in Eastern United States, in the cities of New York, Boston and Detroit and the Paterson, New |
Jersey area. In the 1920s, the majority of immigrants from Mount Lebanon began to refer themselves as "Lebanese" instead of "Syrians". Syrians, like most immigrants to the United States, were motivated to immigrate to the United States to pursue the American Dream of economic success. Many Christian Syrians had immigrated to the United States seeking religious freedom and an escape from Ottoman hegemony. Thousands |
of immigrants returned to Syria after making money in the United States; these immigrants told tales which inspired further waves of immigrants. Many settlers also sent for their relatives. Although the number of Syrian immigrants was not sizable, the Ottoman government set constraints on emigration in order to maintain its populace in Greater Syria. The United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, |
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